Title  : NSF 95-96 ARCTIC SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND EDUCATION Directory of
         Awards   Fiscal Year 1994
Type   : Dir of Awards
NSF Org: OD / OPP
Date   : May 31, 1995
File   : nsf9596

ARCTIC SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND EDUCATION

Directory of Awards:  Fiscal Year 1994

INTRODUCTION:  ARCTIC SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND EDUCATION

The following is a report on Arctic grants awarded by the National
Science Foundation (NSF) during Fiscal Year 1994 (October 1, 1993,
to September 30, 1994).

Presentation of this information is partially a response to the
Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984. The Arctic is defined by
the Act as "all United States and foreign territory north of the
Arctic Circle and all United States territory north and west of the
boundary formed by the Porcupine, Yukon, Kuskokwim Rivers; all
contiguous seas, including the Arctic Ocean and the Beaufort,
Bering, and Chukchi Seas; and the Aleutian chain."

The Act designates NSF as lead agency and chair agency for the
Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee, and calls for
integrated interagency planning and budgetary processes.

This detailed listing shows the scope of NSF activities in the
Arctic. Essentially, all NSF funds were devoted to basic science,
engineering, and education and related operational, informational,
and advisory support. Further information on other agencies'
programs is presented in the journal, Arctic Research of the United
States, and the U.S. Arctic Research Plan, and its biennial
revision.

In addition to investigations in Alaska and adjacent waters,
research was supported in all Arctic-bordered countries. Of the
total $40.5 million obligated in Fiscal Year 1994, the Office of
Polar Programs' (OPP) input is $24 million. The remainder was
awarded from funds in other Divisions and programs throughout the
Foundation. There were 355 awards to 132 institutions in 38 states
and the District of Columbia.

NSF funding of Arctic research since 1986 is shown below in
thousands of dollars.

 FY86   FY87   FY88    FY89    FY90    FY91    FY92    FY93   FY94

OPP
8,005   8,095  8,211  10,175  12,310  14,696  20,638  22,072 24,205

Other
10,143 13,801 14,906 13,549  11,778  12,455  14,308  13,779  16,279

Total
18,148 21,896 23,117  23,724  24,088  27,151  39,946  35,851 40,484

In some instances, awards are listed that may not fall strictly
within the limits of the Arctic as defined by the Arctic Research
and Policy Act, but apply to processes, properties, and phenomena
of the Arctic. Examples include research on boreal forests,
subarctic or temperate zone glaciers, geological and atmospheric
projects south of the Arctic Circle, and laboratory and theoretical
studies. Individual awards contain their own logistics budgets and
no attempt is made to separate those costs; only specific awards
for field support are listed separately. A complete list of
institutions and organizations that received funds in Fiscal Year
1994 follows.

Users of this list should keep in mind that these projects do not
exhaust the range of subjects that might be supported by the
Foundation in the future. Research which promises to add
significantly to science, engineering, or education is eligible for
consideration. The data reported in this award list were compiled
from individual program submissions from throughout the National
Science Foundation. The information includes awards for research
but excludes administrative costs that are included in the National
Science Foundation budget source documents.

Charles E. Myers
Head, Arctic Staff
Office of Polar Programs

   UNITED STATES INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS BY STATE

State                                        OPP funding     Non-OPP funding       Total

ALABAMA                                  $0                       $50,000             $50,000
University of South Alabama

ALASKA                                     $5,211,469          $2,461,108         $7,672,577
Alaska Federation of Natives
Alaska State Department of Education
Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS)
Associated Village Council President
Northwest Arctic Borough
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
University of Alaska, Southeast Juneau

ARIZONA                                   $154,140              $293,541              $447,681
Arizona State University
Northern Arizona University
University of Arizona

CALIFORNIA                             $2,607,775             $3,948,307          $6,556,082
Berkeley Geochronology Center
Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory
Mission Research Corporation
San Diego State University Foundation
San Jose State University Foundation
SRI International
Stanford University
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Davis
University of California, Irvine
University of California, San Diego
University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institute
University of California, Santa Barbara
University of California, Santa Cruz
University of Southern California

COLORADO                             $3,550,203          $433,579      $3,983,782
Colorado State University
Geological SurveyDenver
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)
University of Colorado, Boulder
University of Denver

DELAWARE                             $29,451              $50,000        $79,451
Bartol Research Institute
University of Delaware

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA         $1,389,252           $36,000        $1,425,252
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Geophysical Union
Arctic Research Commission
Dept. of the Navy-National Oceanographic & Atmospheric Admin. Ice
Center
Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard
Environmental Protection Agency
National Academy of Sciences

FLORIDA                                 $315,106             $278,804       $593,910
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Florida International University
University of Miami
University of Miami School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences
University of South Florida

HAWAII                                   $202,700        $77,796               $280,496
University of Hawaii at Manoa

IDAHO                                     $47,775         $97,175               $144,950
Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research
University of Idaho

ILLINOIS                                  $247,616       $269,463              $517,079
Northern Illinois University
University of Chicago
University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign

INDIANA                                 $0                   $95,508               $95,508
Indiana University, Bloomington
Purdue University Research Foundation
University of Notre Dame

LOUISIANA                            $0                    $86,031                $86,031
Louisiana State University
University of New Orleans

MAINE                                  $163,066          $37,111                 $200,177
Bates College
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
Bowdoin College

MARYLAND                         $417,354           $63,633                  $480,987
Capital Systems Group, Inc.
Johns Hopkins University
National BioSystems, Inc.
University of Maryland Center for Estuarian Research
University of Maryland at College Park

MASSACHUSETTS             $1,551,294         $2,488,746            $4,040,040
Bentley College
Boston College
Boston University
Brandeis University
Harvard University
Marine Biological Laboratory
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Mission Research Corporation
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Woods Hole Ocean Institute

MICHIGAN                         $455,140            $1,122,796           $1,577,936
University of Michigan

MINNESOTA                      $181,194            $137,673             $318,867
Augsburg College
Saint Olaf College
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

MISSOURI                        $0                      $49,911                $49,911
University of Missouri, Rolla

MONTANA                       $0                       $60,188                $60,188
Montana State University

NEBRASKA                     $123,500             $44,260                 $167,760
University of Nebraska, Lincoln

NEVADA                         $226,822              $0                        $226,822
University of Nevada Desert Research Institute

NEW HAMPSHIRE          $1,170,663           $305,405               $1,476,068
Dartmouth College
University of New Hampshire
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL)

NEW JERSEY                 $51,731               $197,160               $248,891
Rutgers University

NEW YORK                     $1,013,706          $1,009,702            $2,023,408
Barnard College
Clarkson University
Colgate University
Columbia University
Cornell University-Endowed
Hunter College
State University of New York, Brockport
State University of New York, Buffalo
State University of New York, Plattsburgh
State University of New York, Stonybrook
Syracuse University
University of Rochester
Vassar College

NORTH CAROLINA           $143,651             $68,794                 $212,445
Appalachian State University
Duke University
East Carolina University

OHIO                               $1,201,385          $85,556                 $1,286,941
Kent State University
Ohio State University
Ohio State University Research Foundation

OREGON                         $280,594            $219,667               $500,261
Environmental Protection Agency
Oregon State University
University of Oregon, Eugene

PENNSYLVANIA              $492,222            $0                         $492,222
Bryn Mawr College
Carnegie Mellon University
Pennsylvania State University

RHODE ISLAND               $117,459            $24,964                 $142,423
Brown University
University of Rhode Island

SOUTH CAROLINA           $0                      $145,000               $145,000
Clemson University

TENNESSEE                    $222,930             $35,000                $257,930
University of Tennessee

TEXAS                              $59,938              $487,124              $547,062
International Junior Investigator and Postdoctoral Fellows Program
Texas A&M University Research Foundation
University of North Texas
University of Texas at Austin
William Marsh Rice University

UTAH                                $50,652              $497,441              $548,093
University of Utah Medical School
Utah State University

VERMONT                         $61,553             $0                         $61,553
Northern Power Systems, Inc.

VIRGINIA                            $453,385           $90,000                 $543,385
College of William and Mary Marine Institute
George Mason University
Naval Research Laboratory
Old Dominion Research Foundation

WASHINGTON                    $1,494,101         $637,245              $2,131,346
University of Washington
Western Washington University

WISCONSIN                        $213,093           $294,753               $507,846
University of Wisconsin-Madison
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh

WYOMING                          $279,544           $0                        $279,544
University of Wyoming

INTERNATIONAL AWARD    $24,425             $0                        $24,425
Sweden

GRAND TOTALS                  $24,204,889      $16,279,441          $40,484,330

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION ARCTIC AWARDS SUMMARY-1994

                                               OPP AMOUNT ($)         NON-OPP AMOUNT ($)

ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES  (83 awards)
Aeronomy                                      387,817             1,722,878
Atmospheric Chemistry                   536,509                985,225
Climate Dynamics                          432,883              1,067,390
Facilities and Equipment                   40,000                     0
Magnetospheric Physics Program    351,248                 528,317
Physical Meteorology                           0                     183,267
Upper Atmospheric Physics            220,000              2,170,322
General                                         454,545                   50,000
     SUBTOTAL                            2,423,002               6,707,399

       TOTAL                                 9,130,401

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES  (23 awards)
Ecological Studies                               0                      429,556
Instrumentation                                    0                        69,172
Physiology and Behavior                       0                         8,480
Long-Term Studies in
    Environmental Biology                    43,159              1,112,456
Population Biology                                 0                     112,000
Biotic Surveys and Inventories                 0                     187,976
Polar Biology and Medicine             1,188,442                     0
General                                             774,479                348,241
     SUBTOTAL                                2,006,080             2,267,881

        TOTAL                                                   4,273,961

EARTH SCIENCES  (46 awards)
Continental Dynamics                          44,686                684,068
Geology and Paleontology                    25,000                579,294
Geophysics                                            0                     360,210
Petrology and Geochemistry                    0                     206,334
Tectonics                                               0                     363,130
General                                             868,878                308,801
     SUBTOTAL                                  938,564              2,501,837

          TOTAL                                                3,440,401

OCEAN SCIENCES  (17 awards)
Facilities                                               0                     257,243
Marine Geology and Geophysics             0                    105,068
Oceanographic Technology Program        0                     25,000
Oceanography                                     74,825                   0
Physical Oceanography                          0                    294,584
Ocean Sciences Research Section      728,978                  2,500
General                                             276,402                973,682
     SUBTOTAL                                1,080,205              1,658,077

          TOTAL                                                2,738,282

GLACIOLOGY  (30 awards)              4,046,050                 55,000

             TOTAL                                             4,101,050

ARCTIC SYSTEM SCIENCES
     (106 awards)
Greenland Ice Sheet
   Project (GISP) II                           2,123,361                   0
Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice
   Interactions (OAII)                        3,053,912              2,149,573
Paleoclimates from Arctic
   Lakes and Estuaries (PALE)         1,692,660                   2
Land-Atmosphere-Ice
   Interactions (LAII)                         3,714,935                   0
General                                             516,517                  74,771
     SUBTOTAL                              11,101,385              2,224,346

          TOTAL                                                13,325,731

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
    SCIENCES  (25 awards)              1,287,582                 134,133

           TOTAL                                               1,421,715

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS
   (3 awards)                                             0                    54,860

            TOTAL                                                   54,860

ENGINEERING  (1 award)                    61,553                   0

             TOTAL                                                  61,553

EDUCATION  (7 awards)                          0                   541,408

             TOTAL                                                 541,408

ARCTIC COORDINATION
  (14 awards)                              1,260,468                   134,500

             TOTAL                                            1,394,968

  SUBTOTAL                            24,204,889                16,279,441

     GRAND TOTAL                                       40,484,330

ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

AERONOMY

Radar Studies of the Ionosphere at Nonequatorial Latitudes
ATM 9119811
05/15/92; (ATM) $120,000; 36 months
Cornell University_Endowed
Ithaca, NY  14853
Donald T. Farley

We propose to continue for 3 more years the research program
currently supported by NSF Grant ATM-8721669.  Most of the work
will fall into one of three areas: (1) incoherent scatter research,
particularly at high altitudes; (2) auroral radar studies; and (3)
studies of temperate latitude E-region plasma instabilities similar
to those seen at the equator, and perhaps also temperate latitude
spread F.  Some effort may also be devoted to Polar Mesospheric
Summer Echoes research.  In most of these areas, an active research
program is already underway; in some cases, the program has existed
for a number of years and has produced a substantial scientific
return.

Studies of Plasma Structure in the Ionosphere using Scintillation
and Tomographic Techniques
ATM 9121660
05/15/91; (ATM) $105,000; 42 months
University of Illinois_Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, IL  61801
Steven J. Franke

We propose to investigate the ionospheric plasma structures using
two techniques:  the tomographic technique and scintillation
technique.  Each is summarized as follows:  (1) Tomographic
technique:  Our simulation studies over the past several years, as
well as several studies by others, have demonstrated the potential
and capability of imaging ionospheric structures of horizontal
scales from tens of kilometers to hundreds of kilometers. We
propose to set up a network of stations to receive Doppler shifted
signals from the navigation satellites (NNSS) for the purpose of
imaging the equatorial ionosphere to learn about the dynamics of
the equatorial anomaly region. This project has associated tasks in
repair and modification of donated geodetic TRANSIT receivers,
development of a low-cost PC-based data acquisition system,
development of receivers at selected field sites, data management
and processing, further development of computer algorithm, and data
interpretation.  (2) Scintillation technique:  This project is
concerned with analyzing already collected scintillation data at
various sites of geophysical interests.  One station (Spitzbergen,
77.00N, 15.55 west geomagnetic dip 73.43N) is a polar cusp
station.  The small structures observed by the scintillation
technique can be related to the presence of auroras, the
configuration of the interplanetary magnetic field, electromagnetic
omissions, and more.  In the Pacific-Asia region, data from a
network of stations have been collected to analyze the relation of
scintillation with the traveling ionospheric disturbances.  At the
equator, the scintillation data can be correlated with the radar
data to investigate the relation between ionospheric motions and
the production of small ionospheric structures.

Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR):
Comparison of Ionospheric Joule Heating Rate with Poynting Flux and
Energetic Particle Precipitation Energy Deposition
ATM 9201829
09/01/92; (ATM) $36,967, (OPP) $6,000; 36 months
SRI International
Menlo Park, CA  94025
Jeffrey P. Thayer

The PI's propose to estimate distributions of electrical
conductivities, neutral wind profiles, and effective electric
fields in the E-region through radar experiments. Secondly, they
will infer three energy-transfer rates in individual ionospheric
flux tubes, i.e.,  the net Poynting flux entering/leaving the top
side of the tube, the Joule heating rate in the flux tube, and the
energy carried into the flux tube by auroral particle
precipitation.  Finally, calculations will focus on statistical
averages of energy-transfer rates and their relative importance
with respect to magnetic latitude and local time, season,
geomagnetic activity, solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field
parameters, and phase of the solar cycle.

Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR):
Radar Investigations of Mesospheric and Lower Thermospheric
Dynamics at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland
ATM 9201996
09/01/92; (ATM) $145,000; 36 months
Clemson University
Clemson, SC  29634-5702
Miguel F. Larsen

Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR):
Radar Investigation of Mesospheric and Lower Thermospheric Dynamics
at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland
ATM 9202371
09/01/92; (ATM) $80,000; 36 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Susan K. Avery

The PIs wish to install and operate a partial reflection drifts and
a meteor radar over a 3-year period at Sondre Stomfjord, Greenland.

Goals include studying high-latitude dynamics in the height range
from approximately 60 to 110 kilometers.  The cooperative research
effort between Clemson University and the University of Colorado,
Boulder will include the study of seasonal variations in tidal
amplitudes and phases, gravity wave characteristics, climatology,
and fluxes and the study of scattering mechanisms producing the
partial reflections.

SuperDARN (Dual Auroral Radar Network)
ATM 9202400
08/01/92; (ATM) $19,793, (OPP) $5,207; 29 months
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD  21218
Raymond A. Greenwald

This proposal investigates an extended longitudinal chain of
high-latitude high-frequency radars in order to obtain global-scale
coverage of high-latitude ionospheric convection and related
phenomena.  This chain will provide continuous, two-dimensional
observations of high-latitude plasma convection within a field of
view that will eventually extend over as much as 14 hours of
magnetic local time and 65 to 85 in invariant latitude.  The
SuperDARN network consists of four pairs of radars sighted at five
locations extending from Alaska to Finland; this proposal will
study the first of these pairs.  This network will provide insight
to studies in large-scale structure and dynamical evolution of the
high-latitude ionospheric convection pattern and its effects on the
structure and dynamics of the upper atmosphere.  Further, the
network will aid in studying global distribution and transport of
high-latitude ionospheric irregularities as well as the large-scale
distribution and propagation gravity waves excited by high-latitude
sources.

Continuing Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric
Regions:  Polar Cap Electric Field
ATM 9202795
08/15/92; (OPP) $46,610; 36 months
SRI International
Menlo Park, CA  94025-3493
Richard A. Doe

This project will study the electric-field variations in the polar
cap as a function of the interplanetary medium and the magnetic
substorm activity.  The work will center around the Sondrestrom
incoherent-scatter radar but will also consider coincident data
from other ground-based facilities and satellite instruments.  Two
issues the project will address are (1) the influence that the
interplanetary medium has on the polar cap electric field and (2)
changes in the electric field in and near the polar cap during
substorms.

Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions:  Auroral
Emissions Modeling
ATM 9203028
08/15/92; (OPP) $60,000; 42 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309-0019
Stanley Solomon

The goals of this research are to develop and test methods for
inferring particle energy input to the Earth's atmosphere using
optical and radar detection systems and to study the atmospheric
changes caused by these fluxes.  The PI will use the latest
prognostic and climatological models of upper-atmosphere density
and composition.  Auroral model results will be made available to
the aeronomy community.

D- and E-Region Incoherent-Scatter Radar Observations at
Sondrestrom, Greenland
ATM 9213969
01/15/93; (ATM) $95,659; 29 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Brenton J. Watkins

The Sondrestrom incoherent-scatter radar in Greenland has recently
been upgraded with a new radar data acquisition system that allows
measurements to be made with a higher spatial resolution than ever
before.  The effort proposed here will take advantage of the
improvements to study two interesting and important problems in
ionospheric physics.  The first is the appearance of thin layers of
metallic ions at altitudes near 110 kilometers.  These layers have
been observed at lower latitudes and have been explained as the
concentration of meteoric material due to shears in the neutral
winds.  At high latitudes, this explanation does not apply, so that
the appearance of these layers in the Sondrestrom data is an
important breakthrough.  The second topic of the proposed study is
the enhanced ionization at altitudes below 100 kilometers that
occurs at high latitudes during large magnetic storms.  This
ionization is produced by energetic protons from the sun, and its
presence at such low altitudes can produce dramatic changes in
radiowave propagation at high latitudes.

Radar Studies of the Polar Summer Mesosphere
ATM 9217007
04/15/93; (ATM) $76,287; 23 months
Cornell University_Endowed
Ithaca, NY  14853
Michael C. Kelley

Radar observations at very high latitudes have revealed the
existence of a region of enhanced backscatter in the polar summer
mesosphere.  This region of the atmosphere is the coldest place on
Earth and is the location at which the highest clouds on Earth are
observed:  arctic noctilucent clouds.  In a previous NSF-funded
study, the PI has put forth the theory that the enhanced radar
echoes are charged aerosols and that these particles are drifting
slowly downward, analogous to snow.  Although not accepted, the PI
will continue to investigate this idea by studying in more detail
the manner in which the charged aerosol model can account for the
radar observations. Furthermore, the PI will specifically address
the association between arctic noctilucent clouds and the enhanced
radar echoes in the polar summer mesosphere.

Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR):
Vertical Velocity Measurements in the Mesosphere:  Biases and
Possible Solutions Using Spatial Interferometry
ATM 9301108
06/15/93; (ATM) $44,260; 29 months
University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Lincoln, NE  68588-0430
Robert D. Palmer

One of the most important parameters, which can be derived from
atmospheric Doppler radars, is the vertical component of the
neutral wind.  This project will compare and contrast the various
methods used in estimating the vertical velocity in the mesosphere.

Mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) and partial reflection
drifts (PRD) radars will be used to achieve this goal.  MST radars
typically use either a vertically pointing beam or the
velocity-azimuth-display (VAD) technique to estimate the vertical
wind.  The vertical beam technique can be biased by instrumental as
well as atmospheric effects.  The PIs propose that any instrumental
bias can be removed using spatial interferometry (SI) to track a
radio star such as Cygnus A.  Differences between the astronomical
position and that obtained from the SI measurements can be
attributed to a systematic offset in the beam position.  Any
atmospheric bias, as a result of inhomogeneities in the
reflectivity field, can also be removed using SI techniques.  If
implemented properly, the VAD technique can produce an unbiased
estimate of the vertical wind.  On the other hand, if not properly
implemented, the resulting vertical velocity estimates will be
biased by the divergence in the wind field.  The PIs propose to
implement both the VAD and SI techniques using the Middle and Upper
Atmosphere radar in Shigaraki, Japan, in the 60-90 kilometer range.

Both these mesospheric measurements can essentially be conducted
simultaneously.  Most PRD measurements are restricted to the
vertical position because of the configuration of typical systems.
Therefore, the biases mentioned above, for the vertically pointing
MST radar, are also applicable for PRD systems.  Furthermore, the
biases should be enhanced because of the typically wide beamwidths
used with these radars.  PRD radars are multiple-receiver systems
operating at 2-3 megahertz. As a result, the methods of eliminating
the biases using SI techniques are very similar to the MST case.
The PIs will make measurements using a PRD radar, which is planned
for installation in Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland, by researchers at
Clemson University and the University of Colorado, Boulder.

Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR):
Analysis of CEDAR-High-Latitude Plasma Structures (HLPS) Polar Cap
Arc Observations using Model Observation Comparison Techniques
ATM 9302165
06/15/93; (ATM) $43,500; 29 months
Utah State University
Logan, UT  84322
Jan J. Sojka

The CEDAR-HLPS initiative has carried out several observational
campaigns to acquire comprehensive databases on Sun-aligned (SA)
polar cap arcs. At Utah State University, two distinct modeling
efforts have produced models that pertain to SA polar cap arcs,
namely, an upgraded Time Dependent Ionospheric Model with embedded
Sun-aligned (TDIM-SA) polar cap arcs and a magneto-hydrodynamic
coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere (M-I SA) Sun-aligned polar cap arc
model.  The PIs propose to use these two models in five specific
collaborative investigations utilizing CEDAR-HLPS data, allowing
each investigation to have a specific scientific goal.  The first
and second investigations pertain to understanding the dawn-dusk
(or vice versa) drift associated with SA polar cap arcs and their
multiple arc, striated, nature.  Both of these studies use the M-I
SA model which exhibits both of these features.  The third is to
use the HLPS observations of many electrodynamic and plasma
parameters to validate the TDIM-SA model, especially the model
prediction that the cross-arc drift speed is a key parameter.  The
goal of the fourth study is to understand the strong convection
rotation observed in the vicinity of polar cap and auroral arcs
during times when the arc is changing.  Again, this type of feature
is present in the M-I SA simulations.  Strong plasma depletions
have been observed adjacent to SA polar cap arcs and have been
tentatively associated with electrodynamic current closure
requirements.  For the fifth study, researchers will use the
TDIM-SA to quantify all the electrodynamic parameters and will
evaluate if this hypothesis is the source of the plasma depletions.

Arctic Noctilucent Cloud Campaign (ANLC)-93:  Aircraft-Borne and
Ground-Based Hydroxyl and Noctilucent Cloud (NLC) Measurements of
Small- and Large-Scale Dynamics in the Polar Summer Mesosphere
ATM 9302481
09/15/93; (ATM) $36,057; 29 months
Utah State University
Logan, UT  84322
Patrick J. Espy

As part of the ANLC-93, the PIs propose to make aircraft-borne and
ground-based spectroscopic observations of the hydroxyl infrared
nightglow as well as photographic observations of NLC.  These will
be done to investigate the residual gravity and planetary wave
fields present during the arctic summer and their possible
relationship to the formation of mesospheric clouds.  The intent is
to measure the OH nightglow radiance and temperature from the
National Center for Atmospheric Research aircraft.  This will allow
researchers to characterize the mesosphere in the nocti-lucent
clouds and polar mesospheric clouds regions and to examine the
relationship of mesospheric clouds detected by the aircraft Lidar
to the geographical characteristics of OH gravity waves and
planetary-scale disturbances.  The PIs also propose to characterize
the polar summer mesosphere throughout the campaign with
observations of the OH nightglow radiance and temperature from
ground stations located at about 60N.  These measurements will be
used to examine the temporal behavior of gravity waves and
planetary-scale disturbances and will provide the context within
which the aircraft data may be interpreted.  Finally, the presence
of NLC over the ground stations will be photographically documented
in order to determine the occurrence frequency, extent, altitude,
and structure and morphology of the NLC.

Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR):
The Longyearbyen Optical Station
ATM 9302610
06/15/93; (ATM) $134,166; 29 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Roger W. Smith

The Longyearbyen Optical Station is the only ground station in the
Northern Hemisphere with regular scheduled airline service,
permitting 24-hour observation of the aurora and airglow.  The
European Incoherent Scatter radar polar cap extension will be built
a few miles from the observatory site.  This proposal seeks funding
for maintenance of Longyearbyen in support of the CEDAR and
Geospace Environment Modeling programs so that it will provide a
ready location for continued high-latitude optical studies.  The
station has supported investigations of dayside and nightside
aurora, ionospheric currents, high-latitude dynamics of the
thermosphere and mesosphere, and measurements of stratospheric
minor constituents connected with the ozone cycle.  In
collaboration with the University of Tromso, the University of
Alaska has developed the station to a modern research facility in
the arctic tundra complete with a set of first-class optical and
magnetic instruments, individual observing bays for visitors, areas
for setup and repair, and comfortable living conditions.  The PIs
plan the continuation of this work with centrally supported
maintenance of the station and its instrument complement.

Analysis and Interpretation of Sondre Stromfjord Incoherent Scatter
Radar Measurements and Ancillary High-Latitude Data Pertaining to
Lower-Thermospheric and Upper-Mesospheric Dynamics
ATM 9307487
08/01/93; (ATM) $84,041; 24 months
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI  48109
Roberta M. Johnson

This proposal requests a continuation of core support to allow
analysis and interpretation of upper-mesospheric and
lower-thermospheric measurements obtained at high latitudes with
the Sondre Stromfjord incoherent scatter radar, in conjunction with
complementary measurements obtained with other ground-based
instruments.  The proposed studies continue and extend work
currently underway in support of the Coupling, Energetics, and
Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions Lower-Thermospheric Coupling Study
(LTCS) and the Coordinated Analysis of the Thermosphere
initiatives.  Specifically, the PI proposes to continue analyzing
and interpreting measurements obtained during LTCS experiments with
the Sondre Stromfjord radar and comparisons with other simultaneous
radar and optical measurements and theoretical modeling results.

Theoretical Studies of Dynamical Processes in the Ionosphere
ATM 9308163
08/01/93; (ATM) $148,152; 30 months
Utah State University
Logan, UT  84322
Robert W. Schunk

The proposed research is a continuation of theoretical studies of
the effects that plasma transport processes have on the ionosphere.

The proposed research spans a 3-year period and will be conducted
by five senior scientists, two postdoctoral fellows, and a graduate
student.  The research involves model-data and model-model
comparisons, theoretical studies of ionospheric dynamics and
electrodynamics, ionospheric outflow studies (polar wind), and
certain plasmaspheric studies.  The overall scientific approach is
to consider the ionosphere as an integrated system that interacts
with both the magnetosphere and thermosphere.  The various members
of the group will study different, but related, ionospheric
problems, with the result that almost all of the major ionospheric
regions will be studied, including the E-region, F-region, and
topside ionosphere at equatorial, middle, and high latitudes.  In
the course of the studies, certain models will be upgraded and/or
improved, but the bulk of the proposed studies will be conducted
with existing ionospheric, plasmaspheric, polar wind, and
electrodynamic models.  One of the main goals of the proposed
research is to elucidate the processes linking the
ionosphere-magnetosphere-thermosphere system similar to the Solar
Terrestrial Energy Program Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of
Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR) programs.

Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR):
Early Polar Cap Observatory (ESU 93-13)
ATM 9311236
09/01/93; (OPP) $160,000, (ATM) $175,707; 60 months
SRI International
Menlo Park, CA  94025
John D. Kelly

The Polar Cap Observatory (PCO) is considered essential for
continued progress in understanding the Sun's influence on the
structure and dynamics of Earth's atmosphere.  An essential first
step to the establishment of the PCO is the development of
infrastructure in Resolute Bay, Northwest Territories, Canada, and
to conduct preliminary scientific investigations in Resolute Bay.
The PIs propose to provide the necessary infrastructure to begin
the early PCO phase.  This includes a building with laboratory
space, optical domes, and living quarters; road construction; and
the installation of power lines.  The PI will also provide a
spaced-receiver scintillation detector and ionospheric drift
monitor and a frequency-agile radar for preliminary scientific
investigations.  These investigations will focus on polar cap
E-fields, plasma structure, polar cap auroral arcs, and polar
mesospheric echoes.  In addition, the proposed infrastructure would
be capable of supporting instruments proposed by other researchers
that might include a spectrometer, interferometer, photometer,
magnetometer, digisonde, riometer, medium-frequency radar, ST
radar, and others.

Joint Incoherent-Scatter-Radar (ISR) and
Spectroscopic-Interferometric Investigations of Auroral Processes
Over Sondrestromfjord
ATM 9320426
04/15/94; (ATM) $90,061; 17 months
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Daytona Beach, FL  32014
Gulamabas G. Sivjee

This award is for joint radar and optical investigations of the
interactions between the atmospheric constituents in the polar
thermosphere and precipitating auroral electrons.  The latter
dissipate most of their energy through a combination of processes
involving dissociation, excitation, and ionization of some of the
upper atmospheric constituents.  In turn, the by-products of these
processes interact with ambient air particles to modify polar
thermospheric composition and thermodynamics.  All these upper
atmospheric auroral processes can be investigated by combining
ground-based remote sensing measurements of auroral ionization
profiles using ISR sounding of the auroral region, and concurrent
bore-sighted spectroscopic and interferometric observations of the
optical signatures of the auroral electron excitation of N2, O2, O,
and N.  The database for these studies will be constructed from the
ISR and spectro-interferometric observations of auroral displays
occurring over Sondrestromfjord, Greenland.

Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR):
Class I Imaging Spectroscopic Facility for Optical Remote Sensing
of Airglow and Auroral Processes in the Polar Middle Atmosphere and
Thermosphere
ATM 9402061
05/15/94; (ATM) $68,317; 11 months
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Daytona Beach, FL  32014
Gulamabas G. Sivjee

The PIs propose to build a CEDAR Class I high-throughput imaging
spectroscopic system for ground-based remote sensing of polar
middle- and upper-atmosphere airglow and auroral processes at the
Polar Cap Observatory site in Resolute Bay.  The new optical
facility will have "Class I instruments" capable of attaining CEDAR
goals of using "state-of-the-art technology to achieve greater
sensitivity, better spatial and temporal resolution, and new
measurement capabilities."  Among the many aeronomic research
projects that can be undertaken (with greater accuracy and spatial
as well as temporal resolutions) are (1) derivation of N and O
densities in the thermosphere and (2) investigation of the
excitation mechanisms for highly dynamic transient phenomena such
as type-B red aurora.

Extended Life Balloon-Borne Observatories (ELBBO)
ATM 9402764
06/01/94; (ATM) $65,000; 12 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Robert H. Holzworth

The objectives of this proposal are threefold:  (1) to determine
ionospheric convection patterns in polar cap, auroral zone, and
midlatitudes from stratospheric balloon-borne electrodynamic
measurements; (2) to determine long- and short-term variability of
global circuit; and (3) to evaluate the importance of stratospheric
and tropospheric electric field sources to inferred ionospheric
convection.  The research will address problems at the
foot-of-the-field lines for International Solar Terrestrial
Physics/Global Geospace Study satellites.  The balloon program's
overall goal is to understand the structure and dynamics of the
magnetosphere better.  It will play an essential role in providing
new data to the problem where neither satellites nor radars can
provide the high-time resolution, long duration, and multiple
simultaneous data points now available with the PI's data set.

Experimental and Modeling Studies of Polar Cap Patches and Auroral
Blobs
ATM 9404088
07/01/94; (ATM) $49,911; 12 months
Boston College
Chestnut Hill, MA  02167
Cesar E. Valladares

The purpose of this project is to study the formation and evolution
of large-scale plasma structures in the high-latitude ionosphere.
The plasma structures to be studied are 100- to 1,000-kilometer
scale enhancements of the F-region plasma density.  The program
combines observations with numerical modeling.  The observational
program consists of coordinated measurements using the Sondrestrom
and European Incoherent Scatter radars, as well as other
ground-based instruments.  The modeling effort involves simulations
guided by both specific observations and various theoretical
scenarios.  In support of this effort, an existing high-latitude
F-region model will be improved as needed to include multispecies,
E-region chemistry, and calculations of the ion and electron
temperatures.  The primary goal of this effort is to understand the
mechanisms that control the appearance, size, and shape of the
plasma patches in the Polar Cap and the ionization enhancements in
the auroral oval.  The results will provide valuable insights into
the physics of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling.

Magnetospheric and Ionospheric Research Using the Cornell
University Portable Radar Interferometer (CUPRI)
ATM 9406140
08/01/94; (ATM) $105,000; 12 months
Cornell University_Endowed
Ithaca, NY  14853
Wesley E. Swartz

CUPRI provides data for studies of ionospheric plasma and neutral
turbulence.  CUPRI probes a variety of auroral and mid-latitude
E-region phenomena, F-region chemical releases, equatorial
spread-F, and the polar mesosphere.  This renewal project will fund
the continuing acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of CUPRI
data.  Both undergraduate and graduate students will continue to
play a role in CUPRI operations, data analysis, and data
interpretation.

Active and Passive Very-Low-Frequency (VLF) Wave-Particle
Interaction Experiments:  Mechanism and Diagnostic Application
OPP 9221395
03/15/93; (OPP) $110,000; 29 months
Stanford University
Stanford, CA  94305
Robert A. Helliwell

This award will continue the analysis of VLF radiowave data
acquired from Siple Station, Antarctica, and the magnetically
conjugate station in Quebec.  From 1973 to 1989, the U.S. Antarctic
Program operated a VLF transmitter at Siple that produced a very
large and unique data set, which has already provided new insight
into the structure of the Earth's magnetosphere.  The investigators
at Stanford University will continue to analyze and theoretically
interpret the experimental results.  In addition, they will
digitize selected analogue tapes and archive them for future
research.

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY

The Arctic Radiation Balance
OPP 9321547
05/01/94; (OPP) $120,939; 18 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Jeffrey R. Key

This 3-year program will quantify the individual energy streams
that make up the arctic surface radiation budget and will relate
the observed radiation distribution to synoptic-scale wind,
pressure, and moisture patterns.  It will be the first effort to
produce a comprehensive radiation climatology for the Arctic.  The
arctic surface energy budget, particularly that of the Arctic
Ocean, has been identified as a major component of the
global-climate system that is potentially sensitive to
climate-scale perturbations due to feedback mechanisms involving
the surface albedo, the stability of the lower troposphere, and
water vapor transport.  The project includes four main tasks:  (1)
the analysis of solar and long-wave radiation data obtained
directly at manned observing sites in the Arctic; (2) the
calculation of radiative fluxes at the surface and at the top of
the atmosphere using a satellite-based cloud data product from the
International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP); (3) the
comparison, for selected months, of ISCCP-derived fluxes to the
corresponding synoptic regime; and (4) the study to assess the
effects of the sampling and analysis procedure on the radiation
statistics and their temporal variability.

Near-Surface Processes Affecting Gas Exchange at Summit, Greenland
OPP 9321420
04/01/94; (OPP) $64,090; 12 months
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL)
Hanover, NH  03755
Mary R. Albert

The proposed project is a field study of the physical processes
that affect the manner in which atmospheric constituents are
incorporated into polar snow and firn at the surface of the
Greenland Ice Sheet.  These processes are an important component in
reconstructing the characteristics of paleoatmospheres from the
observation of inclusions in deep ice cores and consist of the
direct transport by the flow of air within the snow (advection),
the molecular scale dispersion (diffusion), and the effects of
solar radiation penetrating into the snow.  The air-to-snow
transfer of atmospheric constituents is filtered and potentially
altered by such processes.  The objectives are to define the
magnitude and extent in space and time of these transfer processes,
and to develop a process-level understanding and a capability to
model these processes.  Field studies will be conducted in central
Greenland in the summer of 1994 to determine the spatial and
temporal variability of key parameters and to observe boundary
conditions needed to constrain the model.  An existing
multidimensional numerical model will be extended and verified to
simulate the advection, diffusion, and radiation
transmission/absorption processes.

Snow-Atmosphere Transfer Function for Reversibly Deposited Chemical
Species
OPP 9224192
08/15/93; (OPP) $115,000; 29 months
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ  85721
Roger C. Bales

This is one of four coordinated projects that will use the camp
facilities established on the ice sheet in Greenland's interior as
part of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II ice-core-drilling
effort.  The purpose of the projects is to investigate how
atmospheric trace elements are deposited on the ice and the changes
they undergo as they are incorporated into the ice.  An
understanding of such processes is necessary to properly interpret
the proxy climate data that can be recovered from ice cores.  While
significant progress has been made recently in extracting and
analyzing ice cores, progress in understanding the air-to-snow
transfer process for reactive chemical species has lagged behind.
The goal of this project is to determine the atmosphere-to-snow
transfer function for chemical species whose deposition is
reversible, i.e., ones that can move from the snow back into the
atmosphere to be removed or redeposited elsewhere.  The two species
to be investigated are hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde.  Based
on measurements of their concentration in the free atmosphere, in
the air within the snow, as well as in snow and ice, a transfer
model will be developed.  Concurrent laboratory studies will be
done to determine and constrain model parameters such as chemical
equilibrium coefficients and mass transfer coefficients.  The model
will be generalized for application to other reactive species, such
as nitric acid and organic acids.

Solute Transport in Seasonal Snowpacks
BES 9018245
02/15/91; (EEC) $1,875, (BES) $625; 48 months
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ  85721
Roger C. Bales

This is a project to study the transport, distribution, and fate of
chemical species in snow accumulations as they undergo
metamorphism, melting, and final release.  The research involves
carrying out intermediate-scale and bench-scale experiments of
solute transport followed by field-tracer studies at a
well-instrumented site to verify and confirm the mathematical
solute-transport models.  The investigator plans on conducting
image processing of snow sections at the Center for Remote Sensing
and Environmental Optics and plans to utilize laboratory facilities
of the Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory, operated by the
University of California, Santa Barbara.  His research also
involves collaboration with the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and
Engineering Laboratory in Hanover, New Hampshire.  Results of the
modeling, bench-scale and field studies are expected to improve the
understanding of physical processes that control the movement of
chemical solutes by water from melting snow.  The model expected to
result from this research is expected to be utilized in developing
strategies for predicting and managing the flush of acidic
substances from accumulated deposits of snow.

A Study of the High-Latitude Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Reservoir
ATM 9215127
09/15/92; (ATM) $120,000; 42 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Daniel A. Jaffe

The springtime arctic troposphere has been shown to be a major
reservoir of many anthropogenically derived pollutants, including
nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Based on the available data, it
is estimated that the arctic troposphere contains roughly 10
percent of the global tropospheric burden of NOx during spring. In
addition, tropospheric ozone concentrations are known to be
increasing at about 1-2 percent per year during spring and summer
at high latitudes.  The springtime measurements of NO at Barrow,
Alaska, suggest that photochemical activity and ozone production is
possible during the late spring period when NOx and nonmethane
hydrocarbons are still high, temperatures are warming, and solar
intensity is increasing.  In this study, the PI will further
develop and validate instrumental capabilities for making
measurements of the nitrogen oxide species at low ambient mixing
ratios.  Once validated, the PI will focus on gaining an improved
understanding of the temporal distribution of NO, NO2,and NOx at
Barrow during the spring-summer transition period.  These
measurements, along with J(NO2) and O3, can then be used to
calculate the O3 production rates and to evaluate the change in NOx
speciation as a function of temperature and solar intensity.

Analysis of Brominated Compounds in the Atmosphere by the
Photodetachment-Modulated Electron Capture Detector
ATM 9300893
09/15/94; (ATM) $44,492; 11 months
Montana State University
Bozeman, MT  59717
Eric P. Grimsrud

In recent years it has become increasingly recognized that
brominated compounds (BrCs) in the atmosphere may play a
significant role in stratospheric ozone depletion, especially in
the Antarctic and Arctic regions.  Most of the attention to date
concerning stratospheric ozone depletion has centered on the role
of chlorinated compounds (ClCs), in part because of their
relatively high concentrations in the troposphere, now totaling
well over a part per billion (mole ratio).  One of the greatest
challenges associated with atmospheric studies of the BrCs is
related to their relatively low concentrations in the troposphere,
typically in the low or sub parts-per-trillion range.  The BrCs are
therefore relatively difficult to detect and quantitatively analyze
in atmospheric samples that invariably contain a large excess of
other organic compounds, including the ClCs.  In this research, a
new instrument will be applied to the analysis of BrCs in
atmospheric samples.  This instrument is called the SiF4-doped
Photodetachment-Modulated Electron Capture Detector (SiF4-PDMECD)
and has been shown to provide sensitive responses to BrCs, but does
not respond to ClCs or other organic compounds.  In this project,
the SiF4-PDMECD will be evaluated specifically for the analysis of
BrCs in the atmosphere and will thereby provide the field of
atmospheric chemistry with an additional and, very possibly, a
superior analysis capability for future investigations of the
atmospheric chemistry of brominated compounds.

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Column Abundance Measurements and Trace-Gas
Chemistry Regulating Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Abundance
ATM 9302348
09/15/93; (OPP) $50,000, (ATM) $38,620; 29 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Knut Stamnes

Laboratory Studies of Halogen Heterogeneous Chemistry on Aerosols
ATM 9306972
09/15/93; (ATM) $76,892; 23 months
University of Chicago
Chicago, IL  60637
Jonathan P.D. Abbatt

The aim of this research is to investigate the role of
stratospheric NO2 on the chemistry and abundance of ozone.  The
researchers will measure NO2 column densities at two high-latitude
sites in the Northern Hemisphere using twilight absorption
spectroscopy in the wavelength range 430-450 nanometers where NO2
has appreciable absorption features. The site at Svalbard, Norway
(78 N) is expected t be inside the polar vortex more frequently
than the one at Fairbanks, Alaska (65 N).  The measurements will
be conducted on a continuous basis providing a baseline for NO2
abundance under perturbed, as well as unperturbed, stratospheric
conditions.  This set of measurements will allow researchers to
study differences in NO2 climatology between the two sites and
relate the NO2 abundance to stratospheric ozone content,
temperature, and circulation.  Radiative transfer modeling,
including the effects of spherical geometry and refraction in the
presence of cloud and aerosol layers, will be used to construct
synthetic spectra that will allow them to study the sensitivity of
the retrieved NO2 abundance to cloud and aerosol effects as well as
the feasibility of retrieving NO2 vertical profiles.

The Development of a Fast-Response, Lightweight Instrument for In
Situ Measurements of Reactive Chlorine and Bromine in the Lower
Stratosphere
ATM 9313412
05/01/94; (ATM) $52,357, (OPP) $50,000; 12 months
University of California, Irvine
Irvine, CA  92717
Darin W. Toohey

The concentration of ozone in the lower stratosphere is sensitive
to interaction of part-per-trillion abundances of radical species
in the NOx, HOx, ClOx, and BrOx families. While NOx and HOx are
predominantly of natural origin, concentrations of the halogen
oxides in the stratosphere are thought to be increasing as a result
of anthropogenic uses of organic halides, mainly the
chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and methyl bromide.  The inherent
nonlinear coupling of these radical families complicates
interpretations of stratospheric photochemistry that rely either on
isolated measurements of a single species in the atmosphere or on
measurements using a single detection technique.  This research
project will focus on the design and deployment of a new instrument
for in situ measurements of reactive chlorine (ClO and Cl2O2) and
reactive bromine (BrO). This instrument, based on the technique of
chemical-conversion resonance fluorescence, has flown successfully
on aircraft and balloons and will be lightweight for easy
deployment with existing balloon- or aircraft-borne payloads,
especially those to be flown on a new class of unmanned aircraft.
Researchers will work closely with investigators who measure
halogen oxides with remote techniques from the ground, balloons,
and space to provide a critical intercomparison of available
techniques and an evaluation of the uncertainties of measurements
over the altitude range of 12 to 35 kilometers.  The PIs are also
interested in interactions with members of the Network for
Detection of Stratospheric Change and of the Upper Atmospheric
Research Satellite. The project scientists will also seek
collaborative investigations of the chemical and dynamical
processes that determine the abundance of ozone-destroying radicals
in the lower stratosphere.  The studies will focus on the influence
of aerosols on the balance of NOx, ClOx, and BrOx chemistries,
especially near the tropical tropopause and at midlatitudes.

Theoretical Studies of the Chemical Composition of the Earth's
Atmosphere
ATM 9320778
06/15/94; (ATM) $240,000; 11 months
Harvard University
Cambridge, MA  02138
Michael B. McElroy

This research project is aimed at addressing key issues in
stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry.  For the stratosphere:
(1) field observations will be used to test and refine our
understanding of the role of heterogenous processes on the
chemistry of the lower stratosphere; (2) diagnostic models will be
developed and applied to elucidate the chemical and dynamical
mechanisms responsible for long-term trends in the ozone, with
particular attention to global effects of volcanic aerosols; and
(3) the role of denitrification will be examined as the controlling
influence on loss of ozone in polar regions, as part of a strategy
to clarify differences between ozone loss in the Arctic and
Antarctic.  For the troposphere, the PI proposes to (1) use data on
short-lived species from recent field expeditions to test and
improve photochemical mechanisms; with (2) test the distribution of
hydroxyl radical in a global three-dimensional Chemical Tracer
Model (CTM) using observations of carbon 14 labeled carbon
monoxide; (3) test, using the CTM, an inventory of sources for
carbon monoxide, a key species-regulating hydroxyl radical
concentration, taking advantage of new data for carbon 13, labeled
carbon monoxide and carbon 18, labeled carbon monoxide, including
additional studies of ethylene and acetylene; and (4) use the CTM
to investigate changes in the oxidizing power of the troposphere
from 1950 to the present.

Chemical and Spectroscopic Studies of Stratospheric Aerosols
ATM 9321582
04/15/94; (ATM) $118,406; 17 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Margaret A. Tolbert

Chemical reactions on type I polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are
currently believed to be a key step in polar ozone destruction.
Although type I PSCs are thought to be composed of nitric
acid/water vapor (HNO3/H2O) mixtures, their exact chemical
composition and phase are still uncertain.  This research project
will use infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectroscopy to
determine the chemical composition of type I PSCs.  First, the
optical constants for HNO3/H2O mixtures will be measured over a
wide wavelength range for use in comparisons with field
observations of type I PSCs.  Laboratory studies of model type I
PSC film growth will also be performed.  These studies will use in
situ Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a probe of
the chemical composition and phase of the condensed material during
PSC nucleation and growth.  In addition to the use of spectroscopy
to identify PSCs, new spectroscopic experiments will study surface
reactions on type I PSCs.  The reaction of chlorine nitrate
(ClONO2) with hydrochloric acid (HCl) on type I PSCs is currently
believed to be the single most important heterogenous reaction
promoting ozone loss.  Previous work has shown that this reaction
depends strongly on relative humidity.  Large angle reflectance
FTIR spectroscopy will be used to probe the surface reaction of
ClONO2 with HCI on model type I PSC films.  Surface spectroscopic
probes of the condensed-phase should yield insight into the complex
mechanism of this important heterogenous reaction.  In addition to
chemical reactions on PSCs, there is now heightened interest in
heterogenous chemistry on the global stratospheric sulfate aerosol
(SSA) layer.  Chemical reactions on background and volcanic SSAs
may be responsible for the downward trend in ozone observed in the
past decade.  This project will investigate the chemical and
physical properties of SSAs, composed primarily of sulfuric acid
and water vapors (H2SO4) and (H2O).  Spectroscopic experiments will
also be performed to characterize low-temperature liquid and frozen
sulfuric acid films representative of SSAs for use in comparisons
with field observations of SSAs.  In addition, the chemical
reactivity of SSAs will be studied.  A combination of gas-phase and
condensed-phase detection of reactants and products will be used to
obtain a more comprehensive picture of the condensed-phase
reactions.  Initial studies will focus on the uptake and reactivity
of HOx reservoir species in sulfuric acid as a function of
composition and phase of the acid.

Heterogeneous Chemical Processes of Importance in the Stratosphere
ATM 9322740
04/15/94; (ATM) $169,040; 17 months
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, MA  02139
Mario J. Molina

The objective of the proposed research is to improve the
understanding of the processes responsible for chlorine activation
in the stratosphere.  These processes involve chemical reactions
occurring on polar stratospheric cloud particles and on liquid
sulfuric acid aerosols.  It is important to have a detailed
knowledge of the mechanisms of these heterogeneous reactions in
order to make reliable predictions of future ozone depletion,
particularly at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.  Some of
the proposed experiments are designed to probe various aspects of
the interaction of hydrochloric acid (HCl) vapor with ice surfaces.

These include testing the solvation of HCl by monitoring its
isotopic exchange with heavy hydrochloric acid (DCl), investigating
the effects of surface morphology, exploring the extent of the
uptake at very low HCl partial pressures, and more.  The results
should help to discriminate among the various HCl uptake mechanisms
proposed so far, i.e., physical adsorption versus formation of a
liquid-like layer on the ice surface.  Other proposed experiments
consist of measurements of the reaction probabilities for chlorine
activation processes on liquid sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and
water vapor solutions with compositions such as those predicted for
aerosol particles in the high-latitude stratosphere.  The results
of these experiments are potentially of great importance for
interpreting the unusually high levels of the chlorine monoxide
radical observed in some air parcels in the lower stratosphere.

Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions in the Upper Troposphere and Lower
Stratosphere
ATM 9412445
09/15/94; (ATM) $125,418; 11 months
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA  94720
Gabor A. Somorjai

Through laboratory studies, these researchers will conduct a
systematic search for new important heterogeneous reactions in the
upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, that is, heterogeneous
reactions other than those recognized to occur in the antarctic
spring.  They will measure the surface coverages and compositions
of selected trace species on the surfaces of water ice, nitric acid
trihydrate, and supercooled sulfuric acid/water solutions.  These
surfaces will be exposed to trace atmospheric species one at a
time, two at a time, and in some cases three at a time in order to
investigate reaction-enhanced surface adsorption as well as
single-species surface coverages.  The plan is to study these
surface compositions under experimental conditions similar to those
present in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.  These
experiments will employ the surface science techniques of X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy for the determination of the elemental
composition of the surface and the oxidation states (and therefore
the bonding of the surface chemical species), Auger electron
spectroscopy for the determination of the elemental composition of
the surface, and quadrapole mass spectroscopy for identification
and monitoring of the gas phase chemical species.  In conjunction
with these experiments, through use of chemical thermodynamics
combined with the composition and temperature data provided by the
Livermore two-dimensional atmospheric model, these researchers will
determine the locations and times that various chemical reactions
are thermodynamically capable of undergoing heterogeneous catalysis
at noon and midnight, during June and September, at altitudes of 5
to 35 kilometers, and from pole to pole.  By combining these two
novel lines of study they seek to identify candidates for new
heterogeneous atmospheric reactions and suitable catalysts for such
reactions.  Reactants of interest include atmospheric trace species
such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine molecules, and
NOx molecules.  One specific research task will emphasize the +3
oxidation state of nitrogen [N(III)], which is significant in urban
smog, but is apparently not important in stratospheric models, and
measurements.  N(III) species may be a significant reservoir for
active NOx, a sink for stratospheric Noy, a catalyst for activating
HCl, and a source of atmospheric OH radical.  Through such
laboratory studies, the PIs hope to locate where in the atmosphere
N(III) chemistry is important and investigate previously
unidentified heterogeneous reactions that occur under the
conditions present in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.

Analysis of the Long-Term Record of Arctic Airborne Particle
Composition
OPP 9122944
05/01/92; (OPP) $108,000; 42 months
Clarkson University
Potsdam, NY  13676
Philip K. Hopke

This is a renewed investigation of the trace constituents in arctic
aerosols, using the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA)
technique.  The technique is extremely sensitive and powerful,
capable of determining the concentration of about 40 elements,
including many environmentally crucial ones such as aluminum, zinc,
arsenic, and antimony that are present in very low concentrations.
As a first priority, this study will complete the analysis of
filtered samples obtained by the Atmospheric Environment Services
of Canada on Ellesmere Island since 1980, and secondarily will
analyze samples obtained at Mould Bay and Igloolik during the
winter-to-spring transition.  The occurrence of arctic haze, the
general term for aerosol concentrations in the lower troposphere,
reaches a seasonal maximum in late winter when it becomes
widespread through the Arctic.  The variation is the result both of
seasonal differences in the northward transport and of the removal
process through wet and dry deposition.  Multivariate factor
analysis, potential source contribution functions, and time series
analyses, combined with air mass trajectories, will provide
advective patterns that will refine our understanding of the
transport mechanism and atmospheric pathways from the source
regions to the Canadian Arctic and allow the investigation of
trends in the relative composition of the arctic aerosol trace
constituents.

Ground-Based Infrared Measurements in the Arctic
OPP 9214819
08/15/92; (OPP) $134,555; 42 months
University of Denver
Denver, CO  80208
Frank J. Murcray

This project will measure a number of trace gases which play an
important role in the destruction of stratospheric ozone.  The
measured species will include hydrogen chloride, methane, nitrous
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ethane, water vapor, nitric acid,
chlorine-nitrate, carbon dioxide, the chlorofluorocarbons F-11 and
F-22, ozone, and carbon tetrafluoride.  The measurement will be
made from the ground by a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR)
spectrometer operating in two modes.  The primary mode will be to
view the rising (or setting) sun at high spectral resolution and to
deduce the atmospheric constituents by observing the absorption of
solar infrared radiation while simultaneously determining the
altitude distribution of some of the trace gases.  The secondary
mode will be to use the FTIR at low resolution to measure emission
from trace gases during the polar night when the sun is unavailable
as a source of radiation.  This project is important for the study
of global change, especially for the effects of man-made
chlorine-bearing compounds on the ozone layer.

Long-Range Atmospheric Transport and its Relationship to
Air-Snow-Ice Chemistry at Summit, Greenland
OPP 9222963
08/15/93; (OPP) $80,000; 29 months
University of Wisconsin_Milwaukee
Milwaukee, WI  53201
Jonathan D. Kahl

This is one of four coordinated projects that will use the camp
facilities established on the ice sheet in Greenland's interior as
part of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project II ice-core-drilling
effort.  The purpose of the projects is to investigate how
atmospheric trace elements are deposited on the ice and the changes
they undergo as they are incorporated into the ice.  An
understanding of such processes is necessary to properly interpret
the proxy climate data that can be recovered from ice cores.  While
significant progress has been made recently in extracting and
analyzing ice cores, progress in understanding the air-to-snow
transfer process for reactive chemical species has lagged behind.
The goal of this project is to provide a detailed understanding of
the atmospheric transport processes that influence the
precipitation chemistry over the Greenland ice sheet.  The
examination of variations in air-snow-ice chemistry measurements
during the time for which reliable global meteorological archives
are available will allow the extrapolation of the ice-core
chemistry atmospheric transport link backward in time to periods
for which meteorological information does not exist.  Knowledge of
long-range atmospheric transport is basic to the air-snow transfer
process.  The recovered ice cores contain impurities and components
whose sources are distant and which were carried by atmospheric
circulation to the interior of Greenland.  Variations in the
physical and chemical composition of the ice along the core
reflect, to a large extent, variations in atmospheric circulation
patterns.  As part of this project, a long-term atmospheric
trajectory climatology will be prepared as will an examination of
the seasonal and interannual variability of observed transport
patterns.

Eddy Correlation Measurements of Snow-Atmosphere Exchange of NOx
and Water Vapor at Summit, Greenland
OPP 9224280
08/15/93; (OPP) $113,000; 29 months
Harvard University
Cambridge, MA  02138
Daniel J. Jacob

This is one of four coordinated projects that will use the camp
facilities established on the ice sheet in Greenland's interior as
part of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project II ice-core-drilling
effort. The purpose of the projects is to investigate how
atmospheric trace elements are deposited on the ice and the changes
they undergo as they are incorporated into the ice.  An
understanding of such processes is necessary to properly interpret
the proxy climate data that can be recovered from ice cores.  While
significant progress has been made recently in extracting and
analyzing ice cores, progress in understanding the air-to-snow
transfer process for reactive chemical species has lagged behind.
The goal of this project is to determine the vertical fluxes of
reactive nitrogen oxides, water vapor, sensible heat, and momentum
through a field measurement program in 1994 and 1995.  A specific
objective is to define the transfer function between reactive
nitrogen oxide concentrations in the atmosphere and in the snow,
thus allowing the interpretation of the nitrate record in ice cores
in terms of changes in the atmospheric photochemistry and the
biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen.  Other objectives include
determining the environmental variables regulating the exchange of
reactive nitrogen oxides between air and snow, assessing the
relative importance of dry and wet deposition and re-evaporation in
controlling the nitrate accumulation, and analyzing the
meteorological conditions controlling the supply of nitrates to the
ice sheet.

The Third Circumpolar Symposium on Remote Sensing of Arctic
Environments
OPP 9319166
01/01/94; (OPP) $954; 18 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Kenneson Dean

This award will provide partial support for the Third Circumpolar
Symposium on Remote Sensing of Arctic Environments, to be convened
in Fairbanks, Alaska, in May 1994.  The symposium will provide a
forum for the presentation and discussion of current results of
original research in the remote-sensing of physical and biological
phenomena and processes in the terrestrial and marine polar
regions.  The first two symposia, held in 1990 and 1992, pointed
out that satellite and airborne remote sensing systems are one of
the most valuable sources of environmental data for the study of
the polar regions.  Since then, the successful launching of the
ERS-1 and JERS-1 satellites is beginning to provide a massive
amount of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data of the polar regions
through the Alaska SAR Facility, located on the campus of the
University of Alaska and has greatly expanded the scope of
processes that can be studied remotely.

CLIMATE DYNAMICS

Study of Climate Change Mechanism in Cloud-Capped Planetary
Boundary Layer over the Arctic Ocean Using a Hierarchy of Models
Resolving Cloud Formation Processes
OPP 9415350
08/15/94; (OPP) $160,284; 11 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Victor V. Filyushkin

This project is a study of the radiative, microphysical, and
dynamic properties of low stratiform clouds with the objective of
improving the treatment of radiative transfer in general
circulation models (GCMs) under varying cloud conditions and of
improving the parameterization of cloud formation and cloud
properties in GCMs.  A low overcast ("arctic stratus") is
characteristic of the Arctic Ocean region, particularly in summer.
These low clouds affect the radiation budget of both the free
atmosphere and the sea-ice surface.  Their structure results from
an interaction among the large-scale transport of heat and moisture
into the Arctic, the macrophysical processes of boundary layer
turbulence, and the microphysical and optical properties of liquid
water droplets.  In this project radiative cloud forcing and the
transport of momentum, heat, and moisture will be modeled using a
recently developed three-dimensional large eddy simulation model
with explicit formulation of cloud microphysics.  The model will be
extended by introducing an adaptive grid near the top of the cloud
layer and by adapting a two-stream radiative scheme to parameterize
cloud inhomogeneities and their effect on the radiation field.

A Cooperative Paleoclimatic Study of the Guliya Ice Cap, China:
Relationship to Global Climate Variability
ATM 8916635
02/01/91; (ATM) $75,000, (OPP) $75,000; 48 months
Ohio State University Research Foundation
Columbus, OH  43210-1063
Lonnie G. Thompson

Ice-core drilling has provided some of the most important
paleoclimatic information for the Quaternary interval of the
Earth's history.  Ice-core samples have made it possible to
determine the relationship between climate change and atmospheric
gas composition.  In some low-latitude regions, the accumulation
rate of snow is high enough to resolve annual variations in climate
and El Nino Southern Oscillations (ENSO) scale events.  This
proposal requests support to drill such an ice cap_the Guliya Ice
Cap in China.  Located on the northwestern edge of the
Qinghai(Tibetan Plateau, it is the largest and highest subtropical
ice cap in the world.  Thus it is likely to contain the best
uninterrupted record of paleoclimatic and atmospheric chemistry
from the low latitudes.  Using the ice-core samples, along with
others collected from low-latitude sites in China and Peru, the PIs
will oversee a comprehensive analysis of past climate, as well as
atmospheric gas and dust composition.  This research is important
because it will provide the first low-latitude record of
atmospheric gas composition and its relationship to climate change.

It will also provide the best record of the relationship of
low-latitude, high-elevation climate to the record of monsoon
variability in southern Asia and thus provide information on the
relationship between ENSO events and monsoon activity.

Abrupt Deglacial Climate Change in the Northwest Atlantic
ATM 9016473
05/15/91; (ATM) $42,000; 42 months
Woods Hole Ocean Institute
Woods Hole, MA  02543
Lloyd D. Keigwin

This project involves a program of stable isotope studies and
faunal studies, and Accelator Mass Spectrometry, C14 dating of
high-deposition-rate sediment cores from an area of the Nova
Scotian continental margin where there is little evidence for slump
and turbidite activity.  The project will be the first
high-resolution climate proxy records for the past 15,000 years
from a vast region in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean.  Preliminary
delta O18 results on planktonic foraminifera from three piston
cores spanning 4000 meters of water depth reveal distinctive
features that allow correlation among the cores.  These features,
which are not yet C14 dated, probably reflect discharge events of
glacial meltwater to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and to the Labrador
Sea.  The project will develop the climate history of ice-sheet
decay and surface-ocean change based on faunal and stable isotopic
studies and will test hypotheses about the origin and the Younger
Dryas cooling and other abrupt events.  Records of nutrient proxies
will be recovered from benthic foraminifera to test the response of
deep-ocean circulation to surface-ocean temperature and salinity
changes.  This research is important because it seeks to improve
knowledge of the processes responsible for rapid climate changes.

COHMAP_Cooperative Holocene Mapping Project
ATM 9101919
09/15/91; (ATM) $140,000; 48 months
University of Wisconsin_Madison
Madison, WI  53706
John E. Kutzbach

ATM 9102452
09/01/91; (ATM) $12,000; 66 months
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
Minneapolis, MN  55415
Herbert E. Wright

The study of past climates is necessary to quantify the natural
variability in the climate system.  This is the goal of the
interdisciplinary research group COHMAP.  COHMAP has produced some
of the best reconstructions in the field of paleoclimatology.  The
focus of the PI's research has been the Holocene_the interval of
time since the last full glaciation, about 20,000 years ago.
COHMAP's approach has combined rigorous reconstructions of
paleoclimate indicators with sophisticated numerical simulations of
past climates.  In this manner, they have been able to place strong
constraints on the range of past climates and provide physically
based mechanisms for the changes observed.  In this renewal
proposal, COHMAP suggests several new goals for its research
program, including producing a new set of boundary conditions for
the glacial Earth that incorporate the new chronology of the
deglaciation and new estimates of ice-sheet volume and areal
extent.  This new research is important because it will provide
fundamental insight into the nature of climate during the past
20,000 years and provide an excellent test of the sensitivity and
accuracy of General Circulation Models.  In addition, COHMAP's
research will help to identify regions with insufficient
information or model/data contradictions. In this manner, COHMAP
research will prove most useful to a wide variety of researchers in
paleoclimatology.

A Study of Air-Sea Ice-Ocean Interactions and their Possible Role
in Detecting Global Climate Change
ATM 9214650
11/01/92; (ATM) $70,098; 36 months
William Marsh Rice University
Houston, TX  77252
Tamara S. Ledley

Climate-modeling research has shown that the polar regions of the
global climate system are the most sensitive to climatic
perturbations.  Therefore, it is believed that global climate
change will first be evident in those regions of the Earth.  In
this research program, the results of an experiment with a modified
version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community
Climate Model (GENESIS/CCM1) that includes sea-ice leads and
sea-ice transport will be used to determine the sensitivity of the
climate to sea-ice variations.  The results will also be used to
identify variables that, through monitoring, could provide a
warning of global climate change.  In this project, an analysis of
the results of experiments with the GENESIS/CCM1 will be used to
(1) determine if the mechanisms of climate change identified in the
previous model studies occur in the more complex modeled system,
(2) determine the impact of sea ice on the energy and moisture
fluxes at the ocean-atmosphere interface and their effect on
climate both globally and regionally, and (3) examine the
possibility that the monitoring of variables associated with sea
ice, including lead fraction, snowfall, temperatures, and energy
and moisture fluxes, could help provide a prediction of future
global climate change.

Collaborative Research:  Atmospheric Controls on Northern
Hemisphere Cryosphere Variability
ATM 9314721
04/15/94; (ATM) $16,731, (OPP) $16,731; 17 months
Rutgers University
New Brunswick,  NJ 08903
David A. Robinson

ATM 9315351
04/15/94; (ATM) $17,908, (OPP) $17,907; 17 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309-0019
Mark C. Serreze

This award supports a comprehensive study of relationships between
atmospheric variability and fluctuations in the snow and sea-ice
covers in the Northern Hemisphere.  The primary focus of the work
is to provide a hemispheric synthesis of the cryosphere's
sensitivity to regional changes in the atmospheric circulation and
to diagnose this sensitivity with respect to associated
interactions between precipitation, temperature, winds, and the
modes of large-scale teleconnection patterns.  The PIs will
identify those regions of the cryosphere warranting focused
monitoring for potential climate change and possible future
responses to changes in circulation regimes.  As part of these
efforts, the PIs will perform a series of intercomparisons between
observed snow-cover patterns and those simulated by different
general circulation models under present and future climatic
conditions.  The study will address at least six basic questions:
(1) What are the relationships between variations in Northern
Hemisphere sea-ice extent and terrestrial snow cover? (2) What
areas of the cryosphere exhibit strong or weak responses to
atmospheric circulation changes, and why? (3) Which areas
contribute most strongly to Northern Hemisphere cryosphere
variability? (4) What are the responses of the cryosphere to the
modes of large-scale teleconnections patterns, and how do these
responses compare with parallel anomalies in synoptic activity,
temperature, and precipitation? (5) How well do different GCMs
depict the present-day distribution and variability of snow cover,
and are the GCM-projected cryosphere changes in response to
enhanced CO2 warming reasonable from the viewpoint of modeled
circulation changes? (6) Can the cryosphere be used as a robust
indicator of climate change?  For the snow and sea-ice analyses,
gridded National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) charts of Northern Hemisphere snow extent and Navy/NOAA ice
concentration data will be combined with available station records
of snow depth, snowfall, precipitation, and surface temperature.
For atmospheric analyses, the PIs will use once- to twice-daily
National Meteorological Center surface and upper-air fields from
the early 1960s to present, which are used to calculate gridpoint
and regional time series of the frequency, position, and strength
of cyclones and anticyclones, storm tracks, and other indices of
synoptic activity (e.g., positive vorticity advection), as well as
temperature.  Rawinsonde data from an existing archive will be used
to analyze patterns of moisture flux convergence and their
associations with snow cover and precipitation variations at high
northern latitudes.  Output from different GCMs will be obtained
for doubled CO2 (equilibrium) runs and transient runs (in which CO2
is continually increased), as well as for runs using identical
present-day boundary conditions.  The research is a collaborative
effort between University of Colorado (Dr. Mark Serreze and Dr.
Roger G. Barry) and Rutgers University (Dr. David Robinson).  The
work is important because it seeks to clarify the role of the
cryosphere in climate variability.

Global Climate Change Studies on Long and Short Time Scales
ATM 9314730
01/01/1994; (ATM) $105,186; 12 months
William Marsh Rice University
Houston, TX  77252
Tamara S. Ledley

Climate changes on a very wide variety of time and space scales and
involves the interaction of all of the components of the climate
system.  Most modeling studies of the climate system tend to focus
on a particular range of time and space scales; however, many of
the interdisciplinary climate questions that need to be addressed
require an understanding of the mechanisms of climate change on a
wider range of time and space scales than would normally be
addressed in one study.  In this research program the plan is to
use a coupled energy balance climate-thermodynamic
sea-ice-continental ice-sheet model to identify the important
mechanisms of climate change on a wide range of time scales in
order to gain a better understanding of how these mechanisms affect
the climate system.  The particular questions that will be
addressed include (1) What is the impact of increased greenhouse
gases on the cryosphere and hydrologic cycle of the
Earth-atmosphere system, especially with respect to the initiation
of ice-sheet growth, and what are the mechanisms that produce those
changes for the present and projected increases in greenhouse gases
and for the variations in greenhouse gases on ice-age time scales
as observed in the geologic record?  In particular, the PI will
address the question of how the cryosphere, both sea ice and
continental ice, responds to the changes in radiative forcing and
its impact on the hydrologic cycle and, in turn, how the resulting
changes in the cryosphere affect the climate.  (2) How do
Milankovitch solar radiation variations affect the hydrologic cycle
and the cryosphere to produce initial ice-sheet growth and
large-scale glacial/interglacial cycles as observed in the
geological record?  The PI will specifically examine the role of
the hydrologic cycle in producing glacial/interglacial cycles and
use this information to gain a better understanding of the role of
spatial and temporal variations of solar radiation on producing
climate change on all time scales.  (3) What is the impact of
particulates in and on snow and ice on the global climate system,
and how important is the mechanism of inclusion or deposition of
the particulates in affecting the climate system?  The use of the
coupled energy balance climate-thermodynamic sea-ice-ice sheet
model to address these questions is particularly attractive because
it is relatively simple, while retaining many of the large
components of the climate system.  This type of model allows a
detailed analysis of the response of the climate system to various
perturbations that will include following the effect from initial
perturbation, through all of the included feedback processes, to
the final climatic effect.  Understanding the processes of climate
change in this type of detail permits the application of what we
learn in one set of experiments to questions of climate change that
occur on other time scales, thus extending the understanding of the
climate system and how it changes.

Derivation and Analysis of Climatic Information from Tree Rings
ATM 9406732
07/15/94; (ATM) $270,000, (OPP) $25,000; 11 months
Columbia University
New York, NY  10027
Gordon C. Jacoby

This award supports dendroclimatic research at the Tree-Ring
Laboratory at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.  Analysis of
growth rings of old-aged trees provides a valuable tool for
determining seasonal and year-by-year variations of past climate to
evaluate recent climatic changes.  Large-scale reconstructions and
local studies show unusual warming in the past century, occasional
abrupt climatic changes, and more prevalent extremes in dry and wet
events.  The current effort will update and improve the coverage of
climatically sensitive forest-ecotone sites with the addition of
sampling for moisture stress variations and inclusion of subfossil
material to extend the tree-ring record further into the past.
This extension is crucial for comparison of the present, possibly
anthropogenic, warmer period to natural warmer periods of the more
distant past.

A Multimillennial Temperature Reconstruction from Far Northeastern
Eurasia
ATM 9413327
05/15/94; (ATM) $49,894; 11 months
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ  85721
Malcolm K. Hughes

There is a real possibility that a multimillennial tree-ring
chronology extending over most or all of the Holocene could be
built in far northeastern Siberia.  This Small Grant for
Exploratory Research Program award supports exploratory field work
and dendrochronological analysis of subfossil material from arctic
Siberia.  Experience with larch trees elsewhere in Siberia strongly
suggests that a valuable reconstruction of summer temperatures
could be derived from this material.  This would form a key part of
a network of high-latitude temperature records, including
tree-ring-based constructions from Scandinavia, the Polar Urals,
and Alaska and ice cores from Greenland and other locations.  Such
a chronology could also be used to date subfossil wood from many
locations within the region and hence to contribute to the study of
northern tree-line dynamics through the Holocene.

Feasibility Study:  Coring Last Interglacial Deposits, Bristol Bay,
Alaska
ATM 9416296
07/15/94; (OPP) $18,259; 17 months
Utah State University
Logan, UT  84322
Darrell Kaufman

The aim of this research is to test the feasibility of obtaining a
long (ca. 40 million) sediment core from the northeastern coast of
Bristol Bay, a tidal estuary in southwestern Alaska.  The service
of a drill rig designed for coring, but untested for
paleoenvironmental and geochronological applications, will be
contracted for this effort.  Recovered core material will be
analyzed for paleomagnetic, tephrostratigraphic, and physical
properties.  The core site near Dillingham is adjacent to
well-studied coastal-bluff exposures, where the age of sediments
appears to be exceptionally well constrained.  With the
stratigraphic record extended into the subsurface, the core will be
used to test the age assignment.  Most importantly, sediments
dating to the last interglaciation should be found at relatively
shallow depth and the Old Crow tephra (ca. 140 Ka ) below that.
Well-dated stratigraphic records of the last interglaciation are
rare in northern North America, yet are critically needed for
testing climate models under warmer-than-present conditions and for
comparison with other long-term paleoclimate records, including the
new Greenland ice cores.

Polar Climates, Clouds, and Seasonality in the Paleogene
EAR 9312104
05/01/93; (EAR) $30,745, (ATM) $10,000; 24 months
University of California, Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz, CA  95064
Lisa C. Sloan

Climatic records show that polar regions have demonstrated an
amplified response to global climate change through geologic time.
Additionally, polar regions have significant influence upon global
climate processes and conditions.  Clouds also have been cited
repeatedly as a critical factor in climatic change.  The early
Eocene appears to have been a time of warm polar conditions, but
climate modeling efforts have been unsuccessful in reproducing
these conditions.  To date, Eocene seasonality characteristics
reconstructed from proxy data have been unsatisfactorily explained
by model scenarios of high-atmospheric pCO2 or by warm
high-latitude ocean-surface temperatures.  However, proxy data
interpretations may be explained by the presence of warming clouds
at high latitudes.  We have hypothesized that polar stratospheric
ice clouds may have occurred in the early Eocene and produced a
dampened seasonal cycle at high latitudes.  Here we propose to test
this hypothesis by using an atmospheric general circulation model
to test the sensitivity of high-latitude climates to the presence
of such polar clouds.  Of paramount interest will be temperature
seasonality of polar climates with, and without, such clouds.  We
will examine the polar cloud mechanism for both poles, thereby
testing the cloud influence on a water-covered pole surrounded by
land masses and on a continentally capped pole surrounded by ocean.

Collaborative Research:  Flux and Fate of Sediment and Water from
Small Mountainous Rivers to the Continental Margin_The Gulf of
Alaska Example
OCE 9222405
04/15/94; (OCE) $90,000; 17 months
College of William and Mary Marine Institute
Gloucester Point, VA  23062
John D. Milliman

Collaborative Research:  Flux and Fate of Sediment from Small
Mountainous Rivers to the Continental Margin_The Gulf of Alaska
Example
OCE 9222503
04/15/94; (OCE) $62,462; 17 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Susan M. Henrichs

Collaborative Research:  Flux and Fate of Sediment and Water from
Small Mountainous Rivers to the Continental Margin_The Gulf of
Alaska Example
OCE 9223114
04/01/94; (OCE) $75,366; 12 months
State University of New York, Stonybrook
Stony Brook, NY  11794-0001
Charles A. Nittrouer

Small rivers flowing directly from mountains into the ocean carry
greater sediment loads than commonly envisioned, a relatively great
percentage of which may escape to deeper waters during high stands
of sea level.  This award supports a study of the flux of Holocene
fluvial sediment into the Gulf of Alaska, whose generally small
tributary rivers are collectively the largest supplier of sediment
from North America.  Alaskan rivers are relatively uninfluenced by
human activities, although glacial activity has resulted in higher
sediment yields than noted for other rivers with similar drainage
areas.  High-resolution seismic profiling, in conjunction with
seismic data previously collected, will allow the identification of
sediment accumulation and discharge patterns on the shelf and
slope, as well as trace individual sediment layers derived from
episodic (flood) events.  Sedimentological data will help define
escape routes and processes, and a variety of radiometric datings
will show frequency of occurrence and rates of accumulation.
Facies will be defined by compositional and textural analyses, as
will be sources (and fates) of terrigneous grains and organic
matter in shelf sediments.  Measurements of total organic carbon
and total nitrogen, d13C, d15N, and lignin oxidation productions in
sediment organic matter will be used to determine the amount and
source of organic matter accumulating in the sediments.
Contemporaneous oceanographic processes controlling strata
formation will also be evaluated.  This information should help in
the interpretation of older strata observed by seismic profiling
and coring.

Country Studies To Address Climate Change
OCE 9315699
07/01/93; (OPP) $214,986; 24 months
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC  20460
Ron Benioff

To assist developing countries and countries with economies in
transition formulate their climate-change policies, the U.S.
Government has committed $25 million over 2 years for the
development of "Country Studies to Address Climate Change."  These
studies will help establish an analytical and institutional
foundation upon which recipient countries may construct national
climate action plans and will help those countries fulfill their
obligations under the Climate Change Convention. After proposals
submitted by eligible countries are reviewed, financial and
technical support will be provided to selected countries to enable
them to conduct inventories of their greenhouse-gas emissions, to
assess their vulnerability to climate change, and to evaluate
response strategies for mitigating and adapting to climate change.
Agencies participating in the U.S. Global Change Research Program
have been directed by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to
transfer funds for support of the initiative to one of the three
agencies cooperatively managing the Country Studies project.  This
interagency agreement transfers $1,366,000 from NSF to the
Environmental Protection Agency.

Global Climate Model Simulations of the Present Arctic Climate
OPP 9224184
06/01/93; (OPP) $65,000; 24 months
Ohio State University Research Foundation
Columbus, OH  43210-1063
David H. Bromwich

This study is a comparison and evaluation of the modern arctic
climate as simulated by seven general circulation models (GCM).
While most GCMs project an amplified climatic response in polar
regions by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, the
responses of individual models vary and appear to depend to some
extent on the formulation of the model.  The objective of the
intercomparison study is to identify the common biases for all
seven models and determine the differences in biases among models
with respect to such climatic simulations as sea-level pressure,
temperature, precipitation, storm tracks, clouds, and radiation
exchange.  Model performance will be constrained with existing data
sets whenever feasible.  The GCMs to be evaluated are those
developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research CCM2; the
European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting; the
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory of the National Oceanographic
and Atmospheric Administration; the Goddard Institute for Space
Studies of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the
Numerical Weather Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, the University of California, Los Angeles; and the
United Kingdom Meteorological Office. Computation time will be made
available on the CRAY Y-MP of the Ohio Supercomputer Center.

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Educational
Outreach and Related Activities
ATM 9417693
07/01/94; (OPP) $40,000; 51 months
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
Boulder, CO  80307-3000
Richard Anthes

This Scientific Program Order (SPO) supports the UCAR Educational
Outreach Program and related activities.  Specifically, this SPO
will support visiting scientists at UCAR, postdoctoral research in
ocean modeling, a summer employment program, and workshops
involving the atmospheric community.

MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS PROGRAM

Studies of the Ionosphere and Plasmasphere
ATM 9114409
01/15/92; (ATM) $115,000; 36 months
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI  48109
Andrew F. Nagy

This grant supports the continued study of the Earth's ionosphere
and plasmasphere.  The proposed tasks for the next 3 years
concentrate on the subauroral and high-latitude ionospheres and are
a natural continuation and extension of past work.  The grant plans
to expand the studies of the subauroral ionosphere with
investigations into (1) the evolution of high-altitude subauroral
ion and electron heat flows during magnetic storms, (2) the
aeronomical effects of observed soft electron and soft ion
precipitation peaks, (3) processes responsible for ion and electron
precipitation in this region, and (4) magnetospheric emissions
triggered by ionospheric coupling.  Planned studies of ion
outflows, encompassing both high- and mid-latitude regions include
(1) physical processes responsible for He+-dominated ion outflows
and (2) mid-latitude heavy ion upwelling events.

Theoretical Studies of Solar Wind(Magnetosphere(Ionosphere Coupling
on Intermediate Scales
ATM 9115465
04/15/93; (ATM) $65,673; 29 months
University of Minnesota at Twin Cities
Minneapolis, MN  55415
Robert L. Lysak

A study of the intermediate-scale, time-dependent coupling of the
solar wind, magnetosphere, and ionosphere is proposed. Such a study
will allow for a detailed investigation of how energy, momentum,
and mass are transferred from the solar wind across the
magnetopause, into the magnetosphere, and along auroral field lines
into the ionosphere.  Both analytic and numerical techniques will
be used to describe the dynamics of localized reconnection at the
magnetopause. These techniques will also be used to describe the
relation of reconnection to the impulsive penetration of plasma and
to the response of the magnetopause to dynamic pressure
perturbations in the solar wind.  A previously developed numerical
model will be used to describe the global response of the
magnetosphere to driving perturbations at the magnetopause.  On a
more localized scale, a three-dimensional model is being developed
to describe the detailed interaction of auroral currents with the
ionosphere.  This model, along with accompanying analytic theory,
will be used to describe the trapping of Alfven waves in the cavity
formed by the sharp increase of the Alfven speed above the
ionosphere.  The overall goal of this research program is the
understanding and modeling of the plasma processes that couple
energy from the solar wind to the ionosphere.

Sondrestrom Radar Observations of Plasma Processes on Polar Cusp
and Discrete Arc Field Lines
ATM 9119516
05/01/93; (ATM) $55,000; 30 months
Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory
Palo Alto, CA  94304
Richard R. Vondrak

Experiments are proposed using the incoherent scatter radar
facility at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland, to study plasma processes
on magnetic field lines connected to the dayside auroral oval and
discrete arcs in the evening sector. Recent upgrades to the radar
have made several new operating modes possible that will enable
measurements of ionospheric properties such as vertical and
horizontal ion drift, electron densities, and ion and electron
temperatures with greatly improved temporal and spatial resolution.
A carefully planned experimental program will be conducted that
takes advantage of these new capabilities as well as additional
data from other ground-based instruments and satellites.  The
objectives are (1) to study the spatial and temporal variations of
ionospheric properties in the dayside auroral oval; (2) to
characterize the source region for ions that are transported from
the dayside oval to populate the magnetosphere; and (3) to develop
radar methods for observing plasma properties at high altitudes on
field lines connected to auroral arcs.  The dayside observations
will be used to define the initial conditions for theoretical
modeling of upward ion fluxes and their effects on magnetospheric
pressure balance in the near-Earth plasma sheet.  The high-altitude
measurements on auroral field lines will be used to determine the
presence of coherent echoes from plasma turbulence associated with
the auroral acceleration region.  The results of these experiments
will establish a firm observational framework for ground-based
studies of auroral precipitation and will have important
implications for our understanding of magnetosphere(ionosphere
coupling on the dayside and how it relates to auroral substorm
processes.

Operation of a Magnetometer Array on the Greenland Ice Cap (MAGIC)
to Investigate Propagating Ionospheric Current Systems
ATM 9204520
07/01/92; (OPP) $143,948; 36 months
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI  48109
C. Robert Clauer

This proposal is directed toward the operation of an array of
unattended, automatic magnetic data collection platforms on the
Greenland Ice Cap and the reduction, distribution, and analysis of
these data.  We propose to make the data from the MAGIC array,
after reduction and verification, fully available to those who
request it.  The MAGIC array compliments the magnetic stations on
the coast of Greenland for the investigation of small-scale,
ionospheric current systems.  Operation of this array in the
interior of Greenland takes advantage of the established logistical
support for the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II at the
Greenland summit. Thus, it is possible to establish and maintain
these stations for a small cost.  These magnetic stations form a
two-dimensional array with station separation of about 150
kilometers.  The scientific objective of these magnetic
measurements is to investigate small-scale propagating magnetic
disturbances that appear to result from moving, filamentary,
field-aligned currents interacting with the ionosphere.  Different
classes of these systems have now been identified, and the origin
of the field-aligned currents appears to be the magnetospheric
boundary layer and magnetopause region.  It is particularly
important to have a dense two-dimensional array in order to resolve
the motion and structural evolution of these current systems.  The
MAGIC stations, in combination with Greenland's existing west coast
and east coast magnetometers and with stations to be deployed in
Canada, permit the observation of these phenomena over a sufficient
region, so as to identify their generation location and resolve
their motion and spatial evolution as they propagate tailward.
Furthermore, the comparatively high time resolution (15-second
data) of the MAGIC and coastal stations will permit investigations
that were limited by the 1-minute data previously available.  These
data and the proposed research are important to understanding the
physics of the processes that couple energy and momentum from the
solar wind to the magnetosphere and ionosphere.  The proposed
research is a collaborative effort between the University of
Michigan, SRI International, and the Danish Meteorological
Institute.

A Conjugate Study of Ultra-Low-Frequency (ULF) Waves at the Cusp:
A Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) Project
ATM 9213361
09/01/92; (ATM) $25,732; 30 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
John V. Olson

This is a proposal to study the ULF wave spectrum at cusp stations
in conjugate hemispheres.  An auroral observatory located at
Longyearbyen, Svalbard, in the Northern Hemisphere, has been in
operation for nearly a decade and is equipped with induction coil
and fluxgate magnetometers to measure the ULF wave spectrum.  The
station is also instrumented with all-sky and meridian scanning
photometers that provide an optical context for the magnetic
measurements.  In the southern hemisphere, the Australian station
at Davis, Antarctica, is also equipped with induction coil and
fluxgate magnetometers and has made observations of the ULF wave
spectrum associated with the cusp for several years. We have begun
an exchange of data, and the analysis shows promising correlations.

It is well known that the cusp region is a rich source of ULF waves
spanning the frequency spectrum from near direct current to above
hertz.  The spectrum consists of an ensemble of waves and
variations with causes ranging from boundary motions and
macroscopic boundary instabilities at the low frequency end,
through impulsive and coherent signals with correlation to the
solar wind at intermediate frequencies, up to and beyond
ion-cyclotron waves generated in the unstable plasma near the
magnetospheric boundary layers and shocked cusp plasma.  Our work
in this analysis is aided by collaboration with the plasma
simulation group at the Geophysical Institute.  Our goal is to
collect ULF data at the two sites on a campaign basis in order to
(1) investigate the conjugacy of the cusp at these sites; (2)
identify wave generation mechanisms associated with the cusp; (3)
inspect the ULF spectrum at the two sites for correlations; (4)
identify signatures of flux transfer and particle injection at the
magnetopause; and (5) use the waves as a diagnostic for location of
the boundaries.

Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM): Imaging Riometer Measurements
at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland
ATM 9301264
04/01/94; (ATM) $30,000; 18 months
University of Maryland at College Park
College Park, MD  20742
Theodore J. Rosenberg

This is a project to continue a program of observations and data
analysis based on data obtained by an imaging riometer at Sondre
Stromfjord, Greenland.  The riometer will be operated and
maintained with support from the Danish Meteorological Institute.
The main objective of this 1-year study is to substantiate previous
results pertaining to the riometer absorption produced by drifting
patches of enhanced F-region ionization.  If the riometer is
sensitive enough to detect the presence of these patches, then its
usefulness in studies of ionization processes in the upper
atmosphere can be exploited in future investigations.

Advanced Ground-Based Observations of
Low-Frequency/Medium-Frequency/High-Frequency (LF/MF/HF) Radio
Noise from Auroral Latitudes
ATM 9316126
04/15/94; (ATM) $64,287; 11 months
Dartmouth College
Hanover, NH  03755
James W. LaBelle

LaBelle Research funded by NSF during the past year has proven
that, using inexpensive ground-based instrumentation, it is
possible to detect at least two types of radio phenomena at
LF/MF/HF frequencies (0.05-5.0 megahertz) in the auroral zone.
These include narrowband emissions near twice and three times the
ionospheric electron gyrofrequency and broadband noise enhancements
with nulls in the spectrum near harmonies of the gyrofrequency.
Although models have been proposed for both these phenomena, their
cause is undetermined, as are the range and time variation of their
occurrence.  We propose to make more advanced measurements of these
wave phenomena, including measurements from a chain of stations,
with the following objectives:  (1) to determine the latitude and
time dependence of the waves; (2) to test several specific models
for their generation, using wave data and complementary ionosonde,
magnetometer, riometer, and all-sky camera data; and (3) to explore
the use of these wave observations in combination with
instrumentation as a ground-based diagnostic of the auroral
ionosphere.  Although radio emissions compose a small fraction of
the total energy of the aurora, they may provide important clues to
the more energetic processes; analogous to the way in which solar
radio emissions have been used to infer the processes taking place
in the solar corona.

Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM):  Support for the Operation and
Analysis of Data from the Induction Magnetometer at Iqaluit,
Northwest Territory, Canada:  A Conjugate Site to South Pole,
Antarctica
ATM 9400664
08/15/94; (ATM) $7,630; 11 months
University of New Hampshire
Durham, NH  03824
Roger L. Arnoldy

This proposal is a request for funds for the next 3 years
(remainder of the GEM Boundary Layer Campaign) to analyze the data
that are being received from an induction magnetometer operating at
Iqaluit, Northwest Territories, Canada which is nominally
magnetically conjugate to South Pole, Antarctica.  The magnetometer
was built and installed at Iqaluit in June 1993, with funds
provided under the GEM program. The major objective of the GEM
Boundary Layer Campaign is to understand the interaction of the
solar wind with the Earth's magnetic field and the transport of
energy across dayside boundaries.  Waves are an important mediator
of this transport of energy because of the collisionless nature of
the medium in which the boundaries are imbedded.  Induction
magnetometers measure the high-frequency component (greater than
0.1 hertz) of naturally occurring ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves
in the Earth's magnetosphere and in the solar wind which cannot be
done with conventional magnetometers.  Ground measurement and the
study of these waves in the magnetosphere are important because
they are of sufficiently short wavelengths to propagate as wave
packers in the Earth's magnetic field.  In such a mode of
propagation the Pc 1 and Pc 2 waves can be used as probes of the
topology of the geomagnetic field and its boundaries.  Their
resonant generation by ions and the modification of their
propagation by cold plasma populations indirectly provides a study
of these particles.  The location at Iqaluit is vital because this
site permits a global study of the ULF waves by using several sites
in Antarctica as well as at the Sondre Stromfjord site in
Greenland.  Repetitive structures in the waveform at two opposite
hemisphere sites 180 degrees out of phase can be an indication of
closed magnetic field lines.  A time delay between sites at
different longitudes in either hemisphere can give the scale size
and/or motion of the source creating the waves.  Spacecraft making
single point measurements are hard-pressed to define boundaries,
but when performed in correlation with multiple ground
measurements, as proposed here, one can begin to build a global
picture of the important dayside magnetospheric boundaries.  As a
result of this correlative work in providing "space-truth," ground
measurements in the future can monitor these boundaries and their
dependence upon solar wind and, ultimately, solar conditions.

Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM):  Continued Operation of the
Magnetometer Array for Cusp and Cleft Studies, West (MACCS-West)
ATM 9401524
08/01/94; (ATM) $60,000; 12 months
Augsburg College
Minneapolis, MN  55454
Mark J. Engebretson

Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM):  A Magnetometer Array for Cusp
and Cleft Studies (MACCS-East)
ATM 9401733
09/01/94; (ATM) $80,000; 12 months
Boston University
Boston, MA  02215
W. Jeffrey Hughes

It is proposed to continue to operate and analyze data from the
recently installed MACCS array of fluxgate magnetometers located at
cusp/cleft latitudes (75 to 80) in arctic Canada, in a joint
effort with Augsburg College.  During the summers of 1992 and 1993
eight magnetometers were deployed at small communities in the
eastern Arctic.  These eight observatories span nearly 5 hours in
magnetic local time in the latitude region most valuable for
ground-based observations of the magnetospheric boundary layer, and
serve to connect existing magnetometer sites in Alaska and western
Canada and sites on Greenland and Baffin Island.  The project also
proposes to add data loggers at three standard Canadian
observatories (Resolute, Cambridge Bay, and Baker Lake).  This
would allow researchers to obtain 1-second data from these sites
and routinely combine these data with the MACCS database, thus
extending the MACCS array another hour to the west.  The purpose of
the MACCS array is to study ionospheric currents, plasma flows, and
waves associated with the magnetospheric cusp and neighboring
regions.  In association with the radar systems beginning to
operate in this same area, these magnetometers will provide
high-resolution, two-dimensional data on the electrodynamics of
cusp convection.  The MACCS data also contain numerous
high-latitude substorm signatures.  As the GEM program begins its
substorm campaign, it is proposed to use MACCS data to study the
small, contracted, oval substorms associated with northward
interpalnetary magnetic field and to study recovery phase of
regular substorms during which activity moves poleward over the
MACCS array.

Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM):  Correlative Ground-Based and
Satellite Investigations of the Dynamics of the Nightside
Open/Closed Magnetic Field Line Boundary
ATM 9401629
08/15/94; (ATM) $24,995; 11 months
Mission Research Corporation
Santa Barbara, CA  93102-0719
Nelson C. Maynard

The GEM program's second major observational and analysis campaign
will be on the physics of the magnetotail and substorms.  A
critical question for magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling is
determining from where in the magnetosphere magnetic field lines
map to connect to the nighttime auroral ionosphere.  This question
becomes even more important for understanding substorm dynamics
when significant changes to the magnetospheric configuration occur
during this episodic release of energy. A recent study by Burke et
al. (1993) has identified the high-latitude boundary of the
nighttime auroral region as magnetically connecting to the distant
x-line in the geomagnetic tail.  This identifies the open/closed
boundary for magnetotail magnetic field lines.  We propose a
correlative analysis effort using Defense Meteorology Satellite
Program (DMSP) satellite data and ground-based data from Svalbard
and Sondrestrom to determine the characteristics of this boundary
as seen jointly in both data sets, to confirm the magnetospheric
interpretation of the boundary, where possible, using data from a
satellite that orbits the magnetotail (geotail data), and to
resolve the spatial and temporal variations of this boundary.
Optical data from a network or auroral TV and meridian scanning
photometers in Svalbard and Greenland will be combined with radar
data from Sondrestrom to compare with DMSP satellite data.  Three
DMSP satellites measuring ion drift, plasma characteristics, and
energetic particle precipitation currently monitor the
high-latitude ionosphere continuously.  Direct overhead passes will
establish critical signatures.  The spatial and temporal dynamics
of this boundary can then be determined with spatially separated
data sets.  Application of these results will place constraints on
the geotail configuration during substorms and will aid in the
development of a model of the substorm process.  We plan two
observation periods:  one in January 1994 and the other in December
1994 through January 1995.  The first coincides with the planned
GEM World Day period and when geotail is at an apogee of 100 times
the earth's radius near midnight.  The second corresponds to
special observation periods for additional ground-based data.  We
propose to collaborate with other GEM investigators to define and
analyze special campaign events jointly for elucidation of substorm
and geotail physics.

Continuing Support of High-Latitude Geomagnetic Pulsation
Measurements
OPP 9217024
04/01/93; (OPP) $100,000; 30 months
University of New Hampshire
Durham, NH  03824
Roger L. Arnoldy

This grant supports the continued operation of, and the analysis of
the data produced by, induction magnetometers at South Pole and
McMurdo Stations in Antarctica and Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland.
These high-geomagnetic-latitude sites are ideally suited for the
study of plasm physics processes which occur near the boundary of
the Earth's magnetosphere, at the poleward edge of the auroral oval
and in the polar cap.  The data from this three-station network,
plus data from additional new magnetometers operated by the same
group but supported by other programs, will make possible research
which almost certainly will result in new insight into the various
phenomena which produce magnetic micropulsations.

Comparison of Simultaneous Ground-Satellite Observations of
Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves
OPP 9224511
06/01/93; (OPP) $107,300; 24 months
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD  21218
Robert E. Erlandson

This grant provides support for research that will make use of
simultaneous observations of ultra-low-frequency electromagnetic
ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves by instruments located in the Arctic and
Antarctic and on satellites orbiting within the Earth's
magnetosphere.  These pulsations have frequencies of between 0.1
and 5 hertz.  The ground-based instruments are (or were) in Sondre
Stromfjord, Greenland, the Finnish magnetometer chain, and the
Antarctic stations, Siple, South Pole, McMurdo, Casey, Mawson, and
MacQuarie Island.  The satellites to be used are the Active
Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers, Charge-Composition
Explorer, and Viking.  The eventual goal of this correlative study
is to enhance the utility of future ground-based observations for
use as a diagnostic tool to infer magnetospheric processes in the
EMIC source region.

PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY

Molecular Models Applied to the Nucleation of Ice
ATM 9307318
10/15/93; (ATM) $49,911; 17 months
University of Missouri, Rolla
Rolla, MO  65401
Barbara N. Hale

In this work, molecular models, effective atom-atom potentials, and
Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics computer simulations are used to
examine the state, structure, vibrational spectrum, and free energy
of formation of small ice/water systems and to develop reliable
macroscopic models for the prediction of ice formation rates at low
temperatures characteristic of cirrus cloud ice and stratospheric
ice.  The projects in this proposal are directed at determining the
physical characteristics of small ice particles at low temperatures
and of small binary water-sulfuric acid clusters.  The projects
proposed are (1) a study of "effective surface tensions" for small
water clusters at low temperatures (-20C to -80C); (2) a study of
the state (liquid versus solid) and the infrared vibrational
spectrum of small water clusters at low temperatures; (3) a study
of small water-sulfuric acid clusters, with the major emphasis
devoted to developing a tractable model for water-sulfuric acid
interactions; and (4) a study of ice formation in four to eight
monolayers of water on a model substrate.

Atmospheric Ice Nucleating Aerosols
ATM 9311606
03/15/94; (ATM) $133,356; 17 months
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, CO  80523
Lewis O. Grant

The overall goal of this research is to improve the understanding
of ice formation in clouds.  The specific objectives are (1) to
obtain ground- and aircraft-based measurements of ice nuclei; (2)
to describe these measurements quantitatively in a manner suitable
for use by numerical cloud models; (3) to adapt these descriptions
to a detailed microphysical cloud model; and (4) to compare
simulations with aircraft data.

UPPER ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS

CEDAR:  Early Polar Cap Observatory
ATM 9442349
04/15/94; (OPP) $160,000; 12 months
SRI International
Menlo Park, CA  94025-3493
John D. Kelly

This award provides continued support for the Sondrestrom
incoherent scatter radar and lidar facility at Kangerlussuaq,
Greenland (formerly Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland).  SRI
International is using the funds to continue operating,
maintaining, and upgrading the facility and also for the scientific
research efforts of its professional staff.  The Sondrestrom
facility is the poleward mainstay of the four-radar chain that
extends to the magnetic equator.  The requested funding is being
used to accomplish the following tasks involving both the radar and
lidar systems:  (1) schedule and operate the radar approximately
1200 hours per year, and assist in operating collocated
instruments; (2) assist users in planning, designing, and
interpreting results from radar and lidar experiments, and
coordinate their visits, including obtaining U.S. Air Force and
diplomatic approval and providing logistics support; (3) maintain
and upgrade the radar and lidar facility and assist in maintaining
other collocated facilities; (4) develop and maintain system
software for acquiring, reducing and interpreting data; (5) carry
out World Day observations and specific research programs; (6)
provide World Day data to the National Center for Atmospheric
Research database and its users, and maintain a comprehensive data
library at Menlo Park; (7) Collaborate with scientists throughout
the world in scientific pursuits concerning the geospace
environment; and (8) be the liaison between the Greenland Home Rule
Government, Danish Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland,
and the National Science Foundation on issues related to the
Sondrestrom facility.

Sondestrom Facility_Research, Operation, and Coordination
ATM 9317167
01/15/94; (ATM) $1,888,982; 60 months
SRI International
Menlo Park, CA  94025
John D. Kelly

This award will provide continued support for the Sondrestrom
incoherent scatter radar and lidar facility at Kangerlussuaq,
Greenland (formerly Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland).  SRI
International will use the funds for operating, maintaining, and
upgrading the facility and for the scientific research efforts of
its professional staff.  The Sondrestrom facility is the poleward
mainstay of the four-radar chain that extends to the magnetic
equator.  The requested funding will be used to accomplish the
following tasks involving both the radar and lidar systems:  (1)
Schedule and operate the radar approximately 1,200 hours per year
and assist in operating collocated instruments.  (2) Assist users
in planning, designing, and interpreting results from radar and
lidar experiments; coordinate user visits; obtain U.S. Air Force
and diplomatic approval; and provide logistics support.  (3)
Maintain and upgrade the radar and lidar facility and assist in
maintaining other collocated facilities.  (4) Develop and maintain
system software for acquiring, reducing, and interpreting data.
(5) Carry out World Day observations and specific research
programs.  (6) Provide World Day data to the National Center for
Atmospheric Research database and its users and maintain a
comprehensive data library at Menlo Park.  (7) Collaborate with
scientists throughout the world in scientific pursuits concerning
the geospace environment. (8) Be the liaison between the Greenland
Home Rule Government, Danish Commission for Scientific Research in
Greenland, and NSF on issues related to the Sondrestrom facility.

Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR):
A Complement of Optical Instruments for the Polar Cap Observatory
ATM 9402289
10/01/94; (ATM) $50,344, (OPP) $60,000; 12 months
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI  48109
Timothy L. Killeen

The objective of this research is to continue and extend a series
of theoretical studies of the Earth's upper atmosphere, involving
applying various postprocessor computer programs to study the
physically significant processes that cause change in the various
fields calculated by the model.  The focus of this work will be on
two areas:  (1) existing post processors will be maintained and
modified to match the continuing development of the
Thermosphere/Ionosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation Model to
provide improved diagnostics of thermospheric processes and aid in
CEDAR experimental investigations and (2) a series of scientific
studies are proposed and include a thermodynamic term analysis of
wave modes, a study of momentum dissipation's role on particle
transport, causes of the distribution of minor species, ion-neutral
and neutral-ion coupling, and so forth. Finally, this project will
be collaborative with the National Center for Atmospheric Research.

Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR):
Resonance Lidar to Study the Upper Mesosphere and Lower
Thermosphere
ATM 9402823
06/15/94; (ATM) $209,000; 11 months
Utah State University
Logan, UT  84322
Vincent B. Wickwar

This project will be a 1-year collaborative effort involving Utah
State University, the University of Maryland, Clemson University,
the University of Pittsburgh, and University College London to
upgrade their current capability to include a state-of-the-art
resonance-scatter lidar system.  In addition to enhancing the
atmospheric science significantly, the development of this
resonance lidar will mark the transfer of a well-tested laboratory
technique to study the atmosphere.  After its development and
initial use in Utah, the PIs will try this system, or part of it,
at the Polar Cap Observatory.  At this high-latitude location, the
observations could be very useful for examining the winds and
temperatures inside and outside the polar vortex as well as the
occurrence of ice clouds to determine temperature conditions at the
time of formation.

Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR):
Second CEDAR/Solar Terrestrial Energy Progam Workshop (STEP)
Workshop on High- and Mid-Latitude Plasma Structuring
ATM 9412170
04/15/94; (ATM) $21,996; 11 months
Utah State University
Logan, UT  84322
Jan J. Sojka

A workshop will be held near Boulder, Colorado, to discuss research
and experiments on ionospheric plasma structures at middle and high
latitudes.  This is the second workshop convened by the
High-Latitude Plasma Structures Working Group of the CEDAR program.

This workshop will also include members of the Global Aspects of
Plasma Structures Working Group, which is part of the international
STEP.  The discussion topics will emphasize the modeling of middle-
and high-latitude macro- and meso-scale plasma structures.

GENERAL

Cosmic Rays and the Interplanetary Magnetic Field
ATM 9314683
09/15/94; (ATM) $50,000; 11 months
Bartol Research Institute
Newark, DE  19716
John W. Bieber

We propose a broad-based program to research the acceleration,
transport, and solar modulation of cosmic rays; the nature of
large-scale and turbulent magnetic fields in the solar wind; and
the interactions among these subsystems of the interplanetary
plasma.  Support is requested to continue the collection and
analysis of data from neutron monitor stations in Thule, Greenland,
and Newark, Delaware.  Specific scientific objectives include
detailed analysis and modeling of the ground-level enhancements
caused by relativistic solar particles during Solar Cycle 22;
comprehensive analysis of the higher-order harmonics of the cosmic
ray diurnal variation, and the extraction of new information on
local interplanetary transport parameters (including magnetic
helicity) from the data; detailed observational testing of new
ideas as to the factors governing cosmic ray mean free paths,
including the influence of turbulence dissipation, dynamics, and
geometry; and development and implementation of new observational
methods to determine turbulence geometry, placing special emphasis
on the identification and measurement of a possible two-dimensional
component.

Riometry in Antarctica and Conjugate Regions
OPP 9119753
07/15/92; (OPP) $265,000; 42 months
University of Maryland at College Park
College Park, MD  20742
Theodore J. Rosenberg

This project will continue and expand the study of the upper
atmosphere, especially auroral phenomena, using photometry and
riometric techniques.  The PI has developed a new imaging riometer
(relative ionospheric opacity meter) system called Imaging Riometer
for Ionospheric Studies (IRIS).  The first two IRISs were installed
at South Pole Station and Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland.  A third
IRIS will be installed at Iqiluit, Northwest Territories, Canada,
later this year.  There are also broad-beam riometers operating at
several frequencies at South Pole, McMurdo, and Iqiluit, as well as
auroral photometers at South Pole and McMurdo.  Iqiluit is the
magnetic conjugate to South Pole.  These instruments constitute a
unique network with which to study auroral effects in both magnetic
hemispheres simultaneously.

Measurements from Long-Duration Balloons in the Arctic Vortex
OPP 9214703
07/01/92; (OPP) $189,545; 42 months
University of Wyoming
Laramie, WY  82071
James M. Rosen

This project will develop and use low-cost, long-duration balloon
systems to make measurements within the arctic polar stratospheric
vortex for study of ozone depletion issues.  The balloon-borne
instruments will measure polar stratospheric clouds using the
backscattersondes developed by the PI (ozone, temperature, and
eventually nitric acid, aerosols, water vapor, nitrogen dioxide,
and other trace gasses which are important to ozone depletion).
This project is a joint venture of the University of Wyoming and
the Central Aerological Observatory in Moscow, Russia.  The Russian
involvement is necessary to obtain permission for the balloons to
traverse Russian airspace and to facilitate tracking payload
recovery.  This project is jointly funded by NSF's Division of
Polar Programs and Division of International Programs.

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

ECOLOGICAL STUDIES

Global Change and the Carbon Balance of Arctic Ecosystems:  The
Importance of Carbon-Nutrient Interactions
DEB 9019055
11/01/91; (DEB) $429,556; 42 months
Marine Biological Laboratory
Woods Hole, MA  02543
Gaius R. Shaver

The subject of this research is the role of carbon-nutrient
interactions as constraints on carbon cycling processes and overall
carbon budgets of terrestrial ecosystems.  The specific focus is on
carbon-nutrient interactions in three contrasting tundra ecosystems
along a continuum from dry uplands to wet lowlands in northern
Alaska.  The research is placed in the context of global warming,
viewing the predicted global temperature increase as an experiment
in carbon-nutrient interactions at the ecosystem level.  The
central idea is that primary production of the arctic ecosystem is
strongly nutrient limited, and thus its ability to respond to
higher temperatures is constrained by nutrient supply.  Soil
respiration, on the other hand, is more directly limited by low
soil temperature, as is the mineralization of nutrients in soil
organic matter.  Plant carbon gains associated with increased
nutrient mineralization must thus be balanced against soil carbon
losses due to increased soil respiration.  To understand controls
on carbon balance at the ecosystem level, one needs to understand
controls on plant carbon/nutrient ratios and the ratio of soil
carbon respiration to N and P mineralization.  A program of
research is proposed that includes process studies, whole-ecosystem
experiments, and simulation modeling.  The process studies are
designed to improve understanding of C-N-P interactions at key
points in the cycle of organic matter in terrestrial ecosystems,
with a particular focus on the balance of soil respiration and N
and P mineralization.  The whole-ecosystem experiments are focused
on determining correlations between changes in the C:N:P ratios of
the major organic matter fluxes and organic matter pools.  The
modeling efforts are designed to help explain these correlated
changes in whole ecosystems, to identify cause-effect
relationships, and to clarify constraints on the observed range of
variation in C:N:P ratios.

INSTRUMENTATION

Body Compositional Analysis Equipment for Study of the
Physiological Ecology of Arctic Endotherms
BIR 9317916
01/01/94; (BIR) $69,172; 30 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Daniel D. Roby

This equipment proposal requests funds to purchase (1) total body
electrical conductivity (TOBEC) body composition analyzers, (2) a
Soxhlet lipid extraction apparatus, (3) a thin-layer
chromatography/flame ionization detector (TLC/FID) system, (4) an
automated adiabatic bomb calorimeter, and (5) support equipment for
proximate body tissue analysis (saws, balance, freeze dryer,
ovens).  This equipment will be used to measure the body
composition and energy content of arctic animals, as part of
several related research projects on the physiological ecology of
high-latitude endotherms (songbirds, microtines, geese, seabirds,
ground squirrels, and ruminants).  All projects seek to understand
the regulatory role of nutrient and energy reserves for either
migration, reproduction, or survival.  The TOBEC body composition
analyzer is a new instrument for noninvasive measurement of body
composition in live subjects and provides an opportunity to examine
temporal variation in an individual's fat and protein reserves.
The Soxhlet apparatus would be used to calibrate the TOBEC
technique and extract stored lipids for further analyses.
Separation and quantitation of lipid classes would be accomplished
with the TLC/FID system, and the energy content of storage
compounds will be measured with the isoperibol oxygen bomb
calorimeter.  Determination of body composition is a fundamental
method for evaluating physical condition and nutritional status of
animals.  Lipid and lean mass are measures of energy and protein
reserves and, presumably, of fitness during periods of food
shortage, dormancy, or negative energy balance.  Scientists at the
Institute of Arctic Biology are engaged in several research
projects that test the adaptive significance of fat reserves for
endotherms living in high-latitude environments.  Procurement of
the above pieces of equipment will greatly enhance existing
research projects at the Institute and will provide many
opportunities for new projects.  In addition, the new
instrumentation will significantly improve instruction and research
of undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral students at the
University of Alaska.

PHYSIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR

Research in Undergraduate Institutions:  Thermoregulation in Arctic
Invertebrate Endotherms
DEB 9106930
08/01/91; (DEB) $8,480; 36 months
State University of New York, Plattsburgh
Plattsburgh, NY  12901
F. Daniel Vogt

Bumblebees are perhaps the most important of all pollinators of
plants in the Arctic.  Their ability to perform at low air
temperature is based on their remarkable ability to produce heat by
shivering and to keep warm in order to remain active.  But
shivering affects only the thoracic muscles that drive the wings.
The abdomen, which contains no heat-producing tissues, remains cold
unless heat is shunted to that area from the exercising flight
muscles.  In order to reproduce and live in the Arctic, the bees
must squeeze their entire life cycle into a single, short summer.
For them, time is temperature; to accelerate egg production and
development rates, they must also keep the eggs warm.  The
investigators plan to examine the hypothesis that arctic bumblebee
queens "incubate" their eggs not only after they are laid, but also
while they are still developing in the abdomen.  The energy cost of
this heat production is likely very high.  But it must be met
because of the time constraint.  This investigation will help
determine the importance of temperature regulation in the evolution
of the unique life history of the bumblebee and will further
elucidate one of the many patterns of adaptation employed by
animals in the harsh, yet fragile arctic environment.

LONG-TERM STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

Successional Processes in Taiga Forests of Interior Alaska:  A
Long-Term Ecological Research Program for Study of Controls of
Subarctic Forest Development
DEB 9211769
09/01/92; (DEB) $74,941; 32 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Keith Van Cleve

This program focuses on population- and ecosystem-level questions
within the framework of succession.  It capitalizes on a
substantial existing base of information and preliminary results
from past research to address hypothesized controls of structure
and function of successional forest communities.  These processes
previously have not been examined in a comprehensive manner in the
North American taiga.  Results of this research will greatly
improve understanding of the links between resource supply
(moisture, light, nutrients) and plant growth as influenced by
herbivores and soil microbial activity.  Researchers in interior
Alaska have demonstrated their commitment to long-term studies of
ecological processes.  Several studies have been pursued,
essentially by the same scientists for 20 to 25 years.  For
example, a series of plots in various successional stages on the
floodplain of the Chena and Tanana rivers, established in 1964, is
still being monitored for growth and changes in species
composition.  The United States Department of Agriculture Forest
Service also is committed to long-term experimentation and
encourages these activities through their management of Bonanza
Creek Experimental Forest, the principal site of this research.
The hypotheses put forth in this proposal address important
long-term aspects of forest ecosystem structure and function only
initially evaluated in earlier research efforts.  During this new
phase, initial experiments will be continued and new hypotheses
will be addressed based on some initial results. Considering
questions dealing with taiga forest ecology from a successional
standpoint establishes a strong organizational structure for the
research and promotes linkage among research projects and feedback
of ideas and information among personnel.  The structure and
objectives of this project take advantage of existing knowledge,
current research activities, and an experienced group of
investigators, melding them in a combination which will promote the
type of interaction necessary for advancing scientific
understanding of the ecology of taiga forest ecosystems and
insuring success of a long-term ecological research program.

The Arctic Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Project:
Terrestrial and Freshwater Research on Ecological Controls
DEB 9211775
09/01/92; (DEB) $1,037,515; 38 months
Marine Biological Laboratory
Woods Hole, MA  02543
John E. Hobbie

During the first 5 years of the Arctic LTER at Toolik Lake, Alaska,
systematic measurements of climate, of tundra plant distribution
and productivity, and of lake and stream physics, chemistry, and
biology were begun.  Whole system experiments were set up on the
tundra, in streams, and in lakes to examine the ecological effects
of changes in environmental and biological factors such as air
temperature, added nutrients, and changes in the density of the top
predators and grazers.  These measurements and long-term
experiments are designed to help reach the overall goal:  to
understand how tundra, streams, and lakes function in the Arctic
and to predict how they respond to human-induced changes including
climate change. Under this broad goal there are three specific
goals:  (1) Determine year-to-year ecological variability in these
systems and measure long-term changes.  (2) Understand the extent
of control by resources (bottom-up control) or by grazing and
predation (top-down control).  (3) Measure rates and understand the
controls of the exchange of nutrients and organic matter between
land and water.  Long-term experiments are the heart of the Arctic
LTER program.  It has been found that arctic systems often do not
respond for many years and that long-term responses are often not
predictable from short-term responses.  Changes in the responses of
both streams and terrestrial vegetation to nutrient amendments are
still being documented after 9 years.  Lake trout manipulations
take many years to show effects as these long-lived fish may change
their diet from invertebrates to fish when they reach a certain
size.  As a result, most long-term experiments and measurements for
determining ecological variability will be continued.  The results
of the long-term experiments will continue to be measured as more
is discovered about long-term ecosystem controls by resources and
predation.  New research on the controls of the exchange of
nutrients between land and water will be started.  A major
watershed experiment will be carried out to measure the movements
of water and dissolved gases through the groundwater and into the
streams.

Stimulating and Facilitating Collaborative Long-Term Ecological
Research (LTER):  A Proposal for Continuing Support of the LTER
Network Office
DEB 9300679
03/01/93; (OPP) $43,159; 30 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Jerry F. Franklin

The LTER Program has transformed itself from a loosely affiliated
collection of sites into an integrated network.  Recent
accomplishments include development of an effective electronic
communication system; creation of data catalogs and shared data
sets, including comprehensive satellite imagery for the network of
sites; stimulation of cross-site syntheses and experiments; and
linking with other scientific centers and federal agencies.
Collectively, the LTER Network has expanded its focus to include
larger spatial dimensions (regional and global) and has assumed a
leadership role in ecological research involving long-term
experimentation and observation and multisite synthesis.  The
networked activities of LTER have allowed scientific collaboration
far beyond the formal LTER Network.  Initial collaborations with
the general ecological community and other research organizations
and agencies have involved research planning and electronic
communication.  During the next 2 years, LTER expects to forge new
linkages with such diverse entities as the NSF-funded supercomputer
and Geographic Information Systesm (GIS) centers, the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and LTER-like programs
in other countries.  This project will continue the activities
which facilitate collaborative research in the LTER Network and
provide the linkages to other long-term research networks (domestic
and international), agency programs, and scientists.  Most of the
resources will be used to support the infrastructure of the
organized, electronically linked group of scientists working on
multisite research and synthesis within and beyond the formal LTER
Program.  Support of Network communication and information and data
exchange continues to be a primary focus for the Network Office.
A major element is electronic access and information exchange,
ranging from electronic mail services to on-line databases and data
sharing.  A special project during this proposal period (1993) is
the third LTER All Scientists meeting and an associated
international LTER summit.  The major strategic emphasis in the
next 2 years is building working linkages with other agencies,
institutions, research programs, and scientists with interests in
long-term ecological research, including other NSF-funded science
centers.  Proposed activities include (1) expansion of the existing
communication network, data catalog, and on-line databases and
development of a bibliographic database; (2) acquisition,
archiving, and analysis of an array of remotely sensed data from
collaboration with NASA and the Supercomputer Centers; (3)
maintenance of the facilitating structure and publication program
associated with the Coordinating Committee and LTER Network; and
(4) increased involvement with other long-term research programs,
both domestically (e.g., sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey,
the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Park Service)
and internationally.  Research and development efforts by the
network staff will occur in areas of database management, remotely
sensed data, geographic information analysis, and intersite
comparisons.

POPULATION BIOLOGY

Physiological Integration and Life History in a Clonal Plant
DEB 9306179
01/01/94; (DEB) $10,000; 24 months
University of North Texas
Denton, TX  76203
Colleen K. Kelly

Parthenogenesis and Incompatibility Micro-organisms in Insects
DEB 9318783
02/15/94; (DEB) $83,000; 17 months
University of Rochester
Rochester, NY  14627
John H. Werren

Clonality is an extremely important phenomenon in plants. Clonal
plant species comprise up to 90 percent of the higher plant species
in alpine and arctic communities and 60 percent or more of
temperate floras, and even in tropical habitats, the majority of
woody species possess the ability to sucker, crown sprout, or
develop adventitious roots.  Clonality is found in trees, shrubs,
and herbs, under terrestrial, aquatic, and arboreal conditions, and
in both autotrophic and parasitic groups, yet much about this
widely successful growth mode remains poorly understood.  In clonal
plants, sugars and other nutrients are transported from "mother"
plants to "daughter" offshoots (ramets).  With greenhouse
experiments to test theory, the proposed research will examine how
variation in resource allocation among ramets affects the life
history and contributes to the success of different genetic
individuals of the clonal plant dodder (Cuscuta exaltata).  Clonal
plants have broad economic importance as both crop plants (e.g.,
strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, and asparagus) and noted
crop pests such as dodder, which parasitizes crops including
alfalfa in both temperate and tropical agriculture.  The
information provided by this study may prove useful for both crop
growth and pest control, offering the data needed to create better
schemes for timing and distribution of fertilizers in clonal crops
and reducing the dependence on chemical control of clonal pests.

Differential Seed Fitness in a Gynodioecious Plant:  An
Experimental Evaluation of Mechanisms
DEB 9319002
04/15/94; (DEB) $19,000; 17 months
Indiana University, Bloomington
Bloomington, IN  47402
Lynda F. Delph

This research addresses the genetic mechanisms that may be
responsible for variation in the ability of offspring to survive,
for the alpine tundra plant, Silene acaulis.  Silene acaulis has a
mating system that is termed "gynodioecy," in which there are two
types of individuals_females and hermaphrodites.  This contrasts
with the majority of flowering plant species, in which only
hermaphrodites occur.  It has been reported that offspring from the
female morph are nine times more likely to survive the seedling
establishment phase than are offspring whose seed-parents are
hermaphrodites.  This finding is in spite of the fact that the
seeds from the females are smaller and contain fewer nutrients than
those from hermaphrodites.  This suggests that genetic mechanisms
are involved.  Three genetically based hypotheses to explain the
higher quality of seeds from females will be tested using field and
laboratory experiments.  The work funded by this grant will provide
insight into (1) how genes that affect more than one trait in an
organism are selected for, (2) how matings between related
individuals affect offspring fitness, and (3) how competition among
pollen grains that differ in their genetic constitution can affect
offspring fitness.  Furthermore, the genetic basis of sex
determination will be investigated, in that the number of
cytoplasmic types conferring male-sterility will be determined.
Plant species with different mating systems vary in their ability
to persist in natural populations, and this work promotes
understanding of the mechanisms responsible for this difference.

BIOTIC SURVEYS AND INVENTORIES

Survey of the Fossil Record of Neoproterozoic Eukaryotes
DEB 9400712
09/01/94; (DEB) $50,661, (INT) $37,000; 24 months
Harvard University
Cambridge, MA  02138
Andrew H. Knoll

Processes of organic decay and fossilization impose strong filters
on the paleontological record.  Because extraordinarily
well-preserved fossils retain biological information not commonly
available in sedimentary rocks, they have played a key role in the
interpretation of plant and animal evolution.  They are equally
important in attempts to understand Precambrian life.  I propose a
comprehensive systematic, taphonomic, paleoecological, and
biostratigraphic study of three exceptionally well-preserved fossil
assemblages that collectively shed significant new light on the
early history of eukaryotic organisms:  the ca.
750-million-year-old Multicolored Series, Greenland; the
100-1,100-million-year-old Ruyang Group, China; and what is among
the best preserved and most diverse of all Precambrian fossil
assemblages, the 600-580-million-year-old Doushantuo Formation,
south China.  Information gathered in these studies will contribute
to a new database (DELTA System) of Proterozoic Eukaryotes that
will simultaneously serve as a taxonomic key and a tool for
exploring the environmental and age distribution of radiating
eukaryotic taxa and characters.  In a practical vein, these data
will contribute to a growing biostratigraphic and
paleoenvironmental framework that is proving valuable in a rapidly
expanding exploration for Neoproterozoic resources.

Survey of Prokaryotic Marine Plankton
DEB 9401110
06/01/94; (DEB) $100,315; 12 months
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA  90089-1147
Jed A. Fuhrman

Although prokaryotes are ubiquitous and immensely important in
numerous biological processes, the diversity of naturally occurring
marine populations is poorly known.  The reasons for this include
a general lack of recognizable morphological differences,
difficulties in culturability required for standard identification,
and questions about proper classification.  This proposed renewal
project will survey planktonic prokaryotes in diverse U.S. and
remote ocean locations, classifying them by means of 16Sr
ribonucleic acid gene sequences.  This approach has provided a
valuable and extremely broad phylogenetic framework of
classification and is the only one at this time that can be done
without culturing the organisms.  The results are in the form of
readily distributed sequence data, and interpretation within the
context of a large existing database is through phylogenetic
analysis computer programs.  Previous work (in our lab and others)
has successfully applied this approach to about 15 marine samples,
and major new taxa have already been discovered (e.g., three major
groups of archaebacteria and a few potentially phylum- or
class-level eubacterial groups).  The novel archaebacteria dominate
the deep-sea clones from the four deep-Atlantic and -Pacific
samples examined so far, and may be the most abundant group of
organisms on Earth.  Results suggest that it is highly likely that
other novel major taxa, as well as additional members of
better-characterized ones, are awaiting discovery in regions not
yet studied.  This proposal is to extend the global coverage of
these studies to surface and deep waters of South Australia
(Southeast Indian Ocean), the Greenland Sea, the North Polar Ocean,
the Northwestern Pacific and Western Tropical Pacific (coral reef),
the Arabian Sean (Northwest Indian Ocean), the Antarctic, and the
Gulf of Mexico_all remote from locations that have previously been
examined by such approaches.  Cost-effective remote sampling will
be done by colleagues already studying these areas for their own
work.  Also proposed is repeated sampling from different seasons in
California coastal waters, to cover temporal shifts in local
microbial composition.  The results can be used in tests of
hypotheses in ecology, biogeography, and phylogeny, but primarily
will serve as the framework for such future studies.

POLAR BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

Foraging of Planktivorous Sea Birds and Hydrographic Processes in
the Aleutians
OPP 9122830
04/01/92; (OPP) $234,742; 36 months
University of California, Irvine
Irvine, CA  92717
George L. Hunt

A multidisciplinary study will be conducted to test the hypothesis
that planktivorous sea birds will concentrate their foraging where
tidal and sub-tidal currents, interacting with bathymetry,
transport and concentrate zooplankton near the surface in spatially
predictable upwellings and fronts.  It is hypothesized that
quasi-permanent fronts, caused by horizontal gradients in mixing
associated with gradients in tidal velocity and bottom depth, will
be of importance to the birds.  Physical processes and plankton
distributions in both shallow (100 meters) and deep (600 meters)
passes near Buldir Island will be compared, as will avian responses
to concentrations of prey in both the horizontal and vertical
dimensions.  Advanced technologies including an Acoustic Doppler
Current Profiler, an integrating echosounder, multiple
opening-closing nets, and computerized data entry and real-time
analyses of results to optimize use of the ship will be employed.
The study provides a unique opportunity to combine the benefits of
new technologies to investigate how physical processes affect the
distribution and concentration of plankton that support higher
trophic levels.  The study will be one of the few to examine
simultaneously physical processes, zooplankton distributions and
abundance, and the foraging ecology of marine birds in the western
Aleutians.  This suite of information will permit comparison of the
marine ecology of sea birds on oceanic islands with that of sea
birds on nearby continental islands studied previously.

Plasticity of Life History Traits:  Arctic Charr as a Paradigm
OPP 9123017
05/15/1992; (OPP) $128,700; 36 months
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, HI  96822
Richard L. Radtke

As a result of the disparate nature of environmental conditions in
oceanic and freshwater systems, the characteristics of these
environments strongly influence the total population structure of
species with plastic life history patterns.  For meaningful
research on these processes, it is essential to identify which life
history stages and/or environmental events are significant.  The
arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) is characterized by a variety
of morphological types.  These types (morphs) appear to reflect
differences in environmental conditions.  This project will
investigate the relationships between morph, growth, and
environmental history.  This research will apply novel analytic
techniques to evaluate the periods in the life history of the
Arctic charr.  The otoliths of fish have incorporated within their
structural and chemical components a large amount of life history
and physiological information.  Age, growth rate, and environmental
perturbations will be determined from otolith microstructure, while
environmental trends in the history of an individual will be
determined through elemental composition analyses of otoliths.  The
result of these investigations will be a comprehensive and detailed
understanding of physiologically and ecologically induced changes
in otolith microstructure and chemical composition.  This knowledge
is vital to an understanding of the processes foundational to
adaptable life history patterns and should make it possible to link
growth and migration to nutritional and environmental occurrences.

Controls of Structure and Function of Aquatic Ecosystems in the
Arctic
OPP 9400722
06/15/94; (OPP) $825,000; 11 months
Marine Biological Laboratory
Woods Hole, MA  02543
John E. Hobbie

Freshwater systems are a major feature of the arctic landscape,
despite the low precipitation, because permafrost prevents drainage
and evaporation is low.  Their relative biotic simplicity offers
advantages to researchers attempting to sort out the various
controls and interactions of arctic lakes and streams.  An
understanding of the ecological processes is a necessary part of
the long-term goal of this project:  to study and predict the
effect of changes in land use and climate on arctic stream and lake
ecosystems.  This project will be based at the Long-Term Ecologic
Research (LTER) site, Toolik Lake, Alaska, and will make use of
long-term experiments of stream and lake fertilization and
manipulations of lake trout.  The project will also use
LTER-produced data on basic environmental conditions including
climate, lake physics and chemistry, nutrient concentrations in
streams and lakes, and stream flow.  The project will move strongly
toward synthesis and use data derived from past studies, plus data
from recent manipulations on streams and lakes.  The long-term goal
of the synthesis and modeling is to understand the movements and
transformations of water, nutrients, and organic matter through an
entire watershed in the high Arctic.

GENERAL

Database Development and Verification of the Mammal Collection at
the University of Alaska Museum
DEB 9201380
07/15/92; (DEB) $48,241; 29 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Joseph A. Cook

This award will allow the continued improvement of the mammal
collection at the University of Alaska Museum (UAM).  Specifically,
PIs will catalog retroactively 10,000 specimens, construct a
database and begin verification of the entire collection (28,000
specimens), enhance the frozen tissue collection (currently at 700
specimens) and establish a permanent collection manager position.
The UAM mammal collection is the only regional resource readily
accessible to state, federal, and academic scientists in Alaska for
research and education on mammals from the arctic and subarctic
biomes.  UAM is the de facto natural history museum for Alaska and
continues to be the central repository for voucher material arising
from environmental management studies and other research projects.
Recently, UAM became the repository for frozen tissues (with
vouchers) from National Biological Survey and National Ocenographic
and Atmospheric Administration projects in Alaska.  The improved
collection will be used widely in research and education on the
biology and game management of arctic and subarctic mammals.

Interactions between Plant Chemicals and Microbial Communities
through Forest Succession in the Alaskan Taiga
DEB 9408297
08/15/94; (DEB) $50,000; 11 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Joshua P. Schimel

The main objective of this research is to determine what causes
shifts in community composition during succession, and how
ecological processes change as a result of these changes in species
composition.  This research focuses primarily on how the vascular
plant community in Alaskan taiga vegetation changes during
succession, and how these changes affect and are affected by the
soil microbial community.  Evidence exists to suggest that plant
species may enhance their ability to occupy and maintain a site
through modification of the soil environment.  This occurs because
the litter quality and chemical composition differ among tree
species.  With the use of field and laboratory procedures, this
research will directly determine whether or not plant extracts
affect microbial activities in associated soils.  The general
notion that reciprocal interactions occur between above-ground and
below-ground processes has long been of interest, but rarely of
studies.  With the development of new technology, such questions
are just beginning to be answered.  This research will provide the
baseline analyses for more detailed investigations of ecosystem
feedbacks between above-ground and below-ground communities.

Investigating Controls on the Benthic Flux of Nitrogen and
Phosphorus from Lake Sediments:  A Comparative Ecosystems Approach
DEB 9416807
11/01/94; (DEB) $200,000; 36 months
Marine Biological Laboratory
Woods Hole, MA  02543
Anne E. Giblin

This project will compare the stoichiometric relationships among
benthic fluxes of oxygen, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorous
from sediments in a variety of lakes.  Investigators will use a
comparative ecosystem approach and a process-based diagenetic model
to examine the factors that control regeneration of nitrogen and
phosphorus from sediments.  They will examine how the release of
nitrogen and phosphorus changes in lakes across gradients of
organic matter deposition, water chemistry, sediment chemistry, and
bottom-water oxygen concentration.  The data to be examined include
multi-year data sets from lakes in the Hubbard Brook, Northern
Lakes, and Arctic Long-Term Ecological Research sites; shorter-term
data sets from about 50 temperate and arctic lakes; data from
several experiments in which carbon inputs to the sediments and
overlying water chemistry were manipulated in intact sediment
cores; and data from two whole-lake fertilization experiments.
Investigators will use this data to generate improved conceptual
and numerical models of the controls of nutrient release from
freshwater sediments.  These models will provide tools for the
management of water quality in lakes and estuaries.

Research in Undergraduate Institutions:  Computational Modeling of
Antifreeze Proteins
MCB 9322602
08/01/94; (MCB) $25,000, (CHE) $25,000; 12 months
University of South Alabama
Mobile, AL  36688
Jeffry D. Madura

The objective of this proposal is to investigate the binding of
Type I antifreeze proteins (AFPs) to ice.  The results from the
binding study will be used to develop an improved
adsorption-inhibition mechanism.  This will be accomplished by
applying modern molecular modeling techniques on native AFPs bound
to an ice surface and at the ice/water interface.  These
calculations will be used to study what effect hydrogen bonding,
hydrophobic and hydrophilic effects, salt bridges, and
electrostatics have on the binding of AFPs to ice.  A major
objective of this investigation is to understand how these
properties contribute to the adsorption-inhibition nature of
antifreeze proteins.  Initially, a docking program will be used to
locate potential binding sites on different ice surfaces.  Once
potential binding sites have been identified, energy minimizations
will be used to determine the binding energy of the AFP bound to
the ice surface.  Molecular dynamics simulations will then be
performed to study the interactions of the antifreeze at the
ice/water interface and to provide starting configurations for free
energy perturbation calculations.  These calculations will be used
to quantify the free energy contribution of individual amino acids
to binding.  Finally, Brownian dynamics simulations will be
performed to study how electrostatics between the AFP and ice
affects the translational and orientational steering of an AFP's
approach to the ice surface in water.  The results from this work
will provide both a qualitative and a quantitative molecular
description of the properties of AFPs which will be useful to the
biologist, chemist, and biochemist in their attempts to design
better synthetic analogs.  These synthetic AFPs can then be used to
protect frost-sensitive food crops, in food storage, in
cryosurgical methods, and in the prevention of frostbite.  In
summary, the data from this work will have an impact in chemistry,
biology, physics, computer science, and biotechnology.  Other
faculty members in the Chemistry Department will be able to use
results from this proposal in their teaching.  For example,
visualization, in real time, of the motion of a moderately sized
peptide at the ice/water interface.  This "movie" will provide a
mechanism with which to describe the different molecular
interactions taking place (hydrogen bonding, solute-solvent
interactions, salt bridges), which are usually discussed as
abstract concepts in the classroom.

Constraints to Ecosystem Development in High Arctic Polar Deserts
OPP 9300045
09/15/93; (OPP) $11,900; 29 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Lawrence C. Bliss

Research outlined here is a continuation of a study initiated in
1991 on the barren upland plateau on Devon Island, Canada.  This
research focuses upon the interactive roles of soil development, as
well as cryptogamic crust and vascular plant establishment and
function in the formation of polar deserts.  Research on the
macroscale landscape features of crusted and noncrusted sites will
continue.  This study will be expanded to include the mesoscale
features of stone nets and stripes and the role these features play
in soil weathering processes, the establishment and nitrogen
fixation of cryptogamic crusts, and the transfer of nitrogen from
crusts to soils and vascular plants.  The physiological and
biomechanical adaptations of root systems to cold, nutrient-poor,
frosty, disturbed soils and the role of carbon accumulation and
water relations of seedlings and adults will be studied in relation
to the limited role of vascular plants within vast areas of polar
desert.  The large year-to-year variability provides clues on how
this highly stressful system may respond to long-term climate
change.  A better understanding of the response to climate change
of extensive but little understood polar desert systems will
contribute significantly to program goals related to the effect of
global changes in the arctic polar environment.

Hormone-Behavior Adaptations in Arctic Birds
OPP 9300771
05/15/93; (OPP) $155,146; 29 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
John C. Wingfield

The arctic summer poses a number of problems for migratory birds
that exploit the rich productivity of the tundra for reproduction.
The breeding period is so brief that the time required for
establishment of a territory, pair bonding, and courtship may be
truncated into a few days or even hours.  Birds must arrive early
to begin nesting so that the young are produced while conditions
are still favorable for their survival.  Frequently, weather
conditions in the arctic spring are severe, resulting in serious
metabolic problems not only for the onset of breeding but also for
survival.  This research will elucidate the mechanisms by which
arctic birds resist the rigors of the arctic summer.  Among the
questions addressed are why there is variation in the
adrenocortical responsiveness to stress both among and within
species, whether this is related to behavioral effects of stress
hormones such as corticosterone and the distribution of receptors
in neural tissue, and whether the variability is regulated by
photoperiod through the action of gonadal hormones.  Additionally,
the hormonal basis of variation in breeding strategy will be
explored in the white-crowned sparrow, a species that shows spatial
opportunism on arrival and then defends neither a territory nor a
nest site, and in the snow bunting, which shows an intermediate
strategy and defends a nest site at least during egg-laying, but
does not appear to be territorial later in the season.  Comparisons
of these species, and receptor distributions for steroid hormones
in the brain, will shed new light on the diversity of
hormone-behavior adaptations in arctic birds and will have
considerable significance in the regulation of reproductive
processes of vertebrates in general.  Both of these objectives are
aligned with program goals for Polar Biology and Medicine.

Research Undergraduate Institutions:  Ice Scour Disturbance and the
Structure of Arctic Bottom Communities
OPP 9321504
06/01/94; (OPP) $130,000; 12 months
San Jose State University Foundation
San Jose, CA  95106-0760
John S. Oliver

Ice scouring is the most disruptive and widespread physical
disturbance to marine-bottom communities in polar waters.  At high
latitudes, ice-pressure ridges scour the sea floor to depths of 60
meters, and larger icebergs ground as deep as 400 meters.  This
project will explore the ecological implications of this
disturbance to arctic benthic populations and communities.  It is
a multidisciplinary and joint Canadian-U.S. program involving two
major components.  The first is to characterize and model the
physical disturbance regime over a 3-year period by repetitive
mapping the study areas with high-resolution side-scan sonar, and
to quantify the scour-recovery process by divers.  This approach
will enable us to identify newly formed scours each season and to
generate quantitative and ecologically relevant data on disturbance
coverage, frequency, intensity, and physical recovery.  The second
component is to investigate benthic population and community
responses to ice scour, documenting the successional stages of
biotic recovery.  They will test whether observed widespread
patterns of zonation and larger spatial and temporal community
mosaics are correlated to this key disturbance.  This combined
physical and biotic approach will enable them to develop a
conceptual model of scour aging and recovery and to evaluate the
impact of this disturbance on benthic production and diversity.

A Comparison of Avian and Zooplankton Ecology in Two Western Arctic
Polynyas
OPP 9321636
06/15/94; (OPP) $350,000; 36 months
University of California, Irvine
Irvine, CA  92717
George L. Hunt

The project compares seabirds and zooplankton populations in the
St. Lawrence Island Polynya (SLIP) and in the Gulf of Anadyr
Polynya (GAP).  The SLIP is shallow (30-40 meters) and is expected
to have a sluggish water circulation when compared with the
strongly advective regime expected for the deeper (50-200 meters)
GAP.  Scientists predict that the ocean zooplankton community of
the GAP will be dominated by pelagic Neocalanus species that have
been advected from the slope region of the Bering Sea.  Whereas in
the SLIP, small coastal species will probably dominate but not
until late in the season.  The premise of the project is that
seabird communities occupying the open ocean polynyas will reflect
the relative abundance of pelagic food web and that
zooplanktivorous auklets will be more abundant in the GAP than in
the SLIP.  It is expected that SLIP seabird diets will reflect an
epibenthic-dominated food web and carbon fixed in previous season
contrary to that in GAP, where carbon from the current year's
production may be advected from the slope in growing copepods.
This integrated study will provide a first-order estimate of the
potential influence of seabirds on polynya carbon budgets, and the
first accounts of zooplankton and seabirds in western Arctic
polynyas with differing advective regimes and presumed carbon
cycling pathways.

Significance of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Arctic Waters:
Effects on Phytoplankton and Ichthyoplankton
OPP 9321736
06/15/94; (OPP) $127,433; 11 months
University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institute
La Jolla, CA  92093
Osmund Holm-Hansen

The effects of increased ultraviolet (UV) irradiance on planktonic
ecosystems have been studied in some detail for antarctic waters
but comparable studies have not been carried out at high northern
latitudes.  Recent evidence has documented a thinning of ozone over
arctic seas, suggesting the potential for similar UV effects in
northern waters.  In this proposal, we will determine the effects
of present-day ultraviolet radiation, as well as the potential
effects of increased UV irradiance, on phytoplankton and
ichthyoplankton in high arctic latitudes.  Studies of arctic
phytoplankton, to be conducted in Norway, will focus on (1) the
effects of UV radiation on photosynthetic rates and the effect on
overall rates of primary production, (2) the extent to which cells
can decrease their sensitivity of UV radiation by synthesis of
UV-absorbing compounds, (3) species-specific differences in UV
resistance, and (4) DNA repair capacities which are unknown for
northern plankton communities.  Studies of UV damage to
ichthyoplankton have not been conducted at either pole.  Recently
developed methods allow us to measure the amount of UV-induced DNA
damage in individual free-living eggs and larvae.  The results of
these studies, done at temperate latitudes, have shown that the
diel cycle of damage and repair, the pre-exposure conditions, and
interspecific differences greatly affect the susceptibility to UV
damage.  The present study will be the first attempt to measure the
impact of UV on early life stages of important polar fisheries
species.  The proposal brings together the investigators' skills in
measuring UV damage together with the unique location,
collaborators, and technical capabilities of the laboratories in
Tromso, Norway.

EARTH SCIENCES

CONTINENTAL DYNAMICS

Photoluminescence Studies of Modern and Pleistocene Lacustrine and
Near-Shore Marine Sediments from Spitsbergen:  A Potential New
Geochronometer for Arctic Waterlain Sediment
ATM 9121944
07/15/92; (ATM) $1, (OPP) $44,686; 36 months
Ohio State University Research Foundation
Columbus, OH  43210-1063
Steve Forman

There is a clear need for the development of a dating technique
that can provide reliable chronologic control for sediments
deposited in polar marine and lacustrine environments during the
late and middle Quaternary. This award supports a series of
fundamental investigations to ascertain the utility of the emerging
photoluminescence (PL) technique to date waterlain sediments.  The
energy selective analysis of PL could potentially supply a widely
applicable and accurate geochronometer.  Specifically, these
experiments will test the accuracy and precision of the PL
technique to date lacustrine and near-shore marine sediments from
Spitsbergen, Svalbard.  The sediments chosen for study are either
modern or radiocarbon dated sediments from exposures or cores that
were deposited during the last ca. 12 thousand years.  These
sediments are from a variety of aqueous sedimentary environments.
The proposed research should provide coherent results to evaluate
the promises and limitations of the PL technique. This project
represents one element of the Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and
Estuaries activity.

Collaborative Research:  Crustal Evolution of the Bering
Shelf-Chukchi Sea Region
EAR 9316573
03/15/94; (EAR) $64,700; 11 months
William Marsh Rice University
Houston, TX  77252
James E. Wright

EAR 9317142
03/15/94; (EAR) $60,207; 11 months
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, CA  93106
Phillip B. Gans

Collaborative Research:  Crustal Evolution of the Bering
Shelf-Chukchi Sea
EAR 9317087
03/15/94; (EAR) $495,390, (INT) $39,067; 17 months
Stanford University
Stanford, CA  94305
Elizabeth L. Miller

EAR 9317531
03/15/94; (EAR) $24,703; 17 months
Western Washington University
Bellingham, WA  98225
David C. Engebretson

Since the advent of plate tectonics, earth scientists have
increasingly emphasized the importance of the lateral growth of
continental crust by the processes of terrane accretion and
magmatic arc development.  The Cordilleran orogeny of North America
is one of the prime examples of such crustal growth, and the
Alaskan portion of this belt is considered to have been constructed
almost entirely by the process of terrane accretion.  This study
will undertake an ambitious geological and geophysical transect
across the northernmost portion of the Cordilleran orogeny in the
Bering-Chukchi region of the Arctic, between mainland Alaska and
Russia.  The main goals of the research are to provide us with
greater insight into the details of the creation, evolution, and
modification of the crust beneath Cordilleran-style orogenic belts,
to give us a better understanding of the coupling between tectonic
and petrologic processes at deep and shallow crustal levels, and to
help us determine the general links between processes at the scale
of the crust and those at the plate tectonic scale.  The project is
a collaborative effort by researchers at Stanford (Miller and
Klemperer), Rice (Wright), University of California Santa Barbara
(Gans), and Western Washington (Engebretson).  The project also
involves scientists from the United States Geological Survey
Branches of Pacific Marine Geology (Scholl, Childs), of Alaskan
Geology (Grantz, Moore), and of Seismology (Brocher), and three
well-known Russian scientists from Khabarovsk (B. Natal'in),
Yakutsk (L. Parfenov) and Magadan (M. Gelman).

GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY

Paleozoic Faunal Affinity Studies in West-Central and East-Central
Alaska
EAR 9312854
06/01/94; (EAR) $38,232; 12 months
University of Oregon, Eugene
Eugene, OR  97403
Norman M. Savage

The PI will collect brachiopod and conodont faunas of suspect
terranes in central Alaska and compare these faunas with known
faunas in southeastern Alaska and cratonic North America.  The
comparison of these faunas will help determine the history of
terrane displacement in Alaska.  The field effort will be
coordinated with the U.S. Geological Survey.

Collaborative Research:  Iridium (Ir) Deposition in Central
Greenland Ice_Temporal Variability of Cosmic and Volcanic Sources
EAR 9316183
08/15/94; (OPP) $25,000; 11 months
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, NJ  08903
Robert Sherrell

The PIs have found Ir anomalies in ice cores associated with the
1908 Tunguska event and the 1783 Laki eruption. In collaboration
with Robert Rocchia (Paris), they will extend these analyses to
other ice cores with the following goals:  (1) test and verify
findings; (2) make systematic studies on ice core samples to
clarify partitioning of Ir; and (3) investigate temporal
variability of background Ir deposition.  The results have
implications for debate over impact versus volcanic sources of Ir
in the stratigraphic record and for linking volcanism and impacts
to climatic changes.

Improved Age Calibration of the  0-25 Ma (Miocene-Pleistocene)
Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale
EAR 9405347
09/15/94; (EAR) $82,226; 11 months
Berkeley Geochronology Center
Berkeley, CA  94709-1211
Carl C. Swisher

This project is intended to improve the temporal calibration of the
geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS) in the 0-25
million-age-range (Miocene-Pleistocene).  Currently, calibration of
the GPTS in this time interval based on three radioisotopic
tie-points; 2.8 million, 14.8 million, and 23.8 million.  We
propose to obtain between 20 and 30 high-precision 40Ar/39Ar dates
for specific reversals in this time interval from a variety of
locations and geologic settings, including the Mediterranean, East
Africa, Iceland, and North America.  This project is partly an
outgrowth and synthesis of several ongoing research efforts by the
PIs whose integration will increase the efficiency and timeliness
of obtaining accurate radioisotopic tie-points and will produce,
for the first time, a GPTS based on the highest quality 40Ar/39Ar
ages obtainable.  This intercomparison will help evaluate the
causes and timing of global climate change and will also be useful
in assessing the ages of 40Ar/39Ar dates obtainable, one that is
capable of rigorously testing orbitally tuned time scales beyond
the Miocene/Pliocene boundary.  This will also be useful in
assessing the ages of 40Ar/39Ar dating standards for application
well beyond the time range covered by this project.

Modeling and Validating Cretaceous Climate and Ocean Circulation
Based on New Boundary Conditions
EAR 9405737
09/15/94; (EAR) $65,008; 11 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
William W. Hay

It has been common practice to run an atmospheric or oceanic
general circulation model (AGCM or OGCM) and search for results
that might be confirmed or rejected by geologic data.  AGCM output
describes average conditions over large areas, but nonmarine
geologic deposits providing the best record of climate were rarely
laid down under average conditions.  This mismatch between model
results and geologic data that might be used for their validation
has been a major problem in paleoclimate studies.  A new
Atmospheric Global Change Model, GENESIS, designed specifically for
paleoclimate research, and the Proxy Formation Model (PFM), a new
method for validating the results of a paleoclimate model, can be
used together to make more realistic simulations that can be
validated by comparison with real data.  A validated AGCM can then
be used to drive an OGCM to investigate circulation of the ocean.
GENESIS began as a heavily modified version of Community Climate
Model 1 and differs from it in treatment of water vapor transport,
atmospheric convection from the Earth's surface, solar radiation
related to aerosols, cloud parameterization, vegetation, soil,
snow, and sea ice.  Its ocean is a slab, with heat capacity and
ocean heat transport included.  GENESIS has independent AGCM and
surface grids, allowing for much better representation of surface
paleogeographic, vegetation, and soil conditions.  The PFM is a
quantitative link between climate model data and geologic
observations.  PFMs are being developed for sedimentary deposits
that form under known climatic conditions, such as evaporites,
bauxites and laterites, and coal (peat).  The PFM prescribes
boundary conditions that must have existed at the location where
the deposits occur. This additional "grid point" is inserted into
the climate model, and the calculated environmental parameters
(temperature, humidity, etc.) are compared with conditions required
for formation of the deposit.  Under this proposal, we will develop
four additional PFM's:  (1) sand deserts; (2) coastal sea ice; (3)
mountain glaciers; and (4) ice sheets.  The climates of the Early
and Late Cretaceous were different from each other and both were
different from Late Cenozoic climates.  In the Early Cretaceous,
there was high-latitude sea ice, strong mid-latitude seasonality,
and a tendency for the "Atlantic" to become anoxic.  In the Late
Cretaceous, there was no high-latitude ice, less seasonality, and
a more oxic ocean (with two brief notable exceptions).  The
differences were a response to changing boundary conditions:  (1)
from isolation of the western Tethys-Atlantic-Indian seaway from
the eastern Tethys-Panthalassic Ocean during the Early Cretaceous
to more open connections in the Late Cretaceous; (2) a rise in the
atmospheric content of CO2 from a lower level in the Early
Cretaceous to a high level in the Late Cretaceous; (3) an increase
in poleward ocean heat transport from a low level during the Early
Cretaceous to a high level in the Late Cretaceous; and (4) a rise
of sea level to a maximum in the Late Cretaceous.  The
paleogeography/paleoclimatology energy balance of the Earth in the
Cretaceous are well enough known to run AGCM's and subsequently
OGCM's that can be rigorously validated using PFM's based on
geologic data.

The Oxygen Isotope Geochemistry of Biogenic Phosphate
EAR 9406067
07/01/94; (EAR) $92,513; 12 months
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI  48109
James R. O'Neil

A newly developed simplified method of oxygen isotope analysis of
phosphatic materials will be exploited in a program of
interdisciplinary research projects that utilize basic principles
of earth sciences, chemistry, and biology. Particular emphasis will
be placed on applications of the method to paleoclimatology,
determination of equilibrium fractionation factors at low and high
temperatures, biomineralization, mechanisms of phosphate-water
interactions, anthropology, and paleontology.  The proposed
research program includes, among others, the following projects:
(1) bacterial synthesis of hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite with
determinations of equilibrium fractionations between H2O and PO4
(dissolved and solid), as well as the mechanisms of the exchange
reactions and rare earth element uptake; (2) paleoecology of
Pleistocene cave bears (paleoclimate); (3) Viking settlements in
Greenland during the Little Ice Age (anthropology, paleoclimate,
paleodiet); (4) a test of proposed large oxygen isotope excursions
in late Devonian oceans from analysis of conodonts; (5)
paleoecology of whales and fishes; and (6) laboratory calibration
of 18-fractionations between apatite minerals and water at high
temperatures.  Samples for all projects are in hand, and
preliminary data have been obtained.

Late Cretaceous to Paleocene Depositional Systems, Paleoclimate,
and Strike-Slip Basin Development, Denali Fault System, Alaska
EAR 9406078
08/15/94; (EAR) $16,508; 11 months
Purdue University Research Foundation
West Lafayette, IN  47907
Kenneth D. Ridgway

The PI will investigate the Cantwell Basin strata in Alaska,
addressing questions of depositional systems, basin development,
and paleoclimate.  Strata in the basin may preserve the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, as well as offer opportunities to
investigate fossil-plant community changes at this time in a
high-latitude basin.  Analysis of the Cantwell Basin will be a key
step in developing a regionally integrated data base for
strike-slip basins along the Denali fault system.

Population Genetics of DNA Polymorphisms
SBR 9209262
07/01/92; (SBR) $38,736; 42 months
University of Utah Medical School
Salt Lake City, UT  84132
Lynn B. Jorde

Genealogical records are an important resource for the study of
human genetic change over short periods of time.  The primary
objective of this research is to utilize the archival records of
the Aland Islands, Finland, for two such analyses.  First,
excellent archival records are available for the past 250 years,
facilitating long-term demographic studies as well as the
construction of multigenerational pedigrees.  Second, this
population has high frequencies of several genetic diseases that
are very rare in other populations.  The investigators are
interested in determining the evolutionary forces responsible for
these disease frequencies.  The initial goal of this project is to
complete the computer entry of archival records from the Aland
Islands so that they can be used in a computerized construction of
pedigrees for the entire population.  This will allow the analysis
of inbreeding levels, nonrandom mating, the degree of genetic
isolation, and the extent to which individual ancestral founders
may have made disproportionate genetic contributions to the current
generation.  These studies will have evolutionary significance and
they will help to explain why the Aland Islands population has a
high incidence of some genetic diseases.

Collaborative Research on Snowcover and Near-Surface Climate
Interactions
SBR 9320786
02/01/94; (SBR) $51,137, (ATM) $51,136; 42 months
Rutgers University, New Brunswick
New Brunswick, NJ  08903
David A. Robinson

Physical geographers, climatologists, and other scientists recently
have come to understand the critical and highly variable role that
snowcover plays in the global climate system.  Recent research has
gathered data over the past century from satellite images and
ground station records.  This research also has advanced analyses
of relationships between the extent of snowcover and surface-air
temperatures.  This collaborative research project will continue
this line of inquiry by expanding the study of snow kinematics to
include data on snow depths and by extending analyses to consider
associations among snowcover and depth, and other near-surface
atmospheric conditions.  Data will continue to be acquired from
satellite and surface-based sources in order to better explore
spatial and temporal patterns of the extent and depth of
terrestrial snowcover throughout the Northern Hemisphere.  The
analyses also will identify and diagnose sensitivities of
near-surface atmospheric variables to variations in snowcover
across a range of spatial and temporal scales.  The investigators
also will test the capabilities of different general-circulation
climate models to simulate observed patterns of snowcover and its
relationships with other variables.  This research will extend a
productive line of inquiry on an important topic.  The data
collection activities will expand a database of Northern Hemisphere
snowcover over the past century, further improving a resource that
already has been used by other researchers.  These activities are
complemented by analyses of relationships between snowcover and a
range of atmospheric variables.  A more comprehensive understanding
of these relationships should advance general knowledge and help
refine meteorological forecasting techniques.  The evaluation of
general circulation models should also prove useful in assessing
the possible consequences of continued increases in atmospheric
carbon dioxide and other forms of global environmental change.

Barium in Bone as a Paleodietary Indicator
SBR 9409384
07/01/94; (SBR) $97,353; 12 months
University of Wisconsin_Madison
Madison, WI  53706
T. Douglas Price

This project examines the usefulness of barium as a paleodietary
indicator.  Considerable research focusing on strontium has shown
that it is discriminated against relative to calcium in biological
systems.  Therefore, relatively less strontium is present in
herbivores than in the plants themselves.  Likewise, bones of
carnivores contain less strontium than do bones of their herbivore
prey.  Preliminary analyses conducted by Dr. Price and colleagues
indicate that the same holds true for barium and that in this
latter case the differences between trophic level are even more
pronounced.  However, relatively little is known about how barium
moves through ecological systems, and preliminary data indicate
that the patterning is complex.  Marine, arid, and nonarid
terrestrial systems all seem to act differently.  To gain insight
into this issue, the project will study how barium moves through
several ecosystems.  Dr. Price will examine the food webs in
selected regions of the Alaskan coastline, Alaskan interior, U.S.
Great Basin desert, and the Guatemalan tropics.  He will also
analyze prehistoric human, skeletal materials from many regions of
the world.  Because food is essential to human existence and social
systems of necessity are built around this need, archaeologists pay
a great deal of attention to the reconstruction of prehistoric
diet.  This has proven extremely difficult because various classes
of food are differentially preserved in archaeological sites.
Plants, for example, which formed an essential part of prehistoric
diet, are rarely preserved.  Chemical analysis of bone has proven
extremely useful since different diets may leave telltale chemical
fingerprints in skeletal remains.  The proposed work by Dr. Price
and colleagues will help to develop a new technique which may yield
insight not into only diet but also paleoclimate.  This work is
important because the technique, when developed, will provide a
useful way to address a number of archaeological questions in many
parts of the world.

Collaborative Research on Analysis of a High-Resolution Pollen
Record from the Dunde Ice Cap of Western China
SBR 9410411
07/01/94; (SBR) $37,890, (ATM) $3,000; 24 months
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, LA  70803
Kam-biu Liu

SBR 9412262
07/01/94; (SBR) $3,555, (ATM) $2,000; 24 months
Ohio State University Research Foundation
Columbus, OH  43210-1063
Lonnie G. Thompson

Ice cores drawn from glaciers provide an important source of
information about changes in climate, vegetation, and other
phenomena over tens of thousands of years.  Analyses of oxygen
isotopes can generate proxies for temperature, and analyses of
soluble and insoluble aerosols can provide indications of wind
strength and direction, volcanic activity, and drought.
Measurement of the thickness of annual ice layers yield valuable
information about precipitation patterns.  Pollen contained within
ice cores has not been studied as extensively, but these fine
particles offer great potential as sources of information about
past patterns of vegetation.  This collaborative research project
will extract a long-term pollen record with a high temporal
resolution from ice cores extracted from the Dunde Ice Cap in
western China.  This pollen record will supplement other climate
proxy data to provide a detailed regional history of changes in the
climate and related variables over the past 100,000 years.  Special
emphasis will be placed on the use of these data to examine
vegetational responses to monsoon circulation changes induced by
the Earth's orbit.  Analyses also will be undertaken to consider
vegetational responses to cooling during the "Little Ice Age" and
to greenhouse-gas-induced warming during the late Pleistocene and
Holocene periods. This project will provide valuable new data to
facilitate the reconstruction and analyses of climatic changes over
the past 100,000 years.  Because subtropical glaciers like the
Dunde Ice Cap contain far more pollen than do glaciers at higher
latitudes, they permit examinations with relatively great temporal
precision of changing patterns of climate and vegetation.  They
also provide valuable sources of data regarding current rates of
change, and these data can be used to help validate a number of
different climatic models.

GEOPHYSICS

Seismic Velocity Structure of the Aleutian Arc and Bering Shelf and
the Composition of Continental Growth
EAR 9204998
06/15/94; (EAR) $175,043; 11 months
Stanford University
Stanford, CA  94305
Simon Klemperer

This research will measure the seismic velocity structure of the
Aleutian Arc and the Bering Sea Shelf in order to provide
constraints on continental growth and composition. It is widely
believed that two-thirds of the continental crust forming today
does so at magmatic arcs, but, paradoxically, recent geological and
petrological estimates of island arc composition suggest that arcs
are substantially more mafic than average continental crust is
believed to be.  The best test of the composition of in situ crust
is its seismic velocity, though many measurements of continental
velocity have been made worldwide, very few data exist for island
arcs because of the logistic difficulties of working in these
areas.  This project is coordinated with two other NSF-funded
projects to collect seismic reflection data from the research
vessel Ewing under a University of Delaware and Lamont-Doherty
Earth Observatory grant and an ocean-bottom seismometer deployment
under a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution grant.

Seismic Attenuation Structure of the Alaskan Subduction Zone
EAR 9303945
09/01/93; (EAR) $58,506; 30 months
Arizona State University
Tempe, AZ  85287
Christopher O. Sanders

This research will image the attenuation structure of the Alaska
subduction zone and overlying mantle wedge by means of seismic
tomography.  S-to-P amplitude ratios measured from earthquakes
located in the Alaska subduction zone and recorded by the Alaska
Earthquake Information Center seismic array will be inverted for
three-dimensional attenuation structure using an algebraic
reconstruction algorithm.  The resulting image will be used to test
hypotheses concerning metamorphic and thermal processes at, and
above, the contact zone between the subducted oceanic crust and the
mantle lithosphere.  In addition to determination of the thermal
and petrologic structure of the subduction zone, the study will
constrain the importance of shear heating in subduction zones and
further the understanding of arc magma genesis.

Seismological Database Software Implementation
EAR 9316337
04/01/94; (EAR) $78,661; 18 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Max Wyss

This project involves the production of modern, portable software
tools that will enhance researchers' capabilities throughout the
seismological community by efficiently and effectively creating,
managing, and using seismological databases.  This work is in
collaboration with U.S. Geological Survey, scientists, and other
Alaska institutes.  It will build on prior efforts to develop the
Seismic Unified Data System (SUDS).  One of the first
implementations of the product will be to implement a relational
database from the approximately 4,000 earthquakes and one terabyte
of continuous data annually recorded by the Alaska Seismograph
Network at the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska to aid
in research, understanding, and mitigation of seismic and volcanic
hazards.  This research is a component of the National Earthquake
Hazard Reduction Program.

20th International Conference on Mathematical Geophysics;
Villefranche-sur-mer, France; June 19-24, 1994
EAR 9402044
06/15/94; (EAR) $48,000; 11 months
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, MA  02139
Daniel H. Rothman

This research is to demonstrate that melt-flow patterns can be
determined seismically by imaging the upper mantle beneath the
mid-Atlantic in northern Iceland by deploying an array of 30
PASSCAL seismic instruments for 9 months.  Oceanic crustal material
is created by the pressure-release melting of upwelling mantle
beneath midocean ridges; however, the details of the mantle flow
pattern and the processes by which melt segregates and ascends to
crustal levels are poorly understood.  From surface-wave phase
velocities and body-wave travel-time delays, the researchers will
construct images of compressional and shear velocity in the upper
mantle down to about 150 kilometers.  The objectives are (1) to
determine if mantle upwelling beneath the ridge is narrowly or
broadly focused and to explore the effects of the Iceland hotspot,
(2) to determine if retained partial-melt exists within the shallow
mantle beneath the ridge, (3) to define the depth range of any zone
of retained partial-melt, and (4) to distinguish among theoretical
mantle flow and melt transport models on the basis of the width of
the zones of upwelling and melt generation.

PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY

An Evaluation of Microstructural Processes Affecting Saline Ice
Properties
CMS 9312621
08/01/94; (CMS) $15,696; 12 months
Montana State University
Bozeman, MT  59717
Robert L. Brown

The objective of this research is the development of a more
comprehensive understanding of the dominant characteristics of
saline ice that can be used to describe the mechanical behavior of
saline ice relative to pure ice.  This research is a continuation
of a previous NSF grant which showed an order-of-magnitude
difference in the material strength between saline ice and
nonsaline ice single crystals and smaller differences between the
moduli and flow stresses.  In the continuation of this research,
several possible microstructural mechanisms will be considered to
explain these differences and to be combined into a single
constitutive equation for saline ice single crystals.  The
importance of this work is based on the need for a better
understanding of microscopic cavities and the role they play in the
deformation of solid materials.

Petrogenesis of Early Tertiary Rift-Related Basalts of the East
Greenland Passive Margin
EAR 9117239
01/01/92; (EAR) $12,138; 36 months
University of California, Davis
Davis, CA  95616-8671
Charles E. Lesher

Detailed mapping and sampling of the lower-most volcanics of the
Blosseville Coast succession were undertaken by the PI and a
student in 1989.  This material, supplemented by samples from the
University of Copenhagen and Greenland Geological Survey
collections, provides the framework for these detailed geochemical
and experimental studies.  The plan is to conduct major and
trace-element analyses of whole-rock samples, to conduct microprobe
studies of mineral phases, and to conduct strontium, neodymium, and
lead isotope analyses of selected whole rocks and pyroxene
separates to establish temporal changes in magma composition during
the transition from continental rifting to oceanic spreading.
Complementary experiments are proposed to characterize the
compositional relations for "damp" melting of mantle lherzolite and
to define the liquid line-of-descent of parental magmas for
Blosseville Coast basalts.  These geochemical and experimental
results will form the basis for modeling East Greenland basalt
petrogenesis and for an evaluation of proposed physical models of
early rifting in the North Atlantic.

Correlation of Phreatomagmatic Depositional Features with Eruptive
Events at the Ukinrek Maars, Alaska
EAR 9304430
06/01/93; (EAR) $3,500; 30 months
Northern Arizona University
Flagstaff, AZ  86011
Michael H. Ort

The proposed project will correlate deposits and individual strata
with recorded hydrovolcanic eruptive events at the Ukinrek Maars,
Alaska, in order to understand the processes involved in eruption
and emplacement of phreatomagmatic deposits.  Our results will
provide a means for inferring diverse phreatomagmatic eruption
styles from the characteristics of deposits in places where the
eruptions were not observed.  The underlying reason for this
research is to aid understanding of hydrovolcanic processes for
hazards assessments.  Hydrovolcanic eruptions commonly include
"blast" events that are among the most devastating and hazardous of
all eruptions.  It is of fundamental importance for hazards
evaluations to recognize these deposits, as they are commonly
mistaken for reworked volcanic deposits.

Hafnium Isotopes and Precambrian Crust-Mantle Evolution
EAR 9316255
01/15/94; (EAR) $175,000; 29 months
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ  85721
P. Jonathan Patchett

This project will continue hafnium and other isotopic research into
problems of crustal and mantle chemical evolution, with two main
thrusts:  (1) to complete study of granitoids melted from different
crustal sources, and (2) to undertake a new effort to definitively
determine the depleted mantle source of new crust over geologic
time.  Terranes have been selected from Greenland, Australia,
Africa, Canada, United States, and Saudi Arabia as representing
known or potential juvenile additions to the continents over
3.8-0.7 Ga.  Other terranes and collaborations may become necessary
to determine the depleted source evolution fully.  These data
should constitute a firm basis for modeling by the PIs and others
of crust-mantle evolution 4.0 Ga to present.

TECTONICS

Collaborative Research:  Tectonic Consequences of Ridge Subduction
and Plate Reorganization:  The Chugach Metamorphic Complex, Alaska
EAR 9304062
08/01/93; (EAR) $50,242; 24 months
William Marsh Rice University
Houston, TX  77252
Virginia B. Sisson

Collaborative Research:  Tectonic Processes during Ridge Subduction
and Plate Reorganization:  The Chugach Metamorphic Complex, Alaska
EAR 9307169
08/01/93; (EAR) $45,141; 30 months
University of New Orleans
New Orleans, LA  70148
Terry L. Pavlis

Most tectonic processes are ultimately driven by plate motions;
however, the tie between the two is generally obscure except in the
simplest cases.  Recent work in the Chugach Metamorphic Complex of
Alaska suggests that the history of the complex is intimately tied
not only to ridge subduction but to a North Pacific plate
reorganization that changed the plate configuration in the vicinity
of the subducting ridge.  This hypothesis will be tested by
three-dimensional structural analysis, geochronology, and
geochemical techniques.  Results have important implications for
early Cenozoic North Pacific plate reconstructions that ultimately
ended with the demise of the Kula plate.  In addition, it offers
the opportunity to examine deep-seated processes that accompany
ridge-trench-ridge triple junction interactions that involve a
highly oblique component on one limb of the triple junction.

Thermomechanical Development of the Internal Zone and Linkage with
the Fold and Thrust Belt, Central Brooks Range, Alaska
EAR 9405560
07/01/94; (EAR) $195,463; 36 months
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, CA  93106
Brian E. Patrick

The Brooks Range of Alaska is a major collisional belt that
contains a metamorphic core of high-pressure/low-temperature rocks.

It is thought that these blueschist and greenschist facies rocks in
the metamorphic core resulted from a mid-Mesozoic collision between
a north-facing island arc and an older passive continental margin.
The PI's recent work in the area has shown that a proposed major
thrust in the schist belt of the Central Brooks Range is in fact a
stratigraphic contact, and there is evidence to suggest that the
bulk deformation was mostly contractional, rather than extensional
as proposed by other workers.  This project will examine the
petrology, structure, and geochronology of the transition between
the internal metamorphic zone and the external zone of the Brooks
Range.  It will investigate the links between the internal and
external zones and examine the contributions of extension and
contraction during the collisional orogenic event.  The results of
this work will be broadly applicable to all major orogenic belts.

Collaborative Research:  Structural and Geochronologic Analysis of
the Ruby Terrane Central Alaska: Thermal and Tectonic Processes of
Arc-Continent Collision and Exhumation
EAR 9406404
06/15/94; (EAR) $16,053; 11 months
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, CA  93106
William C. McClelland

Collaborative Research:  Structural and Geochronologic Analysis of
the Ruby Terrane, Central Alaska Thermal and Tectonic Processes of
Arc-Continent Collision and Exhumation
EAR 9406480
06/15/94; (EAR) $56,231; 11 months
University of California, Davis
Davis, CA  95616-8671
Sarah Roeske

Northern and central Alaska consist primarily of large blocks of
continental crust that are locally overlain by oceanic crustal
fragments.  Gross similarities between them has led to speculation
that they are all fragments of North America's continental margin;
however, data to support or refute this hypothesis are particularly
sparse in the Ruby terrane of central Alaska.  This project will
provide the necessary thermal and structural history of this area
in order to reconstruct the subduction and exhumation events so
that firm comparisons with other continental blocks can be made.
Results should lead to a robust model of the Mesozoic
paleogeography of the northern Cordillera and answer the question
of what the relative significance of strike-slip, thrust and
extensional tectonics were in the history of the Ruby terrane and
how it arrived at its current oblique angle to the regional trends
in the northern Cordillera.

GENERAL

Undergraduate Research Projects on the Geology of a Deformed
Continental Margin
EAR 9300259
05/15/93; (EAR) $50,000; 29 months
Colgate University
Hamilton, NY  13346
Constance M. Soja

Colgate University seeks funding for a 2-year, summer research
program to enhance research opportunities in the field and
laboratory for geology undergraduate students from Colgate
University and other colleges.  The goals of the project are to
prepare undergraduate students better for graduate education in
geology and to encourage pursuit of future careers in the
geosciences and related fields by involving junior and senior
undergraduates in a supportive research environment.  Minority
students enrolled in Colgate University's precollege summer program
and in the geology department's field-based seminar for first-year
students and students from other colleges will be strongly
encouraged to participate in the summer program.  Research topics
provide undergraduates interested in geology with tractable study
problems that will make significant contributions to the
understanding of the geologic history of a classic deformed
continental margin. Research topics in New York and New England
will focus primarily on the Taconic fold/thrust belt, Adirondack
massif, and Cortlandt Complex.  Additional research opportunities
will be available at Colgate on topics related to aqueous
geochemistry, clay mineralogy, and geomorphology and in Alaska on
the paleontology and sedimentology of Paleozoic carbonates.
Student participants will begin the summer geology program by
attending a 6-week orientation field exercise where they will learn
the fundamentals of field-based research and undertake independent
mapping exercises in a variety of geographical and geological
contexts.  For 7 weeks following the field program, students will
work on research projects in close partnership with geology faculty
at Colgate.  Students will continue their research as independent
study projects or as senior honors theses during the academic year.

Students will learn how to use analytical instrumentation in
geologic research and will be encouraged to incorporate
departmental equipment (SEM/EDS, XRF, XRD, AA, ion chromatograph,
magnetometer, gravity meter, resistivity meter, and exploration
seismograph) into their studies.  Students will present the results
of their projects in a research symposium at Colgate and/or in
coordination with faculty at regional geology meetings.

Technical Support:  Request for an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass
Spectrometer (ICP-MS) Technician at the University of Notre Dame
EAR 9315930
09/01/94; (EAR) $60,000; 36 months
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, IN  46556
Clive R. Neal

This award provides partial funding to support a technician
assigned to the ICP-MS laboratory in the Department of Civil
Engineering and Geological Sciences at the University of Notre
Dame.  The ICP-MS instrument was recently obtained by Notre Dame
through matching funds from a grant from the NSF Academic Research
Infrastructure Program.  It will be used primarily by students and
staff of the University involved in research and teaching projects
in the area of environmental geochemistry, pollution control,
petrology, paleoclimatology, limnology, and groundwater hydrology.
This award also provides partial funding for the support of a
technician assigned to the Radiogenic Isotope Laboratory in the
Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of
Wisconsin_Madison.  The technician will assist in the operation and
maintenance of the laboratory's equipment, which includes a
multicollector thermal ionization mass spectrometer and associated
instrumentation for sample preparation and data analysis.  The
laboratory is a resource for mass spectrometric analysis needed in
research and teaching projects in the earth sciences by a large
number of researchers on and off campus.  Research applications
include work on Arctic Ocean sediments, mantle geochemistry,
volcanism, geochronology of carbonates in the Michigan Basin and
Wisconsin Arch provinces, and Archean and Proterozoic granites.
The technician will also participate in the technical developmental
work of the laboratory, including the development of new methods
for the quantitative measurement of the isotopes of hafnium.

Acquisition of an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer
(ICP-MS)
EAR 9316242
03/15/94; (EAR) $68,156, (OCE) $10,000; 30 months
Rutgers University, New Brunswick
New Brunswick, NJ  08903
Michael J. Carr

This award provides funding for the acquisition of an ICP-MS system
that will be housed and operated in the Department of Chemistry at
Rutgers University.  The instrument has the ability to measure the
concentration of most elements dissolved in water or dilute acids
to very low concentration levels.  It will be used primarily in the
research of geochemists at Rutgers who are engaged in research on
Central American and Hawaiian volcanoes, iridium deposition in
Greenland ice cores (for interpretation of past climate changes),
trace-metal scavenging in the oceans, deep-sea spherules, and the
composition of meteorites.

Seismic Processing and Acquisition Equipment for the Rice
Geophysics Program
EAR 9316711
05/01/94; (EAR) $61,745; 24 months
William Marsh Rice University
Houston, TX  77252
Alan R. Levander

This award provides 73 percent of the funds required for the
acquisition of a 60-channel, digital, 24-bit seismograph, cables,
geophones, and a seismic source to be used by the reflection
seismology research group in the Department of Geology and
Geophysics at Rice University.  The University is committed to
providing the remaining funds necessary to acquire the equipment.
The Rice University program will utilize the seismograph system in
their current research projects which include land and marine
seismic experiments in the Blake Plateau, Carolina Trough, Gulf of
Mexico, the Hatton-Rockall Bank, central California transform
margin, Aleutian Arc, and the Brooks Range in Alaska.  These and
other active projects are supported by NSF and the Office of Naval
Research and are aimed at a better understanding of the structure
of the Earth's crust and of the methodology of seismic imaging
techniques.

Research Experience for Undergraduates in the Geosciences
EAR 9322471
04/15/94; (EAR) $45,000; 17 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Douglas H. Christensen

Research Experience for Undergraduates site grant support is
requested for eight students in Solid Earth Geophysics for each of
the next 3 years at the Geophysical Institute, University of
Alaska.  The program will give undergraduates majoring in geology,
geophysics, physics, and closely related disciplines an opportunity
to experience working in a research environment.  The program
objective is to acquaint undergraduates with exciting research
opportunities in the various fields of geophysics concentrating on
seismology, volcanology, geochronology, geochemistry,
paleomagnetics, and tectonics and to encourage the undergraduates
to go on to graduate school in these or other scientific fields.
Women and minorities will be particularly encouraged to apply.
Many of the students will be recruited from small liberal arts
colleges throughout the Nation, and programs such as this are
likely to be their only opportunity for in-depth exposure to the
fields of solid-earth sciences before they must make decisions
regarding graduate school.  In their contacts with graduate
students and by attending seminars and thesis defenses, the
students will obtain an accurate perspective of graduate student
life.  In this program, students are assigned to work with
individual faculty investigators on projects assigned by the
investigators.  In addition, there will be an organized series of
weekly lectures and field trips to expose students to other fields
of research beyond the scope of their own project.

Influence of the Active Layer and Snowcover on the Thermal Regime
of Permafrost
OPP 9122928
06/01/92; (OPP) $67,132; 42 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Thomas E. Osterkamp

Permafrost temperatures are an extremely sensitive indicator of
climatic change.  Changes too small to be detected by continuous
measurements of the surface energy budget occur as clear and robust
changes in permafrost temperature profiles.  This award supports
research to allow rational utilization of permafrost temperature
data and to improve current interpretations of permafrost
temperature profiles.  These tasks require a better understanding
of the influence of the active layer and snowcover on the thermal
regime of permafrost.  The research program consists of field and
laboratory measurements, interpretation, and modeling of the
thermal response of permafrost to changes in climate.  This
research will be conducted at four established sites along the Haul
Road between the Brooks Range and Prudhoe Bay in Alaska.
Measurements will include daily temperatures at 11 levels from the
air 1/2 meter or more into the permafrost, annual permafrost
temperatures to depths of 80 meters, and in situ and laboratory
measurements of thermal and other properties of the numerical model
for predicting temperatures at all levels.  This continuing
research effort is necessary to develop an understanding of
climatic change that has occurred and may be occurring in the
permafrost areas of Alaska and the north polar region.

Chronostratigraphy of Pleistocene Glacial and High-Sea-Level
Deposits, Northeastern Bristol Bay, Alaska
OPP 9210124
07/15/92; (OPP) $22,694; 42 months
Bowdoin College
Brunswick, ME  04011
Peter D. Lea

This award is for support of a study to reconstruct the spatial and
temporal pattern of pre- to late- Wisconsinian glacial and
sea-level fluctuations of the northeastern Bristol Bay region of
southwestern Alaska.  A wide spectrum of geochronological methods,
including aminostratigraphy, tephrostratigraphy,
thermoluminescence, and radiocarbon dating will be used to date the
stratigraphic records that are available.  An improved
chronostratigraphy will allow the spatial and temporal variability
in the response of the glacial and periglacial systems to be
assessed in terms of the changing oceanic and atmospheric boundary
conditions of the last interglacial to late Wisconsinian time.

Paleoclimatic Significance of Major High-Latitude Post-Glacial
Tephra Eruptions in Alaska and Siberia
OPP 9223790
07/01/93; (OPP) $45,695; 30 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
James E. Beget

This award supports a program to characterize tephras in Alaska and
Siberia in order to understand better the volume, extent, and
climatic effects of large volcanic eruptions in the Arctic.  The
project will fingerprint tephras by major and trace-element
analytical methods and will develop a chronologic record of tephras
that can be used for correlating volcanic ash layers in ice core,
acquired through the Greenland Ice Sheet Project II.  Estimates of
the volume of ash erupted in each event will be important input to
climate models because volcanic ash in the atmosphere is known to
cause temperature decreases.

Mesozoic to Present-Day Tectonics of the Eastern Sakha Republic,
Russia:  A Cooperative Research Proposal with the Yakut Science
Center at Yakutsk, Russia
OPP 9224029
09/15/93; (OPP) $8,420; 29 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
David B. Stone

This project is a collaborative venture between investigators from
the United States and Russia.  This award supports a
multidisciplinary study (seismology, geochronology, and
paleomagnetism) toward an understanding of the present tectonics
and recent tectonic history of the Sakha Republic in Russia.  The
projects' goals are to determine the geometry of present plate
boundaries, as well as the geologic and tectonic development of
this part of northeastern Russia in relation to the tectonic
development of northwestern Alaska.  Of particular importance is
distinguishing between tectonic models which involve large-scale
relative motion between Alaska and far-eastern Russia.

The Final Stages of a Collapsing Marine Ice Sheet:  Late Glacial
Sediment Fluxes, Paleo-oceanography, and Chronology_Hudson Strait
and Adjoining Shelf, Canada
OPP 9224251
07/01/93; (OPP) $100,000; 30 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Anne Jennings

This award supports the study of sediment cores from the Hudson
Strait, which is widely believed to have been the drainage path for
a major part of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The goals are to
understand the dynamic processes associated with the last stages of
collapse of this marine-based ice sheet.  The project will use
oxygen isotopes, carbon 14 ages, benthic foraminifera, and sediment
provenance studies to develop a history of the changing
paleoenvironmental conditions during the time that the Laurentide
Ice Sheet was deteriorating.

Ice Sheet-Ocean Interactions on the East Greenland Continental
Margin During the Past 14,000 Years
OPP 9224254
08/15/93; (OPP) $52,300; 29 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
John T. Andrews

This award supports a project to study sediment cores from the
inner continental shelf and fjords of east Greenland.  The goals
are to determine paleoclimatic conditions and to understand
ice-sheet-ocean interactions during the late Quaternary period.
The project will use oxygen isotopes, carbon 14 ages, benthic
foraminifera, and sediment provenance studies to develop a
high-resolution history of the paleoenvironmental conditions in the
region.  This project will develop information about the extent and
duration of sea-ice cover on the inner continental shelf of east
Greenland during the late Quaternary period and about the
freshwater discharge from the melting of land-based ice in the
Arctic Basin.  The results of this work should be useful to help
constrain models of climate change that are being developed from
the Greenland Ice Sheet Project ice core.

Paleomagnetic and Stable Isotope Analyses of Sediments from the
Northwind Ridge in the Central Arctic Ocean
OPP 9224288
06/15/93; (OPP) $100,852; 29 months
Woods Hole Ocean Institute
Woods Hole, MA  02543
David A. Schneider

This award supports a program to perform paleomagnetic and stable
isotope measurements on deep-sea sediment cores from the Northwind
Ridge in the central Arctic Ocean.  This region appears to offer
considerably higher sedimentation rates than most areas of the
Arctic Ocean.  Consequently, it offers a higher likelihood of
success for producing a reliable magnetostratigraphic framework for
interpretation of a benthic-foraminifera-based oxygen-isotope
record.  This research will provide a valuable proxy climate record
for a part of the Arctic about which very little is known.

Holocene Glaciation of the Barents and Kara Seas
OPP 9224471
07/15/93; (OPP) $83,217; 29 months
Woods Hole Ocean Institute
Woods Hole, MA  02543
Scott J. Lehman

This award supports a multidisciplinary study (sedimentology,
paleontology, and oxygen-isotope stratigraphy) of glacial sediments
in the Kara and Barents Seas.  At present, melting of ice sheets
that are known to have existed cannot explain completely the
well-documented postglacial rise in sea level.  An ice sheet in the
Kara and Barents Seas region could have contributed substantially
to postglacial sea-level rise.  The goal of this study is to
determine the extent of an ice sheet that is thought to have
existed in this region during the last glacial maxima, the timing
of its disintegration or retreat, and its potential for
contributing to postglacial sea-level rise.

Paleozoic Conodonts from the Arctic Ocean and their Significance
for the Tectonic Evolution of the Western Arctic Basin
OPP 9321204
04/01/94; (OPP) $49,983; 12 months
University of Wisconsin_Madison
Madison, WI  53706
David L. Clark

This award supports a study of Paleozoic conodonts from cores
collected on the Northwind Ridge in the Arctic Ocean.  The
conodonts include both Permian and either Ordovician or Silurian
forms and were derived from submarine weathering of Paleozoic rocks
underlying the Northwind Ridge.  Study of these conodonts is
expected to lead to fingerprinting of the Paleozoic stratigraphic
units.  This information will provide constraints for the original
location of the crustal block represented by the Northwind Ridge,
which will, in turn, help to constrain models of the tectonic
evolution of the Amerasian Basin portion of the Arctic Ocean Basin.

Development of a Differential Frost-Heave Model:  Application to
Patterned Ground Formation
OPP 9321405
07/01/94; (OPP) $78,873, (CTS) $13,900; 12 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
William B. Krantz

This award supports a project to extend predictive frost-heave
models to full three-dimensional forms in an effort to understand
better the processes involved in development of patterned ground,
such as earth hummocks, that occur in periglacial environments.  Of
the 19 mechanisms thought to be important, either singly or in
combination, for formation of patterned ground, only two have been
incorporated into mathematical models.  The objectives of this work
are (1) to use published laboratory frost-heave data to test a
simplified form of the one-dimensional secondary frost-heave model
of O'Neill and Miller which can be generalized to
three-dimensional; (2) to ascertain the ability of a new
differential frost-heave model based on this simplified form of the
O'Neill and Miller model to describe earth hummocks for which
relevant properties have been characterized; (3) to refine this
differential frost-heave model based on the laboratory and field
observations; and (4) to explore the applicability of this model to
describe features of other forms of patterned ground.  In addition
to improving models of periglacial processes, this work will
benefit researchers correlating ancient geomorphic features with
past climate, as well as engineers developing construction projects
in periglacial regions.

Structure and Evolution of the Canada Basin:  An Aerogeophysical
Study
OPP 9321628
08/01/94; (OPP) $219,928; 12 months
Naval Research Laboratory
Arlington, VA  20350
John M. Brozena

This award supports a geophysical investigation of the northern
Canada Basin, part of the Arctic Ocean Basin.  A well-constrained
understanding of the tectonic evolution of the Canada Basin is
critical for determining the geological evolution of the northern
margins of Alaska, Canada, and Siberia, and for determining the
tectonic framework under which paleoclimatic change occurred.  The
current regional geophysical knowledge of the region is not
comprehensive enough to constrain even zeroth-order tectonic models
of the evolution of the region adequately.  This is reflected in
the continuing scientific controversy over the timing and most
basic tectonic characteristics of those models.  This project will
conduct a regional aerogravity-aeromagnetic investigation of the
northern Canada Basin with the goal of determining the structure
and tectonic evolution of this region.  To conduct these flights,
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) will deploy its RP-3 Orion
long-range aircraft equipped with the NRL Airborne Geophysical
Sensor Suite (AGSS) from Pt. Barrow, Alaska for a 1- to 2-month
study over a section of the Canada Basin chosen to provide the
highest likelihood of important tectonic signatures diagnostic of
opening direction and timing.  Funds from NSF will partially
support 1 month of the field program.  NRL will support the balance
of the costs with internal research funds and support from other
Federal agencies.  The AGSS consists of multiple redundant
gravimeter, kinematic global positioning systems (GPS), and
radar/laser altimeter systems in addition to a standard airborne
proton precession magnetometer.  This system has successfully
collected over 200,000 line kilometers of high-quality gravity,
magnetics, and topography data over Greenland in 1991 and 1992.  In
addition, 40,000 line kilometers of similar data were collected
over the northern Canada Basin adjacent to Arctic Canada in 1992 as
a pilot program for the proposed work.  Typically, the accuracy of
the system at the altitudes and speeds proposed (600 meters and 240
knots) is about 2-3 meters root-mean-square at the track crossings,
resolving crustal features with wavelengths of 15 kilometers and
longer.  The project will be performed under the framework of a
cooperative, international program involving scientists from the
United States, Canada, and Russia.  This work will yield a
geophysical data set that will be used to interpret the tectonic
and geologic evolution of the region but the data set will also be
used by many parts of the broader earth sciences community.

Geochronological Evaluation of Events 600 Million Years Ago in
Northwest Svalbard, Arctic Caledonides
OPP 9416211
07/15/94; (OPP) $22,496; 17 months
Brown University
Providence, RI  02912
L. Peter Gromet

This award supports a U.S. contribution to a collaborative project
with Swedish geologists to evaluate the geochronology of the
Richarddalen Group of northwestern Svalbard.  These rocks have
recently yielded "Pan African" aged zircons (620-660 million years
old) that are enigmatic because there is little other evidence in
the Arctic or Scandinavian Caledonides to rock forming or
metamorphic/deformational events of this age.  Detailed
geochronologic studies based on field and microstructural study,
and high-precision U-Pb methods will be used to date metamorphic
and deformational fabrics directly.  Lead-207/Lead-206 ages will be
measured by direct evaporation of single zircon grains to test for
the presence of older (inherited) components, thereby further
constraining the interpretation of existing zircon ages.  These new
data will permit a direct assessment of whether the isotopic ages
reflect protolith, metamorphic or deformational, or mixed ages, and
the significance of these rocks to global tectonic reconstructions
in the Neoproterozoic.

Kara Sea Ice Dome of the Eurasian Ice Sheet:  Taimyr Peninsula
Record
OPP 9419532
08/15/94; (OPP) $17,288; 11 months
University of New Hampshire
Durham, NH  03824
Michael L. Prentice

This award supports a U.S. contribution to a collaborative project
with Russian and Swedish glacial geologists to test the existence
of a hypothesized Holocene ice dome centered on the Kara Sea.  This
hypothesized dome could account for a maximum of 17 meters of
sea-level rise, and thus the question of its existence has
important implications for models of Holocene climate.  However,
its existence is a highly contentious question.  The goal of the
project is to produce well-constrained radiocarbon ages of the
northernmost terrestrial moraine complex along the margin of the
Kara Sea.  The work will focus specifically on the area east of
Dikson, Russia, where the Leneevaya River intersects the northern
Taimyr moraine.  Accurate ages of the moraines are required in
order to determine if an ice dome is likely to have existed in the
Kara Sea region during the last ice age.  If the existence of the
ice dome is supported, then this work would also be key to
formulating further work to characterize the dome fully.  The
results of this project are expected to help resolve an important
and contentious question about the nature and extent of ice sheets
during the last ice age.

OCEAN SCIENCES

FACILITIES

Shipboard Scientific Support Equipment
OCE 9321824
04/01/94; (OCE) $19,772; 18 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Thomas D. Smith

This project will provide shipboard scientific support equipment
for the research vessel Alpha Helix, an NSF-owned ship operated by
the University of Alaska's Institute of Marine Science, and
dedicated to use in support of ocean science research.  The
Shipboard Scientific Support Equipment Program provides funds for
ship equipment deemed essential to the proper and safe conduct of
ocean science research.  This program provides support items such
as winch systems for the deployment and retrieval of scientific
instrument; navigational equipment such as radars, gyroscopes, and
earth satellite receivers to pinpoint the location of research
sites; communication equipment including radio transceivers and
satellite transceivers for voice and scientific data
communications; and other equipment such as motorized workboats for
transporting scientists to and from data retrieval sites.  The PI,
Thomas D. Smith, is fully qualified to direct this project having
had considerable experience in overseeing the acquisition and
installation of shipboard equipment.  This project will allow the
institution to replace data wiring, two outboard motors, and a
science materials freezer and to obtain a navigational computer and
a radioactivity monitor.

Marine Technicians
OCE 9400282
04/01/94; (OCE) $164,134; 18 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Thomas D. Smith

The University of Alaska requests renewed funding for shipboard
technician activities associated with the research vessel Alpha
Helix.  The Alpha Helix is owned by the NSF and operated by the
university.  In 1994, the Alpha Helix will support 145 days of
NSF-funded research projects in the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering
Sea.  University technicians will be responsible for operating and
repairing instruments while at sea, maintaining instruments ashore,
and assisting with scientific operations necessary before and after
cruises.  Budgets for years two and three of this award will be
negotiated when ship schedules for those years are finalized.

Construction of an Inlet System for Automated Tritium Measurements
by Helium (He) Isotope Mass Spectrometry
OCE 9402110
07/01/94; (OCE) $73,337; 12 months
Columbia University
New York, NY 10027
Peter Schlosser

This award provides funding to construct an inlet system for mass
spectrometric measurement of tritium by the He in growth method.
The inlet system will automate the processing of tritium samples to
increase the capacity of the laboratory and improve the quality of
tritium measurements.  The increased capacity of the laboratory
will be necessary to process the large number of samples generated
by a variety of NSF-funded research projects, particularly World
Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) studies of deep water formation
in the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans and long-term observations of
deep water formation in the Greenland/Norwegian and Labrador Seas.
The PI has established a state-of-the-art laboratory for noble gas
measurement over the past 6 years.  The laboratory currently
consists of two mass spectrometers; one dedicated to heavy noble
gas measurements (from 3He to 136Xe) and the other dedicated to He
isotope and tritium measurements.  The demand for He isotope and
tritium measurements has grown to the point that separated mass
spectrometers are needed for He and tritium.  This demand has been
created by oceanographic studies funded by NSF's Division of Ocean
Sciences (OCE) and Office of Polar Programs, and the National
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).  NOAA has
provided $200,000 for acquisition of a third mass spectrometer that
will be dedicated to tritium measurements.  This proposal will
allow the PI to construct an inlet system for the new tritium mass
spectrometer consisting of (1) a cryogenic cold trap system for
separation of He from other gases; (2) gas pipettes for
standardization; and (3) sample inlet and purification lines.  The
expected capacity of the new system will be 1,500 samples per year
which should be sufficient to meet the demands of currently funded
research projects.  Future expansion of the inlet system will be
possible should demand exceed 1,500 samples per year.  Joint
funding for this award will be provided by the OCE Arctic Systems
Science Program, the OCE Physical Oceanography Program, the OCE
Instrumentation and Technical Services Program, and the Polar Ocean
and Meteorology Program.

MARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS

Volcanoes and Crustal Construction at the Reykjanes Ridge
OCE 9224738
01/15/94; (OCE) $55,068; 17 months
Woods Hole Ocean Institute
Woods Hole, MA  02543
Deborah K. Smith

The PI will test whether the effects of the Iceland hot spot are
decoupled from the processes that build the axial topography and
thus shallow crust at Reykjanes Ridge, or whether the hot spot
produces an observable morphological signature at the axis.  She
will use hydroweep multibeam cum Towed Ocean Bottom Instrument deep
tow data to investigate the characteristics of volcano morphology
in three areas of the axis of Reykjanes Ridge.

Seismicity of the Nordic Mid-Ocean Ridges:  New Constraints from
Norwegian Seismic Hydrophone Arrays
OCE 9314502
05/15/94; (OCE) $50,000; 11 months
University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institute
La Jolla, CA  92093
John A. Orcutt

The broad motivation for this study is to further understanding of
the relationship between the nature of the seismicity (depth,
mechanisms, spatial-temporal behavior), the character of ridge axis
morphology, and the generation of acoustic T-waves along the
Iceland-Svalbard plate boundary.  The recent availability of
several new seismic/acoustic data sets (the Norwegian land-based
seismic array data, the U.S. Navy hydrophone array data, and
detailed data on the plate geology and tectonics) provides an
exciting opportunity for a well-constrained investigation.

OCEANOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

Engineering Research Equipment:  Sensors to Advance Autonomous
Underwater Vehicles as Oceanographic Research Tools
BES 9311151
01/15/94; (BES) $25,000; 17 months
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, MA  02139
Chryssostomos Chryssostomidis

The Underwater Vehicles Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology Sea Grant College Program will purchase oceanographic
sensors and sensor support equipment to enable the use of existing
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) as tools for oceanographic
research.  Six missions have been chosen to direct this effort,
including (1) the investigation of plate tectonics and spreading
centers through geomagnetic measurements off the coast of
Antarctica,  (2) the development of geophysical navigation methods,
(3) the creation of a rapid-response AUV to investigate transient
ocean events, (4) the use of AUV development as a method of
enhancing engineering education, (5) the development of
methodologies for applying AUVs to the study of shallow-water
environments, and (6) the study of the mechanics of arctic ice.
The high operating cost of research vessels constrains oceanic
research.  AUVs increase the search rate of the ocean floor,
greatly increasing the efficiency of the time spent at sea.

OCEANOGRAPHY

Interrelations between Structural Characteristics, Physical
Properties, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Signatures of Late
Summer Pack Ice in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas
OPP 9122948
06/01/92; (OPP) $74,825; 42 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Martin O. Jeffries

This project is a study of the composition and properties, as well
as the associated SAR signatures of warm arctic sea ice.  Direct
measurements will be made from U.S. Coast Guard icebreakers in the
late summers of 1992 and 1993 in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas.
Sea-ice characteristics to be investigated will include thickness,
salinity and temperature profiles, dielectric properties, crystal
structure, and surface conditions.  These characteristics will be
used to model the expected microwave backscatter intensities, which
will be compared with observed backscatter intensities obtained by
the SAR instruments on board the ERS-1 and JERS-1 satellites.  The
project will contribute to an improved understanding of the
internal structure of arctic pack ice, of the specific summer
properties of warm sea ice, and of SAR signature variations
produced by differing ice characteristics.  The information
produced by this study is expected to be particularly valuable in
other fields of polar oceanographic research, such as sea-ice
dynamics and thermodynamics, ice mechanics and rheology, oceanic
heat and salt fluxes, and sea-ice biological processes.

PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Hydrographic Support for World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE)
Hydrographic Program Line P-17N
OCE 9103165
03/15/93; (OCE) $119,584; 23 months
University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institute
La Jolla, CA  92093
James H. Swift

P-17N:  A World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Hydrographic
Program Section (WHP) in the Northeast Pacific
OCE 9106472
03/15/93; (OCE) $175,000; 29 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
David L. Musgrave

In this project, the PIs will collect and interpret high-quality
and high-resolution conductivity, temperature, depth, oxygen, and
nutrient data in the northeast Pacific Ocean, along a line
designated as P-17N by the World Ocean Circulation Experiment and
running generally parallel to the coast from San Francisco to the
Shumagin Islands, with an intersecting leg into Sitka, Alaska.
Specific science issues to be addressed include heat and fresh
water divergences, exchange of properties between the Alaska Gyre
and the Subtropical Gyre, spreading and ventilation rates of North
Pacific Intermediate Water, and bottom boundary interactions as
seen in silica distributions.

OCEAN SCIENCES RESEARCH SECTION

Phytoplankton Organic Carbon and Sulfur Cycling at the Marginal Ice
Edge Zone
OPP 9200436
03/15/92; (OPP) $92,343; 36 months
University of California, San Diego
San Diego, CA  92093
Maria Vernet

Role of Phytoplankton in the Cycling of Carbon and Sulfur at the
Marginal Ice Zone of the Barents Sea
OPP 9200847
03/15/92; (OPP) $71,000; 36 months
University of Miami School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences
Miami, FL  33149
Patricia A. Matrai

Arctic phytoplankton may act as a sink for carbon dioxide (CO2) and
a major producer of dimethylsulfide (DMS).  Maximum effects are
expected in the marginal ice zone where phytoplankton blooms extend
from May to September as the ice recedes northward.  These
productive waters can cover more than half the area of arctic shelf
seas, such as the Barents Sea, in any one growth period.  One of
the main components of the phytoplankton at the marginal ice zone
is Phaeocystis pouchetii which, in its colonial form, is a high
producer of DMS.  This species is known to excrete a high
proportion of newly fixed carbon as high molecular weight polymers
in order to form the colony.  Later, it sinks in mass in the latter
stages of the bloom when nitrate becomes limiting.  Diatoms, such
as Thalassiosira gravida, may dominate the bloom at the ice edge
late in the summer and may also precede the P. pouchetii bloom in
early spring (i.e., Chaetoceros socialis).  The different patterns
of dissolved organic carbon formation and cell sedimentation
between P. pouchetii and diatoms need to be included in
productivity models for an understanding of the production and sink
of CO2 and DMS in arctic shelf areas.  The objectives of this field
and laboratory study, in collaboration with Norwegian scientists,
are (1) to determine the quantitative differences between P.
pouchetii and diatoms blooms in the ice edge with respect to
primary production, proportion of carbon fixed that is
extracellular, DMS production, and sedimentation of particulate
carbon and sulfur to depth; (2) to determine which are the main
environmental variables that favor each type of bloom using a
10-year time series from the Barents Sea; and (3) to estimate a
10-year time series of DMS production and CO2 uptake by combining
the existing time series with carbon and sulfur budgets of the ice
edge blooms.  This research will provide a first approximation to
the seasonal and interannual variability of the phytoplankton
contribution to the carbon and sulfur cycle during the ice edge
bloom in arctic shelf areas.

Origin, Development, and Transport of Arctic Sea Ice
OPP 9400144
10/01/94; (OPP) $91,322; 24 months
Barnard College
New York, NY  10027
Stephanie L. Pfirman

This project will investigate the redistribution of sediment and
pollutants over the Arctic Basin through transport by sea ice, a
neglected aspect of the depositional history of the arctic sea ice
and ocean bottom.  The project will focus on the reconstruction of
sediment and pollutant incorporation mechanisms, as well as the
origin, development, and transport history of individual floes.
The study will concentrate on the Beaufort Gyre, where the ice is
relatively old, and where individual floes may have significantly
different histories.  Multiple variables including the physical
properties of the sea ice and the sediments, the contaminant
chemistry, and the isotopic oxygen analysis will be combined in an
analysis for the origin, development, and transport history of sea
ice in the Amerasian Basin.  The work can potentially develop
techniques for distinguishing on the basis of the combined
indicators between ice formed in the Canadian or Siberian sectors
of the Arctic Ocean and can provide information on such questions
as how widely distributed is ice with an apparent river signal
(relative depletion of oxygen-18) and does it tend to have greater
contaminant loads.

Travel Support for United States Participation in the Advanced
Study Institute's "The Physics of Ice-Covered Seas" June 1994,
Savonlinna, Finland
OPP 9408647
04/15/94; (OPP) $14,000; 5 months
American Geophysical Union
Washington, DC  20009
A.F. Spilhaus

This award will support the travel of approximately 10 U.S.
scientists to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on the Physics of Ice-Covered Seas,
June 6-17, 1994, in Finland.  Ice-covered seas in the Antarctic and
the Arctic are thought to be important components in global
climatic change, since the presence or absence of sea ice has an
enormous effect on the surface albedo, surface temperature, water
vapor flux, and low cloud amount.  It is possible that a positive
feedback loop exists in that the reduction of sea ice produces a
lowered albedo, which leads to further surface warming.  The
formation of sea ice moreover, has profound oceanic effects by
destabilizing the surface layers and promoting deep vertical
convection in regions that are only marginally stable.  The ASI is
sponsored by the International Union pf Geodesy and Geophysics
(IUGG) International Association of the Physical Sciences of the
Ocean, and the IUGG Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research.

GENERAL

Trace Elements in the Overflow Waters of the North Atlantic
OCE 9302563
05/01/93; (OCE) $77,796; 24 months
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, HI  96822
Christopher I. Measures

The PIs will participate in the 1993 Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission-sponsored baseline cruise in the North
Atlantic.  This cruise will conduct a detailed sampling and
trace-element characterization of the northern overflow waters at
the various sills in the area of the Denmark Strait and
Iceland-Scotland Ridge as well as their downstream mixing products.

This sampling opportunity will be used to extend the investigations
of aluminum and beryllium geochemistry to the source regions of the
various components of the North Atlantic Deep Water.  In addition,
it is proposed to commence a detailed study of the geochemistry of
dissolved iron in this region using a new onboard measurement
technique.

Turbulent Mixing in Barrow Strait
OPP 9224303
06/01/93; (OPP) $79,100; 30 months
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR  97331-5503
Laurence Padman

This study of the heat and volume transport from the Arctic Ocean
through the Canadian Archipelago to Baffin Bay and the North
Atlantic Ocean will be based in Resolute, Northwest Territories,
Canada.  The project will examine the exchange of energy, salt, and
momentum among the various regional water masses.  An observational
phase will include measurements of the dissipation rate of
turbulent kinetic energy, the vertical temperature and salinity
microstructure, and the high-resolution current structure.  Barrow
Strait is bathymetrically complex, consisting of several narrow,
deep, interconnecting passages, partially isolated by relatively
shallow sills.  It is, however, the pathway for a significant
fraction of the outflow from the Arctic Ocean.  This will be the
first detailed investigation of the principal mechanisms
responsible for the vertical diffusion of heat, salt, and momentum
in this region.  These factors not only affect the seasonal growth
and melting of sea ice but also modify the advective exchange rates
by affecting the upwelling of deep warm water that is otherwise
blocked by the shallow sills in the strait.

The Geochemistry of Trace Elements in Arctic Shelf Waters
OPP 9224921
06/01/93; (OPP) $74,000; 24 months
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, HI  96822
Christopher I. Measures

This project examines the geochemistry of naturally occurring trace
elements in the Arctic Ocean.  The primary trace element is
aluminum, but iron, beryllium, and selenium will also be measured.
The objective is to determine the magnitude, variability, and
source of aluminum enrichment of the shelf brines in the Barents,
Kara, and Laptev Seas and to use these results to infer
hydrographic processes of the eastern Arctic Ocean.  The Norwegian
and Greenland Seas have a concentration of dissolved aluminum that
is considerably higher than expected from the exchange of water
masses, pointing to a regional external source of aluminum.  While
the normal pathways are the dissolution of aluminum carried through
the atmosphere and deposited at the ocean's surface and through
river discharge, an additional arctic pathway is by fractionation
in the freezing process.  That is, sea ice is depleted, and the
resulting brine is enriched in aluminum. The measurements will be
made on a summer 1993 cruise of the German polar research vessel
Polarstern as part of a wide-ranging physical and chemical
observation program. An exceptional framework of hydrographic data
will be available for the interpretation and analysis of these
geochemical measurements.

Chemical Constituents in Air and Snow at Summit, Greenland:
Interpretation of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Ice
Core
OPP 9321642
07/01/94; (OPP) $108,302; 24 months
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA  15213
Cliff I. Davidson

This project is the continuation of an investigation of the
transport of chemical trace elements and species from source
regions through the atmosphere to the Greenland ice sheet.  Its
goal is to provide information for the interpretation of the
trace-element distribution in a long ice core being obtained
through the GISP II drilling effort.  The ice core is expected to
provide a detailed record spanning 200,000 years.  The project has
three specific objectives:  (1) the identification of source
regions and atmospheric pathways for the chemical constituents
reaching the drill site, including the possible changes in air mass
characteristics during transit; (2) the study of the wet and dry
deposition mechanisms and rates of incorporation of chemical
species into precipitating snow; and (3) the development of methods
of interpreting the deep-ice-core data.  Prior field work has
resulted in the collecting of air, aerosol, precipitation, and
deposited snow samples, which will be analyzed for various anions
and cations, trace elements, carbon compounds, and trace gases.
This project will emphasize the deposition mechanisms.

GLACIOLOGY

Water in Frozen Media
DMR 9400637
07/15/94; (DMR) $50,000; 11 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
J. Gregory Dash

The research studies the fundamental basis of the premelting of ice
and thermomolecular pressure, which cause frost heave in frozen
ground.  The dynamics of the effect are studied, by polarimetry and
interference microscopy, on single crystal facets of ice, where
interfacial melting causes a thin, liquid film wetting the
interface.  The results are compared with theory in order to
investigate the orientation dependence and the proximity effect.
A second part of the program studies transport of unfrozen liquid
in monosized powders, as simple examples of porous media.  In
nontechnical terms, this program studies the fundamental mechanisms
of frost heave.  Typically, in frozen ground, frost heave occurs as
moisture is drawn toward lower temperatures.  This project
investigates the basic driving pressure and the flow of moisture,
by measurements of the effect on a single crystal of ice.  The
experimental results are compared with prediction based on a new,
detailed theory of frost heave.  The program also includes a study
of frost heave in porous media, using specially prepared artificial
powders.  These powders are more uniform than typical soils,
thereby permitting a more detailed comparison with the theory.

Polar Ice Coring Office
OPP 9423042
09/01/94; (OPP) $123,500; 12 months
University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Lincoln, NE  68588-0135
Karl C. Kuivinen

This amendment continues funding of the Polar Ice Coring Office at
the University of Nebraska (PICO/UNL).  The program plan is divided
up into the two broad areas of drilling and the arctic logistics
termed "Science Support."

Support for Polar Ice Coring Office
OPP 8920948
09/01/88; (OPP) $1,836,910; 77 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Luis M. Proenza

The Polar Ice Coring and Support (PICS) contract is a multiyear
award funded in annual increments.  The tasks are as follows:  (1)
maintain administration of the Polar Ice Coring Office (PICO); (2)
maintain the current inventory of ice coring equipment; (3)
continue the development and testing of an instrumented
electromechanical drill capable of retrieving core from a
fluid-filled hole.

National Ice-Core Curatorial Facility
OPP 9016366
01/01/91; (OPP) $83,736; 50 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309-0019
Mark F. Meier

This award supports the establishment of a National Ice-Core
Curatorial Facility to be located on the grounds of the Denver
Federal Center, operated by the University of Colorado, Boulder and
the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as an extension of the USGS Core
Research Center (CRC).  The facility will provide 50,600 cubic feet
of safeguarded core storage at -35 C.  Refrigerated examination
room, holding, staging, and changing areas will be provided, as
will instruments and equipment for routine core examination and
processing.  Additional facilities will be available at the CRC.
The Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado
will be responsible for the facility and will provide direction and
communication with the scientific community.  The University will
also provide a background of relevant research and educational
activities that will enhance the facility and provide new
scientific opportunities.  The USGS will provide the physical
facilities and staff and will operate and maintain the facility.
The USGS will also act in a curatorial capacity, providing for the
processing, cataloging, and distribution of samples_an area in
which CRC personnel have over 40 person-years of experience.

Presidential Young Investigator Award
OPP 9058193
08/15/90; (OPP) $29,000; 66 months
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA  16802-1503
Richard B. Alley

The PI intends to continue two lines of scientific inquiry
currently under investigation.  The first involves studies in
ice-sheet stability as a function of basal flow of a deforming bed,
where instability caused by marginal melting triggers ice sheet
collapse.  Field and modeling work support the idea of a triggering
mechanism, which would also explain the patterns of ice-related
sediment deposition associated with glacial movement.  In addition,
the PI will continue work in the basic physics of glacial ice, its
transformation, and the implications to the broader field of
paleoclimatology.

Geophysical Investigation of Seasonal Changes in the Basal Zone of
Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska
OPP 9122540
07/01/92; (OPP) $54,307; 48 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Charles F. Raymond

OPP 9122783
07/15/92; (OPP) $123,506; 48 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Keith Echelmeyer

This award is for support of a program of high-resolution seismic
reflection and radio-echo sounding on the surge-type Black Rapids
Glacier in Alaska.  Determination of changes in the structure of
the glacier bed during seasonal fluctuations in velocity will be
made.  The measurements will be made at a location where a 100- to
400-percent increase in speed is known to occur each year in the
early melt season.  Geophysical sensing of the basal zone will be
performed before and during the speedup.  Surface motion and
uplift, the discharge of water, solutes and sediment in the
terminal stream, meteorological conditions, and water level in
moulins will all be monitored.  These measurements will allow the
morphology of the glacier bed to be determined at times of
differing levels of basal motion and thus provide valuable insight
into the mechanisms of glacier and ice-stream motion and the role
of basal water.

Improvement and Validation of Glacier Dynamics Models:  A
Collaborative Study
OPP 9122916
07/15/92; (OPP) $115,000; 48 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Tad Pfeffer

OPP 9122966
07/15/92; (OPP) $89,999; 48 months
University of Wyoming
Laramie, WY  82071
Neil F. Humphrey

This award is for support of a 3-year collaborative program between
the University of Colorado, Boulder and the University of Wyoming,
Laramie to improve and validate glacier dynamic models.  An
isothermal, active glacier will be selected and the surface,
englacial, and basal velocity field will be determined on a
three-dimensional array of points over the glacier.  These results
will be used to test an improved top-down model, to compare
top-down and bottom-up models, and to define further the
constitutive law and sliding relations.

Distribution of Reactive Chemical Species in Ice and Snow
OPP 9123025
06/01/92; (OPP) $5,000; 30 months
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ  85721
Roger C. Bales

This award is for support of a 2-year program to study the air-snow
exchange processes controlling the uptake, release, and
incorporation of reactive gases into polar firn. The concentrations
of two reactive species, hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde, in the
air above and below the snow surface will be measured, and the
equilibria and kinetics of the absorption and release of these
gases at the ice-air interface will be studied.  A mathematical
model to describe gas-snow interactions will be developed,
calibrated, and validated using field data obtained at Summit,
Greenland.

Research Experience for Undergraduates on the Juneau Ice Field,
Alaska
OPP 9200798
06/15/92; (OPP) $47,775; 42 months
University of Idaho
Moscow, ID  83843
Maynard M. Miller

Ten undergraduates will be selected to participate in research
projects on the Juneau Ice Field, Alaska.  For more than 40 years,
research emphasizing geology, glaciology, geophysics,
glaciometeorology, geobotany, and surveying has been conducted on
this ice field.  With cooperation between the University of Idaho's
Glaciological and Arctic Environmental Sciences Institute and the
Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research, this
research/educational activity aims at a total systems study of one
of North America's largest ice fields. Under supervision of
professors with unique experience, drawn from the University of
Idaho and other universities, each undergraduate will select a
research project and be encouraged to exercise as much independent
judgment and initiative as possible in its development.
Undergraduates selected will be earth science students who
demonstrate scholarly aptitude, motivation, and research potential.

The staff will be available throughout the season for advice and
help, including lectures, seminars, and site-specific instructions
in methodologies to insure an effective research experience.

Evaluation of Processes at Polar Glacier Grounding Lines To
Constrain Glaciological and Oceanographic Models
OPP 9219048
05/01/93; (OPP) $12,280; 30 months
Northern Illinois University
De Kalb, IL  60115
Ross D. Powell

This award is for support of a project to evaluate processes
occurring at the grounding line of polar glaciers in order to
constrain both glaciological and oceanographic models.  A Remotely
Operated Submersible Vehicle will be used to help obtain the data.
The project will examine the physical processes involved in the
release of debris from the glacier and its dispersal in the
ice-proximal marine environment.  Sedimentary processes, surface
sedimentary facies, and biological communities will be studied to
improve interpretation of older glacial sedimentary facies.

Collaborative Research:  Late Weichselian (Valdi) Glaciation and
Deglaciation of Franz Josef Land, Russia
OPP 9222972
05/01/93; (OPP) $73,739; 24 months
Ohio State University Research Foundation
Columbus, OH  43210-1063
Steve Forman

Collaborative Research:  Late Weichselian (Valdi) Glaciation and
Deglaciation of Franz Josef Land, Russia
OPP 9223493
05/15/93; (OPP) $56,546; 29 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Gifford H. Miller

This award supports a glacial geologic, stratigraphic, and
geochronologic study of the limits and timing of Late
Weichselian/Holocene glacial and deglacial events on Franz Josef
Land, Russia. High-resolution satellite imagery will be used to
identify study areas; radiocarbon dating of subfossils included in
raised beaches of known elevation will provide information on the
timing and rate of glacial-isostatic uplift; stratigraphic and
sedimentological studies of glacial deposits will provide
information on provenance; and integration of field data with
isostatic and glaciological modeling will provide insight into
glacial thickness, position of ice divides, domes, streams, and
possible response to sea-level rise.  This study will provide new
data on Holocene and Late Weichselian glacial geometry in the
Russian Arctic where little data currently exist.

Collaborative Research:  Definition of High-Resolution Seismic
Facies for Interpreting Glacial Fluctuations
OPP 9223990
05/01/93; (OPP) $44,406; 30 months
Appalachian State University
Boone, NC  28608
Ellen A. Cowan

OPP 9223992
05/15/93; (OPP) $117,721; 29 months
Northern Illinois University
De Kalb, IL  60115
Ross D. Powell

This award is for support of a collaborative research project
between Northern Illinois University and Appalachian State
University.  The project involves a 3-year investigation to
characterize seismic reflection facies of temperate glaciers in
order to help infer climatic, glaciologic, and marine conditions
associated with the last glacial maximum advance and subsequent
retreat in Glacier Bay, Alaska.  The study will use the research
vessel Alpha Helix for collection of data by seismic reflection
profiling, side scan sonar, and piston and gravity coring.  This
work will provide critical data for modeling the depositional
systems of glacial grounding lines.

Relationships Among Water Input, Water Pressure, Surface Speed, and
Basal Till Deformation, Storglaciaren
OPP 9224175
04/15/93; (OPP) $29,451; 29 months
University of Delaware
Newark, DE  19716
Brian Hanson

OPP 9224209
04/15/93; (OPP) $118,681; 29 months
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
Minneapolis, MN  55415
Roger Hooke

This award is for support of a project to study a small valley
glacier in northern Sweden, Storglaciaren.  The three objectives of
this project are (1) to develop an empirical relationship between
melt rates on the glacier surface and meteorological forcing; (2)
to establish a relationship between subglacial water pressures and
velocities at the glacier surface; and (3) to measure strain rates,
shear stresses, and water pressures in the subglacial till in order
to establish a constitutive relation for till deformation.  A
long-term goal of this work is to develop a model to predict
glacier motion and diurnal and seasonal time scales.

Dynamics of Subglacier Water Routing and Characterization of the
Basal Hydraulic System
OPP 9224244
05/15/93; (OPP) $89,817; 29 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Mark F. Meier

This award is for support of a project to measure subglacial water
pressure, turbidity, electrical conductivity, and flow velocity
beneath a nonsurge glacier for a continuous period of 2 full years.

Measurements will be made directly at the glacier bed in boreholes
having known trajectories.  The data that are collected will be
used to test and refine existing theories of subglacial drainage
and to construct and verify a generalized model of basal hydrology.

Reconstruction of the Subarctic Climatic History and
High-Resolution Dating of Glacier Fluctuations Using Tree-Ring
Analysis at Yakutat and Icy Bays, Alaska
OPP 9321213
06/01/94; (OPP) $90,604; 12 months
State University of New York, Buffalo
Buffalo, NY  14214
Parker E. Calkin

This award is for a 3-year study to investigate the subarctic
climatic history as recorded largely in the tree-ring record and to
date precisely glacial fluctuations of ice tongues terminating in
and occurring at the margins of the deep, 50-kilometer long fjords
of Yakutat and Icy Bays of southeastern coastal Alaska.
Chronologies drawn from 500- to 900-year-old living trees
cross-dated with logs of buried forests at multiple sites in each
of the fjords will provide the main basis for climatic
reconstruction over the past 2 millennia.  Climatic and glacial
series together are expected to yield the first sound basis for
testing response of fjord glaciers to climate change.

Paleoenvironments of the Bering Land Bridge at the End of the Last
Glaciation
OPP 9223654
04/01/93; (OPP) $75,042; 30 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Scott A. Elias

This award supports an integrated research project to develop
chronostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental records of the
continental shelves of the Chukchi and Bering Seas off the coast of
northwestern Alaska.  The project will focus on the paleontology of
peat layers in late Pleistocene terrestrial and marginal marine
(marsh) sediments from existing cores.  Development of these
records will involve an integrated study of insects, pollen, plant
macrofossils, ostracods, and foraminifera.  The goal of this
project is to understand the Pleistocene paleoecology and the
inundation history of the Bering land bridge.  In addition to
providing a better understanding of Pleistocene paleoenvironmental
conditions, the results of this work have implications for
paleoclimatology, through improved records of sea-level change, and
anthropology, through a better chronology and understanding of the
Bering land bridge.

Ice-Radar and Satellite Remote-Sensing Studies of Glaciers and Ice
Sheets
OPP 9300165
05/01/93; (OPP) $62,513; 30 months
Saint Olaf College
Northfield, MN  55057
Robert W. Jacobel

This award supports a 3-year project to establish a Research
Experience for Undergraduates site at St. Olaf College to involve
undergraduates in ice-radar and satellite remote-sensing studies of
glaciers and ice sheets.  In addition to ongoing work on radar data
obtained from field studies of ice streams in West Antarctica and
glaciers in Washington State, this project will use radar and
satellite imagery information to help improve models of ice-stream
flow.  In addition to the laboratory work, the students involved in
this project will participate in field work on the South Cascade
Glacier in Washington.  This work is a collaboration with
glaciologists at National Aeronautics and Space
Administration-Goddard and the University of Chicago at no cost to
this grant.

Laurentide Ice-Sheet Instability:  Heinrich Events in the Labrador
Sea and Rapid Climate Changes
OPP 9321135
04/01/94; (OPP) $103,933; 18 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
John T. Andrews

This award is for support of a study to continue development of a
chronology, reconstruct paleoenvironments, and understand the
processes associated with major ice-sheet instability (Heinrich
events) of the eastern sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet over the
last glacial cycle.  During the continental glaciation of North
America, Hudson Strait drained a quarter to a third of the
Laurentide Ice Sheet and was the major conduit for the transport of
water, sediment, and icebergs from the ice sheet into the North
Atlantic.  The fluxes of these materials into the Labrador Sea and
North Atlantic would have had a dramatic effect on the global
climate system.  A number of cores have been identified for study
that will provide high-resolution records of ice-sheet (Heinrich)
events on centuries to decadal time scales.

Evaluation of a General Sliding Law by Flow Simulation, Haut
Glacier D'Arolla, Switzerland
OPP 9321350
05/15/94; (OPP) $89,834; 26 months
Kent State University
Kent, OH  44242
Jonathan Harbor

This award is for support of a project using a finite element model
for cross-sectional flow to constrain sliding and flow laws for the
Haut Glacier d'Arolla in Switzerland.  If varying sliding-law
exponents, the piezometric surface form and position, and the
pattern of basil friction are varied, it will be possible to
constrain the range of conditions that yields velocity fields
consistent with empirical data.  This work takes advantage of a
unique chance to test and refine the general sliding law, and an
opportunity to examine spatial variations in sliding explicitly in
the context of detailed information on the temporal and spatial
development of the glacier's hydrologic system.  Although this work
will be based on data collected in a mid-latitude alpine area, the
results will be of direct relevance to polar glaciology because
they can also be applied to glaciers with temperate (warm-based)
areas in polar regions.

Numerical Simulations of Heinrich Events (Binge/Purge Oscillations
of the Laurentide Ice Sheet)
OPP 9321457
06/01/94; (OPP) $117,615; 12 months
University of Chicago
Chicago, IL  60637
Douglas R. MacAyeal

This award is for support for a project to conduct a finite-element
modeling study of the mechanism for Heinrich Events (brief, but
violent episodes of iceberg disgorgement from the Laurentide Ice
Sheet occurring approximately every 7000 years).  The research
assumes that Heinrich events were caused by free oscillations in
the flow of the Laurentide Ice Sheet ("binge/purge" oscillator
theory) which arose because the floor of Hudson Bay and Hudson
Strait is covered with soft, unconsolidated sediment that forms a
slippery lubricant when thawed.  The modeling work will be novel in
the sense that two separate finite-element grids, each designed to
optimize computational performance under the restrictions of
diverse ice-flow mechanisms, will be used to advance the
ice-thickness distribution (and other fields) of the Laurentide Ice
Sheet through time asynchronously.  The outcome of the proposed
research will include (1) a verification of the binge/purge
oscillator theory of Heinrich Events through comparison of model
output with the geologic record, (2) estimation of the ice-rafted
debris flux associated with various methods of basal debris
entrainment, and (3) determination of the pre- and post-Heinrich
Event ice topographies for use in atmospheric circulation models.

Reconstructing Earth's Volcanic History from High-Resolution Polar
Ice Cores
OPP 9321478
06/01/94; (OPP) $129,065; 36 months
Ohio State University Research Foundation
Columbus, OH  43210-1063
Ellen Mosley-Thompson

This award is for support of a study to conduct anion and cation
analyses of samples from polar ice cores to establish an annually
resolved 800-year volcanic history for Greenland and a 4,000-year
history for Antarctica.  The proposed 800-year Greenland record
will complement the existing 1,000-year record from South Pole
Station and make detailed interhemispheric comparisons possible.
The proposed 4,000-year Antarctic record will extend from the South
Pole volcanic record and ultimately complement the longer histories
expected from central Greenland cores.  Interhemispheric comparison
of these high resolution (annual to decadal) time series will allow
identification of those near-tropical eruptions which perturb the
sulfuric acid content of the global atmosphere.

Dispersal History of Ice-Rafted Detritus in the Arctic Ocean
OPP 9321487
05/01/94; (OPP) $107,195; 18 months
Old Dominion Research Foundation
Norfolk, VA  23508-0369
Dennis A. Darby

This award supports a continued study of sediment from piston and
box cores from the Arctic Ocean.  The method employs petrographic
analysis of lithic fragments and heavy minerals and reflected-light
petrography and microprobe analysis of iron-opaque grains in a
comparative study of sediment cores and potential source areas
around the Arctic.  Comparison of the petrographic and chemical
data from the sediment cores and potential source areas is
facilitated by statistical methods to ensure best-fit matches of
sediment and source for determining the origin of sedimentary
material.  Sediment provenance determined in this way forms the
basis of inferences about transport pathways, and the petrographic
characteristics are used to infer transport mechanisms.  This
project will use existing material as well as cores to be collected
during the Arctic Ocean Section cruise in the summer of 1994.  The
goals are to (1) determine the source of ice-rafted sediment for
the latest major glacial and deglacial events and to infer Arctic
Ocean surface circulation patterns during the last 18,000 years;
(2) infer the drift patterns for older ice-rafting events; (3)
assess the potential distribution of contaminated sediment from
Russian rivers which are redistributed by sea-ice rafting; and (4)
expand the database from which sediment provenance for the Arctic
Ocean is derived.  This work is basic information about
sedimentation in the Arctic Ocean and represents a significant
investment in geologic information that will be valuable for other
projects focusing on past climates and recent geologic processes
active in the Arctic.

Studies on the Mechanics of Columbia Glacier, Alaska, and the
United States during its Rapid Retreat
OPP 9321556
06/15/94; (OPP) $59,305; 11 months
Ohio State University Research Foundation
Columbus, OH  43210-1063
Cornelis J. Van der Veen

This award is for support for a study on the mechanics of Columbia
Glacier, Alaska, and the United States, during its current rapid
retreat.  The extensive data set of surface elevations and
velocities obtained from many repeat aerial photogrammetries of the
glacier will be analyzed in order to identify the sites of, and
magnitudes of, mechanical controls on the lower part of the
glacier.  These data will also provide information to help
determine whether the ongoing retreat is associated with a major
change in flow style and to test various calving relations at each
phase of retreat of the ice front.  The understanding of the
controls of the collapse of the Columbia Glacier, obtained from
these data, will be very helpful in understanding major collapses
of other glaciers.

Geologic Test for Extent of Wisconsinian Glaciation on Southern
Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, from Exposure Ages Determined by
Radionuclides 26Al and 10Be
OPP 9321733
06/01/94; (OPP) $149,570; 42 months
Bentley College
Waltham, MA  02154-4705
P. Thompson Davis

This award provides support for a project to refine the glacial
chronology on southern Baffin Island by determining cosmogenic
exposure ages of polished and striated bedrock surfaces and
morainal boulders.  For the timing of deglaciation to be estimated,

the Beryllium-10 and Aluminum-26 in quartz separates from (1)
polished and striated bedrock surfaces on valley bottoms and along
fjord sidewalls and (2) boulders on nested sets of moraines will be
measured.  Preliminary results suggest that deglaciation in the
Pangnirtung area of southern Baffin Island occurred around 7,500
years ago.  This work will provide information to help resolve a
long-standing controversy in Quaternary science involving the
extent of ice sheets in the eastern Canadian Arctic during the late
Wisconsinian.

International Symposium on the Role of the Cryosphere in Global
Change
OPP 9413873
07/01/94; (OPP) $10,000, (ATM) $5,000; 6 months
Ohio State University Research Foundation
Columbus, OH  43210-1016
Kenneth C. Jezek

This award provides partial funding of the symposium volume for a
symposium to take place this summer in Columbus, Ohio, entitled
"The Role of the Cryosphere in Global Change."  The purpose of the
meeting is to bring together scientists involved with observing and
modeling high-latitude processes and assessing the impact of
changes in those processes on global climate.  This symposium is
being organized by the International Glaciological Society and is
cosponsored by the Byrd Polar Research Center, the American
Meteorological Society, and the American Geophysical Union.  The
symposium volume is to be published as a proceedings volume of the
Annals of Glaciology.

ARCTIC SYSTEM SCIENCE

GREENLAND ICE SHEET PROJECT (GISP) II

Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II:  Helium and Rare Gas Studies

OPP 9122991
05/01/92; (OPP) $13,915; 36 months
University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institute
La Jolla, CA  92093
Harmon Craig

This award is for support of a 2-year project to measure the helium
concentrations and isotope ratios, potassium/argon ratios, and
krypton-81 ages in ice from the GISP II core.  The helium program
is a search for nulls and/or reversals of the Earth's magnetic
field, which should leave a strong signal in the helium-3 to
helium-4 ratios and the helium-3 concentrations in ice-core helium.

If a geomagnetic helium event is recorded in the ice sheets, it
will provide a worldwide traceable horizon in both Greenland and
Antarctica for model studies of ice flow and for chronology.  The
potassium/argon measurements are to study gravitational
fractionation of gases in the firn.  The krypton-81 dating will
provide one of the first absolute ages on the GISP II core.

Collaborative Research:  An Ice Modeling Program for Greenland Ice
Sheet  Project (GISP) II
OPP 9123437
07/01/92; OPP $95,000; 36 months
Ohio State University Research Foundation
Columbus, OH  43210-1063
John Bolzan

An Ice Modeling Program for Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II
OPP 9123660
06/15/92; OPP  $155,000; 42 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Edwin D. Waddington

This award is for support of a 3-year cooperative modeling program
involving the University of Washington (UW) and the Ohio State
University (OSU).  Each research team will focus on complementary
parts of the ice modeling program which must be known before
adequate models can be constructed:  UW on derivation of
paleoclimate forcing on the ice flow and OSU on the development of
ice fabric and hardness variations.  Formal inverse techniques will
be used to derive rheological parameters and climate forcing
histories.  Ice-core and bore-hole data will also be used to test
the model.

An Ice Motion Survey for the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II,
Flow Modeling, and Ice Core Data Interpretation
OPP 9224132
05/15/93; (OPP) $28,728; 29 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Edwin D. Waddington

This award is for support of a 2-year project to extend a strain
network, established by a European group, 30 kilometers downstream
from the GISP II drilling site to provide additional data needed
for modeling of the ice flow at the GISP II site.  This modeling
provides information on the depth-age relationship of the deepest
ice where annual layers are lost, information that is critical for
dating the deep ice of the GISP II core.

Effects of Greenland Ice on the Earth's Gravity, Crustal
Deformation, and Tilt
OPP 9320568
09/01/94; (OPP) $34,515; 12 months
Vassar College
Poughkeepsie, NY 12601
Andrew Trupin

This award supports a theoretical and modeling effort to determine
the effects of the Greenland Ice Sheet on the rotation and gravity
field of Earth.  For these goals to be accomplished, the secular
and interannual changes in the geopotential, the position in the
Earth's rotation axis, and certain other parameters, such as
center-of-mass motion and length of day, will be calculated from
mass balance changes in ice.  The largest gravitational effects of
ice-thickness change shown in simple models are up to many times
higher than the observed effects.  This suggests that the viscous
response of the mantle to long-term changes in ice loading may be
canceling some of the elastic response. Current changes in gravity
and crustal motion depend critically on the time-lagged response of
the Earth's mantle to previous loading histories lasting as long as
tens of thousands of years.  Spatial and temporal changes in mass
balance from late Pleistocene deglaciation and the subsequent
interglacial period will be combined with current mass balance
estimates to assemble time histories for ice thickness throughout
the ice sheet.  From these histories, the elastic results for
gravity, rotation, and deformation can be corrected by the use of
glacial rebound models, such as the visco-elastic spherical Earth
model.  The viscous correction to the elastic loading for several
cases of late Pleistocene deglaciation and more recent thickness
change will be calculated for various upper and lower mantle
viscosity profiles.  A 20-kilometer by 20-kilometer grid will
provide means of projecting the viscous rebound rates for the point
mass model into the nonpointlike structure of the Greenland Ice
Sheet.  In addition to gravity, the components of crustal
deformation and tilt are important in geodetic measurements from
space.  This project will also assess the impact that future
observational improvements will have on understanding the mass
balance of Greenland.  The observational improvements are
anticipated from global positioning system (GPS) studies and
studies involving satellites that use laser ranging.  The use of
existing gridded meteorological, accumulation, ablation, and
ice-thickness data, along with ice-flow models to predict future
ice thickness changes in Greenland, is expected to greatly reduce
the difficulty in calculating gravity coefficients and crustal
motion for both the elastic and viscous cases.  The effects of the
possible changes in the position of the upper boundary of
appreciable summer-snow melt that roughly follows the periphery of
the ice sheet called the Benson Line can be used to predict
vertical motion near the ice-sheet boundary; the results may be
checked against sea-level records, where they exist.  Greenland
strain and velocity data may be used to estimate retention time of
new accumulation and the rates of discharge at the perimeter of the
ice sheet.  The sensitivity of ice model contributions to the total
mass loss (or gain) to the oceans and to changes in other ice
systems will also be investigated.  Anticipated results include
high-resolution surface models of gravity; deformation; and tilt
for the Greenland Ice Sheet, based on refinements of existing
models of ice-thickness change and corrected for the viscous
response of the mantle.  Since these results are expected to fall
within the detectable range of GPS receivers and possibly absolute
gravity meters, they may be tested against space- and ground-based
geodetic observations.  This research will lead to a better
understanding of the dynamic relationship between ice sheets and
Earth's crust.

The Oxygen Isotope Record of Climatic Change in the Greenland Ice
Sheet Project (GISP) II Core
OPP 9321164
05/01/94; (OPP) $130,000; 12 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Minze Stuiver

This award is for support to complete the oxygen-isotope
determinations of the GISP II ice core at 1.0-meter and 0.2-meter
resolution.  The relative importance of central Greenland
temperature change versus ocean-source temperature change will be
investigated (in cooperation with J.W.C. White, University of
Colorado, Boulder) by calculating the deuterium excess of these
samples.  In addition, the phase relationships between
oxygen-isotope patterns and changes in accumulation rate, ice
chemistry, dust content, and atmospheric-trace gases will be
determined.  The climatic and environmental significance of the
ice-core record will be assessed, and the spatial and temporal
variability of the isotope record will determined.

Continuation of Physical Properties of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Project (GISP) II
OPP 9321261
06/01/94; (OPP) $239,908; 36 months
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA  16801
Richard B. Alley

This award is for support of a 3-year program to continue the
physical properties measurements and dating of the GISP II ice
core, reconstruct accumulation rates, and interpret jointly the
accumulation rate, contaminant and isotopic records.  Dating of the
GISP II ice core has relied most heavily on visible strata,
although other indicators have been critical.  Flow discontinuities
in the deeper part of the GISP II core could invalidate the climate
record obtained there.  It is thus critical to know at what depth
the climate record becomes suspect.  Fortunately, flow
discontinuities have a physical signature that may be detected by
study of the size, shape, and arrangement of grains and their "c"
axes using optical and sonic techniques.  Physical data are also
important in ice-flow modeling for dating of the deep-ice core and
for understanding any past and future changes in the ice sheet.

Interpretation of Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Electrical
Conductivity Record
OPP 9321343
08/15/94; (OPP) $226,822; 36 months
University of Nevada Desert Research Institute
Reno, NV  89506
Kendrick C. Taylor

The GISP II has recovered an ice core from central Greenland
covering a time that extends at least 100,000 years before the
present.  The high-accumulation rate at the site makes it an ideal
record for studying climate mechanisms and variability.  The
electrical conductivity, which is a function of the acid/base
balance of the ice, has been measured continuously along the core
and provides the highest time resolution of the many measurements
that have been made on the core.  The existing conductivity record
will be interpreted in conjunction with other records.  Specific
goals are (1) investigate decadal and century scale climate change,
(2) develop a chronology of volcanic activity record in the GISP II
core, (3) improve the understanding of ice flow in the Summit
region, (4) improve the dating and accumulation record of the GISP
II core, and (5) develop a chronology of Northern Hemisphere
biomass burning as recorded by the GISP II core.  The GISP II is a
component of the NSF Arctic System Science Program.

High-Precision Temperature Log of Greenland Ice Sheet Project
(GISP) II and Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) Boreholes,
Greenland, for Paleoclimate Reconstruction and Ice Dynamics Studies
OPP 9321376
05/01/94; (OPP) $25,122; 12 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Edwin D. Waddington

This award is for support of a 3-year project to obtain temperature
logs in the GISP II and GRIP boreholes at Summit, Greenland, using
the U.S. Geological Survey's high-precision temperature-logging
system.  Temperatures will also be logged in several dry holes near
GISP II and GRIP, since the upper 100 meters in the main holes have
been thermally disturbed by the drill domes and drilling
activities.  The data are needed to derive surface
paleotemperatures directly from the present-day temperature
transients remaining at depth at these sites and to calibrate
better the isotope paleothermometer over the past 25,000 years.
Simultaneous inversion of high-precision data from both deep holes
will allow isolation of the paleoclimate signal from ice dynamics
effects.  The temperature data may also allow detection of rapid
shearing in the silty, basal ice, thus providing a test independent
of the bore hole deformation.

Cosmogenic Radionuclides in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP)
II Ice Core: 10Be, 26Al, and 36Cl
OPP 9321407
09/01/94; (OPP) $80,000; 12 months
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA  94720
Kunihiko Nishiizumi

This award supports a program to measure Beryllium-10, Aluminum-26,
and Chlorine-36 in samples from the GISP II ice core.  A continuous
profile of cosmogenic nuclide concentrations from the surface to
the bottom of the core will be measured and the resulting time
series of nuclide concentrations will be applied to deducing the
history of solar activity, deducing the history of variations in
the geomagnetic field, and dating the ice cores.  The time series
will also be used to study climatic history through the effects of
atmospheric circulation and of atmospheric chemistry on nuclide
deposition.  The successful coring of the subice bedrock has also
provided the opportunity of studying the exposure age of the subice
surface.

Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Major Ions_History and
Cause(s) of Climate Change
OPP 9321428
05/01/94; (OPP) $130,011; 18 months
University of New Hampshire
Durham, NH  03824
Paul A. Mayewski

This award is for support to provide a high-resolution
paleoenvironmental record of major anions and cations in the GISP
II ice core.  The parameters to be measured include chloride,
nitrate, sulfate, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and
ammonium.  The high-quality, continuous, high-resolution
multivariate chemical series will be combined with mathematical and
statistical techniques in order to examine the history and
understand the causes of climate change.  This work will allow the
characterization of the fundamental connections among the
glaciochemical signals and the other parameters measured in the
GISP II core and will permit a comparison with other ice-core
records, instrumental records, and other proxy records.  This study
will also allow for the interpretation of changes in the sources
and production rates of the chemical species recorded in the GISP
II ice and will permit an investigation into the causes of climate
change on a variety of time scales.

In-Depth Study of Cosmogenic In Situ 14CO, 14CO2[KR1] and
Atmospheric CO2 in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Firn
and Ice OPP 9321448 08/01/94; (OPP) $35,283; 12 months University
of California, San Diego, Scripps InstituteLa Jolla, CA
92093Devendra Lal

This award is for support for a 2-year continuing grant to study
the cosmogenic in situ carbon-14 trapped in the GISP II core.
Total amounts of carbon-14 activities in the carbon monoxide and
carbon dioxide phases will be studied using previously developed
techniques.  New techniques will be developed for the measurements
of carbon dioxide concentrations in ice using wet and dry
extraction methods and of carbon-14 activities using a dry
extraction procedure.  Through the study of  the total carbon-14
activities in ice samples of known age information on the
dependence of retention of both atmospheric carbon dioxide and in
situ carbon-14 activities on the ambient, temperatures will be
determined.  The proposed studies will provide an algorithm for
using the hybrid carbon-14 chronometer (hybrid because carbon-14 is
derived from two sources) and should allow accurate carbon-14
dating of other ice cores.

University of New Hampshire Science Management Office:  Greenland
Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II
OPP 9321499
05/01/94; (OPP) $109,033; 12 months
University of New Hampshire
Durham, NH  03824
Paul A. Mayewski

This award is for support for 3 years of funding for the Science
Management Office for GISP II.  The major tasks are to act as an
organizational tool for GISP II PIs; to continue data handling and
development of a "final" data set; to coordinate ice-core
collection activities in Denver at the National Ice Core
Laboratory; to guide and organize statistical tools; to maintain
current ties with the European Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP);
to include additional viewpoints and disciplines; to handle
specific issues (e.g., dating and intercalibration); to coordinate
workshops and meetings; to organize final products including a
compendium volume and papers; and to continue communications with
PIs, other scientists, the NSF, GRIP, and the public.

The Geochemistry of Trapped Gases in the Greenland Ice Sheet
Project (GISP) II Ice Core
OPP 9321514
08/01/94; (OPP) $70,000; 12 months
University of Rhode Island
Kingston, RI  02881
Michael L. Bender

This award is for support to continue research on the concentration
of methane, the isotopic composition and concentration of oxygen,
nitrogen, argon, and total gas content of samples from the GISP II
ice core.  The methane concentration of air is a proxy for the
extent of wetlands and the warm, wet climates they signify.
Methane is also a radiatively active gas that affects climate.  The
isotopic composition of oxygen in air reflects relative rates of
primary production in the terrestrial and marine environments and
humidity in productive continental areas.  Methane and the isotopic
composition of oxygen are also constant (or nearly so) throughout
the atmosphere at any one time.  They therefore serve as
time-stratigraphic markers for correlating Greenland and antarctic
ice cores.  Nitrogen and argon isotopes indicate the extent of
gravitational fractionation during the trapping process and allow
for correction of the measured concentrations and isotopic
compositions of these gases.  Total gas content reflects
paleoelevation of ice sheets among other poorly understood
influences.  This work will provide information on climate and
biogeochemistry during approximately the past 250,000 years of
Earth history.

Reconstruction of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Delta Carbon-13
from the High-Resolution Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Ice
Core
OPP 9321552
05/01/94; (OPP) $110,000; 12 months
University of California, San Diego
San Diego, CA  92093
Martin Wahlen

This award is for support to investigate, in detail, the timing
between changes in temperature (indicated by the isotopes of oxygen
and hydrogen in the ice, as well as by the accumulation rate) and
atmospheric carbon dioxide (from measurements of occluded air) in
the high-resolution GISP II ice core from central Greenland.  The
carbon dioxide measurements will be performed over periods of rapid
climate change, such as the last glacial to interglacial transition
and during the glacial interstadials, the Eemian, and the previous
glacial event.  The determination of leads or lags between
temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide will help to understand
the interplay of carbon dioxide and climate.  The carbon isotope
composition of atmospheric carbon dioxide will also be analyzed for
these periods in order to gain more information about the
mechanisms and processes responsible for carbon dioxide and climate
variations.

Constructing a 200,000-Year Atmospheric N2O Record from the
Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Ice Core
OPP 9321558
07/01/94; (OPP) $132,597; 36 months
Columbia University
New York, NY  10027
Todd Sowers

This award is for support for a study to construct a 200,000-year
record of the concentration of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the
atmosphere from the occluded air parcels in the GISP II ice core.
This record will provide information on nitrogen biogeochemical
cycles over glacial/interglacial time periods.  The concentration
of nitrous oxide in air is determined by the sources and sinks of
this gas on a global scale.  Estimates of the sources (terrestrial
and marine biospheres) and sinks (photodissociation in the
stratosphere) are not well constrained but the terrestrial
biosphere is thought to contribute about 80 percent of the global
nitrous oxide emissions, with the other 20 percent being made up
from an oceanic contribution.  Comparing an atmospheric nitrous
oxide record with other bioactive gases such as carbon dioxide and
methane will help in understanding the nature of changes in global
carbon cycling throughout the past 200,000 years and will be a
useful stratigraphic tool for correlating Greenland and antarctic
ice cores.

Deuterium and Deuterium Excess in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project
(GISP) II Ice Core
OPP 9321564
07/15/94; (OPP) $80,000; 11 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
James W. White

This award is for support to continue measurements of deuterium on
samples from the GISP II ice core.  The values of deuterium
measured on the GISP II ice core samples will be used to
reconstruct and interpret the temperature history recorded in the
core.  Deuterium excess values will also be calculated in order to
determine the climate conditions at the oceanic moisture source.
This work will be coordinated with the group from the University of
Washington that is measuring oxygen isotope ratios on the ice core.

Work to date suggests that records of pressure (North Atlantic
Oscillation) and temperature (Jakobshave-Oslo seesaw) oscillations
are recorded in the deuterium and deuterium excess values.  Values
of deuterium excess during the last glacial period show sharp
changes at the times of some, but not all, of the massive fluxes of
icebergs into the North Atlantic ocean (Heinrich Events).  Major
questions to be addressed include the nature of rapid climate
changes seen in many of the climate proxies measured in the core,
the existence of modes of climate as reflected by preferred states
of the climate proxies, and the importance for the climate record
of differential thinning and thickening of layers, as well as
possible folding and faulting of the near basal ice.

Geochemistry of Trapped Gases in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project II
Ice Core
OPP 9321623
07/01/94; (OPP) $9,856; 12 months
Columbia University
New York, NY  10027
Todd Sowers

This project supports continued research on the concentration of
methane, the isotopic composition and concentration of oxygen,
nitrogen, argon, and total gas content of samples from the
Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II ice core.  The methane
concentration of air is a proxy for the extent of wetlands and the
warm, wet climates they signify.  Methane is also a radiatively
active gas that affects climate.  The isotopic composition of
oxygen in air reflects relative rates of primary production in the
terrestrial and marine environments, and humidity in productive
continental areas.  Methane and the isotopic composition of oxygen
are also constant (or nearly so) throughout the atmosphere at any
one time.  They therefore serve as time stratigraphic markers for
correlating Greenland and Anarctic ice cores.  Nitrogen and argon
isotopes indicate the extent of gravitational fractionation during
the trapping process and allow for correction of the measured
concentrations and isotopic compositions of these gases.  Total gas
content reflects paleo-elevation of ice sheets among other poorly
understood influences.  This work will provide information on
climate and biogeochmeistry during the last approximately 250,000
years of Earth history.

Physical and Structural Properties of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Project (GISP II) Deep Core
OPP 9321624
05/01/94; (OPP) $80,214; 12 months
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL)
Hanover, NH  03755
Anthony J. Gow

This award supports a 3-year project that will complete physical
properties work (analysis of visual stratigraphy, density
variations, and c-axis fabric measurements) on the GISP II ice
core.  The objectives of this project are to (1) complete the
dating of the core, providing as highly accurate a depth/age scale
as is possible using all available parameters; (2) determine the
accumulation history at Summit to the maximum possible depth; (3)
use ice crystal c-axis fabrics and related structural parameters to
assess the extent and nature of the distortion which has been
observed in the bottom 200-300 meters of ice; (4) continue
monitoring relaxation characteristics of the ice through repeated
measurements of ice sample density and ultrasonic velocities; and
(5) carry out detailed examination of the basal debris layer to
determine its compositional and structural characteristics and to
delineate the origin and mechanics of incorporation of the
debris-rich ice.

Origins of Particles in Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Ice
OPP 9321910
05/01/94; (OPP) $65,000; 12 months
Columbia University
New York, NY  10027
Pierre E. Biscaye

This award provides support for a 1-year project to apply a variety
of natural tracer techniques to the varying concentrations of dust
in the GISP II ice core, during the period from the Older Dryas to
the Pre-Boreal, and to the varying dust concentrations deposited
during the stadials and interstadials which correspond to Heinrich
Events H4 and H3.  Several natural tracers including mineralogical
analysis, isotopic analysis of aluminosilicates (strontium and
neodymium) and of soluble minerals such as calcite and gypsum
(oxygen, sulfur, and carbon), and pollen analysis are proposed to
help determine the origins of this material.  Preliminary work on
ice core samples from the last glacial maximum have demonstrated
significant mineralogical variation, indicating a southward shift
in dust source area between samples from a lower-dust, interstadial
period and a higher-dust, stadial period about 700 years apart.
With this information, net air mass transport pathways can be used
to aid in the modeling of atmospheric paleocirculation patterns.

An Ice-Core-Derived Multivariate Proxy Record of Holocene Climate
Change from the Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada
OPP 9322045
04/15/94; (OPP) $97,356; 17 months
University of New Hampshire
Durham, NH  03824
Gregory A. Zielinski

This award supports participation by a U.S. research team from the
University of New Hampshire in an international collaborative
effort to collect and study an approximately 500-meter-long ice
core from the Penny Ice Cap on Baffin Island, Canada.  This project
is collaborative with the Geological Survey of Canada and Japan's
National Institute of Polar Research.  Field work includes study of
snow pits and shallow cores in addition to collection and analysis
of the main 500-meter-long core.  Laboratory work supported by this
award includes analysis of major ions (sodium, ammonium, potassium,
magnesium, calcium, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate), insoluble
microparticles, and methanesulfonic acid.  These data will be
integrated with analytical data collected in Canada and Japan, and
the complete set of analyses will be used to construct a proxy
record of climate and environmental conditions for Baffin Island
for the Holocene.  These data from the Penny Ice Cap will
complement records from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP);
specifically, these data will provide information about climatic
conditions at lower elevations that will allow a useful comparison
to interpretations from the GISP cores.

Insoluble Particles in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II
Ice Core:  (a) Analysis of Core Stratigraphy by Laser-Light
Scattering, (b) Changes in Mineralogy and Particle Size in Glacial
Ice
OPP 9322401
05/01/94; (OPP) $80,001; 12 months
State University of New York, Buffalo
Buffalo, NY  14214
Michael Ram

This award is for support for a 3-year project to complete
measurements of stratigraphy on the GISP II ice core with
laser-light scattering, using both a solid technique and a
technique that involves analysis of meltwater.  At present, the
resolution of the meltwater measurements allows annual layers only
larger than 3 centimeters to be distinguished, so ice below 1,900
meters cannot be properly analyzed by scattering from meltwater.
The resolution of these measurements will be improved so that
annual layers as small as 1 centimeter will be able to be measured
by this technique.  Measurements using the solid technique have, so
far, only been applied to bubble-free ice.  It will be demonstrated
that this technique can be extended to bubbly ice, and this method
will be used to analyze all remaining sections of the ice core.
The laser-light scattering measurements will be calibrated so that
they give the variation in number of particles larger than 0.5
micrometers along the core, rather than just the relative scattered
light intensity.  Finally, selected sections of the core will be
remeasured at regular time intervals to determine how the scattered
signal changes with time as bubbles re-emerge.

Methanesulfonate in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Ice
Core (Summit, Greenland)
OPP 9322518
05/15/94; (OPP) $95,000; 11 months
University of Miami
Miami, FL  33149
Eric S. Saltzman

This award is for support for an investigation of the distribution
of methanesulfonate (MSA) in the GISP II ice core in order to
assess the relationship between biogenic sulfur emissions,
atmospheric aerosols, and climate change over the North Atlantic
Ocean.  This project is primarily directed at completing the GISP
II MSA record from Summit, Greenland, which will cover an entire
glacial/interglacial cycle.  The GISP II record has already
demonstrated dramatic differences between glacial/interglacial
trends in Greenland as compared with Antarctica.  This work will
provide new information about the factors controlling the
variability in the atmospheric sulfur signal and its relationship
to other changes in atmospheric chemistry.  Samples from two other
Greenland ice cores (Camp Century and Dye-3) will also be studied
to examine climate-related variability of MSA during the Holocene.

OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE-ICE INTERACTIONS (OAII)

Icebreaker Support
OPP 9444171
09/01/94; (OPP) $250,000; 6 months
Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard
Washington, DC  20591
Allan D. Summy

The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) provides icebreaking services in
support of National Science Foundation sponsored projects in the
polar regions. OPP determines the operating missions of the
icebreakers in the polar regions  for the assigned period. The USCG
primarily supports the Antarctic Program, however, the funds for
this award are for the estimated costs of icebreaking support in
the Arctic region.  In particular, icebreaker support will be
provided for the Arctic  Ocean Section cruise.  The funds will
cover fuel, maintenance, and helo costs.

Science Management Office Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS)
Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII)
OCE 9224892
05/15/93; (OCE) $54,627, (OPP) $54,626; 29 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Richard E. Moritz

The Polar Research Center at the University of Washington will
establish a science management office for the OAII component of
ARCSS global change research program.  Initial science planning and
management for this activity established initial plans and
priorities for interdisciplinary ocean- and atmosphere-related
arctic research, and an ARCSS OAII Science Plan was developed.  The
Science Management Office (SMO) will support the OAII science
steering committee and various working groups.  The steering
committee formulates recommendations on research priorities and
assists in developing Announcements of Opportunity for ARCSS
research, based on community input.  The steering committee
annually reviews and updates the OAII science plan and provides
recommendations to funding agencies.  The SMO will organize and
conduct workshops that bring together experts to define further and
to rank scientific initiates and related activities.  It will also
serve as a point of contact for coordinating the diverse research
activities of OAII investigators.  Information will be disseminated
from the SMO through newsletters, electronic mail, and other means
to keep the scientific community informed about program activities,
directions, and opportunities.

Ship Operations
OCE 9300402
01/01/93; (OCE) $755,740, (OPP) $500,000; 30 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Thomas D. Smith

The University of Alaska will operate the research vessel Alpha
Helix during 1993 as a general oceanographic research vessel in
support of NSF-funded projects.  The Alpha Helix is a 133-foot
(40.5-meter) general research vessel owned by the NSF and
constructed in 1966.  The ship is scheduled for 167 operating days
in 1993, of which 129 days are in support of NSF-sponsored project.

The cruises will be primarily in the north Pacific Ocean, but will
include significant research cruise legs to the Bering and Chukchi
Sea regions for Arctic Systems Science research.  This vessel is
part of a fleet used by NSF to support oceanographic research.
Most oceanographic research requires specialized equipment that
must be permanently installed on the research vessel.  Trained crew
members are also required to support the equipment systems and
research operations.  This is the first year of a planned 3-year
award.

Small Grants for Exploratory Research (SGER) Natural and Artificial
Radionuclides as Tracers of Particle Cycling and Circulation Time
Scales in the Arctic Ocean
OCE 9408945
04/01/94; (OCE) $24,964, (OPP) $24,963; 12 months
University of Rhode Island
Kingston, RI  02881
S.B. Moran

This SGER project involves an opportunistic collaboration between
U.S. and Canadian investigators who will conduct a study of a suite
of natural and artificial radionuclides during the 1994 United
States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section (AOS).  The AOS is under the
auspices of the Arctic Systems Science Global Change Research
Program. The AOS is a collaborative research effort with Canada
that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a Canadian and a
U.S. icebreaker during a 55-day cruise in the summer of 1994.  This
project will measure thorium isotopes in seawater to quantify
upper-ocean particulate organic carbon and nitrogen export fluxes
and deep-ocean particle cycling.  In situ pumps will be used to
collect dissolved and particulate samples for determination of
radionuclides in the surface and deep waters.  Collection of these
data within the framework of other multidisciplinary efforts will
lead to a better understanding of organic carbon and nitrogen
cycling and particle dynamics and circulation time scales in the
Arctic Ocean and will contribute to the emerging global efforts to
understand the role of the Arctic Ocean in global climate change
better.

Collaborative Research on the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya:
Phytoplankton/Zooplankton Dynamics
OPP 9113754
09/15/91; (OPP) $4,000; 48 months
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN  37996-0140
Walker O. Smith

This proposal is part of an integrated scientific investigation to
study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice, and
biology in the NEW Polynya, which occurs near northeastern
Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding of the
arctic-shelf slope processes.  This element of the NEW program will
evaluate the magnitude and spacial-temporal variation of
phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and taxa; primary and new
productivity and its environmental controls; and associated
parameters related to the impact of NEW on water masses and shelf
processes.

Collaborative Research on the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya:  The
Circulation from Current Meter Moorings and Acoustic Doppler
Current Profile (ADCP)
OPP 9113887
09/15/91; (OPP) $11,721; 42 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Mark A. Johnson

This proposal is part of an integrated scientific investigation to
study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice, and
biology in the NEW Polynya, which occurs near northeastern
Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding of
arctic-shelf slope processes.  This element of the NEW program will
study the physical oceanography and circulation of the NEW polynya
using closely spaced CTD stations, ADCP, and current meter
moorings.  Current meter moorings will be used during the initial
4-week research program and then redeployed for year-long
measurements.  The moorings will be recovered during the second
field research period. The data from these instruments will be used
to determine whether Atlantic Intermediate Water arrives in the
polynya via the polynya trough system to supply heat to melt ice,
as well as to assess the importance of the flow fields' to
biological productivity.

Collaborative Research on the Northwest Water (NEW) Polynya:
Microbial Dynamics and Particle Transformations
OPP 9113960
09/15/91; (OPP) $50,000; (OCE) $30,000; 48 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Jody W. Deming

This proposal is part of an integrated scientific investigation to
study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice, and
biology in the NEW Polynya, which occurs near northeastern
Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding of
arctic-shelf slope processes.  This element of the NEW program will
evaluate the role of heterotrophic microorganisms on organic
materials produced within the polynya.  It will test the hypothesis
that low temperatures severely restrict the degradative functions
of micro-organisms associated with organic particulates produced
within the polynya and available for export beyond its boundaries.
It will also assay for temporal shifts in microbial community size,
structure, and complexity.

A Trituim (T) and Noble Gas Study in the Northeast Greenland
Polynya
OPP 9114037
08/01/92; (OPP) $53,170; 36 months
University of Miami School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences
Miami, FL  33149
Zafer Top

This proposal is part of an integrated scientific investigation to
study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice, and
biology in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya, which occurs near
northeastern Greenland, in order to gain an integrated
understanding of arctic-shelf slope processes.  This element of the
NEW program will measure tritium as a chemical tracer to determine
how much Atlantic water may be recycled in the region, how
effective the gas exchange is through the polynya surface, and how
much ice forms during the freezing season.  Tritium-helium ages
will provide corroborative data for biological studies directed at
determination of oxygen utilization rates, a major concern of the
program, and will therefore serve as important collaborative input
to the NEW Program.

Laboratory and Numerical Modeling of Some Aspects of the Dynamics
of the Arctic Ocean and its Adjacent Seas
OPP 9207822
03/15/93; (OPP) $76,424, (OCE) $76,414; 23 months
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA  90089-1147
Tony Maxworthy

Investigators at the University of Southern California will
undertake research to model and investigate some of the important
dynamical processes that have been identified in the Arctic Ocean
and adjacent seas.  These waters play an important role in global
warming, and it is important to understand their dynamical behavior
on many space and time scales.  At several locations during the
winter, major sources of dense cold seawater are formed and sink.
Much of this water reaches great depths and eventually spreads
through the world's ocean basins.  This thermo-haline circulation
is a major factor in understanding the long-term evolution of the
coupled atmosphere-ocean system.  This work will examine some
aspects of this problem.  Primarily, the mechanisms whereby the
motion of the dense water that is formed by intense cooling and/or
freezing is controlled by the environment in which it is created.
Among the issues of interest are (a) the origin and dynamics of
small and mesoscale eddy structures that have been observed
repeatedly by satellite images and reported by field investigators
at different arctic locations; (b) the formation of a halocline
between the upper mixed layer and the underlaying Atlantic water,
which tends to shield the ice cover from an upward heat flux; (c)
the upwelling and/or downwelling processes that have been observed
in the marginal ice zones; and (d) interaction between the shelf
and the basin waters.  For this work to be accomplished, both
laboratory experiments and numerical calculations will be made with
well-defined objectives.  A wide range of generic problems will be
tackled starting from the simplest convection experiment with a
nonuniform heat flux to the most complex in which virtually all of
the controlling parameters are incorporated. In this way individual
and combined effects of these various inputs can be studied.

United States Interagency Arctic Drifting Buoy Program (USIADBP)
OPP 9210471
09/01/92; (OPP) $25,000, (OCE) $25,000; 36 months
Department of the Navy_National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration Ice Center
Washington, DC  20350
David A. Benner

The USIADBP will provide the management structure and coordination
necessary to establish and maintain a baseline network of drifting
buoys of sufficient spatial resolution and longevity to define
surface synoptic scale atmospheric pressure, air temperature, and
sea-ice drift fields in the Arctic.  These data can be separated
into two separate categories:  (1) near-real-time data for
operational use in weather and sea-ice forecasting, which is
processed by System Argos and distributed by the World
Meteorological Organization Global Telecommunication System and (2)
"historical" data that are processed, quality controlled, and
archived to meet the established needs of the scientific research
community.

A Multidisciplinary Synthesis of the Chukchi Sea Ecosystem:
Biological Processes
OPP 9215329
01/15/93; (OPP) $41,143, (OCE) $120,426; 23 months
University of South Florida
Tampa, FL  33620
John J. Walsh

This collaborative effort will use an extensive and unique data set
collected over several years from the Chukchi Sea.  Investigators
from three institutions will study the interactions of physical,
chemical, and biological processes of the Chukchi Sea ecosystem to
define its present and future trophic status in a series of data
and simulation analyses.  Biological processes in the Chukchi Sea
will be assessed using data from a series of 13 current meter
moorings in 1990-91 and 7 bilateral U.S.-U.S.S.R. cruises during
1988-91.  The source water concentrations of nutrients flowing
through Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean will be determined
annually in 1988-91 and will be combined with buoyancy flux
estimates to calculate nutrient flux estimates.  Project
participants will analyze various scenarios of ice cover, primary
production, dissolved organic cardon releases, and CO2 exchange
with the atmosphere, using a biochemical model of high vertical
resolution (1 meter) coupled to a barotropic circulation model of
coarse horizontal resolution (10 kilometers).  In addition,
dominant phytoplankton groups will be identified and related to
their respective nutrient habitats.  This work supports the goals
and research priorities of the Arctic System Science program of the
Global Geosciences Initiative.

Multidisciplinary Synthesis of Chukchi Sea Ecosystem:  Chemical
Processes
OPP 9216130
01/15/93; (OPP) $43,421, (OCE) $96,933; 29 months
University of Texas at Austin
Austin, TX  78712
Terry E. Whitledge

This collaborative effort will use an extensive and unique data set
collected over several years from the Chukchi Sea.  Investigators
from three institutions will study the interactions of physical,
chemical, and biological processes of the Chukchi Sea ecosystem to
define its present and future trophic status through a series of
data and simulation analyses.  Chemical processes in the Chukchi
Sea will be assessed using data from a series of 13 current meter
moorings in 1990-91 and 7 bilateral U.S.-U.S.S.R. cruises during
1988-91.  The source water concentrations of nutrients flowing
through Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean will be determined
annually in 1988-91 and will be combined with buoyancy flux
estimates to calculate nutrient flux estimates.  Nutrient budgets
for the Chukchi Sea shelf will be constructed and compared with
subsurface oxygen inventories and primary production estimates.  In
addition, dominant phytoplankton groups will be identified and
related to their respective nutrient habitats.  Organic
decomposition (regeneration) and respiration processes will be
examined using systematic changes in regenerated nutrients and
dissolved oxygen.  This work supports the goals and research
priorities of the Arctic System Science program of the Global
Geosciences Initiative.

Investigations of the Western Arctic:  The Northeast Chukchi Sea
OPP 9218756
06/01/93; (OPP) $59,574, (OCE) $59,574; 30 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Thomas J. Weingartner

Investigations of the Western Arctic:  Transport and Water
Properties in Bering Strait and over the Chukchi Shelf
OPP 9219847
06/01/93; (OPP) $149,457, (OCE) $149,456; 30 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Knut Aagaard

Investigations of the Western Arctic:  Variability of Sea-Ice
Thickness Distribution in Bering Strait and the Chukchi Sea
OPP 9222331
05/15/93; (OPP) $89,679, (OCE) $89,679; 29 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Richard E. Moritz

A collaborative research project will be undertaken by
investigators at the University of Washington and the University of
Alaska as part of the Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions component
of the Arctic System Science global change research program.  The
research objective is to measure the transport of water through the
Bering Strait and to determine the influence of this transport on
the physical properties and variability of the Arctic Ocean,
particularly the surface layer.  These physical properties, such as
ice cover and thickness, vertical mixing, and thermo-haline
structure, affect the extent of the arctic ice pack.  If changing
climate conditions caused the ice pack to shrink or change
significantly, the effect would be felt throughout the world's
atmosphere and oceans.  The influx of water through the Bering
Strait is one of the major inputs to the Arctic Ocean; therefore
its volume and physical properties must be known in order to
understand the processes that control the Arctic Ocean's physical
features.  Each of three coordinated projects will deal with one or
more aspects of the system, together providing insight into the
broader workings of the Arctic's physical and geochemical
processes.  Moorings will be deployed for a 3-year period at key
locations.  These moorings will provide concurrent time series of
water column properties including temperature, salinity, and
currents; an upward-looking sonar will make a full year of ice
thickness observations.  A hydrographic program also will examine
water column variability in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, where the
low-salinity portion of the Pacific inflow drains into the Arctic
Ocean.  The work builds on earlier efforts funded by Office of
Naval Research and NSF that were conducted in cooperation with the
physical and chemical oceanographic programs of National
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration /Pacific Marine
Environmental Laboratory.

A Multidisciplinary Synthesis of the Chukchi Sea Ecosystem:
Physical Processes
OPP 9220635
01/15/93; (OPP) $42,334, (OCE) $96,999; 29 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Knut Aagaard

This collaborative effort will use an extensive and unique data set
collected over several years from the Chukchi Sea.  Investigators
from three institutions will study the interactions of physical,
chemical, and biological processes of the Chukchi Sea ecosystem to
define its present and future trophic status through a series of
data and simulation analyses.  Physical processes in the Chukchi
Sea will be assessed using data from a series of 13 current meter
moorings in 1990-91 and 7 bilateral U.S.-U.S.S.R. cruises during
1988-91.  Project participants will analyze the buoyancy and
current fields from the year-long time series data together with
the wind field. Collaborators will also examine the role of
physical processes, with a particular emphasis on the variability
of the shelf circulation over the year, the role of the wind in
forcing the shelf circulation, and the variable fluxes of heat,
salt, and other dissolved substances through the system.  The
source water concentrations of nutrients will be combined with
buoyancy flux estimates to calculate nutrient flux estimates.
Nutrient budgets for the Chukchi Sea shelf will then be constructed
and compared with subsurface oxygen inventories and primary
production estimates.  The work supports the goals and research
priorities of the Arctic System Science program of the Global
Geosciences Initiative.

Influence of the St. Lawrence Island Polynya and the Gulf of Anadyr
Cold Pool upon Benthic Communities of the Northern Bering Sea
OPP 9300684
07/01/93; (OPP) $122,533; 30 months
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN  37996-0140
Jacqueline M. Grebmeier

Benthic studies in the northern Bering Sea indicate that the Gulf
of Anadyr cold pool, which has apparently shifted over the past
decade, has an important influence on benthic community structure.
This research will integrate benthic studies of the Gulf of Anadyr
with a recently completed appraisal of the importance of the nearby
St. Lawrence island polynya on benthic communities.  This appraisal
indicated that there were significant differences in benthic
biomass, sediment respiration, tunicate cellulose oxygen-18
content, sediment lipid content, and bottom chlorophyll values
between nearshore benthic communities most directly affected by the
polynya and the offshore benthos.  These findings indicate that the
presence of the open-water polynya in the winter contributes to
benthic productivity south of St. Lawrence island.  This work also
suggests, however, that the presence of the Gulf of Anadyr cold
pool has an even more important physical influence_an association
with the most productive benthic communities (as measured by
sediment respiration and benthic biomass) in the northern Bering
Sea.  This research will conduct detailed studies of the nearshore
benthos southwest of St. Lawrence Island and within the Gulf of
Anadyr cold pool, with the goal of characterizing the influence of
this feature on ecosystem function in the Bering Sea benthos.
Benthic production is extremely important in the shallow Bering
Sea, and more detailed knowledge of its role will contribute
significantly to our understanding of the Arctic marine ecosystem.

Investigation of Shelf Water Input and Deep Boundary Currents in
the Eurasian Basin using Chlorofluorocarbons
OPP 9303026
07/15/93; (OPP) $77,480; 23 months
Columbia University
New York, NY  10027
William M. Smethie

This project, under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science
(ARCSS)/Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interaction (OAII) global change
research program will conduct research on the circulation of Arctic
Ocean water masses. This work will investigate the input of shelf
water from the Barents, Kara, and Laptev seas of the Arctic Ocean
into the subsurface water masses of the Eurasian Basin and will
examine the circulation of these subsurface water masses along the
continental slope in this region.  These objectives will be met by
measuring anthropogenic halocarbons on samples collected during the
summer and autumn 1993 cruise of the German Research icebreaker
Polarstern.  Shelf waters will have a relatively high anthropogenic
halocarbon signal because they interact extensively with the
atmosphere.  The halocarbon distributions will be used to determine
locations of shelf water inflow, to investigate formation of
subsurface water masses in the Eurasian Basin by mixing shelf
waters and deep water, and to investigate the transport of newly
formed subsurface water masses in the deep cyclonic boundary
current that has been postulated to flow around the Eurasian Basin.

This work will be carried out in conjunction with several German
investigators.  The research objectives address the ARCSS research
priority area of circulation of the Arctic Ocean.

Evolution of Sea-Ice Characteristics, Cloud Properties, and
Radiation Fluxes During the Autumnal Freezing of the Beaufort Sea
Coastal Waters
OPP 9320938
04/15/94; (OPP) $270,000; 17 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Judith A. Curry

This project is an integrated experimental and modeling effort to
understand and interpret the evolution of sea-ice characteristics,
cloud properties, and radiation fluxes during the autumnal freezing
of the coastal waters of the Beaufort Sea.  It will be carried out
in the scientific context of the Beaufort and Arctic Seas
Experiment (BASE), a Canadian program with the objective of
improving the understanding of weather systems in the Canadian
Arctic, and with a focus on the hydrologic balance of the Mackenzie
River.  This project will make use of the National Center for
Atmospheric Research C-130 aircraft, and BASE will provide
substantial synergistic observational facilities.  The direct
aircraft observations will be supplemented by satellite data to
extend the time and space scales of the analyses, and will be used
to interpret and validate satellite retrieval algorithms.  A
three-dimensional mesoscale model of the atmosphere will be used to
interpret the temporal and spatial evolution of the sea-ice cover
and the atmospheric-boundary-layer characteristics.  A coupled
sea-ice model will be used to interpret the physical processes of
the sea ice that responds to atmospheric forcing.  The result of
the research will be an improved understanding of the atmospheric
modulation of the surface radiation balance and the effect of the
radiation balance on the freezing of coastal waters.

A Conductivity-Temperature-Depth/Hydrographic Section across the
Arctic Ocean
OPP 9322546
04/01/94; (OPP) $34,281, (OCE) $34,281; 18 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Knut Aagaard

Research conducted by this award is a component of the 1994
U.S.-Canada Arctic Ocean Section (AOS).  The AOS is a collaborative
effort with Canada that involves approximately 60 scientists
participating on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during a 55-day
field program in the summer of 1994.  The AOS is under the auspices
of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research
Program, and research is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean
Sciences, the Office of Polar Programs, and Office of Naval
Research (ONR).  Data collected should be relevant to improving our
understanding of how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global
climate conditions and how it affects the physical, chemical, and
biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions.  This
specific research project encompasses part of the hydrography
program.  Precision temperature, conductivity, oxygen, and nutrient
profiles will be collected at intervals along the cruise track.
Resulting data will be analyzed to increase understanding of the
structure and circulation of the Arctic Ocean.  Research will focus
on three areas: (1) the structure of the halocine, wherein density
differences between masses of seawater may drive the circulation
and mixing of deep Arctic Ocean water with water from other parts
of the world's oceans; (2) seawater properties and gradients near
major seafloor features; and (3) the horizontal and vertical
structure of the water column below 1,500 meters.

Atmosphere-Ocean Radiative Interactions in the Arctic:  A Shipboard
Measurement Program
OPP 9322700
05/15/94; (OPP) $145,053; 11 months
University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institute
La Jolla, CA  92093
Dan Lubin

Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the
Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and
is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the
Office of Polar Programs.  The research will be centered around a
unique and intensive, multidisciplinary research expedition to
parts of the Arctic Ocean that have not been extensively studied.
The 1994 United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a
collaborative effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60
scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of
1994.  NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and
paleo- and sea-ice studies.  Data collected will be among the first
ever from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly
relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of
changing global climate conditions and of how it affects the
physical, chemical, and biological features of the more temperate
oceans and regions.  This component of the program involves
shortwave and longwave measurements of the surface flux and optical
properties of clouds, haze, and the clear atmosphere in the Arctic.

The CalSpace Fourier-transform Infrared spectroradiometer will be
installed on the U.S. icebreaker to measure zenith emission spectra
in the longwave.  These data will be used to compile a climatology
of cloud emissivity, optical depth, and effective radius of droplet
size distribution.  Shortwave measurements will be taken using a
four-channel solar radiometer system.  A zenith sky camera will be
included, along with a standard Eppley Pyranometer and Pyrgeometer
for monitoring purposes along the ship track.  Satellite data from
the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Polar
Orbiters and the Defense Meteorology Satellite Program will be
recorded using the on board TereScan facilities such that arctic
radiative processes can be studied from "both sides" of the
atmosphere.  This will allow for refining cloud detection and
radiation budget algorithms.  These integrated measurements have
direct bearing on our understanding of how clouds affect the
transfer of heat between the atmosphere and the Arctic, which in
turn impact on our ability to understand and predict climate
variability.

A Conductivity-Temperature-Depth/Hydrographic Section across the
Arctic Ocean
OPP 9322705
05/01/94; (OPP) $95,054, (OCE) $95,000; 12 months
University of California, San Diego
San Diego, CA  92093
James H. Swift

Research conducted by this award is a component of the 1994 United
States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section (AOS).  The AOS is a
collaborative effort with Canada that involves approximately 60
scientists participating on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during
a 55-day field program in the summer of 1994.  The AOS is under the
auspices of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change
Research Program and research is jointly sponsored by the Division
of Ocean Sciences, the Office of Polar Programs, and Office of
Naval Research.  Data collected should be relevant to improving our
understanding of how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global
climate conditions and how it affects the physical, chemical, and
biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions.  This
project encompasses a service and research program.  The
Oceanographic Data Facility at the Scripps Institution of
Oceanography will conduct a detailed hydrographic survey consisting
of about 100 precision temperature, conductivity, oxygen, and
nutrient profiles at approximately 30-kilometer intervals along the
cruise track.  Resulting data will be shared with all participants.

Swift will use the hydrography data to focus on a study of the
origin and circulation of the intermediate and deep waters of the
Arctic Ocean and nearby seas.  Parameters to be determined are the
surface-to-bottom distributions and sources of the physical and
chemical characteristics, and the location, origin, and the
structure of subsurface boundary currents.  Information thus
obtained will augment other studies conducted by the AOS and will
contribute to response studies of the regimes to environmental
forcing.

Biological Dynamics of the Inorganic Carbon System in the Arctic
Ocean Based on Samples from the 1994 United States-Canada
Transarctic Section
OPP 9400036
05/01/94; (OPP) $40,240, (OCE) $40,240; 12 months
Columbia University
New York, NY  10027
Raymond N. Sambrotto

Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the
Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and
is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the
Office of Polar Programs.  The research will center on a unique and
intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the
Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively.  The 1994
United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort
with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a
Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994.
NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo-
and sea-ice studies.  Data collected will be among the first ever
from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly
relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of
changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical,
chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and
regions.  This work is a component of the collaborative biology
program.  Research will be undertaken to investigate the horizontal
movement of carbon in arctic waters.  Unlike ice-free waters where
vertical movement of organic material through the "biological pump"
dominates the carbon flux pathway, horizontal movement of organic
matter from the large arctic shelves to the interior may be the
dominant flux pathway for carbon in arctic systems.  Research will
focus on the importance of horizontal carbon flux using
measurements of the inorganic carbon system, total dissolved
inorganic carbon, and dissolved CO2 gas, from which carbonate and
alkalinity will be derived.  Organic and inorganic carbon
production and mineralization rates in upper surface waters will be
determined and analyzed based on the distribution of these
variables relative to isopycnic surfaces and water-mass age.  These
measurements complement other on board sampling projects and will
facilitate a better understanding of carbon flux dynamics in the
Arctic Ocean.

Oxygen Consumption, Denitrification, and Carbon Oxidation Rates in
Near-Surface Sediments of the Arctic Ocean
OPP 9400058
05/01/94; (OPP) $37,111, (OCE) $37,111; 18 months
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
West Boothbay Harbor, ME  04575
John P. Christensen

Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the
Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and
is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the
Office of Polar Programs.  The research will center on a unique and
intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the
Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively.  The 1994
United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort
with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a
Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994.
NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo-
and sea-ice studies.  Data collected will be among the first ever
from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly
relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of
changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical,
chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and
regions.  This work is a component of the collaborative biology
program.  Research will be undertaken to determine the rates of
oxygen consumption and carbon oxidation in sediments along the
cruise track.  Sedimentary oxidation rates are said to relate to
the flux of usable organic matter from overlying surface waters.
Hence, it is an indicator of primary production and possible
transport of carbon and nutrients from the marginal regions.  A
series of box and piston cores will be taken and subsamples
provided to a number of PIs.  Measurements will be made of key
biogeochemical solutes [oxygen, nutrients, alkalinity, pH, soluble
iron and manganese, sulfate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and
sulfide (if present)] and solid constituents such as porosity,
surface area, organic carbon and nitrogen, and carbonate.  Sites to
be sampled include continental shelves, slopes, abyssal plains, and
midbasin ridges.  These data will be used to evaluate
sediment-bottom water fluxes and to estimate rates of oxygen
consumption, denitrification, and carbon oxidation.  Information
will provide a greater understanding of the carbon budget and
nitrogen budget in the Arctic and global ocean.

Chemical and Isotopic Tracers on the United States-Canada Arctic
Ocean Section
OPP 9400069
06/15/94; (OPP) $61,397; 11 months
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN  37996-0140
Lee W. Cooper

Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the
Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and
is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the
Office of Polar Programs.  The research will center on unique and
intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the
Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively.  The 1994
United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort
with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a
Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994.
NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo-
and sea-ice studies.  Data collected will be among the first ever
from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly
relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of
changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical,
chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and
regions.  This work will identify trends in elemental and isotopic
ratios of artificial radioactive contaminants particularly
iodine-129, technetium, and several transuranics.  Sources of these
contaminants may be river-borne and associated with accidental
releases or fuel reprocessing activities, or they may be marine in
origin and associated with breached reactors, weapons, and/or
disposed wastes.  Although this work will contribute to ongoing
assessments of radionuclide contamination of the Arctic Ocean, the
distributions of the radioisotopes chosen for study will also
improve understanding of Arctic Ocean circulation and its
hydrologic cycle, particularly the role of the major Siberian
rivers in influencing physical, biological, and chemical mixing
processes.  The chemical behavior of the radioisotopes selected for
study will permit a "fingerprint" identification of the provenance
of contaminants due to the variability in isotope or elemental
ratios in each potential source.  The parallel use of other
radioisotope, conservative tracer (deltaO18O and delta D), and
biologically modified tracer distributions (nutrients, dissolved
oxygen, and by extension, NO and PO), will contribute to defining
particle transport and water mixing mechanisms, in addition to
describing the propagation patterns of contaminants.

Role of Biomass, Bioturbation, and Remineralization in Determining
the Fate of Carbon in the Arctic Ocean
OPP 9400092
05/15/94; (OPP) $34,398, (OCE) $68,794; 11 months
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC  27858-4353
William G. Ambrose

Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the
Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and
is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the
Office of Polar Programs.  The research will center on a unique and
intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the
Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively.  The 1994
United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort
with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a
Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994.
NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo-
and sea-ice studies.  Data collected will be among the first ever
from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly
relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of
changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical,
chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and
regions.  This work is a component of the collaborative biology
program.  Work will be undertaken to examine the fate of organic
matter reaching the seafloor and model cycling between the various
carbon pools.  The fate of carbon fixed in the Arctic Ocean is
largely unknown, but it is surmised that a greater portion reaches
the bottom than in other oceans.  Low abundance and slow feeding
rates of zooplankton, as well as reduced importance of the
microbial loop, may explain why the majority of primary
productivity falls to the benthos at high latitudes.  Research will
focus on some of the possible fates of carbon reaching the benthos
by examining patterns of benthic biomass and rates of
remineralization, irrigation, and particle mixing.  Replicate box
cores will be collected along the Section.  Abundance and biomass
of macro and meio-fauna and depth profiles of Eh and particulate
carbon will be determined from these cores.  Subcores will be
incubated on-board to determine rates of remineralization and
bioirrigation.  Particle mixing rates will be determined directly
from down-core 210Pb distribution and will be compared with mixing
estimates obtained from carbon depth profiles and bioirrigation
rates.  This study will provide insight to the role of benthos in
mediating geochemical processes and will provide a model of carbon
cycling in arctic sediments, which can be used to make predictions
of the consequences of global warming.

Roles of Heterotrophic Bacteria and Protists in the Arctic Ocean
Carbon Cycle
OPP 9400218
05/01/94; (OPP) $72,114, (OCE) $72,114; 12 months
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR  97331-5503
Barry F. Sherr

Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the
Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and
is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the
Office of Polar Programs.  The research will center on a unique and
intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the
Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively.  The 1994
United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section (AOS) is a collaborative
effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on
a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994.
NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo-
and sea-ice studies.  Data collected will be among the first ever
from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly
relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of
changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical,
chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and
regions.  This collaborative research effort between investigators
at Oregon State University and the University of Delaware
represents a critical component of the AOS biology program.
Research will measure microzooplankton abundances, biomass, and
size distributions, together with estimates of their grazing on
phytoplankton and other zooplankton.  Work will focus on
heterotrophic bacteria and protists in the water column and sea ice
of the Arctic Ocean.  Present information is sparse on the
abundance and activity of these microbes and their influence on
primary production. The investigators will quantify the
distribution of numbers, biomass, and productivity of bacteria and
compare these parameters to the in situ concentrations of labile
organic substrates (dissolved free + combined amino acids and
sugars); quantify the abundance, size frequency distribution, and
biomass of phagotrophic protists in the nano- and microplankton
size classes; and measure the grazing impact of protists on
bacteria and on algal cells.  Incubation experiments will also be
performed where substrate concentrations and temperatures are
varied to ascertain the effect on heterotrophic bacterial growth.
Understanding these processes will help resolve role heterotrophic
and autotrophic microbes' influence on the arctic carbon cycle.

Sea-Ice Measurements on the United States-Canada Arctic Ocean
Section
OPP 9400241
05/01/94; (OPP) $78,508; 24 months
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL)
Hanover, NH  03755
Walter B. Tucker

Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the
Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and
is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the
Office of Polar Programs.  The research will center on a unique and
intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the
Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively.  The 1994
United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort
with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a
Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994.
NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo-
and sea-ice studies.  Data collected will be among the first ever
from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly
relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of
changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical,
chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and
regions.  This project is part of the program that focuses on the
interrelationship of physical and electromagnetic properties of sea
ice.  The project will follow a two-stage approach performing
small-scale, detailed studies of the different ice types and
large-scale surveys to determine their relative areal coverage.
Measurements of spectral albedo, bidirectional reflectance, and
wavelength-integrated albedo at visible and near-infrared
wavelengths will be taken.  Ice cores will be studied for physical
state and structure including vertical profiles of temperature,
salinity, brine and air volume, crystallography, and inclusion size
distribution.  These small-scale measurements will be performed in
conjunction with helicopter surveys of active and passive microwave
observations of the same ice to determine the range of physical
properties and to determine the impact of changes in the physical
properties on electromagnetic signatures.  Helicopter transects,
using an airborne spectroradiometer, as well as conventional
photographic and video cameras, will be used to determine a
quantitative estimate of large-scale albedo, ice concentration,
melt pond fraction, and floe size distribution.  These large-scale
measurements will be linked with small-scale data to provide an
understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of ice albedo
and the coupling of shortwave irradiance to ice ablation.  Such
measurements are critical to understanding how the Arctic Ocean
stores and reflects heat and its influence of climate variability.

Geochemical Analysis of Ostracodes from the Arctic Ocean:  Last
Glacial Maximum to Present
OPP 9400250
05/15/94; (OPP) $64,847; 17 months
Duke University
Durham, NC  27708-0077
Paul A. Baker

Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the
Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and
is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the
Office of Polar Programs.  The research will center on a unique and
intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the
Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively.  The 1994
United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort
with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a
Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994.
NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo-
and sea-ice studies.  Data collected will be among the first ever
from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly
relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of
changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical,
chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and
regions.  This work is a component of the collaborative
paleo-oceanographic program.  A climatic history of the Arctic
Basin will be reconstructed by measuring the distribution within
the sediments and certain chemical characteristics of the
exoskeleton of an abundant zooplankton animal.  Ostracodes secrete
shells rapidly, thereby recording instantaneous physical and
chemical properties of the surrounding water.  This, combined with
frequent molts, definable magnesium-calcite compositions, and
sensitive analytical methods make them a prime candidate for
recording paleo-oceanography in cored sediments.  Ostracode valves
from sediments in piston and box cores will be separated by washing
over a sieve that was identified and subjected to elemental and
stable isotopic analysis.  Calcium will be measured using flame
atomic absorption spectrophotometry while strontium and magnesium
will be quantified by graphite furnace atomic absorption
spectrophotometry.  Approximately 1,000 such measurements will be
made in an effort to reconstruct deep Arctic Ocean paleocirculation
and bottom water paleotemperatures and to relate these factors to
paleoproductivity, dissolved oxygen, sea-ice coverage, and other
parameters of the period from the last glacial maximum to the
present.

Optical Variability in the Arctic: Transmissometry along the 1994
Transarctic Section
OPP 9400251
06/01/94; (OPP) $16,517; 12 months
Texas A&M University Research Foundation
College Station, TX  77843
Ian D. Walsh

Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the
Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and
is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the
Office of Polar Programs.  The research will center on a unique and
intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the
Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively.  The 1994
United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort
with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a
Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994.
NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo-
and sea-ice studies.  Data collected will be among the first ever
from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly
relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of
changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical,
chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and
regions.  This work is a component of the collaborative biology
program.  Information will be provided on the spatial optical
variability along the cruise track by measuring beam attenuation at
660 nanometer using a Sea Tech 25 centimeter pathlength
transmissometer.  Spatial distribution of optical properties with
respect to fronts, currents, and other biohydrographic features
will be assessed.  These measurements will augment information
derived from concurrent biological, chemical, and physical data
collected during the cruise.  The work will provide an
understanding of the role that suspended particles play in Arctic
Ocean productivity and air-sea-ice interactions.  In addition, data
will be used to explain the role of nepheloid layers in lateral
transport of shelf productivity to the slope and basin and in
benthic fluxes.

Neodymium, Strontium, and Lead Isotope, Major Cation, and
Rare-Earth Element (REE) Geochemistry of the Arctic Ocean
OPP 9400254
05/15/94; (OPP) $57,417, (OCE) $57,400; 11 months
University of Wisconsin_Madison
Madison, WI  53706
David L. Clark

Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the
Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and
is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the
Office of Polar Programs.  The research will center on a unique and
intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the
Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively.  The 1994
United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort
with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a
Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994.
NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo-
and sea-ice studies.  Data collected will be among the first ever
from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly
relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of
changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical,
chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and
regions.  This specific research effort involves the study of REE
and neodymium isotope systematics in order to gain insights on the
interplay of ocean chemistry, biology, and physics.  REE and
neodymium isotope measurements will be obtained from sediment and
water samples collected during the cruise and will be used to
determine the origin of different water masses composing the Arctic
Ocean.  Information will also be derived on the origin and
maintenance of the seawater stratification, mixing processes,
circulation, and biogeochemical processes.  In addition, these data
will allow the Arctic Ocean to be placed in context with other
existing REE and neodymium isotope data from the subarctic oceans
and to be integrated into existing global, inter-oceanic
circulation models.  Analysis of ice-borne and seabed sediments for
lead, REE, and neodymium-lead-strontium isotopes will allow
integration of Late Cenozoic Arctic Ocean sediment geochemistry to
the current understanding of sediment sources and dispersal in the
Arctic Ocean.

Late Quaternary Paleo-oceanography of the Arctic Ocean
OPP 9400255
07/01/94: (OPP) $97,938; 12 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
William M. Briggs

Briggs Research supported by this grant is under the Arctic Systems
Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and the Polar Earth
Science Program in the Office of Polar Programs. The research will
center on a unique and intensive multidisciplinary research
expedition to parts of the Arctic Ocean that have not been studied
extensively.  The 1994 United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is
a collaborative effort with Canada that will involve approximately
60 scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer
of 1994.  NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology,
and paleo- and sea-ice studies.  Data collected will be among the
first ever from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be
highly relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of
changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical,
chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and
regions.  This work is a component of the collaborative
paleo-oceanographic program.  Work will involve research on
ostracodes contained in sediment samples to be collected during the
Section, as well as from existing surface sediments collected by
the Geological Survey of Canada, and from several other Arctic
Ocean sites, including the northern Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
Ostracodes are small calcareous bivalved crustaceans, and some
benthic marine ostracodes are attuned, within narrow limits, to
several environmental variables, the most important of which are
temperature, salinity, dissolved O2, nutrients, and substrate.  The
distribution on the sea floor therefore reflects bottom water
conditions, making them ideal monitors of water-ostracodes mass
changes and circulation anomalies through geological time.
Previous investigations have suggested that ostracodes are useful
for paleo-oceanographic reconstructions of water-mass history.
This work will provide a better understanding of the relationship
between modern ostracodes, water masses, and arctic bathymetry; of
the relationship between intermediate depth, deep-water ostracodes
and Atlantic and Pacific faunas; and of faunal history and inferred
ocean history during the Holocene, the Last Glaciation, and
possibly the whole of the Brunhes Epoch.

Standing Stocks and Production Rates in the Canada, Makarov, and
Eurasian Basins of the Arctic Ocean:  The Role of Lower Trophic
Level Processes in the Arctic Carbon Cycle
OPP 9400256
05/01/94; (OPP) $21,223, (OCE) $20,500; 12 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Joyce Lewin

OPP 9400306
05/01/94; (OPP) $109,380, (OCE) $109,321; 12 months
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR  97331-5503
Patricia A.  Wheeler

Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the
Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and
is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the
Office of Polar Programs.  The research will center on a unique and
intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the
Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively.  The 1994
United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section (AOS) is a collaborative
effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on
a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994.
NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo-
and sea-ice studies.  Data collected will be among the first ever
from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly
relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of
changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical,
chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and
regions. This collaborative research effort between investigators
at the University of Washington and Oregon State University
represents a critical component of the AOS biology program.  The
project will measure standing stocks and production rates of
planktonic and ice-algae.  These parameters will be determined
along the cruise track and will be the first such measurements from
parts of the Arctic Ocean.  In addition to phytoplankton
abundances, primary production, new and regenerated nitrogen
production, mesozooplankton stocks, and spatial distribution of
particulate organic matter and dissolved organic matter will be
determined.  These studies will be used to evaluate the magnitude
of Arctic Basin productivity and the major pathways for the flow of
carbon.  This work, in conjunction with other collaborative
efforts, will lead to a greater understanding of the role of
primary production, the fate of photosynthetically fixed carbon,
and the relative importance of autotrophic and heterotrophic
processes in transforming and transporting particulate and
dissolved forms of carbon to, within, and from the Arctic Ocean
system.

Workshop for Arctic System Science (ARCSS)/Ocean-Atmospheric-Ice
Interactions (OAII) Biological Initiative in the Arctic:
Shelf-Basin Interactions
OPP 9416103
08/15/94; (OPP) $35,000, (OCE) $35,000; 11 months
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN  37996-0140
Jacqueline M. Grebmeier

Funds are provided to sponsor an open workshop to develop a
research plan for integrating studies of the Arctic Ocean shelves
with the Central Basin.  A goal of the ARCSS/OAII global change
research program is to foster the integration of various
disciplines into cooperative research efforts that are relevant to
understanding the effects of global change.  Research has
demonstrated the importance of determining arctic continental
shelf/ocean basin interactions and the cycling of biogenic
materials at the sediment/water interface of arctic continental
shelves and slopes.  The workshop will provide a forum for
interested scientists to discuss and develop a prioritized science
plan focusing on a biologically focused systems approach to
shelf/basin exchange in the Arctic.

An International Workshop to Define Research Priorities for Russian
Arctic Land Shelf Interactions
OPP 9422025
11/01/94; (OPP) $36,156; 12 months
Ohio State University Research Foundation
Columbus, OH  43210-1063
Steve Forman

1,000 Years of Proxy Climate Records from the North Atlantic
Region:  A Contribution to the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Plan
for Integration
OPP 9422140
01/01/95; (OPP) $71,753; 36 months
Ohio State University Research Foundation
Columbus, OH  43210-1063
Jeffrey C. Rogers

This project is a workshop contribution to the Arctic System
Science (ARCSS) program.  It will be held at the Byrd Polar
Research Center where key scientific questions related to processes
and environmental change in the Russian Arctic continental shelves
and adjacent lowlands will be defined.  A total of 35 participants,
covering a range of disciplines in the biological, geological, and
social sciences will be invited to formulate scientific priorities.

This workshop will focus on defining interdisciplinary and
circumarctic research themes that would elucidate land-shelf
interactions.  A broad topical, temporal, and spatial framework for
the workshop is proposed to attract a wide group of scientists and
identify the most compelling research ideas.  The direction and
mechanisms of climate change cannot be adequately addressed without
a better understanding of processes and environments of the shelf
seas of the Russian Arctic and the adjacent lowlands.
Epicontinental shelf seas bounded by the Atlantic, Pacific, and
Arctic Oceans compose 25 percent of the shelf area of oceans and
modulate key climatic parameters such as the exchange of oceanic
heat, atmospheric gases, sea ice, and fresh-water input.  Large
uncertainties remain on the cause, magnitude, and timing of past
glaciations in Siberia and concomitant changes in sea ice,
vegetation, fluvial discharge, and animal migrations.  Many
present-day issues relating to land-Arctic Ocean interactions also
need to be evaluated.  This is a "ground-up" effort to assess the
American scientific community's sense of priorities for research in
the Russian Arctic.  The workshop is an important step for the
integration of North American scholarship with that of Russian
colleagues who have decades of experience on these problems.  The
consensus of research priorities will provide a conceptual nucleus
for proposing a Russian Arctic Science dimension for ARCSS.

PALEOCLIMATES FROM ARCTIC LAKES AND ESTUARIES (PALE)

Cooperative Agreement:  Support of the National Center for
Atmospheric Research
ATM 9442054
05/01/94; (OPP) $80,000; 6 months
University Corporation for Atmospheic Research
Boulder, CO  80307-3000
Richard Anthes

These funds support a cooperative agreement for the National Center
for Atmospheric Research:  Arctic System Science Program support
for Paleoclimate of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE).

Thermoluminescence Dating Studies of Lake Cores from Alaska
ATM 9224361
03/01/93; (OPP) $33,387; 12 months
Western Washington University
Bellingham, WA  98225-5996
Glenn W. Berger

This award is in support of one element of  Paleoclimates from
Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE). Arctic lakes are recognized as
valuable repositories of paleo-environmental proxy information
(e.g. fossil pollen, sediment chemistry) that is important for
paleoclimatological studies.  However, beyond the usual 30-40 ka
limit of radiocarbon dating, dating control needed form the
interpretation of such fossil pollen records is presently
unavailable.  Preliminary, single-analysis thermoluminescence (TL)
dating results have been obtained for one Arctic lake core_Squirrel
Lake_to test the capability of TL dating for such Arctic sediments,
but some results are ambiguous.  This award outlines TL dating and
other tests (e.g. measurement of TL emission spectra) designed to
assess the cause of these ambiguous, preliminary results for some
samples of the Squirrel Lake core.  The proposed  dating
experiments will refine the limitations and usefulness of TL
sediment dating procedures for Arctic lake sediments, provide the
first "radiometrically" dated record beyond 30-40 ka for Arctic
lakes, and establish a firmer basis for future application of TL
dating to long-core (0-200 ka) sediment records for circumpolar
Arctic lakes.

Quaternary Environments and Climate Change in the Eastern Canadian
Arctic, Constructed from Sediment Cores
ATM 9122974
07/15/92; (ATM) $1, (OPP) $83,582; 42 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Gifford H. Miller

This award is in support of one element of the Paleoclimates of
Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) activity.  Research is focused on
a lake coring program in the eastern Canadian Arctic with the goal
of recovering continuous records of environmental change for the
past 10 to 15 thousand years.  Baffin Island lies in a key
location, and analyses of climatic data indicate that this region
serves as a bellwether for the circum-arctic climate system. This
project will reconstruct past climates from down-core changes in
the pollen and diatom assemblages, stable isotopic ratios, and
physical characteristic of the sediment in cores.  The lakes will
be strategically located along a North(South temperature transect,
and across the East-West marine/continental climate gradient.
Cores from these lakes will allow examination of questions related
to climate change, including regional glacial history (timing and
extent of the last continental ice advance and the pattern of
deglaciation), sea level change (both postglacial emergence and the
more recent submergence), and renewed development of cirque and
mountain glaciers in the late Holocene (Neoglaciation).  Sampling
will be undertaken with a density commensurate with PALE
objectives, i.e., decadal to centuries resolution depending on the
accumulation rates within the different lake basins.

Late Quaternary Climate Change in the Eastern Interior of Alaska:
A Multidisciplinary Pilot Study
ATM 9200600
07/15/92; (ATM) $1, (OPP) $105,518; 42 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Bruce P. Finney

This award supports a multidisciplinary study of three lakes in
eastern interior Alaska to investigate how lake levels, vegetation,
and sedimentary processes are related to climate change.  The study
will focus on the late Wisconsin and early Holocene (ca. 14,000 to
6,000 years Before Present)_a period of marked and relatively rapid
climatic change.  The lakes are expected to be sensitive to
climatic fluctuations and have sedimentation rates rapid enough to
record high-frequency events.  This work has three components:  (1)

assessment of the detail with which a lake-level record can be
constructed; (2) comparison of high-resolution records of
vegetation change from fossil pollen with the lake-level record to
examine how lakes and vegetation differ in their response to
climate change; and (3) the construction of basic hydrologic
budgets for each lake and their use to estimate past values of
important parameters of the hydrologic system, in particular,
precipitation.  This project represents an element of the
Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries project.

The Paleoclimate of Iceland over the Last 13,000 Years:  A Joint
Iceland/U.S.A. Contribution to Paleoclimates of Artic Lakes and
Estuaries (PALE)
ATM 9224554
05/01/93; (OPP) $116,869; 30 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
John T. Andrews

This award supports paleoclimate research in Iceland within the
framework of PALE.  Iceland occupies a key position in the North
Atlantic in terms of both climatic and oceanographic parameters.
The climate of the island is a function of the strength and
location of the Icelandic Low, the strength and character of the
freshwater outflow from the Arctic Basin, and the location of the
North Atlantic Drift.  These variables interact to affect the
vegetation, hydrology, and glacial history of this area.  Iceland
is thus well placed for developing longer proxy records of climate
change.

Eastern Arctic Climate of the Past 2,000 Years:  The Varved Lake
Sediment Record
ATM 9300702
06/01/93; (OPP) $60,636; 30 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Jonathan T. Overpeck

Eastern Arctic Climate of the Past 2,000 Years:  The Varved Lake
Sediment Record
ATM 9312227
06/01/93; (OPP) $42,790; 24 months
Columbia University
New York, NY  10027
Robert F. Anderson

The patterns and causes of arctic decade-to-century scale climate
variability are poorly understood, most significantly because
annually dated records of past environmental change from this
region are sparse.  This award supports the retrieval of a Baffin
Island network of climate records spanning the past 500 to 2,000
years.  Cores will be collected from three lakes.  The varve
chronologies will be tested rigorously using 210-Pb and bomb
radionuclides.  Annually dated time series of fossil pollen, varve
thickness, and Ge/Si ratios will be generated.  This effort will
yield the first network of annually dated paleoclimate and
paleoecological time series from arctic lake sediments.  This
project will be the first Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and
Estuaries effort to map out the patterns of decade-to-century scale
change of the past 1,000 years.

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) C14 Dating of Arctic Lake
Sediments
ATM 9302362
06/01/93; (OPP) $77,773; 30 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Gifford H. Miller

Problems associated with the radiocarbon dating of
organic-carbon-poor arctic lake sediments have limited the utility
of paleoclimatic inferences drawn from these repositories.  To
evaluate the role of the Arctic in the global climate system from
the geological record requires a network of sites, each with a
secure independent geochronology.  Separating of cause and effect,
lead and lag times, and distinguishing climate change from
vegetation migration require temporal resolution better than 500
years, about the limit of previous studies.  Although the precision
of C14 measurements by AMS has steadily improved during the past
decade_to its current precision of less than 1 percent_less effort
has been directed at separating heterogeneous lake sediments into
their constituent organic compounds.  The Paleoclimate of Arctic
Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) program within the Arctic System Science
initiative requires both reliable radiocarbon dating and
expeditious processing of samples. This project will provide a
standardized sample preparation protocol for organic-carbon-poor
arctic lake sediment based on the results of earlier research and
will prioritize a sample handling so that basal dates for cores
collected under the PALE initiative will be processed within 2
months of receipt.  Standardized pretreatment for PALE researchers
will ensure an adequate number of reliable dates for each core.

Coordination of Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE)
Research:  Steering Committee Working Group
ATM 9310829
05/15/93; (OPP) $50,736; 29 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Linda B. Brubaker

This award supports the operation of the PALE Steering Committee
which will develop science and management plans for the program and
will be active in the implementation of the research activities.
PALE is entering a critical phase of data collection, synthesis,
and interpretation.  This award will support (1) annual meetings of
PALE researchers for the exchange and synthesis of results, (2)
small workshops to address specific research needs, and (3)
Steering Committee efforts to coordinate projects and maintain
communication among PALE researchers.

Late Quaternary Climates of Western Beringia
ATM 9317569
04/15/94; (OPP) $141,226; 17 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Patricia M. Anderson

This award supports a project under Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes
and Estuaries, a program that focuses on the timing, magnitude, and
rates of change in arctic climates during the late Quaternary.
Understanding the complex regional responses to past shifts in
global climate requires (1) the compilation of numerous well-dated
records of paleoclimate indicators (e.g., pollen); (2) the
calibration of these proxies by defining their modern climatic
relationships; and (3) the comparison of climatic histories
inferred from the paleodata to qualitative or quantitative
paleoclimatic models.  Although such data sets are available from
lakes in many areas of the North American and European Arctic,
comparable information is virtually absent from northern Siberia.
This award supports a project designed to analyze pollen, spores,
plant macrofossils, and sediment geochemistry of lake cores to
reconstruct the late Quaternary vegetation and climate of Western
Beringia (northeast Siberia).  These histories will be
reconstructed for six study areas, which today encompass the range
of vegetation and climate in far northeast Russia.  Analyses of
surficial lake muds will improve the definition of modern
pollen-vegetation-climate relationships and aid the paleoclimatic
interpretation of fossil data.  The new Russian data will allow a
more detailed description of trans-Beringian paleovegetational
patterns and inferred paleoclimates.  Definition of such
broad-scale patterns will help paleodata/general circulation model
comparisons for the Arctic, thereby improving the understanding of
high-latitude responses to global climatic changes.

Collaborative Research:  Laminated Lake Sediments from the Canadian
High Arctic:  Understanding the Climatic Signal for Paleoclimatic
Reconstruction
ATM 9322768
05/15/94; (OPP) $45,000; 11 months
Bates College
Lewiston, ME  04240
Michael J. Retelle

ATM 9322769
05/15/94; (OPP) $120,000; 11 months
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Amherst, MA  01003
Raymond S. Bradley

Ice-core and other paleoclimatic records from the High Arctic
suggest that summer temperatures reached minimum levels for the
entire Holocene during the past 500 years, but underwent a dramatic
reversal in the past 100 years.  This award, under the
Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries program is designed to
study lake sediments from a number of sites to determine if this
hypothesis is supported by the sedimentary record.  So that the
paleoclimatic signal in the sediments could be better understood,
a 3-year process-based study is planned to determine the primary
controls on sediment flux and varved sediment formation in Sophia
Lake, a High Arctic hypersaline, meromictic lake.  Sophia Lake
provides a simple topographic environment, which will facilitate
efforts to isolate the primary climatic forcing.  Sediments from
lakes on the margin of the Agassiz Ice Cap will also be recovered
in order to link the paleoclimatic record of ice cores from the ice
cap to sedimentary records from the glacier margin.

A Paleoclimates of Artic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) Lake Sediment
Calibration Network for the Eastern Canadian Arctic
ATM 9402657
07/01/94; (OPP) $121,733; 12 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Jonathan T. Overpeck

This award supports a PALE/ARCSS (Arctic Systems Science) effort to
construct a high-quality dataset for surficial lake sediment
calibration in the eastern Canadian Arctic.  A detailed sampling
and analysis program will allow the development of new calibration
data for fossil pollen, and isotopic and palelimnological proxies.
Modern numerical analysis will be applied to existing lake-based
fossil pollen records to produce a new generation of quantitative
paleoclimate estimates.  This work will result in a large
public-domain database and will make a collection of surface lake
sediments available to the paleoclimate community for additional
research.

NSF-University of Arizona Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)
Facility for Radioisotope Analysis
EAR 9203383
08/15/92; (OPP) $30,000; 42 months
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ  85721
Douglas J. Donahue

This award supports the operation and maintenance of the
NSF-University of Arizona AMS Facility.  The facility operates a
tandem accelerator and associated sample preparation facilities on
behalf of a wide-ranging national community of researchers who
depend on it for analysis of rare cosmogenic isotopes (mainly
radiocarbon or 14C) used for the dating of natural samples and
artifacts.  The AMS technique enables uniquely sensitive analysis
for radioactive 14C in extremely small samples or extremely low
concentrations.  Recent projects at the NSF-University of Arizona
AMS Facility have included analysis of polar ice and lake sediment
cores for paleoclimatic records, definitive dating of the Shroud of
Turin, dating of specific organic molecular components in fossil
samples, determination of exposure ages of meteorites and
terrestrial erosion surfaces, dating of early-American maize
remains, dating of fossilized human skeletal remains, general
archaeological dating, and dating of prehistoric art, as well as
numerous projects in earth sciences, hydrology, atmospheric
sciences, and agronomy.

U.S. Support for Central Scientific Coordination and Integration
Activities of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
(IGBP)
OCE 9320648
09/15/93; (OPP) $24,425; 29 months
International Geosphere
Stockholm, Sweden
Thomas Rosswall

NSF support is provided from funds allocated by federal agency
members of the interagency Committee on Eearth and Environmental
Sciences Sub-Committee on Global Change Research for shared
international funding of the centralized costs of planning for the
IGBP.  Planning and development of a series of core research
projects of the IGBP will be undertaken.  The IGBP and these core
projects will support development of a global observing system;
will contribute to international assessments of global change
science, in particular to those of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change; will improve and facilitate the flow of data and
information in support of IGBP research; and will assist scientists
and scientific institutions in developing countries in conducting
and supporting such research.  Results of the IGBP will provide
input to the analysis, modeling, and interpretation of global
change.  With the support of the IGBP Secretariat, meetings of
international scientific committees and scientific steering groups
for the core projects will be convened, and scientific and
technological reports which result from IGBP activities will be
prepared and distributed.

Late Quaternary Environments and Climate Change in the Eastern
Canadian Arctic Reconstructed from Lake Sediment Cores
OPP 9208810
08/01/92; (OPP) $16,845; 42 months
University of Wisconsin_Oshkosh
Oshkosh, WI  54901
William N. Mode

This award is for support of a lake coring program in the eastern
Canadian Arctic with the goal of recovering continuous records of
environmental change for the past 10 to 15 Ka.  Pollen and diatom
assemblages will be studied, as will the physical characteristics
of the cores.  Down-core variations in the stable isotopic ratios
of carbon and hydrogen in plant macrofossils and the dissolved
organic carbon content of the sediments will be studied.  These
studies will address questions of climate change, including
regional glacial history and sea-level change.

Chronostratigraphy of Pleistocene High-Sea-Level and Glacial
Deposits, Northeastern Bristol Bay, Alaska
OPP 9217634
06/01/92; (OPP) $32,393; 42 months
Utah State University
Logan, UT  84322
Darrell Kaufman

This award supports a study to reconstruct the spatial and temporal
pattern of pre- to late-Wisconsin glacial and sea-level
fluctuations of the northeastern Bristol Bay region of southwestern
Alaska.  A wide spectrum of geochronological methods, including
aminostratigraphy, tephrostratigraphy, thermoluminescence, and
radiocarbon dating will be used to date the stratigraphic records
that are available.  Improved chronostratigraphy will allow the
spatial and temporal variability in the response of the glacial and
periglacial systems to be assessed in terms of the changing oceanic
and atmospheric boundary conditions of the last interglacial to
late-Wisconsin time.

Direction of Rolling Wave of Mammoth Extinction:  A Test for Human
Overkill vs. Climatic Change Theories
OPP 9321404
05/15/94; (OPP) $84,581; 11 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
R. Dale Guthrie

This study will examine two contending theories on the tremendous
extinction of large mammals about 11,000 years ago.  Nearly 80
percent of the American large mammal species were lost over a
rather short period of time.  The human overkill theory argues that
Paleoindian large mammal hunters from Asia expanded rapidly into
the Americas, over-exploiting their prey species.  The other theory
proposes that a radical ecological shift at the end of the
Pleistocene produced such biotic perturbations that many species
could not adapt with sufficient rapidity.  A new test will examine
the geographic pattern of woolly mammoth extinction on a much finer
scale than has been attempted previously.  Alaska and the Yukon
Territory are the focus of this study because they are a critical
geographic link between the Old and New  Worlds.  This project is
part of the paleo component of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS)
Program.  ARCSS is part of the U.S. Global Change Research Program.

Collaborative Research_1,000 Years of Proxy Climate Records from
North Atlantic Region:  A Contribution to the Arctic Systems
Science (ARCSS) Plan for Integration
OPP 9418845
12/01/94; (OPP) $425,166; 36 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Astrid Ogilvie

This project deals with the paleoclimate of the region that extends
from the Eastern Canadian Arctic eastward to Greenland and Iceland.

This is an area that is critical for the integration of present and
past records of climatic change, especially within the context of
the ARCSS research agenda.  The main objectives of the research
will be to concentrate on the evaluation, synthesis, and
interpretation of  (1) instrumental records; (2) historical data
sources from Iceland; (3) the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II
isotopic time series; (4) high-resolution marine series near East
Greenland; and (5) annually laminated lake records from Southeast
Baffin Island and Iceland.  The project will include an analysis of
climate impact in Iceland in recent centuries.  Thus, although the
focus will be on paleoclimatic reconstruction and interpretation,
the research also has a human dimensions perspective and links
directly with the needs of the new ARCSS paleoinitiative
(Archaeology and Ethnohistory) regarding the documentation and
understanding of the role of climatic variations in the Norse
expansion throughout the North Atlantic and human responses to the
so-called "Medieval Warm Period" and "Little Ice Age."  The overall
goal is directed toward improving the understanding of
annual-to-century timescale fluctuations of climate in this region,
as well as the influences of such changes on humankind.

LAND-ATMOSPHERE-ICE INTERACTION (LAII)

Active Layer/Landscape Interactions:  A Retrospective and
Contemporary Regional Approach in Arctic Alaska
OPP 9442307
02/15/94; (OPP) $60,833; 6 months
Ohio State University
Columbus, OH  43210-1016
Kenneth Jezek

This award is part of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program, a
U.S. Global Change Program.  The research project relates changes
in the thickness of the active layer to variations in seasonal
climate across representative Arctic Alaska landscapes.  A network
of long-term observational sites, based at locations with histories
of prior studies and data, will be established.  The primary focus
of this study will be a thin layer of soil above the permafrost
that thaws and freezes on an annual basis and is known as the
"active layer."  This soil-active layer mediates biological,
biogeochemcial, hydrological, geomorphic, and other heat and mass
transfer processes.  This project is a component of a larger
interdisciplinary program known as the ARCSS FLUX Program.

A Regional Model of the Arctic Land-Atmosphere System
OPP 9214810
09/15/92; (OPP) $178,639; 42 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
John E. Walsh

This award is part of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program, a
U.S. Global Change Program.  The research project will implement a
regional model of the arctic land-atmosphere system.  The model
will simulate land-atmosphere interactions that control the
hydrological cycle of a key arctic region and will be used to
project changes in the climate and hydrology of the arctic region.
Plot-size and mesoscale topography and vegetation data will be
incorporated into the regional model at 40-kilometer resolution to
provide a working model of the regional hydrological cycle and a
framework for scaling up plot size measurements of surface
variables and processes in northern ecosystems.  This research
project is a collaborative component of a larger interdisciplinary
program known as the Arctic Systems Science Flux Program.

Active-Layer-Landscape Interactions:  A Retrospective and
Contemporary Regional Approach in Arctic Alaska
OPP 9214897
09/15/92; (OPP) $174,037; 36 months
Ohio State University Research Foundation
Columbus, OH  43210-1063
Kaye R. Everett

This award is part of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program, a
U.S. Global Change Program.  The research project relates changes
in the thickness of the active layer to variations in seasonal
climate across representative Arctic Alaska landscapes.  A network
of long-term observational sites will be established, based at
locations with histories of prior studies and data.  The primary
focus of this study will be the "active layer," a thin layer of
soil above the permafrost which thaws and freezes on an annual
basis.  This soil active layer mediates biological, biogeochemical,
hydrological, geomorphic, and other heat and mass transfer
processes.  This project is a component of a larger
interdisciplinary program known as the Arctic System Science Flux
Program.

Synoptic-Scale Factors Affecting Snow Melt at High Latitudes
OPP 9214953
09/15/92; (OPP) $100,549; 42 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Sue A. Bowling

This award is part of the Arctic System Science Program, a U.S.
Global Change Program.  This research will use climatological and
sounding data, as well as a radiative transfer model, to examine
the energy transfer from the atmosphere to the snow surface, which
in turn will lead to better parameterization of the process of
spring snow-line retreat.  The project will utilize two approaches.

The first involves expanding the study of roughly 40 years of
historical weather data, including snow depths, precipitations,
surface temperatures, and atmospheric soundings, at four Alaska
stations.  The second involves using a state-of-the-art radiative
transfer model to examine the theoretical effects of changing cloud
cover and relative humidity on the actual transfer of energy from
the atmosphere to melt snow.  These results will be used together
to simulate snow melt in atmospheric models.

Volume Changes of McCall Glacier, Alaska, in Response to Climatic
Warming in the Arctic
OPP 9214954
09/01/92; (OPP) $50,436; 42 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Keith Echelmeyer

This award is part of the Arctic System Science Program, a U.S.
Global Change Program.  It will undertake a 3-year study of the
response of the McCall Glacier in northern Alaska to climatic
change in the Arctic.  The study will evaluate the effects of
climatic response on the arctic hydrological cycle through airborne
measurements of glacial profiles and evaluation of glacial volume
changes which have occurred over the past 40 years.  The results of
this study will allow evaluation of the relationships between
glacier geometry, mass balance, and climatological parameters
measured at different locations in northern Alaska.  Volume change
estimates on two other nearby glaciers will be used to determine
the degree to which McCall Glacier is representative of arctic
Alaska as a whole.

Effects of Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise on Trophic Dynamics
and Ecosystem Processes of the Coastal Tundra Ecosystem, in the
Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta of Alaska
OPP 9214970
08/15/93; (OPP) $318,403; 29 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
James S. Sedinger

This project seeks to develop a dynamic model to describe the
potential impact of climate variation on the trophic structure of
a coastal Alaskan ecosystem by assessing the degree to which
climate change influences habitat structure and availability with
the population dynamics of a colonially nesting bird, the Pacific
brant. The area of study, the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, has been
traditionally exploited by Yup'ik people, and geese are a
seasonally important resource.  A parallel study of native oral
history will be conducted in order to learn of the traditional
knowledge of the ecology of this region.

A Workshop to Develop an Arctic Circumpolar Vegetation Map
OPP 9301458
03/01/94; (OPP) $11,325; 12 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Donald A. Walker

Vegetation is a key element in understanding and predicting how the
arctic region will respond to and contribute to global change.
This award provides partial support for a workshop in St.
Petersburg, Russia, to begin development of an accurate vegetation
map of the circumpolar arctic.  The workshop is also being
supported by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Large Area Estimates of Carbon Fluxes in Arctic Landscapes
OPP 9318527
06/01/94; (OPP) $282,337; 12 months
San Diego State University Foundation
San Diego, CA  92182-1900
Walter C. Oechel

This project is a significant contribution to the Arctic System
Science Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions study. The research
proposed will determine CO2 and water, momentum, and energy fluxes
at three spatial scales (plot, landscape, and mesoscale) using
chamber, tower-based eddy correlation techniques, and
aircraft-based eddy correlation techniques.  The information
obtained from each of these techniques will be analyzed and
compared, especially in light of defining the most efficient
approaches for estimating large spatial scale CO2 flux in the
Arctic.  Remotely sensed spectral indices, geographic informations
system, process model, and phenomenological models will be used to
develop a methodology for efficiently estimating ecosystem CO2 flux
over meso- and global scales.  Initial testing of the applicability
of these methods will be undertaken during 1993-96.  The research
will yield the current CO2 flux for the area studied (east-central,
north slope of Alaska), the contribution to CO2 flux of various
elements of the landscape, the sensitivity of net ecosystem CO2
flux to altered environmental conditions, models and methodology to
predict CO2 flux in the Arctic, and efficient techniques for
estimating meso- and global scale CO2 and other trace-gas fluxes.

Active Layer/Landscape Interactions:  A Retrospective and
Contemporary Regional Approach in Arctic Alaska
OPP 9318528
06/01/94; (OPP) $216,977; 12 months
Ohio State University Research Foundation
Columbus,  OH 43210-1063
Kaye R. Everett

This project addresses the central hypotheses of the Arctic System
Science Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Flux Study by
examining spatial (local and regional) and temporal (interannual to
interdecadal) variations in soil active layer thickness.  This is
done on representative landscapes by using different probing and
soil coring approaches (grids, transects, and point data).
Standard 1-kilometer by 1-kilometer grids are located in different
landscape units across the Alaska Arctic Slope.  The LAII sites,
which are shared by other flux study projects, were selected in
most cases based on availability of long-term data sets including
soil thaw and local climate records.  The study relies upon
high-frequency, site-specific determination of active layer
thickness as a function of climate, soil properties, and landscape
units (geobotanical complexes).  The historical boundary between
the base of the recent soil thaw and the upper permafrost is
established by coring the frozen ground and observing the
distribution and morphology of the ground ice.  The thaw depth
measurements are used to validate or modify active layer models and
to assess climate change upon the arctic tundra ecosystem.  The
carbon status of the soils and near-surface permafrost are
established across landscape units and serve as a basis for carbon
balance extrapolations to regional scales.

Attaining Ecological Understanding at the Regional Level: The
Kuparuk River as a Model Arctic System
OPP 9318529
06/01/94; (OPP) $124,791; 12 months
Marine Biological Laboratory
Woods Hole, MA  02543
John E. Hobbie

The research, a part of the Arctic Systems Sciences (ARCSS)
Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Study, will take place in
arctic Alaska in the headwaters of the Kuparuk.  There are four
parts to this project: (1) the measurements of flux of carbon as
CO2 and organic matter from groundwater/land to streams and lakes
and eventually, in the case of CO2, to the atmosphere (calibrations
to be carried out with the help of the Chapin project); (2) the
measurement of the concentration of nutrients (PO4, NO3, NH4) and
dissolved and particulate organic matter in the Kukparuk River to
calculate flux to the ocean; (3) the enhancement of a General
Ecosystem Model to include anaerobic conditions and phosphorus
cycling in order to understand and predict the interactions of
variations in vegetation, soil, and carbon cycling on CO2 and
methane transfer to the atmosphere; and (4) the enhancement of a
Terrestrial Ecosystem Model to include permafrost in the soil
moisture calculations in order to make spatially explicit regional
estimates of CO2 exchange between vegetation/soil and the
atmosphere.

A Hierarchic Geographic Information System (GIS) for Studies of
Process, Pattern, and Scale in Arctic Ecosystems
OPP 9318530
06/15/94; (OPP) $193,734; 11 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Donald A. Walker

This component of the Arctic System Science Land-Atmosphere-Ice
Interactions Flux Study research will (1) develop GIS databases at
five scales (1:10, 1:500, 1:5,000, 1:25,000, and 1:250,000) and at
five sites; (2) develop an understanding of the relationship
between vegetation signals and key terrain parameters; and (3)
develop a method to use remotely sensed images and GIS variables to
distinguish key vegetation parameters for spatial models of
trace-gas fluxes.  One task will be the development of methane and
CO2 flux maps at multiple scales of the Toolik Lake-Imnavait Creek
region, using an empirical approach based on field measurements of
trace-gas fluxes in a hierarchy of vegetation types, as well as a
modeled approach using a variety of data from a remote sensor
satellite.  Measurements of vegetation, biomass, soil, site, and
spectral reflectance characteristics will be made at permanent
study plots representing the majority of landscape variation.
Trace-gas measurements by other investigators at the same sites and
GIS databases will be used to extrapolate this information to
landscape and regional scales.  Permanently marked 1- by 1-
kilometer grids at the five study areas will be used as a sampling
framework for much of this research (e.g., monitoring trends in
species composition and canopy structure in relation to landscape
variables and climate change) and other research within the
project.  Data from GIS databases will also be used by other
investigators in hydrology models, terrain models of trace-gas
fluxes, and algorithms to scale plot-level measurements to regional
scales.

CO2 and Methane Fluxes by Ecosystem Type and the Long-Term Feedback
Relationship with the Atmosphere:  Methane Fluxes and Control
OPP 9318531
06/15/94; (OPP) $107,254; 11 months
University of California, Irvine
Irvine, CA  92717
William S. Reeburgh

The goals of the CH4 component of the Arctic System Science
Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Flux Study are to produce
regional CH4 flux estimates and perform field experiments that will
elucidate the controls and feedback on CH4 and CO2 emission from
tundra environments.  The region flux estimates will be made using
time series chamber measurements of CH4 flux at permanent sites
along a transect covering a range of physiographic provinces.  The
locations and times of measurements will be coordinated with
atmospheric CO2 studies, vegetation mapping studies, and soil
chemistry studies.  The field experiments will involve
manipulations of soil temperature and water table level, jar and
core experiments at a range of temperatures and moisture contents,
and a series of isotope labeling experiments.  The experiments will
provide information on CH4 oxidation to temperature and moisture
changes, and the role of recently fixed carbon in CH4 and CO2
emissions.  These experiments will be performed in collaboration
with other LAII-Flux investigators.

CO2 and Methane Fluxes by Ecosystem Type and Long-Term Feedback
Relationships with the Atmosphere
OPP 9318532
06/15/94; (OPP) $145,653; 11 months
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA  94720
F. Stuart Chapin

The three major aspects of this project are (1) comparison of CO2,
water, and energy fluxes in different vegetation types and
climates, (2) evaluating the roles of water and energy fluxes as
components of the coupled land-atmosphere system, and (3)
determining the relative importance of soil, root, and above-ground
components of net ecosystem CO2 flux.  Fluxes will be measured in
with season-long fluxes measured in reference vegetation types by
other projects.  The role of water and energy fluxes in regional
climate will be assessed by a land-surface model that can be
coupled with a regional-climate model.  Sensitivity analysis with
this land-surface model will determine the major ways in which
regional climate affects water and energy fluxes.  Labeling of
soils with stable isotopes will be used to evaluate the relative
importance of roots and soil in controlling CO2 flux from tundra.
These experiments will be coordinated with measurements of soil
organic matter content and quality and of ecosystem CO2 flux made
by other projects in the Arctic System Science Land-Atmosphere-Ice
Interactions Flux Study.

A Regional Model of the Arctic Land-Atmosphere System
OPP 9318533
06/15/94; (OPP) $172,751; 11 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
John E. Walsh

The goal of this project is the implementation of a regional model
of the arctic atmosphere-land system for use in the Flux Study of
the Arctic System Sciences (ARCSS) Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions
(LAII) program.  Specific objectives are (1) to simulate the
land-atmosphere interactions that control the hydrology and the
trace-gas fluxes over the northern Alaska region and (2) to project
changes in the climate and surface forcing of this region.  The
atmospheric simulations utilize the National Center for Atmospheric
Research at Pennsylvania State University mesoscale analyses to
provide the lateral forcing.  The surface exchanges will draw upon
a coupling of soil-vegetation and hydrological models under
development in other flux study projects.  Mesoscale topography,
vegetation, and soil data, also provided by other flux study
projects, will be incorporated into the model.  The regional model
provides framework for the scaling-up of the flux study's plot,
tower, and aircraft measurements of the surface fluxes.  Finally,
output from a global-circulation model will be used to drive the
regional model in a series of greenhouse-induced climate change
experiments, thereby providing high-resolution scenarios of
regional climate change for assessments of future trace-gas fluxes.

Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Flux Study: CO2 and Methane
Fluxes by Ecosystem Type and Long-Term Feedback Relationships with
the Atmosphere
OPP 9318534
06/15/94; (OPP) $115,000; 11 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Chien-Lu Ping

The major objective of this research is to assess the quantity and
quality of soil organic matter (SOM) and to test the roles of the
active fractions of SOM in CO2 and CH4 production in the arctic
ecosystem.  The first phase of this project involves the sampling
and full characterization of soils on the flux study sites that
were jointly selected by all PIs involved in this collaborative
proposal.  The soil characterization will provide a database for
extrapolating the results of gas-flux studies over a geographic
base.  The second phase involves the isolation and characterization
of the inactive and active organic fractions in soils and soil
solutions; then identification of the microbial active fractions
using respiration experiments under controlled conditions and the
active components as substrates for gas flux (both CO2 and CH4)
using carbon labeling experiments.  It is hypothesized that the
major sources of CO2 and CH4 production are the active fractions in
SOM.  The composition and quantity of active and inactive organic
carbon fractions and their turnover rates are expected to relate
closely to gas flux on different arctic ecosystems.  This project
is part of the larger integrated LAII Flux Study of the Arctic
System Science program.

Hydrologic Linkages with Arctic Fresh Water and Terrestrial Systems

OPP 9318535
06/15/94; (OPP) $313,052; 11 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Douglas L. Kane

Development of climatic models has intensely highlighted the fact
that almost all of the important processes controlling climate are
interactive and that it is vital to understand the linkages among
these processes; for example, what is the role of the hydrologic
system in connecting atmospheric and terrestrial processes?  As a
component of the Arctic Systems Sciences (ARCSS)
Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Flux Study, this project's
objective is to improve the understanding of the linkages among
atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic systems; specifically, this
means developing a quantitative understanding of the energy and
mass transfer processes of the hydrologic regime.  A primary
component of this study is a field measurement program to quantify
the water balance of watersheds that are physically quite different
(for example, watersheds in the Foothills compared with those on
the Coastal Plain) and an energy balance of the entire region from
the Arctic Ocean to the Brooks Range.  One goal is to develop a
physically based, spatially distributed hydrologic model that, when
combined with the results of cooperating LAII researchers, can be
coupled with the biogeochemical processes of a watershed.  Other
goals are to develop an understanding of the mechanisms that have
an impact on snow distribution and a working model of lateral and
vertical fluxes of water and energy in the entire Kuparuk
watershed.

Effects of Increased Season Length on Plant Phenology, Community
Composition, Productivity, and Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes in Alaskan
Tundra:  Implications for Climate Warming
OPP 9321626
07/15/94; (OPP) $54,793; 11 months
Florida International University
Miami, FL  33199
Steven F. Oberbauer

Global warming will substantially increase the length of the active
season for high-latitude ecosystems, but many plant species in
these areas have phenological patterns adapted to short growing
seasons.  Some, but not all, of the factors that affect
phenological stages will change with global warming.  Those species
constrained by cues that will be unchanged with global warming,
such as photoperiod, will be unable to respond to extended season
length.  As a result, species composition, productivity, and carbon
fluxes from these ecosystems will change substantially.  With
Alaskan tundra as a model system, this project addresses the
following questions:  (1) What are the constraints on phenological
patterns for the dominant species?; (2) What physiological
adjustments will species make in response to an extended period of
resource availability?; and (3) How will growth of the dominant
species, ecosystem productivity, and ecosystem carbon fluxes change
under field-simulated extended seasons?  These questions will be
addressed using a combination of controlled environment studies and
field manipulations of season length.  Growth chamber studies will
examine the effects of photoperiod, soil and air temperature, and
leaf age on phenological patterns and carbon gain of selected
species of the dominant growth forms.  Field studies will examine
the effects of extended active period on phenology, growth,
productivity, and ecosystem carbon balance.  Results from this
study will be used to develop a model of phenological patterns of
tundra plants that can be used to evaluate species' responses to an
extended growing season.

Comparative Responses of Moist and Dry Tundra to Altered Snowcover
and Warmer Summer Temperatures
OPP 9321730
07/15/94; (OPP) $147,977; 11 months
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, CO  80523
Jeffrey M. Welker

This project will evaluate the ecological consequences of climate
change in moist and dry arctic tundra with field manipulations of
winter precipitation and summer temperature.  Project scientists
will investigate effects on species performance, community
structure, and ecosystem carbon and nitrogen dynamics.  They will
erect snow fences to increase snowpack and use small greenhouses to
warm air and soil temperatures.  Growth rings and annual stem
increments of woody species and physiological plant performance
will be compared with historical temperature and precipitation
records.  Experimental findings will also be compared with natural
vegetation patterns along snow gradients and areas where long-term
anthropogenic increases in snowcover have occurred.  Simulation
modeling will be used to extend their findings with a focus on net
ecosystem carbon budgets.  The main effort will be to quantify and
understand the magnitude and direction of the transient response of
arctic tundra to a series of climate change scenarios.  The
experimental infrastructure will permit more detailed
investigations by other investigators in future years if the
response is, as we anticipate, of sufficient magnitude to be of
importance for evaluating effects of climate change to arctic
ecosystems.  The project is a United States contribution to the
International Tundra Experiment (ITEX).

Evolutionary Response of Arctic Plant Populations to Climate Change
OPP 9321917
07/01/94; (OPP) $107,198; 12 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Kent E. Schwaegerle

Rising levels of greenhouse gases are expected to bring about a
host of changes in climate and terrestrial ecosystems.  These
changes are expected to be greatest at high latitudes.  This
project will assess the capacity of three important arctic plant
species to adapt to new environments that may arise as a
consequence of climate change.  Because the exact nature of future
climate change is currently unclear, this research will focus on
plant response to multiple environmental factors including
temperature, moisture, CO2, and nutrients.  In this way, models of
evolutionary response will be developed that have predictive value
among a range of alternative scenarios of climate change.  A series
of experiments will focus on plant growth rate and morphological
traits, relationships between traits and growth, and quantitative
genetic analysis.  This research is expected to produce
evolutionary models of each species that describe the capacity of
arctic plant populations to adapt to new environments and the
patterns of morphological and physiological changes that would be
favored by natural selection in these altered environments.

Comparative Responses of Moist and Dry Arctic Tundra to Altered
Snow and Temperature Regimes
OPP 9400083
07/15/94; (OPP) $157,804; 11 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Marilyn D. Walker

This project will evaluate the ecological consequences of climate
change in moist and dry arctic tundra with field manipulations of
winter precipitation and summer temperature.  Project scientists
will investigate effects on species performance, community
structure, and ecosystem carbon and nitrogen dynamics.  They will
erect snow fences to increase snowpack and use small greenhouses to
warm air and soil temperatures.  Growth rings and annual stem
increments of woody species and physiological plant performance
will be compared with historical temperature and precipitation
records.  Experimental findings will also be compared with natural
vegetation patterns along snow gradients and areas where long-term
anthropogenic increases in snowcover have occurred.  Simulation
modeling will be used to extend findings, with a focus on
net-ecosystem carbon budgets.  The main effort will be to quantify
and understand the magnitude and direction of the transient
response of arctic tundra to a series of climate-change scenarios.
The experimental infrastructure will permit more detailed
investigations by other investigators in future years if the
response is, as we anticipate, of sufficient magnitude to be of
importance for evaluating effects of climate change to arctic
ecosystems.  The project is a United States contribution to the
International Tundra Experiment .

Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions
(LAII) Science Management Office
OPP 9403647
04/01/94; (OPP) $102,009; 18 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Gunter E. Weller

The LAII Science Management Office (SMO), located at the University
of Alaska, is part of the LAII Flux Study, but is also involved in
the integration and coordination of the Flux Study within the
broader aspects of LAII and NSF's entire ARCSS program.  The SMO
will establish connections to other international programs of
global change research in the Arctic.  The SMO will also facilitate
project planning and integration by providing active scientific
leadership and coordination service to the LAII projects by holding
science planning and synthesis meetings, providing communications
between PIs, and ensuring linkages to related programs.
Specifically, long-term science plans for the Flux Study will be
developed, modeling and data management requirements will be
specified in the context of the overall ARCSS program, and
logistical needs will be coordinated.  The SMO will be advised by
an Executive Committee, including the director of the SMO, and a
Steering Committee of both external members and LAII PIs.  The
establishment of the LAII Science Management Office is in response
to a recommendation from the NSF review panel for the LAII Flux
Study.

Development and Validation of a Biosphere Model for Arctic Tundra
with Linkages to Satellite Radiobrightness
OPP 9409227
08/15/94; (OPP) $239,248; 36 months
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor, MI  48109
Anthony W. England

The objective of the project is to develop and validate a biosphere
model for arctic tundra that is linked to satellite observations.
Such models provide land-atmosphere boundary forcing for
atmospheric circulation models.  If the biosphere model is linked
to satellite observations, performance of the biosphere model over
the Arctic Slope can be monitored, and an annual estimate of depth
and moisture content of the active layer should be possible.  The
biosphere model will be an adaptation of the National Center for
Atmospheric Research's Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme and
will draw heavily from the Michigan Cold Region Radiobrightness
(MCRR) model.  The MCRR model currently applies to prairie that is
subject to diurnal and annual freezing and thawing.  The new
biosphere model will be extrapolated from this project's field
sites to the Arctic Slope in general, through use of the Defense
Meteorological Satellite's Special Sensor data and through
cooperative observations with other Arctic System Science (ARCSS)
projects.  This project is a contribution to the
Land/Atmosphere/Ice/Microwave/Imager Interaction component of the
ARCSS Program.

The Role of Snowcover and its Distribution in Governing Heat and
Mass Exchange in the Arctic
OPP 9415386
09/15/94; (OPP) $58,985; 11 months
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL)
Hanover, NH  03755
Matthew Sturm

A combined program of field measurements and modeling of the arctic
snowcover is proposed as an addition to the Land-Atmosphere-Ice
Interactions (LAII) component of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS)
Program.  The objective of the proposed program is to understand
the role of the arctic snowcover in governing the winter heat and
mass exchange between the ground and atmosphere.  Studying the
arctic snowcover is justified in that it is one of the dominant
features of the arctic system and needs to be accurately
incorporated in an arctic system model.  Studies have shown that
long-term changes in the depth and thermal properties of the snow
could affect plants under the snow and the temperature.
Furthermore, thawing of carbon-rich permafrost may release CO2 to
the atmosphere, providing a strong feedback mechanism for local and
global warming.  Predicting how the Arctic will respond to changing
climate will require understanding the role of the winter
snowcover.  The core of the proposed program is a series of
over-snow traverses, during which extensive measurements of the
physical and thermal properties of the snow will be made.  Traverse
measurements, along with knowledge of the physical process that
affect the arctic snowcover, will be used to develop an arctic
snow-distribution model.  The validated snow distribution model can
be incorporated in both climate and surface-process models being
developed under other LAII projects.

Large-Scale Estimates of CH4 Flux in Arctic Ecosystems:  Field
Testing of a Fast-Response CH4 Analyzer for Remote Locations
OPP 9415481
09/01/94; (OPP) $49,674; 12 months
San Diego State University Foundation
San Diego, CA  92182-1900
Walter C. Oechel

Arctic ecosystems are sources of CH4 to the atmosphere; however,
fluxes vary widely over small spatial scales.  Therefore,
large-scale measurements, which integrate patch-scale variability,
are needed to determine the magnitude of CH4 efflux.  Recent
advances in laser technology have resulted in the development of
sensitive, rapid response, CH4 sensors for landscape-scale flux
measurements.  However, many of these instruments require elaborate
support systems and large amounts of power during operation, thus
inhibiting their use in remote field studies.  A fast-response
open-path CH4 sensor was recently developed that does not require
a large amount of extraneous supplies for operation.  Although this
sensor appears to be practical for use in remote flux studies, it
is unknown whether it is sensitive enough to resolve the small CH4
fluxes characteristic of arctic ecosystems, or robust enough to
withstand the harsh arctic environment.  Therefore, the sensor will
be tested on a portable eddy correlation tower in a variety of
arctic ecosystems for 2 weeks during the 1994 field season.  If the
field test is successful, the sensor may then be implemented for
future tower and/or aircraft-based eddy correlation flux studies in
remote arctic ecosystems.  This award is made under the Small
Grants for Exploratory Research initiative and the project is part
of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS), Land-Atmosphere-Ice
Interactions Flux project.

A Geobotanical Atlas of the Toolik Lake/Imnavait Creek Region
OPP 9415554
09/15/94; (OPP) $231,476; 36 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Donald A. Walker

Detailed spatial information is needed at several scales to aid in
modeling fluxes of greenhouse gases from arctic systems as part of
the Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) component of the Arctic
System Science (ARCSS) Flux Study.  A hierarchical geographic
information system (HGIS) has been made for the flux study research
sites at Toolik Lake and Imnavait Creek, Alaska, and it is now
essential to make this information easily available to ARCSS
researchers and other scientists.  The proposed project consists of
two parts:  (1) preparation and publication of a geobotanical atlas
of the Toolik Lake and Imnavait Creek region and (2) an upgrade of
the existing HGIS facility at the Institute of Arctic and Alpine
Research in order to accomplish the first objective.  The atlas
will focus on research areas at Toolik Lake and Imnavait Creek.
The atlas would contain the maps and supporting information in two
forms, hard copy color maps and digital format on a CD-ROM.

GENERAL

Water Cycle Variations in Northern High Latitudes
ATM 9319952
04/15/94; (ATM) $74,771; 17 months
University of Illinois_Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, IL  61801
John E. Walsh

This project will serve as a bridge between global climate modeling
and regionally focused hydrologic studies of northern high
latitudes.  It will mesh with both the Global Energy and Water
Cycle Experiment and the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project
(AMIP).  The first task will be to compile a climatological
database, including monthly fields as well as spatial and temporal
variances, for use in (a) validating climate model simulations of
the high-latitude hydrologic cycle and its variability and (b)
quantifying the low-frequency variability in high-latitude
hydrologic quantities.  The database compilation will focus on
precipitation and runoff fields, supplemented by computations of
atmospheric moisture flux convergence, which will be used to
estimate the net PE (precipitation minus evapotranspiration) on a
regional basis.  The second task will be to diagnose quantitatively
the high-latitude hydrologic cycle of the AMIP simulations in order
to determine the reasons for the model overestimation of arctic
precipitation.  The last task involves the use of a regional
atmospheric model to determine what resolution is required to
realistically simulate the spatial and temporal variability of
precipitation over topographically complex areas in high latitudes.

All three tasks are interdependent, and each is an important
contribution to efforts to increase our ability to estimate the
potential for global climate change.

Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Data Coordination Center at the
National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC)
OPP 9321416
09/15/94; (OPP) $174,190; 11 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
Claire Hanson

NSIDC proposes an ARCSS Data Coordination Center at NSIDC to
integrate management of data for Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions
(LAII), O cean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions, Greenland Ice Sheet
Project (GISP) II, Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries
(PALE), and the emerging Arctic Archaeology component.  In this
3-year view, NSIDC envisions a distributed set of ARCSS data
archives with data sets held in appropriate centers (including
NSIDC), linked by NSIDC's "front end" coordination to ensure that
ARCSS-funded researchers can easily obtain required data, and
guaranteeing an archival of data they collect during ARCSS.  The
"front end," or Data Coordination Center, will produce these
results:  (1) ARCSS and other arctic data sets and products of
importance to ARCSS science priorities will be cataloged and
described in a published ARCSS Catalog and in the Global Change
Master Directory; (2) ARCSS and other arctic data sets and products
will be easy to access and to use for research; (3) ARCSS data sets
will be coordinated and managed within the framework of established
and emerging U.S. and international data systems and centers; (4)
a data accession and archival system for ARCSS data sets and
products will be established at NSIDC; (5) guidelines for data
formats and documents, including geographic information system and
model output data sets, will be developed and promulgated within
the ARCSS community; (6) tailored data products, on CD-ROM,
diskette and via electronic file transfer, will be delivered to
ARCSS investigators; (7) NSIDC will work with the ARCSS Data
Management Working Group, ARCSS Modeling Working Group, and ARCSS
Science Steering Committees to identify data priorities for
ARCSS-funded research;  (8) exchange of information about data sets
and data-related activities among members of the ARCSS community
will be facilitated by an electronic bulletin board, newsletter,
and information clearinghouse at NSIDC; and (9) work on a
geocryological database will be initiated by capitalizing on recent
opportunities to obtain data from the former Soviet Union.

Organizational Support to the U.S. Arctic Science Program
OPP 9404321
05/01/94; (OPP) $342,327; 36 months
Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS)
Fairbanks, AK  99708
Mark F. Meier

With this award, ARCUS has entered into a 3-year cooperative
agreement with the NSF's Office of Polar Programs.  This agreement
will facilitate the continuing development, promotion, and
implementation of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) program, with
special emphasis on integrating and synthesizing its various parts,
and will broaden ARCSS so that it involves other currently
neglected areas such as the human aspect of global change. ARCUS
will work to increase communication among arctic researchers,
academic institutions, federal agencies, and logistical field
facilities and projects; to inform policymakers, funding sources
(federal agencies, private foundations, corporate bodies), and
educators on the need, opportunities, and benefits in arctic
research; and to improve offerings and programs in arctic science
education.  ARCUS will facilitate an Arctic Week, combining several
of these activities to increase participation of all interested
arctic groups and individuals, to foster interdisciplinary
exchanges, and to make the most effective use of available
resources.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES

Comparative Study of Social Transition in the North:  Alaska and
Russian Far East
OPP 9213137
08/01/92; (OPP) $195,159; 42 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Steven McNabb

This project investigates sociological questions relating to
demographic, epidemiologic, and domestic transition in a sample of
Alaskan and Russian Far Eastern communities.  A multitrait,
multimethod design using several types of data is employed for
controlled comparisons of independent socioeconomic, political,
historical, and cultural factors.  The results will form a basis
for international collaboration in areas of native health and rapid
social change, the two most urgent concerns of northern indigenous
people.  Native organizations in Alaska and the Russian north are
advisory to the project.

Logical Frameworks for Making and Justifying Arctic Development
Decisions:  Russian and U.S. Approaches
OPP 9213392
07/01/92; (OPP) $67,830; 42 months
George Mason University
Fairfax, VA  22030
Rex V. Brown

Society's need to manage arctic natural resources presents a
pressing and distinctive case for a methodology to integrate
conflicting economic, social, and environmental considerations.
This project will compare Russian and American approaches to
decision analysis and will focus on an environmental concern
affecting all arctic nations and calling for joint solutions:  the
past and potential contamination of the Arctic and the impacts of
industrial development on northern regions and societies.

Inupiat Eskimo Childrearing:  Impact of Adult Relatives
OPP 9218442
09/01/93; (OPP) $103,402; 24 months
Northwest Arctic Borough
Kotzebue, AK  99752
Julie E. Sprott

This in-depth 3-year study examines Inupiat Eskimo childrearing in
northwest Alaska.  The investigation fills a 30-year gap in
information about childrearing beliefs and practices in village
Alaska within the context of rapidly changing social and cultural
norms.  A particular focus will be on the divergence of attitudes
and how they impact children.  Following a pilot study of extended
families in Kotzebue, intergenerational families in remote villages
(Noorvik, Kiana) will be examined.  This triangulated approach to
data collection includes traditional anthropological fieldwork and
participant observation, combined with life-history interviews of
family members by trained local villagers.  The study is intended
to advance the science of cross-cultural family theory and child
development, as well as to provide information on contemporary
parenting for the Northwest Arctic Borough.

North Atlantic Biocultural Coordination and Research Project
OPP 9222956
04/01/93; (OPP) $134,684, (SBR) $70,000; 30 months
Hunter College
New York, NY  10021
Thomas H. McGovern

Scandinavian settlers colonized the islands of the North Atlantic
500 years before Columbus.  They introduced European economies and
culture into fragile arctic terrestrial and marine ecosystems and
over time suffered the consequences of ecological damage, human
population decreases, and extinctions.  The Nordic archaeological,
historical, and ecological data on these human impacts are unique
in the circumpolar world and highly relevant to our understanding
of global change.  This 5-year project seeks to coordinate,
integrate, and, through case studies, analyze the complex
multidisciplinary data from the North Atlantic region.  This effort
will greatly enhance the value of individual research projects in
10 countries and is of direct relevance to applied studies of
fisheries and agriculture in the North.

The Development of Cultural Complexity in the Shumagin Islands
OPP 9223473
06/01/93; (OPP) $62,732; 42 months
Vassar College
Poughkeepsie, NY  12601
L. Lewis Johnson

The prehistory of the Aleutian Islands is poorly known, and there
is little understanding of the development of cultural complexity
in this region.  This archaeological investigation involves the
excavation and analysis of structures and middens in the Shumagin
Islands.  The project is designed to determine how many of the
structures were occupied simultaneously and what variation exists
in larger and smaller structures.  The excavations will render food
remains indicative of diet, in addition to determining the
distributions of implements and prestige goods. This new
information will  be combined with overall patterns of site
densities in the Aleutians to estimate prehistoric Aleutian
populations.

The Chronology and Ecology of Postglacial Colonization of the
Americas
OPP 9307474
07/15/93; (OPP) $24,964; 29 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
R. Dale Guthrie

Human colonization of the Americas has been an important and
controversial issue.  This is particularly true with regard to the
Clovis expansion of just under 11,000 years ago.  New dates suggest
that one large mammal, the moose, followed the same route as humans
from Siberia into Alaska.  Since human bones have never been found
in either region from this time period, the presence of large
numbers of moose bones offers an opportunity to analyze the timing
and ecological limits of these co-travelers.  Sixty radiocarbon
dates from northeastern Siberia, Alaska, and the Yukon will provide
an indirect indicator of the extent of the woodland environments
and human/moose co-expansion into the New World.

Babine-Witsu Wit'en Verbal Morphology
OPP 9307704
08/01/93; (OPP) $28,631, (SBR) $22,000; 30 months
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
Sharon Hargus

The disappearance of Native American languages is a serious
problem, requiring both scientific documentation and revitalization
efforts.  This project is a linguistic study of the verbal
morphology, phonology, and syntax of a subarctic Athabascan Indian
language (Babine-Witsu Wit'en) still spoken in British Columbia,
Canada.  The objective of the study is to provide a model of the
morphological structure of verbs based on an understanding of the
interaction of verbal morphology with syntax and phonology.
Research will be conducted through native speaker interviews.
Local objectives are to stimulate interest in linguistics among
native speakers and to facilitate pedagogical language efforts
throughout this language area.

Bowdoin College Labrador Archaeology Project 1993-95
OPP 9307845
07/15/93; (OPP) $58,261; 29 month
Bowdoin College
Brunswick, ME  04011
Susan A. Kaplan

Archaeologists have constructed a broad overview of the cultural
history of the Labrador Inuit using archaeological and
ethnohistorical data and have identified environmental, historical,
demographic, and socioeconomic factors that might have affected
cultural developments during the past 600 years.  Of particular
interest has been the evolution of distinctive 18th-century
communities characterized by large centrally located settlements
with communal houses, long-distance trade networks, and explicit
displays of wealth and strong leadership.  Different hypotheses
have been posed to explain this development, including climate
change, population growth, and socioeconomic changes growing out of
contact with Europeans.  This 3-year excavation project is designed
to test these hypotheses using settlement materials.  The results
will contribute to our knowledge of climate change and human
adaptation in the Arctic and relate to global change issues.

Prehistoric Settlement and Land Use and the Development of Complex
Social Systems in the North Pacific:  A Case Study from Kodiak
Island, Alaska
OPP 9311676
05/15/93; (OPP) $11,944; 23 months
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI  48109
John D. Speth

The dissertation examines human responses to environmental risks
reflected by prehistoric settlement and land-use patterns within
the context of changing population densities on Kodiak Island,
Alaska.  Site features and locations will be examined in relation
to one another and to projected resources.  With the combined
advantages of well-preserved and highly visible archaeological
sites, ongoing geomorphological and paleoenvironmental
reconstruction, and the use of remote sensing and hierarchic
geographic information systems, this research promises to
contribute to the anthropological understanding of culture change
and the emergence of complex hunter-gatherer social systems in the
north.

Determination of Chert Sources of Prehistoric Artifacts,
Northwestern Alaska
OPP 9317327
01/01/94; (OPP) $10,000; 18 months
Rutgers University, New Brunswick
New Brunswick, NJ  08903
Gail M. Ashley

Advanced petrological and geochemical analysis of stone artifacts
provides a unique opportunity for resolving questions about
prehistoric societies, including migration and trading routes by
the earliest Americans.  This dissertation research will focus on
the study of chert outcrops and the correlation of their
petrological and geochemical signatures with those of chert
artifacts from prehistoric sites in northwest Alaska.  The
petrological correlation will be made using microscopy, electron
microprobe analysis of mineral inclusions, and microfossil
identification.  The geochemical correlation will be based on
statistical results of neutron activation analysis of trace
elements.

The Cultural Ecology of Protected Natural Areas under Continuing
Human Use
OPP 9318926
03/15/94; (OPP) $129,517; 30 months
Dartmouth College
Hanover, NH  03755
Nicholas E. Flanders

The proposed research will look at the management of protected
natural areas under continuing human use of natural resources.  The
central question will be whether local community use and knowledge
reduces uncertainty in managing for ecosystem reproducibility and
landscape diversity.  The research also addresses the questions of
whether it is possible to have continuing human use of resources
and still protect the ecology of protected areas, and how different
management systems affect the successful integration of human
activities into natural systems.  The research will develop
quantitative-ecosystem-management models for national parks
incorporating information from local and traditional users.
Studies will be conducted on national park units in Alaska,
Newfoundland, and Lapland.  This project will take a systems
approach to the analysis of human/environment interactions in
arctic regions of relevance to global-change research.

Occupational, Educational, and Residential Choices of Arctic Youth:

Longitudinal Comparison of High School Aspirations and Young Adult
Behaviors
OPP 9319921
04/01/94; (OPP) $58,432; 18 months
Old Dominion Research Foundation
Norfolk, VA  23508-0369
Carole L. Seyfrit

Rapid social and economic changes have taken place throughout rural
Alaska, but relatively little research has focused specifically on
how these changes affect adolescents whose life changes and beliefs
about their future foreshadow the destiny of many arctic villages.
This project is a longitudinal study based on the Northwest Alaska
Borough, the site of a large zinc mine, and the Bristol Bay area,
where commercial fishing dominates.  The project systematically
explores the progression from high school expectations to
post-high-school experiences.  The data will be based on surveys as
well as ethnographic fieldwork, interviews, and employment, police,
and native association records.  The data collected will help test
the relationship between intentions and behavior, describe
connections between individual and social changes in a rapidly
transforming environment, and yield practical insights for those
involved in education, social services, and occupational training
for young, rural Native Alaskans.

Envisioning International Regimes:  The Politics of Prenegotiation
in the Arctic
OPP 9320559
03/15/94; (OPP) $90,661; 23 months
Dartmouth College
Hanover, NH  03755
Oran R. Young

This project seeks to add to our understanding of regime formation
in international society by focusing on the prenegotiation stage of
international relations in the Arctic. The prenegotiation stage
covers the process through which issues initially find their way
into international political agendas, are considered in
international forums, and rise to prominence in international
negotiations.  The project involves a detailed analysis of four
current cases:  (1) The Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy,
(2) The Euro-Arctic Barents region, (3) The Arctic Council, and (4)
the Bering Sea region.  The study will examine a series of
hypotheses about the forces at work in the prenegotiation stages,
including the influence of nonstate actors and the role of
individual leaders.

Archaeology of the North Alaska Coast:  A Settlement Pattern Study
from Point Franklin to Wainwright
OPP 9321112
04/01/94; (OPP) $107,447; 18 months
Bryn Mawr College
Bryn Mawr, PA  19010
Glenn W. Sheehan

This archaeological project will recover data on prehistoric and
historic occupations at Pingasagruk, Point Franklin, once a whaling
village on Alaska's Chukchi Sea coast.  The rapidly eroding site
will provide comparative data on differential access to trade and
resources in the region, and provide a background for interpreting
the well-documented aboriginal warfare of the past.  In addition to
an analysis of settlement abandonment phases and the hiatus between
the historic and prehistoric settlement at Pingasagruk, poorly
documented outlying sites will be recorded using spatial domain
radar.  Information on house-pit reuse and the vertical and
historical extents of middens can be used to refine population
estimates and patterns of resource exploitation.  The project will
be carried out in cooperation with Wainwright Village residents and
the North Slope Borough.  Both students and elders will
participate.

Structuration in Cross-Cultural Interaction:  Yup'ik Eskimos and
Non-Natives
OPP 9322092
07/15/94; (OPP) $ 36,979; 14 months
Associated Village Council President
Bethel, AK  99559
Chase Hensel

This anthropological research project seeks to explain the
processes of cross-cultural communication as exemplified by the
interactions of Yup'ik Eskimos and non-natives in Bethel, Alaska.
The research has applications in both practical and theoretical
ways.  It can increase our practical understanding of how people
learn to communicate in cross-cultural settings and also contribute
an analysis of the theories of practice/structuration, relevance to
anthropology, and other social science disciplines.  Research will
be conducted through formal and informal interviews, participant
observation, and attendance at public meetings.

Doctoral Dissertation Research:  A Study of the Socioeconomic
Organization of an East Greenlandic Mixed Cash/Subsistence Economy
OPP 9400316
04/15/94; (OPP) $10,861; 17 months
Brandeis University
Waltham, MA  02254
Robert C. Hunt

This dissertation project on the socioeconomic organization of an
East Greenlandic hunting economy, based on the harvesting of seals,
will result in a description and analysis of an economy operating
in both a modern industrial market context and a traditional
domestic household economy.  The subsequent analysis will
contribute to social theory on the impact of cash on traditional
subsistence economies and the structure of mixed economies.  In the
context of the 1989 European Community's indefinite ban on the
trade of seal skins, the research will contribute to the
understanding of the adaptive strategies of a contemporary arctic
society.

Contemporary Tlingit Family, Kinship, and Marriage:  The Impact of
Change
OPP 9402724
07/01/94; (OPP) $7,565; 6 months
Bryn Mawr College
Bryn Mawr, PA  19010
Jane C. Goodale

The goals of this dissertation project are to analyze the nature of
social and cultural change, and the conditions that constrain and
promote these changes.  The study, based on ethnographic and
archival analysis, focuses on alterations that have occurred during
the past 50 years in the Tlingit village of Hoonah, Alaska.  It is
proposed that these changes were the result of events beyond
village control as well as deliberate decisions by village leaders.

Furthermore, it is suggested that social change may be deliberately
created by members of a society as a means to generate political
power.  The project will fill a major gap in the knowledge of
contemporary Native American social organization and contribute to
anthropological knowledge of cultural transformation.

Northern Women, Northern Lives:  An International Conference on
Women in the Circumpolar North
OPP 9403825
06/01/94; (OPP) $15,000; 6 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Judith S. Kleinfeld

Northern Women, Northern Lives, An International Conference on
Women in the Circumpolar North will be a forum to gain recognition
for the perspectives and roles of women in the arctic and subarctic
region.  Topics of discussion will include family, worklife,
health, leadership, public policy, economic development,
environment, culture, and education.  Presentations will focus on
northern research and tools that are relevant to address
contemporary concerns.  The objectives also include the
inauguration of an International Arctic Women's Research Network.

Indigenous Knowledge and Practice in Changing Greenlandic Resource
Management Regimes
OPP 9403834
07/15/94; (OPP) $28,583; 11 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Richard A. Caulfield

The proposed research will examine the changing significance of
indigenous knowledge and practice in shaping resource management
schemes.  The principal research question examines whether attempts
to integrate indigenous knowledge and practice with Danish
management systems have led to more effective resource management
in Greenland.  The project seeks to understand what forms of
indigenous knowledge and practice underlie use of renewable
resources in West Greenland and how indigenous knowledge and
practice might contribute to future sustainable development in
Greenland under Home Rule.  Ethnohistorical materials will be
analyzed, hunting lists compiled, and case studies carried out
within the framework of the project.  Additionally, these data will
be made available to other North Atlantic projects and the Danish
Polar Centre.

Cree Hunters' Responses to Resource Development in James Bay,
Quebec
OPP 9412811
09/01/94; (OPP) $7,829; 12 months
Syracuse University
Syracuse, NY  13244-5300
Alfonso Castro

This dissertation study will examine how Cree hunters perceive and
respond to environmental changes associated with resource
development in the James Bay region of Quebec Province, Canada.
The proposed study will focus on commercial forestry and sport
hunting, factors identified by Cree hunters as directly affecting
their continued harvest of wildlife, especially moose, a primary
source of meat in many Cree communities.  Analysis of these factors
using anthropological and social impact assessment approaches will
provide detailed information on how local systems are affected by
and respond to large-scale regional environmental changes.  Results
will contribute to our understanding of the nature and scope of
environmental changes in northern regions and the effects of such
impacts on economic, social, and cultural patterns of northern
residents, particularly aboriginal peoples.

Late Prehistoric and Ipiutak Settlements in the Brooks Range
OPP 9413112
08/15/94; (OPP) $11,056, (HRD) $37,992; 11 months
State University of New York, Brockport
Brockport, NY  14420
E.S. Hall

This archaeological project in northwestern interior Alaska seeks
to elucidate the character of the Ipiutak and Late Prehistoric
cultures which span the transition between the 4,000-year-old
Arctic Small Tool tradition and recent peoples of the region.  The
Ipiutak culture contrasts dramatically with Late Prehistoric
cultures.  Various hypotheses to explain these differences will be
tested using excavated data from numerous sites.  Points of
comparison will include settlement patterns, subsistence systems,
house forms, tool types, and paleoenvironmental data.  Although
some new fieldwork will be undertaken, a major component of the
project consists of analysis of previously excavated but
unpublished material.  The product will stand as a significant
contribution to anthropology and to the knowledge of cultural
development in Alaska.

The Perception of Environmental Risk in Alaska:  A Cross-Cultural
Comparative Perspective
OPP 9414184
07/15/94; (OPP) $29,653; 11 months
University of Alaska, Southeast Juneau
Juneau, AK  99801
Leonard A. Wilson

This project centers on the differences in the perception of
environmental risk factors among native and non-native populations
in Alaska.  Among the factors that contribute to different
perceptions are culture, language, and economic structure, as well
as measures of environmental risk factors.  Through various
observational techniques_surveys, archived data, and ethnography_a
triangulation of methodologies is intended to provide a rich
contextual analysis.  The present proposal will support a working
conference of experts to explore substantive and methodological
issues raised by parallel projects in Oklahoma and Alaska, both of
which examine risk perceptions by Native Americans.  There
currently exists no clearly defined methodology for assessing
cross-cultural risk perception.  This project will thus break new
ground of great significance for the field of decision science and
contribute to the development of the policy sciences in the U.S.
Arctic, nationally and internationally.

Alaska Native Science Commission Workshops
OPP 9414452
07/01/94; (OPP) $43,404; 8 months
Alaska Federation of Natives
Anchorage, AK  99501
Dorothy M. Larson

The Alaska Native community desires to become actively involved in
scientific research.  One way to achieve this is through the
establishment of a Native Science Commission.  The purpose of this
workshop proposal is to develop a number of processes that can
facilitate collaboration and communication between Native
communities and researchers in Alaska.  Two workshops, including
international and Alaska experts, will be held to define the
scientific framework and organization of the Native Science
Commission. The long-term goals are to improve communication
between the Native and scientific communities, to stimulate the use
of indigenous knowledge in science, to contribute to arctic
logistics, and to establish a process for approval of research in
Alaska.

Eskimos and Maize Agriculturalists:  Interpreting Patterns of
Cortical Bone Remodeling in Human Skeletal Populations Using an
Animal Model
OPP 9416140
08/01/94; (OPP) $8,848; 12 months
University of Wisconsin_Madison
Madison, WI  53706-1490
Margaret J. Schoeninger

Accelerated bone loss with age in Eskimo populations has interested
anthropologists for decades.  It is hypothesized that diets high in
protein and acidity are a contributing factor in human bone
replacement and bone loss (osteopenia).  The importance of diet is
suggested by comparisons of pre- and post-Contact Eskimos with
Southwest Pueblo maize agriculturalists.  This dissertation project
is designed to test the hypothesis of dietary influences using
controlled animal feeding experiments and human skeletal
populations.  This study contributes to our understanding of
skeletal changes among the elderly, in addition to providing
insight into prehistoric populations.

Dissertation Research:  Differential Resource Access in a Thule
Eskimo Whaling Community
SBR 9313627
03/01/94; (SBR) $4,141, (OPP) $4,140; 18 months
Arizona State University
Tempe, AZ  85287
Katherine A. Spielmann

Under the direction of Dr. Katherine Spielmann, Mr. Peter Whitridge
will collect data for his doctoral dissertation.  He has begun and
will continue archaeological excavations at the site of PaJs-2
which is located in the central Canadian Arctic and was inhabited
by Thule Eskimos between ca. 1100-1450 A.D.  Preliminary data
indicate that the site was occupied recurrently for 6 to 8 months
a year by a group of 100 to 200 people whose economy centered in
intensive harvesting of bowhead whales.  Over the course of
excavation, Mr. Whitridge will expose seven domestic dwellings, a
ceremonial house, and surrounding activity areas and middens.
Because of permafrost conditions, artifactual material is well
preserved and provide detailed insight into the lives of these
prehistoric people.  Mr. Whitridge will focus on status
differentiation and will examine materials to gain insight into the
degree of differential access to economic resources.  Thus valued
foods_as reflected in animal bone_and exotic and scarce commodities
will provide a focus for attention.  Archaeologists are interested
in the origin and causes of social inequality, and Thule Eskimos
are of particular interest from this perspective.  It is widely
believed that hunter-gatherer societies are basically egalitarian
in nature and, because of the rigors of this way of life, status
distinctions between sexes and between families rarely if ever
occur.  However, because groups such as the Thule specialized in
whale hunting, food was often abundant and based on ethnographic
analogy; successful hunters often were accorded great respect.  Mr.
Whitridge wishes to examine whether such factors in fact resulted
in inequalities.  This research is important for several reasons.
It will provide data of interest to many archaeologists and also
will increase our understanding of the processes which led to the
emergence of complex society and assist in the training of a
promising young scientist.

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

United States-Denmark Program: Dissertation Research in Arctic
Atmospheric Chemistry
INT 9402512
06/01/94; (INT) $12,800; 30 months
University of Illinois_Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, IL  61801
Sheldon Landsberger

This award supports dissertation-related research in Western Europe
by a doctoral graduate student of Dr. Sheldon Landsberger from the
University of Illinois_Urbana-Champaign.  The graduate student, Mr.
Steven Biegalski, will carry out atmospheric chemistry research at
the RISO National Laboratory in Roskilde, Denmark.  Dr. Landsberger
and Mr. Biegalski are actively involved in research using
source-receptor models to characterize airborne pollutants in the
Arctic and to study the influence that halogens have on the
destruction of ozone.  Dr.  Landsberger has received funding from
Denmark to visit and collaborate with Dr. K. Heydorn and Dr. Kare
Kemp of the Neils Bohr Institute.  They are directing a Danish
project to develop receptor models based on analyses of arctic
aerosols.  Funding from the Western Europe Program of NSF will
enable Mr. Biegalski to accompany Dr. Landsberger and to stay for
two 2-month periods to carry out research that will contribute to
his dissertation.  Participation in the ongoing research at RISO
National Laboratory will give Mr. Biegalski access to field samples
and specialized equipment and procedures not available to him at
the University of Illinois.  These will give him further insights
into the role that the long-range transport of atmospheric
aerosols, particularly trace elements, play in global change.  He
will also gain experience in international collaboration at an
early stage of his research career, and establish solid
professional contacts with a leading atmospheric chemistry research
group and its network of European collaborators.

United States-Norway Program:  Dissertation Research in Biological
Oceanography
INT 9403610
06/01/94; (INT) $13,840; 12 months
University of Maryland Center for Estuarian Research
Cambridge, MD  21613
Michael R. Roman

This award provides partial support for dissertation research
expenses of a doctoral graduate student of Dr. Paul Roman of the
Horn Point Environmental Laboratory of the University of Maryland.
The graduate student, Ms. Juanita Urban-Rich, will carry out
oceanographic research in cooperation with faculty of the
University of Tromso and the University of Bergen, Norway.  She
will participate in a series of research cruises off northern
Norway related to two major Norwegian research programs on particle
flux and the carbon cycle in arctic waters.  These will give her
the opportunity to collect invaluable data for her dissertation
research on the contribution made by zooplankton fecal pellets to
particle flux and carbon cycles in different geographical
locations.  She will carry out experiments to measure the chemical
composition and dissolution of particulate organic carbon to
dissolved organic carbon from fecal pellets and "marine snow," an
aggregate of organic and inorganic detritus.  She hopes to
determine whether the two forms of detritus contribute
significantly different forms of organic carbon to abyssal waters
and sediments as they decay, possibly as a result of different
decay rates, different composition, or differences in the
transformation of particulate to dissolved organic carbon.  These
data will be compared with data she will collect in the Arabian Sea
under other sponsorship.  Macrozooplankton fecal pellets and marine
snow are important transporters of organic carbon as well as
nutrients, pollutants, and trace metals from the upper ocean layers
to deep water and the sediments.  However, this contribution can
take several paths and varies by season.  In addition to this
contribution to vertical flux, they are an important food source
for other animals.  Increased knowledge of the composition and fate
of these organic particles will contribute to improved models and
understanding of global biogeochemical cycles.

International Postdoctoral Fellows:  Foraging Decisions of
Mammalian Herbivores_Optimal Bite Size and Patch Dynamics
INT 9405166
06/01/94; (INT) $28,220; 18 months
International Junior Investigator and Postdoctoral Fellows Program
Washington, TX  20550
Lisa A. Shipley

This award is under the International Junior Investigator and
Postdoctoral Fellows Program, which enables U.S. scientists and
engineers to conduct 3 to 12 months of research abroad at research
centers of proven excellence.  These awards provide opportunities
for joint research and the use of unique or complementary
facilities, expertise, and experimental conditions abroad.  This
award will support a 10-month postdoctoral research visit by Dr.
Lisa A. Shipley to work with Dr. Per Lundberg at the Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences in Umea, Sweden.  Their
research is designed to examine the question of predicting optimal
bite size for animals of different sizes based on tradeoffs between
intake rate and nutrient quality. They will do this by modeling the
optimal bite size based on animal size, the relationship between
fiber and plant secondary chemistry and bite size or twig diameter,
the digestive physiology of the animal, and the relationship
between bite size and dry matter intake rate.  The predictions will
be compared with field and lab observations of four free-ranging,
browsing herbivore species of the boreal ecosystem of northern
Sweden feeding in winter on dormant browses.

ENGINEERING

Integrated Wind-Energy Systems for Polar Applications
DMI 9361143
02/01/94; (OPP) $61,553; 9 months
Northern Power Systems, Inc.
Moretown, VT  05660
Clint Coleman

This project will develop wind-turbine technology for polar
applications as an avenue to expanding the ability to develop wind
and wind-hybrid energy projects in cold weather and polar
environments.  The development program will be focused on
identifying technical problems, specifically related to the polar
environment, and performing analysis, detailed engineering, and
conceptual designs to address the specific set of identified
concerns.  The outcome of the program will be the development of
wind turbines for a wide range of commercial, cold regions
applications.  These new turbines will fill a void in the current
marketplace and may make a significant reduction in the cost of
electrical energy in polar regions.

EDUCATION

A Scientific Group Communications and Collaborative Testbed for
Upper Atmospheric Research
IRI 9216848
09/01/92; (IRI) $580,898, (ATM) $200,000; 85 months
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI  48109
Daniel E. Atkins

This is a cooperative agreement to fund a multidisciplinary effort
linking research in computer science, behavioral science, and
upper-atmospheric and space science to build a prototype system for
a distributed but shared working environment.  This effort
conceives, develops, deploys, tests, evaluates, and integrates a
high-performance group-centered computing environment into the
collaborative experimental and modeling activities ongoing in the
upper-atmospheric research community.  Upper atmospheric
researchers are engaged in observational activities using a variety
of instruments located at the Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland,
upper-atmospheric research facility.  Many of these activities are
directed at rare or intermittent phenomena requiring real-time
control of instruments by scientists observing the changing
conditions.  This is currently accomplished by visits to the remote
facility.  For testing and evaluation of distributed tools for
collaboration, research under this agreement will develop a
user-oriented, rapid prototyping testbed built around the Sondre
Stromfjord facility and its user community.  Testing and evaluation
of the prototype tools will involve measurements of human behavior.

This research will add to the understanding of effective use of
collaboration tools by performing studies of use and effectiveness
of these tools among the testbed users. The Sondre Stromfjord
researchers expect to obtain greater efficiency in joint
experimental operations, analysis, and discovery by guiding the
requirements for the collaboration environment which they will
utilize to support their research.

Integrating Data Management, Analysis, and Visualiztion for
Collaborative Scientific Research
IRI 9117153
07/01/92; (IRI) $99,988, (OPP) $15,000, (EAR) $15,000; 42 months
University of New Hampshire
Durham, NH  03824
Ted M. Sparr

The goal of this multidisciplinary project is to design and develop
the prototype for a new approach in database environments to
support collaborative scientific research.  The prototype
integrates scientific data visualization and mathematical and
statistical analysis tools with database support in a highly
interactive environment.  A new model for scientific data is
founded on the notion that a query of a scientific database
conceptually creates new derived data whose relationship to the
parent database is defined by the query.  Each query, in principle,
leads to the discovery of additional structure in the data that is
either explicit in the results of the query, or hypothesized by the
scientist(s) from query results.  The system uses a process-flow
graph to represent queries.  The project, carried out by a team of
two computer scientists, an applied mathematician, and scientists
from earth science, civil engineering, and atmospheric science,
contributes to ongoing research in the fields of environmental
biology and chemistry, oil reservoir analysis, and polar ice core
study.  This work will produce a new data model for scientific data
and will design and develop the prototype for an integrated data
management, analysis, and visualization environment to support
interdisciplinary scientific investigation.

Alaska Science Consortium Early Childhood Project
ESI 9150257
09/01/91; (ESI) $133,597; 42 months
Alaska State Department of Education
Juneau, AK  99811-0544
Margaret Cowan

This project is designed to engage early childhood teachers and
early childhood staff development efforts in science education.
Content and methodologies of science education will be taught
within the framework of developmentally appropriate, emergent
curriculum for young children.  The initial staff development
activity of the project is a 4-week summer institute.  During the
subsequent school year, mentoring, computer networking, and
presentation of district and statewide in-services will support
summer instruction.  The project will use the existing
organization, instructional strategies, and staff of the successful
Alaska Science Consortium and meld these with early childhood
methodologies, leaders, and networks.

Young Scholars Project_Environmental and Earth Sciences
ESI 9255000
06/01/93; (ESI) $97,175; 29 months
Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research
Moscow, ID  83843
Maynard M. Miller

The Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research will initiate
an 8-week, residential, Young Scholars project with a Mathematics
and Science Teaching Perspectives component in environmental and
earth sciences for 15 students entering the 12th grade and 3 high
school teachers.  This summer program will emphasize field research
in Alaska's Juneau Ice-field.  Students are in the field the entire
period in a 7-day-a-week immersion in ongoing and new research
projects.  They will be involved in discussions of career
possibilities and the philosophy and ethics of environmental earth
science.  Involvement will continue throughout the academic year
through the preparation of research papers, through presentations
at home schools, and through newsletters and scheduled reunions
with participants and staff.

Summer Science Camp:  Yukon Delta Environmental Education Camp
HRD 9252773
09/01/92; (HRD) $137,013; 30 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Paul J. Polechla

This summer residential camp, which accommodates 30 ninth-grade
native Alaskans per year, is located in a remote site near the
heart of the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge.  This is an area
with a great need for the collection of basic biological data.
Students will be immersed in a variety of research projects,
collecting needed data to answer existing questions.  Program staff
and the native elders-in-residence will help stimulate questions
and provide insight into the natural history of the area.  Students
will prepare a final report of their research and will also visit
an actual field research station and assist with activities there.

Alaskan Native Marine Science Enhancement Program
OCE 9016113
09/01/90; (OCE) $72,280; 54 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Vera D. Alexander

This project is designed to introduce Alaskan Native undergraduate
students to scientific study through marine internships.  The
rationale is that the coastal Native populations of Alaska have a
deep involvement with the marine environment and especially with
its biological resources.  Marine science is therefore likely to be
more attractive to them initially than other areas of science.
Students in their sophomore, or possibly freshman, year at selected
coastal institutions, as well as the University of Alaska campus,
will be offered the opportunity to participate in marine science
internships.  Working closely with a faculty mentor, each student
will learn about research through hands-on experience as well as
individual tutoring.  Students at coastal sites will be encouraged
to move to a senior campus to pursue baccalaureate degrees in
scientific areas, and those who choose to do so would receive
continued support and mentoring to encourage their success.
Approximately five student fellowships are to be offered each year
of this 3-year project.

Coming Into the Country:  Pioneering K-12 Internet Access in
Alaska's Interior
RED 9454193
09/15/94; (RED) $101,343; 11 months
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK  99775-0900
Pamela J. Keating

A 3-day meeting will be organized on the University of Alaska,
Fairbanks (UAF) campus with leaders in collaborating school
districts, UAF faculty, and University of Alaska and UAF computing
support personnel, with a network engineer.  This program will be
designed to explore technical options for interconnection,
programmatic opportunities for simultaneously reforming schools and
the education of educators, and the implications for knowledge
access and exchange, particularly in the sciences, of deploying
computer-mediated communications through the interior region.  The
network engineer will inventory, in collaboration with district and
school personnel, districts' computing capacities, existing
technology infrastructure, and potential level of infrastructure
investment.  Although all possible forms of network connection will
be explored, particular attention will be paid to the possibilities
of satellite-to-cable connections for opening the Internet to these
rural sites.  Consultations and collaborative inquiry will
continue, as districts clarify the extent of their
commitment_physical, financial, and programmatic_to this
collaboration and develop action plans for technological deployment
and educational improvement.  District leaders expect to interact
with each other and UAF colleagues from the central UAF campus, as
well as those at the rural campuses, through dial-up access.  The
circulation of ideas and plans for development will begin the
physical and programmatic interconnection of these educators across
the educational continuum, in Fairbanks and Alaska's rural
interior.  Progress and plans will be reported and shared
externally as well, just as work-to-date in extending Internet
access to our K-12 colleagues has been discussed and reported in
national and international meetings.  It is  anticipated that the
special case of rural Alaska  (1) in terms of technological
deployment; (2) the explicit attention to linking schools
technologically with Schools of Education for systemic school
improvement and simultaneously improving the education of
educators, which goes well beyond the formal partnership envisioned
by Goodlad and colleagues to regular, real-time communication and
exchange; and (3) the potency of this medium for improving science
education through the connection of scientists and science
educators with science teachers in schools_especially rural and
remote school sites_will yield even more information about
internetworked computing and communication in education which will
be reported and shared in the appropriate communities.

ARCTIC COORDINATION

International Symposium on Ecological Effects of Arctic Airborne
Contaminants
OPP 9320521
01/15/94; (OPP) $20,000; 11 months
Environmental Protection Agency
Corvallis, OR  97333
Dixon H. Landers

Many serious environmental problems are transboundary in nature and
can be adequately dealt with only through international
cooperation.  As noted by both scientists and policy makers, this
is especially true of the arctic regions. The links between
airborne contaminants and arctic flora and fauna have not been
adequately studied or understood. In addition to documenting the
current state of knowledge regarding ecological effects of airborne
contaminants, an international symposium will facilitate the
planning of further scientific investigations and help lay the
groundwork for informed environmental policies.  This proposed
international symposium on the ecological effects of arctic
airborne contaminants will take place in Reykjavik, Iceland, in
October 1993.

Radioactivity and Environmental Security in the Oceans:  New
Research and Policy Priorities in the Arctic and North Atlantic
OPP 9317438
01/01/94; (OPP) $24,003; 18 months
Woods Hole Ocean Institute
Woods Hole, MA  02543
Charles D. Hollister

This conference on radioactivity and environmental security in the
Arctic and North Atlantic oceans brought together scientists from
nine countries.  The goal was to share data and initiate
collaborative efforts concerning research on the environmental
impacts of radioactive dumping activities.  Russian scientists
attended, leading to the production of a scholarly policy/economic
review of the impact of Soviet nuclear dumping.

Interagency Agreement on Arctic Environment Data
OPP 9419526
07/01/94; (OPP) $35,000, (OCE) $5,000; 12 months
Geological Survey_Denver
Denver, CO  80210
Douglas P. Posson

Through the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC),
the U.S. Geological Survey has developed and is managing several
Arctic data activities. The Arctic Environmental Data Directory
(AEDD) is an on-line searchable database containing descriptions
and locations of major U.S. and selective international datasets.
It is being added to as new or additional data are located.  The
Arctic Data Interactive (ADI) is a self contained CD-ROM that
contains representative scientific arctic information, select
bibliographies, and the AEDD.  The IARPC agencies agreed to
collectively support these activities over the next 2 years.  This
interagency transfer of funds partially fulfills requirements of
the Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984 to promote the
dissemination of arctic data and information.

Design and Editorial Services
OPP 9422141
08/15/94; (OPP) $15,575; 12 months
National BioSystems, Inc.
Rockville, MD  20852-1408
Norman Linsky

This award is to provide the National Science Foundation with
editorial and data analysis services for the Fiscal  Year 1994
report on arctic research.  The report provides essential
information in support of the requirements of the Arctic Research
and Policy Act.

Support for the U.S. Delegate to the Council of the International
Arctic Science Committee (IASC)
OCE 9419328
09/15/94; (OCE) $39,406, (OPP) $10,000; 23 months
Dartmouth College
Hanover, NH  03755
Oran R. Young

Partial support will be provided for the U.S. Delegate to the IASC
which serves as the principal international organization
responsible for coordinating international scientific research and
related scientific programs and activities dealing with the full
range of arctic issues.  The IASC is charged with developing and
coordinating international multidisciplinary arctic scientific
research programs, especially those requiring collaboration between
the natural and social sciences.  The IASC Council meets annually
to oversee IASC activities.  The U.S. Delegate to the IASC Council
works closely with the U.S. National Committee for the IASC and
interested Federal agencies to ensure that U.S. arctic science
interests are effectively represented in the IASC.  This support
will cover partial costs of the Delegate's participation in the
IASC; a small U.S. contribution to the central operating costs of
the IASC; and the publication of an IASC report on global change in
the Arctic.

Support for the 1995 International Conference for Arctic Research
Planning
OCE 9421852
09/15/94; (OCE) $79,094; (OPP) $142,000; 11 months
Dartmouth College
Hanover, NH  03755
Oran R. Young

Funding is provided to support partially the 1995 International
Conference for Arctic Research Planning that will be convened under
the aegis of the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC).
The Conference objectives are to identify priority areas for the
IASC agenda and to develop a number of focused scientific programs
that address interdisciplinary research topics requiring
circumarctic cooperation within this agenda.  Priority program
areas include (1) impact of global changes on the arctic regions
and its peoples, (2) arctic processes of relevance to global
systems, (3) natural processes within the Arctic; and (4) arctic
resource use ecosystem dynamics.  It is envisaged that these
programs will constitute the core IASC scientific agenda for the
following 5 to 10 years.  The Conference will be organized in a
workshop mode.  Opportunities will also be provided for
presentations of additional new ideas for arctic research by
scientists having interests in arctic research, but who are not
currently involved in IASC.  This open forum will further assist in
the planning of IASC scientific programs.

Support of the International Permafrost Association (IPA)
OCE 9422583
09/15/94; (OCE) $11,000; (OPP) $169,566; 60 months
American Geophysical Union
Washington, DC  20009
A.F. Spilhaus

The IPA of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)
will provide coordination and communications for international
scientific programs related to permafrost.  The IPA, through
working groups, special projects, conferences, and workshops, will
address issues such as global change and permafrost; periglacial
processes and environments; cryosols; mountain permafrost;
foundation engineering in permafrost environments; seasonal
freezing and thawing of permafrost; permafrost at high latitudes
and in rugged topography; and international exchange of data and
information.  The IPA Secretariat ensures planning, development,
and implementation of these activities, working under the direction
of the IPA Council. The Secretariat plans and organizes meetings of
the Council, its Executive Committee, and working groups and
prepares and distributes working documents for and reports of IPA
meetings, as well as other IPA documents and reports, draft
scientific papers, and a regular newsletter.

Arctic Research Commission
OPP 9023825
10/01/90; (OPP) $560,000; 48 months
Arctic Research Commission
Washington, DC  20423
Philip L. Johnson

This action continues the Interagency Agreement between NSF and the
Arctic Research Commission and provides for its continuing
operations.  The Arctic Research Commission was established under
the Arctic Research Policy Act of 1984 (Public Law 98-373) and
Executive Order 12501.  The General Services Administration will
provide administrative services to the Commission as specified in
Public Law 98-373 [Section 106(4)].  This action fulfills the
intent of Congress to provide fiscal year 1991 funding for the
Commission through NSF.

Proposal Processing and Travel Support to NSF Office of Polar
Programs
OPP 9200919
12/01/91; (OPP) $24,272; 48 months
Capital Systems Group, Inc.
Rockville, MD  20850-4315
Raj N. Shah

This contract award is made following offers received in response
to NSF solicitation GEO 90-110.  The solicitation calls for a
contract to provide NSF with program support services that fall
within three broad tasks: (1) proposal processing, data entry, and
distribution support; (2) proposal review process, panel, and
documentation support; and (3) preparation of analyses, studies,
and reports.  Program support services will be provided to the
Division of Polar Programs and other NSF offices and divisions
(with respect to item A above) on a task-order basis for specific
services.

Polar Research Board Core Support
OPP 9208923
04/01/92; (OPP) $55,700; 33 months
National Academy of Sciences
Washington, DC  20418-0007
Loren W. Setlow

The Polar Research Board (earlier called the Committee on Polar
Research) was established in 1958 by the National Academy of
Sciences in response to the need for scientific advice on the
increases in U.S. and international activities relating to the
polar regions.  The Board is a multidisciplinary body with
representation from four broad areas:  the social, biological, and
physical sciences, as well as engineering.  Members are drawn from
academic institutions, national laboratories, and industry.  The
activities of the Polar Research Board are funded by a wide range
of government agencies, including the Department of Energy, the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, the Office of Naval Research, the
U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Geological Survey, and NSF.  This grant
provides NSF support to the Board.  Activities of the Board during
the grant period include developing of a national polar research
plan, advising federal agencies on the role of arctic and antarctic
research in studies of global change, examining current issues in
glaciology, representing the United States on the Scientific
Committee on Antarctic Research, ensuring active U.S. scientific
participation in the International Arctic Science Committee
activities, and completing a series of studies relating to more
detailed problems of polar research.

Support for Graduate Students at the Annual "Arctic Workshop"
OPP 9320217
02/15/94; (OPP) $46,010; 36 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309
John T. Andrews

This award supports graduate students attending the annual Arctic
Workshop and includes registration, housing, and meals for
approximately 25 students.  These workshops have been held since
1972, alternating the location every other year between Boulder,
Colorado, and another location.  The workshops will be held in
Boulder in 1994 and 1996 and in Laval, Quebec, Canada, in 1995.
These workshops provide a vital forum for the exchange of ideas and
data within the arctic research community, at both the national and
international level.

A User-Based Polar Information System:  Coordinating
Responsibilities through the U.S. Polar Information Working Group
(USPIWG)
OPP 9321320
03/15/94; (OPP) $10,342; 17 months
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, CO  80309-0019
Martha Andrews

USPIWG proposes to coordinate the continuation of U.S. activities
to improve access to polar bibliographic information resources.
Publication of research results by the polar scientific community
continues to increase rapidly with 15,000 to 20,000 new papers
being indexed annually.  These research results must be available
to every potential user of polar regions information in the most
user-friendly and efficient manner possible.  This proposal
requests funding for 3 years (three meetings) of the USPIWG in
1994, 1995, and 1996, to be held at Cambridge, UK, Washington, DC,
and Anchorage, AK.  Individuals representing U.S. bodies that
provide polar information and/or information services will
participate in each meeting.  The USPIWG is a formally constituted
body whose goal is to meet the research needs of the polar
scientific community through user-based information access systems.

Effective dissemination of polar regions information is necessary
for the U.S. to carry out research and management activities
provided for in the Arctic Research and Policy of 1984 (amended
1990), the United Sates Arctic Research Plan and its revisions, and
the U.S. Antarctic Program. USPIWG goals are consistent with the
goals of the Arctic Research Commission.  In line with its
intention to offer its services to the organizations serving the
U.S. polar scientific communities, USPIWG contributes to the
biennial revision to the United states Arctic Research Plan.  At an
international level, USPIWG continues to be a leader within the
Polar Libraries Colloquy.

Bridges of Science Between North America and the Russian Far East:
Past, Present, and Future_Conference in Vladivostok, Russia, August
29-September 2, 1994
OPP 94021933
06/01/94; (OPP) $100,000; 20 months
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Washington, DC  20005
Richard W. Getzinger

This award will fund an effort to increase cooperation between the
American Association for the Advancement of Science  and the Far
Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  They will work
together to organize a major international scientific conference.
The meeting, "Bridges of Science Between North America and the
Russian Far East:  Past, Present, and Future," will be held August
29-September 2, 1994, in Vladivostok, Russia.  One hundred North
Americans and 150 Russians are expected to attend.  Scientists
working in Alaska and the Russian Far East share an intense concern
for the protection and preservation of the cultural and natural
history in the region called Beringia.  Beringia contains unique,
delicately balanced ecosystems that stand to receive the most
severe and immediate impact of greenhouse warming and,
consequently, will have far-reaching effects on the lives of the
indigenous peoples and other inhabitants of the region.  The
conference will address these timely issues, focusing on four
themes:  (1) Natural Resources and Environmental Changes; (2)
Paleoecology of Beringia:  New Developments;  (3) Development and
Adaptation of People and Cultures; and (4) Communication and
Information Exchange.  As a result of the conference, a proceedings
volume and a directory of Russian and American institutions and
scientists in the region will be published and widely disseminated
in both English and Russian.  The conference will strengthen
scientist-to-scientist cooperation between the Russian Far East and
North America, and present opportunities to expand collaborative
efforts.  The Vladivostok location will allow for broad
participation by Russian scientists and provide North American
researchers with enhanced opportunities to explore the potential
for cooperative research as Russian laboratories, ships, and field
stations are now available to Western scientists.

Support to Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC)
Staff
OPP 9403539
04/01/94; (OPP) $48,000; 12 months
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL)
Hanover, NH  03755
Stephen L. Bowen

This Interagency Agreement supports activities of IARPC for which
NSF has the lead agency role.  These activities involve editing and
preparing of the camera-ready copy of the spring and fall 1994
issues of the Arctic Research of the United States.  The journal
contains information on research activities of the federal agencies
involved in the Arctic and reports and minutes of meetings from the
Arctic Research Commission and IARPC.  This action provides support
for preparation of the journal and documentation of the interagency
programs for the 1990s.