===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1

AUTHOR:       Abbey, D.G.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Tangipahoa Crossing: restoring and preserving one of
              Louisiana's designated scenic rivers.

SOURCE:       Pages 107-124 in International Erosion Control Association.
              Erosion control: stay in tune. Proc. Intl. Erosion Control
              Assoc. Conf. XIX, New Orleans, LA.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R.-UB., RIPAR

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       CYNODON, LOLIUM, PASPALUM, SALIX, ACER, BETULA, FRAXINUS,
              CARPINUS, PRUNUS, POPULUS, QUERCUS, LONICERA, ULMUS, BERBERIS,
              CORNUS, RHUS, CRATAEGUS, LIGUSTRUM, ROSA, SAMBUCUS, PINUS,
              CELTIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the planning and design for restoration of a
              portion of a natural scenic river, the Tangipahoa, Tangipahoa
              Parish, LA, crossed by a gas transmission pipeline.  Topics
              include a cultural profile of Tangipahoa Parish, the natural
              profile of the general vicinity of the project site, and a design
              profile of the project.  The design includes planting trees,
              shrubs, and bank cover; shaping and grading the river bank;
              installing an artificial irrigation system to insure survival of
              seedbeds during early stages of succession; biotechnical erosion
              control features; and creation of tree islands.  Construction of
              the project had not yet begun.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       2

AUTHOR:       Abernathy, M.C., D.J. Morris, and R. Van Wormer

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Wetland reclamation planning at the John Henry Mine in western
              Washington

SOURCE:       Pages 153-159 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a
              workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour.,
              University Park.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM1, L.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       SALIX, SPIRAEA, ALNUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a restoration plan for the marshy remnant of
              a manmade lake on coal-mined land in King County, northwestern WA.
              The marsh was created in 1971 by the breach of a dam.  The
              restoration plan to enhance the 14 acre wetland includes a detailed
              review of mine plans and reclamation schedules, site reconnaissance,
              and summaries of geologic, geotechnical, and hydrologic features.
              The final plan calls for partially backfilling an open mine pit,
              while blending the original lake into the 5.2-5.6 ha wetland
              at the shallow end.  A water control structure will be installed
              to permit water level fluctuations and banks will be graded to a
              3:1 slope to allow development of shrubs and wildlife habitat.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1558

AUTHOR:       Adair, S.E., J.L. Moore, and C.P. Onuf

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Distribution and status of submerged vegetation in estuaries
              of the upper Texas coast

SOURCE:       Wetlands 14(2):110-121.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, WFOWL

PGENUS:       HALODULE, RUPPIA, THALASSIA, VALLISNERIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report documents current submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV)
              distributions along the upper Texas coast; examines relationships
              of species compositon and distribution with environmental changes
              and properties; and compares current distribution patterns with
              those from the early 1970's.  Aerial photographs were compared,
              vegetative cover maps were drawn, and the Matagorda and Galveston
              Bay complexes were sampled for vegetation and water quality
              parameters.  Halodule wrightii and Ruppia maritima were the most
              abundant SAV species, the amounts of each increasing with
              increased salinity and tended to dominate the lower intertidal and
              upper subtidal zones.  Current trends indicate a reduction in the
              total area of vegetated bottom in the northern gulf coast with the
              greatest loss being in the Galveston Bay Complex.  Only one bay in
              this complex has any SAV meadows remaining; whereas, there has
              actually been an increase of vegetated bottom in the Matagorda Bay
              Complex.  The authors suggest shorefront development,
              channelization, barrier island destruction, dredging, Hurricane
              Carla (1961), chemical spills, and wastewater discharges are the
              principal agents causing SAV reduction in Galvaston Bay.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       3

AUTHOR:       Adams, D.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1963

TITLE:        Factors influencing vascular plant zonation in North Carolina
              salt marshes

SOURCE:       Ecology 44(3):445-456.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       CUT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS, ASTER, SCIRPUS, LIMONIUM,
              SALICORNIA, BORRICHIA, FIMBRISTYLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes salt marsh vegetation and its relationship
              to sea level at 7 sites along the lower coast of NC.  Statistical
              analyses were performed on vegetation and soil samples;
              comparisons of 10 marsh plant species are presented in tables.
              Species in the low marsh consisted of Spartina alterniflora,
              Salicornia perennis, Limonium carolinianum, and Juncus
              roemerianus.  The high marsh species association was Aster
              tenuifolius, Distichlis spicata, Spartina patens, Fimbristylis
              castanea, and Borrichia frutescens.  Salinity, soil Ph, water
              table depth, and water nutrient concentrations were measured to
              determine the relationship between these environmental conditions
              and salt marsh succession.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       5

AUTHOR:       Adams, D.D., D.A. Darby, and R.J. Young

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations, Windmill Point Marsh
              development site, James River, Virginia

SOURCE:       Appendix F: environmental impacts of marsh development with
              dredged material - sediment and water quality. Volume II:
              substrate and chemical flux characteristics of a dredged
              material marsh. U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn.,
              Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-23. 495 pp.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: R1-UB., R1-US2, R1-US3, R2-US3, R1-EM2, PO-FO1, R2-US2, R2-EM2

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report is the second of a 2-volume study of sediment
              characteristics of a dredged material marsh at Windmill Point,
              James River, VA.  Substrate sediment studies and physical/chemical
              transport characteristics of the marsh development site and a
              natural marsh are compared.  The natural marsh substrate was more
              acidic and slightly more oxidized, with finer, more organic
              sediments that had a higher cation exchange capacity.  Water
              quality studies included measurements of temperature, dissolved
              oxygen, turbidity, pH, alkalinity, and dissolved nutrients.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       4

AUTHOR:       Adams, D.D., D.A. Darby, and R.J. Young

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations, Windmill Point Marsh
              development site, James River, Virginia

SOURCE:       Appendix F: environmental impacts of marsh development with
              dredged material: sediment and water quality. Volume I:
              characteristics of channel sediments before dredging and
              effluent quality during and shortly after marsh habitat
              development. U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn.,
              Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-23. 79 pp.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: R1-UB., R1-US2, R1-US3, R2-US3, R1-EM2, PO-FO1, R2-US2, R2-EM2

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes sediment and water quality at the Windmill
              Point Marsh development site, James River, VA.  River bottom
              sediments were fine-textured and poorly sorted.  Sediments were
              described in terms of temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction
              potential, water, volatile solids, particle size, minerals, and
              cation exchange capacity.  Channel sediment characteristics and
              chemical quality of effluent leaving the marsh development site
              were studied during dredged material disposal (for marsh
              substrate), during dewatering, and 3.5 months after dredging
              (before planting).  Baseline data are examined in detail to
              evaluate potential detrimental effects on successful marsh
              development and to assess the presence of pollutants.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       6

AUTHOR:       Adams, S.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Investigation of environmental enhancement needs and
              alternatives for the Loxahatchee Slough/Canal 18 Basin,
              Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 1-16 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual
              conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough
              Community Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E2-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes 3 alternative water management plans for the
              environmental enhancement of Loxahatchee Slough and the Northwest
              Fork of the Loxahatchee River, Martin and Palm Beach Counties, FL.
              These areas have been severely altered by drainage activities and
              subsequent saltwater intrusion.  A computerized simulation model,
              developed to test the applicability of the management plans, was
              based on analysis of the hydrological characteristics of the
              study areas.  Flood control, water supply, water quality, and
              environmental preservation and enhancement are focal points of
              the plans.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       7

AUTHOR:       Adamski, J.M., and M.F.P. Michalski

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Reclamation of acidified lakes--Middle and Lohi, Sudbury,
              Ontario

SOURCE:       Verh. Intl. Verein. Limnol. 19:1971-1983.

STATE:        ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       MOUGEOTIA, OOCYSTIS, SELENASTRUM, PERIDINIUM, DINOBRYON,
              CRYPTOMONAS, RHODOMONAS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the addition of chemical neutralizing agents
              to supplement the natural buffering capacity of 2 acidified lakes:
              Middle and Lohi, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.  Calcium hydroxide was
              the primary treatment chemical; calcium carbonate was applied
              after initial treatment with calcium hydroxide was complete.
              Substantial reductions in heavy metal content were recorded
              following chemical neutralization.  Lime demand also decreased
              and pH increased.  Chlorophyll concentrations were low and small
              nutrient additions may eventually be necessary to enhance
              productivity.  Results indicated that combined calcium hydroxide
              and calcium carbonate treatment is a simple, effective, and
              relatively inexpensive water management tool for reclaiming
              acidic lakes of the Precambrian Shield.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       8

AUTHOR:       Adamus, P.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Wetland evaluation technique for bottomland hardwood functions

SOURCE:       U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, Environ. Res. Lab., Corvallis,
              OR, Draft Rep. 74 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., R.-..., E2-FO., RIPAR

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents a wetland evaluation technique for
              bottomland hardwoods on river floodplains in the Mississippi
              Valley Alluvial Plain, Gulf Coastal Plain, and South Atlantic
              Coastal Plain.  This procedure includes an assessment of social
              significance and wetland functions: groundwater discharge, flood
              flow alteration, sediment stabilization, sediment/toxicant
              retention, nutrient removal/transformation, production export,
              and finfish, shellfish, and wildlife habitat.  Also included in
              the report are discussions of the U.S. Environmental Protection
              Agency's bottomland hardwood initiatives, relationship of this
              assessment technique to other assessment methods, the importance
              of bottomland hardwoods to wetland functions, and implementation
              of the technique.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       9

AUTHOR:       Adamus, P.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Criteria for created or restored wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 369-372 in D.D. Hook, ed. The ecology and management of
              wetlands, vol. 2. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-..., M.-..., L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses criteria for determining the effectiveness
              of wetland replacement (i.e., in attempting to answer the
              question of whether or not new or restored wetlands are as "good"
              as the wetlands they replace).  Failure to successfully create or
              recreate most natural wetland conditions and functions is weighed
              against benefits of mitigation for at least some of the losses.
              The author's wetland evaluation technique is presented and
              discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1001

AUTHOR:       Ailstock, M.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        A review of beach prisms: their application for wetlands
              creation under moderate to high energy conditions

SOURCE:       Pages 7-16 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the
              fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and
              creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R2-US2, R1-US2

RESPONSE:     SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper evaluates effectiveness of using beach prisms to
              stabilize a sand spit at the mouth of forked creek, a small
              tributary of the Magothy River, Anne Arundel County, MD.  Beach
              prisms are modular, precast, preassembled erosion control
              systems that function as permeable, detached breakwaters, and
              effect deposition of sediments suspended in the water column.
              Sediments are first deposited behind the prisms and eventually
              out in front as the shoreline profile becomes modified to a
              gradual run-up configuration.  A net accretion of coarse sand
              sediments was observed both above and below mean low water
              behind the prisms after 9 months.  Accreted sediments were not
              stable and planting of Spartina was recommended to minimize
              loss of accumulated material during storm events.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1531

AUTHOR:       Ales, J.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Status report for coastal wetlands conservation and
              restoration programs as of March 1, 1993

SOURCE:       Department of Natural Resources Coastal Restoration Division.
              Baton Rouge, LA.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, SPOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E1.-..., E2.-...

RESPONSE:     ECON, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report lists wetland restoration and creation projects
              proposed by 1993 in various areas along the Louisiana coast.
              Project descriptions, location maps, and project status are
              listed.  Initiation and completion dates or proposed dates for
              each pending project are given for planning, cost sharing,
              feasibility, permitting, monitoring plan, design, landrights,
              operation and maintenance plan, contracting, construction,
              operation and maintenence, and monitoring.   Many of the projects
              covered in the 1993 report are different from those covered in
              the 1994 report.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1530

AUTHOR:       Ales, J.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Status report for coastal wetlands conservation and
              restoration program as of March 1, 1994

SOURCE:       Department of Natural Resources Coastal Restoration Division.
              Baton Rouge, LA.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, SPOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E1.-..., E2.-...

RESPONSE:     ECON, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report lists wetland restoration and creation projects
              proposed by 1994 in various areas along the Louisiana coast.
              Project descriptions, location maps of proposed projects, and
              project status are listed.  Initiated and completion dates or
              proposed dates for each pending project are given for planning,
              cost sharing, feasibility, permitting, monitoring plan, design,
              landrights, operation and maintenance plan, contracting,
              construction, operation and maintenence, and monitoring.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       10

AUTHOR:       Allen, H.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Planting techniques to stabilize reservoir shoreline at Lake
              Wallula, Oregon/Washington

SOURCE:       Pages 1-3 in Environmental and water quality operational
              studies. U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg,
              MS, Info. Exchange Bull. Vol. E-83-3.

STATE:        OR, WA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-EM1, L2-US2, PO-SS1, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SALIX, CAREX, PHALARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes planting techniques used to stabilize a
              sandy beach subject to wind and wave action along the shoreline
              at Lake Wallula, OR/WA.  Ten woody and 15 herbaceous plant
              species were transplanted in monotypic plots along 3 elevational
              contours on the beach.  A 1.2 m high snow fence was erected in
              front of the plots in an attempt to still any wave action.  Four
              plots each of willow fascines, willow mats, and reed rolls were
              tested.  All 3 techniques have been successively used for stream
              bank stabilization in other studies; however, the techniques
              failed at Lake Wallula.  The revised technique was a
              willow/fence combination using much earlier season willow stock
              and willow switches planted upright to avoid smothering by
              shifting sand.  This modified technique resulted in 75-100%
              survival and 135-138% cover increase.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       11

AUTHOR:       Allen, H.H.,E.J. Clairain, R.J. Diaz, A.W. Ford, L.F. Junt,
              and B.R. Wells

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations-- Bolivar Peninsula
              Marsh and upland habitat development site, Galveston, Texas:
              summary report

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-15. 73 pp.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, SHELLF, MAMMALS, SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, ECON,
              SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, MYRICA, QUERCUS, RHUS, PANICUM, CYNODON, CROTON,
              ANDROPOGON, TAMARIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This summary report describes habitat development on dredged
              spoil material at Bolivar Peninsula, Galveston, TX.  Plantings of
              marsh grasses and upland vegetation were successful after 2 1/2
              years.  Plants were protected from wind, waves, and grazing
              animals.  A sandbag dike was constructed, but consideration of
              more cost-effective alternatives was recommended.  Elevation was
              the most important determinant of marsh grass success.  Smooth
              cordgrass thrived best at elevations below mean high tide;
              saltmeadow cordgrass thrived best above mean high tide.
              Preliminary observations indicated that development of this marsh
              was associated with increases in benthic organisms, insects, and
              fish; bird diversity and activity in the planted areas also
              increased.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       12

AUTHOR:       Allen, H.H., and C.V. Klimas

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Reservoir shoreline revegetation guidelines

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech Rep. E-86-13. 87 pp.

STATE:        SD, OK, TX, OR, WA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L2-US4, PO-SS1, L2-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG, HUSE, SOIL, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SALIX, CAREX, JUNCUS, ELEOCHARIS, POLYGONUM, DESCHAMPSIA,
              SAGITTARIA, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, PANICUM, ROSA, CORNUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report examines the feasibility of establishing vegetation
              on shorelines subjected to varying water levels at Lake Oahe, SD;
              Lake Wallula, OR/WA; and Lake Texoma, OK/TX.  Guidelines for
              developing vegetation include site planning, site preparation,
              planting methods, costs, postplanting operations, monitoring, and
              maintenance.  This report focuses on reduced costs of vegetation
              establishment and specialized planting techniques.  Results and
              problems from each site are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1305

AUTHOR:       Allen, H.H., G.J. Pierce, and R.V. Wormer

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Considerations and techniques for vegetation establishment in
              constructed wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 405-415 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-..., E.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses techniques and considerations for developing
              wetlands.  The authors focus on hydrologic variables, substrate,
              vegetation (herbaceous macrophytes), sources of plant materials,
              planting methods, and water level management.  One can determine
              the species and method of planting by understanding the relation
              among hydrology, substrate, and vegetation as well as other
              environmental conditions.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       13

AUTHOR:       Allen, H.H., and J.W. Webb

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Influence of breakwaters on artificial salt marsh
              establishment on dredged material

SOURCE:       Pages 18-35 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual
              conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough
              Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2, E2-US.

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Spartina alterniflora was planted on dredged material dikes on
              Theodore Disposal Island, Mobile Bay, AL.  Sprigs planted in
              exposed areas without protection from waves were washed out in 1
              month.  Subsequent plantings were protected by 2 breakwater
              systems; those behind the floating tire breakwater had a 55.7%
              survival rate, the fixed breakwater a 24.3% rate, and no
              breakwater a 4.0% rate.  Fertilized and unfertilized plant
              survival rates were not significantly different.  Survival of
              transplants spaced at 1.0 m was 34.3%; at 0.5 m spacing, survival
              was 21.8%.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1238

AUTHOR:       Allen, H.H., and J.W. Webb

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Erosion control with saltmarsh vegetation

SOURCE:       Coastal Zone 83(2):735-748.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       SPOIL, PLANT, STABIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In 1981 and 1982 Spartina alterniflora sprigs were planted in a
              1.7 ha area along the shore of a dredged material island in
              Mobile Bay, AL to determine the techniques effectiveness for
              erosion control.  Planted sites were: 1) left unprotected from
              wave action; 2) placed behind a fixed breakwater; or 3) placed
              behind a floating-tire breakwater.  Wave-break designs and costs
              are detailed.  Two sites with wave-breaks were fertilized; no
              significant response in cordgrass growth was observed.  Sprig
              mortality rates after 2 months were: 1) almost 100% on the
              unprotected areas; 2) 75.7% behind fixed breakwaters; and
              3) 64% and 44.3% behind floating-tire breakwaters.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       14

AUTHOR:       Allen, H.H., J.W. Webb, and S.O. Shirley

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Wetlands development in moderate wave-energy climates

SOURCE:       Pages 943-955 in R.L. Montgomery and J.W. Leach, eds. Dredging
              and dredged material disposal. Vol. 2. Proc. Dredging '84
              Conf., Am. Soc. Civil Eng., New York.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses marsh grass (Spartina alterniflora)
              establishment techniques used to stabilize erodible areas of
              Theodore Island, a dredged material island in Mobile Bay, AL.
              Some of the experimental plots had previously washed out due to
              wave action after 2 or 3 planting attempts using bare-rooted,
              single-stemmed sprigs.  Various treatments using mats, tires,
              plant wrappings, and bare-root plants were used.  Three
              techniques appeared promising for erosion control at a reasonable
              cost: 1) plant rolls; 2) burlap bundles; and 3) plants sprigged
              in slits of 1.1 kg/m2 paratex mat.  These treatments were 1.5-7
              times more expensive than conventionally planted single-stemmed
              transplants, but had 2-3.3 times more plant survival after 5
              months.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1232

AUTHOR:       Allen, J.A., and H.E. Kennedy, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Bottomland hardwood reforestation in the Lower Mississippi
              Valley

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Natl. Wetland Res. Cent., Slidell,
              LA and U.S. For. Serv., South. For. Exp. Stn., Stoneville, MS
              Publ. 28 pp.

STATE:        MO, KY, TN, MS, AR, LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HARVEST

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, ECON

PGENUS:       QUERCUS, CARYA, TAXODIUM, NYSSA, FRAXINUS, DIOSPYROS, ACER,
              PLATANUS, LIQUIDAMBAR

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Describes techniques landowners can use to reestablish bottomland
              hardwood forests in the Lower Mississippi Valley.  Site
              preparation needs, criteria for species selection,
              seeding/planting techniques,and monitoring requirements are
              discussed.  In 1989 average costs for direct seeding were
              $40-$60/acre; planting seedlings costs were $80-$120/acre.
              Appendix A lists 20 hardwood species suitable for restoration
              along with species specific information: soil types for best
              growth; flood tolerance; time of seed dissemination; suitability
              for direct seeding; timber production; waterfowl food;
              deer/turkey food; and additional comments.  Appendix B lists
              several seed/seedling sources by state.

KEYWORDS:     bottomland hardwoods/reforestation/lower Mississippi Valley/
              technique/bottomland hardwood forests/Mississippi

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1182

AUTHOR:       Allen, J.A., J.T. Teaford, E.C. Pendleton, and M. Brody

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Evaluation of greentree reservoir management options in
              Arkansas

SOURCE:       Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 53:471-480.

STATE:        AR

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, L.-..., RIPARIAN

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM, NYSSA, QUERCUS, CARYA, LIQUIDAMBAR

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study of the long-term impacts of various
              flooding schedules on vegetation, using a bottomland hardwood
              forest succession simulation model.  The site is Felsenthal
              National Wildlife Refuge in southern Arkansas at the confluence of
              the Ouachita and Saline Rivers. About 22,000 acres are managed as
              a greentree reservoir.  Three forest types predominate: cypress/
              tupelo; overcup oak/water hickory; and sweetgum/nuttall oak/willow
              oak.  The application of FORFLO, a model developed at the National
              Wetlands Research Center, is described in detail.  Results
              presented in this paper are the averages of 50 possible outcomes,
              and approximate what is most likely to occur barring unusual
              conditions.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       15

AUTHOR:       Ambrose, R.E., C.R. Hinkle, and C.R. Wenzel

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Practices for protecting and enhancing fish and wildlife on
              coal surface-mined land in the southcentral U.S. U.S. Fish
              Wildl

SOURCE:       Serv. FWS/OBS-83-11. 229 pp.

STATE:        AR, LA, OK, TX

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO, CUT, FERT, FIRE,
              STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-FO., PO-SS., PO-AB., R.-..., L.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       PINUS, QUERCUS, POPULUS, CARYA, ILEX, CEPHALANTHUS, SCIRPUS,
              TYPHA, POTAMOGETON, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report is a handbook on the best current practices used
              to minimize disturbances and adverse impacts of surface mining
              on fish and wildlife resources of the southcentral U.S.  Topics
              include: 1) planning for various fish and wildlife needs,
              2) protecting resources during mining; 3) reclamation techniques
              to enhance fish and wildlife resources; and 4) examples of
              regional reclamation planning.  Reclamation techniques include
              seeding, planting, stabilizing banks, creating impoundments,
              stocking fish, developing islands, and providing nesting habitat,
              cover, and food plots.  Risks, limitations, approximate costs, and
              maintenance and management requirements of each practice are
              provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       16

AUTHOR:       Amen, R.D., G.E. Carter, and R.J. Kelly

PUBL. YEAR:   1970

TITLE:        The nature of seed dormancy and germination in the salt marsh
              grass Distichlis spicata

SOURCE:       New Phytol. 69:1005-1013.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses seed dormancy and germination in salt marsh
              grass (Distichlis spicata) collected from Southport, NC.  The
              dormancy of Distichlis seeds was broken by a brief (4 weeks)
              low-temperature (4 degrees C) period after ripening.  Localized
              scarification and nitrate also were effective agents in breaking
              dormancy and promoting seed germination.  The pericarp and/or
              testa are impermeable to organic plant-growth regulators, but not
              to water or inorganic salts.  Gibberellic acid and kinetin are
              ineffective in breaking dormancy and do not affect germination.
              Abscisic acid, however, effectively inhibits stratified and
              scarified seeds.  Dormancy and germination appear to be
              hormonally controlled.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1002

AUTHOR:       American Fisheries Society--Western Division

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        The best management practices for the management and
              protection of western riparian stream ecosystems

SOURCE:       am. Fish. Soc., Western Div., Orem, UT. 45 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO, FERT, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., RIPAR, PO-EM., PO-SS., PO-FO.

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents best management practices for western
              riparian stream ecosystems and addresses seven primary impacts:
              livestock grazing, mining, water development and irrigation,
              road construction, agriculture and urbanization, and timber
              harvest.  Information includes damages caused by various
              impacts, planning management schemes, designing habitat
              restoration or protection measures, regulations involved in
              protecting riparian stream ecosystems, and management practice
              techniques.  Practices useful for wetland creation/restoration
              projects include tailing pond construction in mined areas, mine
              pond reclamation, enhancement of  channelized streams, stream
              revegetation techniques, and restoration of riparian habitats.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       17

AUTHOR:       Amoros, C., G. Pautou, and J. Bravard

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        The reversible process concept applied to the environmental
              management of large river systems

SOURCE:       1987. . Environ. Manage. 11(5):607-617.

STATE:        FRANCE

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes ecological succession and reversible
              processes in terms of river system restoration.  Case studies
              (in France) include: 1) a braided section of the Upper Rhone
              River; and 2) a meandering section of the Lower Ain River.  Both
              stability and reversible processes influence the recovery capacity
              (without human action) of ecosystems.  The probability of
              ecosystem regeneration (on various temporal and spatial time
              scales) and cost of restoration (with human action) can be
              estimated by evaluating the degree of reversibility and the energy
              inputs required to reverse system changes.  The preservation of
              pioneer and transient short-life stages within large river systems
              is discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1190

AUTHOR:       Anderson, B

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Deep tillage aids tree establishment in riparian revegetation
              projects in arid southwest

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 6(2):84-87.

STATE:        AZ, CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: RIPARIAN, R2-..., R3-..., PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       POPULUS, SALIX, TAMARIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes an experimental project to investigate the
              effects of deep tilling on riparian tree establishment in a 125
              acre area along the Lower Colorado River, and on a less arid site
              on the Kern River.  Plants in holes that were tilled to the water
              table exhibited about 3 times the growth in height of trees
              planted in shallow-tilled holes at the same site.  Advantages of
              planting trees that have an opportunity to root deeply and
              establish direct connection with the water table are described.
              The amount and rate of irrigation to increase its effectiveness
              and reduce costs are also discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       18

AUTHOR:       Anderson, B.W., J. Disano, D.L. Brooks, and R.D. Ohmart

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Mortality and growth of cottonwood on dredge-spoil

SOURCE:       Pages 438-444 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California
              riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive
              management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water
              Resour. Rep. No. 55.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., PO-FO1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       POPULUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study that reintroduced Populus fremontii
              along the Lower Colorado River in Imperial County, CA.  Riparian
              trees were planted on a 30 ha site to determine growth under a
              variety of tillage and irrigation conditions.  Trees were placed
              in augered tilled holes, 1.2 and 3 m deep, with time-release
              fertilizer.  All trees were irrigated with 121 l of water/day
              for 150 days; after that time, different groups of trees were
              subjected to various irrigation patterns.  The average growth rate
              of the trees was 0.007 m/day.  The fastest growth of 0.014 m/day
              occurred during august-October; the slowest growth occurred in the
              90 days following planting.  Relationships between growth and
              irrigation and growth and tillage are discussed.  A list of
              planting recommendations is included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1194

AUTHOR:       Anderson, B.W., W.C. Hunter, and R.D. Ohmart

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Status changes of bird species using revegetated riparian
              habitats on the Lower Colorado River from 1977 to 1984

SOURCE:       Pages 325-331 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
              California riparian systems conference: protection,
              management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September
              22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.

STATE:        CA, AZ

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, NGBIRDS, WFOWL

PGENUS:       SALIX, POPULUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Two dredge-spoil sites were revegetated on the Lower Colorado
              River with native riparian trees.  Another site (Cibola National
              Wildlife Refuge, south of Blythe, CA) was cleared of exotic
              saltcedar and revegetated with native shrubs.  Sites were
              censused for birds through all phases of revegetation.  Bird
              species were grouped by natural history characteristics to
              determine changes in the types of species occurring during the
              development of revegetation sites.  Most species responded
              positively within 2 years after planting, including some
              sensitive species.  This study is the first of its kind to
              document changes in bird use of artificially established
              native riparian habitats.  (AA-Mod)

KEYWORDS:     birds/habitat/proceedings/California/restoration/dredge spoil/
              revegetation/bird use/saltcedar/Tamarix chinensis/revegetated
              riparian habitats/lower Colorado River/status/riparian/riparian
              habitats/trees/shrubs/protection/management

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1193

AUTHOR:       Anderson, B.W., and S.A. Laymon

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Creating habitat for the yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus
              americana)

SOURCE:       Pages 468-472 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
              California riparian systems conference: protection,
              management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September
              22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.

STATE:        CA, TX, AZ

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, NGBIRDS

PGENUS:       SALIX, POPULUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Yellow-billed cuckoos (a declining species) require dense willow
              and cottonwood stands for nesting and foraging.  Restoration of
              cuckoo habitat along the Rio Grande River (Presidio, TX), on the
              Lower Colorado River, CA/AZ, and on the Kern River Preserve near
              Weldon, CA is described.  Salix and Populus were planted in
              patterns conducive to the development of dense riparian stands.
              Data concerning survival rates and the associated decreases
              in survival and vigor for plants exposed to browsing,
              competition from weeds, and salinity are presented.  Cuckoo use
              began in 2nd year on the Colorado River site and in the 3rd
              year on the Kern River Preserve.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/proceedings/California/restoration/Kern River/insects/
              revegetation/birds/wildlife/yellow-billed cuckoo/Coccyzus
              americana/riparian habitats/lower Colorado River/South Fork Kern
              River/cottonwood/Populus fremontii/willow/Salix spp./southern
              California/creating habitat/riparian/trees/salinity/protection/
              management

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       20

AUTHOR:       Anderson, B.W., and R.D. Ohmart

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Riparian revegetation: an approach to mitigating for a
              disappearing habitat in the southwest

SOURCE:       Pages 481-487 in G.A. Swanson, Tech. Coord. The mitigation
              symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish
              and wildlife habitat. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65.

STATE:        AZ, CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, VEG, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       ATRIPLEX, PHORADENDRON, SUAEDA, LYCIUM, TAMARIX, CERCIDIUM,
              PROSOPIS, SALIX, POPULUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a riparian revegetation project along the
              Colorado River.  Planning for mitigation included: 1) use of
              baseline wildlife data; 2) thorough data analysis; 3) use of
              predictive models; 4) site preparation, equipment needs, and
              costs; 5) implementation of design (labor requirements); and
              6) monitoring.  Site preparation included removal of salt cedar
              (an undesirable exotic) and backhoeing or augering a hole for each
              tree to be planted.  Because root penetration to the water table
              is impeded by layers of dense soil, this process ensures that
              roots of new vegetation gain access to the water table.  Birds
              were the primary test group because of their more visible
              response to habitat changes.  Revegetation of 400 ha in the Lower
              Colorado River Valley required 10 years (3 for clearing and
              planting, 7 for monitoring) and cost $3.5-4.5 million.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       22

AUTHOR:       Anderson, B.W., and R.D. Ohmart

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Revegetation for wildlife enhancement along the Lower Colorado
              River

SOURCE:       U.S. Dept. Interior, Bur. Reclam., Boulder City, NV, Contract
              No. 7-07-30-V0009. 215 pp.

STATE:        AZ, CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., R3-..., PO-FO1, PO-SS1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, REPT, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       SALIX, POPULUS, TAMARIX, CERCIDIUM, PROSOPIS, SUAEDA,
              PHORADENDRON, ATRIPLEX, SALSOLA, BASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes revegetation efforts to enhance wildlife
              habitat along the Lower Colorado River.  All 3 revegetation sites
              are near Palo Verde, CA.  Two sites were barren dredge spoil;
              the third was on the Cibola National Wildlife Refuge, Yuma County,
              AZ.  Bird populations had been censused on the latter area for 3
              years prior to clearing the site; bird communities before and
              after clearing are compared in detail.  Willow, cottonwood,
              quailbush, inkweed, smotherweed, and honey mesquite were planted
              on the refuge site; salt cedar was cleared.  Avian community
              structures and density changes, reptile populations, small mammals
              in revegetated areas, costs of reintroducing native vegetation,
              irrigation systems, soil analyses, and tree growth and survival
              are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       21

AUTHOR:       Anderson, B.W., and R.D. Ohmart

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Avian use of revegetated riparian zones

SOURCE:       Pages 626-631 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California
              riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive
              management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water
              Resour. Rep. No. 55.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SPOIL, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, R2-..., PO-SS1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, VEG

PGENUS:       POPULUS, SALIX, ATRIPLEX, SUAEDA, TAMARIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study of avian densities on a revegetated
              portion of the Lower Colorado River in CA.  Populus fremontii,
              Salix gooddingii, and Atriplex lentiformis were reintroduced on 3
              10-30 ha sites.  Avian transects were established on barren
              dredge-spoil and a previously mixed salt cedar/willow stand
              cleared of salt cedar.  Avian variables were numbers of permanent
              resident insectivores, visiting insectivores, and granivores.
              Tables compare avian densities at each site.  Avian colonization
              occurred on the revegetated site after 17 months and on the
              cleared site after 5 months.  The clearing of salt cedar from an
              area has little deleterious effect on bird populations.  Dead
              trees and trees with snags should not be removed because they are
              important habitat components for several bird species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       19

AUTHOR:       Anderson, B.W., and R.D. Ohmart

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Riparian revegetation as a mitigating process in stream and
              river restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 41-79 in J.A. Gore, ed. The restoration of rivers and
              streams. Butterworth Publ., Boston, MA.

STATE:        CA, AZ

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: R.-US5, PO-FO., PO-SS., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, VEG, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TAMARIX, ATRIPLEX, PROSOPIS, CERCIDIUM, POPULUS, SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the revegetation of desert riparian
              systems, with the focus on a case study along the Colorado River
              near the U.S./Mexico border.  Plans were developed for:
              1) elimination of the exotic salt cedar; and 2) maximum growth and
              survival of native plants.  Preliminary studies included analyses
              of vegetation, avian habitat, and rodent habitat.  Collection of
              data was followed by 3 years of revegetation experiments.  Salt
              cedars were removed by clearing, burning, and root-ripping to 30
              cm below the surface.  Deep tillage improved growth and survival
              of planted cottonwoods and willows.  Avian response to
              revegetation is described in detail by season.  Revegetation costs
              are evaluated in detail, including cost/acre, cost/tree, labor,
              management, equipment, material and supplies, and monitoring.  An
              outline for mitigation planning is presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       23

AUTHOR:       Anderson, B.W., R.D. Ohmart, and J. Disano

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Revegetating the riparian floodplain for wildlife

SOURCE:       Pages 318-331 in R.R. Johnson and J.F. McCormick, Tech. Coord.
              Strategies for protection and management of floodplain
              wetlands and other riparian ecosystems. U.S. For. Serv. Gen.
              Tech. Rep. WO-12.

STATE:        CA, AZ

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     INVERT, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TAMARIX, POPULUS, SALIX, ATRIPLEX, PHORADENDRON, SALSOLA,
              BASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study of wildlife value of riparian
              vegetation along the lower reaches of the Colorado River.  The
              first phase, begun in 1973, focused on describing wildlife habitat
              vegetation characteristics.  From this information, a model for
              revegetating riparian areas for wildlife was developed.  Three
              successional vegetative communities were established
              simultaneously on 1 study area.  The early stage was dominated by
              annuals that developed rapidly and had high wildlife value.  This
              stage quickly offset losses from land clearing.  The second stage
              (shrubs) persisted without watering and also offset initial losses
              from land clearing.  Trees dominated the third stage; as they
              matured, their full value to wildlife was realized.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1269

AUTHOR:       Anderson, E.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Economic benefits of habitat restoration: seagrass and the
              Virginia hard-shell blue crab fishery

SOURCE:       North American Journal of Fisheries Management 9:140-149.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HARVEST

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3

RESPONSE:     ECON, SHELLF

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The author proposes a model predicting the economic benefits of
              restoring eelgrass in the Chesapeake Bay.  The author assumes
              cessation of pollution and total restoration of seagrass in the
              bay.  The model is applied to estimate the economic benefits and
              their distribution that might result from increased hard-shell
              blue crab production.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       24

AUTHOR:       Anderson, J.W., R.G. Riley, and R.M. Bean

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Recruitment of benthic animals as a function of petroleum
              hydrocarbon concentrations in the sediment

SOURCE:       J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 35:776-790.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: M2-UB.

RESPONSE:     INVERT, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses results of 3 field installations, consisting
              of clean and oiled sediment in fiberglass trays placed in the
              intertidal zone of Sequin Bay, WA, to determine rates of
              hydrocarbon depuration and recruitment of benthic invertebrates.
              Individual compounds and hydrocarbon classes were quantified using
              gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy techniques.  Rates of
              depuration were monitored up to 290 days in surface-oiled, coarse
              sediments and in finer substrate mixed with oil; rates were much
              higher in surface-oiled sediments.  At initial concentrations of
              5,000-6,000 ppm (surface-oiled) and 700 ppm (sediment-oiled), no
              substantial inhibition of recruitment of benthic organisms was
              observed.  Detailed results are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       25

AUTHOR:       Andersson, G., H. Berggren, and S. Hamrin

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Lake Trummen restoration project. III. Zooplankton,
              macrobenthos, and fish.

SOURCE:       Verh. Intl. Verein. Limnol. 19:1097-1106.

STATE:        SWEDEN

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes preliminary effects of the Lake Trummon
              (southern Sweden) restoration project on zooplankton,
              macrobenthos, and fish.  Macrophyte vegetation had been removed
              and nutrient-rich sediments (the cause of algal blooms) were
              pumped out of the lake to adjacent land.  Changes in species
              composition, abundance, and biomass of communities following
              restoration are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       26

AUTHOR:       Andrews, N.J., M. Penko, M.D. Mattson, and D.C. Pratt

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        The establishment of cattails on a northern Minnesota
              peatland

SOURCE:       Minnesota Dept. Nat. Resour. and Minnesota Energy Agency,
              Minnesota Peat Program, St. Paul. 79 pp.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB4

RESPONSE:     VEG, HUSE, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes experiments to establish cattail as a
              commercial biomass crop on northern MN peatlands.  The study area
              was in an abandoned rice paddy near Zim and was prepared by
              diking, removing shrubs, and rotovating the soil.  Cattail
              rhizomes were planted at a rate of 25/m2.  Fertilizer was applied
.             Numerous graphs and charts depict standing crop, shoot density,
              soil chemistry, height classes, tissue analysis, and
              substrate/fertilizer conditions.  Maximum aboveground and total
              standing crop for cattail plants averaged 738-1,534 g/m2 compared
              to natural stands of 950-1,360 g/m2.  Seeded plots resulted in
              551 g/m2 maximum aboveground standing crop and natural cattail
              seeded areas produced 672 g/m2.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       27

AUTHOR:       Andrews, N.J., and D.C. Pratt

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Energy potential of cattails (Typha spp.) and productivity in
              managed stands

SOURCE:       J. Minnesota Acad. Sci. 44:5-8.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses biomass production of cattails grown on peat
              in experimental paddies at the University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
              Yields of plants grown on peat were generally 20-30% lower than
              that reported for natural established stands.  Maximum shoot
              weight occurred in August, whereas maximum belowground biomass was
              reached in October.  Fertilizer applications of 25-100 kg/ha K did
              not significantly increase total production.  Differences in
              initial nutrient content of peat had more of an effect on
              production than amount of fertilizer added.  Significant
              differences in yield were obtained by increasing the planting
              rate from 12-48 rhizomes/plot.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       28

AUTHOR:       Anonymous

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Build your own bog to neutralize acid mine drainage

SOURCE:       Coal Age (June):77.

STATE:        WV

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report summarizes the work of West Virginia University
              researchers investigating the use of bogs to neutralize acidic
              waters from coal mines.  Tub Run Bog was found to have an
              average pH of 3.0 near the input of acid-laced waters from a
              coal mine; 30-60 ft from the input the pH was approximately
              4.5.  Sulfate reducing bacteria, requiring anaerobic conditions
              and supplies of sulfate and organic carbon compounds, are
              responsible for the neutralization action of the bog.  The
              creation of bogs for this purpose is discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1504

AUTHOR:       Anonymous

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Restoration work starts at Lake Pontchartrain's LaBranche
              Wetlands

SOURCE:       World Dredging Mining and Construction 30(4):14 and 27.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       SPOIL, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article briefly discusses the Bayou LaBranche Marsh Creation
              Project.  Approximately 254 acres of intermediate marsh are to be
              created by pumping 2.5 million cubic yards of dredged material
              into the target area.  Marsh vegetation will be planted after
              substrate settling and compaction.  A brief history of the area
              along with legislation and funding which made this project
              possible is discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1111

AUTHOR:       Apfelbaum, S.I., M. Leach, and R. Baller

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Report propagation results for Carex spp., other wetland
              species

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 7(1):38-39.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, LAB, FIRE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       CAREX, ACORUS, SPARGANIUM, IRIS, ECHINODORUS, ALISMA, RUMEX,
              ANGELICA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes seed germination studies of several species
              of Carex under controlled conditions.  Germination of seed
              collected in 1988 was compared with that of seeds collected in
              1987 and kept in cold storage for 1 year.  Plant heights and
              number of perennating stems were compared.  Seeds of Carex
              lacustris, C. stricta, and C. vulpinoidea had higher germination
              rates when fresh.  Sedge seed production and viability were
              greatest from wetlands where prescribed burning was used, although
              seed production declined for 1 growing season after burning.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       29

AUTHOR:       Apple, L.L., B.H. Smith, J.D. Dunder, and B.W. Baker

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        The use of beavers for riparian/aquatic habitat restoration of
              cold desert, gully-cut stream systems in southwestern Wyoming

SOURCE:       Pages 109-116 in D.L. Archer, ed. Proceedings of the
              Bonneville Chapter of the American Fisheries Society.
              Bonneville Chap. Am. Fish. Soc., Salt Lake City, UT.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       STOCK

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-SS1, PO-FO1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, VEG

PGENUS:       SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of beavers to restore and
              reestablish degraded riparian and aquatic habitats at several
              sites in western WY.  One study area was fenced to exclude
              livestock grazing, one was left unfenced, and several other areas
              were fenced and placed under grazing management systems.  Beaver
              were reintroduced to the fenced areas; beavers returned on their
              own to the unfenced area.  Aspen trees were delivered to sites to
              provide large materials for stable dam building.  The newly built
              beaver dams are trapping sediment, reducing stream velocity,
              elevating the water table, and reducing the effects of seasonally
              fluctuating water table levels.  This process is encouraging
              willow development and improving riparian and aquatic habitat.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1239

AUTHOR:       Arnold, C.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        The Arcata Marshes: a case study in wetland restoration

SOURCE:       Coastal Zone 85(1):562-577.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT, WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, LFORM, SOIL, STOCK

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-..., E2-EM., E2-..., L2-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, HUSE, FISH, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Describes a series of wetland restoration projects implemented by
              the City of Arcata, CA, in cooperation with the state and many
              local organizations.  Phase I (1981) involved restoring a former
              landfill to a 3 acre freshwater marsh and 22 acre recreational
              lake.  This area will be used to polish secondarily treated
              effluent before it enters Arcata Bay.  Once restored, recreational
              use increased to about 93,000 visitor days/year and 160 bird
              species were observed in the area.  Phase II (1981) involved
              restoring a salt marsh by breaching a dike and dredging channels
              to increase tidal circulation.  Phase III involves restoring a
              highly degraded lumber mill site to increase estuarine habitat.
              All 3 phases involved foot trail construction for public access.
              Phase I and possibly III also involved adding picnic tables,
              blinds, fencing, signs, etc. to enhance visitor use.  Costs
              for all phases is expected to be $675,550 plus an enormous
              input of volunteer work.  The area will be maintained by the city.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       30

AUTHOR:       Ashe, D.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Fish and wildlife mitigation: description and analysis of
              estuarine applications

SOURCE:       Coastal Zone Manage. J. 10(1/2):1-52.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the concept of
              fish and wildlife mitigation, with emphasis on its use as a tool
              in estuarine management.  The statutory basis for fish and
              wildlife mitigation is discussed and a framework for evaluating
              the conceptual integrity of potential mitigation efforts is
              presented.  This conceptual framework is applied to a series of
              alternative approaches to estuarine mitigation and to policy
              emerging within the federal regulatory regime.  Preferable
              alternatives of effective mitigation policy (i.e., approaches
              consistent with ecosystem objectives and involving predictable
              outcomes) are indemnification (using a mitigation bank framework),
              upland transformation, and restoration of previously altered
              habitats.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       31

AUTHOR:       Athanas, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Wetlands creation for stormwater treatment

SOURCE:       Pages 61-66 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB.

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, LEERSIA, TYPHA, ALISMA, ELEOCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of the use of wetland creation
              for stormwater treatment and discusses research being conducted at
              several wetland stormwater basins by the University of Maryland.
              Artificial wetlands are receiving increasing attention for
              treating stormwater runoff, but little direct evidence is
              available to support their ability to perform this function.
              However, indirect evidence suggests that these wetlands may be
              useful tools in improving water quality of stormwater runoff.  The
              University of Maryland is addressing this issue, as well as
              vegetative aspects of artificial wetland creation.  An important
              factor influencing the natural development of wetland vegetation
              may be the presence of buried seed or other propagules in the
              substrate.  Preliminary evidence indicates the artificially
              established vegetation may decrease the number of volunteer
              species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       32

AUTHOR:       Atkins, K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Biotic response to drawdown and reflooding in a clay settling
              pond

SOURCE:       Pages 169-187 in R.H. Stovall, ed. Proceedings of the eighth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, REPT, AMPHIB, MAMMALS, SHOREB, WFOWL, NGBIRDS,
              VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       AESCHYNOMENE, AMARANTHUS, AMBROSIA, ANDROPOGON, BACCHARIS,
              BIDENS, CASSIA, CHENOPODIUM, COLOCASIA, CONYZA, CYNODON,
              CYPERUS, DIGITARIA, ECHINOCHLOA, ECLIPTA, ERECHTITES,
              EUPATORIUM, HETEROTHECA, INDIGOFERA, IPOMOEA, LANTANA,
              LEPIDIUM, LUDWIGIA, MIKANIA, PANICUM, PASPALUM, PHYTOLACCA,
              PLUCHEA, RHYNCHELYTRUM, RUELLIA, SALIX, SCHINUS, SCIRPUS,
              SCOPARIA, SETARIA, TYPHA, URENA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes the biotic resources found in a clay
              settling pond in Polk County, FL.  Dewatering of the pond
              initiated a rapid vegetative response; reflooding of the system
              occurred 11 months later and subsequent biological changes were
              noted.  The study site has many attributes of natural wetland
              systems and provides important habitat for a variety of wetland
              species.  The area is dominated by wetland plants with wind-
              dispersed seeds (e.g., cattail and willow).  Seventy species of
              birds, 8 species of mammals, and 10 species of reptiles and
              amphibians were observed at the study site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1003

AUTHOR:       Atkins, K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        A qualitative assessment of wetlands reclaimed as natural
              system habitat

SOURCE:       Pages 17-36 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the
              fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and
              creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-EM1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, SHELLF, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT,
              SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, QUERCUS, TYPHA, THALIA, ELEOCHARIS, FIMBRISTYLIS,
              JUNCUS, PANICUM, SAGITTARIA, PONTEDERIA, POLYGONUM, BACOPA,
              MICRANTHEMUM, NAJAS, PASPALUM, INDIGOFERA, AESCHYNOMENE,
              FRAXINUS, GORDONIA, ILEX, LIQUIDAMBAR, MAGNOLIA, NYSSA, PINUS,
              DIOSPYROS, JUNIPERUS, CORNUS, SALIX, SAMBUCUS, PERSEA, RHUS,
              LUDWIGIA, SPARTINA, CARPINUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents a qualitative habitat assessment of three
              international minerals and chemical corporation wetland
              reclamation projects in Polk and eastern Hillsborough Counties,
              FL.  The phosphate-mined wetlands were reclaimed primarily by
              natural system capping (overlaying phosphatic waste clays with
              sand tailings), grading, seeding, mulching (spreading organic soil
              from donor wetland), fertilizing, and planting or transplanting
              woody plants.  The three study areas have been evolving for 6
              months to 6 years.  Site inventories documented the presence of
              212 plant species, 76 bird species, 10 mammals, 10 reptiles, 6
              amphibians, and 5 fishes (species lists included in paper).  Each
              study site attracted a diversity of wildlife species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1453

AUTHOR:       Atkinson, R.B., J.E. Perry, E. Smith, and J. Cairns, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Use of created wetland delineation and weighted averages as a
              component of assessment

SOURCE:       Wetlands 13(3):185-193.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARISON, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study uses vegetation as an indicator for early site
              conditions in created forested wetlands.  A moisture modifier
              system was presented to allow plot-wise comparison of vegetation
              and hydrology.  Seventy-six plots along two transects in the
              reference wetland and 106 plots along seven transects in the
              created wetland were established as permanent sampling locations.
              Vegetation was identified and classified into indicator status
              categories and modified importance values for each species was
              calculated as the sum of relative cover and relative frequency.
              Weighted averages were also calculated using the relative cover
              estimates and indicator status.  Soil samples taken from three
              upland areas, three reference wetland areas, and six created
              wetland areas indicate that all sites except those from the
              reference wetland areas lacked any field indicators of hydric
              soil, according to the Federal Manual hydrology criterion.

KEYWORDS:     created wetlands/wetlands/assessment/vegetation/site conditions/
              wetlands creation/comparison/reference wetlands/delineation/
              indicator status/Section 404/weighted average/monitoring scheme/
              mid-Atlantic region/creation/monitoring

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       33

AUTHOR:       Atlantic Waterfowl Council

PUBL. YEAR:   1959

TITLE:        An illustrated small marsh construction manual based on
              standard designs

SOURCE:       Vermont Fish Game Serv., Montpelier. 153 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, HYDRO, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-SS., PO-FO.

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This manual presents small marsh construction designs, based
              on requirements for NY State, for use in wetland development for
              waterfowl.  Topics include: 1) marsh site selection; 2) small
              marsh survey; 3) marsh design; and 4) small marsh construction.
              Techniques include: 1) determining water levels and runoff
              coefficients; 2) designing and constructing spillways;
              3) installing water control structures; 4) grading and seeding,
              5) applying lime and fertilizer; 6) using mulch; and
              7) estimating construction costs.  Diagrams of various designs
              are included to illustrate techniques.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1004

AUTHOR:       Auble, G.T., D.B. Hamilton, J.E. Roelle, J. Clayton, and L.H.
              Fredrickson

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        A prototype expert system for moist soil management

SOURCE:       Pages 137-143 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K.
              Miller, tech. coords. Restoration, creation, and management of
              wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. Soc.
              Wetland Sci., Rocky Mountain Chap., Denver, CO.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a computer program that suggests management
              regimes for seasonally flooded manmade impoundments.  The
              objectives of such management is to provide hydrologic conditions
              and food for migrating waterfowl.  Planning problems, prototype
              limitations, program description, and hardware/software
              requirements are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       34

AUTHOR:       Austin, C.B., and A. Thorhaug

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        The economic costs of transplanting seagrasses: Thalassia

SOURCE:       Pages 69-75 in R. Lewis and D. Cole, eds. Proceedings of the
              fourth annual conference on restoration of coastal vegetation
              in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a method for estimating the costs of
              restoring beds of Thalassia.  Estimates are based on a
              transplantation project in South Biscayne Bay, Dade County, FL.
              Costs per seed handled for each transplantation phase (collection,
              nursery, and planting) are incorporated in a cost model.  Three
              sets of variables are considered in this process: 1) seed
              mortality and growth rates; 2) size of the area to be planted,
              density of vegetative cover desired, and time required to
              reach desired density; and 3) monetary costs.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       35

AUTHOR:       Babcock, W.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Tenmile Creek--a study of stream relocation

SOURCE:       Colorado Div. Wildl. Spec. Rep. No. 52. 22 pp.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: R3-UB1

RESPONSE:     FISH, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes the relocation of Tenmile Creek as a result
              of the construction of Interstate 70 through Tenmile Canyon
              near Frisco, CO.  One of the goals of the project was to mitigate
              for loss of fish habitat.  The channel was excavated and fish
              habitat structures were installed.  The creek was monitored for
              several years after construction; streamside revegetation efforts
              were not very successful, but fish populations were increasing.
              Water chemistry parameters are provided for several sites along
              the reconstructed stream.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1207

AUTHOR:       Baca, B.J., T.E. Lankford, and T.G. Ballou

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Propagation of woody wetland vegetation for in-kind mitigation

SOURCE:       Pages 1-9 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        SC, FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, E2-FO3, PO-SS1, PO-FO2

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       ACER, AMPELOPSIS, BACCHARIS, CEPHALANTHUS, GELSEMIUM,
              HIBISCUS, LEUCOTHOE, LIGUSTRUM, LUDWIGIA, LYONIA, QUERCUS,
              SALIX, SAMBUCUS, VITIS, ANNONA, BIGNONIA, CAMPSIS, CLETHRA,
              CYRILLA, DIOSPYROS, FORESTIERA, MANY, TAXODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A total of almost 70 woody wetland species were collected in South
              Carolina and Florida to determine which species could successfully
              by propagated from cuttings.  Names listed in the PGENUS field
              were rated "excellent" (for production from cuttings) for the
              first set of alphabetized names and "good" for the second set
              (plus Kosteletzkya, Parthenocissus, Rhizophora, Stillingia,
              Wisteria, and Zanthoxylum), excluding Taxodium.  The following
              were rated "poor": Avicennia, Betula, Carya, Conocarpus, Cornus,
              Ficus, Gordonia, Fraxinus, Juniperus, Kalmia, Laguncularia,
              Liquidambar, Magnolia, Morus, Myrica, Nyssa, Persea, Pinus,
              Platanus, Pluchea, Populus, Quercus (not Q. phellos), Sapium,
              Taxodium, and Ulmus.  Criteria for categorization, collection
              techniques (and timing), planting medium, and growing conditions
              are discussed as well as possible reasons for success or failure
              for some species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1208

AUTHOR:       Bacchus, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Complications arising from the incorporation of a muck layer
              into created wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 10-23 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, WFOWL, MAMMALS, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG,
              HYDRO, ECON

PGENUS:       ACER, CARYA, CELTIS, FRAXINUS, GORDONIA, ILEX, LIQUIDAMBAR,
              MAGNOLIA, NYSSA, TAXODIUM, CANNA, ELEOCHARIS, IRIS, PANICUM,
              PONTEDERIA, SCIRPUS, SAGITTARIA, SPARTINA, THALIA, CYPERUS,
              JUNCUS, LUDWIGIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Many FL State regulatory agencies require the transfer of a muck
              layer from the wetland being impacted to the mitigation site as
              part of the permit process.  Problems resulting from this
              procedure are discussed using examples from a wetland mitigation
              project adjacent to Lake Telfer, Orlando.  Construction and
              monitoring procedures for this created wetland are discussed.
              A lack of diligent follow up maintenance (weeding) and the
              presence of an abundant seed source for cattails and primrose
              willow (undesirable species) in the muck were the 2 primary
              problems.  Construction/monitoring costs for the 5.1 ha created
              wetland were $444,813 which included an unexpected $60,000 for
              cattail removal.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1291

AUTHOR:       Bacon, C.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Riparian silviculture - Active riparian management for
              multiple resources.

SOURCE:       Pages 99-102 in Society of American Foresters National
              Convention Proceedings. Spokane, WA.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article briefly discusses the manipulation of riparian zone
              vegetation to regain or enhance many potential benefits.  The
              importance of riparian vegetation is discussed and several
              examples of riparian management and research are given.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1474

AUTHOR:       Bacon-Blood, L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Making mud: dredge may pump new life into marsh

SOURCE:       Times-Picayune (State Ed), New Orleans, LA. March 30, 1994.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article briefly discusses the marsh creation project on Bayou
              LaBranche as an effort to restore the previously fertile habitat.
              Sediment from Lake Pontchartrain is being pumped into a 487 acre
              section of eroding marsh protected with retention dikes.  The area
              will be planted with marsh grasses after the sediment settles and
              drys.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1187

AUTHOR:       Bagley, F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Studies of wetlands created to treat acid mine drainwater may
              lead to ecological refinements

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 7(1):37-38.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, SUCCESS, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a 3 year project undertaken by the Maryland
              Bureau of Mines and Pennsylvania State University to study,
              redesign, and enlarge 9 previously constructed wetlands designed
              to treat acid mine waste.  The project includes design and
              monitoring of new wetlands, evaluation of bacterial and vegetative
              components of mine drainage wetlands (under controlled conditions
              in lab and greenhouse), research on bacterial, algal, and plant
              mechanisms, and optimizing effectiveness of wetlands for treating
              mine drainage.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1199

AUTHOR:       Baird, K.J., and J.P. Rieger

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        A restoration design for least Bell's vireo habitat in San
              Diego County

SOURCE:       Pages 462-467 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
              California riparian systems conference: protection,
              management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September
              22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SEED, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SALIX, POPULUS, PLATANUS, BACCHARIS, ARTEMISIA, AMBROSIA,
              ANEMOPSIS, PLUCHEA, HELIOTROPIUM, HETEROTHECA, URTICA, GALIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Highway construction plans in San Diego Co., CA required 7 acres
              of successful mitigation prior to construction (5.2 acres of
              vireo nesting habitat and 1.8 acres of vireo foraging habitat).
              Success was defined as either a vireo pair nesting on the
              mitigation site or no statistically significant differences
              between parameters on the site and those in functioning vireo
              habitat.  Construction was tentatively scheduled to begin in
              the 3rd year.  This paper describes procedures for developing
              a specific habitat restoration model.  Mean percent cover,
              density, abundance, species composition, and expected mortality
              rates for vegetation were used to determine the specifications
              for restoration design.  A mix of seedlings and transplanted
              mature trees and Baccharis glutinosa shrubs was used to
              obtain the structural diversity required by nesting vireos
              within the 2 year time frame.  (AA-Mod)

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1005

AUTHOR:       Baker, J.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Recovery of salt marsh vegetation from successive oil
              spillages

SOURCE:       Environ. Pollut. 4(3):223-230.

STATE:        WALES

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, PUCCINELLIA, SPERGULARIA, ARMERIA, TRIGLOCHIN,
              GLAUX, SALICORNIA, JUNCUS, AGROSTIS, FESTUCA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents results of field experiments involving
              successive oilings of three types of salt marsh vegetation on
              the coast of Wales in 1968.  Dominant plants were Spartina
              anglica (lower marsh), Puccinellia maritima (mid marsh), and
              Juncus maritimus (upper marsh).  Recovery from up to four
              oilings was generally good, but considerable changes in
              recovery and species dominance resulted from 8-12 oilings even
              after 5 years, indicating that recovery was likely to be slow.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       36

AUTHOR:       Baker, J.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Responses of salt marsh vegetation to oil spills and refinery
              effluents

SOURCE:       Pages 529-542 in R.L. Jeffries and A.J. Davy, eds. Ecological
              processes in coastal environments. Blackwell Sci. Publ.,
              London.

STATE:        GREAT BRITAIN, WALES

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, SALICORNIA, OENANTHE, AGROSTIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the responses of salt marsh plants to oil
              spills.  Effects of single spills are listed in a table that
              displays date, locality, oil type, observations, and references.
              Plant responses to experimental successive spillages were
              examined on the North Gower Coast, South Wales.  The tolerance
              of different species to oil spills and growth stimulation
              following oil pollution are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       37

AUTHOR:       Baldwin, W.P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1967

TITLE:        Impoundments for waterfowl on South Atlantic and Gulf coastal
              marshes

SOURCE:       ages 127-133 in J.D. Newsom, ed. Proceedings of the marsh and
              estuary management symposium. Louisiana St. Univ., Baton
              Rouge.

STATE:        TX, LA, MS, AL, FL, GA, SC, NC, VA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, CUT, FIRE

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2, PO-EM1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     FISH, WFOWL, VEG

PGENUS:       CLADIUM, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS, ELEOCHARIS, ECHINOCHLOA, SPARTINA,
              TYPHA, NAJAS, POTAMOGETON, ZANNICHELLIA, DISTICHLIS, NYMPHAEA,
              GYROTHECA, POLYGONUM, BRASENIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of the use of impoundments to
              provide waterfowl habitat within coastal marshes from VA to TX.
              Manipulation of water levels, culture of aquatic plants,
              regulation of salinity, and control of undesirable plants and carp
              are briefly discussed for 4 marsh classifications: 1) regularly
              flooded salt marshes; 2) irregularly flooded salt marshes; 3) salt
              meadows and salt flats; and 4) coastal fresh marshes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1290

AUTHOR:       Ball, J.P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Influence of subsequent flooding depth on cattail control by
              burning and mowing.

SOURCE:       Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 28:32-36.

STATE:        CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CUT, FIRE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study experimentally compares fire and mowing as two means of
              mimicking natural control of cattails in areas where wildlife is a
              major concern.  In addition, three different mowing implements
              were compared to identify the most cost effective means of mowing.
              Mowing and burning was conducted while the marsh was still frozen
              to allow for easier mobility. The marsh was flooded subsequent to
              the mowing and burning operations.  The study plots were assessed
              for regrowth at the end of the growing season.  It was found that
              both means of cattail control were effective if the subsequent
              flooding was deep.  However, the mowing technique proved more
              effective if the subsequent flooding was shallow.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       38

AUTHOR:       Banner, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Revegetation and maturation of restored shoreline in the
              Indian River, Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 13-42 in R. Lewis and D. Cole, eds. Proceedings of the
              fourth annual conference on restoration of coastal vegetation
              in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3, R1-US2

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, SHOREB, FISH

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, HALOPHILA, HALODULE, RUPPIA, LAGUNCULARIA,
              RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the restoration of severely disturbed
              shoreline (sterile sand substrate) in a shallow cove along the
              shore of the Indian River, FL.  Alternating segments of shoreline
              were planted with mangroves, cordgrass, or both.  Unplanted
              sections served as controls.  Accretion of organic matter
              (especially in areas planted with Spartina) was monitored.
              Spartina plantings flourished, as did Ruppia interspersed with
              Halophila and drift algae.  The seagrasses attracted various
              invertebrates (mostly detritus consumers), fish, and wading birds.
              Mangrove plantings were not as successful; colonization rates are
              presented in a series of tables.

KEYWORDS:     revegetation/Florida/black mangroves/mangroves/Spartina/
              seagrasses/invertebrates/fishes/wading birds/birds/infauna/
              sediment/red mangroves/technique/restored shoreline/Indian River,
              Florida/Spartina alterniflora/white mangroves/Avicennia nitida/
              Rhizophora mangle/Laguncularia racemosa/egrets/herons/
              proceedings/restoration/coastal/vegetation

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       41

AUTHOR:       Banner, A

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Coastal restoration in south Florida

SOURCE:       Florida Bar J. 51(8):571-575.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes selected problems and solutions concerning
              coastal restoration in south FL.  General concerns include: 1)
              filling wetlands to provide for boating access or residential and
              commercial development; and 2) dredging wetlands for fill
              materials on adjacent lands or for navigational purposes.  Lack of
              public appreciation for wetlands indicates silent approval of
              wetland destruction without returning benefits to the public.
              Court procedures for handling unauthorized dredge and fill
              activities are described.  General cost/benefit problems are
              discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       39

AUTHOR:       Banner, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Mitigation under the Corps regulatory program

SOURCE:       Pages 396-399 in G.A. Swanson, Tech. Coord. The mitigation
              symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish
              and wildlife habitat. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65.

STATE:        FL, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This summary of mitigation actions under the U.S. Army Corps of
              Engineers regulatory program provides an overview of mitigation
              options and activities.  Mitigation is generally used to enhance
              water retention, circulation, or quality and to improve substrate
              characteristics, thus promoting the growth of beneficial or
              desirable plants.  Restrictions to permit mitigation actions
              include: 1) work must be accomplished on site; 2) the applicant
              must be able to make beneficial use of the property; and 3)
              actions must be self-sustaining and permanent.  Several case
              studies of mitigation projects in FL are described.  Methods of
              handling mitigation cases are discussed briefly.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       40

AUTHOR:       Banner, A

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Florida Keys environmental mitigation trust fund

SOURCE:       Pages 155-165 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the development of the Florida Keys
              Environmental Trust Fund, which provides for the creation/
              restoration of wetlands to compensate for those lost to dredge and
              fill violations where direct restoration is not possible.
              Objectives of the fund are "...enhancement, restoration, or
              replacement of marine and wetland habitat in the Florida Keys
              to compensate for the destruction of such habitat at the Port
              Largo development."  General guidelines are described.  Actions
              include removal of fill material, channel construction, and
              culvert replacement.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1006

AUTHOR:       Banner, A., and J. Moulding

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Mitigation management of an impounded brackish water marsh

SOURCE:       Pages 37-47 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the
              fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and
              creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, SHOREB, HYDRO, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS, POLYSTICHUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses restoration plans for the Sykes Creek Marsh
              on Merritt Island, Brevard County, FL.  The 2,000 acre marsh was
              isolated from the adjoining Banana River Lagoon by construction
              levees in the mid-1950's and was managed for mosquito control. As
              a result, the marsh lost its historic functions as a spawning and
              nursery ground for marine invertebrates and fishes, and as a
              source of detritus for the adjacent estuarine ecosystem.
              Restoration plans include installing gated culverts through
              the levees to allow water and fish exchange between marsh and
              estuary. As water levels were lowered to concentrate forage fishes
              for wood storks, resuspension of fine material exerted a heavy
              oxygen demand on the water column, resulting in fish kills.
              Reconnection of the marsh with the estuary is expected to
              ultimately flush out these particles.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1282

AUTHOR:       Barkhouse, H.P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Management related study of man-made wetlands located in
              coastal regions of the maritime provinces, Canada

SOURCE:       Pages 82-96 in W.R. Whitman, and W.H. Meredith, eds. Waterfowl
              and Wetlands Symposium: Proceedings of a Symposium on
              Waterfowl and Wetlands Management in the Coastal Zone of the
              Atlantic Flyway. Delaware Coastal Management Program, Delaware
              Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control,
              Dover, DE.

STATE:        CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2.-...

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, MAMMALS, INVERTS, VEG, HYDRO, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes detailed wildlife and habitat information
              obtained from 34 freshwater wetlands in the coastal regions of the
              Maritime Provinces, Canada.  These data were used to develop a
              "desired" value to correspond with the habitat and wildlife
              factors being studied and express specific objectives in terms of
              habitat conditions and wildlife values.  Comparisons of these
              values provide information to the strengths and weaknesses of the
              habitat and wildlife factors being studied.  Management action is
              derived by analyzing and comparing these values.

KEYWORDS:     coastal wetlands/wetlands/waterfowl/symposium/proceedings/
              wildlife/man-made wetlands/habitat/Maritime Provinces,Canada/
              National Wildlife Areas/natural wetlands/coastal zone/management/
              coastal/Canada/waterfowl habitat/natural tidal marshes/tidal marshes/
              marshes/wetlands management

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       43

AUTHOR:       Barko, J.W., and R.M. Smart

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Sediment-based nutrition of submersed macrophytes

SOURCE:       Aquatic Bot. 10:339-352.

STATE:        OK, NE

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: L2-UB3, L2-AB3, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       BACOPA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, PROSERPINACA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the capabilities of 4 submersed freshwater
              macrophyte species to mobilize nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
              from lake sediments dredged from branched Oak and Pawnee
              Reservoirs in NE and Keystone Reservoir in OK.  N and P were
              readily mobilized from the sediments and concentrated in plant
              shoots at levels well above those required for growth.
              Mobilization of K from sediments was much less effective and may
              have limited growth; K is probably supplied to these plants
              primarily from the water.  Considerable quantities of these
              nutrients are released to the water due to plant senescence and
              associated decay processes, representing an important mode of
              sediment-nutrient cycling in aquatic systems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       42

AUTHOR:       Barko, J.W., and R.M. Smart

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Effects of organic matter additions to sediment on the growth
              of aquatic plants

SOURCE:       J. Ecol. 71:161-175.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       ELODEA, HYDRILLA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, SAGITTARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper examines growth of 3 completely submerged plant species
              on sediments from Lake Washington, Seattle, WA.  Growth of
              emergent species was generally less inhibited by the addition of
              5% organic matter than that of submerged species receiving the
              same level of organic matter.  Greater additions of organic matter
              severely inhibited Hydrilla and Potamogeton.  Growth of all
              species was negatively correlated with mean dissolved organic
              carbon concentration in the interstitial water of the sediments.
              Growth inhibition may have resulted from accumulation of toxic,
              soluble organic carbon compounds during anaerobic decomposition.
              The role of organic accretion in sediments is discussed in
              relation to patterns of aquatic plant distribution and succession.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       44

AUTHOR:       Barko, J.W., R.M. Smart, C.R. Lee, M.C. Landin, T.C. Sturgis,
              and R.N. Gordon

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Establishment and growth of selected fresh- water and coastal
              marsh plants in relation to characteristics of dredged
              sediments

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Effects
              Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-2. 41 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, TRIGLOCHIN, SCIRPUS, CYPERUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes a controlled condition laboratory experiment
              that determined the establishment and growth of several wetland
              plant species in relation to dredged sediment characteristics.
              Freshwater, brackish, and estuarine (salt marsh) plants were
              Scirpus validus, Cyperus esculentus, Distichlis spicata,
              Triglochin maritimum, S. robustus, Spartina alterniflora, and
              S. foliosa.  Sediment substrates were clay, silty clay, and
              sand.  Plant biomass and aerial density were monitored.  Planting
              was by seeds and transplants.  Except for Distichlis (which was
              successfully established from seed), plants were established
              more successfully from vegetative propagules.  All types of
              propagules flourished on freshwater sediments, but transplants
              were more successful on estuarine sediments.  Growth of plants in
              sand was nutrient-limited.  The authors state that fine-textured
              sediments do not need to be fertilized in marsh creation projects.
              Effects of salinity in terms of limiting plant growth also are
              discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       45

AUTHOR:       Barkuloo, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Reclaiming Florida phosphate mined lands to wetlands

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Serv. Program. 13 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG, FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT

PGENUS:       POPULUS, SAGITTARIA, POTAMOGETON, QUERCUS, PINUS, CLADIUM,
              PONTEDERIA, NYSSA, ACER, POLYGONUM, TAXODIUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study investigated methods of establishing "equivalent"
              wildlife habitat that replaces but does not duplicate original
              wetland habitat.  The study site is phosphate mined land on the
              Peace River Floodplain of west central FL.  A 55 acre test site
              was excavated, creating 2 gently sloping stream channels and a
              0.5 acre permanent pond to provide open water for aquatic life.
              One hundred and nineteen trees and 10,400 seedlings were planted
              in 26 plots.  In addition, 2,300 seedlings were randomly planted
              at the site.  Data collected on growth, vigor, and survival showed
              nearly 100% survival.  The survival and growth of the plantings
              are related to tidal changes, ground water levels, precipitation,
              surface water flows, soil moisture, and water quality.  Bird,
              mammal, fish, amphibian, and reptile species using the area were
              documented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       46

AUTHOR:       Barnard, T.A., Jr., and W.I. Priest III

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Virginia's wetland mitigation/compensation policy: its
              evolution and current status

SOURCE:       Pages 327-333 in Wetlands of the Chesapeake. Conf. Proc.,
              April 9-11, 1985, Easton, MD.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article defines the mitigation policy, describes its
              development, and discusses the management philosophy of mitigation
              as a compensation tool in managing the wetland systems of VA's
              Chesapeake Bay.  General conclusions regarding compensation
              philosophy include lack of understanding of wetland systems and
              poor planning preparation for compensation projects.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1505

AUTHOR:       Barrett, N.E., and W.A. Niering

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Tidal marsh restoration: trends in vegetation change using a
              Geographical Information System (GIS)

SOURCE:       Restoration Ecology 1:18-28.

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, TYPHA, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of Geographical Information Systems
              (GIS) to evaluate the restoration of a tidal marsh.  Tidal
              flushing was returned to a 21 ha valley marsh which had been
              impounded in the 1940's to create shallow-water waterfowl habitat.
              Salt marsh vegetation declined and was soon dominated by Typha and
              Phragmites by the creation of the impoundments.  After re-
              establishing tidal flushing salt marsh plants began to displace
              the freshwater emergents.  Base maps were created prior to dike
              construction of the impounded marsh and the restored tidal marsh
              condition, then vegetation type, dominance, and ranking was
              assigned to each base map.  Comparisons and crosstabulation
              matrices of the trends in the pattern of vegetation recovery were
              then made.  Complete restoration in the strictest sense (identical
              spatial recovery) occurred for only 28% of the vegetation types.
              Sixty-three percent of the original salt marsh vegetation
              recovered however regardless of the former spatial position.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       47

AUTHOR:       Barroin, G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Sediment treatment for phosphorus inactivation

SOURCE:       Pages 115-118 in Restoration of lakes and inland waters. Intl.
              Symp. on inland waters and lake restoration. U.S. Environ.
              Protect. Agency EPA 440/5-81-010.

STATE:        FRANCE

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       SOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses sediment treatment to restore a 0.35 ha
              experimental lake bordering the south shore of Lake Geneva,
              France.  Aluminum sulfate was injected into the top layer of the
              sediment to improve its capacity to adsorb phosphorus.  The
              prototype device designed for this purpose is described.
              Monitoring of water quality parameters and phytoplankton
              production indicated that the treatment significantly reduced the
              phosphorus in the lake even under anoxic conditions and reduced
              algal abundance for at least 4 years.  No adverse long-term
              effects were observed, but the author recommends further research
              on this new technique.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       48

AUTHOR:       Baskett, R.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Grand Pass Wildlife Area, Missouri: modern wetland restoration
              strategy at work

SOURCE:       Pages 220-224 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC.

STATE:        MO

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB3

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses restoration and management strategies for
              the Grand Pass Wildlife Area in west central MO. Construction
              of the Wildlife Area, principally aimed at improving waterfowl
              habitat, will consist of 9 miles of levees, 4 miles of water
              distribution canals, 45 control structures, and pumps to supply
              water for the Missouri River and remove water from the units.
              Water management will be capable in 25 separate impoundments,
              which will be managed for moist-soil plants and marsh habitat.
              Water management schedules are described and the preferred
              water depths and vegetation for waterfowl, shorebirds, and
              other nongame birds are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1581

AUTHOR:       Baskin, Y.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        California's ephemeral vernal pools may be a good model for
              speciation

SOURCE:       Bioscience 44(6):384-388.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MONITOR

WETLAND TYPE: P0-UB4

RESPONSE:     VEG, INVERTS

PGENUS:       DOWNINGIA, POGOGYNE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes and compares vernal ponds, their diversity,
              similarities, and differences.  The importance of these perenial
              ecosystems is emphasized in their ability to support endemic,
              rare, and endangered species.  Attempts have been and are
              continuing to be made to understand species distribution in order
              to further protect these species and their ecosystems from urban
              and agricultural developement.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1514

AUTHOR:       Bastian, R.K. and D.A. Hammer

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        The use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and
              recycling

SOURCE:       Pages 59-68 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       MANY, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of the historical, present, and
              future use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and
              recycling.  Evaluations of experimental wetlands and initial
              wetlands used to treat wastewater in the United States and other
              countries are reviewed.  Types of constructed wetland systems are
              described as well as how they remove contaminents.  Considerations
              are also listed for wetlands to be used for experimental design or
              application.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1265

AUTHOR:       Bastian, R.K., P.E. Shanaghan, and B.P. Thompson

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Use of wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment and
              disposal -- regulatory issues and EPA policies

SOURCE:       Pages 265-278 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural.
              Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Discusses EPA policies and other state/federal regulations
              governing the use of natural and constructed wetlands to treat
              municipal wastewater.  Reference is made to many projects
              throughout the U.S. and Canada.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       49

AUTHOR:       Bates, A.L., E. Pickard, and W.M. Dennis

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Tree plantings--a diversified management tool for reservoir
              shorelines

SOURCE:       Pages 190-194 in R.R. Johnson and J.F. McCormick, eds.
              Strategies for protection and management of floodplain
              wetlands and other riparian ecosystems. U.S. For. Serv. Gen.
              Tech. Rep. WO-12.

STATE:        TN, AL, NC

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-FO1, L.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM, PLATANUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the results of tree plantings along the
              shorelines of impoundments constructed by the Tennessee Valley
              authority at Mallard Creek (Lawrence County, AL), Birdsong Creek
              (Benton County, TN), Duck River (Humphreys County, TN), and
              Hiwassee Reservoir (Murphy County, NC).  The primary purpose for
              establishing trees was control of mosquito populations.  As
              vegetative succession is hastened from open herbaceous
              communities to woody, closed-canopy communities, mosquito
              populations are reduced and species composition changes to favor
              less aggressive species.  Baldcypress plantings were most
              successful due to rapid growth rates and ability of seedlings to
              withstand prolonged flooding.  Plantings also stabilize the shore
              and enhance wildlife habitat.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1412

AUTHOR:       Bates, R.D. and J.M. Marcus

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Hydrologic modification and its effect on wetland function in
              the Santee Swamp, South Carolina

SOURCE:       Pages 283-290 in J.A. Kusler and S. Daly, eds. Wetlands and
              river corridor management. Charleston, South Carolina.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, HYDRO, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the hydrological and water quality impacts
              of impounding a river swamp and examines the results of a survey
              conducted to determine water quality conditions in riverine,
              lacustrine, and palustrine habitats.  Nine survey sites where
              selected.  The physical and chemical characteristics of surface
              waters within the river, lake, and swamp habitats were studied.
              Multiple regression models were used to determine the cause-and-
              effect relationships between the hydrology and the dissolved
              oxygen (DO) concentrations of the Santee Swamp.  Results of the
              study revealed the swamp water level is correlated with the water
              level of Lake Marion.  When the water rises, as well as when there
              is low river flow or a constant lake stage, water movement out of
              the swamp is restricted.  The swamp becomes anaerobic due to lack
              of water movement causing low levels of DO, high levels of total
              phosphorous, total iron, and total organic carbon.  Manipulation
              of the hydrology through the management of the Lake Marion pool
              and upstream riverine discharges are suggested to maximize optimal
              water quality conditions in Santee Swamp.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       50

AUTHOR:       Bauer, A.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1965

TITLE:        Simultaneous excavation and rehabilitation of sand and gravel
              sites

SOURCE:       Natl. Sand Gravel Assoc., Silver Spring, MD. 60 pp.

STATE:        IL, IN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., PO-UB1, PO-UB2, L2-US1, L2-US2, PO-US1, PO-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, HUSE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study provides an overview of sand and gravel mining and land
              reclamation techniques and procedures.  Recommendations include
              incorporating reclamation considerations for grading, seeding, and
              planting with gravel mining operations.  Two case studies are
              provided: 1) Lincoln Lakes near Lincoln, IL, and 2) Sansabar
              Estates, a floodplain 6 miles north of Indianapolis, IN.  In
              each case, site analysis, operation analysis, master plan,
              stockpile plan, and development program (i.e., reclamation) are
              described and illustrated.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       51

AUTHOR:       Bauer, A.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Manipulating mining operations to create wildlife habitats: a
              pre-mining planning process

SOURCE:       Pages 41-43 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds. Wildlife
              values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Stn., St.
              Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-US1

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the planning considerations necessary to
              enable gravel mining operations to develop productive postmining
              landscapes as well as to efficiently mine the resource.  When
              reclamation plans are formulated before mining is initiated, the
              best (and most cost-effective) results may be obtained.  It is
              emphasized that the creation of new, productive landscapes cannot
              be created by chance.  Earth materials for land shaping,
              overburden distribution, earth moving equipment, and mining
              procedures are discussed.  End use criteria may include desired
              water depths, lake edge and bottom configurations, specific sand
              and gravel deposit materials required for a specific environment,
              and special landforms.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       52

AUTHOR:       Baumann, R.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Mechanisms of maintaining marsh elevation in a subsiding
              environment

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, Louisiana St. Univ., Baton Rouge. 89 pp.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO2

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SOIL, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, TAXODIUM, NYSSA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis examines marsh elevation, inundation regime, and
              seasonality of sedimentation for a coastal wetland in the
              Barataria Basin, LA.  Mean elevation of the saline marsh was
              slightly higher than local mean water level.  Seasonality of
              sedimentation has switched from a Mississippi River flood, spring-
              dominated situation to a storm-related, winter and hurricane
              season-dominated situation in the basin.  Sedimentation rates
              compared to the rate of sea level rise indicated that present
              sedimentation processes are not sufficient to maintain marsh
              elevation, resulting in the continued deterioration of wetlands
              in the Barataria Basin.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       53

AUTHOR:       Baumann, R.H., and R.D. Adams

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Creation and restoration of wetlands by natural processes in
              the Lower Atchafalaya River system: possible conflicts with
              navigation and flood control objectives

SOURCE:       Pages 1-24 in R.H. Stovall, ed. Proceedings of the eighth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, E2-EM1, R1-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The Atchafalaya River in LA is creating new wetlands in the
              Atchafalaya Bay Delta and restoring wetlands in adjacent marshes.
              This process was documented by examination of LANDSAT images.
              During 1973-1980, area trends shifted from wetland losses of 421
              ha/year to wetland gains of 66 ha/year.  A direct relationship
              between suspended sediment influx and wetland creation/restoration
              exists.  Other important factors in this process are river
              discharge, wetland location, wind direction, and tidal stage.
              Navigation and flood control projects are discussed in terms of
              their potential effects on this natural creation process.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1295

AUTHOR:       Bavor, H.J., D.J. Roser, P.J. Fisher, and I.C. Smalls

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Performance of solid-matrix wetland systems viewed as
              fixed-film bioreactors

SOURCE:       Pages 646-656 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        AUSTRALIA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       MODEL, LAB, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, MYRIOPHYLLUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses wastewater treatment performance of solid-
              matrix constructed wetlands in Richmond, Australia.  A
              mathematical model was developed based on first order kinetics and
              by treating the systems as fixed-film bioreactors.  The systems
              consisted of seven trenches, each 100 m long, 4 m wide, and 0.5 m
              deep.  Two trenches were planted with emergent macrophytes
              (cumbungi in one trench and bulrush in the other) with gravel as
              the substrate.  One trench contained parrot feather, a floating
              macrophyte.  Two systems contained sections of cumbungi planted in
              gravel, unplanted gravel, and open water.  Finally two control
              systems; one containing only open water and the other containing
              only gravel.  The model was designed to predict the removal of
              suspended solids, BOD, nitrogen, phosphorous, and fecal coliforms
              with respect to loading, detention time, and temperature.
              Detention time of two to ten days allowed for effective removal of
              BOD, suspended solids, and total nitrogen.  Fecal coliforms were
              also significantly reduced, however phosphorous removal was low.
              The system consisting of the floating macrophytes was the least
              effective treatment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       54

AUTHOR:       Bays, J.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Zooplankton/trophic state relationships and the potential for
              prediction of ecosystem structure in reclaimed Florida lakes

SOURCE:       Pages 17-32 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual
              conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough
              Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of nutrient loading models for
              predicting trophic state during the process of lake creation or
              restoration.  The relationships between trophic state, fish
              biomass, and zooplankton in 39 FL lakes are described.  As
              trophic state increases, so does the percentage of
              microzooplankton, fish biomass, and proportion of rough fish
              (e.g., gizzard shad, gar) to sport fish (e.g., bass, bluegill),
              whereas the percentage of macrozooplankton decreases.  Plans for
              lake restoration should include trophic state prediction for 1) a
              range of densities for various zooplankton species and 2) an
              estimation of fish production, species composition, and harvest
              potential.  Lake ecosystem function is reflected in nutrient
              cycling, microzooplankton, and algal blooms.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       55

AUTHOR:       Beaman, B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Patterns of plant community structure and vegetational zones
              on spoil islands in Sarasota Bay and Charlotte Harbor, Florida

SOURCE:       New College, Div. Nat. Resour., Sarasota, FL. 69 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS3, E2-FO3, E2-FO4, E2-EM., E2-SS., E2-FO., E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, CASUARINA, BATIS,
              SALICORNIA, SESUVIUM, SPARTINA, PASPALUM, CYNODON, BACCHARIS,
              MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes vegetative succession on spoil islands
              created by dredging in Sarasota Bay and Charlotte Harbor, FL.
              Four major plant communities are discussed: 1) a pioneering
              community of strand plants on open beaches and spits; 2) a
              community of mangroves in the intertidal zones of leeward shores,
              from mangrove seedlings in the first community; 3) a community at
              the storm tide zone dominated by the Australian pine; and 4) an
              open, sandy upland area community consisting of herbaceous plants
              and shrubs.  Factors affecting succession of plant communities on
              spoil islands include: 1) distance from island to established
              community; 2) presence of pines that limit diversity of plant
              community; 3) availability of soil water; 4) elevation and
              topography; 5) soil nutrients; and 6) animal life.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1007

AUTHOR:       Bedish, J.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1964

TITLE:        Studies of the germination and growth of cattail in relation
              to marsh management

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, Iowa St. Univ., Ames. 83 pp.

STATE:        IA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB3

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, HYDRO, ECON

PGENUS:       TYPHA, LEERSIA, BIDENS, SAGITTARIA, ALISMA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis presents results of greenhouse and laboratory
              experiments on the germination and growth of cattail.  Field
              studies on the effects of soil moisture and water depth were
              conducted on mud substrate along the edge of Goose Lake,
              Hamilton County, IA.  A 1 inch water depth provided optimum
              moisture conditions for seed germination, growth of plants
              produced from rhizome shoots, and vegetative reproduction.
              Either the overwintering rhizome shoot or a portion of a plant
              base (culm) was needed to produce a new cattail plant.
              Artificial propagation of cattail by planting rhizomes was
              economically unsound because of the need for muskrat control and
              fencing, as well as labor involved in obtaining and planting
              rhizomes.  The thesis also includes a literature review of the
              importance of cattail to marsh animals.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       56

AUTHOR:       Bedish, J.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1967

TITLE:        Cattail moisture requirements and their significance to marsh
              management

SOURCE:       Am. Midl. Nat. 78(2):288-300.

STATE:        IA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, POLYGONUM, SAGITTARIA, ALISMA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents results of seed germination tests on the
              hybrid cattail Typha latifolia x angustifolia in the laboratory
              and at Goose Lake near Jewell, Hamilton County, IA.  Seeds in
              greenhouse tests required flooding for germination, but no
              differences in percent germination were detected between water
              depths of 1 inch and 6 inches.  Germination was reduced 50% by
              storage of seed for 1 year at room temperature.  The fastest rate
              and amount of growth were recorded for plants in 1 inch of water.
              No germination of artificially established seed occurred in the
              field, possibly due to an unknown inhibiting factor present in the
              marsh for several years.  Management implications are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       57

AUTHOR:       Beeman, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Techniques for the creation and maintenance of intertidal
              saltmarsh wetlands for landscaping and shoreline protection

SOURCE:       Pages 33-43 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual
              conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough
              Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2, E2-US3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, SPOROBOLUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the creation and maintenance of vegetated
              estuarine shoreline areas between Duval and Palm Beach Counties,
              FL.  Planting success was achieved when the following procedures
              were implemented: 1) construction of an energy barrier along the
              shore between mean high water and mean low water (shore slope was
              5-15 degrees); 2) construction of a berm at the upper edge of the
              slope (20-25 degrees for this upper tidal zone); 3) plantings
              zoned from water to upland as they would occur naturally; and 4)
              plantings of large plugs at a density of 1 plant/ft2.  A long-term
              management program would be beneficial for the maintenance of
              healthy vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       58

AUTHOR:       Beeman, S., and R. Bullard

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Plants on shorelines

SOURCE:       Pages 149-153 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh
              annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM., E1-AB., PO-EM.

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper is an overview of 1 approach to shoreline stabilization
              and erosion reduction at several sites in eastern and central FL.
              The approach focuses on establishment of littoral marshes on
              gently-sloping shorelines and construction of coquina or concrete
              revetments to support plantings of intertidal or aquatic plants on
              high-energy shorelines.  These techniques have proven to be at
              least as successful as traditional bulkhead designs.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       59

AUTHOR:       Beeman, S., and L. Greenfield

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Monitoring of two artificial waterway systems in Jupiter,
              Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 37-46 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3, E1-UB.

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, SESUVIUM, DISTICHLIS,
              PASPALUM, SALICORNIA, AVICENNIA, BATIS, BORRICHIA, TYPHA,
              JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article summarizes the results of revegetation efforts at
              artificial waterways in Jupiter, FL.  Spartina alterniflora and
              Rhizophora mangle proliferated initially; populations then
              stabilized to comprise 55% of the total plant community.  The
              establishment of proper elevations relative to tidal fluctuations
              was a significant factor in successful wetland establishment.
              Fauna in these artificial waterways and marshes were similar to
              those in nearby natural areas.  Dissolved oxygen, temperature,
              salinity, nutrients, and pH were measured regularly.  Heavy metals
              and protein content were measured in Spartina.  The permeability
              and ion exchange capacity of sediments also were monitored.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       60

AUTHOR:       Bell, A.L., E.D. Holcombe, and V.H. Hicks

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Vegetating stream channels--a multipurpose approach

SOURCE:       Soil Conserv. 40(5):16-18.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-EM1, PO-SS., PO-FO.

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the vegetative treatment of stream channels
              after channel modification for flood prevention and watershed
              protection.  To minimize disturbance of natural vegetation,
              excavations were done on alternate sides of the channel.  The
              completed stream/channel cross section was then divided into
              several areas that required different vegetative treatments.  The
              channel bottom was planted for stabilization, whereas channel cut
              slopes were planted for erosion control as well as food and cover
              for wildlife.  The crown of the dredged material deposit was
              planted with various grasses; the backslope was planted with a
              grass mixture and clusters of selected woody plants for wildlife
              food and cover.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       61

AUTHOR:       Belsky, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        An oil spill in an alpine habitat

SOURCE:       Northwest Sci. 49(3):141-146.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-ML1, PO-SS3, PO-SS4, PO-SS.

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       CAREX, LUETKEA, HIERACEUM, CASSIOPE, PHYLLODOCE, TSUGA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the vegetational damage caused by a spill of
              7,000 gal of No. 2 diesel fuel into an alpine meadow near Mt.
              Baker, WA.  Most of the herbaceous plants in the Carex nigricans
              and Phyllodoce empetriformis-Cassiope mertensiana association were
              killed; woody species were severely damaged, but survived.  Root
              systems of plants escaped major damage, possibly due to the oil
              flowing over the water-saturated soil surface.  Within 1 year
              after the spill, heathers, sedges, and mosses were invading the
              area.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       62

AUTHOR:       Benner, C.S., P.L. Knutson, R.A. Brochu, and A.K. Hurme

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Vegetative erosion control in an oligohaline environment:
              Currituck Sound, North Carolina

SOURCE:       Wetlands 2:105-117.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2, E2-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, PANICUM, FIMBRISTYLIS, TYPHA, JUNCUS, PHRAGMITES,
              AMMOPHILA, IVA, DAUCUS, SIUM, PTILIMNIUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes long-term shoreline changes resulting from
              planting marsh plants in the oligohaline environment of Currituck
              Sound, NC.  Vegetation was planted to dampen wave energy and
              reduce erosion.  Species were selected for their tolerance of low
              salinities, height, rigidity, and structure for transplanting.
              Sprigs were planted in rows perpendicular to the shore 0.6 m
              apart and 30.5 m soundward.  The average annual shoreline
              position retreated 1.6 m in the planted area during 8 years and
              retreated 2.1 m/year in the unplanted area.  In the eighth year of
              monitoring, the planted shoreline retreated 0.2 m.  Twenty marsh
              plant species had invaded the study site by Fall 1981.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1221

AUTHOR:       Berg, K.M., and J.A. Prokes

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Diversification in wetland mitigation: a case study -
              Coppercreek Development Project

SOURCE:       Pages 2-15 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        MI

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       SEED, LFORM, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS., PO-EM1, PO-AB., PO-OW.

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, WFOWL, AMPHIB, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       CAREX, LEERSIA, ECHINOCHLOA, ELYMUS, AGROSTIS, POA, JUNCUS,
              PENTHORUM, LOBELIA, LYTHRUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Development of a 4.4 acre wetland, Farmington Hills, Oakland Co.,
              MI was required as mitigation for the loss of 2.2 acres of wetland
              to residential/golf course development.  The persistent emergent
              and wet meadow complex was to be replaced with a persistent
              emergent/shrub/open water wetland.  The mitigation site was
              excavated to establish the required hydrology.  Peat material
              from the impacted wetland was used and the area was seeded with
              native and non-native herbaceous species.  Ongoing monitoring
              will include the qualitative assessment of vegetation
              establishment and wildlife use.  Length of monitoring is not
              given.  Costs, to date, had exceeded $250,000.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1262

AUTHOR:       Berger, J.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Ecological restoration in the San Francisco Bay Area: a
              descriptive directory and sourcebook

SOURCE:       Restoring the Earth, Berkeley, CA. 213 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT, WQUAL, EROSION

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E2-..., R.-..., L2-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, ECON

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This book is divided into 8 chapters; 4 deal directly with the
              restoration of wetlands.  EAch chapter has one in-depth report
              and several brief summaries of projects related to the chapter's
              topic.  Each report and summary includes:  location; starting
              date; status; site description; purpose; procedures used; results;
              monitoring; future plans; support; budget; volunteer needs; and
              a person to contact for further information.  Appendices include:
              a list of restorationists; restoration programs; restoration
              inventories and references; volunteer opportunities; how to
              create a restoration data base; and a list of native plant and
              seed sources.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/San Francisco Bay/wastewater/marsh restoration/
              monitoring/salt marshes/freshwater wetlands/brackish marshes

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1428

AUTHOR:       Berger, J.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        The Kissimmee riverine-floodplain system

SOURCE:       Pages 477-496 in S. Maurizi and F. Poillon, eds. Restoration
              of aquatic ecosystems. National Academy Press. Washington,
              D.C.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO

ACTION:       HYDRO, STOCK

WETLAND TYPE: E2.-..., R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, FISH, VEG, HYDRO, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the effects of hydrological changes for flood
              control on the Kissimmee riverine-floodplain system, its wildlife
              and wetlands.  Extensive restoration efforts have begun consisting
              of filling drainage canals, expanding Everglades National Park,
              treating agricultural wastewater with cattail marshes, restoring
              the Kissimmee River to its meandering river channel, and restoring
              a more natural flow regime to the park.  Politics leading up to
              the restoration of the Kissimmee River in 1985 are discussed.  A
              demonstration project was initiated with the construction of the
              notched weirs to reflood 1300 acres of drained wetland.  Positive
              results increased support to restore the remaining wetlands.  Four
              broad goals which served as guidelines for Kissimmee River
              restoration work included:  1) natural and free energies of the
              river system should be used for restoration, 2) natural ecological
              functions should be restored, 3) maintain and restore physical,
              chemical and biological integrity of the river system, and 4)
              restoration of lost environment.  Five critical evaluation
              criteria were also developed for appraising alternate methods to
              restore the Kissimmee.  A committee was set up to develop a
              resource management plan to address issues for restoration as well
              as evaluate their implementation by state, federal, and local
              governments.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1417

AUTHOR:       Bernstein, G. and R.L. Zepp, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Evaluation of selected wetland creation projects authorized
              through the Corps of Engineers section 404 program

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Annapolis, MD. 79pp.

STATE:        MD, VA, DE

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., PO.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report evaluates the success or failure of wetland mitigation
              projects authorized and completed under the Section 404 program of
              the Clean Water Act in the Baltimore, Norfolk, and Philadelphia
              Districts.  Success was based on the fulfillment of compensatory
              mitigation found on-site according to the specifications of the
              permit or mitigation plan.  Results indicated 74% of the 62
              projects as failures, 15% were successes, and 11% were not judged
              as they were still under construction.  Only 59.2 acres of
              wetlands were created out of 95.15 acres which were required by
              permit to be created.  Detailed discussions by each district are
              given.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1121

AUTHOR:       Best, G.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Natural wetlands - southern environment: wastewater to
              wetlands, where do we go from here?

SOURCE:       Pages 99-120 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic plants
              for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia Publ.,
              Inc., Orlando, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-FO., PO-SS., PO-EM1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, CHEM, SOIL

PGENUS:       SAGITTARIA, PONTEDERIA, PANICUM, HIBISCUS, JUNCUS, SPARTINA,
              TYPHA, BACOPA, DISTICHLIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of the use of wetlands for
              wastewater treatment research conducted in Florida.  It includes
              responses of biota to nutrient loading (heavy metal accumulation),
              wastewater treatment efficiency, long-term treatment potential of
              wetlands, and management recommendations.  Specific examples are
              cited from Orlando, Orange County, Gainesville, Clermont, Waldo,
              Kennedy Space Center, Apalachicola, and Wildwood.  Effects of
              heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Mn) on vegetation are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       63

AUTHOR:       Best, G.R., and K.L. Erwin

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Effects of hydroperiod on survival and growth of tree
              seedlings in a phosphate surface- mined reclaimed wetland

SOURCE:       Pages 221-225 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1984 symposium
              on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation.
              Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM, LIQUIDAMBAR, GORDONIA, PERSEA, ACER, FRAXINUS,
              PLATANUS, ULMUS, ILEX, NYSSA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses survival and growth of tree seedlings planted
              in a phosphate surface-mined reclaimed wetland in southwest Polk
              County, FL.  Several wetland, transitional, and upland species
              were planted, including cypress, sweet gum, loblolly bay, red
              maple, ash, sycamore, elm, holly, black gum, and red bay.  Overall
              survival after 3 growing seasons was 72%, with highest survival of
              ash (99%), black gum (90%), and sycamore (84%) and lowest
              survival for loblolly bay (23%) and holly (41%).  Growth rate data
              were indicative of seedling stress: species showing the greatest
              rate of survival also had the greatest increase in mean height.
              Growth rates of cypress seedlings were higher in shallow water
              (less than 20 cm) than in deep water.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       64

AUTHOR:       Beule, J.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Control and management of cattails in south- eastern Wisconsin
              wetlands

SOURCE:       Wisconsin Dept. Nat. Resour., Madison, Tech. Bull. No. 112. 39
              pp.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, BIOCIDE, CUT, FIRE, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     FISH, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SPARGANIUM, SCIRPUS, CAREX, SAGITTARIA, SALIX, LEERSIA,
              LYTHRUM, PHALARIS, VERBENA, CYPERUS, CERATOPHYLLUM,
              POTAMOGETON, LEMNA, UTRICULARIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents results of experiments used to create openings
              in large blocks of monotypic cattail (Typha spp.) Stands at
              Eldorado Marsh Wildlife Area and Horicon Marsh in southeastern WI.
              Cattail stands were subjected to various treatments of covering,
              crushing, cutting, scraping, fire, or herbicides.  Occurrence and
              density of various marsh plant species over a 6-year period are
              presented in tables.  Data on bird use of the habitat created by
              cattail control measures indicated that the openings provided
              additional temporary habitat for a variety of waterfowl and marsh
              birds.  Management guidelines for cattail control included the use
              of herbicides and cutting for deep water zones; cutting stems
              below the water on ice and crushing for intermediate zones; and
              crushing, herbicides, and soil excavation in shallow water zones.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1281

AUTHOR:       Bhamidimarri, R., A. Shilton, I. Armstrong, P. Jacobson, and
              D. Scarlet

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: the New Zealand
              experience

SOURCE:       Water Science Technology 24(5):247-253.

STATE:        NEW ZEALAND

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the treatment of wastewater for secondary
              treatment and pathogen removal in constructed wetlands located in New
              Zealand.  The author briefly discusses three types of constructed
              wetlands and gives an example of each type.  The three types of
              wetland configurations are surface-flow wetlands, subsurface-flow
              wetlands, and vertical-flow wetlands.  The fundamental mechanism for
              biodegradation in all three types of wetlands is the diffusion of
              waste components into the biofilms on the submerged stems and root
              systems.  Performance data from the three examples are given.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       65

AUTHOR:       Bilby, R.E., and G.E. Likens

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Importance of organic debris dams in the structure and
              function of stream ecosystems

SOURCE:       Ecology 61(5):1107-1113.

STATE:        NH

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R3-..., R3-UB1, R3-RB2

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the effects of organic debris dams on streams
              of the Hubbard Brook Valley, NH.  Removal of organic debris dams
              from a 175 m stretch of a second-order stream increased output of
              dissolved organic carbon by 18%, export of fine particulate organic
              carbon by 632%, and export of coarse particulate organic matter by
              138%.  Debris dams contained nearly 75% of the standing stock of
              organic matter in first-order streams, 58% in second-order streams,
              and 20% in third-order streams.  Thus, organic debris dams are
              extremely important components of the small stream ecosystem.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1608

AUTHOR:       Bingham, D.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Wetlands for stormwater treatment

SOURCE:       Pages 243-262 in D.M. Kent, editor. Applied wetlands science
              and technology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 436 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, HUSE, HYDRO, MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Wetlands are starting to be constructed as an economical, efficient
              method to treat stormwater runoff due to tightening Clean Water Act
              (CWA) regulations.  Stormwater characteristics are described in
              terms of their hydrologic characteristics and pollutant
              characteristics in the form of suspended solids, nutrients,
              pathogens, organic enrichment, toxic pollutants, and salt.  The
              mechanisms in which constructed wetlands decrease flow rates and
              velocities and romove pollutants are described.  Data reveiwed from
              fifteen constructed wetlands and eleven natural wetlands indicated
              constructed wetlands had higher removal rates and lower variability.
              Although there is no general design criteria at this time, guidelines
              are offered based on existing treatment wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       66

AUTHOR:       Birkitt, B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Considerations for the functional restoration of impounded
              wetlands.

SOURCE:       Pages 44-59 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual
              conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough
              Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL

PGENUS:       BATIS, SALICORNIA, AVICENNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Management plans are being developed for impounded marsh and
              mangrove areas along Florida's East Coast.  These areas were
              impounded for mosquito control; management plans include
              maintenance of mosquito control as well as restoration of some
              natural wetland functions (e.g., fisheries).  Primary restoration
              objectives are: 1) maintenance or reestablishment of wetland
              vegetation; 2) restoration of estuary-marsh water flows (tidal
              exchange) and biotic exchange; and 3) water quality improvement.
              Most changes are expected to occur through water level
              manipulation (i.e., seasonal opening of impoundments, lowering of
              impounded water levels, improved water circulation, and occasional
              overflooding of the marsh area).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       67

AUTHOR:       Bishop, R.A., R.D. Andrews, and R.J. Bridges

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Marsh management and its relationship to vegetation,
              waterfowl, and muskrats

SOURCE:       Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 86(2):50-56.

STATE:        IA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, TYPHA, SAGITTARIA, PHRAGMITES, BIDENS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents data on emergent vegetation, muskrat, and
              waterfowl breeding populations on 4 marshes in north-central IA
              under various controlled water level regimes over an 8-year
              period. Blue-winged teal populations responded more closely than
              mallards to changes in percent area containing emergent
              vegetation.  Waterfowl populations were not totally dependent on
              vegetative conditions of the marsh; spring water levels on
              surrounding private lands, flyway-wide breeding habitat, and
              population status influenced breeding populations.  Muskrat
              populations were directly related to habitat quality and fall
              water levels.  A cycle of 5-7 years between complete drawdowns was
              recommended for the most beneficial waterfowl management program.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1483

AUTHOR:       Bitter, S.D. and K.J. Bowers

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Wetland mitigation and stream restoration

SOURCE:       Public Works 124(11):50-51.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses principles involved in stream restoration and
              wetland mitigation.  The authors recommend planning, designing, and
              constructing for the fundamental wetland components as wetlands are
              static systems which result in the inability to plan for all biotic
              and abiotic components.  Considerations should include analyzing all
              parts of the system, setting achievable goals, and involving the
              expertise of a multi-disciplinary team.  The main principles in
              wetland and stream restoration are understanding hydrology, soils, and
              vegetation.  Monitoring and maintaining the system long after
              completion will aid in insuring success.  Finally sustainable design
              and construction points are addressed.

KEYWORDS:     wetland mitigation/mitigation/restoration/regulation/wetlands/
              technique/creation

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       69

AUTHOR:       Bjork, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        Swedish lake restoration program gets results.

SOURCE:       Ambio 1(5):153-165.

STATE:        SWEDEN, TUNISIA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, CUT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-EM1, L2-..., L2-AB3, L2-AB4, L1-..., L.-AB1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HUSE, WQUAL

PGENUS:       CHARA, POTAMOGETON, MYRIOPHYLLUM, PHRAGMITES, CAREX,
              SCHOENOPLECTUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes 3 lake restoration projects in Sweden:
              Lake Trummon near Vaxjo, Jarla Lake near Stockholm, and Hornborga
              Lake.  Experience gained from sediment pumping, aeration, and
              removal of vegetation is described.  Lake Trummon was subject to
              sewage pollution and, at times, total oxygen deficiency;
              restoration focused on suction-dredging a layer of black mud that
              covered the well-consolidated sediment (prepollution).  In Jarla
              Lake, the hypolimnion was aerated without disturbing thermal
              stratification.  Hornborga Lake was restored from a shallow,
              drained area dominated by monocultures of reeds, sedges, and
              willows to a combination of open water and emergent marsh and
              submergents such as Chara, Potamogeton, and Myriophyllum.  Plans
              for restoring the Lake of Tunis (in Tunisia) also are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1008

AUTHOR:       Bjork, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        European lake rehabilitation activities.

SOURCE:       Proc. Lake Protect. Manage. Conf., Madison, WI, UnPubl. Pap.
              23 pp.

STATE:        SWEDEN, GERMANY, POLAND, AUSTRIA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       SOIL, HYDRO, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       CAREX, EQUISETUM, NUPHAR, PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of European lake restoration
              activities with respect to historical development, geographical
              distribution, and application of restoration techniques.  Lakes
              undergoing restoration have usually been damaged by sewage
              discharge and water-level lowering.  Restoration techniques
              include removing nutrient-rich water with pumps or siphons,
              aerating the lake, removing sediments by dredging, constructing
              settling ponds, treating water with aluminum sulphate, raising
              water levels, and cutting emergents to create mosaics of small
              open water areas within dense stands to provide a more diverse
              wildlife habitat.  Success of these various techniques are
              discussed in relation to case studies.  Costs of some
              restoration projects are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       68

AUTHOR:       Bjork, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Recovery and restoration of damaged lakes in Sweden

SOURCE:       Pages 110-133 in J. Cairns, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and E.E.
              Herricks, eds. Recovery and restoration of damaged ecosystems.
              Univ. Press Virginia, Charlottesville.

STATE:        SWEDEN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, HYDRO, CUT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L1-..., L2-..., L2-AB3, L2-AB4

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, HUSE, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MYRIOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, UTRICULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the recovery and restoration of damaged lakes
              in Sweden.  Two case studies are described in more detail: the
              shallow lakes Hornborga and Trummen.  Lake Hornborga was
              irreversibly damaged by dewatering.  Dense growths of reeds and
              sedges were cut and the lake bottom was cultivated before the
              water level was raised and before submerged plant communities
              could effectively replace emergent vegetation.  The waterfowl
              habitat value of the lake was eventually restored.  Lake Trummen
              was irreversibly damaged by a long history of sewage pollution.
              Restoration of the lake was necessary before any recovery
              would be evident from sewage treatment or diversion.  Restoration
              techniques, planning, and costs are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1476

AUTHOR:       Bjork, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Development and degradation, redevelopment, and preservation
              of Jamaican wetlands

SOURCE:       Ambio 20(7):276-284.

STATE:        JAMAICA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: R1.-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the past, present, and future development of the
              Black River Lower Morass and its holistic view of wetland use.  Recent
              interest in mining peat as an energy source has resulted in concern
              over protection and restoration of existing wetlands prior to actual
              mining.  Carbon dating was used to investigate how various peat
              species growth in river drainages has changed in correlation to
              climate change, sea level rise, and man's influence.  Restoration and
              preservation efforts are underway to prevent or minimize future peat
              extraction effects on wetlands.  Complete exemption of swamp forests,
              mangroves, and other wetland areas has been recommended.  Monitoring
              and regulatory measures will be set up in catchment areas.  Ecological
              peat mining is actually expected to enhance and create wetlands in the
              future thus providing habitat for aquatic organisms and attracting
              waterfowl.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       70

AUTHOR:       Bjork, S., L. Bengtsson, H. Berggren, G. Cronberg, G.
              Digerfeldt, S. Fleischer, C. Gelin, G. Lindmark, N. Malmer, F.
              Plejmark, W. Ripl, and P.O. Swanberg

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        Ecosystem studies in connection with the restoration of lakes

SOURCE:       Verh. Intl. Verein. Limnol. 18:379-387.

STATE:        SWEDEN

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       SOIL, HYDRO, CUT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, SHOREB, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       ISOETES, MYRIOPHYLLUM, SELENASTRUM, CAREX, CALAMAGROSTIS,
              PHRAGMITES, UTRICULARIA, POTAMOGETON, CHARA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses 2 projects that are part of the lake
              restoration research program at the University of Lund, Sweden.
              The research concerns comparative studies of the ecosystems
              before, during, and after intervention at the Lake Trummen project
              in southcentral Sweden and the Lake Hornborga project between
              the Great Lakes Vanern and Vattern.  Neither restoration project
              is complete, but some current results are presented.  Lake
              Trummen restoration involved dredging sediment and treating
              water with aluminum sulphate.  Lake Hornborga restoration will
              involve mechanical treatment and water level manipulation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1432

AUTHOR:       Blair, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Successful tidal wetland mitigation in Norfolk, Virginia

SOURCE:       Pages 463-477 in H. S. Bolton and O. T. Magoon, eds. Coastal
              wetlands. American Society of Civil Engineers. New York, NY.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, FISH, INVERTS, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, SUCCESS,
              ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses and evaluates the success of a created tidal
              wetland as mitigation for the deposition of dredged material on
              marshes.  The new site in Monkey Bay was graded to elevations at MHW
              levels and the area was sloped with four lateral ditches to provide
              drainage.  The site was broadcast with 19-5-12 slow release fertilizer
              and Spartina alterniflora seedlings and transplants were used to
              vegetate the new marsh.  Studies were done after several years to
              compare the created marsh with a natural control marsh.  The greater
              range of elevations in the man-made marsh provided a more diverse
              habitat than the natural marshes.  Fish and invertebrate populations
              were favorably comparable to that of the natural marsh with the
              exception of the absence of fiddler crabs at Monkey Bay, possibly due
              to lower level of sediment organics.  The conclusions reveal the
              created wetland is a viable, productive wetland although it does not
              reproduce all the functions of a natural marsh.  However, future
              comparisons in several years are expected to result in greater
              similarities between Monkey Bay and the natural wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       71

AUTHOR:       Blake, L.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Liming acid ponds in New York

SOURCE:       New York Fish Game J. 28:208-214.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares various liming methods used to treat 22 ponds
              and lakes in NY.  Size of ponds varied from 1-204 acres.  Lime
              was applied by boat or helicopter during various months of the
              year.  Cost-benefit data indicated that liming is an effective
              and economically feasible management tool to counteract the
              adverse impact of acid precipitation and maintain selected
              fisheries.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       72

AUTHOR:       Blomberg, G.E.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Duck use of gravel pits near Ft. Collins, Colorado

SOURCE:       Pages 162-169 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds.
              Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp.
              Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     WFOWL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, ECHINOCHLOA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, RANUNCULUS,
              ANACHARIS, NAJAS, POTAMOGETON, ZANNICHELLIA, CHARA, NITELLA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes gravel pit characteristics that relate to
              duck use in several gravel mined areas in Fort Collins, CO.  Three
              characteristics identified as most significantly affecting duck
              use were: 1) surface area of ponds; 2) mean bank height-to-surface
              area ratios; and 3) mean density index of submerged food plants.
              Recommendations for gravel pit management include discussions of
              pond or lake size, substrate, planting considerations, carp
              control, bank slope (should be a 1:10 slope or less), water depth
              (need more areas 0.3-1 m deep), and creation of islands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       73

AUTHOR:       Bloom, S.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Multivariate quantification of community recovery

SOURCE:       Pages 141-151 in J. Cairns, Jr., ed. The recovery process in
              damaged ecosystems. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., MI.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., R.-..., PO-..., E.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the use of multivariate quantification as a
              technique for determining community recovery from change.  The
              mathematical procedures employed by this technique are available
              as computer packages.  Quantitative biotic information that can
              be evaluated includes number of species, species composition, and
              number of individuals per species in a given sample size.  "Before
              and after" perturbation data are converted to a representation of
              the distance to recovery through time.  Recovery, successional
              transitions, and existence of multistable states can be quantified.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       74

AUTHOR:       Blumer, K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        The use of wetlands for treating wastes--wisdom in diversity

SOURCE:       Pages 182-201 in M.A. Drew, ed. Environmental quality through
              wetlands utilization. Coord. Counc. Restor. Kissimmee River
              Valley Taylor Creek-Nubbin Slough Basin, Tallahasee, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       PHALARIS, TYPHA, NYMPHAEA, LEMNA, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS, LEERSIA,
              BIDENS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses modification of artificial wetlands used for
              treating farm wastes in the Kissimmee River Basin, FL.  The
              previous systems consisted of linear configurations of a
              marsh-pond and a meadow-marsh-pond.  Data collected from these
              systems suggest that the retention of phosphorus and nitrogen per
              unit area is greater when a variety of ecocomponents are used in a
              sequence than if only 1 type of system in used.  Practical
              applications may include providing ponds to alternate with marsh
              wetlands or designing wetlands with island meadows.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1572

AUTHOR:       Blumm, M.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        The Clinton wetlands plan: no net gain in wetlands protection

SOURCE:       Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law 9(2):203-242.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews new reforms and proposals under the Clinton
              wetlands plan of 1993.  Proposals intended to protect wetlands
              include reversing the one-percent proposal for Alaska's wetlands,
              redefining the exception for de minimas discharge of dredge materials,
              extending the 404 regulation to include pilings placement, rejecting
              wetlands categorization, and retracted the Bush administrations
              proposal for a new manual for wetland deliniation, and regionalized
              the Nationwide permit 26 to make it sensitive to local conditions.
              Regulatory flexibility and incentives for landowners was increased
              by requiring the Corps of Engineers (COE) to develop an
              expanded appeal process allowing public participation, limiting
              decision time of individual permits to ninety days, and expanding
              the Wetlands Reserve Program.  Finally, state and local wetlands
              regulation responsibilities were increased, conditions were subjected
              to mitigation banking, and a sequencing of mitigation proceedures
              was adopted by the COE and Environmental Protection Agency.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1593

AUTHOR:       Bodle, M.J., A.P. Ferriter, and D.D. Thayer

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        The biology, distribution, and ecological consequences of
              Melaleuca quinquenervia in the Everglades

SOURCE:       Pages 341-355 in S.M. Davis and J.C. Ogden, editors.
              Everglades-the ecosystem and its restoration. St Lucie Press,
              Delray Beach, FL, USA. 826 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       BIOCIDE, MODEL, FIRE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS3, E2-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MELALEUCA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the invasion, physiology, and control efforts
              of the Melaleuca tree in the Evergaldes.  This introduced species
              threatens to displace areas of saltgrass communities, mangrove forests,
              and wetland prairies due to its amazing adaptability and reproductive
              potential.  Currently biological, chemical, mechanical, and physical
              erradication methods are being used to eliminate stands of Melaleuca.
              The authors advise further state and federal regulations and public
              awareness to aid in impeding the spread of Melaleuca into the
              wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1289

AUTHOR:       Bolis, J.L., T.R. Wildeman, and R.R. Cohen

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        The use of bench scale permeameters for preliminary of metal
              removal from acid mine drainage by wetlands

SOURCE:       In Proceedings of the National Meeting of the American
              Society for Surface Mining Reclamation. Durango, CO.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB.

RESPONSE:     WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents a method of metal removal from acid mine drainage
              by filtering the drainage through constructed wetlands.  Mine drainage
              from the National and Quartz Hill Tunnels near Central City were used
              in the permeameter testing to evaluate the efficiency of metal removal
              and change in pH over time. In addition, an upflow versus a downflow
              configuration was evaluated as well as different initial substrate
              conditions.  Finally, loading rates were determined.  In all
              treatments, nearly 100% of the copper, iron, manganese, and zinc was
              removed from the mine drainages after filtration through the
              permeameters.  However, manganese removal declined during the final
              eight weeks of the experiment.  This process also proved effective in
              all treatments for increasing the pH.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       76

AUTHOR:       Bonance, R.T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Selected biological, physical, and chemical aspects of stream
              diversions; a consequence of surface mining

SOURCE:       M.A. Thesis, Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale. 106 pp.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., R3-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis examines 6 surface mine stream diversions and 5 control
              portions of streams in the Galum and Panther Creek watersheds,
              Perry County, IL.  These relocated (diverted) streams vary in age
              from 2 months to over 10 years.  Restoration efforts varied from
              none to construction of riffles, pools, and meanders.  High
              diversity of macroinvertebrates was associated with riffles,
              substratum diversity, vegetation, and detritus.  Water quality
              differences were associated with adjacent land use.  Fish
              diversity generally increased with stream size.  Recommendations
              for stream construction include locating the channel through
              heterogeneous substratum and establishing riparian vegetation
              rapidly.  Water carrying capacity of channels is discussed in
              detail.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       77

AUTHOR:       Bongiorno, S.F., J.R. Trautman, T.J. Steinke, S. Kawa-Raymond,
              and D. Warner

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        A study of restoration in Pine Creek salt marsh, Fairfield,
              Connecticut

SOURCE:       Pages 11-23 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       IVA, BACCHARIS, SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA, LIMONIUM,
              PHRAGMITES, SOLIDAGO, ATRIPLEX, ASTER, LACTUCA, PLUCHEA,
              ELYMUS, JUNCUS, MYRICA, ACNIDA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A 30 ha salt marsh near Fairfield, CT, was cut off from normal
              tidal flow by a dike.  After 11 years, upland plants had invaded
              to a significant extent.  This study examined vegetative response
              for 3 growing seasons following a breaching of the dike.  As normal
              tidal flow was restored, woody shrubs, Phragmites, and other
              nonmarsh plants decreased dramatically.  After 1 year, 12 nonmarsh
              species were no longer found at the site.  The percentage of bare
              ground was 49% before restoration and decreased to 22.6% in the
              third growing season following the restoration of normal tidal
              flow.  The marsh quickly became dominated by Salicornia, Spartina,
              and Distichlis.  The total number of shrubs declined from
              194 to 6 in 3 years following the breaching of the dike.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/salt marshes/marshes/Connecticut/proceedings/wetlands/
              wetlands restoration/wetlands creation/Spartina/Spartina
              alterniflora/succession/Spartina patens/Distichlis spicata/upland
              plants/dike/plants/tidal marsh/creation

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1009

AUTHOR:       Bontje, M.P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        The application of science and engineering to restore a salt
              marsh, 1987

SOURCE:       Pages 267-273 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, BIOCIDE

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS., E2-FO., E2-UB3

RESPONSE:     FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses restoration of a 63 acre site adjacent to
              the New Jersey Turnpike in Secaucus.  The tidal marsh consisted of
              dense stands of Phragmites communis.  The renovated marsh consists
              of 15% channels/mud flats, 10% dry berms, and 75% Spartina
              meadows.  Comparisons with an unmitigated site, similar to the
              original marsh, revealed that the mitigated marsh contained twice
              as many bird species and 7 times as many birds.  Benthic
              invertebrate diversity was twice as high and numbers tripled in
              the renovated marsh, compared to the unmitigated site.  The same
              techniques historically used by wildlife managers can be
              effectively applied to environmentally distressed urban sites.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       78

AUTHOR:       Boody, O.C., IV

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Physico-chemical analysis of reclaimed and natural lakes in
              central Florida's phosphate region

SOURCE:       Pages 339-350 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the
              phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida
              Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares the physical and chemical characteristics of
              reclaimed and natural lakes in central FL's phosphate region.
              Reclamation consisted primarily of leveling and shaping the mined
              areas.  Spoil piles were contoured for uplands; the remaining
              void became the lake.  Lake stratification did not occur in
              natural systems, but reclaimed systems started stratifying in late
              January or early February and remained stratified until late
              October or early November.  Reclaimed lakes did not have a uniform
              bathymetry, as did natural lakes.  PH was highly variable, with
              lows of 4.2 for reclaimed lakes and 5.3 for natural lakes.
              Conductivity and light attenuation also was variable among both
              natural and reclaimed lakes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       79

AUTHOR:       Boody, O.C, IV, C.D. Pollman, G.H. Tourtellotte, R.E.
              Dickinson, and A.N. Arcuri

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Ecological considerations of reclaimed lakes in central
              Florida's phosphate region

SOURCE:       Final report, vol. I and II. Florida Inst. Phosphate Res.,
              Bartow, Publ. No. 03-018-029. Vol. 1. 92 pp.; Publ. No.
              03-018-030. Vol. 2. 540 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT,
              VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, HYDRILLA, PANICUM, EICHHORNIA, PASPALUM, HYDROCOTYLE,
              NELUMBO, NAJAS, PASPALIDIUM, ALTERNANTHERA, ELEOCHARIS,
              COLOCASIA, BRACHIARIA, POLYGONUM, LEERSIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The 2 volumes of this report consist of extensive baseline data
              on the physical, chemical, and biological conditions of 12
              reclaimed and 4 natural lakes in central FL's phosphate region.
              Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were the primary physico-
              chemical differences between reclaimed and natural lakes.
              Smoother bottoms and shallower conditions of natural lakes
              prevented the persistent stratification common in reclaimed lakes.
              Biological productivity of reclaimed lakes was within the extremes
              represented in natural lakes.  Reclaimed lakes physically
              connected to natural stream habitats had larger fish populations
              than isolated lakes.  Recommended design features for reclaimed
              lakes are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       80

AUTHOR:       Boone, C.G., and R.E. Hoeppel

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Feasibility of transplantation, revegetation, and restoration
              of eelgrass in San Diego Bay, California

SOURCE:       U.S.Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS, Misc.
              Pap. Y-76-2. 46 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the feasibility of using several methods of
              eelgrass (Zostera marina) transplantation, restoration, and
              revegetation on a proposed 8 acre dredged material site in San
              Diego Bay, CA.  Results of a literature survey of current eelgrass
              transplant methods are summarized.  The authors recommend the
              turion and plug methods for transplanting eelgrass.  Techniques
              and costs are compared.  A preliminary pilot transplant study was
              recommended before implementation of the field program.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1115

AUTHOR:       Boone, J., E. Furbish, K. Turner, and S. Bratton

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Clear plastic: a non-chemical herbicide

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 6(2):94.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LAB, BIOCIDE, CUT, FIRE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the use of plastic sheets to control the
              spread of Phragmites in eastern marshes.  Anchoring, placement,
              transport, sun-induced deterioration and temperatures beneath the
              plastic are discussed.  Plastic is recommended as a viable control
              alternative especially in areas where the use of herbicides is
              not feasible.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       81

AUTHOR:       Boreman, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Effects of stream improvement on juvenile rainbow trout in
              Cayuga Inlet, New York

SOURCE:       Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103(3):637-641.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: R.-UB1

RESPONSE:     FISH

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares standing crops of juvenile rainbow trout in
              altered areas of Cayuga Inlet, NY, with those in natural prime
              trout habitat.  Stream alteration consisted of 11 pool diggers and
              16 bank cribs within a 1.5 km study area.  No differences in
              biomass, average weight, or number of trout were observed between
              altered and natural areas.  Trout comprised a greater percentage
              of the total fish biomass in bank crib sections compared to pool
              digger sections.  The author also discusses standing crops of
              sculpins and minnows in relation to altered pools.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       82

AUTHOR:       Born, S.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Lake rehabilitation: a status report

SOURCE:       Environ. Manage. 3(2):145-153.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       SOIL, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of lake rehabilitation techniques
              used in the U.S. and Europe to curb the influx of nutrients,
              sediment, or other problem sources.  The most successful techniques
              to date have been the diverting of waters outside of a lakes's
              drainage basin and the use of wastewater treatment.  In-lake
              techniques that appear to be the most useful include: 1) dredging
              to alter physical characteristics (depth, morphology, water
              circulation patterns) or to remove nutrient-rich or polluted
              sediments; and 2) nutrient inactivation.  Aeration may prove to be
              effective for selected rehabilitation projects; however, costs
              are relatively high.  Examples of successful applications of
              these various techniques are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1010

AUTHOR:       Bottone, P.J., and R.A. Mattson

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Preliminary report on transplanting of the benthic green algae
              Caulerpa prolifera

SOURCE:       Pages 63-74 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the
              fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and
              creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, SHELLF, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents results of an algal transplanting project
              in Tampa Bay, FL. It was designed and implemented in conjunction
              with maintenance dredging of the MacDill Air Force Base Entrance
              Channel.  Twenty cm square mats of the benthic green alga, Caulerpa
              prolifera were installed on centers of approx. 0.3 m, 0.6 m, and
              1.0 m.  Persistence and survival of transplanted material was
              85%-90% 10 days after transplanting. Five months later, survival
              was 100% on 0.3 m centers, 79% on 0.6 m centers, and 72% on
              1.0 m centers. Results suggest that transplanting this alga is
              feasible and cost-effective.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       83

AUTHOR:       Bouldin, D.R., D.J. Lathwell, E.A. Goyette, and D.A. Lauer

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Changes in water chemistry in marshes over a 12-year period
              following establishment

SOURCE:       New York Fish Game J. 20(2):129-149.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study provides an overview of specific changes in water
              chemistry in 20 artificial marshes in NY over a 12 year period
              following establishment.  The key variable was the inorganic
              carbon content of the water, which was correlated with changes in
              types of marsh vegetation.  Emergent vegetation is especially
              important in shallow marshes, where it accumulates large amounts
              of organic matter during the growing season.  Emergents decompose
              during winter.  After several years, enough organic carbon
              accumulates so that rate of decay of submerged aquatics exceeds
              the rate of photosynthesis.  Thus, the water of shallow marshes
              usually contains large amounts of inorganic carbon.  Water
              chemistry is primarily dependent on the ratio of surface area of
              depths less than 2 ft to surface area of depths greater than 2 ft.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       84

AUTHOR:       Boule, M.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Wetland creation and enhancement in the Pacific Northwest

SOURCE:       Pages 130-136 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources: proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC.

STATE:        WA, OR

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-..., M.-..., L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes several elements in the design of wetland
              creation or mitigation projects, including: 1) determination of
              baseline conditions and potential impacts; 2) identification of
              mitigation goals, opportunities, and constraints; 3) development
              of conceptual design alternatives; 4) assessment of potential
              benefits and costs; 5) selection of a preferred alternative;
              6) development of detailed design plans; 7) implementation of
              construction management; and 8) establishment of project
              monitoring.  Five major elements of project design also are
              included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1611

AUTHOR:       Boumans, R.M, and J.W. Day, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Effects of two Louisiana marsh management plans on water and
              materials flux and short-term sedimentation

SOURCE:       Wetlands 14(4):247-261.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R1-EM1

RESPONSE:     SOIL, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Water and material fluxes as well as short-term sedimentation and soil
              parameters were measured on two managed marshes to evaluate the effects
              of management practices on them.  Each managed marsh was compared to
              an unmanaged marsh in close proximity.  A two-phase water management
              approach was implemented each year at the Fina-Laterre Marsh
              Management Area (Fina) and once every 3-4 years at the Rockefeller
              State Wildlife Refuge (Rockefeller).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1011

AUTHOR:       Bourne, G.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Flooded fallow rice fields and the structure of bird
              communities

SOURCE:       Pages 75-87 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the
              fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and
              creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        GUYANA, SOUTH AMERICA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares bird species diversity (BSD) of flooded and
              unflooded fallow rice fields in Guyana, South America.  A
              3 year old flooded fallow field had the highest BSD, whereas an
              unflooded 3 year old field had the same BSD as a 6 month old
              flooded field.  A 6 month old unflooded field had the lowest BSD.
              Aquatic birds accounted for 76%-83% of BSD in flooded fields and
              0%-27% of diversity in unflooded fields.  Although vegetation
              diversity was the best predictor of community BSD, aquatic bird
              diversity was predicted by percent of area flooded and water depth.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1012

AUTHOR:       Bowers, J.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Johns Hopkins University non-tidal wetland mitigation area

SOURCE:       Pages 314-317 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       SALIX, IMPATIENS, BIDENS, CYPERUS, TYPHA, GLYCERIA, EPILOBIUM,
              POLYGONUM, POA, CAREX, LEERSIA, ACER, ECHINOCHLOA, PHALARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the creation of an approximately 2.5 ha
              nontidal emergent wetland as in-kind replacement for a wetland
              drained and covered with earth to accommodate an intramural field
              and community recreation area at Johns Hopkins University,
              Baltimore, MD.  Predevelopment conditions are summarized and
              design and construction of the wetland are described.  Site
              preparation included constructing a berm to retain water,
              installing inlet and outlet structures for water flow, grading and
              compacting slopes, transplanting plants and soil from the impacted
              wetland, and seeding slopes for erosion control.  The wetland will
              be monitored for the next 2 years to determine plant survival
              rates and germination of the seed bank and root stock.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1013

AUTHOR:       Bowers, K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Non-tidal, emergent wetland tranplant

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 6(1):41-42.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       TYPHA, CAREX, JUNCUS, IMPATIENS, ECHINOCHLOA, PHALARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the creation of a 0.4 ha mitigation
              wetland near Johns Hopkins University, MD.  Soil and plants from
              a wetland that was filled, were used at the new wetland site.  The
              new wetland was graded and connected to a small tributary stream by
              a perforated pipe measuring 15 m in diameter.  The pipe is buried
              under small riprap and allows water to seep out over the wetland
              area.  Side slopes were seeded with grasses for erosion control.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       85

AUTHOR:       Boyce, J.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Soil-plant relationships in dredged material marshes with
              particular reference to heavy metal and nutrient availability

SOURCE:       Pages 496-511 in P.A. Krenkel, J. Harrison, and J.C. Burdick,
              III, eds. Proceedings of the specialty conference on dredging
              and its environmental effects. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., New York.

STATE:        NY, VA, NC, GA, FL, AL, CA, TX, MD

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS1, E2-AB1, PO-EM1, E2-US3

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, IVA, DISTICHLIS, JUNCUS, BORRICHIA, ULVA, SCIRPUS,
              CYPERUS, TRIGLOCHIN, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of dredged material as a substrate
              for salt and freshwater marshes along U.S. coasts.  Topics include:
              1) establishment of plants on dredged material; 2) water quality;
              and 3) uptake of heavy metals by marsh plants.  Preliminary results
              of habitat development projects indicate that Spartina alterniflora
              can be established over large portions of the intertidal zone and
              several other species of salt grasses establish well in the upper
              reaches of the intertidal zone.  The high fertility of estuarine
              systems may be a result of coupling of the marsh and adjacent mud
              flat through passing of nutrients across the mud flat.  Research
              on heavy metal uptake thus far indicates that plants may
              concentrate mercury.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       86

AUTHOR:       Boyd, M.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Salt marsh faunas: colonization and monitoring

SOURCE:       Pages 75-83 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll.
              Publ., La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3, E2-AB1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, WFOWL, REPT, AMPHIB

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, ULVA, ENTEROMORPHA, VAUCHERIA, DISTICHLIS,
              SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents preliminary findings on colonization and
              establishment of animal species at a restored marsh on Humboldt
              Bay.  Findings are compared to data from a marsh on San
              Francisco Bay.  Molluscs, polychaetes, crustaceans, insects and
              arachnids, fish, birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles were
              studied.  Species composition and population density (particularly
              for key species) are critical components in salt marsh fauna
              establishments.  Some sampling techniques are described.  General
              establishment of salt marsh fauna can be monitored by noting which
              species are present and combining this with data on population
              density of gastropods and biomass of polychaetes.  Optimum
              monitoring frequency also is discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       87

AUTHOR:       Bradley, B.O., and A.H. Cook

PUBL. YEAR:   1951

TITLE:        Small marsh development in New York

SOURCE:       Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 16:251-266.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L2-EM2, PO-EM., PO-AB3, L2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, MAMMALS, WFOWL

PGENUS:       ELEOCHARIS, TYPHA, SPARGANIUM, POTAMOGETON, CAREX, JUNCUS,
              MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses development of permanent shallow water ponds,
              1-20 acres in size, to provide habitat for wildlife (primarily
              waterfowl and muskrats) on privately owned farmlands in NY during
              the late 1940's.  Topics include a discussion of muskrat
              management, the Soil Conservation District's program of promoting
              farm pond development in NY through the use of Pittman-Robertson
              funds, and brief case histories of 6 typical sites developed
              through this program.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       88

AUTHOR:       Branch, W.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Design and construction of replacement wetlands on lands mined
              for sand and gravel

SOURCE:       Pages 173-179 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a
              workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour.,
              University Park.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, FERT, STABIL, CONTAM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     FISH, WFOWL, VEG, HUSE, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SALIX, QUERCUS, ACER, TAXODIUM, LONICERA, POA, PANICUM,
              SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, SETARIA, PELTANDRA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes the design and construction of a 5 ha
              nontidal freshwater wetland on an abandoned and unrestored sand
              and gravel pit along the Patuxent River in MD.  Spoil piles and
              outlet obstructions were removed to allow for flood energy
              dissipation.  Bare soil was impounded, limed, fertilized, and
              planted with woody shrub seeds and grass clumps to control
              erosion.  Wildlife habitat was enhanced by constructing islands,
              installing nesting boxes, and designing irregular shoreline
              configurations.  Total cost of the project was 190,000, including
              a water level control device.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1529

AUTHOR:       Breber, P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        The misguided policy of draining esturarine wetlands for
              agriculture: the case of Goro, Po Delta, Italy

SOURCE:       Landscape and Urban Planning 27:1-5.

STATE:        ITALY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E1-EM1, E2-EM1, R3.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, SHELLF, HUSE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the consequences of converting productive delta
              estuaries to agriculture through draining and diking.  The history of
              Goro is reviewed in terms of their use of the marshes for consumption
              and commercial gain.  Eighty-eight small farms were created by draining
              1300 ha of marshland between 1954-1955.  Local inhabitants have since
              sold the farmland to outsiders and have turned back to their previous
              livelihoods in the remaining wetlands.  Although they are currently
              culturing Black mussels and Manila clams, the lagoon and marshes are
              threatened by pollution from agricultural runoff and discharge from
              canning factories upstream.  Restoration of wet meadows upstream from
              Goro is currently underway.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       89

AUTHOR:       Breckenridge, R.P., L.R. Wheeler, and J.R. Ginsburg

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Biomass production and chemical cycling in a man-made
              geothermal wetland

SOURCE:       Wetlands 3:26-43.

STATE:        ID

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       EGERIA, POTAMOGETON, CERATOPHYLLUM, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study evaluates biomass production and chemical cycling in
              an artificial wetland in southcentral ID near the UT border.
              Geothermal water was used to create the wetland system, which
              consisted of an upper pond, lower pond, and an algal pond.  Cooled
              geothermal effluent flowed into the upper pond (submergent
              vegetation) and was then pumped through a series of pipes to the
              emergent-dominated lower pond and into the algal pond.  Soils and
              water were sampled for 11 elements and pH.  Biomass production of
              reeds, cattail, and bulrush was recorded.  Disadvantages of this
              method were accumulated concentrations of elements and a need for
              additional manipulation of flow rate, wetland size, and
              evapotranspiration control.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1467

AUTHOR:       Breeding, S. and J. Miller

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Wetland restoration software package under development at WES
              environmental laboratory

SOURCE:       The Wetlands Research Program Bulletin 3(2):9-10.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of a software system, Wetland Evaluation
              Techniques for Environmental Restoration (WETER), for wetland
              restoration projects.  It is composed of individual modules that may
              be used together or separately which consider all aspects of a wetland
              ecosystem.  Modules include planning, design, implementation,
              monitoring, and management aspects of wetland creation or restoration
              depending on the objectives or functions desired.  Field review for
              the first version of WETER is expected by the end of FY 94.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       90

AUTHOR:       Breedlove, B.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Wetlands reclamation: a drainage basin approach.

SOURCE:       Pages 90-99 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the
              phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida
              Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares current restoration approaches to wetland
              reclamation in the phosphate region of central and northern FL,
              with a broader drainage basin perspective.  Reclamation decisions
              can be developed through the consensus of regulatory, industrial,
              academic, and environmental consulting groups, based on
              technically valid evaluation and design criteria.  The authors
              recommend a drainage basin approach to wetland evaluation and
              reclamation design.  Some guidelines for this approach include
              evaluating the hydrologic position of the premining wetland in the
              basin or region and determining wetland functions and values.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1119

AUTHOR:       Breedlove, B.W., J.H. Exum, F.P. Lindrum, and T.H. Wallis

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Creation of an urban wildlife sanctuary

SOURCE:       Pages 214-217 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds.
              Urban wetlands: Proceedings of the national wetland symposium,
              Oakland, California. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-FO2, PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB.

RESPONSE:     FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, AMPHIB, REPT, HUSE

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM, PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, SAURURUS, GORDONIA, PINUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a plan for the construction of a 76 acre
              wildlife sanctuary, including wetlands, in a large office park in
              southeast Orlando, FL.  Manmade ponds, extensive plantings of
              native vegetation, maintenance of wildlife corridors, and control
              structures at outfall sites (set at elevations which allow
              Taxodium-dominated systems to flood at natural depths and
              frequencies) are included in the plan.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1280

AUTHOR:       Breen, P.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        A mass balance method for assessing the potential of
              artificial wetlands for wastewater treatment

SOURCE:       Water Resources 24(6):689-697.

STATE:        AUSTRALIA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, GENERAL, HYDRO

ACTION:       LAB, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, VEG, CHEM, HYDRO

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes an experimental artificial wetland designed for
              wastewater treatment.  The author developed a mass balance method for
              quantifying system performance, major nutrient storage components, and
              nutrient removal mechanisms.  The system proved to remove high
              percentages of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total
              phosphorous.  Plant nutrient uptake was the major means of nutrient
              removal and the majority of the nutrients were found to be stored in
              plant biomass.  The mass balance model was able to describe the
              performance of the overall system.  The author noted that the upflow
              hydraulic design of the system was critical for the success of
              nutrient removal.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1314

AUTHOR:       Brenchley-Jackson, J.L., T.C. Foin, and J.B. Zedler

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Modeling the effect of salinity and inundation on "Spartina"
              and "Salicornia" in southern California

SOURCE:       Pages 261-266 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, Technical
              Coordinators. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the
              Society of Wetland Scientists. "Wetlands and Riparian
              Ecosystems of the American West."

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a model used to predict relative abundances of
              Spartina foliosa and Salicornia virginica under a variety of salinity
              and inundation regimes, drought and flood conditions, and elevational
              and tidal states at the Tijuana Estuary in Southern Ca.  In addition,
              it can be used to identify soil salinity and degree of inundation
              needed to maintain both species and to specify hydrologic changes that
              would have negative effects on both species.  The model is based on
              years of observation and data collection at the estuary from which the
              Low Salinity Gap hypothesis was derived.  The model will aid in
              testing the hypothesis, however further improvements need to be made.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1487

AUTHOR:       Brenner, E.K., F.J. Brenner, S. Brovard, and T.E. Schwartz

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Analysis of wetland treatment systems for acid mine drainage

SOURCE:       Journal of the Pennsylvannia Academy of Science 67(2):85-93.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     PLANT, WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper analyzes the overall effectiveness of a wetland created to
              treat acid mine drainage after a seven-year study.  Two wetland
              systems were constructed with two interconnected wetlands each layered
              with crushed limestone, mushroom compost and planted with Typha.
              Water and Typha were collected and sampled monthly from 1985-1991 at
              both entry and discharge points.  Monitoring results indicate a
              limited effectiveness of wetlands in reducing heavy metals, especially
              manganese.  Approximately 82.4% of the iron and 98.6% of the
              manganese in the system was not precipitated or taken up by Typha.
              Heavy metals tended to accumulate in the substrate as a result of the
              inability of iron and manganese oxidizing bacteria to accommodate
              precipitated heavy metals.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1383

AUTHOR:       Brenner, F.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Evaluation and mitiation of wetland habitats on mined lands

SOURCE:       Pages 181-184 in D.H. Graves, ed. 1986 Symposium on mining,
              hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamaiton. University of
              Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This brief report discusses wetland evaluation and mitigation based on
              principles to guide the mining industry as well as regulatory
              agencies.  The Habitat Evaluation Procedure (HEP) is used for
              determining habitat value of wetlands based on the following
              categories:  1) high value unique wetlands, 2) high value scarce
              wetlands, 3) high to medium value wetlands, and 4) medium to low
              value wetlands.  Developmental severity impact is broken into four
              categories:  1) operations variables, 2) physical and chemical
              variables, 3) biological and ecological variables, and 4) public
              interest variables.  The author proposes the principal species
              affected by the disturbance of the wetland be the prime consideration
              in mitigation.  In additon, wetland systems be developed to a
              successional stage suitable for wildlife as soon as possible.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       91

AUTHOR:       Brenner, F.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Surface mine reclamation: an opportunity for wetland
              development

SOURCE:       Pages 338-343 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC.

STATE:        PA, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB., PO-EM., PO-FO., PO-SS., PO-UB.

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       TYPHA, CERATOPHYLLUM, CEPHALANTHUS, CORNUS, ERAGROSTIS,
              QUERCUS, ACER, ECHINOCHLOA, SPARTINA, BETULA, ELEOCHARIS,
              NELUMBO, TAXODIUM, SCIRPUS, SAGITTARIA, POTAMOGETON, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of wetland development on surface
              coal mines, particularly in the eastern and midwestern U.S.  A
              case history of wetland development on 2 mine sites in northwestern
              PA also is discussed.  Wetlands along with treatment and slurry
              ponds may be converted into productive wetlands with little
              additional cost.  Twenty-two ha of wetlands were established on
              the 2 mine sites in PA at approximately the same cost that would
              have been incurred if the land was returned to approximately
              original contour according to current regulations.  During the
              first year, over 30 wildlife species used these wetlands,
              including 5 species of concern in PA.  The author discusses
              reclamation techniques and their value to wildlife for the case
              history study and in general terms for various wetland
              developments on mined lands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1292

AUTHOR:       Brenner, F.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Wetland assessment, evaluation and mitigation procedures

SOURCE:       Pages 249-260 in S.K. Majumdar, R.P. Brooks, F.J. Brenner, and
              R.W. Tiner, Jr., eds. Wetlands Ecology and Conservation:
              Emphasis in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Academy of Science,
              Easton, PA.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, SHOREB, WFOWL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides criteria for evaluating wetlands which include
              their values as wildlife habitat, hydrologic features, and their value
              to the ecology of the region in general.  The author provides a guide
              for assigning a numerical index to the wetlands based on the above
              features in addition to aesthetics and economic feasibility.  The
              evaluation procedure allows one to determine the severity of impact as
              well as provides a framework for mitigation decisions and procedures.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1279

AUTHOR:       Brenner, F.J., and B.A. Sterner

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        First year evaluation of mitigated wetlands on two mine sites
              in western Pennsylvania

SOURCE:       Pages 133-138 in Proceedings of the 1988 mine drainage and
              surface mine conference sponsored by Bureau of Mines and
              office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, April
              17-22, 1988, Pittsburgh, PA.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, MAMMALS, SUCCESS, ECON

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses two different procedures for site construction,
              establishment of vegetation, and evaluation of mitigated wetlands on
              two coal mine site in western Pennsylvania.  The two procedures
              included transplanting wetlands from different sites and wetlands
              receiving supplemental plantings.  Wetlands at both mine sites created
              by each procedure proved to have good survival and growth of
              vegetation.  The author notes that the cost of these procedures was
              approximately equal to restoring the sites to approximate original
              contour.  In addition, the mitigated wetlands were used by over 40
              species of wildlife.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       92

AUTHOR:       Brice, J.R., and O.C. Boody, IV

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Fish populations in reclaimed and natural lakes in central
              Florida's phosphate region: a preliminary report

SOURCE:       Pages 359-372 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the
              phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida
              Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     FISH

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares the fish population structure of 12 reclaimed
              lakes and 4 natural or unmined lakes in central FL's phosphate
              region.  Only 3 reclaimed lakes exhibited fish assemblages
              greater than or equal to the natural lakes.  These lakes were
              the oldest systems (>10 years).  Fish species not uniformly
              represented in the remaining reclaimed lakes included rough fish
              (gar, bowfin) and catfish (various species).  Although fish
              species diversity generally exhibited a positive relationship with
              lake age and flow-through systems, not all systems evaluated
              followed these trends.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1517

AUTHOR:       Brinson, M.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        A hydrogeomorphic classification for wetlands

SOURCE:       Technical Report WRP-DE-4, US Army Engineer Waterways
              Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. 101 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of hydrogeomorphic characteristics to
              classify wetlands rather than wetland functions or vegetative cover.
              The three major characteristics which make up the Brinson
              classification system are geomorphic setting, water source, and the
              hydrodynamics of a system.  Indicators of ecological significance used
              in conjunction with hydrogeomorphic characteristics include water and
              soil characteristics, color (platinum units), pH, and nutrient status.
              Examples of profile development for various wetlands are provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1489

AUTHOR:       Brix, H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands: system design,
              removal processes, and treatment performance

SOURCE:       Pages 9-22 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for water
              quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 632 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       LEMNA, ELODEA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, PHRAGMITES, EICHHORNIA,
              ISOETES, LOBELIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article reviews various types of macrophyte-based wastewater
              treatment systems.  Removal processes using macrophytes for suspended
              solids, BOD, nitrogen, phosphorous, and pathogen removal are
              described.  Macrophyte-based wastewater systems may be classified as:
              1) free-floating macrophyte systems using water hyacinth or duckweed
              as the dominant macrophye, 2) rooted emergent macrophyte-based systems
              using surface flow, horizontal subsurface flow, or vertical subsurface
              flow systems dominated with Scirpus, Typha, or Phragmites, 3) submerged
              macrophyte-based systems dominated by Elodea, Isoetes, or Lobelia, and
              4) multi-stage macrophyte-based systems which use a combination of the
              above methods.  The system used is dependent on the climate, effluent
              quality required, wastewater characteristics, etc.  Suggestions to
              improve or intensify treatment performances using a multi-stage design
              are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1302

AUTHOR:       Brix, J. and H.H. Schierup

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Danish experience with sewage treatment in constructed
              wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 565-573 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        DENMARK

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview man-made wetlands designed for
              treating wastewater at 25 facilities in Denmark.  All the Danish
              systems were designed as horizontal subsurface flow systems, and most
              were constructed to treat domestic sewage.  The design of the systems
              consisted of plastic-lined excavations filled with one meter of soil
              and a surface slope of 1-5%.  Original soil at the individual sites
              was used at the majority of the facilities, however a few facilities
              were constructed with gravel or sand.  In addition, bed dimensions
              varied from site to site.  Eight to twelve inlet and effluent quality
              control analyses were performed at each site annually.  BOD removal
              was rated as good and total N and total P removal was rated as poor.
              Despite poor TN and TP removal, the authors concluded that the
              performance of the systems was satisfactory for most sites since no
              requirements for nutrient removal were set.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       93

AUTHOR:       Broadfoot, W.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1967

TITLE:        Shallow-water impoundment increases soil moisture and growth
              of hardwoods

SOURCE:       Proc. Soil Sci. Am. 31(4):562-564.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, R2-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       LIQUIDAMBAR, FRAXINUS, QUERCUS, CELTIS, POPULUS, CARYA,
              GLEDITSIA, ACER, DIOSPYROS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses an 8 year experiment on the effect of water
              impoundment early in the growing season on soil moisture supply
              for hardwoods on the Mississippi River floodplain near Greenville,
              MS.  Impounding winter and spring rainfall until 1 July
              significantly increased soil moisture and radial tree growth.  In
              early July, average moisture per 30 cm of soil was 19.5 cm for the
              flooded area and 13 cm for the control area.  Oxygen in the water
              was depleted after 15 days of dry weather, but was quickly
              replenished by rain.  An extended period of no rain could cause
              oxygen supplies to become critical and may explain why timber
              varies greatly in its ability to withstand extended flooding.  In
              this study, showers producing less than 1 cm of rainfall were able
              to replenish oxygen supplies.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       94

AUTHOR:       Broadfoot, W.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Water table depth and growth of young cottonwood

SOURCE:       U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note SO-167. 4 pp.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       POPULUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the results of an experiment examining growth
              of cottonwood cuttings under the following conditions: 1) no water
              table (control); 2) water table 2 ft from the surface; 3) water
              table 1 ft from the surface; and 4) water table at the soil
              surface.  The 2 ft deep water table was best for growth; however,
              where the water table was high into the root zone and the soil was
              saturated, death of juvenile cottonwoods was likely to occur at
              the end of the second growing season.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1309

AUTHOR:       Brodie, G.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Selection and evaluation of sites for constructed wastewater
              treatment wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 307-317 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides guidelines for selecting and evaluating sites
              for the construction of wetlands for the treatment of wastewater.
              Factors to be considered and investigated for site selection include
              land use, geological, geotechnical, hydrological, regulatory, and
              other environmental factors that could effect the wetland system.  The
              article provides general methodologies for the consideration of each
              factor.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1493

AUTHOR:       Brodie, G.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Staged, aerobic constructed wetlands to treat acid drainage:
              case history of Fabius impoundment 1 and overview of the
              Tennessee Valley Authority's program

SOURCE:       Pages 157-165 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, CONTAM, STOCK

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Design and construction guidelines are made based on constructed
              wetlands results of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).  Twelve
              operational wetlands were constructed to treat acid mine drainage,
              nine of which meet water discharge limitations.  Aerobic multi-staged
              wetlands were designed to treat 4.0 to 11.0 GDM of Fe.  Water depth
              ranged from 15 to 30 cm with deep pockets to provide aquatic habitat.
              Vegetation was planted and Gambusia were stocked to prevent mosquito
              breeding problems.  Bat houses and various bird houses were constructed
              to attract wildlife and study the use of bats for mosquito control.  A
              case study of one of the impoundments is provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       97

AUTHOR:       Brodie, G.A., D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Man-made wetlands for acid mine drainage control

SOURCE:       Paper Presented at Eighth Annu. Natl. Abandoned Mine Lands
              Conf., Billings, MT, Aug. 10-15.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO, CUT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-EM2, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, ELEOCHARIS, JUNCUS, EQUISETUM, PHILONOTES,
              UTRICULARIA, POTAMOGETON, CAREX, SAGITTARIA, ECHINODORUS,
              CYPERUS, BIDENS, POLYGONUM, LEERSIA, ALISMA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the construction of a wetland to mitigate
              effects of acid seepage from a coal slurry disposal pond at the
              Tennessee Valley Authority's Fabius Coal Preparation Facility,
              Jackson County, AL.  Existing woodlands were cleared and sandbag
              dikes were set up to create a number of small impoundments.  Plants
              from nearby acid seeps were transplanted to the construction
              site.  Mosquitofish and fathead minnows were stocked (for mosquito
              control).  Within 3 weeks of completion of the wetlands, water
              quality monitoring showed significant improvement.  Total cost
              of the system was $28,000.  Major research needs include
              determining design criteria and longevity of a functioning system.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       96

AUTHOR:       Brodie, G.A., D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Constructed wetlands for acid drainage control in the
              Tennessee Valley

SOURCE:       Pages 173-180 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC.

STATE:        TN, AL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO, CUT, FERT, FIRE, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, JUNCUS, CAREX, ELEOCHARIS, EQUISETUM,
              UTRICULARIA, SPARGANIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of 11 wetlands constructed by
              the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in Jackson County, AL, and
              Roane County, TN, to treat acid mine drainage.  Design,
              construction, operation, maintenance, and monitoring are
              discussed.  Design, construction, and operation costs of a typical
              impoundment were $40,000.  Overall, artificial wetlands are a
              preferred alternative to conventional methods of treating acid
              drainage from coal mines.  Treatments for pH and for removal of
              manganese and iron are no longer needed at six of TVA's
              constructed wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       95

AUTHOR:       Brodie, G.A., D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Treatment of acid drainage from coal facilities with man-made
              wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 903-912 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic
              plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia
              Publ., Orlando, FL.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, FERT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       SPHAGNUM, POLYTRICHUM, HYPNUM, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, ELEOCHARIS,
              JUNCUS, EQUISETUM, PHILONOTES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Northeast AL was the site for construction of an artificial marsh/
              pond wetland system used to treat acid drainage from coal
              facilities that were negatively impacting aquatic systems and
              drinking water supplies.  Channeling, diking, and creating
              impoundments provided conditions necessary for planting.  After
              completion of the wetland system, dissolved oxygen increased to
              nearly 8.0 mg/l, total iron decreased to 1.1 mg/l, total magnesium
              averaged 2.8 mg/l, and total suspended solids were 2.8 mg/l.  The
              use of slurry lake water significantly lowered pH levels.
              Construction costs were approximately $28,000.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1252

AUTHOR:       Brodie, G.A., D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Treatment of acid drainage with a constructed wetland at the
              Tennessee Valley Authority 950 Coal Mine

SOURCE:       Pages 201-209 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural.
              Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, STABIL, SEED, FERT, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     ECON, WQUAL, INVERT, SUCCESS, CHEM

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, ACER, BIDENS, CHARA, ECHINOCHLOA, ELEOCHARIS,
              ERECHTITES, EUPATORIUM, HYPERICUM, JUNCUS, LUDWIGIA, PANICUM,
              PLUCHEA, SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   An impoundment built in 1975 at the Tennessee Valley Authority
              950 Coal Mine (near Flat Rock, Jackson Co., AL) to receive acid
              mine drainage was converted to an emergent wetland in 1986 to
              improve water quality and maintain compliance with state and
              federal regulations.  The impoundment was regraded, sludge was
              removed, riprap/erosion control fabric installed, seeded with
              grasses and planted with cattails and woolgrass.  The area was
              fertilized and limed.  Total construction costs were $41,200;
              annual upkeep is less than $3,700.  Pre-wetland construction
              maintenance costs are also given.  Other plants listed in PGenus
              established naturally within 1 year.  Changes in macroinvertebrate
              species composition are summarized.  Water quality standards
              were met from November 1986-June 1988.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       98

AUTHOR:       Brookes, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Recovery and adjustment of aquatic vegetation within
              channelization works in England and Wales

SOURCE:       J. Environ. Manage. 24:365-382.

STATE:        ENGLAND, WALES

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-AB2, R.-AB3, R.-EM2, PO-EM1, R.-UB3, R.-AB1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       NASTURTIUM, RANUNCULUS, APIUM, OENANTHE, BETULA, ELODEA,
              CALLITRICHE, MENTHA, APIUM, ALISMA, NUPHAR, MYRIOPHYLLUM,
              SPARGANIUM, SAGITTARIA, MYOSOTIS, VERONICA, CLADOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper assesses short-term recovery of aquatic vegetation
              following channelization at 7 sites in southcentral England in
              terms of standing crop and species composition.  Recovery depended
              on plant rhizomes still present in the bed of the channel after
              construction, on species present in the unaffected channel
              upstream, and also on morphological variables changed during
              construction, most notably the width, depth, and grain-size
              composition of the substrate.  Vegetation surveys at an additional
              22 sites in England and Wales, channelized for up to 24 years,
              indicated that destruction of the original substrate, significant
              changes of width or depth, and removal of bankside vegetation may
              have long-term effects on aquatic vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       99

AUTHOR:       Brooks, R.P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Optimal designs for restored wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 19-29 in J.E. Burris, ed. Treatment of mine drainage by
              wetlands. Pennsylvania St. Univ., University Park, Contrib.
              No. 264.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., PO-EM1, R4-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SPHAGNUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes several optimal designs for restoring or
              creating wetlands to treat acid mine drainage.  Wetland diversity
              on 36 surface mine sites in western PA is being studied in terms
              of wildlife habitat relationships.  Several considerations for
              design include: 1) site suitability; 2) wetland use in addition to
              water quality improvement; and 3) wetland size.  Varying pond
              shapes and meandering natural systems are recommended.  Sheet flow
              through aquatic vegetation is essential.  Diagrams and a
              question/answer discussion session are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1175

AUTHOR:       Brooks, R.P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Wetland and waterbody restoration and creation associated with
              mining

SOURCE:       Pages 117-142 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II.
              Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-FO2

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, ECON

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, JUNCUS, ELEOCHARIS, PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA,
              CAREX, NYSSA, PONTEDERIA, EUPATORIUM, SAGITTARIA, FRAXINUS,
              ACER, LIQUIDAMBAR, TAXODIUM, GORDONIA, POTAMOGETON, NAJAS,
              SPHAGNUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes wetland creation and restoration on lands
              mined for coal, phosphate, and sand and gravel.  An overview of the
              nature and extent of mining nationwide is provided.  Specific
              recommendations for wetland creation and restoration on each type
              of mined land include: 1) coal- area, water depth, slope, soils,
              shoreline configuration, upland soils, hydric soils, vegetation and
              fauna; 2) phosphate- basin morphometry, soils, vegetation, emergent
              marshes, forested wetlands and fauna; and 3) sand and gravel- basin
              morphometry and soils.  Research needs and recommendations for
              planning and implementation are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       100

AUTHOR:       Brooks, R.P., J.P. Hepp, and J.B. Hill

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Wetland creation opportunities on coal mined lands

SOURCE:       Pages 181-184 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper identifies key morphometric, vegetation, and water
              quality parameters that contributed to biotic diversity during
              studies of established and newly-created palustrine wetlands
              on coal-mined lands in western PA.  Topics include erosion and
              sedimentation control, abatement of mine drainage, wildlife and
              fisheries habitat, and landscape enhancement.  Guidelines for
              wetland creation are proposed that enable land managers to plan,
              construct, and assess success with realistic technical,
              regulatory, and economic constraints.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       101

AUTHOR:       Brooks, R.P., and R.M. Hughes

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Guidelines for assessing the biotic communities of freshwater
              wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 276-282 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Proceedings of the national wetland symposium: mitigation
              of impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes assessment guidelines for the quantitative
              field sampling of biotic communities for effective assessment
              and comparison of wetlands.  Guidelines include selection of
              reference wetlands; sampling logistics; sampling biotic
              communities; sampling of vertebrates, invertebrates, and
              vegetation; hydrologic sampling; and morphometric sampling.  Data
              analysis, costs, and recommendations are included.

KEYWORDS:     freshwater wetlands/wetlands/reference wetlands/function/values/
              biotic communities/technique/proceedings/symposium/wetlands
              mitigation/impacts/losses/mitigation

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1151

AUTHOR:       Broome, S.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Creation and restoration of tidal wetlands of the southeastern
              United States

SOURCE:       Pages 37-72 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        GA, NC, SC, VA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE, CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL, HABITAT, EROSION, HYDRO

ACTION:       PLANT, SEED, FERT, LFORM, HYDRO, SOIL, SPOIL, CONTAM, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-EM1, E2-SS.

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, SOIL, VEG, FISH

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS, MYRICA, IVA, BACCHARIS,
              HALODULE, ZOSTERA, BORRICHIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information on coastal wetland creation and
              restoration in VA, SC, NC, GA, including: regional wetland
              characteristics; functions; extent of tidal wetland creation and
              restoration; factors affecting success or failure; project designs;
              seeding and transplanting; management; monitoring; research needs;
              and bibliographic references.  The appendix includes profiles of 8
              projects: Virginia Wetland Bank (Goose Creek); Virginia Vegetative
              Erosion Control Project (Chesapeake Bay); NC Phosphate Project
              Area II (Pine Knoll Shores); dredge spoil sites (NC); Winyah
              Bay (SC); Buttermilk Sound (GA); Kings Bay (GA).  Information on
              each project includes: wetland type; location; age; size; project
              goals; judgement of success; significance; reports; and contacts.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands creation/restoration/wetlands/southeastern United States/
              creation/tidal wetlands/technique/tidal marsh/marsh creation/
              wetlands restoration/status

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1423

AUTHOR:       Broome, S.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Creation and Restoration of tidal wetlands of the Southeastern
              United States

SOURCE:       Pages 37-72 in J.A. Kusler and M. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

STATE:        VA, NC, SC, GA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This chapter addresses tidal wetland creation techniques, planning,
              and implementation of creation and restoration projects in the tidal
              marshes of the Southeastern United States.  Functions of tidal
              marshes are listed in three categories:  1) fish and wildlife values,
              2) environmental quality, and 3) socio-economic values.  Creation
              and/or restoration goals include:  1) dredged material stabilization,
              2) shoreline erosion control, 3) mitigation of impacted natural
              stands, and 4) research.  Planting Spartina is a primary technique
              used in shoreline stabilization and coastal restoration.  Special
              considerations in restoration projects include the extent of the
              intertidal zone, severity of the wave climate, salinity of tidal
              water, and excessive foot or vehicular traffic near the plant site.
              The author recommends further study of Spartina species for
              propagation and planting.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       102

AUTHOR:       Broome, S.W., C.E. Craft, and E.D. Seneca

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Creation and development of brackish-water marsh habitat

SOURCE:       Pages 197-205 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R4-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares growth of 3 species of Spartina and Juncus
              roemerianus transplanted at different elevation zones near South
              Creek, a tributary of the Pamlico Estuary, NC.  The site was
              previously used as borrow pits or undisturbed uplands by the
              phosphate mining industry.  A 2.5 ha area was graded to various
              elevations and a dendritic pattern of creeks was installed.
              Greenhouse grown seedlings of S. alterniflora were planted along
              drainage creeks (15-21 cm MSL), S. cynosuroides and J. roemerianus
              from 21-37 cm, and S. patens from 37-43 cm.  Growth was variable
              the first year because of acid soil.  The soil was limed over 25%
              of the area, transplanted, and fertilized with nitrogen and
              phosphorus.  After 4 years, aboveground standing crop was greater
              for S. alterniflora in the created marsh compared to a nearby
              natural marsh, whereas standing crop of the other 3 species was
              less.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands creation/habitat/wetlands/wildlife/brackish-water marsh
              habitat/proceedings/elevation/vegetation/biomass/soil/
              fertilization/intertidal/marshes/monitoring/cr eation/
              transplanting

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       104

AUTHOR:       Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Planting marsh grasses for erosion control

SOURCE:       Univ. North Carolina, Sea Grant Coll. Program, Publ.
              UNC-SG-81-09. 11 pp.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This pamphlet describes the use of salt marsh grasses for erosion
              control along the coast of NC.  It includes discussions of site
              suitability, plant establishment procedure, transplanting methods,
              and some species descriptions with the focus on smooth cordgrass,
              giant cordgrass, and American beachgrass (bermudagrass).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       103

AUTHOR:       Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Establishing brackish marshes on graded upland sites in North
              Carolina

SOURCE:       Wetlands 2:152-178.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes an experiment to establish 3 Spartina species
              on a brackish, graded upland marsh in Bond Creek, adjacent to the
              Pamlico River Estuary, NC.  The experimental site was part of a
              phosphate mining operation requiring compensation for marsh
              disturbance.  A series of borrow pits was constructed and graded to
              elevations between 0.06-0.43 m msl.  Field-dug plants of Spartina
              alterniflora, S. patens, and S. cynosuroides and greenhouse-grown
              seedlings of S. alterniflora were planted.  Correct elevation for
              each species was most critical for planting success.  Results were
              compared to conditions present in a nearby natural marsh.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1014

AUTHOR:       Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Tidal salt marsh restoration

SOURCE:       Aquatic Bot. 32:1-22.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, PUCCINELLIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of tidal salt marsh restoration
              and summarizes information available from various restoration
              projects throughout the world.  Recovery of marshes after human
              perturbation such as dredging, discharges of wastes, and
              spillage of petroleum products or other toxic chemicals is often
              slow under natural conditions and can be accelerated by
              planting.  Factors that affect successful revegetation include
              elevation of the site in relation to tidal regime, slope, exposure
              to wave action, soil chemical and physical characteristics,
              nutrient supply, salinity and availability of viable propagules of
              the appropriate plant species.  Further research is needed to
              determine the success of marsh restoration and creation in terms of
              ecological functions, including the faunal component.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands restoration/salt marshes/marshes/habitat/restoration/
              intertidal/estuaries/ values/fishes/birds/wildlife/losses/
              wetlands creation/vegetation/technique/ecological function/
              function/North Carolina/Spartina alterniflora/fauna/marsh
              restoration/coastal/primary production/disturbance/creation/
              perturbation/dredging

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       105

AUTHOR:       Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Creation of brackish-water marsh habitat

SOURCE:       Pages 319-331 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the
              phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida
              Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the feasibility of converting a 0.4 ha upland
              site to brackish-water marsh adjacent to an estuary near Aurora, NC.
              Soils were phosphorus deficient and fertilization with phosphorus
              and nitrogen was essential for satisfactory establishment and
              growth of Spartina spp.  Broadcast application and incorporation
              of fertilizer before transplanting was the most practical
              fertilization method for large areas.  Fall seeding in the
              greenhouse was necessary for spring transplants of J. roemerianus.
              Transplanting on a new surface graded to the proper elevation
              accelerated first stages of marsh plant community succession.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1237

AUTHOR:       Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Creating brackish-water marshes for possible mitigation of
              wetland disturbance

SOURCE:       Pages 350-369 in J. Hernandez, ed. A healthy economy in a
              healthy environment: proceedings of the first annual Carolina
              environmental affairs conference. Environ. Stud. Counc., Univ.
              North Carolina, Chapel Hills.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, FERT, SEED

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, WQUAL, VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Describes experiments conducted in NC (Pamlico Sound near Aurora)
              to develop techniques for creating brackish coastal marshes in an
              attempt to mitigate for wetlands lost as a result of phosphate
              mining.  The study sites were graded, disked, and fertilized.
              Greenhouse grown (from seed) seedlings (Spartina alterniflora,
              S. cynosuroides, S. patens, and Juncus roemerianus) were
              planted on the sites in June 1980 (Site 1) and April 1982
              (Site 2).  Data were collected on Site 1 to determine plant
              species: 1) elevational distribution; 2) response to fertilizer;
              and 3) correlation of zonation to tide levels.  Elevational
              requirements for Site 1 species were: 1) S. alterniflora-
              0.09-0.40 m; 2) S. cynosuroides- 0.21-0.43 m; 3) S. patens-
              0.21-0.40 m; and 4) J. roemerianus- 0.06-0.30 m.  Other results
              are included.  Plant growth measurements were taken on Site 2.
              Spartina establishment and growth was enhanced by applying
              N and P fertilizers.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       106

AUTHOR:       Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Long-term growth and development of transplants of the
              salt-marsh grass Spartina alterniflora

SOURCE:       Estuaries 9:63-74.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the long-term sampling of Spartina
              alterniflora transplants along eroding estuarine shorelines in NC.
              The effects of transplant spacing (45, 60, and 90 cm) were tested;
              45 and 60 cm spacings were more successful on sites near the lower
              elevation limits of Spartina.  Differences between the planted
              sites and natural marsh were apparent at first, but decreased over
              time.  Annual production and decomposition of the belowground
              standing crop were nearly equal.  After 10 years, the artificial
              marsh was self-sustaining, successful in shoreline erosion
              control, and equal in primary productivity to the natural marsh.

KEYWORDS:     transplanting/salt marshes/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/North
              Carolina/biomass/marshes/natural marshes/vegetation/adjacent
              natural wetlands/function/values/ten-year study


===============================================================================

NUMBER:       107

AUTHOR:       Broome, S.W., W.W. Woodhouse, Jr., and E.D. Seneca

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        The influence of duration-of-inundation on development of a
              man-initiated Spartina alterniflora Loisel marsh in North
              Carolina

SOURCE:       J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 94:259-268.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, ASTER, IVA, CYPERUS, VIGNA,
              SUAEDA, SABATIA, BORRICHIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This experiment records the growth responses of Spartina
              alterniflora to duration of inundation in the Cape Fear River
              Estuary, NC.  Culms were planted in 15 plots in 4 zones
              perpendicular to the shoreline.  In all 4 zones, standing crop
              increased from 56-100% 17 months after planting.  Although this
              experimental planting was an almost pure stand of S. alterniflora
              over the first 17 months, the upper elevation zones became a mixed
              species marsh from the third to the twelfth growing season.  Lower
              elevation zones remained dominated by S. alterniflora, which had
              spread 30 m toward the estuary's open water by the twelfth season.

KEYWORDS:     Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/marshes/North Carolina/values/
              elevation/estuaries/duration-of-inundation/inundation/
              man-initiated/salinity/monitoring

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       108

AUTHOR:       Broome, S.W., and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        An investigation of propagation and the mineral nutrition of
              Spartina alterniflora

SOURCE:       North Carolina St. Univ., Raleigh, Sea Grant Publ.
              UNC-SG-7314. 121 pp.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses propagation of Spartina alterniflora from
              seed and the relationship of mineral nutrients to growth of this
              species in estuaries of NC.  A series of experiments was used to
              determine the best collection, storage, and seeding techniques
              for S. alterniflora.  A short period of dry, cold storage
              increased percent germination.  Direct seeding can be an effective
              method of establishing new stands on dredge spoil material.
              Seedlings can be expected to survive on the upper 20-50% of the
              elevational range of naturally occurring stands in a given area.
              N and P fertilizers enhanced the growth of seedlings and
              transplants artificially established on sandy dredge spoil.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       109

AUTHOR:       Broome, S.W., W.W. Woodhouse, Jr., and E.D. Seneca

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Propagation of smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, from
              seed in North Carolina

SOURCE:       Chesapeake Sci. 15(4):214-221.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the germination and establishment of Spartina
              alterniflora at various estuarine sites, including dredged
              material areas, along the coast of NC (Oregon Inlet, Ocracoke,
              Beaufort, Surf City, Oak Island, and Snow's Cut).  Successful seed
              germination and survival were attributed to a combination of
              techniques: 1) the storage of seeds at 2-3 degrees C, first in
              burlap sheets, then in estuarine or sea water over the winter; and
              2) direct seeding between April and early June.  Seedling
              survival was best in the upper 20-50% of the elevational range of
              naturally growing Spartina.  In 1 growing season, aboveground
              standing crop produced from seeds may be similar to that of
              well-established marshes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1469

AUTHOR:       Brostoff, W. and D. Clarke

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Monitoring marsh development on an island constructed of
              dredged material in South Carolina's Winyah Bay

SOURCE:       The Wetlands Research Bulletin 3(1):7-9.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS, FISH

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SCIRPUS, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the development and monitoring of an intertidal
              wetland island built up over 18 years with dredged material.  Spartina
              alterniflora is the only species of vegetation on the younger sites,
              while Scirpus robustus makes up one-fifth of the vegetation along with
              Spartina at the older sites.  Scirpus and Phragmites australis has
              also naturally recruited on elevated sediment mounds.  After a
              topographic map is completed comparisons will be made of the 2-,5-,
              and 16-year old marsh zones.  Studies are currently being done to
              monitor marsh use by transient/migratory fishes and crustaceans.
              Results will provide a better understanding of the ability of
              wetlands created from dredged materials to resemble the functions of
              natural wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1438

AUTHOR:       Broussard, L.J. and D.M. Grouchy

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        The use of structures and other techniques for wetland
              restoration and protection in coastal Louisiana

SOURCE:       Pages 236-238 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the thirteenth annual conference society of wetland
              scientists. New Orleans, LA. 990 pp.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       HYDRO, LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E.-...

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The authors briefly describe wetland restoration and protection
              efforts in Louisiana to reverse or impede the erosion process
              threatening its coastlands.  Techniques and/or structures used
              include freshwater diversion, sediment diversion, marsh management,
              sediment capturing, dredged materials, shallow bay terracing,
              shoreline protection, and revegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1566

AUTHOR:       Brown, D.S. and S.C. Reed

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Inventory of constructed wetlands in the United States

SOURCE:       Water Science Technology 28(4):309-318.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, ECON, CHEM

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   An inventory of subsurface flow (SF) and free water surface (FWS)
              constructed wetlands systems for wastewater treatment was conducted
              to gather information on the design and performance of these systems.
              Results indicate a majority of systems found in the Mississippi
              basin area; an equal number of SF and FWS systems, although SF systems
              are projected to outnumber FWS systems in the future; most systems
              treat less than 3800 m3/day; and FWS systems tend to be larger.
              Each of the constructed wetland types are further broken into three
              categories based on design or effluent groups.  There seems to be
              no general consensus on length to width ratio, system configuration,
              depth or type of media, slope, vegetation type, or pretreatment.
              Amounts of NH3 in the effluent continue to be a limiting factor for
              both constructed wetland types.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       110

AUTHOR:       Brown, M.T., F. Gross, and J. Higman

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Studies of a method of wetland reconstruction following
              phosphate mining

SOURCE:       Pages 24-45 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       NYSSA, TAXODIUM, LIQUIDAMBAR, POLYGONUM, EUPATORIUM, PANICUM,
              SESBANIA, INDIGOFERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Two methods were used to apply peat from existing wetlands to
              several phosphate mine sites.  After 1 growing season, no wetland
              species survived on a control site with no applied peat.  Sites
              with peat had good growth of wetland and transitional species;
              overall vegetative cover was 100%, compared to 30% for the no-peat
              control.  Peat-mulched areas had greater plant biomass and species
              diversity.  Germination, survival, and growth of wetland species
              might have been limited by short hydroperiods (74% of plots had
              hydroperiods of less than 30 days).  Cost of peat-mulching varied
              from  5-12/m3 and was competitive with other methods.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1135

AUTHOR:       Brown, M.T., H.T. Odum, F. Gross, J. Higman, M. Miller, and C.
              Diamond

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Studies of a method of wetland reconstruction following
              phosphate mining

SOURCE:       Cent. For Wetlands, Phelps Lab., Univ. Florida, Gainesville.
              76 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-FO1, PO-EM.

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, HYDRO, CHEM, ECON

PGENUS:       NYSSA, TAXODIUM, LIQUIDAMBAR, POLYGONUM, ELEOCHARIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes an experimental project to quantify the
              establishment and survival of wetland plant species on areas spread
              with peat.  The 10 experimental sites are located on Occidental
              Chemical Company's Reclamation Project SR-8 near White Springs,
              FL.  Nyssa biflora, Taxodium distichum and Liquidambar styracifolia
              seedlings were planted.  Data on physical parameters (pH of water
              and soil, elevation, peat depth, lake water levels) and project
              costs are included.  Statistical methods were used to examine
              relationships between site characteristics and vegetation
              parameters.  Numbers and types of plants that survived and grew
              were controlled by hydroperiod.  Summary data is included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1015

AUTHOR:       Brown, R.G., and J.R. Stark

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Comparison of ground-water and surface-water interactions in
              two wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 77-80 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland
              and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual
              meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland
              Sci., Wilmington, NC.

STATE:        MN, WI

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-UB2, PO-FO4, PO-ML1, PO-EM1, PO-FO2

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       TYPHA, LARIX, PICEA, SPHAGNUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article compares hydrologic data from two wetlands
              near St. Joseph, MN, and Phelps, WI.  The St. Joseph Wetland is
              a flat glacial outwash plain adjacent to a river; the Phelps
              wetland is a surface water depression area, part of the
              headwaters of a small stream.  Hydrologic budgets were based on
              precipitation, surface water outflow, groundwater outflow, and
              change in storage.  Ground- and surface-water interaction was
              evident at St. Joseph, but not at Phelps.  Hydrologic
              differences between these two sites illustrate the importance
              of describing ground- and surface-water interaction prior
              to the development of a hydrologic budget.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       111

AUTHOR:       Brown, R.L., and A.L. Hafenrichter

PUBL. YEAR:   1948

TITLE:        Factors influencing the production and use of beachgrass and
              dunegrass clones for erosion control: III. Influence of kinds
              and amounts of fertilizer on production.

SOURCE:       J. Am. Soc. Agronomy 40(8):677-684.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       AMMOPHILA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents results of experiments on the use of
              fertilizers to promote the growth of European beachgrass
              (Ammophila arenaria) on coastal dunes in OR.  Three inorganic
              fertilizers and 6 organic nitrogen fertilizers were applied in
              early spring to test plots over a 3-year period.  Inorganic
              fertilizers were more effective than organic fertilizers for
              increasing rate of production.  Ammonium compounds were more
              effective than sodium nitrate as inorganic sources of nitrogen.
              Single applications of fertilizer resulted in better production
              than split applications.  Applications of 40 lbs/acre of nitrogen
              were necessary to increase production, but 80 lbs did not increase
              production enough to warrant the additional cost.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       112

AUTHOR:       Brunori, C.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Examples of wetland creation and enhancement in Maryland

SOURCE:       Pages 306-313 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, HYDRO, BIOCIDE, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB., E2-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-SS1, PO-FO4,
              E2-UB., PO-UB3

RESPONSE:     FISH, WFOWL, VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA, JUNCUS, LEMNA, SAGITTARIA, CAREX, POLYGONUM,
              ECHINOCHLOA, PHRAGMITES, HIBISCUS, PONTEDERIA, MYRIOPHYLLUM,
              PELTANDRA, ACORUS, POLYGONUM, LEERSIA, ALNUS, SALIX, ACER,
              FRAXINUS, ZIZANIA, CERATOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, ZANNICHELLIA,
              NAJAS, PINUS, SPARTINA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses creation and enhancement of 3 wetlands
              in the Chesapeake Bay area, MD, and resulting wildlife use of the
              wetlands.  The projects consisted of creation of a 28 ha nontidal
              pond, a 2.6 ha diked tidal-fresh marsh, and a 4 ha diked tidal-
              brackish marsh.  Techniques included water level manipulation,
              herbicide treatment of Phragmites, and creation of islands, in
              addition to modifications by diking.  Progress and modifications
              of each wetland plan are included.  All projects were planned in
              the last 5 years and were completed within the last 2 years.
              Early monitoring indicated that waterfowl use of the areas has
              increased.  Further plans for increasing this use include
              installation of nest boxes and maintenance of a 50:50 ratio of
              emergents to open water.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1278

AUTHOR:       Bruns, D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Restoration and management of ecosystems for nature
              conservation in West Germany

SOURCE:       Pages 163-185 in J. Cairns, Jr., ed. Rehabilitating damaged
              ecosystems. Vol. 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

STATE:        WEST GERMANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT, SOIL, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS, WFOWL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The author of this article is concerned with the loss of certain
              species and ecosystems in West Germany due to land development.  The
              author suggests several restoration techniques and discusses their
              related problems.  Examples of each technique are mentioned.  The
              restoration techniques include transplantation, implantation (partial
              transplantation), natural colonization, regulation of the water
              regime, and reclamation of flooded gravel pits for lake development.
              Planning strategies for two case studies in the article are discussed
              to demonstrate the application of some of the restoration methods
              described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       113

AUTHOR:       Brusven, M.A., F.J. Watts, R. Luedtke, and T.L. Kelley

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        A model design for physical and biotic rehabilitation of a
              silted stream

SOURCE:       Univ. Idaho, Water Resour. Res. Inst., Moscow, Res. Tech.
              Complet. Rep. Proj. A-032-IDA. 96 pp.

STATE:        ID

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, MODEL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB3, R4-SB4, R.-..., R2-..., R3-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the effects of stream alterations on
              sediment transport and insect communities in Emerald Creek, a
              tributary of the St. Maries River in northern ID.  Instream
              alterations proved to be effective means for increasing sediment
              transport, thereby improving insect and fish habitat.  Debris jam
              removal, channel diversion, and gabion deflectors caused flushing
              of fine sediment from runs and pools.  Log-drop structures scoured
              pools, thereby increasing the pool-riffle ratio.  Higher values
              of percent cobble, average sediment size, mean channel depth,
              and greater diversity and abundance of insects resulted from
              in-stream alterations.  Flow models were used to predict
              effects on sediment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1222

AUTHOR:       Bryan, H.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        A saltwater wetland in northeastern Kentucky

SOURCE:       Pages 24-30 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        KY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1H0gx

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, FISH, INVERTS, REPT, AMPHIB

PGENUS:       CEPHALANTHUS, ALNUS, SALIX, ACER, SAGITTARIA, ALISMA, MIMULUS,
              ONOCLEA, CICUTA, BOEHMERIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A 1.5 ha wetland was created in 1987 near Vanceburg, Lewis Co.,
              KY (just south of the Ohio River) as mitigation for the loss of an
              adjacent buttonbush slough to highway construction.  A fallow
              cornfield was excavated, a hydraulic connection made with the
              impacted wetland, and muck transferred from the impacted to the
              new wetland.  Fish, herptofauna, and macroinvertebrates were
              trapped and transferred from the impacted to the new wetland.
              Trees and shrubs (species not listed) were planted around the
              perimeter.  Monitoring 1 year after construction showed an
              average vegetative cover of 85%; many juvenile fish and toad
              larvae were observed in the created wetland in the spring of
              1988.  An initial problem with high chloride levels was
              resolved by winter flooding and siltation which apparently
              sealed the bottom (and the source of chloride).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       114

AUTHOR:       Buck, J.K., and R.J. Houston

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Direct revegetation of four coal waste sites in
              Pennsylvania--four approaches

SOURCE:       Pages 385-429 in C.L. Carlson and J.H. Swisher, eds.
              Innovative approaches to mined land reclamation. Southern
              Illinois Univ. Press, Carbondale.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This chapter includes 4 case studies; one of which dealt with
              wetland restoration.  The Pennsylvania Power and Light Harwood
              Reprocessed Anthracite Waste Site, Luzerne County, PA, was
              selected for an experimental study on revegetation using fly ash
              as a major soil amendment.  Fly ash and coal wastes were combined
              and analyzed for pH, lime requirements, nutrients, trace elements,
              and toxic elements.  On the site, 200 tons of fly ash/acre were
              incorporated to a depth of 10 inches.  Growth and diversity of
              plants on the fly ash site are compared to those in the
              soil-covered control plot.  Chemical monitoring of soil and water
              is described.  Costs are compared.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       115

AUTHOR:       Buckley, F.G., and C.A. McCaffrey

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Use of dredged material islands by colonial seabirds and
              wading birds in New Jersey

SOURCE:       Appendix B: vegetation analysis. U.S. Army Corps Eng.
              Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep.
              D-78-1. 226 pp.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US., E2-SS.

RESPONSE:     SHOREB

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, LONICERA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the vegetation on 21 selected dredged
              material islands along the Intracoastal Waterway, NJ.  Eleven of
              these islands harbor colonial nesting birds.  Vegetation maps
              indicate 14 major plant communities.  Average frequency, percent
              cover, and height classes of dominant species were recorded.
              Mapping units were Phragmites, Phragmites-shrub, shrub, bare
              substrate, shrub/dense grassland, sparse grassland, dense
              grassland, dike, shrub-forest, intertidal areas, Lonicera,
              impounded water, and Lonicera-shrub.  Plant succession was
              described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       116

AUTHOR:       Bucknauage, M.J., and E.C. Aharrah

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Determination of the algal growth-limiting nutrients in
              stripmine ponds

SOURCE:       Pages 191-196 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1984 symposium
              on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation.
              Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, POTAMOGETON, ANKISTRODESMUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses results of test alga (Ankistrodesmus
              faloatus) and natural phytoplankton assays used to determine algal
              growth limiting nutrients in 2 strip mine ponds in Clarion County,
              PA. Results indicated that phosphorus was the primary limiting
              nutrient and nitrogen was a secondary limiter.  The presence of
              bacteria influenced nutrient availability in one of the ponds,
              maintaining lower concentrations of algal growth.  The authors
              discuss the various factors that determine bioavailability of
              chemical nutrients in aquatic systems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1396

AUTHOR:       Buckner, D.L. and R.L. Wheeler

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Construction of cattail wetlands along the east slope of the
              front range of Colorado

SOURCE:       Pages 126-131 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K.
              Miller, eds. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland
              and riparian ecosystems in the American West. PIC Tecnologies,
              Inc and CRS Sirrine, Inc. 235pp.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, SOIL, SEED, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, VEG, WFOWL, SHOREB

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the construction methods, results, possible
              problems, and recommendations of a constructed cattail marsh as part
              of a highway mitigation effort.  The primary objective was to create
              habitat for Northern Harriers and Short-eared owls.  A 12 acre site
              was selected on a previously drained wetland area.  "Live topsoil" was
              used to treat less than five acres and the other seven acres were
              seeded with cattail from Boulder Reservoir wetlands.  Three spreader
              berms were spaced evenly in the area to encourage even spreading of
              water.  Sampling in the following year revealed 48 percent coverage by
              hydrophytes in the live topsoil areas and 77 percent coverage in the
              seeded areas.  Wildlife surveys revealed a higher than expected number
              of birds during the development phase and the first season.  The
              authors suggest creating appropriate hydrological features is the most
              critical aspect in the creation of wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1415

AUTHOR:       Buffa, J. and D.I. Werner

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Riparian habitat protection and reforestation in Panama and
              Costa Rica to enhance food production and wildlife

SOURCE:       Pages 441-444 in J.A. Kusler and S. Daly, eds. Wetlands and
              river corridor management. Charleston, South Carolina.

STATE:        PANAMA, COSTA RICA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HARVEST

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, REPT, HUSE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the restoration attempts in riparian areas in
              South America to reverse the destruction of tropical rainforests,
              improve soil fertility, control soil erosion, and provide habitat for
              iguana production as food.  Iguana ranching allows the farmers to use
              the existing forests as well as offering them incentives to plant new
              trees.  Native trees are being grown in small nurseries to be planted
              along live fencerows to protect river banks as part of the "Iguana
              Project".  One of the primary goals is to fill the gaps in the tree
              canopy cover of the riparian corridor to provide continuous canopy
              cover which will benefit iguanas, wildlife, and control soil erosion.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       117

AUTHOR:       Bureau of Land Management

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Environmental assessment on state of reclamation techniques on
              phosphate mined lands in Florida and their application to
              phosphate mining in the Osceola National Forest

SOURCE:       U.S. Dept. Int., Bur. Land Manage., East. St. Office,
              Alexandria, VA. 82 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HARVEST, HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes current reclamation techniques that might
              be used on proposed phosphate mine sites in the Osceola National
              Forest, FL.  Conventional methods such as lake construction;
              sand tailing, clay waste, and overburden fills; and several
              experimental methods are discussed.  Conclusive data on
              reclamation of hardwood wetlands is lacking and sufficient
              technological capabilities do not exist to ensure reasonably
              successful reclamation for proposed mined sites in the National
              Forest.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       118

AUTHOR:       Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

PUBL. YEAR:   1964

TITLE:        Fish and wildlife in man-made and man-modified aquatic
              environments

SOURCE:       Project MAR: the conservation and management of temperate
              marshes, bogs, and other wetlands 1(3):369-382.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E2-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of the use of created or restored
              wetlands by fish and wildlife (especially waterfowl).  Sewage
              disposal lagoons, impoundments, farm ponds, gravel pits, irrigated
              land, fish ponds, and brackish coastal wetlands are discussed in
              terms of fish and wildlife potential and/or use.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       119

AUTHOR:       Burgess, S.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Some effects of stream habitat improvement on the aquatic and
              riparian community of a small mountain stream

SOURCE:       Pages 223-246 in J.A. Gore, ed. The restoration of rivers and
              streams. Butterworth Publ., Boston, MA.

STATE:        CANADA, QUEBEC

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: R2-UB1, R2-UB2, R3-UB1, R3-UB3, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the effects of a stream habitat improvement
              program on a spring-fed stream 105 km northwest of Montreal,
              Quebec.  To increase trout biomass, habitat improvement techniques
              such as small rock dams and deflectors and instream cover (logs
              and rafts of alders) were used on 1 of 2 parallel (100 m) sections
              of the stream.  The other section served as a control.  Over the
              2 years of this study, the improved section produced an average of
              218% greater trout biomass, increases in all age classes of fish,
              and larger crayfish populations.  Observations of mink and raccoon
              activity in the area are noted.  Management implications for
              trout-producing streams are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1304

AUTHOR:       Burgoon, P.S., K.R. Reddy, and T.A. DeBusk

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Domestic wastewater treatment using emergent plants cultured
              in gravel and plastic substrates

SOURCE:       Pages 536-541 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA, PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, SAGITTARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares the use of gravel and plastic substrates for
              growing emergent aquatic plants and wastewater treatment.  Three
              substrates were used in the experiment: gravel with high specific
              surface area and low porosity, and two sizes of plastic media with low
              and medium specific surface area both with high porosity.  The
              treatments were batch loaded with primary effluent.  The gravel
              substrate with high specific surface area proved to be better at
              contaminant removal than the plastics.  Similarly, plant growth was
              better in the gravel substrate than in the plastic substrates.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       120

AUTHOR:       Burk, C.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Partial recovery of vegetation in a pollution-damaged marsh

SOURCE:       Univ. Massachusetts, Water Resour. Res. Cent., Amherst. 28 pp.

STATE:        MA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       LEERSIA, MARSILIA, ELODEA, POTAMOGETON, NUPHAR, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a study of the vegetation of Arcadia Wildlife
              Sanctuary Marsh, at the mouth of the Mill River in Northampton,
              MA, during a period of recovery from oil and other industrial
              pollution.  Quantitative studies revealed an increase in total
              cover and in diversity.  The successional nature of marshes is
              noted; the relative resilience of marsh vegetation along polluted
              streams is in part attributable to the adaptation of dominant
              species to early stages of the hydrosere.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1016

AUTHOR:       Burk, C.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Characteristics of the plant communities growing in the
              drawdown zone of Schoharie Reservoir in upstate New York

SOURCE:       Pages 274-281 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1, L.-..., L2-US3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       PHALARIS, SALIX, CAREX, SCIRPUS, CYPERUS, SPIRAEA, BIDENS,
              GNAPHALIUM, THELYPTERIS, ONOCLEA, POPULUS, APOCYNUM, ANTHEMIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the wetland plant communities growing in
              the drawdown zone of Schoharie Reservoir, east-central NY.  The
              reservoir experiences a summer/fall annual drawdown of 12-18 m.
              Flooding regime, aspect, slope, and elevation were important
              factors influencing plant growth in the drawdown area.  The timing
              and extent of water supply withdrawal was one of the major factors
              controlling the distribution of plant species.  Dense growth of
              numerous herbaceous plants in areas previously dominated by chufa
              resulted from a short full-pool period (10 days) and a lack of
              water in backwaters (22 days).  Species composition of various
              elevation zones is described.  Standing crop measurements of
              several species in different elevation zones are compared.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       121

AUTHOR:       Burk, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        A four year analysis of vegetation following an oil spill in a
              freshwater marsh

SOURCE:       J. Appl. Ecol. 14:515-522.

STATE:        MA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-EM2, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ACER, ALISMA, CAREX, CERATOPHYLLUM, DULICHIUM, ELEOCHARIS,
              ELODEA, EQUISETUM, LEMNA, LYSIMACHIA, NUPHAR, POLYGONUM,
              POTAMOGETON, SAGITTARIA, SALIX, SCIRPUS, SCUTELLARIA, SIUM,
              VERONICA, VITIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study documents the recovery of vegetation following an oil
              spill at Arcadia Wildlife Sanctuary at the mouth of the Mill River
              in Northampton, MA.  The affected marsh vegetation had been
              studied for a year prior to the spill.  For 2 years after the
              spill, total plant cover and number of species were reduced.
              Perennial species were initially less affected than annuals.
              Shifts in dominant species in different areas of the marsh are
              described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1209

AUTHOR:       Burney, J.L., Jr., S.T. Bacchus, and J.B. Lee

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        An evaluation of wildlife utilization in a man-made
              freshwater wetland system in central Florida, U.S.A.

SOURCE:       Pages 24-48 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-OW., PO-FO1, L2-...

RESPONSE:     INVERTS, FISH, AMPHIB, REPT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS,
              SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, TYPHA, CANNA, PANICUM, POLYGONUM, SAGITTARIA, ACER,
              FRAXINUS, ILEX, MAGNOLIA, NYSSA, QUERCUS, TAXODIUM, JUNCUS,
              PONTEDERIA, THALIA, NITELLA, VALLISNERIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A 1200 acre wetland complex (deep marsh, mixed marsh, created
              hardwood swamp, littoral zone) was constructed on and adjacent to
              Lake Chipster near Orlando, FL, to polish tertiary treated
              wastewater from a nearby Orlando wastewater treatment facility.
              Wildlife species observed using the complex were documented from
              Spring 1987 (prior to the first release of wastewater into the
              wetland but after wetland construction had commenced) to Spring
              1989.  Visual/auditory observations and various trapping methods
              were used to determine species composition.

KEYWORDS:     wildlife/freshwater wetlands/wetlands/central Florida/Florida/
              proceedings/wetlands restoration/restoration/wetlands creation/
              macroinvertebrates/amphibians/birds/comparison/fishes/created
              wetlands/marshes/wildlife utilization/man-made freshwater wetland
              system/reptiles/mammals/reclamation/wastewater/diversity/aquatic
              macroinvertebrates/creation

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1535

AUTHOR:       Burroughs, J.T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        New wetlands policy in California

SOURCE:       National Wetlands Newsletter 16(1):6-8.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews Governor Pete Wilson's California Wetlands
              Conservation Policy which attempts to increase the quality and
              quantity of wetlands in California.  An estimated 30 to 50% increase
              in wetland acreage is expected by 2010.  Elements of the policy
              include:  1) conducting a statewide inventory of wetlands, 2) state
              assumption of Section 404 of the Clean Water Act permitting
              programs with a pilot version of policy being implemented in the
              San Francisco Bay area, 3) endorsing and providing guidelines for
              mitigation banking, 4) endorsing wetlands acquisition, restoration,
              enhancement, and management through bond measures, and 4) creating
              and interagency task force to promote a forum for new ideas as well
              as sort through regulatory issues.  Views and criticisms of the
              policy from opponents and proponets are also shared.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       122

AUTHOR:       Burton, T.M., D.L. King, and J.L. Ervin

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Aquatic plant harvesting as a lake restoration technique

SOURCE:       Pages 177-185 in Lake restoration; proceedings of a national
              conference. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, Washington, DC.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST, WQUAL

ACTION:       CUT

WETLAND TYPE: L2-AB3, L2-AB4, PO-EM1, L.-AB1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       CERATOPHYLLUM, MYRIOPHYLLUM, HYDRILLA, POTAMOGETON, ELODEA,
              CHARA, VALLISNERIA, EICHHORNIA, LEMNA, SPIRODELA, PHRAGMITES,
              TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the advantages, disadvantages, ecological
              consequences, and costs of using aquatic plant harvesting as a
              lake restoration technique.  This technique can work only where
              nutrient loading has been reduced to low levels (net loading of
              phosphorus less than 1 g/m2/year) and the lake supports dense
              stands of macrophytes.  Floating species such as water hyacinths
              and emergent species such as cattail can produce more biomass and
              remove greater amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus than submerged
              macrophytes.  Harvest can maintain recreational potential, for
              example, by reducing winter kill and keeping waterways open.
              Estimates of harvest for various plant species and locations are
              presented, as well as estimates of n and P removal by the plants.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       123

AUTHOR:       Busch, W.D.N., and L.M. Lewis

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Wetlands and lake interrelationships

SOURCE:       Pages 519-524 in Proceedings, third annual conference of the
              North American Lake Management Society: lake and reservoir
              management. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA 440/5/84-001.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: L1-..., L2-..., PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4, PO-SS1, PO-FO1,
              PO-EM2, L2-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA, CERATOPHYLLUM, CALAMAGROSTIS, CORNUS, FRAXINUS,
              PONTEDERIA, SPARGANIUM, ELODEA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study of 2 Lake Ontario wetlands to
              determine vegetation responses to water level fluctuations.
              Historical habitat and vegetation conditions were examined
              through the use of aerial photographs of Campbell Marsh,
              Jefferson County, NY, and Sage Creek Marsh, Oswego County, NY.
              Contours and habitat types were digitized for detailed computer
              analysis, which revealed that vegetation types occur within
              distinct ranges in elevation, shifting and adjusting as water
              levels change.  Area of habitat types for each marsh in 1958,
              1966, and 1978 are provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       124

AUTHOR:       Byerly, D.W., J.B. Maddox, C.S. Fletcher, and D.T. Eagle

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Reclamation of mined land in the Piney Creek watershed--an
              interim report

SOURCE:       Pages 267-275 in D.E. Samuel, J.R. Stauffer, and C.H. Hocutt,
              eds. Proceedings of a symposium: surface mining and
              fish/wildlife needs in the eastern United States. U.S. Fish
              Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-78/81.

STATE:        TN

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-EM1, PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       PINUS, ROBINIA, ELAEAGNUS, LESPEDEZA, QUERCUS, MALUS, PRUNUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses effects of restorative measures applied to
              174 ha of coal mined land within the Piney Creek watershed,
              Van Buren County, TN.  Treatments, including planting of trees and
              shrubs, seeding grasses and legumes, fertilizing, liming,
              building silt-retaining structures, and plugging underground
              mines, resulted in improved vegetative cover and water quality.
              After 2 years, average manganese and sulfate concentrations had
              been reduced by about 30%, iron by 50%, and specific-conductance
              by 30%.  Costs of reclamation are summarized.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       125

AUTHOR:       Byron, G.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Man-made wetlands as a post-mining land use: regulatory issues
              and conflicts

SOURCE:       Pages 181-183 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a
              workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour.,
              University Park.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses laws and regulations concerning surface
              mining within 30.5 m of natural wetlands and the adverse
              hydrologic or water quality impacts of mining activity.  Wetland
              construction should be designed to guarantee suitable water quality
              on a permanent basis for wildlife habitat.  Future regulations
              regarding biological treatment should address questions relating
              to the pH and acidity of the final effluent, receiving water
              quality, maintenance of a sufficient water level to support
              vegetation, presence of seeps and discharges, use of biological
              treatment on the discharge area, and liability issues associated
              with the treatment system.  Biological treatment using vegetation
              is a viable alternative for controlling acid mine drainage.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1522

AUTHOR:       Cahoon, D.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Recent accretion in two managed marsh impoundments in coastal
              Louisiana

SOURCE:       Ecological Applications 4(1):166-176.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       HYDRO, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM2

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study compares two managed impoundments and two unmanaged
              reference sites to determine the rate of matter accumulation on the
              marsh surface.  A two-phase water management scheme (drawdown and
              flood) was implemented on both of the managed impoundments for one
              year.  Field plots were established and sampled on similar Spartina
              patens-dominated brackish marsh in the managed and unmanaged areas of
              the Fina LaTerre site and also on burned and unburned Spartina
              patens-dominated marsh in the managed and unmanaged areas of the
              Rockefeller Refuge site.  In both unmanaged sites vertical accretion,
              bulk density, and organic and mineral accumulation was greater,
              although organic/mineral content was less in the unmanaged sites than
              the managed sites.  Results suggest managed impoundments reduce the
              amount of sedimentation thus eventually resulting in a shorter life
              expectancy than unmanaged marshes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1277

AUTHOR:       Cairns, J., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Restoration, reclamation, and regeneration of degraded or
              destroyed ecosystems

SOURCE:       Pages 465-484 in M.E. Soule, ed. Conservation Biology; The
              Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Assoc.,
              Inc.,Sunderland, MA.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     HUSE, WFOWL, SHOREB, MAMMALS, VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The author of this article discusses an expandable management strategy
              for the recovery of damaged ecosystems as a result of human activity.
              He suggests three  major determinations must be made after an
              ecosystem has been damaged before corrective action can be taken: the
              degree of change, the area in which change has occurred, and the
              ecological significance of the change.  Next, one must decide on
              recovery goals.  These might include restoration, rehabilitation, or
              enhancement.  Another alternative might be to do nothing at all.
              Finally, one must determine criteria for degree of recovery and
              conditions for terminating management responsibilities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       127

AUTHOR:       Cairns, J., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Waterway recovery

SOURCE:       Water Spectrum 10(4):26-32.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., E.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides a brief overview of aquatic ecosystems and
              their general recovery characteristics.  Factors that contribute
              to rapid recovery are described along with a rating system by
              which all factors are combined to produce a recovery index for a
              specific site.  These factors include: 1) existence of nearby
              epicenters for providing "seed" organisms to reinvade a damaged
              system; 2) transportation of organisms to a new area; 3)
              chemical-physical environmental quality after pollution stress;
              and 4) management capabilities for direct and immediate control
              of the damaged area.  The state of the art on restoration of
              communities, with some examples, is discussed briefly.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1017

AUTHOR:       Cairns, J., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Management options for rehabilitation and enhancement of
              surface-mined ecosystems

SOURCE:       Minerals Environ. 5(1):32-38.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes four basic management options for
              surface-mined land: 1) restoration to original condition;
              2) rehabilitation of some desirable characteristics;
              3) development of alternative ecosystems that may be quite
              unlike the original but may be desirable for a variety of
              reasons; and 4) neglect or natural reclamation when evidence
              suggests that unaided natural processes will produce better
              results than human intervention.  The author provides checklists
              so that essential information will be available in selecting the
              most suitable option and includes examples where the option was
              selected for a particular site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       126

AUTHOR:       Cairns, J., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Facing some awkward questions concerning rehabilitation
              management practices on mined lands

SOURCE:       Pages 9-17 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a
              workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour.,
              University Park.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discussed 7 major questions relating to rehabilitation
              management practices on surface-mined land.  Criteria for
              determining the following are examined: 1) at what point is a
              self-maintaining system produced; 2) can an ecosystem be restored
              to its original condition; 3) when should only selected
              characteristics or qualities of the system be rehabilitated; and
              4) when is rehabilitation not feasible?  Planning for species
              selection, professional personnel requirements, and research
              opportunities are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       128

AUTHOR:       Cairns, J., Jr., J.S. Crossman, K.L. Dickson, and E. E.
              Herricks

PUBL. YEAR:   1971

TITLE:        The recovery of damaged streams

SOURCE:       Assoc. Southeast. Biol. Bull. 18(3):79-106.

STATE:        VA, PA, TN

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper examines biological recovery of streams in VA (Mill
              Creek, Clinch River, Roanoke River) and PA (Indian Creek and Little
              Scrubgrass Creek) damaged by acidic or caustic material.  Short-
              term acute stresses elicited an immediate reduction in diversity
              and density of macroinvertebrates and fishes.  Recovery was fairly
              rapid unless the materials contained residual toxicities, which
              resulted in the establishment of an interim, atypical community
              structure lasting as long as the toxicity persisted.  The rate of
              recolonization of damaged areas seems to be dependent on: 1) the
              distance an area is located from the site of the original spill;
              and 2) the existence of undamaged tributaries.  Reaches of the
              river further downstream were slower to recover; rate of recovery
              was faster below healthy tributaries.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       129

AUTHOR:       Cairns, J., Jr., J. Stauffer, Jr., and C.H. Hocutt

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Opportunities for maintenance and rehabilitation of riparian
              habitats: eastern United States

SOURCE:       Pages 304-317 in R.R. Johnson and J.F. Mccormick, eds.
              Strategies for protection and management of floodplain
              wetlands and other riparian ecosystems. U.S. For. Serv. Gen.
              Tech. Rep. WO-12.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of the requirements for
              maintaining ecosystem quality in terms of: 1) baseline studies;
              2) hazard evaluation; and 3) biological monitoring.
              Rehabilitation of riparian ecosystems is discussed.  Several case
              histories demonstrate that rehabilitation of damaged aquatic
              systems can be achieved at reasonable cost.  Tables displaying
              systems for rating the critical factors in ecosystem elasticity
              and inertia are included; demonstrations of the application of
              these concepts to fish data from the Monongahela and Susquehanna
              River Drainages are provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       130

AUTHOR:       Cairns, J., and K. Dickson

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Recovery of streams from spills of hazardous materials

SOURCE:       Pages 24-42 in J. Cairns, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and E.E.
              Herricks, eds. Recovery and restoration of damaged ecosystems.
              Univ. Press Virginia, Charlottesville.

STATE:        VA, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper briefly describes the recovery of 2 streams (the Clinch
              and Roanoke Rivers, VA) damaged by hazardous materials (caustic
              wastes, sulfuric acid, ethylbenzene-creosote).  Ecosystem
              characteristics related to the process of recovery include: 1)
              vulnerability to irreversible damage; 2) ability to recover
              (elasticity); 3) ability to resist displacement of structural or
              functional characteristics; and 4) resiliency--the number of times
              an ecosystem can recover from stress.  Methods of determining
              each of these for a given ecosystem or site are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1210

AUTHOR:       Caldwell, R.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Diversity and similarity indices: uses and value in the
              regulatory environment

SOURCE:       Pages 49-56 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: M.-..., E.-..., R.-..., L.-..., P.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Regulatory agencies often base the success of wetland creation
              or restoration projects on diversity and/or similarity indices
              (e.g., Shannon Diversity Index, Morisita Index).  The author
              discusses the drawbacks associated with the use of these
              indices in comparing created/restored wetlands to reference
              (undisturbed/natural) wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1018

AUTHOR:       California State Coastal Conservancy

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Los Cerritos Wetlands: alternative wetland restoration plans
              report

SOURCE:       California St. Coastal Conservancy, Oakland, Unpubl. Rep. 133
              pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents four alternative plans for enhancing the
              Los Cerritos Wetlands, Long Beach, CA.  Each alternative
              serves to: 1) increase amount of quality habitat required by
              the region's endangered wetland species; 2) increase relatively
              scarce habitats; 3) enhance populations of coastal dependent
              migratory waterfowl and shorebirds; 4) exhibit high predictability
              of success; 5) create mix of fresh and saltwater habitats; and
              6) provide adequate buffers along development edges.  Plans and
              alternatives preferred by various agencies are discussed.
              Appendices include reports on existing wetland resources, site
              constraints, and wetland enhancement criteria.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       131

AUTHOR:       California State Coastal Conservancy

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Regional wetland restoration study: Los Angeles and Orange
              Counties. Final draft report

SOURCE:       California St. Coastal Conservancy, Oakland, Unpubl. Rep. 78
              pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, HYDRO, CUT, FIRE, STABIL,
              CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US3, E2-EM1, PO-EM1, PO-UB3, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     FISH, HUSE, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents wetland restoration site plan guidelines for
              Los Angeles and Orange Counties, CA.  A regional assessment of
              historical and present wetlands and regional goals is included.
              Design criteria, performance standards, and other guidelines
              necessary to insure that individual restoration site plans have
              a "high predictability of success" are discussed.  Topics include
              watershed management, adjacent land management and development,
              passive recreational and educational access, buffer zones, corridor
              development, migratory birds, endangered species, design of ponds,
              mosquito control, design of tidal areas, islands, and dikes and
              levees.  Ten specific upland sites suitable for restoration are
              analyzed.  Appendices include information on bird and fish use
              of regional wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       134

AUTHOR:       Cammen, L.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Accumulation rate and turnover time of organic carbon in a
              salt marsh sediment

SOURCE:       Limnol. Oceanogr. 20:1012-1015.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study of organic carbon in salt marsh
              sediment at several sites (natural marsh, unvegetated dredged
              spoil, and spoil planted with Spartina alterniflora) near Drum
              Inlet, NC.  Both spoil areas accumulated organic carbon, but the
              annual accumulation rate was higher where Spartina was present.
              The turnover time for organic carbon in the natural marsh was
              calculated at 3.7-4.5 years.  The main source of the carbon was
              probably a combination of detrital matter transported by tidal
              action and benthic algae.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       133

AUTHOR:       Cammen, L.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Abundance and production of macroinvertebrates from natural
              and artificially established salt marshes in North Carolina

SOURCE:       Am. Midl. Nat. 96(2):487-493.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US., E1-UB.

RESPONSE:     INVERT

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study compares the abundance and production of
              macroinvertebrates in several salt marshes at Drum Inlet and
              Snow's Cut, NC.  Marsh types were: 1) dredge material planted with
              Spartina; 2) bare marsh spoil; and 3) natural emergent marsh and
              creeks.  Differences in elevation between Drum Inlet and Snow's
              Cut accounted for differences in faunal composition.  The
              elevation of planted material increased due to sediment trapping
              by Spartina and estuarine fauna were gradually replaced by more
              terrestrial fauna such as insect larvae.  Creek production was
              higher than that of emergent marsh.  Initially, marsh creation may
              result in reduced secondary productivity, but eventually Spartina
              production will support detritus-based communities in the creek and
              estuary, resulting in a net gain in secondary productivity for the
              entire ecosystem.

KEYWORDS:     macroinvertebrates/North Carolina/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/
              marshes/insects/macrofauna/wetlands creation/elevation/Drum
              Inlet,North Carolina/Snow's Cut,North Carolina/salt marshes/
              dredge spoil/spoil/fauna/polychaetes/creation

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       132

AUTHOR:       Cammen, L.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Macroinvertebrate colonization of Spartina marshes
              artificially established on dredge spoil

SOURCE:       Est. Coastal Mar. Sci. 4(4):357-372.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, SOIL, VEG, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study compares macroinvertebrate colonization on dredged
              material sites at Drum Inlet and Snow's Cut (on the Cape Fear
              River), NC.  Samples were taken at unplanted plots (bare soil),
              artificially planted plots, and natural marsh areas at both
              sites.  Sediment analysis of the sites revealed that the source of
              organic carbon was probably benthic microalgae and detritus.  The
              turnover time for sediment organic carbon (3.7-4.5 years at Drum
              Inlet and 22.6-26.6 years at Snow's Cut) approximates the time
              taken for spoil plots to reach organic carbon concentrations equal
              to those of the natural marsh.  Faunal distribution was affected
              by elevation, sediment particle size, proximity of spoil to
              natural marsh, and maturity of natural marsh faunal communities.

KEYWORDS:     colonization/Spartina/dredge spoil/salt marshes/macroinvertebrate
              colonization/Spartina marshes/North Carolina/marshes/spoil/Spartina
              alterniflora/fauna/biomass/species richness/elevation/dredging/
              macrofauna/sediment/diversity/stabilization


===============================================================================

NUMBER:       135

AUTHOR:       Cammen, L.M., E.D. Seneca, and B.J. Copeland

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Animal colonization of man-made salt marshes on dredge spoil

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir,
              VA, Tech. Pap. 76-7. 58 pp.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2, R1-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study compares natural and artificial marshes to determine
              whether dredged spoils planted with Spartina alterniflora function
              similarly to natural marshes.  The study areas were at Drum Inlet,
              Carteret County, NC, and Snow's Cut, New Hanover County, NC.
              Patterns of faunal development are described in detail.  Using
              organic carbon content of the sediment as an indicator, estimates
              for the length of time taken for dredge spoil to resemble natural
              marsh were about 4 years (from last spoil deposited) at Drum Inlet
              and about 25 years at Snow's Cut.  Factors affecting marsh
              development are: 1) how closely spoil resembles natural sediment;
              2) natural sedimentation rate of the area; and 3) the elevation
              and maturity of natural marsh compared to spoil.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1019

AUTHOR:       Camp, Dresser & McKee, Inc.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Bracut Marsh restoration project: a report on the
              environmental and engineering surveys

SOURCE:       California St. Coastal Conservancy, Oakland, Unpubl. Rep. 25
              pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, JAUMEA, SPARTINA, LIMONIUM, GRINDELIA,
              ORTHOCARPUS, SPARTINA, PLANTAGO, PUCCINELLIA, SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents results of environmental and engineering
              surveys conducted to evaluate the suitability of the proposed
              Bracut Marsh restoration site in Humboldt Bay, Eureka, CA.
              Environmental parameters included tidal hydraulics, bay
              circulation and flushing patterns, sedimentation, soils,
              vegetation, and  wildlife.  The investigation also included a
              survey of state and local agencies to determine general interest
              level and to obtain advice on project feasibility.  Survey
              results indicated that the site was suitable for marsh
              restoration, assuming the addition of an appropriate fill
              material to provide adequate structural stability and sufficient
              nutrient supply to support desired marsh vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       136

AUTHOR:       Campbell, C.J., and W. Green

PUBL. YEAR:   1968

TITLE:        Perpetual succession of stream-channel vegetation in a
              semiarid region

SOURCE:       J. Arizona Acad. Sci. 5(2):86-98.

STATE:        AZ

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB., PO-SS., PO-FO., R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       PSEUDOTSUGA, PINUS, PLATANUS, JUGLANS, FRAXINUS, SAMBUCUS,
              SALIX, POPULUS, BACCHARIS, PLUCHEA, EUPHORBIA, PECTIS, CASSIA,
              ERODIUM, PLAGIOBOTHRYS, AMSINCKIA, BOUTELOUA, SCHISMUS,
              PROSOPIS, HYMENOCLEA, ACACIA, MIMOSA, QUERCUS, CUPRESSUS,
              JUNIPERUS, LYCIUM, LARREA, FRANSERIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses channel vegetation communities with respect
              to changing elevation on Sycamore Creek, Maricopa County, AZ.
              Ninety-five percent of the shrub species sampled and approximately
              50% of the tree species are indigenous to the semiarid mountain
              slopes and are not dependent on additional subsurface moisture in
              the channel.  These species, which have a wide ecological
              amplitude with respect to soil moisture variation are termed
              "pseudoriparian"; they invade the channel sites perpendicularly
              from adjacent slopes and remain confined to their area of
              introduction.  Riparian species exist only where additional
              subsurface moisture is available in addition to annual
              precipitation.  Mosaics of various seral stages with different
              dominant species characterize the vegetation communities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       137

AUTHOR:       Campbell, R.S., and O.T. Lind

PUBL. YEAR:   1969

TITLE:        Water quality and aging of strip-mine lakes

SOURCE:       J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 41(11):1943-1955.

STATE:        MO

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the physical and chemical characteristics of
              5 strip mine lakes of varying age and pH (2.8-8.1).  The initial
              succession stage of acid-mine lakes is characterized by low pH,
              absence of bicarbonates, and large concentrations of dissolved
              minerals, which produce high conductivity measurements.  Sulfate
              is the predominate anion.  Strong colors of red, blue, or green
              usually characterize the water.  These conditions become less
              pronounced as sulfuric acid pollution lessens.  During the less
              acid phase, the lakes are homeothermous.  A later alkaline stage
              appears comparable to stages of early eutrophy in natural lakes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       138

AUTHOR:       Campbell, R.S., O.T. Lind, W.T. Geiling, and G.L. Harp

PUBL. YEAR:   1965

TITLE:        Recovery from acid pollution in shallow strip-mine lakes in
              Missouri

SOURCE:       Proc. 19th Indus. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ. Eng. Ext. Ser.
              117, Eng. Bull. 49(1A):17-26.

STATE:        MO

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, .

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses recovery from acid pollution in shallow
              strip-mine lakes in Calloway County, MO.  A sequence of stages of
              recovery from acid pollution was readily identified by an increase
              in pH and an increase in species diversity of zooplankton, benthos,
              fish, and phytoplankton over a 23-year period.  However, the rate
              of recovery was highly variable, even for adjacent lakes
              constructed at the same time.  The presence of waste coal piles in
              the watershed delayed recovery in 1 lake for 45 years.  Recovery
              from acid pollution was accelerated in another lake by alkaline
              drainage from farmlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1020

AUTHOR:       Carangelo, P.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Creation of sea grass habitat in Texas: results of research
              investigations and applied programs

SOURCE:       Pages 286-300 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-SS3, E2-EM1, E2-FO3, E2-AB1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE, RUPPIA, SYRINGODIUM, HALOPHILA, SPARTINA,
              AVICENNIA, LAURENTIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes creation techniques and results of
              experimental seagrass plantings conducted since 1974 and
              larger-scale plantings conducted since 1982 in south TX.  Four
              seagrass mitigation projects are described in more detail: Hog
              Island, Huffco, Petrus-Hughes, and Clark Island.  Diagnostic
              evaluation of these projects suggested that the degree to which a
              prepared planting surface acted as a sediment, leaf blade, drift
              algal, or detrital sink resulted in varying levels of project
              efficacy.  When a project did not respond as a sink, and where
              sediment stability was achieved, a project appeared successful.
              Some general principles and guidelines are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       139

AUTHOR:       Carangelo, P.D., C.H. Oppenheimer, and P.E. Picarazzi

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Biological application for the stabilization of dredged
              materials, Corpus Christi, Texas: submergent plantings

SOURCE:       Pages 243-262 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       HALODULE, THALASSIA, RUPPIA, HALOPHILA, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the planting of several test plots on
              dredged material and other barren disturbed sites in Corpus
              Christi Bay.  Upland, emergent, and submergent species were
              transplanted; only the submergents are discussed here.
              Information on the types of plants that can be used effectively
              to revegetate and stabilize nonvegetated estuarine areas with
              minimum cost and effort is provided.  Growth and survival rate of
              submergents were examined at Laguna Madre, Rincon, and Mud Island.
              Planting considerations include: 1) water depth; 2) timing (after
              spring revitalization or before winter dieback); 3) restoration
              of predisturbance elevation and substrate type; and 4) avoidance
              of high wave energy sites.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       140

AUTHOR:       Cardamone, M.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Wetlands and the surface mining of coal: protection and values
              assessment

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, Univ. Kentucky, Louisville. 148 pp.

STATE:        KY, IN, IL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-FO.

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA, PHRAGMITES, SPHAGNUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis examines management options for protecting wetlands
              during surface coal mining, particularly for the eastern interior
              coal region in KY, IN, and IL.  Interactions between wetlands and
              surface coal mining are discussed using a conceptual systems model.
              An analysis of mining effects on wetlands and general legal and
              regulatory information on wetland protection and surface coal
              mining are provided.  Wetland protection procedures include:
              1) preventing impacts; 2) mitigation; and 3) reclamation
              techniques.  A hypothetical wetland restoration plan is presented.
              Selection of which wetlands are to be protected is discussed in
              terms of an overview of wetland values and the current methods
              used for values assessment and decision-making processes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1523

AUTHOR:       Carlson, C.L. and C.A. Carson

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Impacts of coal pile leacheate on a forested wetland in South
              Carolina

SOURCE:       Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 72:89-109.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO4

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       PINUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper determines the effects of mine leachate on a nearby
              forested wetland showing signs of severe dieback and stress.  The
              killzone and stressed areas tend to be on the western zone of the site
              which is fed by an ephemeral stream and is seasonally flooded.  Acid
              leachate from a nearby coal pile is believed to be the source of
              contamination due to evidence of the water-table aquifer being
              highly contaminated with sulfate and metals.  Results of loblolly pine
              seedlings and water quality samples indicated a high level of Co and
              Se in the tissue of seedlings sampled at the sites with greatest
              contamination but found no toxic levels of phytotoxic elements such
              as Al,Fe, or Mn in any of the samples.  The authors suggest that
              while the high trace elements found in soil samples are not preventing
              the growth of seedlings they are interfering with seed germination
              and establishment.  The authors also hypothesize that the dieback and
              stressed forests are the result of initial Al and Mn concentrations
              as well as high acidity and salinity.  Those trees with low tolerance
              and deep rooting systems tended to be impacted the greatest such as
              willow oaks and those with higher tolerance and shallow lateral root
              system, such as loblolly pine and sweetgum, tended to be less impacted
              and currently show signs of regeneration.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       141

AUTHOR:       Carlson, D.B., R.G. Gilmore, and J.R. Rey

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Salt marsh impoundment management on Florida's central east
              coast: reintegrating isolated high marshes to the estuary

SOURCE:       Pages 47-63 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       BATIS, SALICORNIA, AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, RUPPIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the reopening of a salt-marsh mosquito
              impoundment to the adjacent estuary.  The study site is Indian
              River impoundment #12, a high marsh on a barrier island between
              Indian River and St. Lucie Counties, FL.  The purposes of the
              study were to: 1) reestablish exchange of organisms and detritus
              between marsh and estuary; and 2) control mosquito populations.
              When the impoundment site was reopened to tidal influence, there
              was a major increase in species richness and considerable
              revegetation by Batis and Salicornia.  Mosquito larvae formed an
              insignificant portion of the diet of marsh fish; continued
              mosquito control apparently requires the pumping of water into the
              marsh during spring and summer, when natural water levels become
              low enough to provide breeding sites for mosquitoes.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       142

AUTHOR:       Carlson, J.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Preliminary report on the restoration of farmed freshwater
              marshes at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary

SOURCE:       Pages 212-227 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       PANICUM, PONTEDERIA, CYPERUS, UTRICULARIA, SAGITTARIA,
              SPARTINA, NYMPHOIDES, CENTELLA, BACOPA, DIODIA, PLUCHEA,
              LIPPIA, POLYGONUM, IPOMOEA, ELEOCHARIS, ASTER, ANDROPOGON,
              HYDROCOTYLE, PROSERPINACA, URENA, SCHINUS, MELALEUCA,
              EICHHORNIA, LUDWIGIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Freshwater marshes at Corkscrew Swamp, FL, were modified by dikes
              and ditches.  In 1981 restoration of one third of the disturbed
              area was initiated by grading and restoration of natural ground
              elevations.  Elevation profiles and vegetation transects were
              recorded.  Species composition, percent cover, height, and
              vegetation biomass were measured in both restored and control
              areas.  A major factor affecting success of natural profile
              restoration was amount of organic accumulation on dikes and in
              ditches.  After 1 growing season, filled ditches had similar
              vegetation height and percent cover and greater living biomass,
              compared to natural marsh and old field areas.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       143

AUTHOR:       Carlson, J.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Streamside revegetation

SOURCE:       U.S. Soil Conserv. Serv., Portland, OR, Tech. Notes Plant
              Materials-55. 9 pp.

STATE:        OR, WA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R1-..., R2-..., R3-..., PO-SS1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, WQUAL

PGENUS:       AGROPYRON, TRIFOLIUM, LOTUS, FESTUCA, CORNUS, SYMPHORICARPOS,
              ROSA, ACER, AMELANCHIER, CORYLUS, SPIRAEA, SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides specific information for revegetating
              streambanks in the Pacific Northwest.  Revegetation costs
              generally do not exceed 1/10 the cost of equivalent protection by
              riprap.  Erosion control efforts are best suited to meandering
              streams heavily impacted by human activities.  Success of a
              revegetation effort requires: 1) fitting vegetative treatment to
              stream hydraulic conditions; and 2) managing the stream corridor
              for fish and wildlife habitat, human use, and aesthetics.  The
              specifications of a revegetation project are based on site
              conditions and design criteria that consider plant adaptations and
              erosion control characteristics, fish and wildlife habitat,
              hydraulic limitations of revegetation, and effective
              implementation and maintenance.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       144

AUTHOR:       Carlson, P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        Patterns of succession on spoil islands: a summary report

SOURCE:       New College, Sarasota, FL. 114 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US., E2-SS., E2-FO.

RESPONSE:     INVERT, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HUSE, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, AVICENNIA, BACCHARIS, BORRICHIA, SPARTINA, BATIS,
              SESUVIUM, CAKILE, HELIOTROPIUM, IPOMOEA, PASPALUM, CASUARINA,
              SCIRPUS, SPOROBOLUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses succession of plant and animal communities
              on spoil islands along the west coast of FL.  Plant species
              composition, arthropod populations, and physico-chemical parameters
              of the soil were sampled along transects across the islands.
              Variables other than age, for example, distance from shore and the
              physiography of the islands, were found to be important in
              colonization and succession.  The islands are used regularly by
              many species of birds because of the diversity of suitable feeding
              and breeding habitats.  Recommendations regarding management of
              spoil islands toward conservation and recreational uses are
              presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       145

AUTHOR:       Carlton, J.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Land-building and stabilization by mangroves

SOURCE:       Environ. Conserv. 1(4):285-294.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA, RHIZOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of mangroves in terms of their
              use for land-building and shoreline stabilization, particularly
              at several sites along the FL coast.  An overview of planting
              methods and case studies generated the following: 1) mangrove
              seedlings raised in the lab can later be successfully planted in
              the field; 2) larger (1-5 m) mangroves have the best survival
              rate as transplants; 3) black mangroves are more tolerant of
              cold temperatures and disturbed substrate than red mangroves and
              also produce pneumatophores more rapidly and thus may be the
              more useful species; and 4) mangroves can be useful for substrate
              stabilization (e.g., with planned filling and seawall construction
              projects).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       146

AUTHOR:       Carlton, J.M., and M.D. Moffler

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Propagation of mangroves by air-layering

SOURCE:       Environ. Conserv. 5:147-150.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-SS3, E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, AVICENNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the technique of air-layering as another
              approach to revegetating coastal areas with mangroves.  The
              experiment was conducted in Fort De Soto County Park, Pinellas
              County, FL.  The technique involves girdling of a mangrove branch
              (less than 2.5 cm diameter in this case), covering the cut with
              Sphagnum moss soaked in distilled water, and wrapping with
              aluminum foil.  Root growth was observed 5-16 months later.
              Preliminary information indicates that air-layering may be an
              effective and economical technique for restoring mangroves.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       147

AUTHOR:       Carlton, J.M., and Z. Williams

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Vegetation establishment-- Fontainbleau State Park, Louisiana

SOURCE:       Pages 63-80 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh
              annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, PANICUM, PHRAGMITES, ROSA, TAMARIX, VALLISNERIA,
              RUPPIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This demonstration project focused on 2 methods for preventing
              shoreline erosion along Lake Pontchartrain, LA.  The first method
              included various structures--revetments, breakwaters, concrete
              structures, and a brush dike.  The second method consisted of
              vegetative plantings with and without fertilization in the
              intertidal and upper beach areas.  Average survival rates were
              22.6% for the intertidal planting zone and 6.4% for the upper
              beach planting zone.  Estimated cost of planting (including
              fertilizer) was about $4/ft.  Several factors--environmental
              conditions, condition of plant materials, and offshore
              structures--were discussed in terms of their effects on vegetative
              establishment.

KEYWORDS:

===========================================================================

NUMBER:       1163

AUTHOR:       Carothers, S.W., G.S. Mills, and R.R. Johnson

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        The creation and restoration of riparian habitat in
              southwestern arid and semi-arid regions

SOURCE:       Pages 359-376 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        CA, AZ, NM, TX, NV, UT

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, PLANT, HYDRO, SEED, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, RIPARIAN

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, ECON, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SALIX, POPULUS, TAMARIX, PROSOPIS, JUGLANS, PLATANUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information on the creation and restoration of
              riparian wetlands in the southwestern U.S. and includes regional
              characteristics, wetland types, extent to which creation and
              restoration have occurred, successes and failures, project designs,
              preconstruction considerations, monitoring, mitigation, information
              gaps and research needs, restoration techniques, and a
              bibliography.  Tables list 17 projects with information on
              location, species planted, cost, area, substrate, depth to water,
              and status.  The appendix includes profiles of 5 projects: dredge
              spoils (Colorado River); Mittry Lake (AZ); Bankline (Lower Colorado
              River, AZ); and BLM Safford District.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       148

AUTHOR:       Carson, J.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Progress report of a reclaimed wetland on phosphate mined land
              in central Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 243-250 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SOIL, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1, PO-EM1, PO-FO2

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, FISH, REPT, NGBIRDS, MAMMALS, VEG

PGENUS:       SABAL, ACER, CEPHALANTHUS, FRAXINUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, NYSSA,
              PERSEA, QUERCUS, TAXODIUM, PLATANUS, CARYA, PINUS, SALIX,
              SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study documents the reclamation of a wetland on phosphate
              mined land in Polk County, FL.  The reclaimed area was backfilled
              and graded and received surface soil from other wetlands (source
              of seeds and root material).  The site is being monitored for
              revegetation success.  So far, the topsoiled areas have 100%
              ground cover, whereas areas that did not receive topsoil are being
              invaded by wetland species.  One third of the area was
              topsoiled and one third was planted with rye for temporary cover
              while wetland species invaded.  Fifteen species of trees were
              planted.  Sod was used for erosion control.  The area is being
              used by a variety of wildlife species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       149

AUTHOR:       Catchpole, C.K., and C.F. Tydeman

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Gravel pits as new wetland habitats for the conservation of
              breeding bird communities

SOURCE:       Biol. Conserv. 8:47-59.

STATE:        GREAT BRITAIN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-EM1, PO-US1, PO-UB1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB

PGENUS:       SALIX, CRATAEGUS, RUBUS, URTICA, EPILOBIUM, PHRAGMITES,
              GLYCERIA, PHALARIS, JUNCUS, TYPHA, CAREX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of gravel pit wetland habitats by
              breeding bird communities in Great Britain.  Most gravel pits are
              in urban or agricultural environments and contain a variety of
              aquatic, marshland, and terrestrial habitats.  Their breeding bird
              communities contain a wide variety of species, often at high
              breeding densities.  At least 3 species of wetland birds have
              expanded their breeding habitat within Great Britain due to the
              presence of gravel pits.  The authors suggest that gravel pit
              wetlands are important for the future conservation of marshland
              and aquatic species and may act as reservoirs of diversity and
              abundance in a rapidly changing environment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       150

AUTHOR:       CE Maguire Inc.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Wetland replacement evaluation

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Norfolk, VA, Unpubl. Rep. 186 pp.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, ACER, IVA, PHRAGMITES,
              CHAMAECYPARIS, TAXODIUM, NYSSA, FRAXINUS, SETARIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report evaluates the success of 32 replacement wetlands in
              VA created as a result of compliance with Section 404 permit
              conditions.  Data for each site includes wetland area and
              classification, vegetation cover characterization, observed fauna,
              mitigation status, comments concerning compliance with permit
              conditions, and effectiveness of mitigation activities.  Of the 19
              sites completed, mitigation was judged successful at 9 sites,
              likely to be successful with time at 4 sites, and only partially
              successful at 6 sites.  Primary factors associated with successful
              wetland creation included proper grading, slope, and erosion
              control.  Factors contributing to poor success included poor site
              preparation and careless transplanting/sprigging practices.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       151

AUTHOR:       CH2M Hill

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Feasibility of using geothermal effluents for waterfowl
              wetlands

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-81/44. 236 pp.

STATE:        ID, MT, NV, NM, CA, OR, UT

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB4, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the use of geothermal effluent water to
              create wetlands at 206 sites in 7 states.  Evaluation criteria
              include land use suitability, topography, groundwater
              contamination potential, and waterfowl use potential.  Sites with
              highest potential were the Beaverhead Area of MT, the Camas Area
              of ID, and the Nye Area of NV.  Wetland processing of water from
              geothermal facilities and legal and institutional factors
              affecting wetland development are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       153

AUTHOR:       Chabreck, R.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1967

TITLE:        Weirs, plugs and artificial potholes for the management of
              wildlife in coastal marshes

SOURCE:       Pages 178-192 in J.D. Newsom, ed. Proceedings of the marsh and
              estuary management symposium. Louisiana St. Univ., Baton
              Rouge.

STATE:        LA, FL, SC, NC

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM2, PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, REPT, VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       RUPPIA, POTAMOGETON, NAJAS, CERATOPHYLLUM, JUNCUS, ELEOCHARIS,
              SCIRPUS, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents a brief overview of the use of weirs, plugs,
              and artificial potholes to improve coastal marsh habitat for
              wildlife (primarily waterfowl) of the southeastern U.S.  Weirs and
              plugs are used in marshes to regulate water levels, control
              salinities, and minimize turbidity to promote the production of
              aquatic vegetation.  Potholes and ditches are constructed in
              marshes to create permanent water areas and to open up dense
              vegetation.  Results of studies, primarily in LA, that demonstrate
              the effectiveness of these techniques are briefly summarized.  A
              few examples of construction methods and costs also are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1021

AUTHOR:       Chabreck, R.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Revegetation program for pipeline construction areas in
              certain Texas and Louisiana wetlands

SOURCE:       Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corp., Houston, TX, Unpubl.
              Final Rep. 28 pp.

STATE:        TX, LA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       DISTICHLIS, SPARTINA, PASPALUM, SALICORNIA, SESUVIUM, PLUCHEA,
              LIMONIUM, SCIRPUS, LEPTOCHLOA, ELEOCHARIS, ASTER, ECLIPTA,
              ECHINOCHLOA, SUAEDA, HELIOTROPIUM, BACOPA, CYPERUS, BATIS,
              MONANTHOCHLOE, AMARANTHUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses a wetland revegetation program for
              portions of the Galveston-High Island Pipeline Project in TX and
              LA.  Both the single-ditch and double-ditch methods were used to
              bury the pipeline.  Topsoil was replaced after ditches were
              backfilled.  Sprigs of salt grass and two Spartina species were
              planted on test plots.  After 2 growing seasons, natural
              revegetation cover was complete in low salt marsh areas and
              less than 50% complete in high salt marsh areas.  Plantings
              showed good survival and growth, particularly in brackish marsh
              areas; however, natural revegetation took place at even greater
              rates.  The double-ditch method produced slightly greater
              revegetation rates than the single-ditch method.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       152

AUTHOR:       Chabreck, R.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Effects of marsh impoundments on coastal fish and wildlife
              resources

SOURCE:       Pages 1-16 in P.L. Fore and R.D. Peterson, eds. Proceedings of
              the Gulf of Mexico coastal ecosystems workshop. U.S. Fish
              Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/30.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HARVEST, HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM2, PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-EM1, L2-AB3, L.-..., E2-EM.,
              E2-AB., E.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, SHELLF, MAMMALS, WFOWL, SHOREB, REPT

PGENUS:       ELEOCHARIS, SCIRPUS, SAGITTARIA, HYDROCOTYLE, PANICUM,
              ECHINOCHLOA, CYPERUS, RUPPIA, SESUVIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of fish and wildlife use of
              various types of coastal marsh impoundments.  Marsh impoundments
              were categorized into 4 types: permanently flooded with fresh
              water, manipulated fresh water, permanently flooded with brackish
              water.  The habitat requirements of fish and wildlife are
              summarized briefly for each type of impoundment and for various
              species groups: 1) waterfowl; 2) rails; 3) wading birds; 4) fur
              animals; 5) alligators; 6) freshwater fishes; 7) estuarine
              fishes; and 8) crawfishes.  The effects of impoundments on fish
              and wildlife vary with the resources involved and the type of
              impoundment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1154

AUTHOR:       Chabreck, R.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Creation, restoration, and enhancement of marshes of the
              northcentral Gulf Coast

SOURCE:       Pages 127-144 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        AL, MS, LA, TX

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL, HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM, STABIL, CONTAM, SPOIL, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, SOIL, HYDRO, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, FISH, REPT

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information on wetland creation and
              restoration in coastal AL, MS, LA, and TX including regional
              characteristics, marsh types, functions performed, extent to
              which creation, restoration, or enhancement has occurred, project
              design, monitoring, mitigation, information needs, and a
              bibliography.  Profiles of 16 projects are included in the
              appendix: Gaillard Island, Coffee Island, AL; Bolivar Peninsula,
              Stedman Island, TX; Southwest Pass, Tenneco Management Unit,
              Laborgne Canal, Calcasieu Lake, canal sites in Vermilion Parish,
              Miller Lake Weir, Bird Island Weir, Mississippi River Diversion,
              Rockefeller Refuge Impoundments, Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge
              Impoundment, and Shoreline Barrier Island Restoration, LA;
              pipeline site, LA and TX.  Wetland types, location, size, project
              goals, significance, and contacts are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1426

AUTHOR:       Chabreck, R.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Creation, restoration, and enhancement of marshes of the
              Northcentral Gulf Coast

SOURCE:       Pages 125-142 in J.A. Kusler and M. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

STATE:        AL, LA, TX, MS

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: M.-..., E.-...

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Wetlands of the Northcentral Gulf Coast are described in terms of
              regional characteristics, marsh types, wetland functions, and
              restoration/creation projects.  The two primary types of wetland
              creation include marsh creation from dredged material deposited in
              shallow water and direct sedimentation by controlled diversions of
              river flow.  Weirs and impoundments are being used to offset the
              deteriorating factors, such as saltwater intrusion, in order to
              establish plant growth for restoration and enhancement.  Diversion of
              freshwater into marshes is also being used to restore deteriorating
              marshes.  Goals for marsh creation include optimizing the use of
              dredged materials, expanding the acreage of wetlands, and slowing the
              erosion process.  Planting dredged material is often done to hasten
              marsh development and material stabilization.  Aspects of project
              plans include construction considerations, hydrology, location of
              dredge spoil, substrate, and establishment of plant communities.
              Two levels of monitoring are recommended to evaluate the
              success of plant establishment and factors effecting plant growth.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       154

AUTHOR:       Chabreck, R.H., and C.M. Hoffpauir

PUBL. YEAR:   1962

TITLE:        The use of weirs in coastal marsh management in Louisiana

SOURCE:       Proc. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. Conf. 16:103-112.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, RUPPIA, CERATOPHYLLUM, SCIRPUS, PANICUM,
              ELEOCHARIS, CYPERUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of weir
              construction in 2 areas: 1) marsh island wildlife refuge, between
              Vermilion and Cote Blanc Bays on the Gulf Coast; and 2) a
              privately owned area north of Lake Felicity in Terrebonne and
              Lafourche Parishes, LA.  Ninety ponds were sampled for vegetation;
              53 were behind weirs and 37 were unmanaged (controls).  Vegetative
              growth, salinity, turbidity, water levels, and tidal action are
              discussed.  The greatest effect of weir construction was water
              level stabilization.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       155

AUTHOR:       Chaimson, J.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Riparian vegetation planting for flood control

SOURCE:       Pages 120-123 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California
              riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive
              management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water
              Resour. Rep. No. 55.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM1, R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SALIX, POPULUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a plan to plant riparian vegetation for
              erosion control and sediment stabilization on the murphy slough, a
              section of the Sacramento River near Chico, CA.  The plan included
              1) grading the riverside to a 3:1 or 4:1 slope to prevent
              rain-caused gullying; 2) planting a mixture of bermuda and rye
              grasses on the slope face; and 3) planting Salix and Populus on
              the lower slope in the fall.  High water washed out most of the
              planted lower slope.  This will be corrected by replanting and
              using an irrigation system to enhance growth for greater bank
              stabilization and protection from floods.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1195

AUTHOR:       Chainey, S.P., F.J. Lang, and S. Mills

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Revegetation of riparian trees and shrubs on alluvial soils
              along the Upper Sacramento River, 1987-1988

SOURCE:       Pages 441-446 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
              California riparian systems conference: protection,
              management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September
              22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, ECON, VEG

PGENUS:       ACER, ALNUS, SAMBUCUS, FRAXINUS, PLATANUS, POPULUS, QUERCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Two sites on the Sacramento River near Red Bluff and Colusa, CA
              were planted with 7 native tree species in an effort to mitigate
              for the loss of woody riparian vegetation from bank protection
              construction projects.  Techniques designed to protect plants
              and promote survival and growth but require minimal
              maintenance were effective.  Overall survival rates on the
              Colusa site were 91%; frost damage impacted sycamore survival.
              The Red Bluff site showed an overall survival rate of 60%;
              mortality was primarily due to drought.  Irrigation rates were
              increased on this site following additional plantings.  Costs
              for digging holes are included. (AA-Mod)

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       156

AUTHOR:       Chamberlain, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Methods used to evaluate fish utilization of a salt marsh
              restoration site in Humboldt Bay, California

SOURCE:       Page 97 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll.
              Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E1-UB.

RESPONSE:     FISH

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article evaluates fish use of a restored salt marsh adjacent
              to Freshwater Slough, Humboldt Bay, CA.  A 16 acre pasture was
              returned to tidal flushing by a dike breach.  Samples taken from
              drop traps and seines indicated that the dominant fish was
              the threespine stickleback.  The channel through the dike breach
              also is being sampled for fish and for physio-chemical and water
              flow characteristics.  Other fish included staghorn sculpin,
              juvenile arrow and tidewater gobies, topsmelts, and various
              osmerids.  The study will continue to July 1982.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1563

AUTHOR:       Chamberlain, R.H. and R.A. Barnhart

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Early use by fish of a mitigation salt marsh, Humboldt Bay,
              California

SOURCE:       Estuaries 16(4):769-783.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A mitigation marsh was studied for fish use to determine the success
              of mitigation for habitat lost by nearby marina construction.  Fishes
              were sampled from channels adjacent to the Woodley Island Marina (area
              impacted), a control marsh, and the mitigation marsh.  Both the control
              marsh and the mitigation marsh were at higher elevations and upstream
              from the impacted marsh, thus they tended to have higher dissolved
              oxygen and pH levels but lower salinity and water temperatures than
              the impacted marsh.  Results of fish collections showed a greater
              variety of species at the mitigation marsh although there was a
              greater biomass of fish of Wooley Island.  Samples of larval and
              post larval fishes were greater for the mitigation marsh than the
              control marsh or the impacted marsh.  Finally, ichtyoplankton densities
              were highest for the mitigation marsh and lowest for the impacted marsh
              Although the mitigation marsh is "successful" it does not provide the
              same functions or habitat for the fish species as the impacted marsh,
              therefore; it was not adequately mitigated.  Recommendations and
              considerations for mitigating salt marsh areas are discussed.

KEYWORDS:     fishes/wetlands mitigation/salt marshes/marshes/California/
              habitat/elevation/intertidal/tidal flushing/comparison/
              restoration/values/invertebrates/vegetation/Humboldt Bay,
              California/established marsh/mitigation/biomass/channels/
              salinity/dike/diversity/plants/eelgrass/eelgrass meadows/meadow

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1552

AUTHOR:       Chambers, J.M., T.J. Wrigley, and A.J. McComb

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        The potential of wetlands to reduce phosphorus export from
              agricultural catchments

SOURCE:       Fertilizer Research 36:157-164.

STATE:        AUSTRALIA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EMI, PO-MLI

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       MELALEUCA, LEPIDOSPERMA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Three created wetlands were studied to determine the effect of
              residence time on phosphorous (P) removal of a natural wetland; the
              effectivness of dominent sedges as well as peat and sand substrates
              on P removal frominflow; and the flow rates and P concentrations
              effect on P uptake efficiency.  Results indicated an exponential
              decrease in the P concentration of the wetland water over a period
              of 52 days with a total uptake of 792 mg p m-2.  Another study revealed
              greater P removal over longer retention times and lower flow rates
              for wetlands containing plant material than those containing only peat
              or sand.  The final study compared five P loadings of various
              concentrations at different flow rates over a 68-day period.
              Phosphorous uptake tended to increase as the inflow load of P
              decreased.  Mangagement options using natural and artifical wetlands
              to reduce point and non-point source pollution are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       157

AUTHOR:       Chan, E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Regional wetlands plan for urban runoff treatment, case study
              of marsh planning, design and creation: Hayward Shoreline
              Marsh--phase II

SOURCE:       Assoc. Bay Area Gov., San Francisco, CA, Water Qual. Tech.
              Memo. No. 92. 16 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, CUT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, MYRIOPHYLLUM, RUPPIA, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses plans for design and creation of the second
              phase of the Hayward Shoreline Marsh, San Francisco Bay, CA.  The
              second phase involves restoration of 155 acres of land to fresh
              and brackish marshes, using existing and newly-created channels
              and dikes to form a 5 basin marsh system.  A separate 20 acre
              pickelweed marsh was set aside as a preserve for the endangered
              salt marsh harvest mouse.  Four areas are delineated for specific
              management and operation considerations: 1) water quality,
              2) mosquito vector control; 3) botulism management; and
              4) vegetation management.  Fresh water input to the system will be
              secondary-treated effluent from a treatment plant.  Management
              plans and costs are presented for the various features of the marsh
              creation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1192

AUTHOR:       Chan, F.J., and R.M. Wong

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Reestablishment of native riparian species at an altered high
              elevation site

SOURCE:       Pages 428-435 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
              California riparian systems conference: protection,
              management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September
              22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, WQUALITY, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       ALNUS, SALIX, POPULUS, SAMBUCUS, CORNUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The failure of a 22 ft diameter pipe caused an estimated water
              flow of 40,000 cfs for about 1 hour, which scoured and removed
              1.75 million cubic yards of soil and vegetation from Lost Canyon,
              located 50 miles east of Fresno, CA, at elevation of 6300-7800 ft
              Mitigation for the damage included reestablishing lost vegetation
              and focused on the riparian component.  Successful reestablish-
              ment was dependent on the use of proper planting techniques and
              maintenance practices, and the use of local plant sources.
              Survival rates for selected species are given in Table 13.
              Planting methods are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       158

AUTHOR:       Chaney, A.H., B.R. Chapman, J.P. Karges, D.A. Nelson, R.R.
              Schmidt, and L.C. Thebeau

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        The use of dredged material islands by colonial seabirds and
              wading birds in Texas

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS, Tech.
              Rep. D-78-8. 238 pp.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2, E2-SS1, E2-SS2, E2-US.

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       PROSOPIS, BACCHARIS, ANDROPOGON, PASPALUM, AMBROSIA, IVA,
              SPOROBOLUS, CHLORIS, BORRICHIA, SALICORNIA, SOPHORA, OPUNTIA,
              TYPHA, ELEOCHARIS, TAMARIX, SPARTINA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses use of dredged material islands by nesting
              colonial seabirds and wading birds in the Galveston-houston area
              and Upper Laguna Madre near Corpus Christi, TX.  Approximately
              60% of the nesting pairs along the TX Gulf Coast use dredged
              material islands for nest sites.  Nesting succession of birds was
              closely related to succession of vegetation from bare substrate to
              shrubs or trees.  Generally, terns and skimmers preferred bare to
              sparse forbs; gulls, herons, egrets, ibises, spoonbills, and
              cormorants preferred dense forbs to dense shrubs and trees.
              Vegetation, soils and substrates, bird use, predation, and human
              use of 34 dredged material islands are discussed in detail.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       159

AUTHOR:       Chapman, R.J., T.M. Hinckley, L.C. Lee, and R.O. Teskey

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Impact of water level changes on woody riparian and wetland
              communities, volume X: index and appendum to volumes I-VIII

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-82/23. 111 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-SS., PO-FO., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides the user with a summary and a general
              reference document for volumes I-VIII of the U.S. Fish and
              Wildlife Service series on impact of water level changes on woody
              riparian and wetland communities.  Topics in this volume include:
              1) literature updates for volumes I-VIII; 2) a comprehensive
              species index to the volumes, including ecoregion and tolerance
              rating; and 3) a brief discussion of site rehabilitation, which
              provides a framework by which damage can be assessed, the rate of
              recovery estimated, and the need for management determined.  The
              reader also is referred to other volumes in this series for making
              the necessary decisions regarding integration of essential steps
              for wetland rehabilitation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1276

AUTHOR:       Charette, D.J., J.K. Shisler, and R.A. Kantor

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Guidelines for the mitigation of salt marshes in New Jersey

SOURCE:       Coastal Zone '85 (1):941-961.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM.

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides guidelines for the mitigation of human impacts on
              coastal marshes.  The mitigation process begins with the definition of
              mitigation in a management program.  The marsh to be destroyed is
              pre-evaluated and environmental factors are considered in order for
              the marsh to be successful and equivalent to the natural marsh.
              Finally, ecological management goals are set for mitigation.  The
              authors point out that many times restored or created marshes are not
              equivalent to the natural marsh and may not fully compensate for the
              destruction of the natural marsh.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1550

AUTHOR:       Chen, S., R. F. Malone, and L. J. Fall

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        A theoretical approach for minimization of excavation and
              media costs of constructed wetlands for BOD5 removal

SOURCE:       Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers
              36(6):1625-1632.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1

RESPONSE:     NONE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of models to mimimize excavation and
              media costs of constructed subsurface wetlands designed for BOD5
              removal.  The models are based on major design parameters including
              slope, aspect ratio, BOD removal rate, construction costs, hydraulic
              conductivity, porosity, depth, width, and length.  Two sample designs
              of constructed wetlands using design parameter results from the EPA and
              Conley et al. are compared to those of the authors.  Further design
              considerations as well as model limitations are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       160

AUTHOR:       Chironis, N.P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Reedgrass greens slurry ponds

SOURCE:       Coal Age (April):86-91.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the use of Phragmites australis for cover
              and stabilization of coal slurry impoundments and ponds.  The study
              site was at Monterey Coal Slurry Impoundment in IL.  Without using
              topsoil, 6-8 ft rhizomes were collected from nearby impoundments
              and planted and fertilized in rows 15 ft apart.  After 3 growing
              seasons, shoot height was 6 ft in favorable locations, with stem
              densities reaching 130/square yard.  Most areas had an aboveground
              dry weight biomass of over 2.7 tons/acre.  Growth continued
              despite high acidity, conductivity, and concentrations of soluble
              iron, manganese, and aluminum in the substrate.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       161

AUTHOR:       Chmura, G., and L. Steere

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Sod removal, replacement tried in tidal marsh restoration
              (Rhode Island)

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 1(1):15.

STATE:        RI

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       DISTICHLIS, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This note discusses attempts to restore a tidal marsh in
              Barrington, RI, by replacing the original peat excavated from the
              marsh surface during sewer construction.  The marsh consisted of
              high marsh vegetation (e.g., Spartina spp. and Distichlis spicata)
              along the banks of the tidal creek.  An area of approximately 50
              by 50 ft, bisected by a small tidal creek, was disturbed.  An
              excavator was used to strip blocks of peat from the area.  Blocks
              varied from 3-4 ft2, with a minimum thickness of 6 inches to
              ensure inclusion of viable rhizomes.  Blocks were stored on site
              from mid-April to mid-July and replaced by a backhoe. Some new
              growth was noted during Fall and monitoring of the site will
              continue through the next year.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1513

AUTHOR:       K.D. Choate, J.T. Watson, and G.R. Steiner

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        TVA's constructed wetlands demonstration

SOURCE:       Pages 509-516 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        KY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, CHEM

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of three Tennessee Valley Authority
              demonstration projects using constructed wetlands to treat
              municipal wastewater.  The first wetland was created to polish
              effluent from an existing two-cell lagoon system.  A three cell
              wetland was created from one of the existing cells and designed with
              an effluent capacity of 3785 m3/day.  The first two cells received
              25% of the flow and operated as a surface flow system while cell 3
              operated as a subsurface flow system and received 50 of the total
              flow.  The second wetland system was created by the TVA as a 379
              m3/day two-celled subsurface gravel marsh system used to polish
              effluent from a contact stabilization package plant.  The third site
              was constructed as a marsh-pond-meadow with a capacity of 341 m3/day
              to treat effluent from a contact stabilization package plant.  Both
              wetlands constructed to treat waste from the package plants were
              temporarily short-circuited by sludge deposits.  All three wetland
              systems effectively removed BOD, TSS, TP, TN, FC bacteria, and organic
              nitrogen below the NPDES permit limits the majority of the time with
              gravel cells being slightly more effective although less cost
              effective.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       162

AUTHOR:       Chongxin (Chung-Hsn Chung), Z., Z. Rhongzong, Z. Hungbin, Y.
              Kuanghan, H. Chenghua, Y. Bingyao, J. Liangshao, and P.
              Xiaoliang

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Experiments of trial plantings of Spartina anglica Hubbard and
              effects of saline soil amelioration in China

SOURCE:       Pages 44-82 in Research advances in Spartina--achievements of
              past 22 years. J. Nanjing Univ., China. (English Abst.)

STATE:        CHINA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST, EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, MEDICAGO, SESBANIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents results of trial Spartina anglica plantings
              and amelioration of saline soil experiments conducted at the
              Nanjing University and Taizhou Institute of Agriculture, Zhejiang
              Province, China.  In general, Spartina plantings in riverine,
              marsh, and coastal lands have been successful with the exception
              of open coasts with high wave energy.  A single, small rhizome
              produced over 9 million sprigs in less than 2.5 years.  Optimum
              planting elevation, season, and spacing are discussed.  Increase
              of organic matter in Spartina marsh soil promoted formation of
              greater granular structure of soil.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       163

AUTHOR:       Christensen, B.A., K. Erickson, and J. Dorman

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Niles Channel restoration project: hydraulic model tests
              evaluating restored and recently revegetated beds exposed to
              erosion caused by tidal currents

SOURCE:       Univ. Florida, Dept. Civil Eng., Hydraulic Lab., Gainesville,
              Rep. No. 8301. 17 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STABIL, MODEL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-UB2

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a laboratory model that evaluated the
              resistance of newly revegetated seagrass areas to tidal erosion
              in the Niles Restoration Project near Cudjoe Key in the Florida
              Keys.  The usefulness of dikes for protecting planted seagrasses
              was studied.  Dikes affect the size of the ripple area and amount
              of scouring and erosion around a restored seagrass bed.  An
              equation for estimating necessary dike length to protect the
              seagrasses is presented.  Experimental test plants with 6-12 inch
              runners were stabilized with steel staples.  Equations describe
              the velocity of the currents, average bed roughness, and average
              bed shear stress of a revegetated sand bed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       164

AUTHOR:       Christensen, B.A., and D. Tachney

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Anchoring stability of new seagrass plantings

SOURCE:       Pages 60-75 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual
              conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough
              Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, E1-UB2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       HALODULE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the vegetative establishment of Halodule in
              shallow coastal waters near Cudjoe Key in the Florida Keys.  After
              bottom elevation was restored, Halodule runners were planted
              0.5-1.0 m apart.  Steel staples or other anchoring devices were
              used.  Newly vegetated beds exhibit lower resistance to water flow
              and often fail because of massive erosion of the sandy bottom or
              uprooting of runners.  Methods for quantifying the impact of flow
              on the plant bed are described, in conjunction with results from
              lab testing.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1616

AUTHOR:       Christensen, N., W.J. Mitsch, S.E. Jorgensen

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        A first generation ecosystem model of the Des Plaines River
              experimental wetlands

SOURCE:       Ecological Engineering 3:495-521.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       MODEL, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R4-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of model simulations to determine the
              effect of various flow conditions on water quality.  Experimental
              wetlands were used, with high and low flows, which receive nonpoint
              source pollution from nearby agricultural areas.  A model was
              created with hydrology, sediment, phosphorus, water column primary
              production, and macrophyte submodels which are linked together and
              calibrate the input based on a list of assumptions with a time step
              of 0.05 week.  Although this model is anticipated to be a helpful
              management tool, it has yet to be validated with an independent data
              set.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       165

AUTHOR:       Christiansen, J.E., and J.B. Low

PUBL. YEAR:   1970

TITLE:        Water requirements of waterfowl marshlands in northern Utah

SOURCE:       Utah Div. Fish Game Publ. No. 69-12. 108 pp.

STATE:        UT

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, MODEL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       DISTICHLIS, POTAMOGETON, HORDEUM, POLYPOGON, SCIRPUS, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents results of a study to determine: 1) amounts
              of water required to maintain productive marshlands near the
              Great Salt Lake in UT; and 2) salt tolerance of several marsh
              plant species.  Equations used to calculate evapotranspiration
              from inflow-outflow data are described in detail.  Salt tolerance
              tests indicated that germination, growth, and seed and tuber
              production of cattail (Typha spp.) and bulrush (Scirpus acutus and
              S. paludosus) decreased as salinity increased.  Cattail and
              bulrush exhibited the best growth in fresh water; sago pondweed
              (Potamogeton pectinatus) grew better in slightly saline
              conditions.  Several suggestions for water management of the
              marshlands are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       166

AUTHOR:       Chung, C.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Low marshes, China

SOURCE:       Pages 131-145 in R.R. Lewis, ed. Creation and restoration of
              coastal plant communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

STATE:        CHINA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3, R1-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SUAEDA, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses the low marshes of China, including marsh
              values and habitat loss.  Rice grass, Spartina anglica, is
              described as the most useful plant for revegetating marshes.
              Revegetation techniques are described in detail, as are factors
              controlling success or failure.  The physiography of planting
              sites, tide, waves, wind, drought, temperature, human activities,
              and animals may all play a role in the success rate of planted
              materials.  Habitat values of these revegetated communities
              include waterfowl habitat, animal fodder, pasture, aquaculture,
              green manure, amelioration of saline soil, and coastline
              stabilization.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1346

AUTHOR:       Chung, Chung-Hsin

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Ecological engineering of coastlines with salt-marsh
              plantations

SOURCE:       Pages 255-289 in W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen, eds.
              Ecological engineering: an introduction to ecotechnology. John
              Wiley and Sons, New York, New York.

STATE:        CHINA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3

RESPONSE:     VEG, MAMMALS, FISH, CHEM, HUSE, ECON, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses a 22-year case study from 1964 to 1986 in
              Wenling, China of an ecological engineering project transforming
              tidelands to arable land with a Spartina plantation.  Laboratory
              propogations were done of seed, sprigs, and rhizomes.  Stress
              experiments included, temperature stress, drought stress, submergence
              stress, and accretion stress.  Effects of coastal morphology are
              discussed in regards to accretion and reclamation, crop production,
              citrus production, and coastal stabilization.  Finally,the effects on
              animals, soils of intertidal and supratidal zones and humans
              (especially the economic and social values) are examined.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       167

AUTHOR:       Churchill, A.C., A.E. Cok, and M.I. Riner

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Stabilization of subtidal sediments by the transplantation of
              the seagrass Zostera marina L.

SOURCE:       Adelphi Univ., New York Sea Grant Program, Oakdale, NY, Rep.
              Ser. RS-78-15. 48 pp.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes an experiment to transplant Zostera marina
              on sand hill, a dredged spoil island off the coast of Long
              Island, NY, to determine its effectiveness in preventing erosion.
              Transplants were obtained from Fire Island and were planted at
              the study site the same day.  Three transplant techniques were
              used: single shoot treated with rooting hormone (NAA), single
              shoots treated with slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14),
              and miniplugs with no treatment.  Transplant survival and growth
              are documented for each treatment.  The addition of fertilizer did
              not significantly enhance the growth of shoots and rhizomes.
              Total cost for planting 1,655 plants (0.41 ha) was $12,775.  A
              section on flower and seed production is included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1520

AUTHOR:       Cintron-Molero, G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Restoring Mangrove Systems

SOURCE:       Pages 223-277 in G.W. Thayer, ed. Restoring the nation's
              marine environment. Maryland Sea Grant College, College Park,
              MD. 716 pp.

STATE:        FL, PUERTO RICO, VIRGIN ISLANDS

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses restoration of mangrove systems as a function of
              understanding the systems' natural developement.  Functional values
              and physiographic types pertaining to Avicennia germinans, Rhizophora
              mangle, and Lagnucularia racemosa as well as their response to natural
              disturbances are addressed.  The inertia and resilient properties
              exhibited by mangroves allow for natural regeneration when faced with
              disturbances.  Managers can take advantage of these properties when
              restoring or creating habitat.  The author cautions managers and
              planners to understand the conditions and causes of areas without
              mangrove forests before undertaking extensive creation efforts.
              Elevation, tidal flow, soil nutrients, water quality, and disturbance
              factors are critical in obtaining successful mangrove establishment.
              Transplanting methods and techniques are offered which take advantage
              of mangroves regenerative properties.  Considerations for possible
              sites, conditions, and restoration designs to ensure success are also
              discussed.  Finally, post-management strategies and success criteria
              are proposed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       168

AUTHOR:       Clairain, E.J., R.A. Cole, R.J. Diaz, A.W. Ford, R.T. Huffman,
              L.J. Hunt, and B.R. Wells

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations, Miller Sands Marsh
              and upland habitat development site, Columbia River, Oregon:
              summary report

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-38. 76 pp.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: R1-US3, R1-US2, E2-EM1, E2-UB2

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG

PGENUS:       DESCHAMPSIA, CAREX, AMMOPHILA, ELEOCHARIS, SALIX, SAGITTARIA,
              JUNCUS, IRIS, ALISMA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report summarizes progress at the Miller Sands marsh and
              upland habitat development site (Columbia River, OR), one of 7
              experimental projects for examining the feasibility of using
              dredged material for development of fish and wildlife habitat.
              Selected plant species were planted on intertidal and upland
              areas; responses to tidal inundation, fertilization, wildlife use,
              planting methods, and invasion by other plant species were noted.
              Plantings generally were successful, but the wildlife habitat
              provided by intertidal and upland plantings had not yet
              significantly affected wildlife populations.  Some food/nesting
              preferences of birds and small mammals are noted.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/habitat development/Oregon/dredged material/biomass/
              intertidal/animal community/wildlife/wildlife habitat/
              succession/fishes/benthos/birds/field investigations/dredged
              material disposal

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1022

AUTHOR:       Clark, J.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Assessment for wetlands restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 250-253 in J.A. Kusler and P. Riexinger, eds.
              Proceedings of the national wetland assessment symposium.
              Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Chester, VT.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of wetland restoration, including
              policy, assessment approaches, and wilderness versus utility
              wetlands.  Assessment of wetlands involves more than simple
              classification or evaluation.  Wetland functions, social needs,
              and relationship to surrounding systems must be considered.
              Wilderness wetlands are those that should be preserved in their
              historic condition.  Utility (or economic) wetlands are considered
              an economic resource to be rehabilitated or replaced as appropriate
              to meet regional wetland priorities for natural goods and services.
              Through the processing of Corps of Engineers dredge and fill
              permits, opportunities exist for conducting demand-oriented
              strategic wetland restoration programs.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1173

AUTHOR:       Clark, J.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Regional aspects of wetlands restoration and enhancement in
              the urban waterfront environment

SOURCE:       Pages 85-103 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II.
              Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        MANY, NJ, NY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-..., E.-..., M.-..., R.-..., E2-EM1, R1-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, HUSE, SHOREB

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes restoration and enhancement of wetlands along
              urban waterfront, and the role of regional planning strategies for
              successful wetland mitigation.  The emphasis is on a regional
              approach to an entire landscape system, rather than on each
              individual project site.  Advantages of this regional strategy are
              discussed, as is regional organization, with examples of federal
              and state programs that can be used to explore regional
              possibilities.  Sections on regional goals and mitigation targets,
              multiple impact projects, mitigation banks, and a case study of the
              Porte Liberte Project, located along the Hudson River near Jersey
              City, NJ, are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1211

AUTHOR:       Clark, P.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Seagrass restoration: a non-destructive approach

SOURCE:       Pages 57-70 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       HALODULE, RUPPIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A technique for restoring or creating seagrass beds without
              transplanting seagrass plugs, sprigs, or turf from healthy to
              restoration sites is discussed.  This experiment conducted in
              Upper Tampa Bay, FL, involved placing wooden stakes in test plots
              to determine if drifting seagrass would catch on the stakes and
              successfully attach or root and begin to colonize the new site.
              Plot construction costs and materials needed are given.  Plots
              were checked once every 2 months for the first year.  Results
              from the 6 test plots are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       169

AUTHOR:       Clay, D.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        High mountain meadow restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 477-479 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California
              riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive
              management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water
              Resour. Rep. No. 55.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, R2-..., R3-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes an experiment to repair stream erosion and
              eventually restore meadow vegetation in a creek in Modoc County,
              CA.  Procedures for the restoration process were: 1) constructing
              3.3 m by 1 m slots in the bank using a backhoe or bulldozer; 2)
              depositing large rocks into the slots to form a sill across the
              stream channel; 3) placing excavated soil upstream of the sill to
              prevent water from passing through the rock; 4) constructing low
              earth fills and spillways to prevent overland flow; 5) planting
              vegetation on the sills; and 6) fencing the area to prevent
              livestock damage.  Costs for installation were $700-1,000.
              Results after 2-3 years include the raising of the channel bottom
              0.7-1 m and subsequent raising of the water table, possibly to
              original elevations.  Eroded channels are filled and bank slopes
              are gradual and covered with vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       171

AUTHOR:       Clewell, A.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Vegetational restoration techniques on reclaimed phosphate
              strip mines in Florida

SOURCE:       Wetlands 1:158-170.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-FO1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4, PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       NAJAS, TYPHA, SALIX, MYRICA, BACCHARIS, TAXODIUM, NYSSA,
              FRAXINUS, QUERCUS, EICHHORNIA, LEMNA, SPIRODELA, SALVINIA,
              AZOLLA, HYDRILLA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of techniques for restoring
              wetlands on reclaimed phosphate mines in FL.  Marsh creation is
              described as the most successful effort; specific examples are
              described in detail.  Advantages and disadvantages of extensive
              mulching are discussed.  Four swamp restoration techniques are
              compared and contrasted: 1) planting of tree seedlings,
              2) transplanting of saplings from natural swamps; 3) mulching;
              and 4) natural colonization.  Economic factors for all methods
              are considered.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       170

AUTHOR:       Clewell, A.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Riverine forest restoration efforts on reclaimed mines at
              Brewster Phosphates, central Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 122-133 in D.J. Robertson ed. Reclamation and the
              phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida
              Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, CUT, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-SS1, PO-EM1, R4-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       QUERCUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, ACER, CORNUS, CARYA, TAXODIUM, NYSSA,
              CELTIS, PANICUM, ECHINOCHLOA, SALIX, RHYNCHOSPORA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses development of methods for the restoration
              of forested wetlands at 2 phosphate mines in Hillsborough and
              Polk Counties, FL.  Inventories of natural forests and natural
              plant colonization on disturbed lands were conducted, as well as
              various seeding and planting experiments.  Based on data collected
              for plots up to 3 years old, the authors made several
              recommendations for successful restoration of riverine forests.
              Successful restoration will be dependent on using a combination of
              techniques, including mulching with riverine topsoil.  The first
              few years will require irrigation, unless near-saturated soils can
              be maintained through dry seasons.  Both planting and seeding of
              trees should be attempted to insure a dense initial growth.
              Canopy will begin to close within 4-5 years, protecting the
              preferred undergrowth species transferred in the mulch.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1157

AUTHOR:       Clewell, A.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Creation and restoration of forested wetland vegetation in
              the southeastern United States

SOURCE:       Pages 199-237 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL, HYDRO, WQUAL, EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT, CONTAM, SEED

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-FO3, PO-FO4, PO-UB4, RIPARIAN

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       ACER, POPULUS, QUERCUS, SALIX, PLATANUS, LIQUIDAMBAR,
              TAXODIUM, NYSSA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information on the creation and restoration
              of forested wetlands in the southeastern U.S., and includes
              discussion of the magnitude of bottomland hardwood loss, approaches
              to forest recovery, regional characteristics, wetland types, key
              functions, creation and restoration project experience, project
              goals, project success, agency involvement, project design, site
              preparation and planning, natural reforestation, artificial
              reforestation, non-arboreal vegetation, management, monitoring,
              reference wetlands, information gaps and research needs.  A
              checklist of issues to be addressed in permit applications is
              included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1286

AUTHOR:       Clewell, A.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Alafia River crossing "B" restoration at Lonesome Mine

SOURCE:       Semi-annual narrative report, summer, 1990. 13pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, BIOCIDE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, R4-FO1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       QUERCUS, MYRICA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report is one of four semi-annual narrative reports.  The
              progress report includes photographs, describes problems and provides
              solutions encountered during the reforestation of four project sites
              located along the South Prong of the Alafia River, Florida.  Water oak
              and wax myrtle bushes were planted (all were sack-grown).  In addition
              to the plantings, cogongrass and patches of bahiagrass were treated
              with the herbicide, RODEO.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1287

AUTHOR:       Clewell, A.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Vegetational restoration at Dogleg and Lizard Branch
              Reclamation areas

SOURCE:       Eleventh semi-annual report, summer, 1990. 9pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, BIOCIDE

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ACER, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report is the eleventh semi-annual progress report concerned with
              the restoration of two inland sites in Florida.  Red maple seeds were
              distributed along a stream bottom to increase tree density, however
              only a few seedlings were observed.  Furthermore, the herbicide,
              RODEO, was used to treat dense patches of bahiagrass and cogongrass in
              several plots.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1288

AUTHOR:       Clewell, A.F., and R.S. Beaman

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Vegetational restoration at Hall Branch Reclamation area

SOURCE:       1989 monitoring report. 16pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SOIL, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM, FRAXINUS, ACER, MAGNOLIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the monitoring and continuation of a reclamation
              project that began in 1984 subsequent to surface mining in
              Hillsborough County, Florida.  A summary of the past reclamation work
              is included in the report.  Success criteria for the restoration
              include tree density of at least 400 trees per acre, with no
              acre-sized area containing less than 200 trees per acre and tree cover
              averaging 33% overall, with no acre-sized area containing less than
              20% cover.  Tree density was found to be in compliance with the
              success criteria with 751 trees per acre and no acre-sized area
              contained less than 200 trees.  In addition, the canopy cover was
              calculated to be 32% and is expected to reach the success criteria.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       173

AUTHOR:       Coastal Zone Resources Corporation

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Identification of relevant criteria and survey of potential
              application sites for artificial habitat creation. Vol. II.
              Survey of potential application situations and description of
              optimum project areas

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Contract Rep. D-76-2. 348 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., E.-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a detailed evaluation process that applies
              marsh-island creation criteria for screening potential sites for
              development.  Two general criteria were employed to alleviate the
              complexities of screening 3,000 sites: 1) the project must
              require maintenance work; and 2) the work must be performed by a
              hydraulic pipeline dredge.  Each site was described on the basis
              of dredged material characteristics, public and private controls
              over the land, cost/benefit features, public attitudes,
              climatology, hydrology, and hydrography.  As a result of the
              selection process, 10 optimum project sites were chosen, 2 in each
              geographical region.  Extended data analysis was conducted on data
              gathered from the project areas and from U.S. Army Corp of
              Engineer Districts.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       174

AUTHOR:       Coastal Zone Resources Corporation

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Identification of relevant criteria and survey of potential
              application sites for artificial habitat creation. Vol. I.
              Relevant criteria for marsh-island site selection and their
              application

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Contract Rep. D-76-2. 173 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E1-..., R1-..., E2-..., E2-EM1, E2-EM2

RESPONSE:     HUSE, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, HIBISCUS, ZIZANIA, SCIRPUS, SAGITTARIA,
              PLUCHEA, ASTER, SALICORNIA, MYRICA, BORRICHIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the environmental requirements for creating
              marsh-island complexes with dredged material and examines sites
              available for dredged material deposit.  Numerous river and
              estuarine areas along the U.S. coast were evaluated for tide-
              elevation interactions, salinity, soil nutrients, soil physical
              variation, public acceptance, and the energy/sediment/climate of
              the site.  These criteria were tested in the field to select 10
              optimum riverine/estuarine areas in 5 geographical regions.
              Results of the selection provided 50 project areas for further
              detailed analyses.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       172

AUTHOR:       Coastal Zone Resources Corporation

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        A comprehensive study of successional patterns of plants and
              animals at upland disposal areas

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS,
              Contract Rep. D-77-2. 489 pp.

STATE:        CT, FL, LA, TX, OR

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, R.-..., E2-EM1, E2-FO2, PO-SS1, PO-FO3, PO-SS3

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, AMMOPHILA, PANICUM, SPARTINA,
              CYPERUS, JUNCUS, RHUS, CAREX, EQUISETUM, AMORPHA, POPULUS,
              ACER, FRAXINUS, SALIX, QUERCUS, ROBINIA, TAXODIUM, SALICORNIA,
              DISTICHLIS, PASPALUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report examines plant and animal successional patterns at 5
              dredged material disposal sites: 1) Nott Island in the
              Connecticut River; 2) 6 islands in Hillsborough Bay near Tampa,
              FL; 3) an area along the Whiskey Bay Pilot Channel, Atchafalaya
              River Basin, LA; 4) an area along the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway
              near Galveston, TX; and 5) Mott Island in the Columbia River near
              Astoria, OR.  Descriptions of each site include a history of the
              disposal area, physical characteristics (topography, soils,
              microclimate), biological characteristics (existing vegetation
              and animal populations, past and future patterns of succession),
              and potential resources of regional upland disposal areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1316

AUTHOR:       Coats, R., M. Swanson and, P. Williams

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Hydrologic analysis for coastal wetland restoration

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 13(6):715-727.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO

ACTION:       MODEL, LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E1-EM1

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, INVERTS, HYDRO

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, FRANKENIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes two case studies utilizing hydrologic analysis
              for designing coastal wetland restoration projects.  Hydrologic
              analysis was used in combination with geomorphic relationships,
              numerical modeling, and field verification.  The restoration sites
              include the Hayward Area Recreation District (HARD) marsh and Tijuana
              Estuary in southern California.  A critical step in the design process
              was identification of opportunities and constraints.  This helped to
              identify a hydrologic goal.  MPOND, a hydrologic routing model, was
              used for the HARD marsh design.  MARSHQ, a tidal hydrodynamic model
              was used for designing the Tijuana Estuary restoration project.

KEYWORDS:     coastal wetlands/wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/
              California/hydrology/wetlands mitigation/tidal hydrodynamics/
              wildlife habitat/coastal/monitoring

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1340

AUTHOR:       Coats, R., and P. Williams

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Hydrological techniques for coastal wetland restoration
              illustrated by two case studies

SOURCE:       Pages 236-246 in J.J. Berger, ed. Environmental restoration:
              science and strategies for restoring the earth. Island Press,
              Washington, D.C. and Covelo, California.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, HABITAT

ACTION:       MODEL, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes techniques used in the design and restoration of
              tidal wetlands and lists factors for assessing the success or failure
              of these projects.  Basic steps proposed are definition of the
              objectives, determination of the topography and tidal regime, analysis
              of opportunities and constraints imposed by local biological and
              physical conditions, and development of design alternatives.  A case
              study using the hydrological routing model, MPOND, in the restoration
              of the Hayward Area Recreation District (HARD) marsh is used as an
              example of typical design problems.  The author suggests a built-in
              post-construction monitoring phase including biological and hydrologic
              observations be used for up to five years.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1580

AUTHOR:       Cohn, J.P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Restoring the Everglades

SOURCE:       BioScience 44(9):579-583.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The history and decline of the Everglades and surrounding areas due
              to decreased water flows and increased canals to prevent flooding
              and open up areas for developement is reviewed.  The natural hydrology
              was restored to sections of the Loxahatchee NWR resulting in a
              greater number of beeding birds including a species which had not
              successfully nested there in 20 years.  Models are currently being
              used to determine the necessary modifications required to restore
              a more natural flow and system.  Removing earthen mounds, plugging
              canals, pumping in additional water, and creating buffer zones are
              among the proposals for restoration.  Test projects are also underway
              to restore sections of the Kissimmee River and improve water quality
              entering the Everglades.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1418

AUTHOR:       Cole, C.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Wetland vegetation ecology on a reclaimed coal surface mine in
              southern Illinois, USA

SOURCE:       Wetlands ecology and management 2(3):135-142.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SEED

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report studies five created wetlands to characterize patterns and
              conditions in early successional wetland complexes.  Vegetative
              density varied considerably between wetlands but generally had the
              highest values in early spring.  Density was greatest in wetland 4,
              which had the lowest biomass, and the lowest density was found in
              wetland 1, which had the highest biomass.  None of the wetlands had
              any significant species classification, indicating lack of community
              structure and zonation pattern.  This was due in part to the radically
              changing water levels throughout the year.  Over the three year study,
              diversity increased in all five wetlands although values remained low
              to moderate.  The author suggests species richness be used more as a
              reliable indicator of general diversity rather than species diversity
              due to large numbers of single species plants.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1274

AUTHOR:       Cole, C.A., and E.A. Lefebvre

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Soil and water characteristics of a young surface mine wetland

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 15(3):403-410.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-US5

RESPONSE:     SOIL, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, CHARA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the soil and water characteristics of a young
              wetland on a reclaimed surface coal mine in southern Illinois.  This
              study was done in hopes that the analytical results could serve as a
              model for future wetland developments of surface mines.  Water
              parameters measured include conductivity, salinity, alkalinity,
              chloride, copper, total hardness, iron, manganese, nitrate, nitrite,
              phosphate, and sulfate. Soil parameters measured include pH, nitrate,
              nitrite, ammonia, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, aluminum,
              iron, sulfate, chloride, and percent organic matter.  Concentration of
              the variables were within the reported ranges of natural sites or
              other man-made wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       175

AUTHOR:       Colenbrander, H.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        The rational management of hydrological systems

SOURCE:       Pages 363-390 in M.W. Holdgate and M.J. Woodman, eds. The
              breakdown and restoration of ecosystems. Plenum Press, New
              York.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., L.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of hydrological systems that
              need to be considered in water management projects.  Topics
              include: 1) surface water systems (manmade channels and lakes),
              2) subsurface water systems (groundwater, soil moisture); and
              3) balancing of interests (e.g., preservation, agriculture,
              recreation).  To arrive at rational water resources management,
              "social" problems are often more difficult to solve than physical
              and technical ones.  Socio-economic models and a multilevel
              organizational hierarchy for decision making are necessary to
              achieve an optimal overall water management scheme.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1141

AUTHOR:       Colombo, E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Survey of a group of ponds in Epping Forest

SOURCE:       London Naturalist 67:47-68.

STATE:        ENGLAND

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-EM., PO-..., PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, CHEM

PGENUS:       FAGUS, QUERCUS, BETULA, PTERIDIUM, DESCHAMPSIA, CARPINUS,
              TYPHA, JUNCUS, LEMNA, POTAMOGETON

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes recolonization of vegetation on gravel pit
              ponds at 3 sites in Epping forest: Wake Arms; Deershelter Plain;
              and Strawberry Hill.  Number of plant species present are
              correlated with size and age of pond, water depth, and presence
              of organic matter.  Competition and succession are discussed in
              detail.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       176

AUTHOR:       Comes, R.D., and T. McCreary

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Approaches to revegetate shorelines at Lake Wallula on the
              Columbia River, Washington- Oregon

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. E-86-2. 91 pp.

STATE:        WA, OR

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: L2-US., R.-US2, R.-US3, PO-EM1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       CAREX, DESCHAMPSIA, ELEOCHARIS, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS, TYPHA,
              TRIFOLIUM, POLYGONUM, SAGITTARIA, ELAEAGNUS, MORUS, RIBES,
              ROBINIA, ROSA, SALIX, SAMBUCUS, CORNUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a field study to determine the suitability
              of 29 plant species for use in reservoir shoreline revegetation
              projects.  Three experimental sites were established: 1) a
              subimpoundment (control pool) in McNary Wildlife Park on the
              Columbia River, OR; 2) a protected mudflat on the river; and
              3) an exposed sandy beach on the river.  Plant performance is
              described for each species.  On the natural shoreline sites,
              Scirpus validus was the only consistent survivor.  On the control
              area, where water fluctuations were controlled, Salix fragilis,
              S. purpurea, Eleocharis coloradoensis, Carex obnupta, and
              C. rostrata were the most successful species.  Planting
              recommendations are discussed in detail.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1275

AUTHOR:       Comin, F.A., M. Manendez, and J.R. Lucena

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Proposals for macrophyte restoration in eutrophic coastal
              lagoons

SOURCE:       Pages 427-436 in R.D. Gulati, E.H.R.R. Lammens, M.L. Meijer,
              and E. van Donk, eds. Biomanipulation - Tool for Water
              Management. Hydrobiologia 200(201):427-436.

STATE:        SPAIN

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, E1-UB3

RESPONSE:     WQUAL

PGENUS:       RUPPIA, POTAMOGETON

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report compares two coastal lagoons (Encanizada and Tancada) in
              Ebro Delta, NE Spain.  Encanizada lagoon has no macrophytic population
              because of large amounts of phytoplankton and inorganic particles
              resulting in high turbidity of the water.  Phytoplankton blooms are
              the result of high nutrient discharge from freshwater inflows from
              rice field drains.  Tancada lagoon, on the other hand, has higher
              seawater influence and less turbidity thus allowing for the growth of
              macrophytes.  Three proposals for macrophyte restoration in Encanizada
              lagoon are proposed based on comparisons of environmental requirements
              for two macrophyte species, macrophyte versus phytoplankton biomass
              and production features, and differences in hydrological and nutrient
              balances between the two lagoons.  Decreasing freshwater inputs is
              proposed as the most effective means for restoration of Encanizada
              lagoon.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1419

AUTHOR:       Confer, S.R. and W.A. Niering

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Comparison of created and natural freshwater emergent wetlands
              in Connecticut

SOURCE:       Wetlands ecology and management 2(3):143-156.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, REPT, AMPHIB

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report compares five created palustrine/emergent wetlands with
              five natural wetlands to evaluate the viability of created wetlands.
              The created wetlands had deeper and more open water than the natural
              wetlands although greater water depth fluctuations occurred in natural
              wetlands.  Soil differences were great between the wetland sites with
              natural wetlands having rich soil containing high chroma and black
              organic soils.  Using transect data, total emergent plant cover was
              greater for natural sites, averaging 97% compared to 71% at created
              sites.  However, species richness was slightly greater at the created
              wetlands than at the natural wetlands.  Although wildlife sightings
              occurred infrequently at both sites, wildlife occurred more often in
              the natural wetland.  The authors recommend limited accumulation of
              sediments of anthropic origin to prolong the multi-functional activities
              of created wetlands.  They also recommend long-term research data to
              increase the data base on structural and functional attributes of
              created wetlands.
 
KEYWORDS:     comparison/created wetlands/wetlands/Connecticut/natural
              wetlands/soils/vegetation/Typha/emergent vegetation/wildlife/
              freshwater wetlands/wetlands mitigation/Typha latifolia/
              wildlife utilization/marshes/palustrine wetland/two-year study/
              emergent wetlands/soil/monitoring/diversity
 
===============================================================================

NUMBER:       177

AUTHOR:       Connell, J.H., and R.O. Slatyer

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role
              in community stability and organization

SOURCE:       Am. Nat. 111(982):1119-1144.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., E.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes several aspects of plant succession on
              disturbed sites.  Mechanisms of succession are described along
              with several models: 1) a facilitation model--earlier species
              prepare the ground, rendering it suitable for later species;
              2) a tolerance model--predictable sequences are produced by
              species that have different "strategies" for exploiting a site's
              resources; and 3) an inhibition model--species resist invasion of
              competitors; early species preempt the site and will inhibit
              growth of competitors until the early species die or are damaged.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1023

AUTHOR:       Connelly, D.P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Propagation of selected native marsh plants in the San Joaquin
              Valley

SOURCE:       California Dept. Fish Game, Sacramento, Wildl. Manage. Leafl.
              No. 15. 13 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, PASPALUM, POLYGONUM, ELEOCHARIS, RUMEX, MONTIA, ASTER

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This leaflet discusses propagation and management of six marsh
              plant species beneficial to dabbling ducks of the San Joaquin
              Valley, CA: swamp timothy, picklegrass, alkali bulrush,
              jointgrass, smartweed, and spikerush.  Information includes
              optimal soil depth and temperatures for germination, reduction
              of plant competition, survival, maximum waterfowl use, and
              other benefits of planting these species (e.g., cattail control,
              creation of favorable aquatic invertebrate habitat).  The author
              stresses that any marsh program should incorporate a mixture of
              plants to provide diversified habitat and optimal conditions for
              long-term waterfowl use.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1233

AUTHOR:       Conner, W.H., and K. Flynn

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Growth and survival of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.)
              Rich.) planted across a flooding gradient in a Louisiana
              bottomland forest

SOURCE:       Wetlands 9(2):207-217.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Describes a project conducted in a bottomland hardwood wetland
              (Lake Verret Basin between East Atchafalaya Protection Levee, the
              Mississippi River, and Bayou Lafourche) to determine growth and
              survival rates for baldcypress seedlings planted on unflooded
              intermittently flooded, and flooded plots (hydroperiods are
              defined).  Seedlings were planted in March and September.  Half
              the seedlings were protected with a chickenwire fence.  Unprotected
              seedlings planted in March sustained 100% browse induced
              mortality; unprotected seedlings planted in September had
              survival rates of 24% (unflooded), 28%, and 68% (flooded).
              First year survival rates for all other plantings were high.
              Third year survival rates for all plantings (except those listed
              above) were highest on the flooded and intermittently flooded
              areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1272

AUTHOR:       Conroy, S.D., and T.J. Svejcar

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Willow planting success as influenced by site factors and
              cattle grazing in northeastern California

SOURCE:       Journal of Range Management 44(1):59-63.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study evaluates the influences of grazing and selected site
              factors on the survival and leader growth of planted Geyer willow
              cuttings along three tributaries to Lake Davis in the northern Sierra
              Nevada.  The unrooted cuttings were planted at three locations along
              the streams (streambottom, streambank, and stream terrace).  The
              author reveals no significant effects of grazing on survival or
              growth, however, stream channel location did have a significant effect
               on survival.  Willows planted within 20-30cm of the watertable had
              the highest mean survival rate.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       178

AUTHOR:       Conservation Consultants, Inc.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Wetland reclamation pilot study for W.R. Grace & Company:
              annual report for 1978

SOURCE:       Conserv. Consult., Inc., Palmetto, FL. 56 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS3, PO-FO2, PO-SS1, PO-EM1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       ACER, MAGNOLIA, NYSSA, ILEX, CORNUS, TAXODIUM, JUNCUS,
              PANICUM, ECHINOCHLOA, ELEOCHARIS, SAGITTARIA, CYPERUS,
              POLYGONUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses a baseline study of 2 marshes in Manatee
              County, FL, and construction and 1 year monitoring of 4 pilot-
              scale wetlands in Hillsborough County, FL.  Four small depressions
              were constructed on a site containing trace amounts of phosphates.
              One site was used as a control, one was planted with marsh plants
              from a nearby natural marsh, one received only a layer of organic
              marsh material, and the last was planted with trees.  Phosphate
              levels in artificial wetlands were higher, partly due to
              fertilization of surrounding grassland.  The mulched marsh showed
              the greatest diversity of plants.  However, continued monitoring
              is necessary to determine all effects of treatments.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1136

AUTHOR:       Continental Shelf Associates

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Seagrass revegetation studies in Monroe County

SOURCE:       Continental Shelf Assoc., Inc. Tequesta, FL, Publ. No.
              FLR-ER-20-82. 95 pp. + Append.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, SEED

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M2-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON, CHEM, SOIL, WQUAL

PGENUS:       HALODULE, THALASSIA, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study examined the establishment and monitoring of
              experimental seagrass plantings in Monroe County, Florida Keys, to
              determine the feasibility of restoring large areas of seagrasses
              for mitigation purposes.  Plugs, turions, seeds, and seedlings were
              planted.  The following physical parameters were measured: growth,
              pH, eh, nutrients, organic and inorganic carbon, trace metals,
              sediment grain size, elevation, salinity, and temperature.  Results
              are included.  Recovery of donor sites was also examined.  Planting
              22 x 22 cm intact plugs of Thalassia, Syringodium, and Halodule
              at 1 m intervals was the most successful method.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1249

AUTHOR:       Conway, T.E., and J.M. Murtha

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        The Iselin Marsh Pond Meadow

SOURCE:       Pages 139-144 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural.
              Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1K0RX, PO-AB3K0RX, PO-AB4K0RX

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, SUCCESS, ECON

PGENUS:       TYPHA, PHALARIS, LEMNA, NUPHAR, SAGITTARIA, AMACHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Describes a pilot project designed to determine the feasibility
              of using a wetland to treat wastewater from 62 homes in Iselin,
              Indiana Co., PA.  Construction costs were $174,000.  The system
              includes 4 main components (listed in effluent receiving order):
              1) a Typha latifolia emergent marsh to remove dissolved minerals;
              2) a pond with Lemna, Sagittaria, Nuphar and Amacharis to remove
              dissolved nutrients and fish to eat the plants; 3) a Phalaris
              arundinacea meadow for final filtration and nutrient uptake;
              and 4) an erosion chlorinator and contact tank for bacteriological
              control.  Average yearly reductions were: 1) 97% for BOD5;
              2) 89% for suspended solids; 3) 99% for fecal coliform;
              4) 77% for ammonia nitrogen (summer- 93%, winter- 54%);
              and 5) 82% for total phosphorus (summer- 90%, winter- 68%).
              System modifications over the 5 year monitoring period are
              described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       179

AUTHOR:       Cook, A.H., and C.F. Powers

PUBL. YEAR:   1965

TITLE:        Early biochemical changes in the soils and waters of
              artificially created marshes in New York

SOURCE:       New York Fish Game J. 5(1):9-65.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       SOIL, FERT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, WQUAL, CHEM, HYDRO

PGENUS:       TYPHA, POTAMOGETON, ANACHARIS, CYPERUS, ERAGROSTIS, LEERSIA,
              ELEOCHARIS, BIDENS, LEMNA, WOLFFIA, SPARGANIUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a 2 year study of artificially created
              marshes in central NY: 1) Swartwood Marsh, West Danby, a 15 acre
              artificial impoundment; 2) Future Farmers of America Marsh,
              Spencer, flooded in 1954; and 3) Howland's Island Game Management
              Area, near Port Byron in the Seneca River, study site ponds
              flooded in 1934.  Water quality and changes in marsh soil
              chemistry following flooding or drainage are evaluated.  Marshes
              adjacent to good agricultural soils were more productive than
              those surrounded by degraded soils.  Marsh basin soils were more
              fertile and had higher concentrations of iron and manganese than
              contiguous drainage areas.  Production varied from about 2 1/4
              to 6 tons of air-dried plant material per acre.  Thermal and
              chemical stratification of the water, vegetative conditions
              before and after drainage, fertilization, liming, affects of water
              level fluctuations, and marsh management are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       180

AUTHOR:       Cooper, C.O., and T.A. Wesche

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Stream channel modification to enhance trout habitat under low
              flow conditions

SOURCE:       Univ. Wyoming, Water Resour. Res. Inst., Laramie, Water
              Resour. Ser. No. 58. 107 pp.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-EM1, R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       SALIX, PINUS, CAREX, ARTEMISIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides a method for enhancing stream habitat by flow
              manipulation on Douglas Creek, Albany and Carbon Counties, WY.
              The stream channel was altered by installing a 4 ft Parshall flume
              just downstream of the study area.  A gaging station obtained data
              on discharge rates and channel flows.  Artificial overhangs with
              attached Salix and low-profile gabion structures were installed on
              the stream bank.  Flows greater than 400 cfs were destructive to
              the vegetation, structures, and stream channel.  Total costs of
              construction materials were $1,500; estimated life expectancy was
              2-10 years.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1024

AUTHOR:       Cooper, D.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Mountain wetland vegetation dynamics

SOURCE:       Pages 23-25 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K.
              Miller, tech. coords. Restoration, creation, and management of
              wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. Soc.
              Wetland Sci., Rocky Mountain Chap., Denver, CO.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-EM1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       CAREX, CALAMAGROSTIS, SALIX, BETULA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes conditions in mountain wetlands found
              in basins, along streams and springs, in the southern Rocky
              Mountains.  Vegetation in these areas depends on:
              1) microtopography of the wetland; 2) nutrient input conditions
              from mire margin to mire expanse; and 3) overall nutrient sources
              of the wetland along a poor-to-rich gradient.  Restoration of
              these wetlands because of negative impacts on these three
              gradients is discussed.  Creation of these wetland types is
              considered to be extremely limited due to the difficulty of
              creating necessary hydrologic conditions.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1126

AUTHOR:       Cooper, D.J., and J.C. Emerick

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        The effects of acid mine drainage on a Carex aquatilis fen in
              the Colorado Rocky Mountains

SOURCE:       Pages 96-100 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland
              and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual
              meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland
              Sci., Wilmington, NC.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       CAREX, BETULA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study to provide baseline data on the
              vegetation and soils of a fen in the Peru Creek Drainage, central
              Colorado (elevation 11,000 ft).  The fen received contaminated
              water from a nearby mine and from water seeping through tailings,
              waste rock, and other sources of contamination.  The effects
              of contaminants on vegetation are assessed- specifically Mn, Fe,
              Zn, Al, Cu, Sr, B, Ni, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb in leaves and roots of Carex
              aquatilis at healthy, moderate, and poor sites.  Metal exclusion
              mechanisms in Carex limit entry of metals into plant roots;
              inactivation mechanisms limit transport of metals within the
              plants.  Concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Al are most likely causes
              of phytotoxicity.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1025

AUTHOR:       Cooper, D.J., and B. Smith

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        First annual report: Chatfield Arboretum wetland creation
              project

SOURCE:       Colorado School Mines, Dept. Environ. Sci. Eng. Ecol., Golden,
              Unpubl. Rep. 79 pp.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB.

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       JUNCUS, CAREX, SPARTINA, ELEOCHARIS, SCIRPUS, AGROSTIS, TYPHA,
              SAGITTARIA, CERATOPHYLLUM, POLYGONUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents data on hydrology, soils, and plant
              communities 1 year after creation of the Chatfield Arboretum
              Wetlands Project, Jefferson County, CO.  The wetlands were
              created as Corps of Engineers Section 404 permit mitigation for
              filling of 17 acres of wetlands at Massey Draw due to Metro
              Denver C-470 highway construction.  Four depressions were
              excavated until the groundwater table was reached.  Wetland
              soils from massey draw area were transplanted to the site.
              Over 70 plant species were present 1 year later.  Low water
              table and coarse soils resulted in inadequate filling of
              depressions.  Surface water flow will be necessary to provide
              adequate inundation for establishing proposed wetlands.
              Monitoring will continue for 4 more years.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       181

AUTHOR:       Cooper, J.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        An overview of estuarine habitat mitigation projects in
              Washington State

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Olympia, WA, Unpubl. Rep. 18 pp.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL, HYDRO, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-EM1, E2-US1, E2-US3

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents an overview of estuarine habitat mitigation
              projects in WA.  Four techniques were commonly used: substrate
              modification, shoreline creation, eelgrass transplantation, and
              marsh complex establishment.  Most projects included baseline
              resource assessment and monitoring components.  Fewer projects
              included contingency plans for potential courses of action in the
              event of suboptimal project performance or failure of the habitat.
              Specific functional standards or success criteria were rarely
              pinpointed.  Mitigation goals or objectives were rarely provided.
              A concerted effort to provide thorough mitigation plans must be
              undertaken to protect estuarine habitat.  Critical site specific
              factors should be considered, including soils, hydrologic regime,
              proper contour grading and slopes, erosion control, and careful
              planting practices.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       182

AUTHOR:       Cooper, P.F., and A.G. Boon

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        The use of Phragmites for wastewater treatment by the root
              zone method: the UK approach

SOURCE:       Pages 153-174 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic
              plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia
              Publ., Orlando, FL.

STATE:        UNITED KINGDOM, ENGLAND

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the root zone method of wastewater
              treatment developed in West Germany and currently being evaluated
              in the United Kingdom for more than 30 pilot systems.  The
              treatment process is based on bacterial activity in the
              rhizosphere of Phragmites plants and typically consists of plants
              grown in a 0.6 m deep bed of soil or gravel, sloped at 2-8%, and
              fully sealed.  The system is aesthetically acceptable, consists of
              a simple design with relatively low costs and low maintenance, and
              offers wildlife habitat.  Preliminary suggestions for monitoring
              the program for the root zone beds are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1254

AUTHOR:       Cooper, P.F., and J.A. Hobson

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Sewage treatment by reed bed systems: the present situation
              in the United Kingdom

SOURCE:       Pages 153-171 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural.
              Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        UNITED KINGDOM

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SEED, SOIL, LAB, BIOCIDE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, SUCCESS, ECON

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Several Phragmites australis dominated reed bed treatment systems
              have been constructed in the United Kingdom to treat sewage from
              various sources.  Construction costs ranged from 50-150 British
              Pounds/PE.  PE= population equivalent based on 56 g BOD5/person/
              day and 170 l/person/day.  Specific location, size, slope, depth,
              substrate, flow rate, sewage source, planting time, and PE are
              given for each site.  Performance data are given for several
              sites that had been active for up to 2 years.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1570

AUTHOR:       Coops, H. M. Ohm, and A Nijhuis

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Former tidal wetlands revitalized: nature development in the
              Dordtse Biesbosoch reserve, the Netherlands

SOURCE:       Journal of Water, Science, and Technology 29(3):363-365.

STATE:        NETHERLANDS

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, EROSION

ACTION:       HYDRO, LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EMI

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses efforts to restore vitality to an estuary
              severely degraded by diminished tides and bank erosion.  A series of
              efforts to restore tidal action included reconstructing breakwaters,
              lowering a dam and entrance channel, lowering bank profiles, and
              constructing a new channel.  A sediment basin and shallow zones were
              also created and planted with various helophytes.  Finally dykes were
              removed to promote tidal inundation of the floodplain forests.  Annual
              monitoring has been initiated by an interdiciplinary group which will
              anually report various hydrologic, sediment, invertebrate, fishery,
              vegetation, and avian development.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1607

AUTHOR:       Corbitt, R.A. and P.T. Bowen

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment

SOURCE:       Pages 221-241 in D.M. Kent, editor. Applied wetlands science
              and technology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 436 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, MANY

PGENUS:       CAREX, THYPA, CLADIUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Wetland functions are discusssed as well as the importance of
              understanding these functions in the application of wetlands for
              use in wastewater treatment.  Treatment processes and mechanisms
              such as how various types of constructed wetlands work to remove BOD,
              suspended solids, nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus, and metals are
              reviewed.  Considerations in constructing a wastewater treatment
              wetland include any existing natural wetlands on site, site location,
              hydrology, soild characteristics, and topography.  Loading rates, type
              of wetland design (FWS vs SFS), plant selection guidelines are offered
              in addition to suggestions for operating and maintenence of the system.
              Finally, case studies are reviewed of existing contructed wetland
              types and efficiency for wastewater treatment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       183

AUTHOR:       Coss, R.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Wildlife habitats provided by aquatic plant communities of
              surface mine lakes

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale. 103 pp.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L2-AB3, PO-AB3, PO-EM1, L2-EM2, L.-AB1

RESPONSE:     FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG,
              CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       CHARA, POTAMOGETON, NAJAS, TYPHA, ALISMA, SAGITTARIA,
              ELEOCHARIS, SCIRPUS, LEERSIA, PHRAGMITES, JUSSIAEA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis characterizes the aquatic plant communities of 4
              surface mine lakes in Perry County, IL, and evaluates these
              communities as wildlife habitat.  All lakes had water quality
              sufficient to support aquatic plants; Chara and Potamogeton were
              the dominant genera.  Emergent plant communities developed at
              only 1 lake; cattle grazing and steep shorelines curtailed growth
              at the other 3 lakes.  Management recommendations for enhancing
              wildlife habitat by the creation of surface mine lakes included
              grading to develop topographic variation and to create ample
              littoral areas protected from wind and wave action and exclusion
              of cattle from portions of the shoreline.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       184

AUTHOR:       Coultas, C.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Transplanting needlerush

SOURCE:       Pages 117-124 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh
              annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper documents experimentation with transplanting and growth
              of needlerush.  Plants were taken from a marsh at Wakulla Beach,
              FL; rhizomes and leaves were cut into lengths averaging 6 and 20
              cm, respectively.  Four factors were examined in various
              combinations: rhizomes with or without terminal or lateral buds
              and planting with or without treatments of rootone, a commercial
              growth regulator.  After 6 months' growth in the greenhouse,
              rhizomes with buds were larger and had more shoots and buds than
              rhizomes without buds.  Rootone had a negative effect on plant
              growth.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       185

AUTHOR:       Coultas, C.L., G.A. Breitenbeck, W.L. Kruczynski, and C.B.
              Subrahmanyam

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Vegetative stabilization of dredge spoil in north Florida

SOURCE:       J. Soil Water Conserv. 33(4):183-185.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1, E2-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       UNIOLA, PANICUM, AMMOPHILA, SPARTINA, IVA, BACCHARIS,
              PASPALUM, MYRICA, PARTHENOCISSUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study was designed to determine the suitability of several
              grasses for the stabilization of sandy dredged material in
              supertidal areas of Dickerson Bay near Panancea, FL.  The effect
              of fertilizer on the growth of sea oats, panic grass, and American
              beachgrass was tested.  Results indicated that these grasses were
              effective in stabilizing the spoil in the supertidal zone.  Where
              the beach is exposed to high energy wave action, prior mechanical
              stabilization was necessary for the establishment of intertidal
              vegetation.  Plants were treated with 100 lb/acre of 10-10-10
              fertilizer twice during the growing season.  All plants benefitted,
              but there was little advantage in applying 200 lb/acre of
              fertilizer.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       186

AUTHOR:       Courser, W.D., and R.R. Lewis

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        The use of marine revegetation for erosion control on the Palm
              River, Tampa, Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 125-136 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh
              annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, PASPALUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a revegetation project to control erosion
              along the Palm River, Tampa, FL.  Sixty meters of river bank were
              cleared and excavated; Spartina alterniflora and Paspalum
              vaginatum were planted.  After 7 months, P. vaginatum covered
              nearly 100% of the planted area.  The S. alterniflora survival
              rate was about 20%; however, surviving plants were well
              established and spreading rapidly.  Bahia sod was installed above
              these plantings and burlap was used to stabilize planted areas.
              Installation and plant material costs were about  123/m of
              shoreline; this was compared to costs for erosion control via a
              sand-cement bag revetment (approx. 330/m of shoreline).  Project
              area maintenance needs are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       187

AUTHOR:       Cowell, E.B., and J.M. Baker

PUBL. YEAR:   1969

TITLE:        Recovery of a salt marsh in Pembrokeshire, south-west Wales,
              from pollution by crude oil

SOURCE:       Biol. Conserv. 1(4):291-295.

STATE:        WALES

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-AB1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SUAEDA, SALICORNIA, HALIMIONE, ASTER, COCHLEARIA, TRIGLOCHIN,
              PUCCINELLIA, JUNCUS, LIMONIUM, SPARTINA, ENTEROMORPHA,
              VAUCHERIA, ULOTHRIX, FESTUCA, GLAUX, PLANTAGO, ARTEMISIA,
              SPERGULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the recovery of vegetation at Bentlass Salt
              Marsh, near Pembroke, southwest Wales, after a spill of 250,000 kg
              of crude oil in the adjacent Milford Haven Bay on 13 January 1967.
              Frequency data collected in June 1966-1968 indicated that some
              plant species were more affected by the spill than other species.
              In June 1967, Suaeda maritima, Salicornia spp., Halimione
              portulacoides, and filamentous green algae showed the greatest
              reduction in frequency; Cochlearia spp., Triglochin maritima,
              Puccinellia maritima, Juncus gerardii, Limonium humile, and
              Spartina townsendii showed some reduction; and Festuca rubra,
              Plantago maritima, Armeria maritima, Artemisia maritima,
              Glaux maritima, and Spergularia spp. were not significantly
              lower than prespill levels.  By June 1968, most species exhibited
              some degree of recovery.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       188

AUTHOR:       Cox, G.V., and E.B. Cowell

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Mitigating oil spill damage-- ecologically responsible
              clean-up

SOURCE:       Pages 121-128 in G.A. Swanson, Tech. Coord. The mitigation
              symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish
              and wildlife habitats. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: M1-..., M2-US2, E2-US., E2-EM1, E2-FO3, L.-..., R.-...,
              PO-..., M2-RS.

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, PUCCINELLIA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA,
              RHIZOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of clean-up techniques for
              mitigating oil spill damage in various wetland types.  Techniques
              include using booms and skimmers, applying solvent-based
              dispersants, cleaning shores with high pressure waterjets,
              bulldozing sandy beaches, burning marsh vegetation, and cutting
              and removing vegetation.  The authors urge development of
              contingency plans prior to oil spill events for the most effective
              mitigation of damage.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1273

AUTHOR:       Cox, R.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Revegetation projects in Orlando Lakes

SOURCE:       Aquaphyte (7):15.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, WFOWL, FISH, VEG, HUSE

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This brief article discusses transplanting cypress trees and other
              vegetation to lake shores around Orlando, Florida.  The author
              suggests that these transplantings will benefit the total ecosystem as
              well as improve aesthetics of the shorelines.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1105

AUTHOR:       Craft, C.B., S.W. Broome, and E.D. Seneca

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon pools in natural and
              transplanted marsh soils

SOURCE:       Estuaries 11(4):272-280.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study compares soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon
              pools in both natural and transplanted marshes at five locations
              along the coast of NC. Three of the natural marshes had organic
              soil; two were underlain by mineral soils. Findings included: 1)
              soil organic content was greater in the natural marshes; 2) of the
              transplanted marshes, the two oldest marshes contained the most
              macroorganic matter, while the youngest marsh contained the least;
              and 3) macroorganic nutrient Reservoirs develop in about 15-30 yrs.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       189

AUTHOR:       Craft, C.E., S.W. Broome, and E.D. Seneca

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        The role of transplanted marshes in processing nitrogen,
              phosphorus and organic carbon in estuarine waters

SOURCE:       Pages 327-332 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon
              fluxes between an irregularly flooded transplanted Spartina marsh
              (established the first year of monitoring) and the Pamlico River
              Estuary, NC.  Concentrations of dissolved organic C were
              significantly higher in waters flowing out of the transplanted
              marsh.  Concentrations of dissolved organic N were higher,
              although not significantly, in waters flowing out of the
              transplanted marsh.  In contrast, ammonium and phosphates were
              significantly higher in estuarine water pumped into the marsh.
              Transplanted marshes serve as sources of dissolved organic
              materials and as sinks for particulates and inorganic nutrients.
              The productivity of transplanted marshes appears to be sustained,
              in part, by external inputs of N and P in estuarine waters.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       190

AUTHOR:       Craig, R.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Plants for coastal dunes of the Gulf and South Atlantic coasts
              and Puerto Rico

SOURCE:       U.S. Soil Conserv. Serv., Agric. Inform. Bull. 460. 41 pp.

STATE:        PUERTO RICO, TX, MS, LA, AL, FL, GA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO4, E2-SS3, E2-SS1, E2-FO3, E2-FO1, E2-US2, M2-US2

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       PANICUM, CYNODON, SPARTINA, CENCHRUS, SCHIZACHYRIUM, UNIOLA,
              SPOROBOLUS, PASPALUM, DISTICHLIS, STENOTAPHRUM, EUSTACHYS,
              CASSIA, CANAVALIA, SESUVIUM, GAILLARDIA, HELIANTHUS, IPOMOEA,
              HYDROCOTYLE, CASUARINA, SURIANA, CONOCARPUS, SABAL, PRUNUS,
              COCOS, CHRYSOBALANUS, QUERCUS, COCCOLOBA, MYRICA, YUCCA,
              ERNODEA, OPUNTIA, DALBERGIA, SCAEVOLA, LANTANA, SERENOA,
              TOURNEFORTIA, IVA, CROTON, ILEX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses revegetation of coastal dunes along the Gulf
              and South Atlantic Coasts and Puerto Rico.  The section on
              planning includes a brief discussion of walkways, sand-trapping
              devices, and surface mulch.  Descriptions of individual species of
              grasses (13 species), other herbaceous plants (9 species), trees
              (11 species), and shrubs (10 species) include recommended
              propagation techniques.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       191

AUTHOR:       Crandall, M.E., and J.L. Lindsey

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Establishment of controlled freshwater diversions of the
              Mississippi River into the Louisiana coastal zone

SOURCE:       Pages 139-146 in R.D. Cross and D.L. Williams, eds.
              Proceedings of the national symposium on freshwater inflow to
              estuaries. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., FWS/OBS-81/04.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-...

RESPONSE:     FISH

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of the Louisiana coastal program
              and how this program, which started in the 1970's, led to the
              development of guidelines for regulating the deterioration of
              coastal wetlands.  Solutions included establishing and
              implementing guidelines designed to restore or mimic the natural
              processes of the wetlands.  A potential exists for increasing
              wetland areas by using freshwater sites to divert water and
              sediment to the problem areas.  A small scale project in the St.
              Bernard Parish was dredged in the early 1960's and resulted in
              increased salinity and erosion levels.  The restoration effort
              included the construction of a siphon to deliver fresh water from
              February-March, the period of traditional overbank flooding.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       192

AUTHOR:       Crawford, R.D., and J.A. Rossiter

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        General design considerations in creating artificial wetlands
              for wildlife

SOURCE:       Pages 44-47 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds.
              Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp.
              Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        ND

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a monitoring study of 18 constructed wetland
              basins in Pembina, Pierce, and Barnes Counties, ND.  All were 3-5
              years old.  Four natural basin wetlands were compared.  A brief
              overview of the first 2 years of the study is provided.  Design
              recommendations include discussion of bottom contouring, vegetative
              growth, clay sealing for prevention of leakage, use of hay to
              accelerate development of detritus food chain, use of muck from
              existing wetlands for seed bank and organic matter, island
              construction, shoreline slope considerations, and upland vegetation
              management.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       193

AUTHOR:       Crewz, D.W., and M.D. Moffler

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        An evaluation of air-layering with three species of mangroves

SOURCE:       Pages 46-61 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA, RHIZOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Air-layering was effective for the propagation of white mangroves,
              but not for black or red mangroves.  Production of air layers may
              take a year; white mangrove forms an adequate root system in 4-6
              months.  Application of hormones and osmotic agents had no
              significant effects on rooting of mangroves.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       194

AUTHOR:       Crossman, J.S., J. Cairns, Jr., and R.L. Kaesler

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Aquatic invertebrate recovery in the Clinch River following
              hazardous spills and floods

SOURCE:       Virginia Polytech. Inst. St. Univ., Water Resour. Cent.,
              Blacksburg, Bull. 63. 66 pp.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R3-..., R2-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper evaluates the recovery of benthic macroinvertebrates
              and fish in the Clinch River in southwestern VA following 2
              major industrial contaminant spills and flooding.  A spill
              from a fly-ash holding pond in 1967 and a sulfuric acid spill in
              1970 eliminated benthic organisms and killed approximately 5,300
              fish.  Four stations above the spill site served as control
              stations and 12 sites below the spill were surveyed to assess
              recovery.  Cluster analysis of the data provided information on
              species density, diversity, and recolonization rate.  Comparative
              charts on species diversity, tolerance, and density are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1497

AUTHOR:       Crumpton, W.G., T.M. Isenhart, and S.W. Fisher

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Fate of non-point source nitrate loads in freshwater wetlands:
              results from experimental wetland mesocosms

SOURCE:       Pages 283-291 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        IA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Forty-eight experimental wetland mesocosms were set up to gain a
              better understanding of water quality functions of wetlands by
              controlling physical forcing functions.  Tanks were filled with
              sediment, planted with Typha rhizomes, and flooded.  Fertilizer
              injectors were used for the controlled addition of chemicals into the
              irrigation water.  Batch dose studies, flowthrough mass balance
              studies, and direct measurements of transformations to determine
              assimilation capacities of wetlands on nitrate loading, phosphorus
              addition, and sediment loading were conducted.  At the end of the
              second growing season cattail densities were 65.2 shoots/m2 and the
              mesocosms reasonably simulated emergent wetlands.  Eighty percent or
              better nitrate retention occured with residence times of one week and
              loading rates of 3-15 mg/L of nitrate nitrogen.  Further studies
              testing the effectiveness of nitrate sinks in wetlands are underway.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       195

AUTHOR:       Cumming, K.B., and D.M. Hill

PUBL. YEAR:   1971

TITLE:        Stream faunal recovery after manganese strip mine reclamation

SOURCE:       U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, Water Pollut. Control Res. Ser.
              No. 18050 DOH 06/71. 36 pp.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., R4-SB., R.-UB1, R.-UB3

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report compares some of the chemical, physical, and
              biological parameters of streams draining manganese strip mine
              spoils in 3 stages of reclamation within the upper drainage of the
              South Fork of the Holston River, Smyth County, VA.  Spoil
              reclamation stages were classified as reclaimed, partially
              reclaimed, and unreclaimed; details of reclamation are not
              included in the report.  Seasonal monitoring indicated that the
              community structure of fish and benthic macroinvertebrates in
              these streams remains severely depressed until complete reclamation
              of the spoils has been accomplished.  Six years after reclamation,
              only the faunal community in the stream draining the fully
              reclaimed area has recovered.  Siltation and turbidity appeared to
              be the limiting factors in recovery of faunal communities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1026

AUTHOR:       Cuneo, K.L.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        A predictive formula for use in planning salt marsh
              restorations in San Francisco Bay, California

SOURCE:       Pages 112-115 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland
              and riparian ecosystems of the American west: eighth annual
              meeting of the society of wetland scientists. Soc. Wetland
              Sci., Wilmington, NC.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study of 10 relatively undisturbed marshes
              in the San Francisco Bay area to establish correlations between
              the elevation at which Salicornia is found, relative percent
              cover, mean elevations of various reference planes, distance
              from the Golden Gate, and amount of suspended sediment in
              ambient bay water.  Prediction of elevation for Salicornia in the
              bay area will be useful in estimating amount of earthwork required
              to restore former wetlands (that have been leveed) to a more
              natural condition.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1433

AUTHOR:       Curtis, M.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Establishing eelgrass beds in California

SOURCE:       Pages 477-489 in H. S. Bolton and O. T. Magoon, eds. Coastal
              wetlands. American Society of Civil Engineers. New York, NY.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: M1-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes restoration efforts and techniques for
              restoring eelgrass beds.  Resource agencies in California presently
              require removed eelgrass be replaced on at least a one-to-one basis
              and replacement projects must be monitored to ensure its establishment
              and survival.  Eelgrass is restricted by depth, therefore; once an
              appropriate area is found the site must be prepared with dredged
              sediments to accept transplanted grass.  The location of transplant
              areas, time of planting, and transplanting techniques are discussed in
              detail.  Several cases of eelgrass restoration as well as reasons for
              their failure or success are also provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       196

AUTHOR:       Cutlip, C.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        An evaluation of reclaimed wetlands on five phosphate mined
              sites in central Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 62-72 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-EM., PO-SS.

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ULMUS, TAXODIUM, CARPINUS, SABAL, FRAXINUS, CATALPA,
              CEPHALANTHUS, ILEX, OSTRYA, QUERCUS, GORDONIA, PINUS, PERSEA,
              JUNIPERUS, ACER, BETULA, SERENOA, BACCHARIS, MAGNOLIA,
              CYRILLA, NYSSA, LIQUIDAMBAR, PLATANUS, CARYA, MYRICA,
              ALTERNANTHERA, MICRANTHEMUM, ECHINOCHLOA, URENA, CAREX, TYPHA,
              SALIX, SAGITTARIA, SALVINIA, SPARTINA, EUPATORIUM, LEMNA,
              SAMBUCUS, CYPERUS, EICHHORNIA, LIMNOBIUM, SCIRPUS, EQUISETUM,
              PANICUM, THELYPTERIS, PLUCHEA, ANDROPOGON, PONTEDERIA,
              CHENOPODIUM, LUDWIGIA, POLYGONUM, JUNCUS, FUIRENA, PISTIA,
              PASPALUM, HYDROCOTYLE, HIBISCUS, ZIZANIA, CANNA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The international minerals and chemicals corporation phosphate
              mine reclamation process includes planning, execution, monitoring,
              and adjustments.  Five FL sites reclaimed to freshwater wetlands
              are evaluated in this study.  Recommendations for future
              reclamation projects included: 1) reclamation projects should be
              hydrologically connected to adjacent natural systems; 2) upland
              and wetland species should be planted at different elevations;
              3) when possible, reclamation should begin at the top of a
              watershed; 4) reclaimed areas should occur in large blocks; and
              5) mulch should be viewed as a seed source and spread over a large
              area.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       197

AUTHOR:       D'Avanzo, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Vegetation in freshwater replacement wetlands in the Northeast

SOURCE:       Pages 53-81 in J.S. Larson and C. Neill, eds. Mitigating
              freshwater wetland alterations in the glaciated northeastern
              United States: an assessment of the science base. Univ.
              Massachusetts, Environ. Inst., Amherst, Publ. No. 87-1.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., R.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes in detail the role of vegetation for each of
              10 major wetland functions.  More research is needed in relating
              structure to function in wetland systems to allow for more
              effective mitigation.  To date, most mitigation efforts have not
              been evaluated in terms of successful reestablishment of wetland
              functions.  Three case studies of the effectiveness of wetland
              mitigation efforts are discussed in some detail.  Problems that
              resulted in ineffective or marginally successful mitigation are
              described.  Recommendations for successful wetland creation are
              listed; a proposal for a vegetation study to determine the
              effectiveness of created or restored wetlands is discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1172

AUTHOR:       D'Avanzo, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Long-term evaluation of wetland creation projects

SOURCE:       Pages 75-83 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II.
              Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-..., M.-..., R.-..., E.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an evaluation of more than 100 wetland
              mitigation (creation or restoration) projects.  The evolution of
              these wetlands over time, and the feasibility of creating wetlands
              that will function successfully in the long term are discussed.
              Six criteria for success evaluation are: 1) comparison of
              vegetative growth in natural and artificial wetlands after at least
              2 growing seasons; 2) habitat requirements of plants invading the
              created wetland site; 3) success planted species; 4) comparison of
              faunal species composition and biomass at artificial and natural
              sites; 5) chemical analyses of soils in both artificial and natural
              wetlands; and 6) evidence of geologic or hydrologic changes over
              time.  Reasons for wetland creation/restoration failure or success
              are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       198

AUTHOR:       Dahl, B.E., B.A. Fall, A. Lohse, and S.G. Appan

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Construction and stabilization of coastal foredunes with
              vegetation: Padre Island, Texas

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir, VA.
              188 pp.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       PANICUM, UNIOLA, SPARTINA, INDIGOFERA, AMMOPHILA, SCAEVOLA,
              IPOMOEA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses experiments establishing technical
              specifications and methodologies for the use of beach grasses to
              construct and stabilize foredunes as storm surge barriers along the
              Gulf Coast, Padre Island, TX.  Bitter panicum and sea oats were
              the best adapted species for beach plantings.  The most successful
              method of establishing a vegetated dune ridge was transplanting
              these grasses on the backshore, where they trapped, grew through,
              and stabilized accumulating sand.  Stabilizing barren dunes with
              sand fencing was more difficult and costly.  Winter through spring
              was the most favorable period for transplanting both grasses.
              Fertilization the first year improved initial sand-trapping
              ability, but subsequent fertilization was unnecessary.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1027

AUTHOR:       Dahl, T.E., and D.E. Nomsen

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Seed bank of a drained prairie wetland

SOURCE:       Pages 304-308 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, eds. Wetland and
              riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual
              meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland
              Sci., Wilmington, NC.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the abundance and diversity of
              ungerminated seeds from 10 soil cores taken from a previously
              drained wetland basin in Ottertail County, MN.  Seeds of 36
              plant species, including Alisma plantago-aquatica, Echinochloa
              spp., Panicum capillare, Polygonum lapathifolium, and Scirpus
              spp., were collected.  Seed bank density was approximately 4,212
              seeds per square meter.  Total seed numbers do not reflect number
              germinated because seed viability is a percentage of total seed
              numbers and germination is a fraction of the viable population.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       199

AUTHOR:       Dai, T.S., and I.K. Hill

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        The role of vegetation in stabilizing the Lower Great Lakes
              Canadian shoreline

SOURCE:        J. Great Lakes Res. 3(1-2):46-56.

STATE:        ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., L2-..., PO-..., PO-SS.

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SOLIDAGO, MELILOTUS, DAUCUS, OSTRYA, ACER, VITIS, TYPHA,
              THUJA, POPULUS, SALIX, RHUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper examines the natural vegetation of the Canadian
              shoreline of Lakes Ontario, Erie, and St. Clair.  The effects of
              microclimate, soil, properties, physiognomic features of the
              bluffs, and degree of alteration of the shorelines were considered
              with respect to vegetation cover; no single environmental factor
              appeared to control vegetation type.  Five major groups of
              shoreline plant communities were identified.  Features of sites
              with minimal erosion included: 1) gentle slope forms, less than
              25 degrees; 2) sandy loam soils on backshores; 3) minor seepage
              with no running gullies; and 4) tree cover on top of the bluff.
              The loss of deciduous trees along shorelines has contributed to
              erosion problems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       200

AUTHOR:       Daiber, F.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Dredge material for wetland restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 140-177 in F.C. Daiber, ed. Conservation of tidal
              marshes. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, SEED, PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, SOIL, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA, AMARANTHUS, PLUCHEA,
              PANICUM, BORRICHIA, IVA, JUNCUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This chapter describes the use of dredge spoil for wetland
              creation.  Appropriate plantings may be determined by salinity,
              tidal range, location, and elevation.  Plant communities must be
              able to establish and compete successfully.  Site preparation
              factors (e.g., slope and surface elevation) and plant species
              selection are described.  Plant materials, including seeds, should
              be obtained from local marshes similar to the one being
              established.  Propagation methods, plant zonation, role of
              invading species, fertilization, density and biomass, sediments,
              toxic materials, and faunal communities are discussed.  Estimates
              for length of time required for a manmade marsh on a spoil site
              to reach the level of maturity of adjacent natural sites vary from
              4-30 years (based on organic carbon content).  Species
              evenness/richness and soil structure are other criteria used to
              evaluate marsh restoration results.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       201

AUTHOR:       Dames, H.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Evaluation of two man-made borrow pits on South River: fish
              population and diversity

SOURCE:       Culver-Stockton Coll., Dept. Biol., Canton, MO, Unpubl. Rep.
              47 pp.

STATE:        MO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, CHEM, WQUAL, HUSE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report evaluates fish populations at 2 borrow pits (5 and
              8 acres each) used for flood control along the South River, Marion
              County, MO.  Water quality and fish length measurements were
              collected in addition to fish diversity and numbers during
              May-July.  The pits contained 27 species of fish.  The presence of
              high numbers of fry showed that the pits also were important
              spawning and nursery areas for several species.  Large numbers of
              crappies greater than 8 inches and bass greater than 12 inches
              were found, indicating a viable sport fishing habitat.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       202

AUTHOR:       Dane, C.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1959

TITLE:        Succession of aquatic marsh plants in small artificial marshes
              in New York State

SOURCE:       New York Fish Game J. 6(1):57-76.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB4, PO-AB3, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, SPARGANIUM, JUNCUS, TYPHA, ACORUS, SCIRPUS,
              LEMNA, SALIX, SPIRAEA, ALISMA, LEERSIA, SAGITTARIA, ZIZANIA,
              ANACHARIS, CHARA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes and evaluates changes in vegetation of 22
              small artificial marshes in the Southern Tier and Genesee-Niagara
              Areas of NY.  These areas differ in water level fluctuation, soil
              fertility, watershed slopes, marsh basin slopes, and water
              chemistry.  The study included determining: 1) periods between
              marsh flooding and invasion of vegetation; 2) changes in species
              occurrence and abundance; and 3) factors influencing plant
              succession in marshes.  Water level during the growing season was
              the most important parameter.  Marsh creation in acid soil areas
              is discussed briefly.  Total alkalinity averaged 46 ppm in the
              Southern Tier and 84 ppm in the Genesee-Niagara Areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       203

AUTHOR:       Darovec, J.E., J.M. Carlton, T.R. Pulver, M.D. Moffler, G.B.
              Smith, W.K. Whitfield, Jr., C.A. Willis, K.A. Steidinger, and
              E.A. Joyce, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Techniques for coastal restoration and fishery enhancement in
              Florida

SOURCE:       Florida Dept. Nat. Resour., Mar. Res. Lab., St. Petersburg. 27
              pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, M2-US2, E2-FO3, E2-EM1, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     FISH, SHELLF, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       UNIOLA, PANICUM, SPARTINA, SCHIZACHYRIUM, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS,
              RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, AVICENNIA, THALASSIA, HALODULE,
              SYRINGODIUM, RUPPIA, HALOPHILA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report outlines interim guidelines for the reestablishment of
              sand dune, mangrove, salt marsh, seagrass, and artificial reef
              communities along the FL coast.  Planting guidelines discuss
              sources of seeds and transplants, spacing, timing of planting,
              fertilization, planting techniques, seed collection and handling,
              species selection, and elevation.  Community-specific guidelines
              include stabilization of primary dunes, transplanting of original
              salt marsh vegetation (smooth cordgrass, black needlerush), and
              size of mangrove transplants (larger trees are preferable to
              seedlings).  Permit regulations, construction guidelines,
              materials, and oyster cultivation techniques are discussed for
              artificial reef communities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1297

AUTHOR:       Daukas, P., D. Lowry, and W.W. Walker, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Design of wet detention basins and constructed wetlands for
              treatment of stormwater runoff from a regional shopping mall
              in Massachusetts

SOURCE:       Pages 686-694 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        MA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LANDFORM, HYDRO, PLANT, SEED

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS.

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM, HYDRO

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a stormwater management system which includes the
              creation of a wet detention pond and three wetlands to decrease
              pollutants and control stormwater drainage from a shopping mall in
              North Attleborough, MA.  The wetland basin was designed to promote a
              long flow path to maximize the decrease of pollutants in the drainage
              water.  The detention ponds dissipate kinetic energy of the runoff
              water, improve hydraulic control, and remove course particulates. The
              wetlands allow physical filtering of sediment and decreases total
              nitrogen and phosphorous.  The pollutant removal efficiencies were
              expected to compare with those of other wetland treatments.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       204

AUTHOR:       Davis, J.H., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Stabilization of beaches and dunes by vegetation in Florida

SOURCE:       Univ. Florida, Sea Grant Program, Gainesville, Rep. No. 7. 52
              pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: M2-US2, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       COCCOLOBA, COCOS, CASUARINA, ANDROPOGON, ATRIPLEX, CAKILE,
              ILEX, CENCHRUS, CHRYSAPSIS, CROTON, CYNODON, DIGITARIA,
              HYDROCOTYLE, IPOMOEA, SUAEDA, OENOTHERA, OPUNTIA, PANICUM,
              SPARTINA, SPOROBOLUS, UNIOLA, IVA, QUERCUS, SERENOA, YUCCA,
              MYRICA, DISTICHLIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the role of vegetation in stabilizing beaches
              and dunes in FL and presents some general guidelines for beach and
              dune restoration.  Topics include: 1) plant compositions in various
              regions of FL; 2) use of sand fences and other methods of making
              fills; and 3) techniques and costs for various types of plantings.

KEYWORDS:


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1619

AUTHOR:       Davis, M.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Decision sequence for functional wetlands restoration

SOURCE:       Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77:497-511.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the design sequence of restored or constructed
              wetlands to meet a certain functional goals at specific developement
              stages.  Landscape, site hydrology, site energy, site substrate,
              and site vegetation and their relationship with each unique wetland
              function must be considered when selecting a site and design.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/function/wetland
              functions

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1594

AUTHOR:       Davis, S.M., L.H. Gunderson, W.A. Park, J.R. Richardson, J.E.
              Mattson

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Landscape dimension, composition, and function in a changing
              Eveglades ecosystem

SOURCE:       Pages 419-444 in S.M. Davis and J.C. Ogden, editors.
              Everglades-the ecosystem and its restoration. St Lucie Press,
              Delray Beach, FL, USA. 826 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: P0-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SALIX, SAMBUCUS, CLADIUM, NYMPHAEA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses environmental fluctuations and human influences
              and their effects on functional losses and comunity shifts.  The
              original Everglades landscape was detailed as well as the
              reconfiguration caused by human utilization resulting in the
              elimination of three physiographic landscapes.  Vegetation cover
              types and spatial maps were made and compared to determine the
              vegetation change as community shift or community invasion.  Several
              hypothesises are presented to explain the shift of wet prairie/slough
              to sawgrass communities and overall loss of aquatic productivity.
              Restoration suggestions include allowing naturally occuring fires
              to burn unimpeded, restoring extended hydroperiods and flows, and
              preventing further spatial reduction of the landscapes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1596

AUTHOR:       Davis, S.M. and J.C. Ogden

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Toward ecosystem restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 769-796 in S.M. Davis and J.C. Ogden, editors.
              Everglades-the ecosystem and its restoration. St. Lucie Press,
              Delray Beach, FL, USA. 826 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, FIRE, WQUALITY, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS3, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report gives an overview of the proceeding chapters and brings
              conclusions together to provide an ecosystem restoration plan for
              the Everglades and surrounding wetland areas.  The importance of
              pertebations such as freezes, hurricanes, fire, as well as smaller
              disturbances such a alligator holes in creating diversity at the
              level of micro scale and mesoscale patchiness is reviewed.
              Implecations of reduced habitat and hydrologic pulse to manatee,
              panthers, wading birds, snail kites, and fish among other wildlife
              is addressed as well as their future outlook.  Specific restoration
              recommendations are catagorized as 1) the re-establishment of a more
              natural hydrology pattern and natural disturbances on an ecosystem
              level and 2) the establishment of management practices focusing on
              species and community needs.  Finally hypoteses of restoration
              actions are offered.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1590

AUTHOR:       Davis, S.M. and J.C. Ogden

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Introduction

SOURCE:       Pages 3-7 in S.M. Davis and J.C. Ogden, editors.
              Everglades-the ecosystem and its restoration. St. Lucie Press,
              Delray Beach, FL, USA. 826 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, RIPAR, R2-SB7

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This chapter provides a breif overview of the integrated ecosystem
              approach to restoration of the Everglades.  This method is utilized
              rather than a systemic approach in ares previous well documented.
              Areas of specific conservation concern are addressed and each section
              of the book and its emphasis is detailed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       205

AUTHOR:       Dawson, K.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Planting design inventory techniques for modeling the
              restoration of native riparian landscapes

SOURCE:       Pages 465-470 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California
              riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive
              management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water
              Resour. Rep. No. 55.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews techniques for assessing vegetation distribution
              patterns of native riparian communities to formulate planting
              designs in flood control and water resource projects in CA.
              Historical native systems are described in terms of on-site
              riparian information that can be applied to comparable areas.  A
              basic plan involving a sample plot is developed for determining
              species distribution.  Useful sampling techniques are random-grid,
              vegetation association, soil types, topography, and species
              clustering.  Transect elevations can assist in delineating
              vegetation patterns.  Planting design features include fire lanes,
              levees, channel alterations, and recreational facilities.  The
              planting plan is based on successional patterns of pioneer, low
              terrace, and high terrace stages.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       206

AUTHOR:       Day, E.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Mitigation of transportation-related wetland losses
              (Wisconsin)

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 4(1):30-31.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA, CAREX, SCIRPUS, CALAMAGROSTIS, SPARGANIUM, SAGITTARIA,
              SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES, NYMPHAEA, POTAMOGETON, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a plan to restore an 8.1 ha and 2.0 ha
              wetland in Dane County, WI.  The process will involve removing
              fill from former wetlands and grading and sloping the underlying
              peat.  Sagittaria, Scirpus, Nymphae, Phragmites, Spartina
              pectinata, and Potamogeton will be hand-planted; sideslopes will
              be seeded with native grasses and forbs.  The upper 60 cm of soil
              from existing high-quality wetlands will provide rhizomes, roots,
              organic soil, and a seed bank for the new site.  In addition, 5
              pothole sites will be excavated by dragline to enhance waterfowl
              habitat and provide overwintering habitat for reptiles and
              amphibians; native shallow and high marsh species will be planted.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1028

AUTHOR:       Day, R.T., P.A. Keddy, J. McNeill, and T. Carleton

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Fertility and disturbance gradients: a summary model for
              riverine marsh vegetation

SOURCE:       Ecology 69(4):1044-1054.

STATE:        ONTARIO, QUEBEC, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, R2-..., R2-EM., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARGANIUM, TYPHA, ELEOCHARIS, SCIRPUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses use of multivariate vegetation data
              to describe relationships between vegetation and environmental
              factors in wetlands along the Ottawa River, upriver from Ottawa,
              Ontario.  Mean abundance of 58 species of plants was recorded,
              along with 16 environmental measures for four major vegetation
              types: Sparganium eurycarpum; Eleocharis smellii; Typha
              latifolia; and Scirpus Americanus.  A summary model of patterns
              and processes is presented.  Two major multivariate gradients
              were apparent: elevation; and standing crop/litter.  The
              program Twinspan was used to classify vegetation types.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       207

AUTHOR:       Daylor, R.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Engineering considerations in wetlands mitigation

SOURCE:       Pages 101-114 in J.S. Larson and C. Neill, eds. Mitigating
              freshwater wetland alterations in the glaciated northeastern
              United States: an assessment of the science base. Univ.
              Massachusetts, Environ. Inst., Amherst, Publ. No. 87-1.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides a summary of engineering perspectives of
              mitigation methods in nontidal freshwater wetlands of the
              northeastern U.S.  A review of regulatory processes is included.
              Hydrologic characteristics, water quality, and ecological
              character are described briefly in terms of engineering
              considerations.  Because performance standards for accomplishing
              mitigation are subjective and wetland systems are dynamic,
              uncertainty of the results cannot be eliminated.  Suggestions for
              dealing with uncertainty are provided for various subject areas,
              including surveying and mapping, geological investigation,
              botanical studies, modelling for flood occurrence, habitat
              assessment models, construction techniques, and water quality
              considerations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       208

AUTHOR:       De Jong, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        The purification of wastewater with the aid of rush or reed
              ponds

SOURCE:       Pages 133-139 in J. Tourbier and R.W. Pierson, Jr., eds.
              Biological control of water pollution. Univ. Pennsylvania
              Press, Philadelphia.

STATE:        NETHERLANDS

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, ECON, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the use of rushes (Scirpus lacustris) and
              reeds (Phragmites australis) to treat wastewater in The
              Netherlands near Amsterdam.  An experimental 1 ha rush pond was
              used to treat sewage from a campsite and experimental ditches were
              dug to compare properties of rushes, reeds, and polypropene
              fibers in purifying sewage.  The vegetation systems were able to
              provide adequate purification of water, based on BOD, COD
              (chemical oxygen demand), phosphorus, nitrogen, and bacterial
              counts, as long as the supply of P and N did not exceed the uptake
              capacity of the vegetation.  Treatment of sewage with the rush
              pond was considerably cheaper than with activated sludge-type
              plants.  The required area needed for rush or reed ponds was
              considered too great for treatment of effluent of a planned
              40,000-population center.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       209

AUTHOR:       Dean, D., and H.H. Haskin

PUBL. YEAR:   1964

TITLE:        Benthic repopulation of the Raritan River Estuary following
              pollution abatement

SOURCE:       Limnol. Oceanogr. 9(4):551-564.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., R1-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses repopulation of the Raritan River Estuary in
              NJ by benthic invertebrates after pollution was abated in the
              river by a trunk sewer system in 1958.  During 1957, no freshwater
              species were collected from sampling sites.  From 1958-1960,
              freshwater species invaded the area and increased until 1960 when
              there was a slight decrease.  At this time, biotic recovery had
              progressed to the point that distribution of species and
              population densities illustrated the classic U-shaped curve for
              estuaries, with greater diversity and density in the freshwater
              and seaward sections than in the center of the estuary.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       210

AUTHOR:       Dean, R.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Effects of vegetation on shoreline erosional processes

SOURCE:       Pages 415-426 in P.E. Greeson, J.R. Clark, and J.E. Clark,
              eds. Wetland functions and values: the state of our
              understanding. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., Minneapolis, MN.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article focuses on the effect of vegetation on modifying
              sediment erosion on shorelines.  Four mechanisms stabilize
              sediments along bay or ocean shorelines: 1) direct increase in
              shoreline durability through a more resistant soil/root matrix,
              2) damping of water waves by a "stand" of vegetation before the
              waves arrive at the shoreline; 3) deposition of sediment as a
              result of reduction in current velocity; and 4) enhancement of
              the storage of sand in dunes so that the sand will be available
              as a supply to storm waves.  These techniques are included in a
              pictorial description.  Mathematical equations determining tide
              velocity and grass stalk height relationships are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1331

AUTHOR:       Debano, L.F., and Schmidt, L.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Potential for enhancing riparian habitats in the southwestern
              United States with watershed practices

SOURCE:       Forest Ecology and Management 33/34:385-403.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION

ACTION:       HYDRO, LFORM, VEG

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, R.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses case studies of small channel checks or gully
              plugs, intermediate-sized structures, large dams, and enhancement of
              riparian areas by brush-to-grass conversions in riparian environments.
              Gully plugs were used for riparian enhancement when the watershed
              became deteriorated due to overgrazing and misuse.  Seven years after
              treatment streamflow increased, riparian vegetation became
              established, and sediment accumulated behind the gully structure.  An
              intermediate-sized structure was set up in Monroe Canyon, California
              where the canyon had become virtually devoid of permanent vegetation.
              Six years after a crib design flood control structure was constructed
              willows became established and 13 years after construction a 5-ha
              riparian area was established.  Examples of flood-control dams,
              reservoirs, and brush-to-grass conversions are also provided as
              techniques to enhance riparian areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       211

AUTHOR:       Decker, C.S., and D.L. King

PUBL. YEAR:   1971

TITLE:        Accelerated recovery of acid strip-mine lakes

SOURCE:       Pages 208-216 in Proceedings of the 26th industrial waste
              conference. Part one. Eng. Bull., Purdue Univ., West
              Lafayette, IN, Eng. Exten. Ser. No. 140.

STATE:        MO

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL, VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses accelerated recovery of an acid strip mine
              lake near Columbia, MO, by the addition of sewage sludge as an
              energy source for sulfate reducing bacteria, which resulted in the
              removal of sulfate ions and production of sulfide ions and carbon
              dioxide.  Sulfide forms hydrogen sulfide under acid conditions,
              which leaves the system as hydrogen sulfide gas and permanently
              removes some of the total acidity.  Concomitant sulfate removal
              and acidity consumption is accompanied by increased pH values.
              Compared to lime-limestone neutralization treatment, organic
              addition appears to offer a more complete treatment and provides a
              more economical solution to acid strip mine problems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       212

AUTHOR:       Delaune, R.D., C.J. Smith, W.H. Patrick, Jr., J.W. Fleeger,
              and M.D. Tolley

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Effect of oil on salt marsh biota: methods for restoration

SOURCE:       Environ. Pollut. 36:207-227.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes an experiment to test the effects of oil
              on a LA Gulf Coast salt marsh.  After crude oil was applied to
              replicated plots, various marsh restoration methods were
              evaluated.  Effects on microfauna (nematodes, copepods), sediment,
              macrophytes, and macrofauna are described.  Various clean-up
              methods were employed.  Different marshes have different levels of
              sensitivity to oil contamination.  The LA Gulf Coast marsh in this
              study had a relatively low sensitivity to oil and the best
              results were obtained when no restoration action was used.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1339

AUTHOR:       Delroy, L.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Research into creation of artificial wetlands in South
              Australia

SOURCE:       Pages 65-79 in B. Gilligan, M. Maddock, and K. McDonald, eds.
              International symposium on wetlands. Shortland Wetlands
              Centre, Shortland, Newcastle, N.S.W., Australia.

STATE:        AUSTRALIA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: M1-AB3

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       none

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A series of seven bays covering 70 hectares were constructed on  the
              saline soils of the Tolderol Game Reserve in Southern Australia to act
              as a drought refuge area for shorebirds and waterfowl.  Water is
              supplied to the bays by three inlets which feed two units of two bays
              and one unit of three bays.  Bay 1 was systematically flushed through
              with fresh water.  The "waste" water was re-used in Bay 2 as brackish
              water and then in Bay 3 as salt water.  Sampling of fish and
              invertebrates resulted in 3ml of animal material per metre of water
              and approximately 99% fish by volume in Bay 1 and 6 ml of animal
              material per m of water and 8% fish by volume in Bay 2.   Bay 3 was
              not sampled  due algal growth and low water level.  Bay 2 was the most
              productive  for wading species and ducks and the bird use of all three
              bays was  high.  Results of this study indicated a high potential for
              the managed wetlands to provide drought refuge habitat for many
              species of birds.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       214

AUTHOR:       Demgen, F.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Wetlands creation for habitat and treatment-- at Mt. View
              Sanitary District, CA

SOURCE:       Pages 61-73 in R.K. Bastian and S.C. Reed, eds. Aquaculture
              systems for wastewater treatment: seminar proceedings and
              engineering assessment. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency,
              Washington, DC.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, STOCK, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       ECHINOCHLOA, SCIRPUS, LEMNA, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses a full-scale pilot wetland creation project
              at the Mt. View Sanitary District, Martinez, Contra Costa County,
              CA.  The 8.2 ha wetland system consists of 5 interconnected areas
              with tributary edge habitat.  A balanced and healthy wetland
              ecosystem, composed of pond and marsh areas, has been created using
              secondary-treated wastewater.  Four years of monitoring indicated
              that the wildlife habitat actively supports 72 species of plants
              and a variety of mammals (10 spp.), birds (90 spp.), and aquatic
              invertebrates (34 spp.).  Mosquito breeding has been reduced to a
              minimum through the introduction of mosquito fish.  Nitrate
              removal has been consistent.  Public support for the wetland is
              strong; educational and recreational use is considerable.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       213

AUTHOR:       Demgen, F.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Wetlands creation using secondary treated wastewater

SOURCE:       Pages 727-739 in American Water Works Association. Water reuse
              symposium, vol. 1. Am. Water Works Assoc., Washington, DC.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM., PO-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT,
              HUSE, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       ECHINOCHLOA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the use of treated sewage effluent in the
              creation of wetlands at a treatment plant in the Mt. View
              Sanitary District, Contra Costa County, CA.  The wetland plots
              cover 15.2 acres and are designed to form a complex of shallow
              areas dominated by emergent vegetation and deeper open water
              areas.  "Ecofloats" in open water provided supplemental artificial
              habitat for aquatic invertebrates.  Water quality analysis
              indicated that the wetlands improved the effluent from the
              treatment plant, even though the wetlands were created primarily
              to provide wildlife habitat.  Resident animal species are
              described.  Marsh management, emphasizing minimization of
              maintenance, includes discussions of algae (control), levees,
              erosion, plot design, mosquito control, control of avian
              botulism, and costs and benefits.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1129

AUTHOR:       Demgen, F.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        A review of eighteen wetland mitigation sites in the San
              Francisco Bay region

SOURCE:       Pages 318-322 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds.
              Urban wetlands: proceedings of the national wetland symposium,
              Oakland, California. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-..., R.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article reviews 18 wetland mitigation projects in the San
              Francisco Bay Area.  Each site was visited several times.
              Mitigation success was evaluated after 1-10 years and was based
              on completion of permit requirements.  Case histories of the
              restoration of Muzzi Marsh and the Caltrans Site are described and
              compared.  After 3-4 years Muzzi Marsh had naturally revegetated.
              After 7 years, the Caltrans Site was still a mudflat.  Deterrents
              to success, both in design and implementation, are discussed.  The
              variability of current permit requirements for mitigation is
              described, along with suggestions for improvement.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1577

AUTHOR:       Denny, P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Biodiversity and wetlands

SOURCE:       Wetlands Ecology and Management 3(1):55-61.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses biodiversity in terms of wetland loss and its
              effect throughout the world.  The importance of wetlands degredation
              on the CO2 balance and global warming is questioned.  The intrinsic
              values of wetlands to various cultures is also discussed as well as
              setting a monetary value on their full functional values.  Values are
              described as global, funtional, habitat, and anthropogenic.
              Suggestions and guidelines are presented for classifying wetlands
              according to an Environmental Capital Index in order to develope
              management plans.  Finally a flowchart highlighting various
              conservation steps are listed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       215

AUTHOR:       Derrenbacker, J., and R.R. Lewis

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Seagrass habitat restoration, Lake Surprise, Florida Keys

SOURCE:       Pages 132-154 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       HALODULE, THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Several methods were used to establish Halodule wrightii and
              Thalassia testudinum on substrates disturbed by construction in
              Lake Surprise, Key Largo, FL.  Steel staples (15 cm long) were
              used to anchor H. wrightii runner sections in moderately impacted
              shell hash, severely impacted fine silt, and rocky areas.  After
              7 months, vegetative coverage of these 3 areas was 100%, 98%, and
              18%, respectively.  T. testudinum seedlings were hand-broadcast in
              moderately/severely impacted fine silt; after 7 months the
              vegetative survival rates were 44-55%.  T. testudinum rhizomes with
              attached short shoots were transplanted in moderately to severely
              impacted silt; 7-month survival rate was 75%.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1223

AUTHOR:       Devroy, L.L., and L.A. Hanners

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Restoration of the channelized Cypress Creek Swamp by control
              structure installation (Sun City, Florida)

SOURCE:       Pages 62-75 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, HYDRO, VEG

PGENUS:       CEPHALANTHUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   An earthen dam was constructed in August 1986 at the downstream
              end of Cypress Creek Swamp, Sun City, Hillsborough Co., FL in an
              attempt to restore the wetland's former floodwater storage
              capacity (the area was channelized in 1962).  Piezometers were
              installed and vegetation plots established to monitor the
              changes in hydroperiod and plant species composition/abundance.
              Pre-dam construction data were compared with post-dam data
              (collected for 5 quarters).  Two of three transects showed an
              increase in ground water.  This site appears to be moving from
              a transitional wetland community dominated by Myrica cerifera,
              Rubus spp., and Quercus lauriflora to an obligate species
              (Cephalanthus occidentalis) dominated wetland community.  Future
              sampling is needed to more accurately report changes in
              plant species composition.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       216

AUTHOR:       Dial, R.S., and D.R. Deis

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Mitigation options for fish and wildlife resources affected by
              port and other water-dependent developments in Tampa Bay,
              Florida

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Rep. 86(6). 150 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-AB3, E2-FO3, E2-SS3, E1-AB3, E.-RF2, E2-US3

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, WFOWL, SHOREB, VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, RUPPIA, LAGUNCULARIA, AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA,
              PASPALUM, HALODULE, THALASSIA, ULVA, SALICORNIA, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report evaluates development projects that have impacted
              intertidal and subtidal habitats of Tampa Bay, FL.  Field
              investigations were conducted on 10 past restoration projects
              in the bay to determine success of plantings of mangroves,
              needlerush, and cordgrass on filled subtidal areas.  Restoration
              projects throughout FL were reviewed by examining available
              literature.  The feasibility of restoring various wetland
              habitats in Tampa Bay is discussed, including recommended plant
              species, planting techniques, and potential problems.  Twelve
              potential sites within Tampa Bay were evaluated for the
              feasibility of future restoration.  The role of mitigation and
              legal and policy requirements of implementing mitigation
              planning are discussed in detail.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       217

AUTHOR:       Diaz, R.J., and D.F. Boesch

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations, Windmill Point Marsh
              development site, James River, Virginia

SOURCE:       Appendix C: environmental impacts of marsh development with
              dredged material: acute impacts on the macrobenthic community.
              U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Effects
              Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-23. 153 pp.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: R1-UB., R1-US2, R1-US3, R2-US3, R1-EM2, PO-FO1, R2-US2, R2-EM2

RESPONSE:     INVERT, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the effects of dredged material habitat
              developments on macrobenthic organisms at Windmill Point, James
              River, VA.  Sediment grain size greatly influenced community
              structure.  Sand sites generally had a lower diversity of
              invertebrates and mud sites had the highest diversity.  Fauna
              were surveyed before and after construction activities.  Acute
              impacts were observed within the habitat development site and in
              the dredge area.  The importance of displaced shallow benthic
              habitats in comparison to the importance of the artificial marsh
              was discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1454

AUTHOR:       Dick, T.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Restored wetlands as management tools for wetland-dependent
              birds

SOURCE:       Pennsylvania Birds 7(1):4-6.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article briefly discusses the restoration of 80 acres of
              farmland to its original emergent marshland state to attract
              water-dependent birds.  Ponds and marshes were built and dikes were
              constructed to collect surface runoff.  Impoundments were planted with
              submergent and emergent plants, leaving approximately 1/3 as open
              water.  After vegetating the impoundments the numbers of nesting
              waterfowl increased as well as the number of shorebirds and nongame
              birds.  Recommendations for future projects include:  1) long term
              monitoring using local environmental groups, 2) short courses on data
              collecting and species identification for monitoring groups,
              3) standardizing information of dike construction for machinery
              operators, and  4) identification of possible restoration sites to
              Fish and Wildlife departments by nature organizations.

KEYWORDS:     restored wetlands/wetlands/birds/wetlands restoration/
              restoration/vegetation/emergent vegetation/marshes/
              wetland birds/Pennsylvania/management/dike/emergent marsh/
              diversity

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       218

AUTHOR:       Dicks, B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Changes in the vegetation of an oiled Southampton water salt
              marsh

SOURCE:       Pages 208-240 in J.F. Cairns, K.L. Dickson, and E.E. Herricks,
              eds. Recovery and restoration of damaged ecosystems. Univ.
              Press Virginia, Charlottesville.

STATE:        GREAT BRITAIN

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, SUAEDA, HALIMIONE, ASTER

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper documents a study of the changes in vegetation as a
              salt marsh recovers from oil pollution damage incurred over a
              20 year period.  The study site is in Southampton Water,
              Hampshire, England.  Recolonization by original marsh plant
              species on adjacent healthy areas is described.  Recolonization
              success depends on effective seeding; although Spartina anglica is
              the natural dominant vegetation, it reproduces primarily
              vegetatively and spreads slowly, compared to other species.
              Effects of oil on marsh plants is discussed; in some areas where
              oil remains trapped in the strardline, recolonization may be
              prevented for some time.  The revegetation of some previously
              denuded areas is a result of both climatic factors and water
              quality improvement.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1573

AUTHOR:       Dickson, H.L. and G. McKeating

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Wetland management for shorebirds and other
              species-experiences on the Canadian prairies

SOURCE:       Pages 370-376 in Transaction of the 58th North American
              Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 1993.

STATE:        CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO.-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This brief overview discusses joint efforts under the North American
              Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP) and the Prairie Habitat Joint
              Venture (PHJV) to restore and manage prairie pothole wetlands for
              shorebird and waterfowl habitat.  Examples of programs targeted, but
              not limited, to specific species for the provinces of Alberta,
              Saskatchewan, and Manitoba are reviewed.  Current studies are underway
              to evaluate the effects of habitat treatment on other wetland species
              besides waterfowl.  Evaluation of one enhancement project revealed
              an increase of nesting waterfowl and shorebirds and a net increase
              of 800 acres of wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       219

AUTHOR:       Dickson, R.E., J.F. Hosner, and N.A. Hosley

PUBL. YEAR:   1965

TITLE:        The effects of four water regimes upon the growth of four
              bottomland tree species. For. Sci. 11(3):299-305.

SOURCE:

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       NYSSA, QUERCUS, FRAXINUS, PLATANUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the growth of seedlings of 4 bottomland
              hardwood species collected from southern IL and grown under 4
              moisture regimes.  On the basis of height growth and total dry
              weight, tupelo gum and green ash seedlings grew best under
              continuously saturated conditions (184 days, 16 hour photoperiod).
              Sycamore and pin oak grew best when soil was watered to moisture
              equivalent when 50% or more of the available water was removed.
              With few exceptions, the smallest seedlings were grown on soil
              watered to moisture equivalent when wilting point was reached.
              The authors discuss the segregation of these species along soil
              moisture gradients in bottomland areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1118

AUTHOR:       Dillman, B.A., and D.S. Reis

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Wetland mitigation in road construction: the Rhode Island
              example

SOURCE:       Pages 259-288 in N.V. Brodtmann, ed. Proceedings of the fourth
              water quality and wetlands management conference, New Orleans,
              Louisiana, Sept., 1987.

STATE:        RI

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, WQUAL, HYDRO, HABITAT, EROSION

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB2, PO-UB3

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, HUSE

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, ALNUS, SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the planning of a mitigation wetland to
              replace freshwater coastal pond and adjacent wetlands to be
              destroyed by bridge construction between Jamestown and Newport,
              RI.  Mitigation policies from several agencies are described.
              Collection of baseline data includes habitat classification and
              species inventory, wetland delineation, soil borings, chemical and
              nutrient analyses of soil and water, water regime characterization,
              wetland evaluations, and water table data at the mitigation site.
              The most important functions of the impacted wetlands are nutrient
              retention, sediment trapping, and flood storage.  It is intended
              that these values be maintained or increased in the proposed
              system, along with wildlife habitat, food chain support, and
              recreational use.  Although these functions and values cannot be
              quantified, they can be incorporated into the mitigation plan.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       220

AUTHOR:       Dillon, P.J., N.D. Yan, W.A. Scheider, and N. Conroy

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Acidic lakes in Ontario, Canada: characterization, extent and
              responses to base and nutrient additions

SOURCE:       Ergebnisse der Limnologie 13:317-336.

STATE:        ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       FERT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       PERIDINIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the characteristics of acidic lakes in
              Ontario, Canada, and discusses their response to base and nutrient
              additions for lake restoration.  The addition of base to acidic
              lakes raised the pH and lowered the heavy metal concentrations,
              but did not affect nutrient levels.  The phytoplankton biomass was
              initially drastically reduced, but increased to pretreatment
              levels within a few months.  Zooplankton standing stocks were
              substantially reduced and generally did not return to species
              composition typical of the oligotrophic lakes of the region.
              Fertilization of 2 lakes with low levels of phosphorus increased
              phytoplankton biomass and species composition; zooplankton biomass
              increased to levels of an unfertilized, neutralized lake, but
              composition did not improve.  After 3 years, zooplankton
              populations of treated lakes remained atypical compared to the
              oligotrophic lakes of the region.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       221

AUTHOR:       Disano, J., B.W. Anderson, and R.D. Ohmart

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Irrigation systems for riparian zone revegetation

SOURCE:       Pages 471-476 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California
              riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive
              management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water
              Resour. Rep. No. 55.

STATE:        CA, AZ

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SPOIL, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON, HYDRO, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes and evaluates 2 experimental irrigation
              systems on the Cibola National Wildlife Refuge on the Lower
              Colorado River (CA/AZ border).  One system used polyvinyl
              chloride (PVC) irrigation pipe from a 3 m well, which pumped the
              water to the revegetation site.  The second system entailed
              pumping water from an on-site pond that received water from the
              Colorado River.  Advantages and disadvantages of the efficiency,
              installation, cost of pumping, availability of electricity, and
              availability of free-flowing water are discussed.  The PVC pipe
              method cost $34/tree, with maintenance cost of $3/tree.  The
              refuge irrigation system cost $3/tree and $16/tree for
              maintenance.  The recommended system uses a gasoline/diesel pump,
              PVC pipe, and free-flowing water.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       75

AUTHOR:       Dobie, B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Private financing for wetland restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 14-28 in J.L. Piehl, ed. Proceedings wetland
              restoration: a techniques workshop. Minnesota Chap. Wildl.
              Soc., Fergus Falls.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes various plans developed by the Minnesota
              Waterfowl Association (MWA) for financing wetland restoration
              projects.  The MWA's processing of assistance requests is
              described and several forms and information sheets are included as
              appendices.  Habitat project application forms include criteria
              for selection of wetland habitat projects; questions are specific
              and results are scored according to rationale described beneath
              each question.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       222

AUTHOR:       Dodd, J.D., and J.W. Webb

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Establishment of vegetation for shoreline stabilization in
              Galveston Bay

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir,
              VA, Misc. Pap. No. 6-75. 67 pp.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1, E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       AVICENNIA, ARUNDO, DISTICHLIS, JUNCUS, PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA,
              SCIRPUS, TAMARIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Galveston Bay, TX, was the site of a study to determine: 1) which
              resident marsh species were adapted to saline conditions; and 2)
              which of these species were best suited for revegetation to
              control shoreline erosion.  Soil texture, soil chemistry, and
              water salinity were measured at low, middle, and upper tide zones.
              A temporary wave-stilling device was erected to protect plantings;
              mechanical sloping was not successful due to severe natural
              erosion conditions.  The upper zone supported gulf and smooth
              cordgrass and giant reed.  Valuable species for use in the middle
              zone were smooth cordgrass, saltgrass, and black mangrove for
              protection and stabilization.  Useful species for reduction of
              shoreline erosion in the lower zone were smooth cordgrass and
              black mangrove.  Soil salinities varied from 2,500 to 11,000 ppm.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1114

AUTHOR:       Dolesh, R.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Seed bank contributes to species diversity in wetlands created
              on gravel-pit site

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 6(2):93-94.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STOCK

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB.

RESPONSE:     VEG, HUSE, SHOREB, WFOWL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, CAREX, ELEOCHARIS, PONTEDERIA, SPARGANIUM, NUPHAR,
              POLYGONUM, LUDWIGIA, BRASENIA, BOEHMERIA, BIDENS, PHRAGMITES,
              HYPERICUM, LEERSIA, PELTANDRA, SCIRPUS, CYPERUS,
              CERATOPHYLLUM, SPIRODELA, LEMNA, NYMPHAEA, RHYNCHOSPORA,
              ECHINOCHLOA, MURDANNIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the reclamation of an abandoned sand and
              gravel mine near Governor's Bridge on the Patuxent River, MD.
              Two large pools were created on the site, and the area was graded
              and contoured.  Water from springs and seeps was plentiful.  While
              success of planted vegetation was low, a large number of aquatic
              and emergent species have become established naturally.  Fish were
              stocked.  Numerous birds including great blue heron, Canada goose,
              tundra swan, and ring-necked duck are present.  Plans for the site
              include establishment of a conservation education center.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       223

AUTHOR:       Doornbos, G., A.M. Groenendijk, and Y.W. Jo

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Nakdong Estuary barrage and reclamation project: preliminary
              results of the botanical, macrozoobenthic, and ornithological
              studies

SOURCE:       Biol. Conserv. 38(2):115-142.

STATE:        KOREA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4, R1-EM2, E2-UB3, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, ZOSTERA, CAREX, PHRAGMITES, TRAPA, SALVINIA, NAJAS,
              POTAMOGETON, VALLISNERIA, SPIRODELA, SALSOLA, HYDRILLA,
              CERATOPHYLLUM, MYRIOPHYLLUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study discusses preliminary results from the Nakdong Estuary
              Barrage and Reclamation Project in Korea.  The barrage was
              constructed to prevent saline water from reaching the lower
              reaches of the river basin and adversely impacting the
              macrozoobenthos and wintering waterfowl roosting and feeding
              areas.  Upstream of the barrage, a freshwater reservoir was
              constructed with a fixed mean water level; plant biomass was
              measured.  A table of macrozoobenthos biomass per square meter for
              12 sampling stations and a table listing observations of abundance
              of nonpasserine birds are included.  Predictions on barrage
              construction impacts to the vegetation of the freshwater basin are
              discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1186

AUTHOR:       Dornfeld, R., and R. Warhurst

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        A cooperative program- wetlands in Minnesota

SOURCE:       Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 53:454-462.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, OVERVIEW, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB.

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, ECON, INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a pilot program to restore waterfowl habitat
              through a cooperative effort involving private landowners, U.S.
              Fish and Wildlife Service, and Ducks Unlimited, Inc.  As part of
              this program, 78 parcels of private land in Ottertail, Douglas,
              and Grant Counties, MN, were the sites of wetland and upland
              waterfowl habitat restoration.  Pilot project results are
              discussed; positive responses of aquatic plants and invertebrates
              and waterfowl are noted.  Other opportunities for using the
              Conservation Reserve Program for wetland restoration in the
              Prairie Pothole Region are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1397

AUTHOR:       Dougherty, S

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Wetlands mitigation banking: a policy worth pursuing in
              Colorado

SOURCE:        Pages 49-54 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K.
              Miller, eds. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland
              and riparian ecosystems in the American West. PIC Tecnologies,
              Inc and CRS Sirrine, Inc. 235pp.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MITIGATE

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The importance of a mitigation banking policy in Colorado is addressed
              as a viable method for wetland enhancement, creation, restoration.
              The policy is described and hailed as a way to balance the Federal
              Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) Section 404 by providing
              incentives to create, restore, or enhance wetlands rather than just
              penalties for adverse impacts and noncompliance.  A list of scenarios
              ranging from simple to complex are provided to demonstrate the
              flexibility of mitigation banking.  The procedure is also discussed
              as a way to solve problems with FWPCA Section 404 permitting process.
              Advantages are listed how mitigation banking can be a win-win
              situation for all involved.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1029

AUTHOR:       Dougherty, S.T., C.A. Berry, and M.A. Deimel

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Hydrology and vegetation in montane and subalpine wetlands of
              Colorado

SOURCE:       Pages 81-84 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland
              and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual
              meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland
              Sci., Wilmington, NC.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, VEG

PGENUS:       SALIX, SCIRPUS, JUNCUS, CAREX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses the relationship between hydrology and
              vegetation in montane and subalpine wetlands.  The Williams Fork
              River Wetland study (central Colorado Rocky Mountains) and
              Homestake Project Phase II (Holy Cross Wilderness, CO) have
              provided information about the ecology of montane and subalpine
              wetlands that will be useful for impact predictions and
              mitigation efforts.  Data gaps include: 1) hydrologic limits
              of dominant wetland species; 2) species tolerance of saturated
              conditions; and 3) duration and frequency of soil saturation
              required for exclusion of upland species from wetland areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       224

AUTHOR:       Douglas, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Save the Everglades

SOURCE:       Oceans 18(2):3-9.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-..., E2-...

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, HYDRO, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes FL's "Save the Everglades" program.
              Initiated in the early 1980's, this plan calls for the restoration
              of a large area of the Everglades and its water source, notably
              the Kissimmee River and Lake Okeechobee.  This system, extending
              from central FL, south into Florida Bay, would be restored through:
              1) at least partial elimination of flood canal c-38 (i.e., the
              channelized Kissimmee River); 2) restoration of adjacent marshes;
              3) restoration of 95 square miles of drained land in Palm Beach
              County; 4) removal of Alligator Alley, a major road barrier to
              sheet flow and animal habitat; and 5) restoration of waterfowl
              populations and endangered species such as the Everglades mink,
              round-tailed muskrat, Florida panther, and manatee.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1450

AUTHOR:       Doyle, R., K. Dickson, D. Sturges, and M. Smart

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Created wetlands on Lake Ray Roberts, Texas: design,
              pre-impoundment status, and research opportunities

SOURCE:       Pages 827-833 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the
              13th annual conference, Society of Wetland Scientists. New
              Orleans, LA. USA. 990 pp.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper introduces the creation of a wetland managed by Texas
              Parks and Wildlife for waterfowl benefits.  Forty-five acres of
              wetlands are being constructed within the flood pool of Lake Ray
              Roberts along the floodplain of Range Creek.  Water quality and
              vegetation in this area has been degraded by agriculture and grazing.
              The wetland will consist of 6 cells divided by a series of earthen
              levees.  Borrow ditches will be used to retain water during the year
              although no provisions have been made to pump in water during the dry
              periods.  Two cells will be modified with 6 channels, three planted
              with obligate and facultative wetland plants and three left unplanted.
              The wetland complex is expected to provide research opportunities
              including:  1) vegetative development and wildlife benefits of planted
              versus unplanted cells, 2) water quality benefits of created wetlands
              within agricultural watersheds, 3) development of wetlands under
              variable hydrologic regimes, and 4) development of benthic fauna to
              plant density relationship.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1030

AUTHOR:       Dubinski, B.J., C.S. Nordby, S.D. Perry, J.D. Covin, and J.B.
              Zedler

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Artificial wetlands to enhance estuarine ecosystems in
              southern California

SOURCE:       Pages 170-171 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland
              and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual
              meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland
              Sci., Wilmington, NC.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, SHOREB, VEG, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       ANEMOPSIS, CYPERUS, POLYGONUM, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, COTULA,
              ELEOCHARIS, FRANKENIA, JUNCUS, OENOTHERA, POTAMOGETON

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the creation of 87 wetlands on 14 ha of
              abandoned agricultural land in the Tijuana River National
              Estuarine Research Reserve in southern California.  Objectives were
              to: 1) determine if impoundments created in upland habitat would
              support native wetland plant species (Phase I); 2) construct
              larger wetlands than those used in phase I and evaluate plant
              propagation methods (Phase II), and create wetlands of varying
              area-to-edge ratios and salinities to determine which types
              of habitats attract the greatest number and diversity of
              shorebirds.  Phase III is still under evaluation.

KEYWORDS:     artificial wetlands/wetlands/southern California/California/created
              wetlands/abandoned/agricultural/wildlife/estuaries/wetlands
              creation/aquatic plant/shorebirds/birds/vegetation/artificial/
              management/creation/riparian

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1031

AUTHOR:       Duever, M.J., and J. McCollom

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Plant community boundaries and water levels at Lake
              Hatchineha, Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 67-72 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings of
              the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept. 16-18
              1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: L2-..., L1-..., PO-FO2, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study to identify the regularly
              inundated portions of shoreline along Lake Hatchineha in
              central Florida.  Hydroperiod was recognized as one of the
              dominant factors influencing freshwater wetland community
              distribution.  Major plant communities along the lakeshore
              were identified and correlated with annual periods of
              inundation and specific lakeshore elevations.  Plant
              community boundary elevations, hydroperiod, and ordinary
              high water lines are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       225

AUTHOR:       Duff, D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Riparian habitat recovery on Big Creek, Rich County, UT--a
              summary of 8 years of study

SOURCE:       Pages 91-92 in O.B. Cope, ed. Proceedings of a forum on
              grazing and the riparian stream ecosystem. Trout Unlimited,
              Denver, CO.

STATE:        UT

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION

ACTION:       STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-EM1, R4-SB3, R4-..., R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SALIX, CAREX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses riparian and instream habitat recovery
              after 8 years of exclosure from livestock and installation
              of instream improvement structures on Big Creek, Rich County,
              UT.  After 4 years of exclosure, sedges and grasses had responded
              significantly from previous severe grazing impacts; willows were
              responding more slowly.  Six weeks of trespass livestock within the
              exclosure completely eliminated willows and reduced grass-sedge
              habitat to pre-exclosure conditions.  Trout increased 570% on the
              section with the exclosure and instream devices compared to
              sections with only instream devices.  The author discusses the need
              to consider riparian zones separate from upland zones in grazing
              management schemes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       226

AUTHOR:       Dunn, P.V.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Considerations for restoration of an endangered species: salt
              marsh bird's beak

SOURCE:       Page 99 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, California Sea
              Grant Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       CORDYLANTHUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article summarizes results of a study of the endangered plant
              salt marsh bird's beak (Cordylanthus maritimus maritimus) at
              Tijuana Estuary in southern CA.  The plant is one of 3 halophytic
              annuals found in southern CA and can tolerate large seasonal
              variations in soil salinity.  Germination requirements and basic
              ecology of this hemiparasitic plant were studied.  On the study
              area, the plant was found between 6.3 and 7.2 ft above MLLW, at
              densities of 75/m2 for seedlings and 190/m2 for mature plants.
              Preservation of this species was discussed in terms of inclusion
              in restoration plans for salt marshes in southern CA.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       227

AUTHOR:       Dunn, W.J., and G.R. Best

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Enhancing ecological succession: 5. Seed bank survey of some
              Florida marshes and role of seed banks in marsh reclamation

SOURCE:       Pages 365-370 in: proceeding 1983 symposium on surface mining,
              hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation. Univ. Kentucky,
              Lexington.

STATE:        FL, IA, NJ, ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       SEED, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-..., PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       EICHHORNIA, JUNCUS, AMARANTHUS, SACCIOLEPIS, POLYGONUM,
              CYPERUS, LUDWIGIA, ECLIPTA, EUPATORIUM, SAMOLUS, HYPERICUM,
              BACCHARIS, ASTER, PTILIMNIUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes and compares seed bank samples from natural,
              reclaimed, and unreclaimed freshwater wetland systems in FL and
              natural systems in IA (prairie glacial marsh), NJ (freshwater
              tidal marsh), and Ontario (lakeshore marsh).  The restoration of
              stable, self-sustaining marsh systems in postmining landscapes may
              depend on seed banks that contain representative species from all
              successional stages, all types of regeneration, and all life
              histories.  Two problems to note in reclamation attempts are: 1)
              lack of desirable climax species (late-succession, long-lived
              perennials); and 2) control of aggressive weeds capable of
              arresting the process of succession.  The issue of how much time
              is required for the seed bank of a reclaimed marsh to reach the
              point of being a "reasonable facsimile" of a natural marsh is
              discussed.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       228

AUTHOR:       Dunn, W.J., and G.R. Best

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Enhancing ecological succession-- survey of seed bank
              composition in marsh ecosystems and potential of seed bank
              establishment as an alternative for restoration of native
              marshes

SOURCE:       Pages 100-114 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the
              phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida
              Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB3, PO-UB4, PO-UB2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       JUNCUS, POLYGONUM, EICHHORNIA, LUDWIGIA, PONTEDERIA,
              ELEOCHARIS, SAURURUS, AMARANTHUS, ECHINOCHLOA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper examines size and species composition of seed banks in
              natural and postmining marshes of central FL to evaluate the
              feasibility of establishing marshes by mimicking natural recovery
              processes known to occur with seed banks.  In natural marsh seed
              banks, species richness varied from 7-38 species and seed bank
              size varied from 6,000-156,000 seeds/m2.  Species richness in
              samples from phosphate mined lands was low over a 2 month
              germination period.  Experimentation is continuing to identify
              major factors that control natural successional patterns.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       229

AUTHOR:       Dunst, R.C., S.M. Born, P.D. Uttormark, S.A. Smith, S.A.
              Nichols, J.O. Peterson, D.R. Knauer, S.L. Serns, D.R. Winter,
              and T.L. Wirth

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Survey of lake rehabilitation techniques and experiences

SOURCE:       Wisconsin Dept. Nat. Resour., Madison, Tech. Bull. No. 75. 179
              pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, BIOCIDE

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-EM1, L2-AB., PO-..., L2-EM2

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, HUSE, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, CERATOPHYLLUM, CHARA, MICROCYSTIS, NYMPHAEA,
              MYRIOPHYLLUM, TYPHA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents a synopsis of lake rehabilitation techniques,
              discusses managing the consequences of lake aging, and describes
              nearly 600 accounts of lake restoration throughout the world.
              Topics include: 1) curbing nutrient influx; 2) in-lake schemes to
              accelerate nutrient outflow or prevent recycling (e.g., dredging,
              dilution, biotic harvesting, lake bottom sealing); 3) aeration
              and circulation; 4) water level manipulation; 5) vegetation
              manipulation; 6) chemical controls; and 7) biological controls
              (e.g., predator-prey relationships, pathological reactions).
              The restoration objective, methodology, results, and references
              are included in the accounts of lake restoration projects.  More
              than 800 documents are listed in the bibliography to the report.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       230

AUTHOR:       Dunstan, W.M., G.L. McIntire, and H.L. Windom

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Spartina revegetation on dredge spoil in SE marshes

SOURCE:       Am. Soc. Civil Eng. J. Waterways Harbors Coastal Eng. Div.
              101:269-276.

STATE:        GA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3

RESPONSE:     ECON, VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes experimental planting of Spartina
              alterniflora on a 20 acre dredged spoil site at Hell Gate on
              Little Don Island, Ossabow Sound, GA.  Before planting, the
              silt-clay substrate had dried to a hard, cracked crust.
              Experimental plots were planted to test seeds, nursery plants,
              fertilization, and growth of transplants from: 1) a vegetated part
              of the same island; and 2) a healthy marsh on another island.
              Elevation varied from 7-9 ft above mean low water (MLW).  After
              1.5 years, the local transplant survival rate was 36.1%, whereas
              that of the transported plants was 22.5%.  Almost 70% of the
              Spartina planted at 7-7.5 ft above MLW survived, whereas the rate
              for those planted above 8.5 ft was 8.7%.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       232

AUTHOR:       Durako, M.J., and M.D. Moffler

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Variation in Thalassia testudinum seedling growth related to
              geographic origin

SOURCE:       Pages 99-117 in R.H. Stovall, ed. Proceedings of the eighth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: M1-AB3, E1-AB3, M2-AB3, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Growth patterns of Thalassia testudinum seedlings taken from
              different sites in FL (Florida Keys, Biscayne Bay, Tampa Bay)
              were studied under a variety of lab culture conditions.  Findings
              suggested that T. testudinum populations acclimatize
              physiologically to specific environments, which affects the
              success of revegetation efforts using seed stock from other
              geographic areas.  For example, leaf blade and root growth were
              greatest in seedlings from the Florida Keys and lowest from Tampa
              Bay populations.  The use of peat pellets for anchoring seedlings
              appears to be effective.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       231

AUTHOR:       Durako, M.J., and M.D. Moffler

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Qualitative assessment of five artificial growth media on
              growth and survival of Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitacae)
              seedlings

SOURCE:       Pages 73-92 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Thalassia testudinum seedlings were collected during summer
              and cultured in several media: jiffy-7 pellets; rootcubes;
              horticubed; plant plugs; and a control of aragonite.  Plant
              survival, efficacy (growth times percent survival), and cost were
              compared.  Seedlings were transplanted the following spring and
              summer.  After 7 months, those planted in Halodule wrightii
              beds survived well.  No seedlings planted in bare sand survived.
              Seedling mortality was highest in the first few months.  The use
              of steel staples for anchoring had no effect on survival of
              transplants.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1183

AUTHOR:       Durham, D.B., R.K. Abernethy, D.C. Eagar, R.P. Ford, P.B.
              Hamel, L.J. O'Neil, and T.M. Pullen, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Application of the habitat evaluation system to modeling
              bottomland hardwood forest communities in west Tennessee

SOURCE:       Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 53:471-480.

STATE:        TN

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, RIPARIAN

RESPONSE:     VEG, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, HYDRO

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM, NYSSA, LIQUIDAMBAR, FRAXINUS, CELTIS, ACER, ULMUS,
              QUERCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study of the application of the habitat
              evaluation system (HES) to modeling bottomland hardwood sites in
              Tennessee.  Sixty forested sites were selected along the 7 major
              river systems in Tennessee's coastal plain.  Middle and late
              successional changes were represented across a range of hydrologic
              conditions.  Data on birds (winter density, winter species
              richness, breeding density and species richness, total species
              richness) were also collected.  The resulting large vegetation and
              avian data sets generated by this study will be used to modify the
              literature based HES model so that it can more fully measure
              wildlife habitat quality.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1332

AUTHOR:       DeBano, L.F., J.J. Brejda, and J.H. Brock

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Enhancement of riparian vegetation shrub control in Arizona
              chaparral

SOURCE:       Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 39(5):317-320.

STATE:        AZ

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUALITY, WQUANTITY

ACTION:       BIOCIDE

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, BIRDS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report investigates the potential water yield increases resulting
              from brush-to-grass conversions in the Arizona chaparral based on a
              series of experiments started in 1956.  Of the watersheds in this
              study, one was used to evaluate riparian responses to increased
              streamflow and one was used as a control watershed.  By 1969 shrub
              crown cover was reduced to less than 3% due to previous burning and
              herbicide application.  The control watershed was allowed to recover
              naturally whereas the other watershed had shrubcover maintained at
              less  than 10%.  Streamflow in the watershed treated for shrubcover
              increased  as much as 3.5 times as much as the control and vegetation
              was 7 plants per 100m2 compared to 2.3 plants per 100m2.  The author
              suggests  however, that the increase in plant species is attributed to
              the  increased continuity of the streamflow rather than the increase
              of  streamflow.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       233

AUTHOR:       Eagles, P.F.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Gravel pit reclamation in Ontario: the Crieff case study

SOURCE:       Pages 141-147 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds.
              Wildlife value of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp.
              Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-FO4, PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SALIX, THUJA, LARIX, BETULA, POPULUS, CAREX, SCIRPUS, JUNCUS,
              TYPHA, LIPARIS, SPIRANTHES, HABENARIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes natural succession in the Crieff study area,
              a 30 ha gravel pit, 20 km south of Guelph, Ontario.  The
              pit has 2 main habitat types: an old pond surrounded by wetland;
              and dry gravel deposits.  Research needs include: 1) plant and
              wildlife species that naturally move into gravel mined areas;
              2) ecological succession; 3) design features to maximize
              ecological diversity; 4) methods for increasing the rate of
              succession; and 5) creation of a "natural" ecosystem over time.
              Conclusions include: 1) gravel pits do have reclamation potential;
              2) they are colonized first by seed dispersal from nearby
              communities; and 3) topsoil is not always necessary for tree seed
              germination and growth.  Habitat for birds is discussed in detail.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       234

AUTHOR:       Earhart, H.G., and E.W. Garbisch, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Habitat development utilizing dredged material at Barren
              Island, Dorchester County, Maryland

SOURCE:       Wetlands 3:108-119.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, SEED, PLANT, BIOCIDE, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study discusses the use of a dredge material disposal site
              for wildlife habitat.  The site is on the eastern shore of MD,
              just northeast of Barren Island in Tar Bay, Dorchester County.
              Elevation (maximum of 1.8 m MLW) of the fill material was
              regulated carefully.  Spartina alterniflora seeds were
              disseminated and S. patens was planted at higher elevations.
              Approximately 135,830 m3 of fine-grained dredged material were
              thus stabilized.  Unvegetated habitat spread with dredged shell
              was used as a nesting site by least terns.  The project altered
              8.5 ha of shallow water habitat and created 14.9 ha of diversified
              habitat (including 6.5 ha of shallow water).  Costs of vegetative
              establishment were  506/ha for seeding and fertilization and
              384/ha for transplanting.  Seeding was more cost effective and
              produced better cover.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       235

AUTHOR:       Eckert, J.W., M.L. Giles, and G.M. Smith

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Design concepts for in-water containment structures for marsh
              habitat development

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS,
              Tech. Rep. D-78-31. 69 pp.

STATE:        VA, TX

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., R1-..., R2-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides general guidance for selecting and designing
              in-water containment structures for use in marsh habitat
              development, with emphasis on retaining dredged material.  Factors
              discussed include: 1) site selection; 2) structure and
              construction considerations; and 3) relative costs.  Two examples
              of containment structure projects are discussed briefly: a sand
              dike (Windmill Point, VA); and a bog dike (Bolivar Peninsula, TX).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       236

AUTHOR:       EDAW, Inc.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Big Canyon marsh restoration, Upper Newport Bay

SOURCE:       Page 99 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, California Sea
              Grant Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, SHOREB

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the initial stages of the restoration of a
              7 acre freshwater marsh at Big Canyon, adjacent to the Upper
              Newport Bay ecological reserve in Orange County, CA.  The
              restored marsh was a former salt and brackish marsh and a dredged
              spoil deposit site.  The primary objective was creation of habitat
              for the endangered light-footed clapper rail.  Significant benefits
              to other wildlife, including migratory waterfowl and shorebirds,
              were also incurred.  Revegetation has occurred naturally and is
              expected to reach a stage of complete restoration within 3-4
              years.  Freshwater marshes adjacent to salt marshes are important
              foraging areas for light-footed clapper rails.  Project planning
              and interagency cooperation are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       237

AUTHOR:       Edwards, H.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        The chain of lakes project along Interstate 80 in Nebraska

SOURCE:       Pages 211-214 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds.
              Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp.
              Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        NE

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-UB2, PO-..., L.-UB1, L.-UB2, L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, HUSE

PGENUS:       POPULUS, ULMUS, SALIX, FRAXINUS, CORNUS, ACER, PRUNUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides a brief overview of the development of many
              gravel pits along Interstate 80 and the Platte/South Platte
              River from Grand Island to Big Springs, NE.  These pits became
              the "chain of lakes" system and were diked, stocked with fish, and
              managed primarily as recreation areas, but also for wildlife
              habitat.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       238

AUTHOR:       Edwards, R.D., and W.W. Woodhouse

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Brackish marsh development

SOURCE:       Pages 1-17 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual
              conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough
              Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The establishment of a brackish water marsh adjacent to Bond
              Creek, Beaufort, NC, was initiated by experimental plantings of
              Spartina alterniflora, S. patens, S. cynosuroides, and Juncus
              roemerianus.  All Spartina species were fertilized at planting.
              Elevation varied from 0.06-0.36 m MSL; S. alterniflora was most
              adaptable to the entire range.  Although these plantings do not
              duplicate the natural high marsh, primary production by the third
              growing season in the planted marsh was equal to or greater than
              that of a nearby natural marsh.  Natural invasion of marsh species
              into the unplanted control area was slower than establishment by
              planting.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1494

AUTHOR:       Eger, P., G. Melchert, D. Antonson, and J. Wagner

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        The use of wetland treatment to remove trace metals from mine
              drainage

SOURCE:       Pages 171-178 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       CONTAM, LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A cooperative program developing data for the design of a wetland
              system treating stockpiled drainages from a steel mining company is
              discussed.  Wetlands located near the stockpiles were developed into
              four cells with a variety of vegetation, water levels, and flow
              regimes for testing.  Water samples were taken at the inflow and
              outflow and analyzed for pH, conductivity, nickel, calcium, magnesium,
              acidity, and alkalinity, etc.  Nickel, pH, and zinc outflows decreased
              significantly while there was little difference in concentrations of
              major cations and anions and outflow concentrations of iron,
              alkalinity, and acidity actually increased slightly.  The cells with 5
              cm of water tended to be more successful than those with 15 cm of
              water.  Further studies are underway to define overall treatment
              capacity based on residence time, cumulative mass of metal removed,
              and biological and microbiological processes, etc.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       239

AUTHOR:       Ehlers, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1956

TITLE:        An evaluation of stream improvement devices constucted
              eighteen years ago

SOURCE:       California Fish Game J. 42(3):203-217.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of the effectiveness of 41
              stream improvement structures constructed in 1935 on the East
              Fork of the Kaweah River, Sequoia National Forest, Tulare
              County, CA.  The work was done to determine which dams were most
              effective for creating pools (for trout habitat).  Dam types
              included masonry, earth, board, log, log deflectors, and double
              deflectors.  In 1953, only 15 pools remained of 67 that could have
              been expected to develop as a result of the dams and deflectors.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1481

AUTHOR:       Ek, D.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Fort Clatsop schedules wetlands restoration

SOURCE:       Park Science 13(4):3.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: R1-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper briefly discusses future plans for restoring a wetland
              altered by dikes and water diversions, as well as, land use
              conversions and forestry practices.  Management plans are under
              Congressional review to expand the boundaries of Fort Clatsop National
              Memorial Park to encompass larger portions of wetlands outside current
              boundries.  Restoration plans include removal of dikes, construction
              of new dikes, partial removal of vegetation, changing portions of the
              topography, and continuous monitoring.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1032

AUTHOR:       Elder, J.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Factors affecting wetland retention of nutrients, metals, and
              organic materials

SOURCE:       Pages 178-184 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings
              of the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept.
              16-18 1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne,
              NY.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, WQUAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., E.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides a summary of current information on the effects
              of wetlands on transport of constituents.  Characteristics of
              hydrology, vegetation, sediments and microbiota that affect
              constituent transport, retention, or transformation are discussed.
              Management implications such as long-term changes, introduction of
              pathogens and biotransformation of non-toxic to toxic forms are
              included. Wetlands are likely to have multiple roles as nutrient
              sources, sinks, and transformers depending on location, season,
              and environmental factors.  An extensive bibliography is provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       240

AUTHOR:       Eleuterius, C.K., and L.N. Eleuterius

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Numerical-hydrodynamic model use in evaluation of marsh island
              creation

SOURCE:       Pages 76-93 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual
              conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough
              Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM.

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a computer-based hydrodynamic assessment
              system designed as an aid for locating spoil deposition sites in
              estuaries.  The system provides a means of assessing sites and
              configurations of potential marsh islands and effects of such
              islands on water circulation patterns in different estuarine
              locations.  St. Louis Bay, MS, was used as a demonstration site.
              The simulation graphics system allows for rapid assessment of the
              consequences of any number of spoil disposal sites--especially in
              terms of the effects of wave-current action on vegetation
              establishment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       242

AUTHOR:       Eleuterius, L.N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        A study of plant establishment on dredge spoil in Mississippi
              Sound and adjacent waters

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Gulf Coast Res. Lab., Ocean Springs, MS,
              Rep. No. FR-74. 327 pp.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       HALODULE, PANICUM, DISTICHLIS, SPARTINA, THALASSIA, CYMODOCEA,
              UNIOLA, PHRAGMITES, IPOMOEA, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This extensive report describes plant establishment experiments
              on dredged spoil substrate in Mississippi Sound and adjacent
              waters.  Part I covers seagrass transplantation studies on both
              dredge spoil and barren sea bottom.  Techniques for anchoring
              are included.  Invertebrate associations with seagrass beds are
              discussed briefly.  Part II describes studies on transplanting
              emergent species in salt marsh and dune areas, including
              discussion of their biology, ecology, and propagation techniques,
              with emphasis on types of vegetative reproduction.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       243

AUTHOR:       Eleuterius, L.N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Submergent vegetation for bottom stabilization

SOURCE:       Pages 439-456 in L.E. Cronin, ed. Estuarine research. Vol. II.
              Geology and engineering. Academic Press, New York.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E1-UB3, M1-UB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, CYMODOCEA, DIPLANTHERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the transplanting of 3 species of
              seagrasses (Thalassia testudinum, Vymodocea manatorum, and
              Diplanthera wrightii) from natural habitats to submerged spoil
              areas and to control locations adjacent to seagrass beds.  All
              sites were located in the Mississippi Sound (near Ship Island and
              Horn Island) and Biloxi Bay.  Various anchoring devices were
              necessary to prevent sprig removal by wave action and currents.
              Sedimentation incurred elevation changes: deposition rates
              greater than 2.5 cm/month exceeded the growth rates of Thalassia
              and Cymodocea; and rates over 5 cm/month exceeded the growth rate
              of Diplanthera.  Although roots and rhizomes of Thalassia and
              Cymodocea were larger, Diplanthera had a much greater growth rate
              and was more effective in binding the substratum.  Environmental
              conditions affecting plant growth and survival are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       241

AUTHOR:       Eleuterius, L.N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Transplanting maritime plants to dredged material in
              Mississippi waters

SOURCE:       Pages 900-918 in P.A. Krenkel, J. Harrison, and J.C. Burdick,
              III, eds. Proceedings of the specialty conference on dredging
              and its environmental effects. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., New York.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, CYMODOCEA, THALASSIA, HALODULE, PANICUM, SPARTINA,
              DISTICHLIS, UNIOLA, PHRAGMITES, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents results of an extensive study of submergent
              and emergent plant establishment on dredged material sites in
              coastal MS.  Of the seagrasses, up to 40% of the Halodule
              beaudettei transplants survived after 1 year; less than 20% of the
              Thalassia testudinum survived; and out of 300 transplants of
              Cymodocea filiformis, no plants survived.  No appreciable
              difference in available nutrients (P, N, K) was noted between
              spoil seagrass beds and adjacent barren areas.  Of marsh and dune
              emergents, overall survival of transplants rooted in peat pellets
              was greater than those of sprigs; however, some species survived
              much better when planted by sprigs.  Survival also was highest when
              transplanting was done from November-February.  A guide to
              transplanting species of Panicum, Spartina, Distichlis, Uniola,
              Phragmites, and Juncus is provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       244

AUTHOR:       Eleuterius, L.N., and J.D. Caldwell

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Colonizing patterns of tidal marsh plants and vegetational
              succession on dredge spoil in Mississippi

SOURCE:       Pages 58-73 in R.H. Stovall, ed. Proceedings of the eighth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US.

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, IVA, JUNCUS, BACCHARIS, ALBIZIA,
              AMORPHA, ANDROPOGON, BOLTONIA, HYDROCOTYLE, IPOMOEA,
              KOSTELETZKYA, LIPPIA, LONICERA, LUDWIGIA, MELIA, MIKANIA,
              MUHLENBERGIA, PANICUM, PASPALUM, PHYTOLACCA, PINUS, RUBUS,
              RUMEX, SALICORNIA, TYPHA, UNIOLA, VERBENA, CEPHALANTHUS,
              CINNAMOMUM, CLADIUM, ELEOCHARIS, HIBISCUS, SALIX, SAMBUCUS,
              SAPIUM, SCIRPUS, SESBANIA, SETARIA, SOLIDAGO

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes plant colonization and succession on dredge
              spoil islands and shores along the MS coast.  The chemical
              characteristics of the spoil areas lie within the tolerance range
              of many tidal marsh plants.  Elevation, shore slope, and substrate
              stability are important factors in plant colonization.  Spoil
              areas with elevations up to 2 ft above MLW remain marshy; shrubs
              eventually occupy areas above 2.5 ft MLW and trees dominate above
              4.5 ft MLW.  The primary colonizer is Spartina alterniflora,
              followed by Distichlis spicata, Iva frutescens, and Baccharis
              halimifolia.  Juncus roemerianus may require 6-15 years to colonize
              spoil areas.  Transplants are best established at elevations
              higher than those found in natural marshes, so that plants can
              adjust themselves downward until they reach the optimum elevations
              for growth.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       245

AUTHOR:       Eleuterius, L.N., and C.K. Eleuterius

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Tide levels and salt marsh zonation

SOURCE:       Bull. Mar. Sci. 29(3):394-400.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study examines aspects of tidal inundation, frequency,
              duration, and exposure related to the distribution zones of
              Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus in Davis Bay, MS.
              The marsh zone was divided into 100 intervals and the Spartina and
              Juncus zones were then subdivided into 4 subzones of equal
              vegetative height.  Tidal amplitude was recorded hourly.  The study
              showed that tidal inundation does not account specifically for
              salt marsh vegetation zonation and that edaphic and biotic
              interactions were contributing environmental factors.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       246

AUTHOR:       Eleuterius, L.N., and J.I. Gill

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Long-term observations on seagrass beds and salt marsh
              established from transplants

SOURCE:       Pages 74-86 in R.H. Stovall, ed. Proceedings of the eighth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SPOIL, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2, E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       HALODULE, THALASSIA, CYMODOCEA, PANICUM, JUNCUS, SPARTINA,
              DISTICHLIS, PHRAGMITES, ANDROPOGON, IVA, BOLTONIA, PINUS,
              SCIRPUS, ELEOCHARIS, ZIZANIA, SETARIA, SAGITTARIA, BATIS,
              SALICORNIA, BACCHARIS, MYRICA, ILEX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Tidal marsh plants were transplanted to a spoil area in Jackson
              County, MS.  Preliminary rooting was found to be unnecessary for
              establishment; 60-80% survival was achieved when shoots were
              planted between November and February.  Transplanting results were
              tested by 2 restoration projects in Biloxi Bay.  Spartina
              alterniflora transplants established at higher elevations
              eventually spread to low areas on the intertidal plane.  Juncus
              roemerianus remained in separate clumps; areas between clumps were
              colonized by Distichlis spicata and Spartina patens.  Recommended
              planting elevation for S. alterniflora in this region was 1.8-3 ft
              above MLW.  Large areas can be vegetated from 1 sprig or shoot
              within a short time.  The use of hay bales for containment walls
              around spoil was recommended.  Seagrass transplants had a survival
              rate of about 30% after 1 year.

KEYWORDS:     salt marshes/marshes/transplanting/proceedings/wetlands/wetlands
              restoration/restoration/wetlands creation/Spartina/Spartina
              alterniflora/Spartina patens/Distichlis spicata/edge/intertidal/
              Juncus roemerianus/succession/vegetation/long-term observations/
              technique/Mississippi/seagrass beds/seagrasses/Thalassia
              testudinum/tidal marsh/marsh plants/plants/Spartina cynosuroides/
              creation

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1137

AUTHOR:       Eliot, W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Implementing mitigation policies in San Francisco Bay: a
              critique

SOURCE:       California St. Coastal Conservancy, Oakland, CA. 35 pp. +
              Append.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report documents the results of a study of 58 permits that
              required wetland restoration to fulfill mitigation conditions for
              projects on San Francisco Bay.  The effectiveness of mitigation
              policies and policy recommendations to increase restoration success
              are discussed.  Project planning and implementation, permit
              wording, lack of clear mitigation objectives, and enforcement are
              discussed.  The development of a mitigation bank program in San
              Francisco Bay is described.  Conclusions: improve both the contents
              of the permit and enforcement effectiveness.  For each project, a
              table displays project description, habitat type, acreage, permit
              requirements, and current status.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       247

AUTHOR:       Elser, M.M., J.J. Elser, and S.R. Carpenter

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Paul and Peter Lakes: a liming experiment revisited

SOURCE:       Am. Midl. Nat. 116(2):282-295.

STATE:        MI

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., L.-AB1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       ANABAENA, CHROOCOCCUS, DACTYLOCOCCOPSIS, MALLOMONAS,
              GOMPHOSPHAERIA, MERISMOPEDIA, ANKISTRODESMUS, ANKYRA,
              ARTHRODESMUS, ASTERIONELLA, CERASTERIAS, CLOSTERIOPSIS,
              COSMARIUM, CRUCIGENIA, GLOEOCYSTIS, OOCYSTIS, QUADRIGULA,
              SPHAEROCYSTIS, SELENASTRUM, STAURASTRIUM, ASTERIONELLA,
              CHRYSOSPHAERELLA, DINOBRYON, SYNURA, CRYPTOMONAS, RHODOMONAS,
              PERIDINIUM, PHACUS, TRACHELOMONAS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares the limnological properties of Peter Lake,
              which was limed periodically 8 years before the study, to those of
              the neighboring unlimed lake, Paul Lake, in northwestern MI.
              Physical and chemical changes in limed Peter Lake included
              increases in pH, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon
              concentration, transparency, oxygen content, and summer heat
              content.  The changes occurred rapidly the first year of liming
              and persisted with little variability through the 8 years
              following liming.  Historical data and observations during this
              study indicated that the planktonic community structure of Peter
              Lake has been more variable than that of unlimed Paul Lake.
              Phytoplankton bloomed earlier and zooplanktivores foraged more
              efficiently in the limed lake.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1402

AUTHOR:       Emerick, J.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        The restoration potential for wetlands impacted by acid mine
              drainage in the Colorado Rocky Mountains

SOURCE:       Pages 109-111 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K.
              Miller, eds. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland
              and riparian ecosystems in the American West. PIC Tecnologies,
              Inc and CRS Sirrine, Inc. 235 pp.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       SOIL, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This brief report discusses the impact of wetlands on the water
              quality of streams impacted by acid mine drainage in the Rocky
              Mountains.  The majority of these wetlands (fens), consist of sedges,
              spike rushes, and other hydrophytic grass species.  The ability of
              wetlands to trap flocculates and filter them from the water through
              vegetation and soils and the microbial reduction in anaerobic soils
              are the most important factors which lend them to high toxicity
              concentrations.  Restoration is significant in removing the potential
              for transfer of metals into the food chain.  Restoration prospects
              include removing the source of metals through:  1) rechanneling the
              mine drainage and treating it using conventional methods or
              constructed wetlands, 2) removing or isolating tailings and waste rock
              piles, and 3) removing soil and replacing it with organic mulch in
              severely damaged areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       248

AUTHOR:       Emerson, F.B., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1961

TITLE:        Experimental establishment of food and cover plants in marshes
              created for wildlife in New York State

SOURCE:       New York Fish Game J. 8(2):130-144.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       ZIZANIA, SCIRPUS, BUTOMUS, SAGITTARIA, SPARGANIUM, POLYGONUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the results of plant establishment experiments
              at 32 wildlife marshes in Schuyler, Tompkins, Tioga, and Madison
              Counties, NY.  The purpose of the plantings was to establish food
              and cover for waterfowl; planting areas were later evaluated in
              terms of factors that limited the establishment of vegetation such
              as wild rice, hardstem bulrush, flowering rush, three-square
              bulrush, softstem bulrush, river bulrush, American burreed,
              arrowhead, and smartweed.  Planting success for each species is
              described in detail.  Planting recommendations include the
              statement that "planting cannot remedy errors in site selection
              and design."

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1201

AUTHOR:       England, A.S., M.K. Sogge, and R.A. Woodward

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Initial development of riparian and marsh vegetation on
              dredged- material islands in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River
              Delta, California

SOURCE:       Pages 473-475 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
              California riparian systems conference: protection,
              management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September
              22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-SS1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, TYPHA, POLYGONUM, BIDENS, GNAPHALIUM, AGROSTIS,
              SALIX, CENTAURIUM, ARUNDO

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Natural vegetation establishment and development were monitored
              for 3.5 years on a new, dredged-material island located within
              the breached levees at Donlon Island, Sacramento-San Joaquin
              River Delta near Stockton, CA.  Vegetation measurements and
              maps prepared annually indicate that marsh and riparian
              vegetation types have developed rapidly.  Topographic data
              for the island has been overlaid with vegetation data, and
              the results can be used to select elevations when designing
              future levees, dredged-material deposition areas, and fish
              and wildlife habitat enhancements.  (AA-Mod)

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       250

AUTHOR:       Environmental Laboratory

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Wetland habitat development with dredged material: engineering
              and plant propagation

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. DS-78-16. 158 pp.

STATE:        VA, GA, TX, OR, FL, CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM., PO-EM., E2-SS1, R1-US., R2-US., PO-FO1, R1-EM2, R2-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       PELTANDRA, SPARTINA, JUNCUS, SAGITTARIA, TYPHA, CYPERUS,
              PHRAGMITES, FIMBRISTYLIS, CAREX, IVA, SCIRPUS, SALICORNIA,
              DISTICHLIS, BORRICHIA, POLYGONUM, PANICUM, DESCHAMPSIA,
              ALISMA, ZIZANIA, IRIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report synthesizes information regarding marsh habitat
              development on dredge spoil substrate at 6 field sites: 1)
              Windmill Point, James River, VA; 2) Buttermilk Sound, GA
              coast; 3) Bolivar Peninsula, Galveston Bay, TX; 4) Miller Sands,
              Columbia River, OR; 5) Drake Wilson Island, Apalachicola
              Bay, FL; and 6) Salt Pond #3, San Francisco Bay, CA.  Guidelines
              for marsh plant selection (location, climate, tolerance,
              availability, cost, and maintenance) are described.  Site
              selection and construction are discussed.  Information on regional
              occurrence, growth requirements, propagule handling methods, soil,
              salinity, and inundation tolerance are listed for 115 plant
              species.  Twenty-eight species are described in greater detail.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       249

AUTHOR:       Environmental Laboratory

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Field guide for low maintenance vegetation establishment and
              management

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Instruction Rrep. R-86-2. 111 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, CUT, FERT, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report serves as a guide for natural resource and project
              managers dealing with increased costs of establishing and
              maintaining vegetation.  A flow diagram is provided for selecting
              appropriate programs based on site evaluations.  Additional flow
              charts assist with identifying vegetation problem areas for each
              site.  Soil properties, vegetation relationships, climatic
              stresses, disease, insect stresses, maintenance, and recreational-
              use-induced stresses are discussed.  A section dealing with
              baseline data needs is included, along with strategies for site
              preparation, protection, and project implementation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       251

AUTHOR:       Erickson, P.A., G. Camougis, and E.J. Robbins

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Highways and ecology: impact assessment and mitigation

SOURCE:       Fed. Highway Admin., Washington, DC, Rep. FHWA-RWE/OEP-78-2.
              182 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-..., E2-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses an ecosystem approach to assessing ecological
              impacts from highway development and presents mitigation and
              enhancement measures for terrestrial, aquatic, and wetland
              environments.  Case studies of various highway mitigation projects
              are briefly summarized for each type of environment.  Measures
              for enhancing aquatic and wetland habitats include brief
              discussions of stream relocation, instream structures for fish,
              fish passage systems, reestablishment of vegetation, sediment
              trapping pools, excavation of borrow pits, and marsh creation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       252

AUTHOR:       Ericson, W.A., W.D. Carrier, III, L.G. De Mello, and R.X.
              Gonzalez

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Stabilization and design planning for reclamation of an
              abandoned phosphatic clay settling pond

SOURCE:       Pages 203-208 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1984 symposium
              on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation.
              Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, BIOCIDE, FERT, CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes stabilization and design planning for
              reclamation of an abandoned phosphatic clay settling pond in Polk
              County, FL.  Abandonment of the pond consisted of draining and
              strengthening the clays followed breaching of the perimeter dike
              system at one or more locations.  After 4 years of lowered water
              levels (to 5 ft below clay surface), near surface solids content
              of the clay increased from 15-31%.  During that time, woody
              vegetation replaced the wetland plants.  Proposed construction
              methodology to revegetate the site and further consolidate clays
              is presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       253

AUTHOR:       Erlandson, C.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        The potential role of seed banks in the restoration of drained
              prairie wetlands

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, Iowa St. Univ., Ames. 105 pp.

STATE:        ND, IA, MN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-AB3, PO-EM1, PO-AB2, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       CAREX, ECHINOCHLOA, ALISMA, AMMANNIA, ELEOCHARIS, JUNCUS,
              EROTIOLA, ELATINE, LEERSIA, LEMNA, LIMOSELLA, LINDERNIA,
              LYCOPUS, MENTHA, PANICUM, PENTHORUM, POLYGONUM, RANUNCULUS,
              RICCIA, RICCIOCARPUS, RUMEX, SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, RORIPPA,
              SIUM, SPARGANIUM, SPIRODELA, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study examines seed bank trends influenced by geographic
              location and duration of drainage and cultivation in drained and
              undrained prairie wetlands in Sheridan and Wells Counties, ND;
              Otter Tail County, MN; and Story County, IA.  Eighty-two sites
              were sampled; seeds contained in the samples were germinated
              under laboratory conditions.  The average number of species in
              the seed bank (per site) was compared to duration of drainage
              at the site.  Geographical distribution of selected species is
              presented and seed longevity characteristics are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1617

AUTHOR:       Ernst, T.L., N.C. Leibowitz, D. Roose, S. Stehman, N.S.
              Urquhart

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Evaluation of US EPA environmental monitoring and assessment
              program's (EMAP)-wetlands sampling design and classification

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 19(1):99-113.

STATE:        SD, ND, WA, IL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     HUSE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The effectivness of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
              (EMAP) was evaluated for use in wetlands sampling and classification
              by comparing it with the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI).  Three
              distinct wetland regions were classified in Illinois, Washington, and
              North and South Dakota.  EMAP extracted sample data from previously
              digitized NWI GIS parograms in 40-km2 hexagons within a 640-km2
              hexagon.  The actual number of wetlands per area decreased when using
              EMAP, however; the total surface area of wetlands remained the same as
              NWI.  Overall acuracy of EMAP classes (based on the Cowardin et al.
              classification system) were acurate, although; rare classes and many
              riverine classes were estimated less acurately.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       254

AUTHOR:       Erwin, K.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Fort Green reclamation project: first annual report, 1983

SOURCE:       Agrico Chem. Co., Mulberry, FL. 120 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-SS1, PO-EM1, PO-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       ACER, NYSSA, PLATANUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, GORDONIA, BACCHARIS,
              DIGITARIA, LEMNA, CYPERUS, HYDROCOTYLE, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report summarizes the reclamation of phosphate mined land
              adjacent to the Payne Creek Floodplain in southwest Polk County,
              FL.  The reclamation project was designed specifically for the
              evaluation and monitoring of a freshwater marsh and hardwood
              swamp.  Emphasis was on sampling and measurement of forest and
              marsh communities and applying the information to reclamation.
              The site was prepared with muck using contouring and levee
              construction to form impoundments and control drainage.  A water
              budget proved useful for predicting groundwater elevations,
              runoff, evapotranspiration, water storage, and surface
              evaporation.  Water quality parameters were monitored quarterly
              from a series of 40 ft deep wells.  Overall vegetation mortality
              was less than 20%.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       256

AUTHOR:       Erwin, K.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Fort Green reclamation project: second annual report, 1984

SOURCE:       Agrico Chem. Co., Mulberry, FL. 253 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-FO3, PO-SS1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM, ACER, ILEX, PINUS, QUERCUS, FRAXINUS, GORDONIA,
              ULMUS, NYSSA, PLATANUS, TYPHA, HYDROCOTYLE, PANICUM,
              POLYGONUM, PONTEDERIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report summarizes findings from a second year of monitoring
              the reclamation of phosphate mined land adjacent to the Payne
              Creek Floodplain in southwest Polk County, FL.  Emphasis was
              placed on forest and marsh reclamation sampling techniques and
              parameter estimation criteria and assessment.  A predictive model
              was developed for comparing reclaimed and natural wetland systems
              based on the findings from benthic invertebrate data.  Water
              quality date from 20 wells measured temperature, pH, turbidity,
              alkalinity, BOD, specific conductance, nitrogen, phosphate,
              ammonia, and 19 additional metals.  The marsh vegetation
              establishment was accelerated through the use of a thin layer of
              mulch.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       255

AUTHOR:       Erwin, K.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Fort Green reclamation project, third annual report

SOURCE:       Agrico Chem. Co., Mulberry, FL. 362 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-AB., PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-SS1, PO-AB3, PO-SS3

RESPONSE:     INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA, TAXODIUM, PLATANUS, ACER, LIQUIDAMBAR, GORDONIA, NYSSA,
              FRAXINUS, ULMUS, QUERCUS, ILEX, PINUS, NAJAS, TYPHA,
              HYDROCOTYLE, POLYGONUM, PONTEDERIA, PANICUM, ECHINOCHLOA,
              CYPERUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the results of monitoring the Agrico Swamp
              Project, a phosphate mined site in southwest Polk County, FL.
              The project involved reclaiming high quality marsh and forested
              wetland ecosystems.  The goal of the monitoring program is to
              compare results of reclamation with and without mulching to
              establish late successional perennials and control aggressive
              weedy species.  In the forested wetland, long-term survival and
              growth of over 65,000 tree seedlings on previously mined lands
              under a variety of environmental conditions will be documented.
              Monitoring of benthic invertebrates, aquatic macrophytes,
              hydroperiod, water quality, and bird life is designed to develop a
              predictive model of long-term trends in the development of a
              biological community on mined lands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       257

AUTHOR:       Erwin, K.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        A quantitative approach for assessing the character of
              freshwater marshes and swamps impacted by development in
              Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 295-297 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of
              impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM., PO-FO.

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes an approach for evaluating the structure and
              function of an impacted wetland ecosystem.  Hydrological
              functions, water quality, fish and wildlife values, and vegetative
              composition are discussed.  Methodologies for characterizing
              vegetation are reviewed, with emphasis on line intercept transect
              and line strip (elongated quadrate) techniques.  Limitations to
              this approach are discussed briefly; they include lack of success
              criteria, time (to evaluate seasonal cycles), and expense (e.g.,
              extensive field work and data analysis).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       258

AUTHOR:       Erwin, K.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Fort Green reclamation project, fourth annual report

SOURCE:       Agrico Chem. Co., Mulberry, FL. 296 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-FO4, PO-SS1, PO-SS3, PO-AB3,
              R2-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL,
              SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA, TAXODIUM, PLATANUS, ACER, LIQUIDAMBAR, GORDONIA, NYSSA,
              FRAXINUS, ULMUS, QUERCUS, ILEX, PINUS, NAJAS, TYPHA,
              HYDROCOTYLE, POLYGONUM, PONTEDERIA, PANICUM, ECHINOCHLOA,
              CYPERUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides an update of the results of monitoring the
              Agrico Swamp project from 1982-1986 at the Fort Green Mine near
              Payne Creek in southwest Polk County, FL.  The program includes
              marsh community reclamation, forest wetland community reclamation,
              analysis of biological integrity within Agrico Swamp and Payne
              Creek, water quality analyses, and fish and wildlife studies.
              Additional studies are planned.  Extensive data are provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1158

AUTHOR:       Erwin, K.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Freshwater marsh creation and restoration in the Southeast

SOURCE:       Pages 239-271 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        FL, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, CONTAM, LFORM, SOIL, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-UB4, PO-FO., PO-SS.

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, INVERT, CHEM, HYDRO, FISH, WFOWL, SHOREB,
              NGBIRDS

PGENUS:       PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, TYPHA, WOLFFIELLA, JUNCUS, BACCHARIS,
              POLYGONUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information on the creation of freshwater
              marshes in the southeastern U.S., primarily FL, and includes
              wetland types, key functions, extent to which creation and
              restoration have occurred, project goals, project success, project
              design, critical aspects of project plans, monitoring, mitigation,
              information gaps and research needs, and comparative studies of
              natural and created systems.  The appendix contains detailed
              profiles of 3 projects: Agrico Swamp West (phosphate mine); Fort
              Green Mine (phosphate); and the Charlotte County Correctional
              Facility Wetland Mitigation Project.  For each project location,
              construction techniques, project goals, monitoring (vegetation,
              water quality, fish and wildlife), judgement of success, and
              contacts are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1168

AUTHOR:       Erwin, K.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Wetland evaluation for restoration and creation

SOURCE:       Pages 15-45 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II.
              Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-..., R.-..., E.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes evaluation needs in wetland creation and
              restoration projects, including assessment of the original wetland,
              setting goals, assessment of project during maturation,
              determination of post-project compliance and description of long-
              term status.  Wetland functions that should be assessed are:
              groundwater recharge and discharge; flood storage; shoreline
              anchoring; sediment trapping; food chain support; wildlife habitat;
              recreation; and education.  Other evaluation needs include degree
              of quantification (for hydrology, vegetation, invertebrates,
              wildlife).  Detailed examples from projects in Florida are
              provided.  Includes extensive bibliography.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       259

AUTHOR:       Erwin, K.L., and F.D. Bartleson

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Water quality within a central Florida phosphate surface mined
              reclaimed wetland

SOURCE:       Pages 84-95 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO., R.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the results of water quality testing at
              Agrico Swamp, a reclaimed wetland in Polk County, FL.  Formerly a
              phosphate surface mine, the reclaimed area now includes open
              water, freshwater marsh, hardwood swamp, and upland habitats.
              Surface water pH varied from 7.9-9.8, compared to 5.7-6.0 in a
              nearby natural lake; amounts of total nitrogen and total
              phosphorus were relatively low in the swamp.  Dissolved solids,
              specific conductance, and turbidity were higher in the swamp than
              in the natural area.  Water quality parameters in adjacent Payne
              Creek also are described.  Groundwater pH was 6.3-7.6 inside
              Agrico Swamp and 6.2-7.9 outside the project area; other
              groundwater quality parameters are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       260

AUTHOR:       Erwin, K.L., and G.R. Best

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Marsh community development in a central Florida phosphate
              surface-mined reclaimed wetland

SOURCE:       Wetlands 5:155-166.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA, HYDROCOTYLE, PANICUM, PONTEDERIA, POLYGONUM, NAJAS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study of wetland creation at Agrico Swamp
              near Payne Creek, Polk County, FL.  Revegetation of topsoil and
              overburden are compared to determine effective methods for
              establishing marshes in late stages of succession (and high
              diversity) immediately after mining.  In general, the mulch
              topsoiled area had greater species richness than the overburden
              area.  Seasonal changes in percent cover of several plant species
              are described on both overburden and topsoil areas.  The
              importance of creating wetlands well buffered against
              disturbances is emphasized.

KEYWORDS:     central Florida/Florida/reclamation/restoration/technique/
              recolonization/diversity/species richness/values/vegetation/
              freshwater wetlands/phosphate mine site/Pontederia cordata

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       261

AUTHOR:       Erwin, K.L., G.R. Best, W.J. Dunn, and P.M. Wallace

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Marsh and forested wetland reclamation of a central Florida
              phosphate mine

SOURCE:       Wetlands 4:87-104.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-FO2

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM, PLATANUS, ACER, LIQUIDAMBAR, GORDONIA, NYSSA,
              FRAXINUS, QUERCUS, ULMUS, ILEX, PINUS, TYPHA, NAJAS,
              PONTEDERIA, PANICUM, NYMPHAEA, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes results of the reclamation of Agrico Swamp, a
              phosphate mine area in southwest Polk County, FL.  The land was
              contoured, ponds were constructed, and a water budget was
              developed.  About 66,000 trees (12 species) were planted.  After
              1 year, tree survival was 72-77%.  In the marshes, topsoil areas
              had more species and a higher percent cover than overburden
              areas.  The topsoil areas were dominated by both annuals
              and perennials, whereas the overburden areas were dominated mostly
              by annuals.  The establishment of late successional, long-lived
              perennials and control of aggressive weed species are discussed.
              The use of topsoil from donor marshes was successful in this case.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1601

AUTHOR:       Etheridge, B.J. and R.K. Olson

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Research and information needs related to nonpoint source
              pollution and wetlands in the watershed: an EPA perspective

SOURCE:       Pages 191-199 in R.K. Olson, editor. Created and natural
              wetlands for controlling nonpoint source pollution. C.K.
              Smoley, CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL, USA. 216 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., PO.-..., R.-...)

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper addresses future research needs to determine the role of
              wetlands, particularly riparian wetlands, role at the landscape level
              on nonpoint source (NPS) pollution and the extent of restoration
              required to improve water quality.  The Clean Water Act is discussed
              and it strengths and weaknesses in coordinating NPS and wetlands
              programs is addressed.  Results of a survey indicate futher research
              needs are necessary in water quality and habitat functions, landscape
              functions, monitoring and evaluation techniques, design criteria for
              constructed wetland treatment systems, and technology transfer.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       262

AUTHOR:       Ettinger, W., and C. Yuill

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Sand and gravel pit reclamation in Louisiana: creation of
              wetlands habitats and its integration into adjacent
              undisturbed bayou

SOURCE:       Pages 109-114 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds.
              Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp.
              Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL, HYDRO, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-EM., PO-AB.

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a reclamation plan for Gifford-Hill's
              Sibley Mine site in Webster Parish near Sibley, LA.  The post-
              mining landscape consisted of spoil piles and excavated troughs.
              A major element of the reclamation plan was accommodating lowered
              land elevation resulting from mining.  Habitat development
              includes planning for a mix of dry areas, periodically flooded
              areas, and warmwater fisheries habitat.  Regrading, water level
              manipulation, and revegetation are described.  Revegetation
              objectives include: 1) planting of rapidly growing cover to
              control erosion; 2) planting of species compatible with adjacent
              bayou; and 3) providing a mix of vegetation for optimum
              wildlife habitat potential.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1212

AUTHOR:       Evans, D.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        A comparison of the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of a newly
              created freshwater emergent marsh with natural emergent
              marshes in south central Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 71-86 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, INVERTS, FISH, AMPHIB, REPT, MAMMALS, WFOWL,
              SHOREB, NGBIRDS

PGENUS:       PONTEDERIA, ELEOCHARIS, LINDERNIA, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A phosphate-mined area (where Hillsborough, Manatee, Polk, and
              Hardee Counties, FL, meet) was restored by contouring, applying
              a layer of topsoil from a nearby wetland, and inundating the
              area in 1984.  Macroinvertebrate sampling was conducted in the
              restored wetland and at 2 nearby natural wetlands during the
              period May 1985 to June 1988.  Results were analyzed and
              compared using the Sorenson's Similarity Index and the Shannon
              Weaver Diversity Index.  Results indicated a trend in similarity
              and diversity in the restored wetland towards that found in
              the natural wetlands.  Qualitative observations of vertebrate
              and plant species composition on all sites are also given.

KEYWORDS:     comparison/macroinvertebrates/marshes/central Florida/Florida/
              proceedings/wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/wetlands
              creation/created wetlands/natural emergent marshes/south central
              Florida/mucking technique/fauna/emergent marsh/emergent wetlands/
              inundation/diversity/species diversity/creation


===============================================================================

NUMBER:       263

AUTHOR:       Evans, M., and T. Brungardt

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Shoreline analysis of Sarasota County bay systems with regard
              to revegetation activities

SOURCE:       Pages 193-206 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings fifth annual
              conference on restoration of coastal vegetation in Florida.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, M1-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes: 1) the development of estuarine resource
              mapping (including geographical areas of special concern) in
              Sarasota County, FL; 2) 2 pilot projects dealing with shoreline
              stabilization and nursery cultivation of shoreline vegetation;
              and 3) a shoreline preference survey to determine public
              preference of different types of shoreline.  Results from the
              projects indicated that with the addition of mulch and fertilizer,
              the survival rate of Rhizophora was 68-95% and the survival rate
              of Avicennia was 8-70%.  Recommendations for future shoreline
              management programs are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       264

AUTHOR:       Evans, R.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Techniques and seasonal growth rate of transplanted white
              mangroves

SOURCE:       Pages 77-104 in R. Lewis and D. Cole, eds. Proceedings of the
              fourth annual conference on restoration of coastal vegetation
              in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       LAGUNCULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes transplanting experiments with white
              mangrove at the Bayside Club, Inc., Siesta Key, FL.  Transplant
              survival rates were 97.6%.  Highest growth rates were achieved with
              spring plantings.  Distance from the shoreline influenced growth
              significantly; plants thrived best when roots contacted water, but
              not completely inundated.  Larger transplants were more likely to
              survive than seedlings.  Survival rates of transplants were
              increased by watering until plants were established, leaving
              rootballs intact, and pruning.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1224

AUTHOR:       Everett, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        The comparison of survival and growth of pondcypress and
              baldcypress in five different post-mining soils

SOURCE:       Pages 76-90 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Taxodium distichum and T. ascendens seedlings were planted on
              five FL phosphate or limerock mineral soil sites: 1) Hollingsworth
              site, High Springs, Alachua Co.; 2) Hashknife, Gainesville,
              Alachua Co.; 3) Tenoroc, Polk Co.; and 4) IMC-H9 and IMC-H9-A, 2
              sites in Polk Co.  The seedlings were planted: 1) under willows
              on sites with soil types ranging from almost pure sand to pure
              clay; and 2) in a greenhouse under similar conditions.  After
              9 months growth performance was comparable for the 2 species but
              pondcypress survival rates were significantly lower, especially
              on inundated sites.  Growth rates appear to be correlated with
              N availability and sand/clay mix soil types.  Problems associated
              with the experimental design are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       265

AUTHOR:       Exum, J.H., and B.W. Breedlove

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Habitat evaluation and postdevelopment site design on a
              central Florida site proposed for development

SOURCE:       Pages 298-304 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of
              impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-FO., PO-EM., R2-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, REPT, VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the evaluation of existing habitat, potential
              habitat, and basin-wide impacts for a mitigation project in
              southern Orange County, FL.  Seven indicator species were selected
              for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Habitat Evaluation
              Procedures (HEP): barred owl, white ibis, pileated woodpecker,
              mottled duck, American alligator, yellow-bellied slider, and
              largemouth bass.  These species represent wildlife guilds that
              would be expected to use habitat niches that result from the
              mitigation project.  The information was used to design a
              wildlife corridor along the floodplain of Shingle Creek.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       267

AUTHOR:       Faber, P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Muzzi Marsh restoration, a mitigation project

SOURCE:       Page 100 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, California Sea
              Grant Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM2, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses restoration to tidal activity by dike
              breaching of 135 acres of diked and partially filled marshland on
              San Francisco Bay, CA.  After 4 years, 50% of the site was covered
              by Salicornia virginica.  Between the third and fourth years,
              significant increases in Spartina foliosa were noted.  Increases
              in fish and invertebrates were reflected in the observation of
              active feeding of large flocks of shorebirds.  The project was
              developed as mitigation for the loss of 85 acres of mudflats to
              dredging activities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       266

AUTHOR:       Faber, P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Marsh restoration with natural revegetation: a case study in
              San Francisco Bay

SOURCE:       Coastal Zone '83 1:729-734.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, SPARTINA, JAUMEA, GRINDELIA, DISTICHLIS,
              SPERGULARIA, COTULA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the natural revegetation of Muzzi Marsh
              in San Francisco Bay, CA.  Tidal activity was restored through
              dike breaching; a ring of channels was created around the marsh
              to limit access.  Vegetation was monitored, mapped, and
              inventoried.  Soil was analyzed and birds were surveyed.  After a
              lag period of 2-3 years, as soil salinity decreased, rapid
              colonization by pickelweed and slower colonization by Spartina
              occurred.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1285

AUTHOR:       Faber, P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Interim report on the current status of the Muzzi Marsh

SOURCE:       Report #5. Unpublished. 39 Pages.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E1-UB3, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, INVERTS, VEG, SOIL, SUCCESS, HUSE

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses monitoring work at Muzzi Marsh on the Corte
              Madera bayfront adjacent to the cities of Corte Madera and Larkspur,
              California.  Restoration efforts were made in the late 1970's and
              early 1980's.  This report evaluates channelization work (completed in
              1981) and compares the 1979 projected vegetation with the actual
              vegetation in 1986. It contains healthy stands of pickleweed and
              cordgrass.  The study includes soil analysis, sedimentation, and
              meander formation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1131

AUTHOR:       Faber, P., A. Shepherd, and P. Williams

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Monitoring a tidal restoration site in San Francisco Bay- the
              Muzzi Marsh

SOURCE:       Pages 331-335 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds.
              Urban wetlands: proceedings of the national wetland symposium,
              Oakland, California. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, SPARTINA, FRANKENIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes results of monitoring work at Muzzi Marsh, a
              200 acre site in Corte Madera, Marin County, CA.  This mitigation
              project was initiated in 1976 with the breaching of dikes and
              restoration of tidal flow.  Monitoring activities included natural
              revegetation of marsh plain, cordgrass reestablishment, soil
              salinity and pH, channel sedimentation, cordgrass invasion of
              channels, and correlations between elevation and vegetation
              distribution.  An understanding of the physical evaluation of
              natural and restored marshes is necessary for designing effective
              restoration projects.  Revegetation occurred because of restoration
              of tidal activity, suitable elevations, and local seed sources.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       268

AUTHOR:       Falco, P.K., and F.J. Cali

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Pregermination requirements and establishment techniques for
              salt marsh plants

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Effects
              Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Misc. Pap. D-77-1. 40 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, IVA, SALICORNIA, DISTICHLIS, AMMOPHILA,
              PANICUM, UNIOLA, SPERGULARIA, SUAEDA, ENTEROMORPHA, ULVA,
              ASTER, BORRICHIA, FIMBRISTYLIS, LIMONIUM, PLANTAGO, SOLIDAGO,
              PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This is an overview of pregermination requirements and
              establishment techniques for salt marsh plants.  Seeding and
              transplanting methods have been used to successfully establish
              artificial marshes in coastal areas (including dredged spoil
              deposits).  Most frequently the substrate is sand.  Physical
              characteristics of substrate affect growth; elevation and
              hydrology affect plant distribution and zonation.  State-of-the-
              art reviews cover: 1) factors affecting germination and growth of
              salt marsh grasses; 2) growth requirements (propagation,
              substrate, fertilization, establishment); and 3) artificial marsh
              establishment.  Recommendations for plant material sources,
              substrate, elevation, hydrology, and natural colonization also
              are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1584

AUTHOR:       Falk, K., H. Nohr, and L.M. Rasmussen

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Margrethe-Kog and the artificial saltwater lagoon: evaluation
              of a habitat restoration project in the Danish Wadden Sea.

SOURCE:

STATE:        DENMARK

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, MONITOR

WETLAND TYPE: E1-UB3, E2-EM1, E2-US3

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, WFOWL, INVERTS, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, CHENOPODIUM, RUPPIA, PHRAGMITES, SUAEDA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper evaluates and compares the restoration and success of two
              marshes in Denmark and Germany and an artificial saltwater lagoon in
              Denmark.  The lagoon construction was part of an effort to compensate
              for lost habitat and bird populations with the construction of a new
              dike.  Margrethe-Kog was set up as a series of freshwater reservoirs,
              clay ponds, forelands, agricultural areas, and a saltwater lagoon.
              Rickelsbuller koog on the German side contains extensive marshlands
              and water.  Small nesting islands and additional islets were
              established in the lagoon to attract colonial waterbirds and salt-
              water pumps were used to sustain original flora and fauna.  After a
              sharp decline following construction of the new dike in Margrethe-Kog
              duck populations increased from 46 breeding pairs to 250 pairs.
              Wading bird populations also increased dramatically on both boarders
              as well as in the lagoon.  There was a decline, however, in avocet and
              redshank populations after 1990 probably due to inadequate food
              resources as marsh grasses replaced mud flats.  Evaluation of breeding
              habitat revealed a shift of bird populations moving from the Danish
              side to the German side due to loss of nesting and foraging sites.
              Recommendations are made to improve breeding and foraging habitat
              in Margrethe-Kog and maintain high levels of invertebrates in the
              saltwater lagoon.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1120

AUTHOR:       Famous, N.C., M. Spencer, and H.D. Nilsson

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Revegetation patterns in mined peatlands in central and
              eastern North America studied

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 7(2):95-96.

STATE:        ME, MN, MI, MD, NH, CANADA, QUEBEC, ONTARIO, NEW BRUNSWICK,
              NEWFOUNDLAND

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-SS1, PO-SS2, PO-FO2, PO-FO1, PO-FO4, PO-ML1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       KALMIA, LEDUM, CHAMAEDAPHNAE, VACCINIUM, RHODODENDRON, PICEA,
              BETULA, LARIX, SPHAGNUM, ERIOPHORUM, EMPETRUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study of the natural revegetation of
              mined peatlands in the northeastern U.S. and eastern Canada.
              The areas studied were abandoned 4-92 years ago.  Information
              from this study will be applied to the development of a
              reclamation plan for Denbo Heath, Deblois, ME, which will be
              the site of North America's first peat-fired power plant.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       269

AUTHOR:       Farnworth, E.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Natural revegetation of tidal freshwater marshes disturbed by
              natural gas pipeline construction in Savannah, Georgia

SOURCE:       Pages 1-29 in R.E. Tillman, ed. Proceedings: second symposium
              on environmental concerns in rights-of-way management.
              Electric Power Res. Inst., Palo Alto, CA.

STATE:        GA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-EM2, R1-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       PELTANDRA, ZIZANIOPSIS, ALNUS, CORNUS, ZIZANIA, NYSSA,
              QUERCUS, TAXODIUM, MYRICA, JUNCUS, TYPHA, POLYGONUM, SCIRPUS,
              CYPERUS, SAGITTARIA, FRAXINUS, PINUS, PONTEDERIA, IRIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Natural rapid revegetation of disturbed tidal and freshwater
              marshes occurred in soil retained after pipeline construction in
              the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, GA.  Where backfilling
              occurred, revegetation began before the winter die-back of the
              marsh.  Many colonizing species in the disturbed area were
              annuals.  Nitrogen was measured at 6.0-9.0 mg/l in the disturbed
              marsh and 1.0-3.0 mg/l in the undisturbed area.  Net primary
              production (dead material and below-ground biomass were not
              considered) was 550-1,000 g/m2/year in the disturbed marsh and
              470-600 g/m2/year in the undisturbed marsh.  Zizania was the major
              contributor to (biomass) productivity.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1465

AUTHOR:       Fasbender, P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        St. Paul district designs wetlands restoration project at
              Orwell Lake

SOURCE:       The Wetlands Research Program Bulletin 3(3):7-10.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: L2-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, INVERTS, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses design considerations for the restoration of
              three sub-impoundments in Minnesota.  Several wetland areas
              experienced a loss of aquatic vegetation due to severe water level
              fluctuations of Orwell Lake.  This has resulted in a lack of perennial
              vegetation, wildlife and fishery potential, and waterfowl nesting
              potential.  Three littoral wetlands were chosen to be isolated from
              the main body of the lake to manipulate the water level and restore
              native prairie areas.  Topographical maps and GIS were used to
              determine the potential sites, the height of water control structures,
              and the area that would be influenced.  The three subimpoundments will
              vary from 11.5 to 82.2 acres and will be modified with structural
              impoundments.  Water management and drawdowns are expected to increase
              water quality, increase submergent vegetation, and attract wildlife.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       270

AUTHOR:       Fauer, S.E., and M. Gritzuk

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        An environmental assessment of restored salt marshes in New
              Jersey

SOURCE:       Pages 175-190 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA, PLUCHEA, LIMONIUM,
              PHRAGMITES, IVA, BACCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes the restoration of 7 salt marshes near
              Barnegat Bay and Little Egg Harbor, Ocean County, NJ.  These areas
              were graded and planted with Spartina patens (upper elevations)
              and S. alterniflora (lower elevations).  Prerestoration
              ecological surveys of areas were not conducted, but such baseline
              data would have been extremely helpful.  After 2 years, foliar
              export, erosion, debris, succession, and wildlife were evaluated.
              Two problems that hampered the restoration effort were salt
              toxicity at higher elevations and selection of Spartina patens
              instead of Phragmites for planting at 1 site.  Restoration of
              2.6 ha cost $ 76,334.

KEYWORDS:     assessment/salt marshes/New Jersey/transplanting/Zostera marina/
              restoration/marshes/Spartina alterniflora/Spartina patens/
              proceedings/wetlands/wetlands creation/ecological survey/creation

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1103

AUTHOR:       Faulkner, S.P., W.H. Patrick, and R.P. Gambrell

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Field techniques for measuring wetland soil parameters

SOURCE:       Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53(3):883-890.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., E.-..., PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL, HYDRO

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides a description of several techniques for
              characterizing the wetland status of soil to delineate wetlands
              on the basis of soil and hydrologic parameters. Soil redox
              potential, oxygen content, hydrology, and ferrous iron detection
              methods and instruments are described in detail. Reliable
              techniques such as these are necessary for wetland delineation
              in transitional areas, and are useful for wetland creation and
              restoration (e.g., mitigation) applications.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1299

AUTHOR:       Federal Highway Administration

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        A guide to wetland functional design

SOURCE:       Office of Implementation Research, Development, and Technology
              Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, VA. 220pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, MAMMALS, AMPHIB, REPT, INVERTS,
              SHELLF, FISH, VEG, HUSE, HYDRO, SOIL, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report serves as a guide for designing and replacing wetlands
              based on the report, "Wetland Evaluation Technique" (WET, Report No.
              FHWA-IP-88-029).  The guidebook provides design criteria regarding
              wetland functions including nutrient removal/transformation,
              sediment/toxicant retention, shoreline stabilization, floodflow
              alteration, groundwater recharge, production export, aquatic
              diversity/abundance, and wetland dependent bird habitat diversity.  In
              addition, the report provides guidelines for site selection and site
              design features.  This report can be consulted throughout the
              designing process.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       271

AUTHOR:       Fehring, W.K., and C. Giovenco

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        An analysis of three marsh creation projects in Tampa Bay
              resulting from regulatory requirements for mitigation

SOURCE:       Pages 191-206 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, SPARTINA, AVICENNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes 3 wetland creation projects in Tampa Bay,
              FL: 1) planting of red mangrove seedlings along seawalls at
              Appollo Beach; 2) transplanting of Spartina on spoil islands in
              Hillsborough Bay; and 3) transplanting of black mangroves and
              Spartina, also on spoil islands in Hillsborough Bay.  All 3
              projects were the result of regulatory requirements for
              mitigation.  Technical problems included poor breakwater
              construction, transplanting at unsuitable elevations, and in one
              case a poor choice of transplant species.  Issues associated with
              land ownership, organizational authority, long-term commitment to
              project success, and the reluctance of developers to undertake
              mitigation projects are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1345

AUTHOR:       Fennessy, M.S., and W.J. Mitsch

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Design and use of wetlands for renovation of drainages from
              coal mines

SOURCE:       Pages 231-253 in W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen, eds.
              Ecological engineering: an introduction to ecotechnology. John
              Wiley and Sons, New York, New York.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUES

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYHPA, SPHAGNUM, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Design considerations for wetlands to treat acid mine drainage (AMD)
              are discussed including the biochemical process, loading rate and
              retention time, slope, substrate, vegetation, morphometry, and
              regulatory issues.  A case study investigated a wetland in Coshocton
              County, Ohio for its role in reducing the effects of AMD.  The wetland
              is a series of three cells separated by mixing pools and vegetated
              with cattail, rice cut-grass, and duckweed.  Design changes were made
              two years later to lower the hydrologic loading in two of the cells.
              Iron concentrations were reduced 58-94%, turbidity increased, and pH
              showed a gradual trend toward circumneutral.  The author suggests
              further studies of the long-term effects on wetlands receiving AMD are
              needed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1338

AUTHOR:       Fennessy, M.S., and W.J. Mitsch

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Treating coal mine drainage with an artificial wetland

SOURCE:       Journal of Water Pollution Control Fed. 61(11/12):1691-1701.

STATE:        OH

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARISON

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: M1-AB3

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report focuses on the effectiveness of constructed wetlands for
              the use of removing pollutants, particularly iron, in coal mine
              drainage. It compares constructed wetland capacity with a nearby
              natural wetland and offers design considerations for highly
              concentrated waste streams.  A wetland was constructed in Coshocton
              County, Ohio and layered with crushed limestone and mushroom compost
              and planted with cattail rhizomes.  Constructed wetland effluent pH
              averaged 6.4, turbidity increased almost 24%, sulfate levels dropped
              an average of 41 mg/l, and total iron concentration was reduced by an
              average of 51.6%.  Removed iron was primarily in the oxidized form
              resulting in an accumulation of iron precipitates.  The natural
              wetland in comparison, had pH averaging between 4.14 and 5.78,
              turbidity levels varied, sulfate dropped by 26%, and total iron
              concentration was reduced 89%.  The author suggests the greater
              efficiency of the natural wetland was achieved by greater diversity of
              vegetation and the relative loads of mine drainage each section of
              wetland.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1117

AUTHOR:       Ferlow, D.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Tidal wetlands and site development

SOURCE:       Pages 305-331 in N.V. Brodtmann, ed. Proceedings of the fourth
              water quality and wetlands management conference, New Orleans,
              Louisiana. Sept., 1987.

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, STABIL, PLANT, HYDRO, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: R1-US4, R1-..., E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     HUSE, VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, POPULUS, PHRAGMITES, VACCINIUM, CORNUS, ROSA,
              MYRICA, IVA, LIMONIUM, ATRIPLEX, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This project consisted of the construction of 3.4 acres of tidal
              wetlands on a degraded tidal reach of the Saugatuck River in
              Westport, CT.  Public access (boardwalk, seawall walk) and
              environmental system enhancements were part of the site plan.
              After site cleanup, grading, and planting with Spartina
              alterniflora and S. patens, the area was monitored for 3 years.
              Small fish, fiddler crabs, waterfowl and shorebirds were observed
              at the site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1411

AUTHOR:       Ferlow, D.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Tidal wetlands creation and site development

SOURCE:       Pages 431-435 in J.A. Kusler and S. Daly, eds. Wetlands and
              river corridor management. Charleston, South Carolina.

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: M2-EM1

RESPONSE:     HUSE, FISH, VEG, SHOREB, WFOWL, INVERTS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses the development and progress of a tidal wetland
              over five years.  The tidal wetland was planned as part of a
              development project for a corporate office complex along the Saugatuck
              River.  Erosion controls were installed and maintained, site areas
              were excavated at levels appropriate for the establishment of wetland
              grasses, marsh elevations were determined by comparing the surface
              elevation of a nearby marsh, and soil was incorporated with loamy
              subsoils and a peat mixture.  Finally, Spartina alterniflora was
              planted and the area was monitored.  Vegetation became established
              within the first year with small areas remaining an open panne area.
              Wildlife inhabitation and human use also rapidly occurred.  Other
              marsh vegetation has become established although hurricane Gloria
              destroyed many of the plants which had to be replanted.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1387

AUTHOR:       Ferren, W.R.Jr and D.A. Pritchett

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Enhancement, restoration, and creation of vernal pools at Del
              Sol open space and vernal pool reserve, Santa Barbara County,
              California

SOURCE:       University of California, Santa Barbara, California. 186pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO, LFORM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the study of nine vernal pools in Southern
              California.  One pool was enhanced by the use of dams, two were
              restored by excavating pools to a greater depth and removing soil and
              debris, and finally, six were created by digging depressions and
              introducing grasses.  The created vernal pools were experimented with
              by inoculating three with seed bank material from natural vernal
              pools and letting the other three develop naturally.  After two years,
              plant cover is becoming adequately established in the restored and
              created pools although; naturalized grasses continue to persist.  The
              three ponds that were not inoculated with seed bank material had few
              vernal pool species, where as, the other three had a favorable amount
              of plant cover and invertebrate populations.  A continuation of
              monitoring for a total of five years is recommended by the authors as
              inadequate rainfall slowed the recovery of vernal pool species in the
              restored and enhanced areas.  A sixteen page interpretive brochure and
              guidebook to vernal pools emphasizing the Del Sol Reserve is also
              included in this report.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1600

AUTHOR:       Fields, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Regulations and policies relating to the use of wetlands for
              nonpoint source pollution control

SOURCE:       Pages 151-158 in R.K. Olson, editor. Created and natural
              wetlands for controlling nonpoint source pollution. C.K.
              Smoley, CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL, USA. 216 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALTIY, GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Wetlands are defined according to EPA standards as natural, restored,
              created, or constructed; and policies concerning each type are
              discussed.  Natural wetlands are to be protected from nonpoint source
              (NPS) pollution and their effects under provisions of the Clean Water
              Act (CWA).  Restored wetlands are also protected under the CWA
              although there are provisions are made for management strategies should
              NPS runoff be the source of degradation.  Created wetlands for the
              purpose of NPS control are not considered "waters of the United States"
              and; although important in water quality improvement, are not protected
              under the CWA.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       272

AUTHOR:       Fischel, M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Wetland restoration/creation and the controversy over its use
              in mitigation: an introduction

SOURCE:       Pages 127-129 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., R.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper briefly discusses wetland restoration and creation,
              the success of these processes, and the controversy over the use
              of restoration and creation to mitigate for wetland loss from
              development activities.  Most marsh restoration projects have
              been small, often less than 20 acres.  Costs vary from  250/acre
              for simple, small projects to many $1,000's/acre for more complex
              projects (e.g., sewage treatment marsh).  Success of the project
              depends on many factors, including wetland type and location,
              project scope and size, materials and methods used, careful
              project planning, and long-term management.  Many years are
              required before the restored or created wetland functions as a
              "natural" wetland.  In some cases, it is unacceptable to trade the
              certain benefits provided by a natural wetland for the uncertain
              benefits of a newly-created marsh.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1405

AUTHOR:       Fishbain, L. and P. Williams

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Integrating riparian restoration in flood control channel
              design: the example of Wildcat Creek, California

SOURCE:       Pages 71-78 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds. Urban
              Wetlands. Oakland, California.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, HYDRO, HUSE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses several design elements implemented in a
              riparian restoration project for flood control.  An incised channel
              was chosen to allow planting riparian vegetation on levees.  A
              low-flow channel was also designed to carry a two year return flow
              period.  The latter will also aid fish passage, help establish
              additional riparian vegetation, and provide sediment transport.
              Further restoration projects are planned for restoring the tidal
              circulation to portions of Wildcat Marsh to improve and protect
              habitat for the California Clapper Rail and the Salt Marsh Harvest
              Mouse populations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       273

AUTHOR:       Flake, L.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Wetland diversity and waterfowl

SOURCE:       Pages 312-319 in P.E. Greeson, J.R. Clark, and J.E. Clark,
              eds. Wetland functions and values: the state of our
              understanding. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., Minneapolis, MN.

STATE:        SD, ND

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses waterfowl use of wetland habitats, primarily
              in the prairie regions of ND and SD, during reproduction, molt,
              migration, and wintering.  Waterfowl use of the numerous stock
              ponds and dugouts in the prairie region is directly related to the
              association of these manmade structures to natural wetlands.  The
              farther the manmade ponds are from natural wetlands, the less use
              they receive from waterfowl.  Stock ponds are seldom used by
              diving ducks and are often short-lived due to siltation and wash-
              out problems.  Manmade dugouts built in small, shallow natural
              marshes produce significant amounts of fill material, which can
              destroy the marsh and simplify the wetland complex.  These manmade
              wetlands should not be considered as replacement wetlands for
              drained glacial marshes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1539

AUTHOR:       Flanagan, N.E., W.J. Mitsch, and K. Beach

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Predicting metal retention in a constructed mine drainage
              wetland

SOURCE:       Ecological Engineering 3:135-159.

STATE:        PA, OH

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       MODEL, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: P0.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A dynamic computer model was created to predict the destination of
              metals in acid mine drainage based (AMD) on water chemistry data,
              hydrologic data, and wetland design specifications from existing
              constructed wetlands.  Techniques, assumptions, and limitations of the
              model are listed.  Surface and subsurface flow wetlands were designed
              and proposed to treat AMD; and baseline data were collected at water
              sampling stations.  The model was used to simulate metal retention in
              terms of model calibration, model validation, and metal retention
              prediction for the proposed wetlands.  The model simulation was then
              compared to actual observed data.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1336

AUTHOR:       Foley, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Environmental mitigaton planning for impacts on salt marsh

SOURCE:       Coastal Zone 1:895-903.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the importance of proper planning and its impact
              on wetland mitigation projects.  Two cases are compared of poor and
              proper planning and communication and their results.  The author
              recommends a preconstruction meeting and frequent communication
              between the applicant and/or developer, contractors, environmental
              consultant, and regulatory authorities prior to site preparation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       274

AUTHOR:       Follansbee, B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Eelgrass salvage, transplantation

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 5(2):96-97.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-UB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the transplantation of a large bed of
              eelgrass as mitigation for a proposed dredging project.  Eelgrass
              was salvaged and planted at Indian Island, Humboldt Bay, CA.
              Transplantation sites met the following criteria: 1) 10-20
              degrees C water temperature; 2) mud substrate; 3) 0.6-0.8
              knots/second current velocity; and 4) no regular wave shock.  An
              ongoing 2-year monitoring program has been established.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       275

AUTHOR:       Fonseca, M.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Habitat development applications: use of seagrass
              transplanting for habitat development on dredged material

SOURCE:       Pages 145-150 in M.C. Landin and H.K. Smith, eds. Beneficial
              use of dredged material. Proceedings of the first interagency
              workshop. U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn.,
              Vicksburg, MS.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, M2-AB3, E2-US.

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the National Marine Fisheries Service's
              program of evaluating seagrass transplanting for habitat
              development on dredged material.  Research at the Beaufort
              Laboratory in NC has resulted in the development of cost-effective
              transplanting techniques, evaluation of erosion control by these
              plant communities, estimation of operation costs, and
              standardization of restoration and management protocol for most
              North American seagrass species.  Seagrass population growth and
              coverage models form the basis for management guidelines.  Work
              has been initiated on an eelgrass (Zostera marina) transplanting
              project adjacent to a dredged material island in NC to determine
              differences in faunal use of transplanted and natural seagrass
              meadows.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       1156

AUTHOR:       Fonseca, M.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Regional analysis of the creation and restoration of seagrass
              systems

SOURCE:       Pages 175-198 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, CONTAM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E1-AB3, M2-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-RS., M2-RS.

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       HALODULE, ZOSTERA, THALASSIA, HALOPHILA, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the creation and restoration of seagrass beds
              in all coastal regions of the U.S., including information on
              wetland types, regional descriptions, wetland functions, extent to
              which creation and restoration have occurred, reasons for success
              or failure, project design, critical aspects of project plans,
              monitoring, mitigation, information gaps and research needs, and a
              bibliography.  The appendix contains project profiles from the East
              Coast, Gulf of Mexico, and West Coast.  Mitigation efforts and
              evaluations of specific projects are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       276

AUTHOR:       Fonseca, M.S., and J.S. Fisher

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        A comparasion of canopy friction and sediment movement between
              four species of seagrass with reference to their ecology and
              restoration

SOURCE:       Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 29:15-22.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE, ZOSTERA, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares canopy friction and sediment movement for 4
              seagrass species under 27 combinations of velocity, water depth,
              and plant density in a flume.  The magnitude of frictional
              development by the plants was ranked: Thalassia testudinum >
              Halodule wrightii = Zostera marina > Syringodium filiforme.
              S. filiforme exhibited no change in friction across the
              5-30 cm/second range of velocities.  Canopy friction exhibited a
              strong positive relation to the percentage of water column
              occupied by the seagrasses.  Significant alteration of estuarine
              circulation patterns could result from removal of seagrass meadows
              or their creation through transplanting.  The frictional
              characteristics also directly influence the deposition and
              distribution of fauna and detritus in a seagrass bed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1337

AUTHOR:       Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, and G.W. Thayer

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Restoration and management of seagrass systems: a review

SOURCE:       Pages 353-368 in D.D. Hook, W.H. McKee, Jr, H.K. Smith, J.
              Gregory, V.G. Burrell, Jr, M.R. DeVoe, R.E. Sojka, S. Gilbert,
              R. Banks, L.H. Stolzy, C. Brooks, T.D. Matthews, and T.H.
              Shear, eds. The ecology and management of wetlands. Volume 2:
              management, use and value of wetlands. Timber Press, Portland,
              Or.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: M1-AB3

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses difficulties involved in the mitigation of
              seagrass systems and strategies to overcome them.  The difficulty in
              mitigating seagrass bed loss is due to its dependence on good water
              quality; difficult site selection for transplants; and uncontrollable
              factors which limit seagrass establishment such as temperature,
              salinity, tidal exposure, sediment stability and depth, waves, and
              currents.  Success should be measured by seagrass density in acres
              with the primary objective of no net loss of habitat.  A replacement
              ratio of 3:1 is recommended.  Follow-up monitoring of mitigated
              habitats is also advised as part of the permitting process for three
              years.  Replacement ratios below 1:1 after three years are considered
              mitigation failures.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       277

AUTHOR:       Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, K.M. Cheap, C.A. Currin, and
              G.W. Thayer

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        A low-cost transplanting technique for shoal grass (Halodule
              wrightii) and manatee grass (Syringodium filiforme)

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS,
              Instruction Rep. EL-84-1. 16 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents a simplified, low-cost seagrass transplanting
              technique for use in high- and low-current regimes.  Mature,
              vegetative shoots, free of sediment, were anchored to the
              substrate.  Topics include selection of planting stock,
              harvesting, storage, preparation of planting units, and labor
              requirements.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       278

AUTHOR:       Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, J. Homziak, and G.W. Thayer

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Transplanting of eelgrass and shoalgrass as a potential means
              of economically mitigating a recent loss of habitat

SOURCE:       Pages 279-326 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-UB3

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, HALODULE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes the experimental revegetation of Zostera
              marina in a shallow embayment in Back Sound, southeast of Cape
              Lookout, NC.  The purpose of the experiment was to evaluate:
              1) substrate/energy regime; 2) season of planting; and
              3) interactions with other marine angiosperms, especially Halodule
              wrightii.  A new approach for transplanting is described in
              detail.  Analyses of scallop populations within the transplanted
              area indicated a strong relationship between transplant success
              (grass cover) and number of scallops (density).  Fall appeared to
              be the best time for planting.  In terms of transplant growth,
              survival, and cost ($0.09-0.27/shoot), the new planting method is
              more efficient than planting plugs.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       279

AUTHOR:       Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, and R.C. Phillips

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        A cost evaluation technique for restoration of seagrass and
              other plant communities

SOURCE:       Environ. Conserv. 9(3):237-241.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, THALASSIA, HALODULE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents a seagrass restoration cost analysis, which
              also can be applied to assess plantings of other vegetation types.
              Essential factors include planning, planting, monitoring,
              geographic location, tidal influence, labor, and materials (both
              expendable and nonexpendable).  Cost per (successfully
              established) shoot or seed or fruit is recommended as the best
              indicator of cost effectiveness for a given technique.
              Incorporation and presentation of this information are recommended
              for future projects to motivate wider application of seagrass and
              other essential plant-community restoration.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       280

AUTHOR:       Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, K. Rittmaster, and G.W. Thayer

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        The use of fertilizer to enhance transplants of the
              seagrasses Zostera marina and Halodule wrightii

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS,
              Tech. Rep. EL-87-12. 45 pp.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, ECON

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, HALODULE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report examines the influence of slow release fertilizers
              on survival, population growth, and areal coverage of Zostera
              marina and Halodule wrightii at 3 sites near Beaufort, NC,
              in both spring and fall.  Balanced fertilizer additions (14-14-14)
              of N-P-K applied as low as 10 g/planting unit appeared to
              increase population growth, coverage, and productivity in a
              cost-effective manner for fall Zostera transplants.  However,
              the authors state that results were inconclusive based
              on possible environmental and planting time influences.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       282

AUTHOR:       Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, and G.W. Thayer

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        A low-cost planting technique for eelgrass (Zostera marina L.)

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir,
              VA, CETA 82-6. 15 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a low-cost planting method for eelgrass
              (Zostera marina).  Bundles of mature, vegetative shoots were
              washed free of sediment and anchored in the bottom substrate.
              Guidelines on harvesting and storing the plants, preparing
              planting units, the planting method, plant material requirements,
              and labor requirements are presented.  Planting units have
              been successfully established in high (>1.6 ft/second) and low
              current regimes on grids of 2-2.6 ft.  The production-line
              efficiency of the technique greatly reduces planting costs.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1033

AUTHOR:       Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, and G.W. Thayer

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        A low-cost transplanting procedure for sediment stabilization
              and habitat development using eelgrass

SOURCE:       Wetlands 2:138-151.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents a low-cost eelgrass transplanting technique
              used during October in the Beaufort, NC, area.  The technique
              consists of attaching whole, vegetative shoots, rinsed free of
              sediment, to 25 L-shaped steel rods, which are then inserted
              into sediment.  Whole shoots from high current areas yielded
              a superior shoot generation rate in comparison to shoots from
              low current areas.  Harvest rate from high current areas equaled
              18,000 shoots per man hour (mh).  Total labor requirements were
              250 and 493 mh/ha in low and high current areas, respectively.
              Sediment stabilization was dependent on current velocity
              reduction and wave dampening, which were functions of meadow
              size and ambient current and wave regimes.  Eelgrass was capable
              of trapping and maintaining at least 90 cubic meters of sand/ha
              of bottom covered.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       281

AUTHOR:       Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, and G.W. Thayer

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Restoration and management of seagrass systems: a review

SOURCE:       In International symposium on ecology and management of
              wetlands. Coll. Charleston, Charleston, SC.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, THALASSIA, HALODULE, RUPPIA, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses restoration and management of seagrass
              systems throughout the coastal U.S. and presents a chronological
              summary of selected seagrass transplanting efforts with
              geographic location, species, and a synopsis for each of 35
              references.  Topics include: 1) seagrass restoration as a
              mitigative tool; 2) indirect and direct impacts of seagrass
              transplanting; 3) site selection; and 4) monitoring (success,
              planning acreage, permit conditions, and functional equivalency).
              The authors make 10 management recommendations for restoration of
              seagrasses, with emphasis on conservation of existing seagrass
              habitat, appropriate mitigation site selection, continued
              monitoring of plantings, and encouragement of research and data
              acquisition on the functional value of transplanted meadows.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       283

AUTHOR:       Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, and G.W. Thayer

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Transplanting of the seagrasses Halodule wrightii, Syringodium
              filiforme, and Thalassia testudinum for sediment stabilization
              and habitat development in the southeast region of the United
              States

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS,
              Tech. Rep. EL-87-8. 62 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, M2-AB3, E2-US2, E2-US3, M2-AB1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM, THALASSIA, LAURENCIA, HALIMEDA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report assesses seagrass shoot generation and coverage rates
              under different environmental conditions at sites near Panama
              City, FL, and the Florida Keys.  Temperature, sediment
              fluctuation, sediment depth, and biotic disturbance affected
              transplants more than salinity, light attenuation, water depth,
              hydraulic regime, or sediment type.  Biotic factors were probably
              most influential in transplant survival and coverage through
              shading, temperature increases due to reduced circulation,
              excavation, and grazing.  Shoot generation rates varied as a
              function of species, planting season, and latitude.  On the basis
              of shoot generation rates, Halodule wrightii and Syringodium
              filiforme were recommended as primary transplant species,
              followed by Thalassia testudinum.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       284

AUTHOR:       Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, G.W. Thayer, D.Y. Heller, and
              K.M. Cheap

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Transplanting of the seagrasses Zostera marina and Halodule
              wrightii for sediment stabilization and habitat development on
              the east coast of the United States

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS,
              Tech. Rep. EL-85-9. 63 pp.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, CUT, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, HALODULE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses results of a study in Back Sound, Carteret
              County, NC, that evaluated critical environmental factors
              controlling eelgrass and shoalgrass growth to determine sites
              most suitable for transplanting these species.  Recommended limits
              and monitoring procedures are included for temperature, salinity,
              light depth, hydrodynamics, sediment characteristics, and sediment
              fluctuation.  Semi-enclosed embayments protected from prevailing
              winds are suggested as preferred planting sites.  Equations for
              determining amount of transplant stock and spacing required to
              cover sites in a specified number of days and recommendations for
              selecting stock also are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       285

AUTHOR:       Fonseca, M.S., G.W. Thayer, and W.J. Kenworthy

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        The use of ecological data in the implementation and
              management of seagrass restorations

SOURCE:       Pages 175-187 in M.J. Durako, R.C. Phillips, and R.R. Lewis,
              III, eds. Proceedings of a symposium on subtropical- tropical
              seagrasses of the southeastern United States. Florida Dept.
              Nat. Resour., Bur. Mar. Res., St. Petersburg, Mar. Res. Publ.
              No. 42.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SOIL, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of ecological data to select seagrass
              restoration sites and compares seagrass-population-growth models
              developed from study sites near Panama City, FL, and in the
              Florida Keys.  Environmental factors such as light, temperature,
              salinity, tidal range, and sediment stability may be used to
              determine whether seagrass growth could be supported at a given
              site.  Data suggested that unvegetated patches among natural
              meadows should not be planted (as mitigation for destruction of
              existing meadows) due to unfavorable environmental conditions.
              The use of seagrass population growth models can be an effective
              tool for planning, monitoring, and predicting responses of
              seagrass restoration projects.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1034

AUTHOR:       Foote, A.L., and J.A. Kadlec

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Effects of wave energy on plant establishment in shallow
              lacustrine wetlands

SOURCE:       J. Freshwater Ecol. 4(4):523-532.

STATE:        UT

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: L2-US3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses a study of the effects of wave energy on
              plant establishment during June to September on exposed mud
              flats in the Bear River Bay, Great Salt Lake, UT.  Wave energy
              resuspended a minimum of 18 and maximum of 511 metric tons of
              sediment per ha.  Sediment traps captured seeds removed from the
              seed bank when sediments resuspended.  Survival of alkali bulrush
              buds on protected and exposed sites was described.  Wave break
              exclosures produced  protected site conditions. The survival
              rate of protected buds was almost twice that of exposed buds.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1122

AUTHOR:       Forbes, J.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Development of eelgrass transplanting techniques for the
              Nanaimo River Estuary

SOURCE:       Pages 4-6 in C.D. Levings, ed. An account of a workshop on
              estuarine habitats. Can. Manuscript Rep. Fish. Aquatic Sci.
              No. 1571.

STATE:        CANADA, BRITISH COLUMBIA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, R1-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes experimental planting of Zostera marina at
              Jack Point and Holden Channel (upper and lower intertidal areas),
              Nanaimo River Estuary, British Columbia.  Several techniques were
              tested.  Tin can cores (48 oz cans with both ends removed) were
              used to take roots, shoots, and associated sediment.  PVC pipe (1.5
              m long by 182 cm cross section) cores were taken and stored
              until planting.  Turf cutters were used to obtain sections of turf
              that were then lifted by shovel.  Sprig transplants were uprooted
              and replanted in groups of 3 by hand.  Minor variations in
              elevation had a major effect on transplant survival.  Sediment
              texture and water content, currents, and exposure were also
              discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1035

AUTHOR:       Ford, K.V.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Wetland restoration at Four Corners Mine

SOURCE:       Pages 134-147 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the
              phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida
              Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-FO1, PO-FO4, PO-EM1, L.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       286

AUTHOR:       Forney, J.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1968

TITLE:        Production of young northern pike in a regulated marsh

SOURCE:       New York Fish Game J. 15(2):143-154.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH

PGENUS:       TYPHA, JUNCUS, ALISMA, ELEOCHARIS, CAREX, PHALARIS, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses production and survival of young northern
              pike from 1964-1967 in an experimental marsh created by impounding
              a temporary stream one-fourth mile from Oneida Lake in NY.
              Flooded vegetation consisted of winter wheat and natural
              vegetation, primarily sedges, grasses, and water plantain.
              Mortality between spawning and hatching was 81-84%; loss of
              young between hatching and emigration was 83%.  Recoveries of
              fin-clipped fish suggested that few pike less than 65 mm long
              survived after they left the marsh.  The author suggests that
              maintenance of northern pike populations in many lakes may depend
              primarily on producing large juvenile fish in nursery areas before
              they emigrate to the lake.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       287

AUTHOR:       Fowler, B.K., C.S. Hardaway, G.R. Thomas, C.L. Hill, J.E.
              Frye, and N.A. Ibison

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Vegetative growth patterns in planted marshes of the
              vegetative erosion control project

SOURCE:       Pages 110-120 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article documents the planting of 24 marshes for erosion
              control on the shores of the Lower Chesapeake Bay and its
              tributaries.  Planting locations exhibited diverse environmental
              conditions.  Observations based on the results of 3 years of
              monitoring and maintenance planting include: 1) marshes
              established on lower energy shorelines are more productive;
              2) Spartina alterniflora should be planted between mean sea level
              and mean high water-spring high water; 3) Spartina patens areas
              accumulate wind-blown sediment, raising the elevation of the
              backshore; and 4) marshes should be fertilized twice every
              summer.  Measurements of stem density and culm diameter also are
              presented.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       288

AUTHOR:       Fowler, D.K., and D.A. Hammer

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Techniques for establishing vegetation on reservoir inundation
              zones

SOURCE:       J. Soil Water Conserv. 31(3):116-118.

STATE:        TN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: L1-..., L2-US3, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       LOLIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes 3 methods for seeding reservoir inundation
              zones (either steep shoreline or extensive mud flats) at several
              sites in  TN.  Hydroseeding was used on sloping inundation zones;
              an aquaseeder was developed for this purpose.  Production cost
              (seed, fertilizer, labor, vehicle operation) was $18/acre.
              Air cushion vehicles were used to seed mud flats.  Equipment
              modifications cost $2,500; areas inaccessible to other equipment
              were successfully seeded at a cost of $5.89/acre.  Helicopters
              were used to seed extensive mudflats; total costs were $5.59/acre.
              Vegetation was successfully established by all 3 techniques; time
              and extent of mud flat exposure were critical factors in technique
              selection.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       289

AUTHOR:       Fowler, D.K., D.M. Hill, and L.J. Fowler

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Colonization of coal surface mine sediment ponds in southern
              Appalachia by aquatic organisms and breeding amphibians

SOURCE:       Pages 261-285 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a
              workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour.,
              University Park.

STATE:        TN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, STOCK, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, AMPHIB, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, CAREX, JUNCUS, ELEOCHARIS, LUDWIGIA, LINDERNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes an experiment to determine the colonization
              rates of aquatic organisms and breeding amphibians in 9 newly
              constructed coal surface mine sediment ponds in Campbell County,
              TN.  The disturbed areas were regraded, revegetated, and
              stabilized prior to stocking with game and forage fish.  Breeding
              amphibians and aquatic insects are described.  Benthic samples were
              taken using an Ekman dredge and pipe sampler.  Water quality
              measurements are included.

KEYWORDS:

===========================================================================

NUMBER:       290

AUTHOR:       Fowler, D.K., and J.B. Maddox

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Habitat improvement along reservoir inundation zones by barge
              hydroseeding

SOURCE:       J. Soil Water Conserv. 29(6):263-265.

STATE:        TN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL, EROSION

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: L1-..., L2-US3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       ECHINOCHLOA, FAGOPYRUM, LOLIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the planting of Japanese millet, common
              buckwheat, and Italian ryegrass along Reservoir inundation
              zones.  The study site was Cherokee Reservoir near Mooresburg, TN;
              the feasibility of barge hydroseeding along the drawdown zone was
              examined.  Potential benefits of vegetating this area included
              aesthetics, provision of food for wildlife (waterfowl), and
              erosion control.  Costs for seed, fertilizer, and labor were
              about $30/acre.  Japanese millet seemed to be best adapted to site
              conditions.  Timing of planting is important (seeding should not
              occur after early August) for minimization of potential frost
              damage.  Both millet and buckwheat were frost damaged during this
              study; ryegrass grew vigorously until the weather was cold and
              remained green during the winter.  Habitat improvement implications
              are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       291

AUTHOR:       Fowler, D.K., and L.J. Turner

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Surface mine reclamation for wildlife: a model reclamation
              plan for southeast Appalachia

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-81/09. 27 pp.

STATE:        TN

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       TYPHA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents a reclamation plan for surface coal mines in
              southern Appalachia.  The plan includes suggestions for
              establishing groundcover and trees and retaining sediment ponds to
              provide wetland habitat.  The costs of reclaiming the site for
              forestry and wildlife are compared to costs for a more traditional
              forestry (monoculture) option.  Costs of reclaiming land for
              wildlife, which involved retaining sediment ponds, were less than
              costs of the forestry option, which included removing sediment
              ponds.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       292

AUTHOR:       Francis, G.R., J.J. Magnuson, H.A. Regier, and D.R. Talhelm

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Rehabilitating Great Lakes ecosystems

SOURCE:       Great Lakes Fish. Comm., Ann Arbor, MI, Tech. Rep. No. 37. 99
              pp.

STATE:        MN, WI, IL, IN, MI, OH, PA, NY, ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SPOIL, STOCK, HYDRO, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L2-..., R.-..., PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       CLADOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report reviews the state of the art for ecological
              rehabilitation of aquatic ecosystems and assesses the feasibility
              of applying it to the Great Lakes.  Sixteen man-induced stresses
              were identified and some useful rehabilitative techniques (and a
              measure of current feasibility of implementing these techniques
              from technical, economic, and institutional viewpoints) are
              presented.  Stresses included fishing and other harvesting,
              introduction of exotics, various contaminants, stream
              modifications, dredging and filling, and acid precipitation.
              This document serves as a framework for developing effective
              strategies for rehabilitation of Great Lakes ecosystems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       293

AUTHOR:       Fraser, J.E., and D.L. Britt

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Liming of acidified waters: a review of methods and effects on
              aquatic ecosystems

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/40.13. 189 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, STOCK

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., R.-..., R.-AB.

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report summarizes current information on liming and how it
              relates to aquatic habitats potentially impacted by the
              acidification process.  Primary emphasis is on the fishery
              resource.  Introductory information discusses acid-sensitive
              regions and the effects of acidification on fisheries of each
              region.  Other chapters address preventative and mitigative
              liming, liming techniques, aquatic ecosystems, and information
              needs.  Appendices provide a summary of liming projects in the
              Northeast and Midwest; a listing of state, federal, and private
              sector contacts to facilitate liming projects; and a review and
              evaluation of models and predictive techniques for establishing
              liming requirements.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       294

AUTHOR:       Fredette, T.J., M.S. Fonseca, W.J. Kenworthy, and G.W. Thayer

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Seagrass transplanting: 10 years of US Army Corps of Engineers
              research

SOURCE:       Pages 121-134 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, SYRINGODIUM, HALODULE, THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article summarizes 10 years of research on seagrass
              transplanting by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  Site
              suitability, recommended environmental measurements (light/depth
              penetration, salinity, temperature, sediment flux, current,
              fetch/waves, and sediment depth), planting methods, and species
              selection are discussed.  The recommended planting method is the
              bare-root technique using 5-15 shoots attached to anchors.  In
              some areas, multispecies transplanting is recommended due to
              slow growth rate of Thalassia.  Vegetative reproduction of
              Halodule is rapid, whereas Syringodium grows at an intermediate
              rate.  Continuing research needs are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       295

AUTHOR:       Fredrickson, L.H., and F.A. Reid

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetland and riparian habitats: a nongame management overview

SOURCE:       Pages 59-96 in J.B. Hale, L.R. Best, and R.L. Clawson, eds.
              Management of nongame wildlife in the Midwest; a developing
              art. Proceedings 47th Midwest Fish Wildl. Conf., N. Central
              Sect. Wildl. Soc., Grand Rapids, MI.

STATE:        MO

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., R2-..., PO-FO., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of nongame habitat use and
              management of wetland and riparian habitats throughout the U.S.
              A few case histories of management in MO are discussed.  Topics
              include: 1) current status and trends of wetland and riparian
              habitats; 2) characteristics of wetland and riparian habitats,
              3) habitat complexes; 4) conceptual approaches to management;
              and 5) specific management practices (marsh, moist-soil, and
              riparian habitat).  Case histories include discussions of
              shorebird, rail, and wading bird management.  The authors present
              an integrated management scheme for 5 wetland basins in MO and
              conclude that habitats should be manipulated as complexes with
              dynamic water regimes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       296

AUTHOR:       Fredrickson, L.H., and T.S. Taylor

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Management of seasonally flooded impoundments for wildlife

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Res. Publ. No. 148. 29 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, HYDRO, CUT, FIRE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L2-...

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG

PGENUS:       LEPTOCHLOA, POLYGONUM, PANICUM, CYPERUS, ECHINOCHLOA,
              DIGITARIA, XANTHIUM, BIDENS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses moist soil management to attract wildlife
              on manmade impoundments.  Low sites where row crops are often
              lost to flooding are particularly well suited for moist soil
              management.  Optimum success requires good levees, control
              structures for precise water manipulations, and a pumping system
              to remove or add water.  A group of small impoundments provides
              more management flexibility than a single large impoundment.
              Guidelines are presented for developing moist soil impoundments
              (construction, costs, benefits), vegetation management of
              seasonally flooded impoundments, manipulations of water levels for
              wildlife, and developing integrated management plans.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1491

AUTHOR:       Freeman, R.J. Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Constructed wetlands experience in the Southeast

SOURCE:       Pages 69-74 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        AL, LA, MS, KY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, SOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Free-water surface (FWS) constructed wetland systems and vegetated
              submerged bed (VSB) wetland systems are compared in their use and
              effectiveness in the Southeast.  Several sites were converted or
              designed with VSB or FWS or a combination of the two to treat
              wastewater.  Although VSB systems boast of a greater assimilation rate
              with less land requirements, no visible flow, vector problems, or
              odor, and more cold tolerant, serious questions are surfacing as to
              the actual efficiency of this system in the Southwest.  Difficulties
              meeting NH3 and BOD effluent limits, and the appearance of surface
              water due to substrate plugged with algae are the primary problems
              being faced.  New designs to remedy these problems include
              significantly lowering the loading rates and increasing land use as
              much as 90 acres.  This tends to dismiss this type of constructed
              wetland as a cost-effective method for treating wastewater.  Design
              change improvements addressing short-circuiting and inadequate oxygen
              transfer in FWS systems include an addition of deep zones separating
              cells to redistribute flow and prohibit plant growth and shallow
              inlets to maximize oxygen transfer.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1382

AUTHOR:       Frenkel, R.E., and J.C. Morlan

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Restoration of the Salmon River salt marshes: retrospect and
              prospect

SOURCE:       Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 142pp.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the evaluation of a restored salt marsh along the
              Salmon River and compares it to a control wetland.  The objective was
              to return the estuary to its state prior to diking and agricultural
              alteration and reestablish a functioning natural salt marsh community
              and ecosystem.  Three criteria were used for evaluation:  1)
              composition of restored salt marsh, 2) environmental structure of the
              site, and  3) function of the wetland system.  Pasture communities
              were replaced by five salt marsh communities which including, Carex,
              Salicornia, Distichalis, and Juncus.  Elevation profiles showed the
              restored wetland was 35 cm lower than the control wetland, however,
              elevation is increasing rapidly.  Although the functioning restored
              salt marsh is now completely integrated into the lower Salmon River
              estuary it is not comparable to the original salt marsh in
              composition, structure, or function.  Long term prospects  for
              complete restoration to the original pristine conditions are largely
              dependent of the marsh elevation.  Therefore, the goal of
              reestablishing a functioning salt marsh community is more realistic.
              The authors list general and specific recommendations to managers in
              planning and monitoring coastal wetland restoration projects.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1109

AUTHOR:       Friedman, J.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Decomposition rates of peat in drained and undrained wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 55-59 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coord. Wetland
              and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual
              meeting. Soc. Wetland Sci., Wilmington, NC.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB4

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       PHALARIS, CAREX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes an investigation of decomposition rates in
              drained and undrained peat deposits. Influences of water table and
              substrate characteristics on peat decomposition rates is included.
              The study sites are 3 neutral pH wetlands along the yahara chain
              of lakes in Dane County, WI: Gardner Marsh, Wingra Fen, and Waubesa
              Mound. An observed decline in decomposition rate with depth was
              correlated with substrate and microenvironment characteristics;
              the effect of water table depth was less than expected, and reasons
              for this are discussed briefly.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1545

AUTHOR:       Friedman, J.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Gardner marsh: drainage, subsidence and restoration of a peat
              deposit

SOURCE:       Master of Science Thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison,
              WI. 170 pp.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-ML1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       CAREX, GENTIANOPSIS, PHALARIS, URTICA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis describes and compares drainage and subsidence of two
              drained and one undrained peat marshes.  Peat decomposition was
              measured by carbon dioxide release, mass loss, litter decomposition
              and standing crop, soil parameters, temperature, and water table
              level.  Study results indicate Gardner Marsh and Wingra Fen have a
              higher rate of decomposition than production thus resulting in
              subsidence.  Restoration efforts proposed for Gardner Marsh include
              reestablishing a natural water table regime through water-level
              manipulations, removal of existing shrubs, raising the water table,
              replanting certain sedge meadow species, and continued management
              to keep out undesirable species.  Pending problems due to flooding
              and ponding are discussed as well as monitoring proceedures and
              various civic benefits resulting from restoration.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1565

AUTHOR:       Fry, J., F.R. Steiner, and D.M. Green

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Riparian evaluation and site assessment in Arizona

SOURCE:       Landscape and Urban Planning 28:179-199.

STATE:        AZ

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       EVALUATION

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     NONE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses classification and evaluation of riparian
              zones based on their biophysical elements, functions, values, and
              benefits in order to protect existing areas along the Agua Fria
              River watershed.  A point system was used called the RESA
              evaluation (riparian evaluation and site assesment).  A total
              of 50 points were applied for the three RE categories and 90 points
              for the nine SA criteria.  Ten sites representive of the landscape
              types along the river were described and evaluated.  Three sites scored
              greater then 100 points and are to be protected by a 30 m buffer zone
              on either side of the channel.  Five sites received 60 to 100 points
              and will have 23 m maintenance buffers on either side of the channel.
              Finally, the two sites having the lowest ratings will receive 30 m
              enhancement buffers on either side of the channel.  Ideas for
              enhancement, mitigation techniques, and corridor plannng are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       297

AUTHOR:       Funk, W.H., and H.L. Gibbons

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Lake restoration by nutrient inactivation

SOURCE:       U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, EPA 440/5-79-001:141-151.

STATE:        OH, WA, OR, WI

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: L1-..., L2-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the techniques, methodology, equipment, and
              costs of treatment used to improve water quality of several
              eutrophic lakes: 1) Horseshoe Lake, Manitowoc County, WI; 2) Twin
              and Dollar Lakes, near Kent, OH; 3) Medical Lake, WA; 4) Clines'
              Pond, Corvallis, OR; and 5) Liberty Lake, WA.  Aluminum
              compounds were commonly used to inactivate (excess) lake
              nutrients, primarily phosphorus.  The treatment was successful in
              reducing algal blooms by removing phosphorus at ice-out and
              neutralizing the release of phosphorus from aquatic plant matter
              and from lake sediment.  Most treatments were effective for 2-3
              years.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       298

AUTHOR:       Funk, W.H., H.L. Gibbons, and G.C. Bailey

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Lake assessment in preparation for a multiphase restoration
              treatment

SOURCE:       U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, EPA 440/5-81-010:226-237.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       SOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., L2-AB3, L2-AB4, R.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       GLOEOTRICHIA, ANABAENA, APHANIZOMENON, ELODEA, POTAMOGETON,
              CERATOPHYLLUM, MICROCYSTIS, COELOSPHAERIDIUM, CERATIUM,
              TABELLARIA, MELOSIRA, FRAGILARIA, ASTERIONELLA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses efforts to restore Liberty Lake in eastern
              WA, a heavily used recreational lake plagued by massive blue-green
              algal blooms during summer.  In 1974, alum treatment of the 288 ha
              lake aimed at late summer and fall release of phosphorus
              successfully demonstrated the need to control internal cycling of
              nutrients as well as surface and subsurface input.  Macrophytes
              growing in rich sediments acted as nutrient pumps releasing
              phosphorus above the floc layer.  The alum treatment kept
              blue-green algal problems under control for 3 years.  Further
              restorative efforts began in 1978 with sewering of the lake
              periphery and marsh runoff diversion the following year.  Suction
              dredging followed by alum treatment is scheduled for Fall 1980.
              Water quality, phytoplankton, macrophyte, and aquatic
              invertebrate data are presented for 1978-79.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       299

AUTHOR:       Fuss, C.M., Jr. and J.A. Kelly, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1969

TITLE:        Survival and growth of sea grasses transplanted under
              artificial conditions

SOURCE:       Bull. Mar. Sci. 19(2):351-365.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       LAB, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, DIPLANTHERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes procedures of transplanting seagrasses in
              aquaria and seawater tanks.  Sprigs of Thalassia testudinum and
              Diplanthera wrightii were removed from natural sites near St.
              Petersburg, FL, and transplanted in aquariums and through-flow
              seawater tanks.  The tanks were filled to a depth of approximately
              40 cm at 25 degrees C.  Thalassia sprigs survived 7 months in an
              aquarium; Diplanthera sprigs died after 3.5 months.  Rhizomic and
              short-shoot growth of Thalassia in the tanks was recorded.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       300

AUTHOR:       Fuxing, J., and L. Baoshu

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Salt tolerance of several species of Spartina

SOURCE:       Pages 340-341 in Research advances in partina-- achievements
              of past 22 years. J. Nanjing Univ., China.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews salt tolerance of Spartina anglica,
              S. alterniflora, S. patens, and S. cynosuroides grown in anaerobic,
              high salinity environments, and the effects of salt on seed
              germination and growth.  Substrate salinity of intertidal zones
              where S. alterniflora and S. anglica occur is higher than that of
              supratidal zones where S. patens and S. cynosuroides are found.
              However, all 4 species will grow in fresh water.  Maximum rate of
              germination occurs in fresh water and rates decrease with increase
              of salt content.  Salt glands on leaves of Spartina are the main
              paths of salt excretion.  Spartina roots possess the capability of
              high salt resistance.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1554

AUTHOR:       Galatowitsch, S.M. and A.G. van der Valk

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Restoring prairie wetlands: an ecological approach

SOURCE:       Iowa State University Press. Ames, Iowa. 246 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: P0-EM1, PO-AB2, PO.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     MANY, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This book discusses the decline and effect of prairie potholes on
              groundwater, drainage, plant and animal species, and nonpoint source
              pollution.  Options and design considerations for locating and
              restoring prairie wetlands are offered.  Recomendations are included
              for site selection, diking, removing tile lines, evaluation and
              management, restoration goals, revegetation, and available assistant
              programs.  Lists of potential wetland soil types are also provided
              as well as a list of possible permits required for restoration
              projects.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1328

AUTHOR:       Gale, J.G., and P.B. Williams

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Integrating tidal wetland restoration with coastal flood basin
              design: the example of Shorebird Marsh, Corte Madera,
              California

SOURCE:       Proceedings of the National Wetland Symposium: Urban Welands.
              June 26-29, 1988. Oakland, California pp. 83-90.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: M1.-..., M2.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the basin design of a tidal wetland restoration
              project done on Shorebird Marsh in Corte Madera, California.  The
              purpose of this project was to integrate wetland enhancement with
              flood control.  A limit of the National Geodetic Vertical Datum (NGVD)
              was not to exceed 1.0 ft. in order to prevent flooding of low-lying
              areas.  Tidal fluctuation was allowed between March 1 and November 15
              when there was the least threat of stormwater flooding.  During this
              time an automatic slide gate would monitor the water level at 1.0 ft
              NGVD and .75 ft NGVD.  During the rest of the year, when stormwater
              threat was greater water surface in the marsh would be lowered to -2.0
              ft. NGVD.  In addition, pumps would be used to prevent water level
              from exceeding +1.0 ft NGVD.  The author also discusses operating  and
              management problems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       301

AUTHOR:       Gallagher, J.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Marsh creation: effects of pesticides on the flora

SOURCE:       Pages 136-139 in J.C. Lewis and E.W. Bunce, eds.
              Rehabilitation and creation of selected coastal habitats:
              proceedings of a workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.
              FWS/OBS-80/27.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, BIOCIDE

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes effects of pesticides on marsh vegetation.
              Various examples of herbicide/insecticide application, sometimes
              as part of marsh management, are described.  In other cases,
              wetlands are nontarget recipients of pesticides.  The fate of
              pesticides, including their transfer through food chains, is not
              well understood.  Effects on wetland systems may be direct or
              indirect.  Several examples of pesticide loss from soils are
              described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       302

AUTHOR:       Gallagher, J.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Salt marsh soil development

SOURCE:       Pages 28-34 in J.C. Lewis and E.W. Bunce, eds. Rehabilitation
              and creation of selected coastal habitats: proceedings of a
              workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/27.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPOROBOLUS, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA, SPARTINA, JUNCUS,
              PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of: 1) salt marsh soil and its
              development; 2) characteristics of original marsh sediment (i.e.,
              dredged material); and 3) plant selection to facilitate desired
              substrate changes.  Whereas natural marsh soils are tidally
              deposited with fairly uniform grain size fractionation, dredged
              materials are variable and may be more difficult to vegetate.
              Salt marsh soil stability, acidity, moisture, salinity, and
              nutrients are discussed in detail.  Plants tolerant of special
              soil conditions or useful in facilitating desired changes in
              substrate are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       303

AUTHOR:       Gallagher, J.L., F.G. Plumley, and P.L. Wolf

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Underground biomass dynamics and substrate selective
              properties of Atlantic coastal salt marsh plants

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS,
              Tech. Rep. D-77-28. 167 pp.

STATE:        GA, DE, ME

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SPOIL, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES, JUNCUS, SALICORNIA, SPOROBOLUS,
              BORRICHIA, CAREX, DISTICHLIS, ELEOCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report summarizes studies of underground biomass dynamics
              and substrate selection of salt marsh plants in 18 stands along
              the Atlantic Coast of GA, DE, and ME.  Study sites included
              natural marshes and those composed of various types of dredged
              material.  Findings indicated that in developing a salt marsh on
              dredged materials, substrate problems should be considered:
              stability (dredged material texture and exposure to wave action);
              pH; salinity; soil characteristics; and nutrients, of which
              nitrogen appears to be the key element.  The authors provide
              recommendations on the use of dredged material and plant species
              for marsh development and advise the use of a field bioassay
              prior to dredging.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       304

AUTHOR:       Gallagher, T.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Eugene's urban wildlife area: delta ponds

SOURCE:       Pages 122-126 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds.
              Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp.
              Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       POPULUS, SALIX, RUBUS, TYPHA, POTAMOGETON, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the delta ponds of Eugene, OR.  The ponds are
              located on former pasture that was mined for gravel before 1980.
              The city of Eugene acquired the delta ponds.  Recommendations
              for a management plan are listed.  Considerations include
              environment (reshaping ponds and managing for wildlife),
              recreation (fishing, canoeing, hiking, wildlife observation),
              education, visual quality, safety, and economics (additional
              mining of the site could fund many improvements).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       305

AUTHOR:       Gambrell, R.P., R.A. Khalid, and W.H. Patrick, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Disposal alternatives for contaminated dredged material as a
              management tool to minimize adverse environmental effects

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. DS-78-8. 163 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides guidelines for selecting alternative
              methods for dredged material disposal to minimize adverse
              environmental effects.  The focus is on manipulation of spoil and
              disposal techniques for contaminated sediments.  Potentially toxic
              soils should be placed in low-energy regimes to minimize
              resuspension and transport of contaminated solids into adjacent
              aquatic systems.  Unconfined subaqueous disposal represents a
              high environmental risk due to transformation of the contaminants
              to more mobile, available forms.  Short- and long-term
              considerations for subaqueous intertidal and upland disposal
              alternatives are discussed.  Initial considerations and soil
              conditions necessary for disposal are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1036

AUTHOR:       Garbisch, E.W., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        "Green grow the rushes": tidal marsh synthesis in the
              Chesapeake Bay

SOURCE:       Potomac Appalachian Mag. (1):17-27.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, TYPHA, PANICUM, AMMOPHILA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article presents an overview of efforts to create, restore,
              and maintain Chesapeake Bay tidal marshes.  A case study of a
              created intertidal sand flat at Hambleton Island is discussed in
              greater detail.  Approximately 3,000 cubic yards of biologically
              sterile sand was placed in the bay and planted with 60,000
              seedlings of cordgrasses, saltmarsh hay, cattails, common reed,
              switchgrass, and American beachgrass.  Within 8 months after
              planting, benthic invertebrate species diversity was identical
              to that found in an undisturbed intertidal control area.
              Consumption of submerged rhizomes by geese, swans, muskrats, and
              raccoons reduced vegetative establishment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       306

AUTHOR:       Garbisch, E.W., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Revegetation and development of tidal marshlands

SOURCE:       Proc. Soil Conserv. Soc. Am. Annu. Meet. 32:179-184.

STATE:        NJ, MD

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents guidelines, techniques, and mitigation
              opportunities for restoring marshlands lost as a result of
              construction/development activities.  Tidal marsh establishment to
              reduce shoreline erosion and improve wildlife habitat was
              successful in Chesapeake Bay and southern NJ.  Filling and
              resurfacing with marsh materials was best accomplished in
              winter when production was low and plants were dormant.  Peat was
              the least desirable substrate material.  Surface slopes were as
              low as possible (without impounding water).  Proper surface
              elevation was important for successful vegetative establishment.
              Toxic salt concentrations in the soil can become a major limiting
              factor, inhibiting growth of marsh plants.  Guidelines for
              establishing wildlife habitat on dredge material is included.

KEYWORDS:     marshes/dredge spoil/wildlife/wildlife habitat/habitat/habitat
              development/transplanting/technique/revegetation/tidal wetlands/
              restoration/dredged material

===========================================================================

NUMBER:       307

AUTHOR:       Garbisch, E.W., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Marsh development for shore erosion control

SOURCE:       Pages 77-94 in Great Lakes Basin CommitteeP proceedings of the
              workshop on the role of vegetation in stabilization of the
              Great Lakes shoreline. Great Lakes Basin Comm., Ann Arbor, MI.

STATE:        NY, PA, OH, IN, IL, WI, MI, MN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SPOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L2-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses bank sloping in relation to marsh development
              for shore erosion control on the Great Lakes.  Brief examples of
              marsh creation on existing and on physically altered shores are
              presented with diagrams and photos.  The author stresses
              conducting preliminary research on marsh creation technology in
              the Great Lakes region and emphasizes that most marsh development
              would have to take place within low-profile protective enclosures
              or behind breakwaters due to the extensive wave exposure of the
              Great Lakes shoreline.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       308

AUTHOR:       Garbisch, E.W., Jr., P.B. Woller, and R.J. McCallum

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Salt Marsh Establishment and Development

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research
              Center, Fort Belvoir, VA. Technical Memorandum No. 52. 110 pp.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, AMMOPHILA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Intertidal and subtidal zones of several sites in Mid-Chesapeake
              Bay were planted with experimental seagrass seedlings.  No
              limitations for vegetation establishment above mean high water
              were found.  Net production of seagrasses increased 135-860%
              in the moderate to low-energy sandy areas after application of
              fertilizer.  Macrobenthic invertebrate response was monitored;
              the subtidal zone had the larger population, which decreased with
              increasing elevation.  Seedlings were protected from grazing
              Canada geese by covering the site with netting.  Transplant
              mortalities were reduced in the high-energy zone by delaying
              planting until mid-June.

KEYWORDS:     Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/intertidal/Spartina patens/
              Distichlis spicata/dredged material/sediment/elevation/
              colonization/benthos/monitoring/Spartina cynosuroides/
              Ammophila breviligulata/macrobenthic invertebrates/erosion/
              stabilization/fertilization/marshes/Chesapeake Bay

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       310

AUTHOR:       Garbisch, E.W., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Wetland rehabilitation

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-78/97:217-219.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM., PO-EM.

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This overview of wetland rehabilitation efforts includes
              discussion of marsh rehabilitation, planting techniques and costs,
              and functions of rehabilitated marshes.  The technology for
              rehabilitation of tidal marshes has been developed well enough to
              play a significant role in the development of guidelines for site
              preparation and vegetative establishment.  Depending on marsh
              establishment design, important marsh functions, including
              vegetative productivity, wildlife use, erosion control, and water
              quality improvement, maximize operationally within 1-3 years of
              initial establishment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       312

AUTHOR:       Garbisch, E.W., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Recent and planned marsh establishment work throughout the
              contiguous United States--a survey and basic guidelines

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Effects
              Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Contract Rep. D-77-3. 48 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, LFORM, SPOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1, E2-SS3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, RHIZOPHORA, PELTANDRA, PONTEDERIA, SCIRPUS,
              TYPHA, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reports on 105 marsh establishment projects throughout
              the U.S.  Surface slope and elevation are the 2 most important
              factors in marsh site preparation.  Marsh plant selection
              guidelines include consideration of: 1) native species; 2) project
              objectives; 3) growth rates and sediment stabilizing
              characteristics; 4) site elevation; and 5) time of planting.
              For plantings in high stress areas, properly developed nursery
              stock is most successful.  Transplant spacing and fertilization
              requirements are discussed.  Three major requirements for marsh
              establishment are: 1) removal of debris and litter; 2) protection
              against waterfowl depredation; and 3) fertilization.

KEYWORDS:     waterways/Canada geese/elevation/management/protection/
              waterfowl/wetlands establishment/Canada/fertilization

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       309

AUTHOR:       Garbisch, E.W., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations, Windmill Point Marsh
              development site, James River, Virginia. Appendix B:
              propagation of vascular plants

SOURCE:        U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-23. 157 pp.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SCIRPUS, PELTANDRA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes marsh planting results on off-dike,
              unconfined dredged materials at the James River habitat
              Development Site, Windmill Point, Prince George County, VA.
              Plants were monitored to determine optimum elevations and
              fertilization needs for successful propagation.  Results of seeding
              and sprigging were compared.  Laboratory tests conducted on seed
              germination also are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       311

AUTHOR:       Garbisch, E.W., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Highways and wetlands: compensating wetland losses

SOURCE:       Fed. Highway Admin., Off. Implement., McLean, VA,
              FHWA-1P-86-22. 60 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, BIOCIDE, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-EM1, PO-EM2, E2-EM2, E2-AB3, PO-AB3, E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       ACORUS, CAREX, CEPHALANTHUS, DESCHAMPSIA, DISTICHLIS, FESTUCA,
              LEERSIA, AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, PANICUM,
              PELTANDRA, POLYGONUM, PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, SAURURUS,
              SCIRPUS, SPARTINA, TYPHA, ZOSTERA, RUPPIA, POTAMOGETON,
              VALLISNERIA, THALASSIA, HALODULE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This illustrated handbook contains information on wetland
              restoration, enhancement, and establishment procedures.
              Specifications for wetland establishment, from final grading to
              maintenance requirements and costs, are described.  Factors that
              limit the success of wetland establishment projects include
              improper final grade, poor choice of plant species, inadequate
              water level control, errors in the timing of plantings, erosion,
              vandalism, low quality materials, degradation by wildlife or
              livestock, development of salt stress zone, and litter
              deposition/accumulation.  A guide to perennial wetland plants
              includes information on range, habitat, seed harvest and storage,
              recommended propagules, and site seeding potential for over 25
              species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1167

AUTHOR:       Garbisch, E.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Information needs in the planning process for wetland creation
              and restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 9-13 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II.
              Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency U.S. Environ.
              Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-..., R.-..., E.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses factors which should be contained in wetland
              creation and restoration plans, and factors which should be
              addressed during the permitting process.  Mitigation plan contents
              are described in detail and include site hydrology, construction
              timetable, site description, elevations and slopes, maintenance
              programs, critical elements, timetables and monitoring.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       313

AUTHOR:       Garbisch, E.W., Jr., and L.B. Coleman

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Tidal freshwater marsh establishment in Upper Chesapeake Bay:
              Pontederia cordata and Peltandra virginica

SOURCE:       Pages 285-298 in R.E. Good, D.F. Whigham, R.L. Simpson, eds.
              Freshwater wetlands: ecological processes and management
              potential. Academic Press, New York.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM2, R1-EM2, R1-UB4

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       PELTANDRA, PONTEDERIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the effects of tidal elevation, substrate
              type, and fertilization on Peltandra virginica and Pontederia
              cordata.  The study area is in a small cove on the Northeast
              River in Upper Chesapeake Bay, MD.  Seeds (for seedling stock)
              were harvested in the James River, stored in cold water,
              germinated, and transplanted at the study site.  P. virginica
              establishment at elevations above mean high water was about 93%;
              at mean low water, germination was only 5%.  P. virginica
              seedlings had a low rate of productivity and did not flower
              during the first year's growth.  Establishment by 1-year-old bulbs
              or 2-year-old seedling stock may be more successful.  Germination
              of P. cordata seed was 20% or less at all elevations and on all
              substrate types; 3-month-old seedling transplants were more
              successful.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1537

AUTHOR:       Garbisch, E.W. and J.L. Garbisch

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Control of upland band erosion through tidal marsh
              construction on restored shores: application in the Maryland
              portion of Chesapeake Bay

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 18(5):677-691.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, STABIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: L2-EM1, L2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the restoration of shores with no incoming sand
              supplies for upland bank erosion control.  Considerations and
              suitability criteria for site construction applications are
              listed.  Design standards for containment structure construction are
              detailed and illustrated.  Vegetation specifications for revegetation
              are listed for areas with various salinity levels.  Maintainence
              considerations for the property owner to insure success of a project
              are recommended.  In addition, a cost analysis comparison of the
              authors' erosion control technique to that of rip-rap and wooden
              bulkheads is compared.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       314

AUTHOR:       Garbisch, E.W., Jr., and P.B. Woller

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Marsh development on dredged materials at Slaughter Creek,
              Maryland

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Baltimore, MD. 110 pp.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       AMMOPHILA, SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses creation of a 2.9 acre salt marsh on
              dredged material at the entrance canal to Slaughter Creek,
              Dorchester County, MD.  The area is subject to severe wave stress
              during winter from Little Choptank River on the eastern edge of
              Chesapeake Bay.  Establishment of cordgrass and salt grass
              plantings was more successful on unfertilized soft mud dredged
              material than unfertilized coarser grained material.
              Fertilization of the latter material greatly accelerated plant
              development.  Loss of early established vegetation due to erosion
              and burial was estimated at 20-30%.  The area is expected to
              stabilize within 2 years of plant establishment.  Erosion of
              mainland directly behind the new marsh has been abated entirely.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       315

AUTHOR:       Garbisch, E.W., Jr., P.B. Woller, W.J. Bostian, and R.J.
              McCallum

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Biotic techniques for shore stabilization

SOURCE:       Pages 405-426 in L.E. Cronin, ed. Estuarine research, volume
              II: geology and engineering. Academic Press, New York.

STATE:        MD, VA, NJ

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, PHRAGMITES, PANICUM, AMMOPHILA, SCIRPUS,
              TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes planting techniques for estuarine shore
              stabilization.  Seven project sites are described: six along the
              Chesapeake Bay shoreline and one at Ocean city, NJ.  These
              projects have been initiated to establish salt, brackish, and
              freshwater marshes on a variety of coastal substrates and
              shorelines.  Each site is described in detail; planting results
              are summarized.  Substrate limitations, fertilizer requirements,
              effects of stress, recovery of benthos (artificial tide flats),
              and methods of vegetative establishment are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1317

AUTHOR:       Garbish, E.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Wetland enhancement, restoration, and construction

SOURCE:       Pages 261-274 in S.K. Majumdar, R.P. Brooks, F.J. Brenner, and
              R.W. Tiner, eds. Wetlands ecology and conservation: Emphasis
              in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Academy of Science, Easton, PA.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, SEED, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, WQUAL, VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper lists elements which provide for successful enhancement,
              restoration, and creation of wetlands.  The author proposes criteria
              to determine success based on standard engineering, hydrological, and
              biological principles.  Key problems effecting the success of wetland
              restoration and creation projects, and their avoidance, including
              animal depredation, salt stress, ice damage, and water-logged soils,
              are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       316

AUTHOR:       Gardner, W.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Salt marsh creation: impact of heavy metals

SOURCE:       Pages 126-131 in J.C. Lewis and E.W. Bunce, eds.
              Rehabilitation and creation of selected coastal habitats:
              proceedings of a workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.
              FWS/OBS-80/27.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article examines the factors that affect the impact of toxic
              heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, As) on salt marsh systems.  Sources of
              these metals include input from rivers and river drainages, local
              pollution, and dredging.  Redox and pH changes incurred by
              dredging may release metals already present in sediments into the
              water.  Physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect
              distribution or concentration of heavy metals are discussed.
              Plants, for example, may remove metals from solution, transfer
              them from sediment into the water, or store them in plant tissue.
              Estuarine sediments retain approximately 10-20% of the cadmium,
              copper, and mercury; 100% of the iron; and 60% of the manganese
              they receive.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1381

AUTHOR:       Garfitt, W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Conversion, development and management of a small worked-out
              gravel pit for sport, fish production and wildlife

SOURCE:       Pages 151-163 in Wildlife on man-made wetlands.
              Buckinghamshire, England.

STATE:        ENGLAND

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUES

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       CUT, SOIL, PLANT, STOCK, LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-US5

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, FISH, HUSE, VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes efforts to develop and restore a gravel pit in
              England for fish and wildlife habitat.  The gravel pit was deepened
              and widened and three additional lakes where created, two specifically
              created for trout.  The banks were maximized and bays were planted
              with water plants which provided the greatest cover and food
              production for attracting waterfowl.  Another lake was created for
              carp with an island in the center for maximizing the edge for the
              fish, providing privacy for the fisherman, and providing protected
              nesting grounds for waterfowl.  The banks of the lakes were
              set at a 33 degree slope and seeded with a fescue/clover mixture.  A
              four inch pvc pipe was set underground connecting all lakes to allow
              draining the stock ponds and refilling them.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       317

AUTHOR:       Gates, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        An inventory of California coastal wetlands with a potential
              for restoration and enhancement

SOURCE:       Pages 11-21 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll.
              Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E1-..., E2-..., M1-..., M2-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This inventory identifies coastal wetlands in CA in terms of
              potential for preservation and restoration.  Criteria used to
              select these wetlands are based on the type and degree of
              artificial alteration of wetland habitat.  A total of 44 wetland
              enhancement projects in San Francisco Bay and other coastal areas
              are listed.  Project description, agency, project status, and
              future actions are included in table form.  Wetlands with
              potential for future restoration also are listed; those that have
              multiple use values are more likely to be funded as restoration
              projects.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       318

AUTHOR:       Gatewood, S.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Marshland reflooding in the Kissimmee River Valley, Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 1-17 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh annual
              conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the reflooding of a previously channelized
              marsh (Armstrong Slough) adjacent to the Kissimmee River
              Floodplain in FL.  The project is designed to evaluate methods for
              improving water quality and pollution control for Lake Okeechobee;
              results also will be applied to the restoration of the Kissimmee
              River.  Control structures were used to restore natural water
              fluctuation patterns in the marsh; channel blocking has caused
              sheet-flow throughout the area, initiating prechannelization flow
              conditions.  This facilitates pollutant assimilation by marsh
              vegetation.  Project evaluation will include an assessment of:
              1) fish and wildlife response to reflooding; and 2) impacts on
              watershed hydrology and chemical loading.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1037

AUTHOR:       Gaudet, J.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Natural drawdown in Lake Naivasha, Kenya, and the formation of
              papyrus swamps

SOURCE:       Aquatic Bot. 3(1):1-47.

STATE:        KENYA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: L2-..., PO-EM1, L2-US3

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       CYPERUS, CONYZA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses plant succession on wet mud at the edge of
              Lake Naivasha, Kenya, after a natural lake drawdown.  Three
              zones developed: a Sphaeranthus zone (closest to the lake
              water), a sedge zone (dominated by papyrus), and a composite
              zone (closest to dry land).  Succession continued after
              reflooding and resulted in a papyrus fringe swamp.  Production
              of papyrus swamp along the lake edge was correlated with larger
              cycles (1-3 years) of drying and flooding.  Papyrus was the most
              adaptable species present.  The appendix includes a list of the
              108 plant species known to occur on the lake's edge.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       319

AUTHOR:       Gay, B.L., and J.T. Tanacredi

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Shoreline stabilization through marsh restoration

SOURCE:       Parks 7:19-20.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1, E2-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes beach restoration at Gateway National
              Recreation Area, NJ and NY.  To address severe beach erosion
              problems, Phase I of this project involves the construction of a
              tire mattress parallel to the beach and several tire bundles
              (finger projections) perpendicular to the beach.  Phase II is the
              establishment of a Spartina alterniflora marsh system along the
              shore.  It is hoped that this system will also absorb sewage
              effluent nutrients.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1503

AUTHOR:       Gearheart, R.A. and M. Higley

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Constructed open surface wetlands: the water quality benefits
              and wildlife benefits-City of Arcata, California

SOURCE:       Pages 561-567 in G.A Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, SHOREB, HUSE, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, RUPPIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews efforts and results over the last twelve years of
              the development of the Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS).
              The AMWS began in 1985 as two treatment marshes (2.5 acres each) to
              treat primary and secondary treated effluent from Arcata, CA.  At the
              present it encompasses 150 acres comprised of three effluent
              receiving marshes, an esturine fishing lake, a fresh-water swamp, a
              closed-out landfill, a restored estuary, and various open land areas.
              BOD removal efficiency rates generally produce BOD levels of less
              then 20 mg/L.  The amount of dissolved oxygen and pH increased as
              vegetation coverage increased.  Suspended solids met the secondary
              effluent requirements of less than 20 mg/L 78% of the time and the
              primary effluent requirements of less than 30 mg/L 100% of the time.
              The AMWS has become a haven for wildlife with annual bird use days/5ha
              of 180,451 water birds and 13,054 waterfowl.  The marsh project also
              provides community benefits such as birdwatching, picnicking, foot
              paths, education, and fishing.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1248

AUTHOR:       Gearheart, R.A., F. Klopp, and G. Allen

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Constructed free surface wetlands to treat and receive
              wastewater: pilot project to full scale

SOURCE:       Pages 121-137 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural.
              Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Freshwater wetlands (experimental and full-scale) were constructed
              by the City of Arcata, Humboldt Co., CA to polish secondary-treated
              effluent.  Results/conclusions from 2 pilot studies and from the
              full scale operational wetland (after 2 years) are presented.
              Experimental cells received hydraulic loads ranging from
              0.02-0.24 m3/m2/day; loads were similar to those expected for the
              full scale operation.  Scirpus validus was the dominant plant
              species used.  Depth, detention time, vegetation harvest rates,
              and the amount of open water varied from cell to cell.  Levels
              of suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand
              and fecal coliform were monitored.  Detailed results are
              presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1038

AUTHOR:       Gebhardt, K.A., J. Gebhardt, G. Koonce, B. O'Brien, S. Sweet,
              and R.B. Tiedmann

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Created wildlife and wetland amenities in an urban environment

SOURCE:       Pages 157-161 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K.
              Miller, tech. coords. Restoration, creation, and management of
              wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. Soc.
              Wetland Sci., Rocky Mountain Chap., Denver, CO.

STATE:        ID

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., R2-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, HUSE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes wetland creation work at Spring Meadow
              on the Boise River, Boise, ID.  The project involved
              relocation and improvement of a side-channel stream adjacent
              to the Boise River, and construction of an emergent wetland
              within 1-2 m of the stream.  Flow design and hydrological
              functioning are described.  Wildlife habitat creation and
              enhancement is based on consideration of several key design
              species: bald eagle, red fox, great blue heron, wood duck, and
              several species of fish.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1403

AUTHOR:       Gebhardt, K.A., J. Gebhardt, G. Koonce, B. O'Brien, S. Sweet,
              and R.B. Tiedmann

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Creating wildlife and wetland amenities in as urban
              environment

SOURCE:       Pages 157-161 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K.
              Miller, eds. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland
              and riparian ecosystems in the American West. PIC Tecnologies,
              Inc and CRS Sirrine, Inc. 235 pp.

STATE:        ID

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SEED, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-SS, PO-F01, L2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HUSE, WFOWL, MAMMALS, HYDRO, NGBIRDS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A mitigation project was developed for wetland and stream creation as
              well as wildlife habitat creation and enhancement along the Boise
              River.  Loggers Creek was reconstructed by removing 5,000 cubic meters
              of soil.  Pool and riffle placement were positioned to provide in
              stream habitat, and the creek was lined with river cobble.  The
              normal flow was designed to operate at 1.7 m3/sec.  Native grasses
              were hydromulched and other vegetation was transplanted to the
              enhancement area.  Wildlife structures were constructed including:
              fox dens, dead trees for avian perching and nesting habitat, and
              maximum cover was provided between Logger Creek and the footpath.
              The second phase of construction involved the creation of an emergent
              wetland.  Excavation depths were below normal low groundwater surface
              and vegetation became established within two to three months.  Within
              one year of construction the emergent wetland was productive and
              supported waterfowl.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       320

AUTHOR:       Geis, J.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Shoreline processes affecting the distribution of wetland
              habitat

SOURCE:       Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 44:529-542.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: L2-..., L2-EM2, L.-AB1, PO-SS., PO-FO., L2-AB3, L2-AB4, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MYRIOPHYLLUM, CERATOPHYLLUM, VALLISNERIA, CHARA, NAJAS,
              POLYGONUM, TYPHA, CALAMAGROSTIS, CAREX, CORNUS, POTAMOGETON,
              NUPHAR, NYMPHAEA, LEMNA, ELODEA, CLADOPHORA, RANUNCULUS,
              UTRICULARIA, ILEX, ACER

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses results of a wetland inventory along the
              shoreline of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River in Jefferson
              County, NY, during an episode of higher than normal water levels
              (1972-1974).  Panchromatic black and white transparencies were
              used for cover mapping.  Data from other studies of wetland
              distribution, plant composition, primary production, and
              environmental control of wetland dynamics were reviewed to
              provide an understanding of shoreline processes affecting
              wetlands.  The higher water levels resulted in a widespread
              dieback in shoreline vegetation, primarily emergents.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1348

AUTHOR:       Gelin, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        The restoration of freshwater ecosystems in Sweden

SOURCE:       Pages 323-338 in M.W. Holdgate and M.J. Woodman, eds. The
              Breakdown and restoration of ecosystems. Plenum Press, New
              York, New York.

STATE:        SWEDEN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       SOIL, CONTAM, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, CHEM, ECON

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, CAREX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Three case studies for restoring freshwater ecosystems in Sweden using
              three different methods are reported in this paper.  The first study
              discusses a receiver for waste water which was restored by suction
              dredging nutrient-rich sediment layer into sedimentation ponds on
              land.  Three years later phosphate concentration in the interstitial
              water was 200-500 times lower, water clarity increased, and
              phytoplankton productivity decreased.  The next study restored a lake
              polluted by sewage through biochemical oxidation of polluted lake
              sediment with nitrate.  BOD was reduced 50%, phosphorous was
              decreased, and transparency increased.  Finally, emergent vegetation
              was removed and preparation of the bottom (stubble mats and root
              felts) was done in connection with raising the water level of a lake.
              Waterfowl fauna increased as open water was restored.  Cost estimates
              for each project are also presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       321

AUTHOR:       Gelin, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        The restoration of freshwater ecosystems in Sweden

SOURCE:       Pages 323-338 in M.W. Holdgate and M.J. Woodman, eds. The
              breakdown and restoration of ecosystems. Plenum Press, New
              York.

STATE:        SWEDEN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       SOIL, HYDRO, CUT, FIRE, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., L2-AB3, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       MICROCYSTIS, POTAMOGETON, JUNCUS, NITELLA, PHRAGMITES, CAREX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses restoration of 3 lakes in Sweden.  Two
              of the lakes had received wastewater for up to 22 years and were
              eutrophic with excessive blue-green algae during summer and oxygen
              deficiency and fish kills during winter.  On 1 lake, a suction
              dredging technique was used to remove the nutrient-rich sediment
              layer.  Organic nitrogen and total phosphorus of surface water
              was greatly reduced.  The other lake was denitrified by injecting
              iron chloride, slaked lime, and calcium nitrate into the sediments.
              Biological oxygen demand greatly decreased and transparency
              increased.  The third lake was overgrown with emergents and a
              series of burning, cutting, and disking was used to replace
              emergent vegetation with submergents to increase waterfowl use.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       322

AUTHOR:       Geller, M.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        Phragmites: life preserver of the salt marsh

SOURCE:       Underwater Nat. 7(3):4-11.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses the general ecology of Phragmites communis
              in salt marshes.  Undisturbed marshes contain little or no
              Phragmites; however, the plant is commonly found on disturbed
              sites.  Phragmites has been found to purify water degraded by
              contaminants such as phosphates and oil.  The plant can tolerate
              higher levels of effluents than the classic marsh grasses
              (Spartina spp.).  The author argues that Phragmites marshes can
              support a great diversity of animal life and serve as erosion
              control until water quality improves enough to permit growth of
              the classic marsh grasses.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       323

AUTHOR:       George, D.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Lagoon restoration at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station,
              Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 84-101 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual
              conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough
              Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3, E2-SS3

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, FISH, HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA, SPARTINA, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A lagoon along the North Banana River, FL, was the site of a pilot
              project to assess effects of estuarine tidal flushing on impounded
              areas.  The objective was to restore mangrove lagoon and tidal
              marsh characteristics.  Existing culverts were opened.  Subsequent
              tidal flushing resulted in the return of several resident species
              of fish and wildlife.  Various water quality chemical parameters
              were recorded before and after flushing.  Although this mangrove/
              salt marsh ecosystem cannot be restored to its full natural state,
              it apparently can be restored to the point of being ecologically
              productive.  The importance of lagoon productivity to the estuarine
              and riverine food chains is discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1189

AUTHOR:       Gerritsen, J., and H.S. Greening

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Marsh seed banks of the Okefenokee Swamp: effect of hydrologic
              regime and nutrients

SOURCE:       Ecology 70(3):750-763.

STATE:        GA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, HYDRO

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-..., PO-UB4, PO-ML1

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       NYMPHAEA, ERIOCAULON, ORONTIUM, RHYNCHOSPORA, ELEOCHARIS,
              IRIS, LACHNANTHES, NYMPHOIDES, PANICUM, PELTANDRA, PONTEDERIA,
              UTRICULARIA, XYRIS, SPHAGNUM, CAREX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study of the effects of 3 hydrologic
              regimes and 4 sets of nutrient conditions on seed germination from
              seed banks of a deep macrophyte marsh and a shallow sedge marsh in
              the Okefenokee Swamp, GA.  Relationships among drawdown, inorganic
              nutrient availability, and seedling growth are described.
              Greenhouse experiments examined germination in both marsh types;
              seedling growth, flowering, plant N and P content, dissolved
              nutrients, and sediment P and N.  Marsh plant growth was limited
              by nitrogen during drawdown; several species were limited by
              phosphorus during inundation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       324

AUTHOR:       Gersberg, R.M., R. Brenner, S.R. Lyon, and B.V. Elkins

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Survival of bacteria and viruses in municipal wastewaters
              applied to artificial wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 237-245 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic
              plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia
              Publ., Orlando, FL.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses survival of indigenous total coliform bacteria
              and seeded MS-2 bacteriophage in artificial wetlands receiving
              primary municipal wastewaters from Santee, CA.  At the hydraulic
              application rate of 5 cm/day, the mean effluent total coliform
              level was reduced 99.1% in the effluent of a 18.5 m by 3.5 m
              (0.76 m deep) bulrush bed and 95.7% in the effluent of an
              unvegetated bed.  Concentrations of MS-2 bacteriophage was reduced
              98.3% in the vegetated bed.  Results indicated that artificial
              wetlands may serve as low-cost alternatives to conventional
              treatment systems for reducing the load of disease-causing
              bacteria and viruses in the aquatic environment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       326

AUTHOR:       Gersberg, R.M., B.V. Elkins, and C.R. Goldman

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Nitrogen removal in artificial wetlands

SOURCE:       Water Res. 17(9):1009-1014.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, TYPHA, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the use of artificial wetlands for removal
              of nitrate from secondary wastewater effluent at high application
              rates.  The nitrified effluent was provided by an existing
              treatment plant--the Santee Water Reclamation Facility of the
              Padre Dam Municipal Water District, Santee, CA.  Removal of
              nitrogen, BOD, suspended solids, orthophosphates, and total
              phosphorus is described in detail and compared among mulched and
              nonmulched vegetated beds, and nonmulched, nonvegetated beds.  The
              system described has proven to be successful; other similar
              systems are compared.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       325

AUTHOR:       Gersberg, R.M., B.V. Elkins, and C.R. Goldman

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Wastewater treatment by artificial wetlands

SOURCE:       Water Sci. Technol. 17(4/5):443-450.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB1

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of the use of 4 artificial
              wetland beds at the Santee Water Reclamation Facility, Santee,
              CA, for treatment of municipal wastewaters.  Both secondary and
              advanced treatment were accomplished.  At an application rate
              of 6 cm/day, 16 acres of constructed wetlands were required
              to treat 3,785 m3 of primary wastewater to secondary
              treatment levels.  Detailed information on BOD, suspended
              solids removal, and nutrient removal is provided.  Cost data
              indicate that artificial wetlands are competitive with other
              treatment technologies used by small or medium communities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       327

AUTHOR:       Gersberg, R.M., B.V. Elkins, S.R. Lyon, and C.R. Goldman

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Role of aquatic plants in wastewater treatment by artificial
              wetlands

SOURCE:       Water Res. 20(3):363-368.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The report describes the results of studies at the Santee Water
              Reclamation Facility, Santee, CA, to assess the roles of
              Scirpus validus, Phragmites communis, and Typha latifolia (in
              artificial wetland systems) in the removal of nitrogen, BOD, and
              total suspended solids from primary wastewaters.  Bulrush and reed
              beds exhibited high efficiency in removal of ammonia-N and BOD.
              Based on study results, an estimated 20 acres of artificial
              wetlands would be required to effectively treat 1 million gallons
              of effluent per day at a significantly lower cost than
              conventional secondary treatment processes.  The role of wetland
              plants in performing integrated secondary and advanced municipal
              wastewater treatment is described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1247

AUTHOR:       Gersberg, R.M., S.R. Lyon, R. Brenner, and B.V. Elkins

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Integrated wastewater treatment using artificial wetlands: a
              gravel marsh case study

SOURCE:       Pages 145-152 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural.
              Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, JUNCUS, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A Scirpus dominated artificial wetland system (gravel substrate)
              was constructed in Santee, San Diego Co., CA to determine whether
              such systems could be used to treat primary effluent and to
              decrease nitrogen and total coliform bacteria to acceptable levels.
              Between October 1983-August 1984 cells supplied with 5 m/day
              primary effluent reduced BOD5 and suspended solids an average
              of 90%.  BOD5 levels exceeded 30 mg/l in late winter but again
              dropped below 10 mg/l within a month.  Ammonia N removal was
              monitored for cells dominated by Scirpus, Juncus, or Typha or
              for cells left unvegetated.  Removal rates were highest (96%)
              for Scirpus cells and lowest (69%) for unvegetated cells.
              Total coliform bacteria removal averaged 97% from November 1984-
              June 1985.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       328

AUTHOR:       Getter, C.D., G. Cintron, B. Dicks, R.R. Lewis, III, and E.D.
              Seneca

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        The recovery and restoration of salt marshes and mangroves
              following an oil spill

SOURCE:       Pages 65-113 in J. Cairns, Jr. and A. Buikema, Jr., eds.
              Restoration of habitats impacted by oil spills. Butterworth
              Publ., Boston, MA.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       JUNCUS, SALICORNIA, SPARTINA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA,
              RHIZOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of effects of oil on marine
              wetlands and an evaluation of restoration attempts.  Salicornia and
              related species were less resistant to oil spills, whereas Juncus
              and Spartina were more resistant.  In general, perennial plants
              with large root systems, which enabled them to grow back following
              oil spills, were the most resistant.  Results of the author's
              studies showed that natural revegetation was limited and
              restoration was necessary.  Planting should be delayed until the
              spring after the spill.  Methods and techniques (with specific
              quantitative information on plant growth responses) relating to
              creating and restoring areas impacted by oil spills are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1185

AUTHOR:       Giessman, N.F., D.E. Wesley, and R.K. Baskett

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Cooperative restoration of a riverine wetland in Missouri

SOURCE:       Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 53:386-390.

STATE:        MO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-AB., PO-EM., RIPARIAN

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the restoration of the Grand Pass Wildlife
              Area on the Missouri River in west central MO.  The area had
              formerly been drained and converted to cropland.  A complex of
              water-control structures will provide about 500 acres of seasonally
              flooded wetlands in 10 separate units.  Some of these units will
              have multiple drainages that will allow extensive water level
              manipulation.  Three different water level management regimes will
              be implemented; each treatment will be rotated annually to a
              different set of pools.  Development of funding sources is also
              discussed as part of a cooperative effort involving Ducks
              Unlimited, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Missouri
              Department of Conservation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       329

AUTHOR:       Gifford, C.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Use of floating tire breakwater to induce growth of high marsh
              and foredune plants along a shoreline

SOURCE:       Pages 136-148 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings fifth annual
              conference on restoration of coastal vegetation in Florida.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: M2-US2, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, RUPPIA, THALASSIA, DISTICHLIS, IVA, PANICUM, JUNCUS,
              MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A floating tire breakwater was put in place on the north shore of
              Santa Rosa Island, Pensacola Beach, Escambia County, FL, to
              control shoreline erosion.  Consequently, unexpected volunteer
              plant growth occurred along the shoreline.  The breakwater
              created conditions where active movement allowed the deposition
              of sand and organic detritus.  Iva and Spartina were successful
              colonizers in this area.  Salinity, conductivity, and groundwater
              temperature were measured.  Rumex, Panicum, Distichlis, Sesuvium,
              Solidago, Helianthum, and other plants were found along the crest
              of the berm.  In the high beach area, only Distichlis was
              successful.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       330

AUTHOR:       Gilbert, T., T. King, and B. Barnett

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        An assessment of wetland habitat establishment at a central
              Florida phosphate mine site

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-81/38. 96 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-SS.

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT,
              VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       PANICUM, STILLINGIA, TYPHA, ECHINOCHLOA, PLUCHEA, POLYGONUM,
              ASTER, EUPATORIUM, SALVINIA, ECLIPTA, JUNCUS, LUDWIGIA,
              ALTERNANTHERA, PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, SALIX, DIGITARIA,
              PISTIA, BACOPA, ELEOCHARIS, CYNODON, SIDA, AESCHYNOMENE,
              ELEUSINE, COMMELINA, BACCHARIS, PASPALUM, IMPERATA,
              AMPELOPSIS, ARISTIDA, AMBROSIA, RUBUS, DESMODIUM, SESBANIA,
              INDIGOFERA, URENA, ANDROPOGON, CYPERUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report examines wetland restoration efforts over a 3 year
              period on a phosphate mine adjacent to Peace River, west central
              FL.  Tables provide analysis results of soil chemical data,
              inundation values, rainfall, water quality parameters, and
              relative abundance of plants, reptiles, amphibians, birds,
              mammals, and benthic macroinvertebrates.  Test plantings were made
              using various marsh and upland plant species.  Survival rates in
              the lower emergent, upper emergent, and lower transition zones are
              reported.  The optimum conditions for reclamation occurred in the
              lower emergent areas.  Restoration considerations and wetland
              habitat planning objectives are included.

KEYWORDS:     assessment/wetlands/wetland habitat/habitat/central Florida/
              Florida/restoration/soils/values/waterquality/reptiles/
              amphibians/birds/mammals/macroinvertebrates/marshes/upland
              plants/phosphate mine site/soil/inundation/plants/reclamation


===============================================================================

NUMBER:       331

AUTHOR:       Gilbert, T., T. King, B. Barnett, J.N. Allen, and R.S. Hearon

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Wetlands reclamation technology development and demonstration
              for Florida phosphate mining

SOURCE:       Pages 87-101 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth annual
              conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-FO1, PO-FO2

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SAGITTARIA, PONTEDERIA, PANICUM, JUNCUS, PINUS, JUNIPERUS,
              TAXODIUM, CATALPA, POPULUS, PLATANUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, NYSSA,
              ACER, FRAXINUS, QUERCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses the restoration of wetland habitat for fish
              and wildlife on phosphate mined lands in Polk and Hillsborough
              Counties, FL.  Techniques for establishing freshwater wetland
              habitat are discussed.  Planting techniques include transplanting
              local trees and freshwater marsh plants, planting bare-root
              nursery seedlings, and direct seeding.  Natural plant succession
              will be documented.  Vegetation survival and growth, plant
              succession trends, hydrology, aquatic community development,
              effects of aquatic communities on water quality, and wildlife use
              trends are included in the test site monitoring program.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       332

AUTHOR:       Gilbert, T., T. King, and L. Hord

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        An assessment of wetlands establishment techniques at a
              Florida phosphate mine site

SOURCE:       Pages 245-263 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh
              annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-FO3, PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL, SOIL, HYDRO, VEG, MAMMALS, INVERT, FISH, REPT,
              AMPHIB, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, WFOWL

PGENUS:       SAGITTARIA, PONTEDERIA, PANICUM, JUNCUS, TAXODIUM, ACER,
              FRAXINUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, NYSSA, CATALPA, POPULUS, PLATANUS,
              QUERCUS, PINUS, ALTERNANTHERA, CEPHALANTHUS, CYPERUS,
              EICHHORNIA, FIMBRISTYLIS, HYDROCOTYLE, LEMNA, LUDWIGIA,
              LINDERNIA, NAJAS, PASPALUM, PISTIA, POLYGONUM, SACCIOLEPIS,
              SALIX, SCIRPUS, THALIA, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents the first year monitoring results for a 3 year
              project evaluating wetland creation techniques on a phosphate-mined
              site near Bartow in central FL.  Plantings of herbaceous freshwater
              marsh plant species and tree seedlings (especially bald cypress,
              red maple, and sweet gum) had high survival rates.  Plant invasion
              was rapid.  Soil data, water quality, and hydrology are discussed.
              Aquatic systems developed rapidly and included abundant fish,
              amphibians, and aquatic insects and other invertebrates.  Wildlife
              use of the site was high--observations included 8 species of fish,
              15 species of reptiles and amphibians, 73 species of birds, and 12
              species of mammals.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       334

AUTHOR:       Gilio, J.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Design and attainment of water quality and chemical free
              maintenance through ecological balance in a man-made
              condominium lake in south Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 93-107 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL

ACTION:       STOCK, PLANT, FERT, BIOCIDE, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     CHEM, FISH, INVERT, WQUAL, VEG, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, WFOWL,
              SUCCESS

PGENUS:       VALLISNERIA, SAGITTARIA, CLADIUM, SPARTINA, CYPERUS, TYPHA,
              BACOPA, NUPHAR, NYMPHAEA, PANICUM, LUDWIGIA, ALTERNANTHERA,
              HYDROCOTYLE, SPIROGYRA, NAJAS, PITHOPHORA, HYDRODICTYON, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A manmade retention lake in a residential community was planted
              with native vegetation.  Tapegrass grew rapidly throughout the
              littoral zone, stabilizing and trapping sediment, and was
              positively correlated with increased water clarity.  A number of
              fish species were established through stocking and natural
              flooding.  A recreational fishery is now maintained.  Manual
              maintenance has been reduced and no chemical control has been
              needed for 2 years due to establishment of biocontrols in the lake
              system.  During this time the lake has shifted from eutrophic to
              oligo-mesotrophic.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       333

AUTHOR:       Gilio, J.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Conversion of an impacted freshwater wet prairie into a
              functional aesthetic marshland

SOURCE:       Pages 94-111 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual
              conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough
              Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SOIL, STOCK, BIOCIDE, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-EM2, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, CLADIUM, NYMPHAEA, SPARTINA, ACER,
              BACOPA, ELEOCHARIS, FIMBRISTYLIS, XYRIS, MYRICA, JUNCUS,
              HABENARIA, AZOLLA, SPIROGYRA, LEMNA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the process of converting a drowned wet
              prairie into a biologically diverse, aesthetically pleasing marsh.
              The site is in Palm City, Martin County, FL.  Removal of
              undesirable plants was followed by extensively transplanting a
              variety of marsh plants.  Several mallards were introduced for
              biological control of Lemna and Spirogyra.  After marsh
              restoration, aquatic bird use increased, including use by species
              of special concern in FL (little blue heron, snowy egret) and the
              federally endangered wood stork.  Estimates of man-hours required
              for marsh maintenance also are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       335

AUTHOR:       Gilmore, R.G., D.W. Cooke, and C.J. Donohoe

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        A comparison of the fish populations and habitat in open and
              closed salt marsh impoundments in east-central Florida

SOURCE:       Northeast Gulf Sci. 5(2):25-37.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-UB3, E2-EM1, E2-SS3, E2-AB3, E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       BATIS, SALICORNIA, RUPPIA, AVICENNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study comparing vegetation and fish
              populations associated with 2 salt marsh impoundments along the
              Indian River Lagoon, FL.  The marsh impoundment closed to tidal
              influence contained 12 fish species.  Water temperature varied
              from 14-34 degrees C, salinity from 2.0-200 ppt, and dissolved
              oxygen from 1.2-14.2 ppm.  The impoundment reopened to tidal
              influence (using an 80 cm diameter culvert) contained 41 fish
              species.  Temperatures varied from 13.5-30 Degrees C, salinity
              from 25-38 ppt, and dissolved oxygen from 2.2-7.5 ppm.  Extensive
              regrowth of black and red mangroves, saltwort, and glasswort
              occurred on the reopened impoundment.

KEYWORDS:     comparison/fishes/fish populations/habitat/salt marshes/marshes/
              impoundments/food web support/vegetation/losses/Florida/open salt
              marsh impoundments/closed salt marsh impoundments/east-central
              Florida/ichthyofauna/fauna

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1039

AUTHOR:       Girts, M.A., and R.L.P. Kleinmann

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Constructing wetlands for treatment of mine water

SOURCE:       Soc. Mining Eng. Fall Meeting, St. Louis, MO, Unpubl. Pap. 23
              pp.

STATE:        OH, WV, PA, MD, AL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-ML1

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       SPHAGNUM, TYPHA, EQUISETUM, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of constructing wetlands for
              treating mine water in the eastern U.S.  Full-scale field tests
              initiated at 25 mine sites during 1984-1985 indicated that water
              quality can be upgraded to meet discharge standards with
              relatively minor  maintenance requirements for constructed
              wetlands treating small flows of acid mine water.  Metals are
              removed by wetland vegetation (primarily sphagnum moss) and
              indigenous bacteria.  Iron concentrations of 25-85 mg/l in
              influent water fall to less than 2 mg/l during flow through
              small wetlands.  Manganese is removed less efficiently.  Flow
              over limestone at the discharge raises pH.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1384

AUTHOR:       Girts, M.A. and R.L.P. Kleinmann

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Constructed wetlands for treatment of acid mine drainage: a
              preliminary review

SOURCE:       Pages 165-171 in D.H. Graves, ed. Symposium on mining,
              hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation. University of
              Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       HYDRO, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     CHEM, PLANT, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPHAGNUM, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents a survey of 20 constructed wetlands built prior
              to 1986 to determine the effect of alternative designs and water
              conditions on treatment efficiency. Cattails were planted at
              all of the wetland sites and Sphagnum moss at half the sites.
              Wetlands planted with Sphagnum showed a decrease in pH during the
              winter months even though metal removal continued.  A major problem of
              the surveyed wetlands were associated with high flow such as breaching
              of banks, regulation of water depth, and channelization.  Hydrogen
              and iron ion removal efficiencies ranged from 80-96%, acidity showed a
              decrease from 68-76%, and manganese and sulfate were reduced 22-50%.
              Construction costs ranged from $1,500 to $65,000 with low annual
              maintenance costs.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1040

AUTHOR:       Glass, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Rebirth of a river

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 5(1):6-14.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, R2-...

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       PISTIA, EICHHORNIA, PONTEDERIA, JUNCUS, MYRICA, ACER

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses history of the Kissimmee River Flood
              Control Project in FL and efforts to restore the river.  Between
              1964 and 1971, the Corps of Engineers reduced the 160 km river
              channel to a 78 km canal.  The result was a reduction of flood
              damage in the lower basin and replacement of marshes and wetlands
              with dry plains.  Consequently, populations of bald eagles,
              alligators, waterfowl, and other wetland species declined
              drastically.  Restoration of the Kissimmee will include annual
              pool fluctuations to reestablish former floodplain wetlands, sheet
              pile weirs to divert water into oxbows, installation of culverts
              and construction of berms at several locations to create a
              flowthrough marsh, and dike removal.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       336

AUTHOR:       Glazier, R.C., R.W. Nelson, and W.J. Logan

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Planning for mine cut lakes

SOURCE:       Pages 533-540 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1981 symposium
              on surface mining hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation.
              Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses some concepts and principles useful in
              developing mine cuts into valuable permanent water impoundments.
              The costs of providing lake and surrounding watershed features as
              a feasible postmining land use are a fraction of the backfilling
              costs necessary to restore premining topography and land use.
              Many design features can be provided at a reasonable cost to
              ensure future design of mine-cut lakes for fish and wildlife
              habitat, recreation, water supply, and allied purposes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       337

AUTHOR:       Gleason, M.L., D.A. Elmer, N.C. Pien, and J.S. Fisher

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Effects of stem density upon sediment retention by salt marsh
              cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel

SOURCE:       Estuaries 2(4):271-273.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses a laboratory experiment conducted to determine
              whether retention of waterborne sand by salt marsh cordgrass
              (Spartina alterniflora) is directly related to the number of stems
              per unit area.  Plant densities of 27, 54, and 108 stems/m2 were
              tested on 3% and 6% slopes subjected to 60 waves (6-10 cm high).
              The amount of accretion appeared to be a positive nonlinear
              function of stem density.  With increasing stem density, the peak
              of the berm became more pronounced and located further downslope.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       338

AUTHOR:       Glue, D.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1970

TITLE:        Changes in the bird community of a Hampshire gravel pit
              1963-68

SOURCE:       Bird Stud. 17:15-27.

STATE:        ENGLAND

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SPOIL, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-US1, PO-UB1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG

PGENUS:       SALIX, ANTHEMIS, PAPAVER, FUMARIA, SINAPSIS, POLYGONUM,
              TRIFOLIUM, JUNCUS, HEDERA, PHRAGMITES, CAREX, TYPHA, SCIRPUS,
              POPULUS, ULMUS, RUBUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents results of annual breeding bird surveys
              at the Hampshire Gravel Pit, Great Britain, and discusses the
              probable factors influencing population changes during 1963-1968.
              The 100 acre gravel pit was bulldozed and plant succession
              progressed from bare ground with shallow pools in 1962, to wet and
              dry grassland, to willow dominance with little standing water, to
              a mixed immature willow woodland at the end of the study.  The
              bare gravel habitat is a transient stage and requires regular
              willow clearing to maintain bare ground nesting birds (e.g.,
              plovers, lapwings).  Dry and wet grasslands support a
              comparatively sparse bird community, but this can be increased by
              raising the water level and, consequently, the spread of Salix,
              Juncus, and Carex.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       339

AUTHOR:       Goforth, H.W., and T.J. Peeling

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Intertidal and subtidal eelgrass (Zostera marina L.)
              transplant studies in San Diego Bay, California

SOURCE:       Pages 327-356 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, E1-UB2, E2-UB2, E2-UB3, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes several Zostera marina planting projects in
              San Diego Bay, CA.  The first study (1976) satisfied a mitigation
              requirement.  The subtidal transplant operation used the plug
              method and biodegradable fiber pots.  The second transplant project
              (1978), also a mitigation project, established 4 acres of Zostera
              on dredged material in subtidal and intertidal areas.  Estimates
              of manpower requirements and material costs are provided.
              Transplant survival was affected by plug size, site selection
              (water depth and sediment characteristics), and the use of
              biodegradable fiber pots (which effectively doubled transplant
              survival).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       340

AUTHOR:       Goforth, H.W., and J.R. Thomas

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Plantings of red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle L.) for
              stabilization of marl shorelines in the Florida Keys

SOURCE:       Pages 207-230 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     SOIL, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study explores the planting of mangroves as a superior
              alternative to traditional construction for shoreline
              stabilization.  Red mangroves were planted along marl shoreline
              at Key West, FL.  After 23 months, survival rates were: 1) 45% for
              propagules; 2) 48% for seedlings; and 3) 98% for small trees
              (2-3 years old).  Degree of exposure to erosion or burial was a
              significant determinant for seedling survival.  The use of a power
              auger to bore holes and the application of seagrass wrack as
              mulch was an effective and economical combination.  The total cost
              of transplanting 142 mangroves was $470, which was cost effective
              compared to nonbiological alternatives (riprap, seawalls).  Peat
              offered little advantage over seagrass wrack in terms of transplant
              survival and growth.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       341

AUTHOR:       Goforth, H.W., and M. Williams

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Survival and growth of red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle L.)
              planted upon marl shorelines in the Florida Keys

SOURCE:       Pages 130-148 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SPOIL, PLANT, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The purpose of this study was to test the effects of tidal height,
              degree of exposure to erosion, and organic additions (Sphagnum
              peat and seagrass detritus) to marl substrate on the growth of red
              mangrove transplants.  Planting sites (including controls) were
              located on stock island in the Florida Keys; 126 red mangroves
              were planted in 3 developmental stages.  After 5 years, plant
              survival rates on exposed shores, protected shores, and
              partially protected shores were 0%, 64%, and 43%, respectively,
              for propagules; 0%, 43%, and 64%, respectively, for seedlings; and
              79%, 75%, and 94%, respectively, for small trees.  Success of
              mangrove establishment on marl shorelines was attributed to the:
              1) use of a power auger to loosen substrate; 2) addition of
              organic materials to augment nutrient supply; and 3) use of
              stakes for anchoring transplants.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       342

AUTHOR:       Goldley, J.S., and R.J. Callahan

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Creation of wetlands in a xeric community

SOURCE:       Pages 112-129 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-SS1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     AMPHIB, VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       PINUS, QUERCUS, MYRICA, JUNIPERUS, PARKINSONIA, PRUNUS,
              LYONIA, ILEX, BACCHARIS, HAMELIA, GARBERIA, CERATIOLA,
              SERENOA, YUCCA, ERYTHRINA, LANTANA, CALLICARPA, VIBURNUM,
              ZAMIA, HELIANTHUS, RUBUS, OPUNTIA, TEPHROSIA, VACCINIUM,
              ELEPHANTOPUS, PASSIFLORA, PILOBLEPHIS, PHOEBANTHUS,
              BERLANDIERA, TAXODIUM, ACER, SABAL, ILEX, MAGNOLIA, SALIX,
              PONTEDERIA, JUNCUS, SPARTINA, NUPHAR, IRIS, SAGITTARIA,
              CLADIUM, NYMPHAEA, TRADESCANTIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the creation of wetlands for stormwater
              retention near Hudson in Pasco County, FL.  The site consisted of
              well-drained sandhills; a clay liner was spread over the bottom of
              wetland depressions for water retention.  The clay was covered
              with organic soils and planted with native wetland and upland
              species.  Over 8,000 plants of 48 species were planted.  Most were
              transplants from nearby areas.  Survival of the 15 wetland species
              varied from 71-100%.  High survival was attributed to adequate
              water-retention of the clay layer, addition of the organic
              (peat-much) soil layer, planting of herbaceous plants on the
              same day they were dug up, transplanting of entire plants rather
              than plugs, and starting trees in containers before transplanting.
              One major problem was stabilization of water levels at the center
              of the marsh areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       343

AUTHOR:       Goldner, B.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Riparian restoration efforts associated with structurally
              modified flood control channels

SOURCE:       Pages 445-451 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California
              riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive
              management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water
              Resour. Rep. No. 55.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS., PO-FO., R2-..., R1-..., E2-EM1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       QUERCUS, POPULUS, PLATANUS, RUBUS, SALICORNIA, ALNUS, SCIRPUS,
              COTULA, RHUS, CAREX, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews revegetation projects along streams and rivers
              in the semiarid Santa Clara Valley, north of Monterey Bay, CA.
              Plant selection was based on drought tolerance and compatibility
              with flood control channel environment.  Nursery plants in peat-
              pots and a mixture of annual and perennial flowers were planted and
              hydroseeded.  Projects were evaluated by determining percent seed
              germination and growth of weeds.  Planting site preparation, the
              irrigation system, and maintenance requirements are discussed.
              Recommendations include: 1) installing a fixed irrigation system,
              2) using root cuttings for plant establishment; 3) implementing
              a weed management program; and 4) protecting sites from vandalism.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       344

AUTHOR:       Goldstein, A.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Utilization of a recreated freshwater marsh for detention and
              reduction of nutrients in rural nonpoint source runoff

SOURCE:       Pages 194-211 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A previously drained and channelized backwater marsh in the
              Kissimmee River Basin, FL, was reconstructed.  The recreated marsh
              was used as a demonstration of the effectiveness of such a system
              in the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural
              runoff.  The marsh experienced low to moderate flows during the
              9-month study.  A net reduction in nutrient load to receiving
              waters was measured.  Net uptake (removal) efficiency of the marsh
              was 54% for nitrogen and 69% for phosphorus.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       345

AUTHOR:       Golet, F.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Critical issues in wetland mitigation: a scientific
              perspective

SOURCE:       Natl. Wetlands Newsletter 8(5):3-6.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., E.-..., M.-..., PO-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses critical wetland mitigation concepts and
              issues as they relate to regulatory agency decision making.
              Important points include: 1) mitigation should be limited to
              reducing or compensating for unavoidable wetland impacts or
              losses; 2) criteria for selecting the best mitigation plan should
              address restoration of wetland functions and values; 3) both
              short and long term results of mitigation efforts are
              uncertain--therefore success is uncertain; 4) mitigation should
              serve to restore specific wetland functions and values, not to
              substitute alternative functions and values; and 5) wetland
              evaluation methods should be used with caution.  A regulatory
              agency philosophy for mitigation is proposed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       346

AUTHOR:       Gonor, J.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        An evaluation of the ecological basis of mitigation
              requirements in Oregon statewide estuarine resources planning

SOURCE:       Pages 93-102 in G.A. Swanson, Tech. Coord. The mitigation
              symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish
              and wildlife habitats. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes mitigation requirements for protecting
              estuarine resources in OR.  Priorities in these guidelines include:
              1) restoration of replacement sites in close proximity to the
              altered site; 2) restoration of sites elsewhere in the estuary;
              and 3) restoration of areas or resources made scarce by past
              removals and not necessarily having the same ecological qualities
              as those lost at the site being developed.  A set of ecological
              specifications and standards for mitigation site identification
              and assessment is described.  An area-submergence time method for
              equalizing unlike areas in tideland mitigation and methods for
              predicting the outcome and evaluating the adequacy of mitigation
              restoration actions are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1225

AUTHOR:       Good, B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Coastal vegetation program of the Louisiana Department of
              Natural Resources

SOURCE:       Pages 91-105 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT, SEED, STABIL, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO2, PO-EM1, E2-EM1.3

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, SOIL, ECON, HYDRO

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, ZIZANIOPSIS, TAXODIUM, SCIRPUS, EICHHORNIA, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Wetland restoration projects (in Cameron, Vermilion, Terrebonne,
              LaFourche, Plaquemines, Tangipahoa, St. Tammany, and St. Charles
              Parishes) funded by Louisiana's Coastal Vegetation Program
              are briefly described.  A technique for planting Spartina in
              high wave energy areas is presented.  Hydroseeding (Spartina)
              was used in a brackish marsh.  Fencing was used to dampen wave
              energy and prevent damage from nutria and water-borne matter
              (e.g., rafts of water hyacinth).  The annual loss of coastal
              wetlands costs the state an estimated $44-100 million
              (about $1,300-4,000 per 0.4 ha) based on commercial fish/wildlife,
              recreation, real estate, and reduction in storm damage values.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1458

AUTHOR:       Good, B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Louisiana's wetlands: combatting erosion and revitalizing
              native ecosystems

SOURCE:       Restoration and Management Notes 11(2):125-133.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO, LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E.-...

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This overview discusses efforts undertaken to assess and restore
              Louisiana's coastal wetlands.  State and federal legislation to
              appropriate funds towards wetland projects is reviewed.  Restoration
              project strategies are categorized by the author as 1) amelioration of
              alterations to historical hydrologic conditions, 2) shoreline erosion
              reduction, and 3) fetch reduction.  Freshwater riverine diversions
              into the Breton Sound and Barataria estuaries are expected to increase
              the amount of entering sediments and nutrients, and re-establish former
              salinity patterns.  Crevasse-splay projects have created 266 ha of
              emergent marsh in the Mississippi River Delta over 7 years.  Eighty
              breakwater structures have been constructed since 1991 to protect and
              enhance 10.9 km of shoreline.  Island construction and planting has
              increased the life expectancy of barrier islands and revetments
              combined with planting have been successful in channel-bank
              stabilization.  Finally, fetch reduction has been accomplished
              through the use of brush fences and terracing.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1315

AUTHOR:       Good, J.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Mitigating estuarine development impacts in the Pacific
              Northwest: from concepts to practice

SOURCE:        The Northwest Environmental Journal 3(1):93-112.

STATE:        OR, WA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E1-..., E2-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of estuarine mitigation in the
              Pacific Northwest, in addition to summarizing individual projects in
              Oregon and Washington.  Goals and strategies of the projects are
              briefly discussed as well as regional goals and estuary-wide
              mitigation.  Finally, the article includes suggestions for improving
              estuarine mitigation and monitoring technology.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       347

AUTHOR:       Gordon, T.U.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Local commitment to lake restoration: the Cobbossee Watershed
              example

SOURCE:       Pages 4-9 in Restoration of lakes and inland waters:
              international symposium on inland waters and lake restoration.
              U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA 440/5-81-010.

STATE:        ME

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, BIOCIDE, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       ANABAENA, APHANIZOMENON

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the Cobbossee Watershed District's program
              for lake restoration and protection within their 622 km2 watershed
              of the Kennebec River Basin, 80 km north of Portland, ME.  The
              district has integrated federal, state, local, and private
              resources to restore eutrophic lakes.  The primary objective has
              been restoration of the 575 ha Annabessacook Lake impacted by
              agricultural, municipal, industrial, and residential wastes.  A
              cost-sharing program was established to construct agricultural
              waste management facilities; a hypolimnetic application of
              aluminum sulfate and sodium aluminate was used on the lake for
              nutrient inactivation.  Follow-up monitoring of the lake has found
              significant reductions in phosphorus and chlorophyll and
              improvements in visibility.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       348

AUTHOR:       Gore, J.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Patterns of initial benthic recolonization of a reclaimed coal
              strip-mined river channel

SOURCE:       Can. J. Zool. 57:2429-2439.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., R3-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study of benthic macroinvertebrates
              in a reclaimed channel of the Tongue River at the Big Horn Mine,
              Sheridan, WY.  The new channel was cut and graded; new topsoil was
              spread on embankments, hydromulched with grasses and legumes, and
              planted with riparian trees and shrubs.  Several theories of
              macroinvertebrate recolonization were tested.  Six sampling
              stations were established upstream, downstream, and within the new
              channel.  Results indicated that the development of a typical
              macroinvertebrate community (i.e., similar to that of an
              undisturbed area) is predictable, based on time and distance from
              upstream source areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       349

AUTHOR:       Gore, J.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Mechanisms of colonization and habitat enhancement for benthic
              macroinvertebrates in restored river channels

SOURCE:       Pages 81-101 in J.A. Gore, ed. The restoration of rivers and
              streams. Butterworth Publ., Boston, MA.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes techniques for restoration of river channel
              habitat for benthic macroinvertebrates.  Background information
              includes: 1) benthic macroinvertebrate dispersal through drift,
              upstream migration, movement within the substrate, and
              colonization by ovipositing aquatic insects; 2) measurement of
              invertebrate habitat requirements; and 3) prediction of rates and
              trends of stable community formation.  Several procedures for
              habitat enhancement are described: 1) placement of substrate
              similar to that of an undisturbed area; 2) placement of
              structures to control sediment load and maintain productive
              riffles; 3) monitoring of benthic recolonization; and 4)
              comparisons between undisturbed source communities and restored
              areas to determine restoration success.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       352

AUTHOR:       Gore, J.A., and L.S. Johnson

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Biotic recovery of a reclaimed river channel after coal strip
              mining

SOURCE:       Pages 239-244 in G.A. Swanson, Tech. Coord. The mitigation
              symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish
              and wildlife habitats. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, STOCK, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R3-UB1, R3-UB., R2-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses biotic recovery of a newly constructed
              channel of the Tongue River in the coal mine region of
              north central WY.  The channel had been reclaimed with layers of
              gravel and cobble, pine snags, bouldered riprap, and rubble piles.
              Banks were hydromulched and planted with various grasses, trees,
              and shrubs.  Gamefish were transplanted from a previously mined
              pit.  Stream invertebrates recolonized the site within 70 days.
              Fish community stability is expected to be attained within
              1-2 years.  The snag areas provided the best cover for fish
              colonizers during initial flow in the new channel.  Stocking of
              game fish was not very successful.  The author recommends
              establishment of a game fishery only after a resident forage fish
              community has been established.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       350

AUTHOR:       Gore, J.A., and L.S. Johnson

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Observations on the initial biotic recolonization of a
              reclaimed channel of the Tongue River in Wyoming

SOURCE:       Univ. Wyoming, Water Resour. Res. Inst., Laramie, Water
              Resour. Ser. No. 74. 55 pp.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, STOCK, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R3-UB1, PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       PRUNUS, FRAXINUS, POPULUS, SALIX, AGROPYRON, BROMUS,
              ASTRAGALUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses recolonization of a reclaimed channel of
              the Tongue River in the coal mining region of northeastern WY.
              The channel was cut and graded to its approximate premining
              configuration and gradient.  Grasses, trees, and shrubs were
              planted on the banks.  Riprap was used to further stabilize
              banks.  Boulders and snags were placed in the stream to provide
              pooling and cover for potential fish colonizers.  Trout, bass,
              and forage fish were transplanted from nearby pits.  Aquatic
              macroinvertebrate densities reached maximums in about 40 days
              and were similar to adjacent undisturbed areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       353

AUTHOR:       Gore, J.A., and L.S. Johnson

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Establishment of biotic and hydrologic stability in a
              reclaimed coal strip mined river channel

SOURCE:       Univ. Wyoming, Industrial Fund, Laramie. 134 pp.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R2-UB1, R.-..., R3-UB1, PO-FO1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, HYDRO, SOIL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the analysis of a coal strip mine-reclaimed
              channel of the Tongue River, Big Horn Mine, Sheridan, WY, in terms
              of: 1) recovery of benthic invertebrates; 2) fish communities;
              3) substrate characteristics; and 4) erosion and suspended
              sediment load.  Snags and habitat created by placement of large
              boulders in the channel were used by fish, although stable fish
              communities were not present.  A stable macroinvertebrate
              community, mainly established via drift, was formed after 300 days.
              A pool area at the downstream end of the reclaimed channel is
              expected to control increased sediment loads until the planted
              embankment vegetation has a chance to mature.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       351

AUTHOR:       Gore, J.A., and L.S. Johnson

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Strip-mined river restoration

SOURCE:       Water Spectrum 13:31-38.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R2-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the restoration of a portion of the
              Tongue River Channel at Big Horn Mine near Sheridan, WY.
              Meander pattern restoration, bank stabilization, substrate,
              and revegetation are discussed.  The establishment of cover for
              fish included placement of rock wings and snags (trees) and pool
              construction.  Up to 95% of the initial colonization of new habitat
              by aquatic macroinvertebrates was by drift from established
              upstream communities.  Maintenance of undisturbed upstream
              communities is an integral part of the restoration effort.
              Construction of a deep pool at the downstream end of the reclaimed
              channel is recommended to control increased suspended particulate
              load and serve as a high-productivity fishery area.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       354

AUTHOR:       Gosselink, J.G., R.J. Reimold, J.L. Gallagher, H.L. Windom,
              and E.P. Odum

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        Spoil disposal problems for highway construction through
              marshes

SOURCE:       Univ. Georgia, Inst. Ecol., Athens. 57 pp.

STATE:        GA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HARVEST, WQUAL, EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E2-..., R.-..., PO-EM1, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       JUNCUS, SPARTINA, SCIRPUS, DISTICHLIS, RUMEX, MYRICA,
              FIMBRISTYLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report covers ecological and economic considerations for spoil
              disposal techniques in coastal marshes of GA.  Turbidity, BOD,
              acidity, and heavy metal concentrations are considered in short-
              term disposal and construction actions.  Side-casting was the
              preferred method resulting in little runoff.  Revegetation
              recommendations are: 1) use side-casting; 2) level and secure
              dikes to prevent runoff; and 3) add limestone in areas of high
              salinity.  Specific costs and potential annual values of GA
              marshes are included in an appendix.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       355

AUTHOR:       Gottfried, P.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Environmental design guidelines for manmade lakes in Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 135-143 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: L2-..., L2-EM2, L2-US.

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       HYMENOCALLIS, IRIS, CANNA, DICHROMENA, ASTER, JUNCUS,
              SPARTINA, ORONTIUM, NUPHAR, PONTEDERIA, NYMPHAEA, PANICUM,
              SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, LYONIA, MYRICA, QUERCUS, MAGNOLIA,
              CELTIS, CARYA, ACER, LIQUIDAMBAR, ILEX, SABAL, GORDONIA,
              FRAXINUS, NYSSA, TAXODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This overview of techniques for creating manmade lakes in FL
              includes guidelines for measurement of physical parameters, design
              and construction, and revegetation.  The goals are: 1) to create
              multipurpose lakes for stormwater retention, fish and wildlife
              habitat, water quality improvement, aesthetics, and recreation;
              and 2) to mitigate the loss of natural habitat in other areas.
              Recommendations include: 1) maximum water depth of 10-20 ft;
              2) side slopes of 6:1 horizontal to vertical; 3) shoreline
              development index greater than 1.2; 4) application of hydric
              soils around the lake; and 5) use of native species for plantings.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       356

AUTHOR:       Grabowicz, G.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Regulatory requirements for construction and use of wetlands
              on mined lands in Pennsylvania

SOURCE:       Pages 185-190 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a
              workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour.,
              University Park.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews regulatory requirements for construction of
              wetlands on mining sites in PA.  Applicants must provide
              reclamation and revegetation details in 3 general categories:
              informational requirements; engineering and design standards; and
              performance standards for ponds and impoundments.  Information must
              be provided on minimum and maximum critical flows, water quality,
              minimum revegetation needs, postmining wildlife habitat, and
              timetable and cost estimates for each major step of the
              reclamation process.  A plan must be presented to demonstrate the
              treatment and recharge capacity of the wetland.  Specific
              regulatory requirements are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       357

AUTHOR:       Grace, J.B., and R.G. Wetzel

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Habitat partitioning and competitive displacement in cattails
              (Typha): experimental field studies

SOURCE:       Am. Nat. 118(4):463-474.

STATE:        MI

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses habitat partitioning of 2 cattail species in
              an experimental pond in Kalamazoo County, MI.  Transplantation of
              both species along the gradient in the absence of competitors
              showed that Typha latifolia was little affected by the presence of
              T. angustifolia, but T. angustifolia was capable of growing over
              the entire gradient.  The basis for habitat partitioning appears
              to be a difference in morphology; T. latifolia was prevented from
              growing in deep water because of the higher cost of producing
              broader leaves, but was better able to compete for light in
              shallow water because of its greater leaf surface area.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1329

AUTHOR:       Gray, P.N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Experimental littoral zones in playa lakes as wildlife habitat

SOURCE:       M.S. thesis, Texas Tech University, Lubbock. 124pp.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARISON

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB1

RESPONSE:     INVERTS, SHOREB, WFOWL, VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In this thesis an experimental playa pit was set up with step-like
              terraces on one side and a steep slope on the opposite side to study
              the effects of artificial littoral areas on wetland plants and
              wildlife.  A steep-sided pit was used as a control.  The objectives
              were to determine the biological features of modified playa lakes for
              both waterfowl and agricultural values and to develop a cost analysis
              of terracing playa pits for managing waterfowl and wetland habitats.
              Constructed pits received seeds with the incoming water.  Species
              diversity and biomass also increased with the height of the  terrace
              with an average of 12 species on the top terrace and 5 species on the
              lowest terrace.  Due to water turbidity no submergent  vegetation was
              produced in the control pits where as six of seven  terraced pits
              produced submergent vegetation.  Shorebird and waterfowl population
              and diversity was also greater for the terraced pits. Although
              terracing is initially expensive (roughly $5,000/pit), there  are no
              maintenance or management costs afterwards.  Finally, terracing  does
              not interfere with agricultural activities and would aid in using
              tailwaters from irrigation more effectively.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1446

AUTHOR:       Gray, R.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        The wetland reserve program wetland restoration on private
              lands

SOURCE:       Pages 425-427 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the
              13th annual conference, Society of Wetland Scientists. New
              Orleans, LA. 990 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) in terms of
              restoring and protecting wetlands on private lands.  Events which
              resulted in several wetland protection laws and ultimately the WRP are
              reviewed as well as rules and regulations established under the
              program.  Success of the program is contributed in part to economic
              incentives provided to landowners for restoring or protecting wetlands
              on their property.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       358

AUTHOR:       Greer, R.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        A tree planting trial at Loch Garry (Tayside Region) aimed at
              habitat improvement for fish

SOURCE:       Scottish For. 33(1):37-44.

STATE:        SCOTLAND

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG

PGENUS:       ACER, ALNUS, SALIX, QUERCUS, SORBUS, POPULUS, BETULA,
              FRAXINUS, ULMUS, PRUNUS, CRATAEGUS, PINUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents preliminary results of tree plantings to
              reestablish deciduous woodland on the shore of Loch Garry,
              Scotland, to provide a source of leaves for aquatic invertebrates
              and thus improve fish habitat.  A spaced group planting method was
              used to provide a more natural appearance.  Deer damage and wind
              burn affected some trees, but most trees survived.  The author
              discusses general approaches to tree planting for aquatic habitat
              improvement.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       359

AUTHOR:       Gregory, R.W., A.A. Elser, and T. Lenhart

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Utilization of coal mine wastewater for construction of a
              northern pike spawning/rearing marsh

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-84/03. 44 pp.

STATE:        MT

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, STOCK, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, HUSE, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       AGROPYRON, ONOBRYCHIS, ELEOCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a project conducted from 1977-1981, to
              examine the use of coal mine wastewater for fish and wildlife
              habitat enhancement.  The project site was in the Tongue River
              Watershed, adjacent to the Tongue River Reservoir, Big Horn
              County, southeastern MT.  Specific components of the study
              included: 1) providing suitable habitat for rearing northern pike;
              2) evaluating use of that habitat by wildlife (e.g., waterfowl);
              and 3) assessing water quality parameters of mine wastewater.
              Despite several difficulties encountered during the study, results
              indicated that marsh habitat creation using coal mine wastewater
              can provide suitable habitat for fish and wildlife.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       360

AUTHOR:       Groenendijk, A.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Establishment of a Spartina anglica population on a tidal
              mudflat: a field experiment

SOURCE:       J. Environ. Manage. 22(1):1-12.

STATE:        NETHERLANDS

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study from southwest Netherlands describes an experiment
              to determine the potential of Spartina anglica to expand into
              upper tidal mudflats to control erosion after the completion
              of a storm-surge barrier.  S. anglica seeds were planted at
              5 sites in soil depths of 0.5, 1.5, and 3 cm at elevations
              of 42, 75, 86, 97, and 110 cm in May, July, September, and
              November.  Seed loss was 98% at 0.5 cm, 38% at 1.5 cm, and 43% at
              3 cm.  In 2 plots (97 and 110 cm) where Spartina became
              established, Salicornia procumbens also became established.
              Previous S. anglica reclamations were made in the 1920's in
              clay/silt/sand substrate and these stands are the most vigorous.
              S. anglica planted 10-15 years ago on sandbars and mudflats now
              cover 18 ha of the original site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1041

AUTHOR:       Gross, F.E., and M.T. Brown

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Guidelines for creation of small stream floodplain ecosystems
              in north and central Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 114-132 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the
              fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and
              creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., RIPAR, R.-..., R2-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       GORDONIA, TAXODIUM, NYSSA, LIQUIDAMBAR, QUERCUS, PINUS, ACER,
              FRAXINUS, ILEX, LYONIA, MYRICA, MAGNOLIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper characterizes 12 first order streams in north and
              central FL.  Two basic stream types with different cross
              sectional relief were studied: 1) deeply incised streams with
              narrow floodplains; and 2) wide streams with broad, flat
              floodplains.  Basin parameters of slope, stream length, percent
              hydric soils, and watershed area were measured.  Vegetation
              types were distributed with respect to stream type and stream
              reach.  Results indicate that general stream morphology,
              basin characteristics, and vegetation types can be used
              as guidelines for restoration and creation of small streams.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       361

AUTHOR:       Gucinski, H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        A note on the relation of size to ecological value of some
              wetlands

SOURCE:       Estuaries 1(3):151-156.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., R1-..., E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study that evaluated the relationship
              between wetland size and ecological value on the Mayo Peninsula,
              western shore of Chesapeake Bay, where geologic/hydrologic
              characteristics and land use effects were relatively homogeneous.
              Of 59 marshes in this area, 53 are less than 5 acres and comprise
              54% of the total area; 68% of the total upland edge length of the
              marshes is accounted for by marshes less than 5 acres and 73% of
              the seaward edge length is associated with these smaller marshes.
              Several recommendations are listed with respect to the potentially
              large significance of small marshes, including reasons why they
              should be afforded greater protection.  Caution should be used in
              applying these data to other geographic areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       362

AUTHOR:       Gunn, J.M., and W. Keller

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        In situ manipulation of water chemistry using crushed
              limestone and observed effects on fish

SOURCE:       Fisheries 9(1):19-24.

STATE:        ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R4-..., L2-..., R.-UB1, L2-UB2

RESPONSE:     FISH, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the effects of limestone additions on the
              water chemistry and early life stages of salmonids in acidic
              lakes and streams near Sudbury, Ontario.  Under acutely toxic
              conditions (pH 4.6, total aluminum > 400 micrograms/l), substrate
              baskets of crushed limestone (as little as 15 kg) neutralized
              interstitial water, permitting high survival of incubating eggs and
              fry.  Flow-through filter tanks and stream bed additions
              neutralized flowing water with similar increases in fish
              survival.  Neutralization was poorest during periods of high flows
              and ice cover, when stream water had limited contact with
              limestone.  The detrimental effects of aluminum precipitation
              during neutralization treatment needs further study because of its
              potential toxicity to fish.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1473

AUTHOR:       Guntenspergen, G.R., A.L. Foote, and E.C. Pendleton

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Experiment to determine value of impoundments and hydrologic
              manipulation in restoration of Louisiana coastal wetlands

SOURCE:       Restoration and Management Notes 11(1):64-65.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-2M1

RESPONSE:     SOIL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARITNA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Four pairs of brackish marshes ranging from 49 to 178 ha dominated by
              Spartina patens and Scirpus olneyi were chosen to evaluate the
              effectiveness of structural marsh management.  One of each pair was
              enclosed in levees and fitted with a water-control structure to
              improve substrate conditions for plant growth and the other sites were
              left alone as controls.  Aspects of the physical environment which
              effect plant productivity are being measured and will continue until
              1995.  Other short- and long-term aspects of wetland development and
              use are also being monitored.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1240

AUTHOR:       Guzman, H.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Restoration of coral reefs in Pacific Costa Rica

SOURCE:       Conserv. Biol. 5(2):189-195.

STATE:        COSTA RICA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       STOCK

WETLAND TYPE: M2-RF1

RESPONSE:     INVERTS, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Describes a coral reef restoration project on the Cano Island
              Biological Reserve, Costa Rica.  Two sites were chosen: Richmond
              reef flats- depths of 0-1.5 m; and Platanillo reef slope-
              2-4.5 m depths.  Both sites were dominated by pocilloporid
              corals.  An El Nino warming event, fish related damage, wave
              action, etc. combined caused 100% coral mortality in the early
              1980s.  Pocillopora spp. were transplanted from nearby reefs
              in January 1984.  Coral cover on the Richmond site increased to
              74% then decreased to 54% in the first year (mortality caused
              by excessive exposure due to unusually low tides).  Cover on
              the Platanillo site increased to 69% the first year.  No
              further increases or decreases in coral cover were observed
              on either site from 1985-1988.  Fragments from the study
              plots helped to colonize new adjacent areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1324

AUTHOR:       Haberl R. and R. Perfler

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Nutrient removal in a reed bed system

SOURCE:       Water Science Technology 23:729-737.

STATE:        AUSTRIA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The author discusses the use of reed bed systems for carbon and
              nutrient removal, purification efficiency, nutrient retention by soil
              and denitrification in Austria based on an experimental system.  COD
              and BOD is removed 80-90%, denitrification and phosphorus retention
              vary from 20-70%, and purification efficiency varied with the
              temperature (worse for lower temperatures).  The author stresses that
              these are only preliminary results and must be checked by a detailed
              evaluation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1471

AUTHOR:       Hafner, C.L. and M.C. Brittingham

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Evaluation of a stream-bank fencing program in Pennsylvania

SOURCE:       Wildlife Society Bulletin 21(3): 307-315.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION

ACTION:       STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, WFOWL, VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Stream-bank fencing was used to evaluate its effect on diversity,
              abundance, and productivity of birds and vegetation.  Three sites were
              located in grazed pastures with stream-bank fencing and three control
              sites in grazed pastures without stream-bank fencing.  Vegetative
              coverage, height, overstory tree density, and shrub coverage was
              measured.  A strip-transect census method to determine birds heard or
              seen within 25 m of either side of the stream bank was used; species
              richness and abundance was measured; and nest locations and success
              were observed.  Finally, questionnaires were sent out to determine
              landowner attitudes and concerns of the program.  Mean coverage of
              herbaceous vegetation was greater and taller inside the fenced area
              than in the control area.  Also the number of wetland plant species
              and bare ground coverage was greater.  Avian species richness and
              abundance varied little between the fenced and unfenced sites.  The
              authors predict that as trees and shrubs become established bird
              communities will be more pronounced.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       363

AUTHOR:       Haines, E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Salt marsh creation: impact of sewage

SOURCE:       Pages 148-153 in J.C. Lewis and E.W. Bunce, eds.
              Rehabilitation and creation of selected coastal habitats:
              proceedings of a workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.
              FWS/OBS-80/27.

STATE:        MA, GA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the impacts of sewage on salt marshes;
              several case studies are described.  Impacts include:
              1) accumulation of substances; 2) stimulation of biological
              processes; and 3) inhibition of microbial processes.  Salt marshes
              are not very effective as secondary sewage treatment areas, but
              high monetary value may be attached to their tertiary treatment
              properties.  Marsh plants and benthic algae have high rates of
              production and can assimilate some nutrients.  Some marsh
              sediments transform nitrogen through denitrification; however,
              they also accumulate toxic materials.  Maximum loading rates have
              yet to be identified.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       364

AUTHOR:       Hale, J.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1969

TITLE:        An evaluation of trout stream habitat improvement in a north
              shore tributary of Lake Superior

SOURCE:       Minnesota Fish. Investig. No. 5:37-50.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R2-UB., R2-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, HYDRO, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the results of an evaluation of trout stream
              habitat improvement measures in a 5,200 ft stretch of the West
              Branch of the Split Rock River, MN.  Fish present and changes
              in stream bottom substrate were recorded for 3 years prior to
              the construction of habitat improvement structures, 4 years
              during construction, and 3 years after construction.  Habitat
              alterations improved the carrying (and reproductive) capacity of
              the stream for wild brook trout.  Cost comparisons indicated that
              stream improvement was less costly than stocking.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       365

AUTHOR:       Hall, J.D., and C.O. Baker

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Influence of forest and rangeland management on anadromous
              fish habitat in western North America: rehabilitating and
              enhancing stream habitat: 1. Review and evaluation

SOURCE:       U.S. For. Serv.Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-138. 29 pp.

STATE:        AK, WA, OR, ID, CA, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO, FERT, STABIL, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-FO., R2-UB1, R3-UB1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report reviews the literature on rehabilitating and enhancing
              stream habitat for salmonid fish and briefly evaluates the use of
              various management techniques for improving anadromous fish habitat
              in western North America.  Methods to restore, replace, and catch
              gravel and improve fish access (e.g., fishways, culverts) are
              included in a discussion of spawning habitat.  Rearing habitat
              improvements include boulder placement, rearing pools, winter
              habitat flow augmentation, and stream fertilization.  Importance
              of riparian habitat to anadromous fishes also is discussed.  The
              authors stress the importance of protecting watershed and stream
              resources, while continuing to improve methods used to
              rehabilitate degraded habitats.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       366

AUTHOR:       Hall, V.L., and J.D. Ludwig

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Evaluation of potential use of vegetation for erosion
              abatement along the Great Lakes shoreline

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir,
              VA, Misc. Pap. No. 7-75. 35 pp.

STATE:        WI, MI, NY, MN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: L2-EM2, L2-US., PO-SS1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       AGROPYRON, AMMOPHILA, ANDROPOGON, BROMUS, ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,
              CALAMOVILFA, CEPHALANTHUS, CHASMANTHIUM, CINNA, CORNUS,
              JUNCUS, JUNIPERUS, DIOSPYROS, ELAEAGNUS, ELYMUS, GAYLUSSACIA,
              MUHLENBERGIA, PARONYCHIA, PHALARIS, PINUS, PHRAGMITES,
              POLYGONUM, POPULUS, POTENTILLA, PRUNUS, ROBINIA, SALIX, VITIS,
              SPARTINA, ABIES, ULMUS, ROSA, SMILACINA, LEPIDIUM, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report examines the feasibility of establishing shoreline
              vegetation to control erosion along the Great Lakes.  Thirty-one
              plant species were evaluated.  Reproductive potential, density,
              composition, organic litter accumulation, soil deposition and
              removal, gully formation, slope angle, and evidence of wave
              action were examined.  Field survey results indicated that
              attempts to vegetate erosion sensitive areas will be unsuccessful
              unless structures are installed to decrease wave energy.  Wild
              rye and sand cherry were best suited for erosion control, but
              fertilization and irrigation may be required to produce long-term
              effective vegetative cover.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1042

AUTHOR:       Haltiner, J., and P.B. Williams

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Slough channel design in salt marsh restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 125-130 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland
              and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual
              meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland
              Sci., Wilmington, NC.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., E2-EM1, E2-US3

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides some specific guidelines for tidal slough
              channel design.  Relationships between maximum depth, top width,
              cross-sectional area, and potential tidal prism in four central
              and four southern CA marshes are described.  Hydraulic geometry
              relationships are based on information from natural tidal
              slough channels.  These relationships can be used to determine
              slough channel dimensions for artificial wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1043

AUTHOR:       Haltiner, J., and P.B. Williams

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Hydraulic design in salt marsh restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 293-299 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings
              of the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept.
              16-18 1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne,
              NY.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes an analysis of design criteria needs
              for tidal slough channels, marsh plains, and hydraulic structures.
              Relationships between maximum depth, top width, cross-sectional
              area, and tidal prisms are described for 8 California marshes.
              Tidal range and period of inundation are the most important
              design parameters for marsh plains.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       367

AUTHOR:       Hamilton, D.B., G.T. Auble, R.A. Ellison, and J.E. Roelle

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Effects of flood control alternatives on the hydrology,
              vegetation, and wildlife resources of the Malheur-Harney Lakes
              Basin

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Natl. Ecol. Res. Cent., Fort Collins,
              CO, NEC-86120. 85 pp.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, HYDRO, SHOREB

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SPARGANIUM, SCIRPUS, POTAMOGETON

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses a computer model used to simulate the
              effects of various water level management alternatives on the
              hydrology, vegetation, and wildlife of the Malheur-Haney Lakes
              Basin in eastern OR.  The simulation model is composed of 3
              connected submodels.  The hydrology submodel calculates changes
              in lake volume, elevation, and surface area, as well as changes in
              water quality that result from proposed water management
              projects (upstream storage, upstream diversions, drainage canals)
              and the no-action alternative.  The vegetation submodel determines
              changes in areal extent of wetland and upland vegetation
              communities.  The wildlife submodel calculates indices of
              abundance or habitat suitability for colonial nesting birds,
              sandhill cranes, Canada geese, diving ducks, and dabbling ducks.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1320

AUTHOR:       Hammer, D.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Constructed wetlands for treatment of agricultural waste and
              urban stormwater

SOURCE:       Pages 333-348 in S.K. Majumdar, R.P. Brooks, F.J. Brenner, and
              R.W. Tiner, Jr. eds. Wetlands ecology and conservation:
              Emphasis in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Academy of Science,
              Easton, PA.

STATE:        ALABAMA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, HYDRO

ACTION:       HYDRO, PLANT, LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     CHEM, HUSE, WQUAL, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, PHRAGMITES, TYPHA, CARES, PHALARIS, ELEOCHARIS,
              GLYCERIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Agricultural waste and urban stormwater runoff are two major suppliers
              of non-point source pollution.  Conventional waste treatment equipment
              is an unrealistic expense for the majority of agricultural producers
              and communities facing financial and technical constraints.  Wetland
              wastewater treatment systems (WWT) however, are 1/10 to 1/2 as costly
              and require little technical knowledge to operate.  A swine operation
              was selected for the construction of a two celled and single celled
              WWT with a total estimated cost of $12,800.  Estimated BOD reduction
              was from 90Kg/day to 36Kg/day per 500 swine.  For urban stormwater
              runoff WWT in the form of retention ponds, temporary storage, or a
              marsh/meadow treatment system are suggested.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1404

AUTHOR:       Hammer, D.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Creating freshwater wetlands

SOURCE:       Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI. 298pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This book discusses procedures involved in creating or restoring
              wetlands.  Wetlands and classifications are defined and their
              functions and values are examined in respect to water purification,
              hydrology, life support, and erosion control.  The author strongly
              recommends restoration of off-site wetland creation.  Steps in the
              creation or restoration of wetlands include:  defining objectives,
              determining the functions, seeking advice and assistance, selecting
              and evaluating a site, selecting a design, considering construction
              and design specifications, selecting plants, attracting wildlife, and
              determining an operation and maintenance plan.  Formulas for
              determination of runoff depth, peak rates of discharge, discharge and
              flow depths are provided.  A list of plants are recommended depending
              on their characteristics and the pH, salinity, water depth, substrate,
              and duration of flood period of the wetland.  Techniques are addressed
              to attract and stock wildlife.  Operation and maintenance
              considerations include:  seasonal water level manipulation, weed
              control, mosquito control, and a long-term monitoring plan.  Finally,
              the author lists names, addresses, and phone numbers of equipment and
              vegetation suppliers.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1598

AUTHOR:       Hammer, D.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Designing constructed wetlands systems to treat agricultural
              nonpoint source pollution

SOURCE:       Pages 71-111 in R.K. Olson, editor. Created and natural
              wetlands for controlling nonpoint source pollution. C.K.
              Smoley, CRC press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 216 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, R.-

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Public concerns over nonpoint source (NPS) pollution and water quality
              has produced efforts to use constructed wetlands as an economical
              method to treat agricultural wastewaters.  Wetlands purification
              functions are described according to their principle components:
              vegetation, water column, substrate, and microbial populations.
              Constructed wetland system designs are discussed as well as their
              abilities to neutralize or considerably reduce NPS pollution.
              Examples, design criteria, system components, and operation of
              constructed wetlands for treating various types of NPS pollution
              are provided as well computations for waste loading and treatment
              area required.  Considerations, advantages, and disadvantages for
              using constructed wetlands as wastewater treatment systems are also
              presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1499

AUTHOR:       Hammer, D.A., B.P. Pullin, T.A. McCaskey, J. Eason, and V.W.E.
              Payne

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Treating livestock wastewaters with constructed wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 343-348 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, TYPHA, ZIZANIOPSIS, PANICUM, ELEOCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article briefly discusses a surface flow wetland system to treat
              animal wastewater.  A mixture of swine effluent and clear water entered
              a ten celled wetland planted with Typha, Scirpus, Zizaniopsis,
              Panicum, Phragmites, and Eleocharis and exited into a wet meadow for
              final polishing.  Fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, TSS, BOD, TKN,
              and NH3-N had 90.4 to 99.4 percent removal while total-P had a 75.9%
              removal.  Performance is expected to increase with plant densities
              and monitoring will continue for another year.  A cost estimate for
              the construction of this wetland is also listed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       368

AUTHOR:       Hammer, D.E., and R.H. Kadlec

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Design principles for wetland treatment systems: project
              summary

SOURCE:       U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA-600-S2-83-026. 7 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report summarizes design principles for the use of wetlands
              in treating wastewater and presents a simplified model for
              evaluating wetland treatment designs.  Topics discussed include
              wetland hydrology, correlation of operating data, the mass
              transfer zone, the loaded zone, synthesis of wetland system
              design, and economics of wetland treatment.  The reliable design
              of a wetland treatment facility requires the development of
              performance equations that describe both the response of the
              ecosystem to wastewater additions and the alteration of water
              quality.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       369

AUTHOR:       Hammer, D.P., and E.D. Blackburn

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Design and construction of retaining dikes for containment of
              dredged material

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Savannah Soils Sect., Savannah, GA,
              Tech. Rep. D-77-9. 200 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report focuses on considerations necessary to confine dredged
              material disposal in waterways and harbors.  Dike failures in the
              past were due to foundation conditions, construction material and
              methods, and disposal practices.  Field investigations should be
              carried out at the site before design and construction.  Subsurface
              exploration and field testing are emphasized.  Additional
              laboratory testing is essential for classifying engineering
              properties of soils.  Materials unacceptable for construction of
              retaining dikes include highly plastic clays, very wet
              fine-grained soils, and soils with a high percentage of organic
              matter.  Equipment and materials useful for dike construction are
              discussed.  Equations for analyzing slope stability are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       370

AUTHOR:       Hampson, G.R., and E.T. Moul

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        No. 2 fuel oil spill in Bourne, Massachusetts: immediate
              assessment of the effects on marine invertebrates and a 3-year
              study of growth and recovery of a salt marsh

SOURCE:       J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 35:731-744.

STATE:        MA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: M2-AB., M2-UB2, E2-EM1, M1-..., E2-AB1, E2-EM2, E2-UB., E2-UB2

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, FUCUS, LIMNOBIUM, DISTICHLIS, VAUCHERIA,
              ENTEROMORPHA, MELOSIRA, MICROCOLEUS, RIVULARIA, LYNGBYA, ULVA,
              SUAEDA, CLADOPHORA, RHIZOCLONIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents results of a 3 year study on the effects of an
              oil spill in the Cape Cod Canal, Buzzards Bay, MA, on various
              components of a salt-marsh community at Windsor Cove, 5 km from
              the spill.  Within 2 weeks after the spill, massive fatalities of
              marine invertebrates were observed at the cove.  During the
              following 3 years, marsh grass was unable to reestablish itself by
              either reseeding or rhizome growth.  Sediments continued to show a
              high concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons.  Erosion rates were
              24 times greater than that on nearby control sites.  Microscopic
              algal species of the cove were considered less sensitive to
              environmental changes compared to those collected at the control
              site.  Interstitial fauna showed an extreme reduction in number
              of individuals and species over the study period.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1534

AUTHOR:       Hanson, A., C. Ellingwood, J. Kerekes, A. Smith

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Sackville Waterfowl Park, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada

SOURCE:       Baseline characterization, towards long-term monitoring.
              Hydrobiologia 279/280:521-524.

STATE:        CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: L2-EM1, L2-AB1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, FISH, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Wetlands were restored on converted pasturlands to attract
              waterfowl and wildlife at the Sackville Waterfowl Park (SWP).  A
              long-term monitoring system was implemented to determine phytoplankton
              abundance, water chemistry, and relationships among wildlife use.
              Results demonstrated waterfowl density of 3.5 broods/ha, 26 breeding
              species, abundant minnow and fish populations, variable phytoplankton
              populations, and seasonally variable TP and TN concentrations.  The
              authors conclude the SWP is a productive eutrophic system with no
              indications of nutrient limitations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       371

AUTHOR:       Hao, C., and Z. Rongzong

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        A study of synecology and productivity of Spartina plantation
              in Qidong County, Jiangsu

SOURCE:       Pages 83-115 (english abstract) in Research advances in
              Spartina--achievements of past 22 years. J. Nanjing Univ.,
              China.

STATE:        CHINA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST, EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses planting trials of Spartina anglica in
              Qidong County, China.  Climatic and growth form data are
              summarized.  Ratios between culm and leaf weights were generally
              above 1:3.5 in higher elevation marshes and below 1:1.5 in lower
              marshes.  Depths of rhizome penetration were 20-25 cm after 1 year
              of planting and 60-70 cm after 3 years.  A dense plantation
              comprising 2,400-2,500 culms/m2 with 90% coverage was achieved in
              1-2 years by planting 7-8 culms, 1 m apart.  Accretion varied from
              9.5-13.7 cm within 500 cm of a seawall to 2.6 cm at 900 m from the
              seawall after 14 months.  Shoot biomass was influenced by rate of
              accretion and temperature.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       372

AUTHOR:       Hardaway, C.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1966

TITLE:        Marsh grass reestablishment in the Virginia Chesapeake Bay
              system

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 4(2):77-78.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This note compares the establishment of a marsh grass fringe for
              estuarine shoreline erosion control at 24 sites under various
              degrees of wave action in the VA Chesapeake Bay.  Results after 4
              years of monitoring indicated that marsh grass fringe could be
              established with little or no maintenance planting on low-wave
              energy shores (fetch < 1 nautical mile).  Medium-wave energy
              shorelines (fetch = 1-3.5 nautical miles) required a combination
              of Spartina alterniflora and S. patens plantings, with annual
              maintenance plantings.  Marsh fringes were impractical to
              establish on straight shorelines of 3.5-5.5 nautical miles of
              fetch unless permanent offshore wave-stilling devices were used.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       373

AUTHOR:       Hardaway, C.S., G.R. Thomas, B.K. Fowler, C.L. Hill, J.E.
              Frye, and N.A. Ibison

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Results of the vegetative erosion control project in the
              Virginia Chesapeake Bay system

SOURCE:       Pages 144-158 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes the results of a vegetative erosion control
              project along the VA shores of Chesapeake Bay. The
              reestablishment of Spartina for estuarine shoreline erosion
              control is a viable alternative to the construction of bulkheads,
              revetments, or groins.  Physical limitations to revegetation may
              be imposed by average fetch exposure, shore geometry, and shore
              orientation.  On low wave energy shores (average fetch exposure
              less than 1 nautical mile), a marsh grass fringe (combination of
              saltmeadow hay and smooth cordgrass) can be established with
              little or no maintenance.  In high energy areas (3.5-5.5 average
              fetch exposure), the addition of a permanent offshore wave-stilling
              device is necessary for marsh fringe establishment.  Marsh grass
              plantings are not recommended for areas exposed to an average
              fetch greater than 5.5 nautical miles.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       374

AUTHOR:       Hardisky, M.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Marsh restoration on dredged material, Buttermilk Sound,
              Georgia

SOURCE:       Pages 143-174 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        GA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R1-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, MAMMALS, VEG, SOIL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       BORRICHIA, DISTICHLIS, IVA, JUNCUS, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study of the Buttermilk Sound Habitat
              Development Site at the mouth of the Altamaha River, Glynn County,
              GA, as part of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers program to examine
              alternatives for dredged material disposal.  The 15 ha disposal
              site was graded and divided into plots representing 3 intertidal
              zones.  Sprigs and seeds of 7 wetland plant species were planted;
              unplanted plots were controls.  Spartina patens and Iva frutescens
              had greater aerial biomass than other species in the upper third
              of the intertidal zones.  Crab burrow density decreased with lower
              elevation.  A lag in biomass production for most plant species
              indicated that more time was required for the development of a
              mature marsh ecosystem.

KEYWORDS:     marsh restoration/restoration/dredged material/Buttermilk Sound/
              Georgia/waterways/estuaries/marsh development/monitoring/biomass/
              values/plants/wildlife/wildlife habitat/habitat/habitat value/
              Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/West Indian manatee/manatee/
              Trichechus manatus/proceedings/wetlands/creation

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1044

AUTHOR:       Hardisky, M.A., and R.J. Reimold

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Buttermilk Sound Marsh habitat development site, Glen County,
              Georgia, 1978

SOURCE:       Georgia Dept. Nat. Resour., Brunswick, Final Rep. Contract No.
              DACW39-78-M-3016. 74 pp.

STATE:        GA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS1

RESPONSE:     SHELLF, VEG

PGENUS:       BORRICHIA, DISTICHLIS, IVA, JUNCUS, SPARTINA, PLUCHEA,
              POLYGONUM, PANICUM, SCIRPUS, AMARANTHUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report compares vegetation growth and succession on
              dredge material experimental plots at the Buttermilk Sound Marsh
              Habitat Development Site, Glynn County, GA.  Sprigs and seeds of
              seven species were planted in three tidal zones and exposed to
              various levels of fertilization during 1975-1976.  Increased
              aerial and belowground biomass for most species were recorded.
              Cover values were highest for the upper third of the intertidal
              zone.  Volunteer plant species proliferated over most sites, but
              maintained less aerial and root biomass than planted areas.
              Saltgrass initially spread rapidly, but may be affected by an
              influx of taller marsh plants.  Saltmarsh cordgrass dominates the
              lower intertidal zone with extensive belowground root mat
              development.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1257

AUTHOR:       Hardy, J.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Land treatment of municipal wastewater on Mississippi Sandhill
              Crane National Wildlife Refuge for wetlands/ crane habitat
              enhancement: a status report

SOURCE:       Pages 186-190 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural.
              Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, HYDRO, SOIL, SHOREB, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       CYNODON, LOLIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A wastewater treatment system including a series of wetland cells
              was constructed on and adjacent to the Mississippi Sandhill Crane
              National Wildlife Refuge, Jackson Co., MS for the secondary
              treatment of municipal effluent and to improve crane habitat.
              The lagoon system (treatment step 1) was designed to discourage
              crane use.  The land treatment system with sprinklers (treatment
              step 2) was seeded with bermuda grass and annual rye grass to
              encourage crane use.  Effluent application rates to this section
              kept soils near saturation but were low enough to eliminate
              surface runoff.  Water levels in the wetland cells (treatment
              step 3) were manipulated to optimize crane use for feeding,
              roosting, and nesting.  Full operation began in October 1987.
              Problems encountered are discussed.  Crane use has increased.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       375

AUTHOR:       Harlin, M.M., B. Thorne-Miller, and J.C. Boothroyd

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Seagrass-sediment dynamics of a flood-tidal delta in Rhode
              Island

SOURCE:       Aquatic Bot. 14:127-138.

STATE:        RI

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CUT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-AB1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, RUPPIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper examines the interactions between seagrasses and
              sediment on a flood-tidal delta of a coastal lagoon
              in southern RI.  The population of an annual form of Zostera
              marina increased rapidly from June (100 plants/m2) to late
              July and early August (1,000 plants/m2), after which it
              rapidly decreased.  On vegetated plots, current measurements
              fell to zero near the substrate, whereas on experimentally denuded
              plots they reached 8-14 cm/second.  At the margin of the delta
              lobe, sediment accreted 2.5 cm in vegetated plots and eroded
              1.5 cm in denuded plats.  Results indicated that even as an
              ephemeral, Z. marina can encourage sediment accumulation by
              slowing water current on a moderate-energy tidal delta, but the
              degree of this depends on the density of the plant bed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       376

AUTHOR:       Harrington, R.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Environmental controls on clonal willow growth (Wisconsin)

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 4(1):30.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       CUT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes the clonal spreading rates of Salix
              in WI wetlands.  Stem cutting just above ground level
              produced more resprouting on stumps where belowground connections
              to the rest of the clone had been cut than on stumps with intact
              connections to the clone.  New stem emergence was affected by
              water level fluctuations and was greatest at constant water levels
              of approximately 20 cm below soil surface.  Redox measurements
              are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       377

AUTHOR:       Harris, R.W., A.T. Leiser, and A.T. Fissell

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Plant tolerance to flooding

SOURCE:       Summary report: 1971-1975. Univ. California, Dept. Environ.
              Horticulture, Davis. 30 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, BIOCIDE, CUT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM1, PO-FO2, L2-...

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       CYNODON, EUCALYPTUS, PLATANUS, SALIX, TAXODIUM, WASHINGTONIA,
              CARYA, ACACIA, FRAXINUS, GLEDITSIA, ACER, CEPHALANTHUS,
              POPULUS, QUERCUS, DIOSPYROS, AGROPYRON, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses plant tolerance to flooding in central CA,
              based: 1) on planting experiments at the flood Reservoir at the
              University of California, Davis, and at Folsom Lake State
              Recreation Area east of Sacramento; and 2) on assessments of
              existing plant communities at Andrus, Brannon, and Sherman Islands
              in the San Joaquin Delta.  Approximately 30 species of plants
              (primarily shrubs and trees) were transplanted or seeded
              (grasses).  Nearly 70 species were included in the assessment of
              the delta islands.  The report includes summary data on percent
              survival and tolerance levels under various water regimes for all
              species.  The most tolerant tree species was bald cypress; the
              most tolerant grass was tiff green hybrid bermuda grass.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       379

AUTHOR:       Harris, S.W., and W.H. Marshall

PUBL. YEAR:   1960

TITLE:        Germination and planting experiments on soft-stem and
              hard-stem bulrush

SOURCE:       J. Wildl. Manage. 24:134-139.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents results of 5 storage and 3 germination tests
              on seeds of softstem (Scirpus validus) and hardstem (S. acutus)
              bulrush conducted at the Mud Lake National Wildlife Refuge,
              northwestern MN.  Seed stored in water all winter and germinated
              under natural conditions had a higher rate of germination than
              seeds stored at room temperature or outside in either wet or dry
              containers.  Seed planted in spring failed to germinate.  All
              plantings in fall, after the growing season, developed into heavy
              stands of seedlings the following spring and summer.  Two methods
              of coordinating timing of drawdowns and bulrush seeding are
              suggested.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       378

AUTHOR:       Harris, S.W., and W.H. Marshall

PUBL. YEAR:   1963

TITLE:        Ecology of water-level manipulations on a northern marsh

SOURCE:       Ecology 44(2):331-343.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4, PO-SS1, PO-US3, PO-US4

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SENECIO, CAREX, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, POTAMOGETON, LEMNA,
              PHRAGMITES, POLYGONUM, CHENOPODIUM, RUMEX, CIRSIUM, SALIX,
              MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes an experiment to establish emergent vegetation
              in drawdown areas on the Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge in
              northwestern MN.  The primary objective was to revegetate open
              water after planned drawdowns.  Various pool conditions were
              available to study drawdown effects.  Conditions varied complete
              drawdowns for 4-5 years to partial reflooding over several years.
              Results are presented in a table depicting marsh type, species
              composition, density, exposure time, soil type, rate of
              superficial drainage, and amount of algal debris.  Maintenance of
              emergent marshes depends on water depths and cover types on 1- or
              2-year drawdowns in 5-10 year intervals.  Effects of flooding
              on species survival are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1241

AUTHOR:       Harrison, P.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Variations in success of eelgrass transplants over a
              five-years' period

SOURCE:       Environ. Conserv. 17(2):157-163.

STATE:        CANADA, BRITISH COLUMBIA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3M, E1-AB3L

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Methods of transplanting eelgrass (Zostera marina) were tested
              on 2 sites along the Roberts Bank Intercauseway, south of Vancouver,
              British Columbia.  Transplanting occurred in August 1982,
              December, 1982-January 1983, and April-May 1983.  Transplanting
              methods were: 1) intact plants with sediment; 2) unanchored
              bare plant sprigs; and 3) 5 plants anchored in the sediment
              by means of a 50 cm length iron rod.  Other planting variables
              included depth of rhizome burial, length of rhizome, fertilization,
              orientation of plant to tidal currents, time between collection
              and transplanting, planting density, and elevation.  Short term
              results (after 2 years) indicate a correlation between variables
              and shoot growth and survival but long term results (after 5
              years) indicate only elevation was strongly correlated with
              shoot growth and survival.

KEYWORDS:     eelgrass/transplanting/British Columbia/comparison/elevation/
              habitat/fauna/seagrass 'meadows'/Zostera marina/restoration/
              seagrass transplants/Canada

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       380


AUTHOR:       Harter, R.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1966

TITLE:        The effect of water levels on soil chemistry and plant growth
              of the Magee Marsh Wildlife Area

SOURCE:       Ohio Game Monogr. No. 2. 36 pp.

STATE:        OH

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       ORYZA, POLYGONUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses studies on the Magee Marsh Wildlife Area,
              Ottawa County, OH, that determined chemical equilibria of organic
              wet soils and the effect of waterlogging on rice (Oryza sativa)
              and smartweed (Polygonum spp.).  Results indicated that as the
              amount of water in the soil pores increased, the soil environment
              changed from oxidizing to reducing conditions (within about 5 days
              after flooding).  Reduced conditions may be more toxic to higher
              plants.  Inundation caused a decreased uptake of CA, Mg, Mn, and K
              and an increased uptake of P by both rice and smartweed.
              Smartweed appeared to be more tolerant of high manganese content
              than rice and was unable to grow under waterlogged conditions.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       381

AUTHOR:       Harvey, H.T., M.N. Josselyn, and M.S. Race

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Forum: wetlands restoration and mitigation policies: comment
              and reply

SOURCE:       Environ. Manage. 10(5):567-572.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article consists of 2 parts, each representing a different
              view of the issues associated with the determination of the
              success of restoration projects.  The "comment" section (Harvey
              and Josselyn) is a critique of a previous article by race--whose
              reply follows.  Specific examples are taken from the San Francisco
              Bay Area; however, information generated by the debate is useful
              for many types of wetlands.  Planting survival, monitoring,
              mitigation, and evaluation of the site over time are included in
              these discussions.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1045

AUTHOR:       Harvey, H.T., P. Williams, J. Haltiner, Madrone Associates,
              and San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Guidelines for enhancement and restoration of diked historic
              baylands

SOURCE:       San Francisco Bay Conserv. Dev. Comm., San Francisco, CA,
              Tech. Rep. 38 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, FRANKENIA, BACCHARIS, GRINDELIA, JAUMEA, SPARTINA,
              SALICORNIA, ATRIPLEX, DISTICHLIS, CORDYLANTHUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses wetland habitats of the San Francisco Bay
              Area and presents techniques useful for restoring diked historic
              baylands.  Guidelines for designing wetland restoration projects
              were based on nine salt marsh projects constructed from 1971-1982
              and varying from 3-525 acres.  Hydraulic design criteria include:
              1) tidal elevation and marsh topography; 2) tidal range; 3) levee
              breach; 4) topographic modifications; 5) outlet structure;
              6) drainage and circulation; and 7) sedimentation and erosion.
              Marsh design for stormwater and wastewater treatment and for flood
              protection are presented.  Aspects of vegetation establishment
              include climate; substrate; topography; species requirements for
              common, endangered, and exotic plants; and upland and transition
              zone enhancement.  Management of restoration projects is discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1046

AUTHOR:       Harvey, J.W., R.M. Chambers, and W.E. Odum

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Groundwater transport between hillslopes and tidal marshes

SOURCE:       Pages 270-276 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings
              of the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept.
              16-18 1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne,
              NY.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM2, PO-..., R1-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       PELTANDRA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the results of the first season of a study
              of groundwater relationships at a tidal freshwater marsh on
              the Chickahominy River, a James River Sub-Estuary of the
              Lower Chesapeake Bay.  Results from 36 piezometers installed at
              the base of the hillslope (adjacent to the marsh) and in the
              marsh are reported.  Hydraulic head distribution and subsurface
              flow pathways are described.  The physical and chemical role of
              tidal marshes in modifying groundwater discharge to estuaries
              is discussed.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       382

AUTHOR:       Hasfurther, V.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        The use of meander parameters in restoring hydrologic balance
              to reclaimed stream beds

SOURCE:       Pages 21-40 in J.A. Gore, ed. The restoration of rivers and
              streams. Butterworth Publ., Boston, MA.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the use of meander parameters in the process
              of stream bed reclamation.  Methods and techniques for channel
              restoration are discussed in terms of the importance of meander
              parameters to stream channel stability.  Geologic, hydraulic, and
              geometric stream system parameters are discussed.  Relationships
              and equations incorporating stream bankfull width, sediment load
              index, stream gradient, and channel depth are described.  Meander
              design and analysis are discussed in terms of creating a
              hydrologically stable channel with controlled sediment deposition
              and transport and establishing an enhanced habitat for aquatic
              life.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       383

AUTHOR:       Hasselrot, B., and H. Hultberg

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Liming of acidified Swedish lakes and streams and its
              consequences for aquatic ecosystems

SOURCE:       Fisheries 9(1):4-9.

STATE:        SWEDEN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes biological responses to the liming of acidic
              lakes and streams in Sweden.  To treat streams, high doses of
              lime are spread in headwater wetlands on upstream reaches.  In
              lakes, limestone is spread on rocky or sandy bottoms in shallow
              zones.  Decomposition rates increase with liming as does the number
              of plankton species.  Effects on phytoplankton, macrophytes,
              zooplankton, benthic fauna, and fish are described.  Liming is
              described as creating a new and temporary stage in the history of
              a lake.  Negative effects also occur.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       384

AUTHOR:       Hasted, S.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Growth, sedimentation/erosion, water quality in two marsh
              restoration projects in Clinton and Stratford, CT

SOURCE:       Pages 81-115 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh
              annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US3, E2-US4, E2-US2, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Restoration studies were conducted on 2 marshes near Long Island
              Sound in Clinton and Stratford, CT.  Growth responses of several
              plant species (and stock forms) were studied in terms of
              elevation, substrate composition, erosion, fertilization, and
              water quality (salinity, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, pH,
              hardness).  Drainage (determined by elevation and substrate
              texture) was the most significant influence on plant growth;
              well-drained, sandy, high shore areas revegetated more
              successfully than mudflats.  Water quality fluctuations in
              estuarine marshes were correlated with the influences of river
              water at neap tide and salt water at moon tide.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1047

AUTHOR:       Havens, P.W., and M.E. Lehman

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Wetlands by design: examination of two case studies of wetland
              creation by the U.S. Navy at naval submarine base, Kings Bay,
              Georgia

SOURCE:       Pages 133-146 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the
              fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and
              creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        GA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS1, E2-US3, E2-US2, E2-AB3, PO-EM1, PO-FO.

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, ILEX, RUPPIA, SCIRPUS, BACCHARIS, IVA, MYRICA,
              PERSEA, PASPALUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the U.S. Navy's problematic approach for
              designing and building low maintenance functional wetland
              systems with maximum value as wildlife habitat.  Two case
              studies from the naval submarine base at Kings Bay, GA, are
              examined: a tidal saltwater wetland and a freshwater wetland.
              The navy has developed a process that creates the potential for
              savings by incorporating wetland design criteria and site
              configurations into borrow area construction contracts.  Cost
              estimates for planting emergent macrophytes and tree seedlings
              are presented.  An engineering/construction approach is
              emphasized.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1226

AUTHOR:       Hawkins, W.H., and K.J. Ruesh

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Reclamation of small streams and their watersheds at Mobil's
              central Florida phosphate mines

SOURCE:       Pages 106-121 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM, NYSSA, FRAXINUS, QUERCUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, ULMUS, ACER

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Describes design specifications used by Mobil Mining & Mineral
              Co. when restoring impacted streams and associated floodplains.
              Eight projects in Polk and Hillsborough Co., FL (1-7 years since
              construction completed) are reviewed.  Mobil's monitoring
              procedure designed to meet FL Department of Environmental
              Regulation (DER) requirements are described.  Construction
              involved grading, disking, planting seedlings, and irrigation
              of seedlings for 1 year.  Overall results indicate that Mobil's
              restoration sites can be expected to meet DER requirements for
              tree density, % crown cover, diversity, and similarity to a
              control wetland in 5-6 years.  Meeting the % cover for Typha
              and Ludwigia requirements will take longer and may require
              an initial increase in the diversity and density of planted
              species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1323

AUTHOR:       Hayes, L.A., J.R. Nawrot, and W.D. Klimstra

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Habitat diversity change associated with reclamation in
              Illinois

SOURCE:       Pages 363-368 in D.H. Graves and R.W. De Vore, eds. Symposium
              on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation.
              University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, SOIL, LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Comparisons of habitat diversity are made of various sites on
              surface-mined lands in four Illinois regions.  These comparisons are
              based on the reclamation requirements pre-law (pre-1962); post-law
              1962-1970, 1971-1976, and 1977 to 1982.  Pre-law areas had the
              greatest diversity and the greatest amount of forested lands due to
              voluntary reclamation of 70-80% of the effected lands.  Habitat
              diversity was at its lowest from 1962-1976 when parcels of land were
              larger but fewer and most of the reclaimed land became pastureland.
              After 1977 forests were making a comeback, and the use of land for
              croplands and impoundments increased.  Riparian lands increased in
              size but decreased in number on pre-mined sites after 1977, however,
              marsh  lands decreased in both size and number.  This trend to regain
              diversity coincides with the growing concern for wildlife habitat
              development.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       385

AUTHOR:       Haynes, R.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Summary of wetlands reestablishment on surface- mined lands in
              Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 357-362 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1984 symposium
              on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation.
              Univ. Kentucky, Lexington.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-EM1, L2-EM2, PO-SS.

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes information on freshwater wetland
              reestablishment in lands affected by surface mining of phosphate
              and limestone in southern FL.  Three sites are compared: 1) an
              earthen dam site, which promotes the elimination of settling
              impoundments and their associated aboveground dams; 2) no
              management effort, resulting in use of the impoundment by
              wildlife; and 3) managing for waterfowl and hunting only.  The
              author stressed the importance of creating littoral zones,
              replacing organic matter in lake sediments, and creating bermless
              lakes with adjacent periodically inundated wetland areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       386

AUTHOR:       Haynes, R.J., and F. Crabill

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Reestablishment of a forested wetland on phosphate-mined land
              in central Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 51-63 in P.E. Pope, compiler. Proceedings of the fourth
              annual better reclamation with trees conference. Purdue Univ.,
              West Lafayette, IN.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, BIOCIDE, FERT, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO3

RESPONSE:     ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       ACER, QUERCUS, GORDONIA, MAGNOLIA, PERSEA, NYSSA, MYRICA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the concepts and implementation of a
              revegetation plan for reestablishing a 6.5 ha forested wetland on
              a phosphate-mined site in Hillsborough County, FL.  Topics include
              site preparation, mining activities, grading, topsoil storage,
              soil amendments, revegetation methods, experimental design, and
              monitoring strategy.  Several uncommon reclamation approaches will
              be used, including establishment of vegetation islands and tree
              spading.  Other site factors include: 1) topsoiling; 2) mulching,
              3) use of potted plants and bare-root seedlings; 4) natural
              invasion; 5) control of plant competition; 6) erosion control;
              and 7) short- and long-term evaluation of reclamation success and
              wildlife use.  Categorical project costs are summarized.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       387

AUTHOR:       Haynes, R.J., and L. Moore

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Reestablishment of bottomland hardwoods within national
              wildlife refuges in the southeast

SOURCE:       Pages 95-103 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       QUERCUS, CARYA, POPULUS, PLATANUS, LIRIODENDRON, ULMUS, ACER,
              LIQUIDAMBAR

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of attempts to reestablish
              bottomland hardwoods in 12 National Wildlife Refuges in the
              southeastern U.S.  Planting methods, success of refuge plantings
              (site age varied from 1-19 years after planting), reasons for
              planting failures, competition, and natural regeneration (for
              species diversity) are described with examples from the
              literature.  The effective suppression of the natural
              reestablishment of tree species may occur when the establishment
              and growth of competing groundcover is not controlled.  Natural
              regeneration processes alone probably cannot achieve a bottomland
              forest community (with the desired species) within a 40-60 year
              time-frame.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1322

AUTHOR:       Hedin, R.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Treatment of coal mine drainage with constructed wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 349-362 in S.K. Majumdar, R.P. Brooks, F.J. Brenner, and
              R.W. Tiner, Jr., eds. Wetlands ecology and conservation:
              emphasis in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Academy of Science,
              Easton, Pennsylvania.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, ECON, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SPHAGNUM, OSCILLATORIA, MICROSPORA, OEDOGONIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Acid mine drainage (AMD) has long been a problem on coal mine sites
              throughout the eastern United states.  With stricter water quality
              standards wetlands have been experimented with as a water treatment
              system.  Sphagnum peat was used originally in wetlands receiving AMD
              but failed after several months in field tests.  Typha is now used
              with favorable results.  After eight months outflow through 3 wetland
              cells with a total area of 200 m2 experienced lower iron, lower
              acidity, and less Mg.  The author discusses metal removal through the
              use of algae, organic substrates, oxidation and hydrolysis process,
              and reduction process.  Metal removal using vegetation however,
              provides the best long-term results in a wetland situation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1495

AUTHOR:       Hedin, R.S. and R.W. Nairn

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Contaminate removal capabilities of wetlands contructed to
              treat coal mine drainage

SOURCE:       Pages 187-195 in G.A. Morshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publisheres, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        PN

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper evaluates the removal of contaminants using a method in
              which dilution effects are removed, low contaminant loading rates are
              avoided, and sites are evaluated from a rate perspective.  A dilution
              factor was calculated from the difference of Mg at the influent and
              effluent stations and contaminent concentration and removal rates were
              adjusted accordingly to the dilution factor.  Eleven constructed
              wetlands vegetated primarily with Typha in various substrates,
              sizes, and water chemistry were used in this study.  The pH levels had
              a significant effect on contaminant removal rates with iron being
              removed best under alkaline conditions and Mg being removed only under
              alkaline conditions.  The author recommends evaluating contaminant
              removal in acidic influents by determining acidity removal rates.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       388

AUTHOR:       Hedman, E.R., and U.R. Osterkamp

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Streamflow characteristics related to channel geometry of
              streams in western United States

SOURCE:       U.S. Geol. Surv., Water-Supply Pap. 2193. 17 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents a method of using empirically developed
              equations to yield a discharge value from channel-geometry and
              channel-material data for streams of the western U.S.  The
              equations were developed by collecting data at numerous
              streamflow-gaging sites and statistically relating those data to
              selected discharge characteristics.  Mean annual runoff and flood
              discharges with selected recurrence intervals can be estimated for
              perennial, intermittent, and ephemeral streams.  Channel-geometry
              measurements offer an alternative method of quickly and
              inexpensively estimating stream-flow characteristics for ungaged
              streams.  The hydrologic data are particularly useful for
              assessing activities in areas where instrumented gaging stations
              are unavailable.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       390

AUTHOR:       Heede, B.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Case study of a watershed rehabilitation project: Alkali
              Creek, Colorado

SOURCE:       U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-189. 18 pp.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R3-..., R4-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the restoration of headwaters in the Alkali
              Creek Watershed, White River National Forest, near Silt, CO.
              Elevation is 7,600-8,400 ft.  The area was fenced (excluding
              cattle); vegetation was planted and check dams were constructed.
              After 7 years, the ephemeral flow became perennial.  Erosion was
              decreased by about two-thirds.  Analysis included development of
              an empirical equation to express relationships between original
              gully gradient and deposit gradient above the check dams.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       389

AUTHOR:       Heede, B.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Predicting impact of a restoration project on river dynamics:
              a case history

SOURCE:       U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-62. 8 pp.

STATE:        ID

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: R3-..., R3-UB1

RESPONSE:     SOIL, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses a project intended to reduce erosion and
              sediment load of Dump Creek at its junction with the Salmon
              River in ID.  The degree of influence of a proposed restoration
              project can be predicted by taking into account the apparent
              mechanics and dynamics of the entire river system.  The
              project at dump creek/Salmon River is an example of a case
              where essential data were not available, but where the project
              would proceed anyway.  An approach using theory and experience in
              combination with available data (to evaluate restoration effects)
              is described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1048

AUTHOR:       Heede, B.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Deteriorated watersheds can be restored: a case study

SOURCE:       Environ. Manage. 3(3):271-281.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: R4-..., PO-EM1, PO-SS1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       ARTEMISIA, MELILOTUS, AGROPYRON, BROMUS, LOLIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses rehabilitation of a dense gully network
              in the Alkali Creek Watershed, west-central CO.  Check dam
              systems and improved vegetative cover stabilized not only
              structurally treated gullies, but also untreated network
              gullies.  Check dams decreased gully depth by accumulating
              sediment deposits, resulting in hastened bank stabilization
              and increased alluvial aquifer volumes.  This increase,
              plus higher filtration rates as a result of denser vegetation,
              led to renewed perennial streamflow after 7 treatment years.
              Sediment loads in flows were reduced more than 90% within 11
              years after treatment.  Results indicate that the mainstem
              gully, and those tributaries controlling local base levels of
              other gullies, are the critical segments that should be
              structurally treated.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       391

AUTHOR:       Hefner, J.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        The National Wetlands Inventory: tools for wetland creation
              and restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 265-275 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the ninth
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., E.-..., M.-..., PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Inventory
              provides products relating to wetland creation and restoration,
              including: 1) a wetland map series; 2) a hydric soils list;
              3) a wetland plant list and data base; and 4) statistical analyses
              of wetland gains and losses since the mid-1950's.  Maps have been
              prepared using photointerpretation of high altitude aerial
              photography.  The hydric soils list was prepared by the soil
              conservation service for use in delineating wetlands.  The wetland
              plant list and data base provides habitat requirement information
              for each species.  Statistical analyses provide information on
              wetland loss trends in the U.S.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1213

AUTHOR:       Heidt, J.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Pebble Creek Village Golf Course mitigation

SOURCE:       Pages 87-96 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, WFOWL, SHOREB, MAMMALS, REPT, HYDRO

PGENUS:       PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, JUNCUS, SPARTINA, TYPHA, LUDWIGIA,
              PANICUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Three wetlands were created on the Pebble Creek Golf Course
              (Hillsborough Co., FL) to help drain stormwater runoff from
              an adjacent residential community.  The 3 sites were graded,
              organic substrate added, and the first 4 genus listed in PGENUS
              were planted.  Typha spp., Ludwigia pereviana, and Panicum
              repens invaded the planted areas.  After 2 years the planted
              species dominated.  Sandhill cranes, wood ducks, great blue
              herons, otters, and alligators were often observed in the
              created wetlands.  No further monitoring is planned.  Golf
              course staff will provide any needed maintenance.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       392

AUTHOR:       Heilman, P.E., D.M. Greer, S.E. Brauen, and A.S. Baker

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations, Miller Sands Marsh
              and upland habitat development site, Columbia River, Oregon:
              Appendix E: postpropagation assessment of botanical and soil
              resources on dredged material

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-38. 393 pp.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-UB2, R1-US3, R1-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       CAREX, DESCHAMPSIA, FESTUCA, AGROPYRON, HORDEUM, VICIA,
              TRIFOLIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reports quantitative results of a habitat development
              experiment at Miller Sands, Columbia River, OR.  Emphasis is
              placed on methods, experimental investigations, soil analysis, and
              soil fertility.  Carex and Deschampsia were used to establish
              vegetative cover.  Soils in lower elevation plots (2.13 ft above
              MLW) had a high content of silt, clay, and fine sand.
              Subsequently, Carex and Deschampsia did not survive well.  Aerial
              biomass at the end of the second growing season was 1,356 kg/ha
              for Deschampsia and 547 kg/ha for Carex.  These results are
              compared to biomass in undisturbed areas (6,157 kg/ha) and an
              unvegetated area (379 kg/ha).  Fertilization greatly increased
              production during the first growing season, but did not contribute
              significantly to biomass production during the second season.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1585

AUTHOR:       Heimlich, R.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Costs of an agricultural wetland reserve

SOURCE:       Land Economics 70(2):234-246.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper analyzes costs involved per acre of converting cropped
              lands to wetlands under the Wetland Reserve Program (WRP).  Estimates
              are figured for easement costs, cost of idling lands, and the costs
              of restoring cropped lands.  Enrollment strategies are based on a
              single pool and eight regional pools with the enrollment containing
              the eight pool have the least minimum costs per acre.  Easement
              costs tended to be greater for California and New York due to the
              influence of urban land values.  Recommendations are made for future
              economic analyses of wetland restoration proposals as well as
              restoration costs and benefits.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1470

AUTHOR:       Heimlich, R.E. and D.M. Gadsby

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Strategies for wetlands protection and restoration

SOURCE:       Agricultural Outlook 9:32-37.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the legalities involved in the restoration of
              converted wetlands.  Combined effects of draining riverine wetlands
              for crop production, channeling, and levee construction contributed to
              higher flood levels in the upper midwest region of the United States.
              The Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) was mandated by the 1990 Farm Act
              to induce voluntary restoration of converted wetlands and meet the
              following objectives:  1) assist flood victims while increasing
              restored wetland acreage, 2) retire flood-prone cropland, thus saving
              government crop insurance and disaster payments, and 3) avoid costs
              for restoring levees and ditches.  Conflicts are reviewed on wetland
              regulation and delineation including the debates between regulatory
              reform legislation H.R. 1330, proposed to reduce the amount of land
              defined as wetlands and H.R. 350, favored by environmentalist, which
              basically counters H.R. 1330 and enforces the 1989 manual for wetland
              regulation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1049

AUTHOR:       Henderson, S., A.B. Allen, B. Abbruzzese, M.E. Kentula, and
              R.M. Hughes

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        A method for the selection of reference wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 289-291 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland
              and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual
              meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland
              Sci., Wilmington, NC.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., M.-..., E.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the development of a method to select
              natural wetlands in a given ecoregion and compare them to restored
              or created wetlands in the same ecoregion.  The purpose of this
              procedure is to aid in determining the effectiveness of
              wetland restoration or creation in replacing the ecological
              functions of wetlands that were destroyed.  The method consists of:
              1) defining the study area; 2) characterizing the parent
              population of reference sites; 3) drawing a sample from a list
              frame; and 4) verifying appropriateness of the reference sites.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1293

AUTHOR:       Henrot J., R.K. Wieder, K.P. Heston, and M.P. Nardi

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Wetland treatment of coal mine drainage: controlled studies of
              iron retention in model wetland systems

SOURCE:       Pages 793-800 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, WQUALITY

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-ML1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPHAGNUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes experimental man-made wetlands designed to reduce
              iron concentration from coal mine drainage.  Replicate models
              containing peat moss were setup with identical flow rates but
              differing concentrations of Fe.  Iron retention within the models was
              evaluated by measuring hydrologic fluxes, water chemistry, and
              substrate chemistry.  It was found that these model wetlands
              effectively removed Fe from solution for about five days.  In
              addition, the Fe retention was more pronounced at the inflow end of
              the models and Fe accumulated mainly as organically bound Fe and Fe
              oxides.  There was little accumulation as exchangeable Fe.  Since this
              experiment took place in a greenhouse, the authors suggested
              microbially mediated Fe oxidation was probably inhibited because of
              high temperatures.  This could mean the effective life of the wetland
              could be increased in a natural setting.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1400

AUTHOR:       Henszey, R.J., S.W. Wolff, T.A. Wesche, Q.D. Skinner, and W.A.
              Hubert

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Assessment of a flow enhancement project as a riparian and
              fishery habitat mitigation effort

SOURCE:       Pages 88-93 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K.
              Miller, eds. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland
              and riparian ecosystems in the American West. PIC Tecnologies,
              Inc and CRS Sirrine, Inc. 235pp.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, FISH, MAMMALS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A mitigation strategy involving the use of ephemeral streams and
              controlling and maintaining flow releases year-round to create new
              riparian and aquatic habitat is being used by the City of Cheyenne,
              Wyoming.  Objectives evaluated include defining channel development,
              conveyance efficiency, groundwater storage, alteration of riparian
              vegetation, and formation of trout habitat.  One year after
              implementation of flow regulation, 50 percent more stream channel
              developed, almost all through downcutting.  Parshall flumes were
              installed to monitor the hydrologic response of the watershed to
              enhanced flow.  Since streamflow augmentation, groundwater has been
              elevated in many areas at or near the soil surface.  Riparian
              vegetation response was divided into three community types:  forest,
              shrub, and herbaceous plants.  Plant species composition is shifting
              towards water tolerant species and the amount of bare ground has
              increased due to the decrease of protective upland plant cover. The
              Habitat Quality Index (HQI) and the Physical Habitat Simulation
              (PHABSIM) were used to evaluate stream habitat.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1271

AUTHOR:       Hepp, J.P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        An ecological survey of four newly created surface-mine
              wetlands in central Pennnsylvania

SOURCE:       M.S. thesis, Pennsylvania State University. 186pp.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-US3

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, AMPHIB, REPT, INVERTS, VEG, WQUAL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB,
              SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis compares successional colonization characteristics of four
              newly created surface-mine wetlands in central Pennsylvania.  Many
              species of hydrophytes, invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
              and mammals were observed.  There was a predictable process of
              succession based on habitat morphometry and water quality.  The
              relationships derived from these characteristics suggest that one
              should consider these factors when creating surface-mine wetlands.
              This study also suggests that an inventory of vegetation, vertebrates,
              and invertebrates three of four years after the reclamation project
              may provide a reliable indication of its overall success.

KEYWORDS:     surface mine wetlands/wetlands/central Pennsylvania/Pennsylvania/
              wetland development/values/vegetation/invertebrates/birds/
              mammals/wildlife/ecological survey/created wetlands/hydrophytes/
              amphibians/reptiles

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1321

AUTHOR:       Hermosillo, O.M., and S. Sarquis

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Design considerations for waste water treatment with Water
              Hyacinth E.Crassipes

SOURCE:       Environmental Technology 11: 669-674.

STATE:        MEXICO

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       MODEL, LAB, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       EICHHORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The use of water hyacinth for waste water treatment was investigated
              in this study.  Twelve 40 L containers of water hyacinth were grown in
              a  nutrient solution with various concentrations of N and P.
              Depending on the amount of organic load input (162 and 26.1Kg
              BOD\Had), removal efficiency was 56% at the higher BOD rate and 95% at
              the lower rate.  The removal efficiency of N was greater than P.  The
              author suggests that water hyacinth ponds should be designed as
              maturation ponds and a secondary treatment is needed before effluent
              enters the water hyacinth pond.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       393

AUTHOR:       Herricks, E.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Recovery of streams from chronic pollutional stress--acid mine
              drainage

SOURCE:       Pages 43-71 in J. Cairns, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and E.E.
              Herricks, eds. Recovery and restoration of damaged ecosystems.
              Univ. Press Virginia, Charlottesville.

STATE:        PA, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the recovery of streams from chronic
              pollution stress and assesses a case study of Indian Creek in
              Fayette County, PA.  Topics include: 1) damage caused by acid mine
              drainage; 2) effects of acid mine drainage on aquatic
              ecosystems; and 3) recovery/restoration mechanisms affecting
              streams damaged by long duration stress.  Factors that determine
              recovery are: 1) reduction of stress and restoration of damaged
              habitat; 2) availability of organisms for recolonization; and 3)
              seasonal stability of stream conditions (discharge, water quality)
              for regular maintenance of stream communities.  Restoration can be
              accomplished by natural conditions (as illustrated by the Indian
              Creek study) as long as the discharge of pollutants does not
              exceed the total stream system's assimilative capacity.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       394

AUTHOR:       Herricks, E.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Development of aquatic habitat potential of gravel pits

SOURCE:       Pages 196-206 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds.
              Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp.
              Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., PO-UB1, L.-UB1, PO-UB2, L.-UB2

RESPONSE:     FISH

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides information on developing sand/gravel
              mine pits for aquatic habitat.  To minimize maintenance costs,
              management for any 1 species requires the development of a
              complex, supporting ecosystem, which takes time.  This time can
              be shortened (thus increasing site value) by careful management
              and implementation of procedures relating to site topographic
              development (using a morphoedaphic index), including provision
              of littoral areas (2-6 ft deep) over 20% or more of the lake
              surface area, edge sculpturing to maximize shoreline length,
              construction of islands, and a variable bottom configuration.
              During mining, water quality control and early development of
              fish and wildlife resources can be implemented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       397

AUTHOR:       Herricks, E.E., and J. Cairns, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        The recovery of stream macrobenthic communities from the
              effects of acid mine drainage

SOURCE:       Pages 370-398 in Fourth symposium on coal mine drainage
              research. Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Monroeville, PA.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the effects of acid mine drainage on
              macroinvertebrates of Indian Creek, Fayette County, PA.  The creek
              was sampled upstream and downstream of an acid source and at
              various flows during may, July, and October.  The effect of lower
              stream discharge was a decrease in the dilution of acid mine
              drainage and an increase in the stress on the macroinvertebrate
              communities, which were dominated by tolerant organisms.
              Tributaries to the creek improved water quality by dilution and
              supplied organisms to reinvade the damaged regions of the stream
              from which they had been eliminated during low flow (higher
              sulfate levels and lower pH).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       396

AUTHOR:       Herricks, E.E., and J. Cairns, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Rehabilitation of streams receiving acid mine drainage

SOURCE:       Water Resour. Res. Cent. Bull. 66. 284 pp.

STATE:        PA, VA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, MODEL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents results of 3 studies on the effects of acid
              mine drainage on streams of Montgomery County, VA, and Fayette and
              Venango Counties, PA.  Acid was experimentally added to a healthy
              productive stream, reducing pH from 8.0 to 4.0 for 15 minutes.
              Diversity and density of aquatic macrobenthos were reduced by 29%
              and 42% and full recovery occurred within 19-28 days.
              Recolonization was related to drift of recolonizing organisms.  In
              other studies, source areas of recolonizing organisms were
              unpolluted tributaries, which also improved the acid mine-impacted
              streams by diluting the discharge and improving water quality.
              The use of lime neutralization can rapidly restore water quality,
              but hydroxide floc, a byproduct of the neutralization, limits the
              recolonization of some bottom fauna.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       395

AUTHOR:       Herricks, E.E., and J. Cairns, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        The recovery of streams stressed by acid coal mine drainage

SOURCE:       Pages 11-24 in Fifth symposium on coal mine drainage research.
              Natl. Coal Assoc., Washington, DC.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the interactions between physical, chemical,
              and biological systems of an acid coal mine drainage area in
              the Indian Creek Watershed, Fayette and Westmoreland Counties,
              PA.  Recovery to near normal environmental conditions occurred
              within 8 miles of the acid discharge source area.  This rapid
              recovery was due in part to unpolluted tributaries that aided in
              dilution and neutralization of the acid discharge.  In portions
              of the stream, conditions varied seasonally with changing
              discharge.  During low discharge, stress levels were increased and
              the biological community was altered.  Biological communities
              became temporarily reestablished when acid drainage concentrations
              were low due to high discharge volumes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       398

AUTHOR:       Herricks, E.E., and L.L. Osborne

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Water quality restoration and protection in streams and rivers

SOURCE:       Pages 1-20 in J.A. Gore, ed. The restoration of rivers and
              streams. Butterworth Publ., Boston, MA.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of water quality restoration and
              protection in streams and rivers.  Determination of risk or hazard
              assessment and tolerance of various species to toxic substances
              are discussed.  Restoration techniques are described in terms of
              water quality criteria and designated stream use.  Effects of
              several chemical substances on specific organisms are described.
              The primary elements of restoration are the isolation, removal,
              transfer, or dilution of substances that degrade water quality.
              Protection of rivers and streams from point and nonpoint source
              contamination is discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       399

AUTHOR:       Herskowitz, J., S. Black, and W. Lewandowski

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Listowel artificial marsh treatment project

SOURCE:       Pages 247-254 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic
              plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia
              Publ., Orlando, FL.

STATE:        ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM, LAB, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses 5 separate cattail marsh treatment
              systems, occupying a total of 8,670 m2, used to treat 4% of the
              sewage from Listowel, Ontario.  Two pretreatment types, complete
              mix aeration cell effluent and lagoon effluent, also were tested.
              The marsh effluent quality achieved was at levels between
              conventional and tertiary treatment.  The systems demonstrated
              large reductions in BOD, suspended solids, and bacteria on a
              year-round basis.  Effluent quality was highest when oxygen
              supply was adequate to support aerobic metabolism in the marshes.
              The data from the experimental treatments were used to refine the
              design for a full-scale marshland sewage treatment facility at
              Port Perry, Ontario.  The major modification was the installation
              of an upgraded pretreatment unit.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1333

AUTHOR:       Heusmann, H.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1969

TITLE:        An analysis of the potential creation of productive wetlands
              by interstate highway construction with emphasis on waterfowl
              management

SOURCE:       M.S. thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. 97pp.

STATE:        MA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, MAMMALS, HUSE, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis discusses the use of basins left after extraction of  road
              fill as impoundments for the potential of creating habitat for aquatic
              life, waterfowl, and mammals.  Several impoundments where chosen for
              study along I-91 in Massachusetts.  A description of the water
              chemistry and productivity, amount of shoreline vegetation, waterfowl
              counts, muskrat data, and human uses are given.  Recommendations are
              made in regards to the impoundment depth, shape, size, cover and food
              plantings, water control structures, and loafing and nesting sites.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       400

AUTHOR:       Hey, D.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        The Des Plaines River wetlands demonstration project:
              developing and implementing goals and objectives

SOURCE:       Pages 89-91 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing
              our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl.
              Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes Wetlands Research, Inc.'s planning and
              development of the Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration
              Project near Wadsworth, IL.  Objectives of the project are to
              develop and test design principles, construction methods, and
              management programs for the various functions of reconstructed
              wetlands.  Research will be conducted on 8 experimental wetland
              areas as well as on the river system as a whole.  Performance
              criteria and funding sources are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1349

AUTHOR:       Hey, D.L., M.A. Cardamone, J.H. Sather, and W.J. Mitsch

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Restoration of riverine wetlands: the Des Plaines River
              wetlands demonstration project

SOURCE:       Pages 159-183 in W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen, eds.
              Ecological engineering: an introduction to ecotechnology. John
              Wiley and Sons, New York, New York.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, FISH, HUSE, VEG, INVERTS, WFOWL, MAMMALS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration
              Project set up to develop design and management criteria for wetland
              construction.  Models are used describing the macro and micro-system
              research programs involving variables such as hydrology, water
              quality, soils, vegetation, morphology, fish, and wildlife.  Future
              experiments will be used to determine the optimal ecological
              engineering design for riverine wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       402

AUTHOR:       Hey, D.L., and N.S. Philippi

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        The Des Plaines River wetlands demonstration project: Volume
              II: baseline survey

SOURCE:       Wetlands Res., Inc., Chicago, IL.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., L.-..., PO-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG,
              HUSE, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This extensive report describes existing conditions at the 450 acre
              site of the Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration Project, Lake
              County, IL, during spring/summer 1985.  The project involves the
              restoration of riverine wetlands bordering a 2.8 mile stretch of
              the Upper Des Plaines River.  The following are described in
              detail: topography, hydrology, water quality, geology, soils,
              vegetation, microorganisms, aquatic macroinvertebrates, terrestrial
              insects, amphibians and reptiles, fish, birds, mammals, habitat
              evaluation procedures, public use, and historic use.  Chapters on
              these topics were prepared by experts in the various fields.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       401

AUTHOR:       Hey, D.L., and N.S. Philippi

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        The Des Plaines River wetlands demonstration project: Volume
              III: design, construction specifications and site management

SOURCE:       Wetlands Res., Inc., Chicago, IL.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG,
              HUSE, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       ANDROPOGON, CALAMAGROSTIS, CAREX, PANICUM, ELYMUS,
              SORGHASTRUM, SPARTINA, CERATOPHYLLUM, LEMNA, MYRIOPHYLLUM,
              POTAMOGETON, NELUMBO, NUPHAR, NYMPHAEA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes in detail the design and construction of the
              Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration Project, a restoration
              effort on 450 acres along 2.8 miles of the Upper Des Plaines
              River, Lake County, IL.  Habitat design and management conditions
              are described, followed by grading and drainage plans, irrigation
              system plans, vegetation, public use, construction plans, and
              costs.  Potential plant communities at the site are discussed:
              1) aquatic; 2) islands and lowlands; 3) extended shoreline;
              4) wet prairie and sedge meadow; 5) prairie; 6) riparian marsh;
              7) inundated riparian marsh; 8) sedge meadow/low prairie;
              9) cattail marsh; 10) lawn mix; and 11) mud flat/marsh.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       403

AUTHOR:       Hey, D.L., J.M. Stockdale, D. Kropp, and G. Wilhelm

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Creation of wetlands in northeastern Illinois

SOURCE:       Illinois Dept. Energy Nat. Resour., Springfield, Doc. No.
              82109. 117 pp.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FIRE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., R2-..., PO-SS1, L.-..., PO-FO1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       SALIX, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents a conceptual plan for wetland restoration at a
              450 acre site along the Des Plaines River, Lake County, IL.  The
              role of reestablished wetlands is discussed in terms of providing
              potential solutions to urban problems of: 1) loss of wetland and
              aquatic habitats; 2) reduced flood water storage capacity;
              3) treatment of nonpoint source pollution; 4) the cost of high
              technology, including advanced wastewater treatment; and
              5) limited enjoyment and recreation due to water quality.  The
              conceptual plan for the Des Plaines River site includes producing
              marsh areas, preserving a willow community, and encouraging greater
              public use of the area.  The wetland restoration will be used as a
              demonstration site for the Lake County Forest Preserve District.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       404

AUTHOR:       Hill, D.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Reclamation of damaged streams as a tool in resource
              management

SOURCE:       Pages 96-101 in Proceedings on a symposium on trout habitat,
              research and management. U.S. For. Serv., Southeastern Exp.
              Stn., Asheville, NC.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses factors that affect stream recovery.
              Although a complex of factors influence the potential of a stream
              to undergo biological recovery, two of the most important criteria
              are: 1) the absence of limiting residual effects or the continued
              input of detrimental substances; and 2) the availability of
              recolonizing populations of organisms adequate for the
              reestablishment of diverse, functional biotic communities.
              Agencies concerned with reclamation of damaged streams to improve
              the fishery resources should examine each situation carefully
              with regard to residual effects or incomplete pollution abatement.
              Consideration should be given to the possibility of influencing
              faunal community structures through appropriate faunal transplants.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1395

AUTHOR:       Hill, Janice B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wildlife use of wetlands on coal surface mines in western
              Pennsylvania

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, Pennsylvania State University, PN. 92pp.

STATE:        PN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-..., L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, REPT, AMPHIB, SHOREB, WFOWL, NGBIRDS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis studies wildlife use of existing surface-mine wetlands in
              Pennsylvania and the relationship between wildlife and habitat based
              on eight characteristics:  water chemistry, size, shape, life forms,
              juxtaposition, interspersion, slope, and size.  The three regions
              involved in this study were the glaciated Allegheny Plateau, the
              eastern Allegheny Plateau, and the central Allegheny Plateau.
              Wildlife populations were surveyed during three seven-week sessions in
              spring, summer, and autumn.  The glaciated regions showed the highest
              wildlife possibly due to the larger wetlands sites in this region.
              Wetlands with seven or more cover types, and low slopes had a
              beneficial relationship for birds, mammals, and aquatic vegetation.
              In riverine wetlands, sinuosity and the number of cover types was
              positively related to avian, herpetofauna, and breeding amphibian
              use.  All sites showed consistently higher use in the summer than
              spring and autumn.  There was no significant relationship between
              water chemistry and mammal species richness unlike for the other
              wildlife in the study.  Management recommendations include:
              constructing larger wetlands (1to 3 ha), maximizing the number of
              different cover types with a minimum of seven cover types, grading
              the bank slope to <30 degrees, maximizing stream sinuosity, and
              avoiding low pH waters.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       405

AUTHOR:       Hillen, J.P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Dune stabilization and beautification using native vegetation

SOURCE:       Pages 105-112 in R.R. Lewis and D.P. Cole, eds. Proceedings of
              the third annual conference on restoration of coastal
              vegetation in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, M2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       COCCOLOBA, HELIANTHUS, IPOMOEA, TOURNEFORTIA, UNIOLA, YUCCA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes transplanting efforts on the sandy beaches of
              FL.  Six species of native plants were selected for
              transplantation on the basis of: 1) tolerance to salt in the soil;
              2) tolerance to salt spray and salt water; 3) ability to withstand
              periodic "sandblasting"; 4) provision of cover (protection) from
              wind, salt, and sand; 5) erosion prevention; and 6) aesthetic
              appeal.  Planting methods are described in detail; survival rates
              for the 6 species varied from 55-100%.  Causes of plant death in
              other projects are discussed.  Guidelines for successful planting
              are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       406

AUTHOR:       Hinkle, R.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Wetland mitigation plan development for the Manasquan
              Reservoir system project

SOURCE:       Pages 355-361 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, MODEL, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-UB., PO-SS1, PO-FO1, E2-EM1, R1-..., R2-...,
              L.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       CORNUS, CEPHALANTHUS, ALNUS, SALIX, VIBURNUM, SCIRPUS,
              SPARGANIUM, TYPHA, CAREX, ZIZANIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses development of the wetland mitigation plan
              for the Manasquan Reservoir System Project, Monmouth County, NJ.
              The plan was developed using the Pennsylvania Modified Habitat
              Evaluation Procedure (PAM HEP) and involved combined efforts of
              representatives of federal and state agencies.  PAM HEP is based
              on the Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) and related habitat units
              (HU).  Infrared aerial photography was used to establish baseline
              cover types.  HSI values for 3-4 wildlife or fish species was used
              to determine HSI's for each of 12 habitat types.  Habitat gains
              and losses due to the project are presented.  The mitigation plan
              would account for 88% of the wetland values to be lost as a result
              of reservoir construction.  Brief summaries of plans for various
              components of the project mitigation plan are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       407

AUTHOR:       Hobbs, A.J., and L. Shennan

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Remote sensing of salt marsh reclamation in The Wash, England

SOURCE:       J. Coastal Res. 2(2):181-198.

STATE:        ENGLAND

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST

ACTION:       LFORM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-US3, E2-AB1, E2-EM1, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, PUCCINELLIA, HALIMIONE, ASTER, SUAEDA, ZOSTERA,
              SPARTINA, SPERGULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes ground-based radiometry used at a study site
              on the Wash Estuary, England, to quantify the spectral reflectance
              properties of surfaces within the salt marsh environment.  The
              objective of the study was to determine the spectral separability
              of the vegetation and sediment zones and thereby evaluate the
              potential of remote sensing techniques for monitoring the effects
              of reclamation of salt marshes for agriculture.  Measurements
              were made in 4 wave bands that approximated bands 1-4 of the
              LANDSAT satellite thematic mapper.  Some overlap within vegetation
              type occurred, but 3 species groups were distinguishable.  Dry
              sand, wet sand, mud, and water and mud also were distinguishable.
              Guidelines for best use of the technique are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1525

AUTHOR:       Hodges, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Congress responds to Clinton's wetlands policy

SOURCE:       Water, Environment and Technology 6(1):27-28.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Senate Bill 1304 is proposed as a "new and improved" wetland
              regulation policy.  Goals for this federal policy include: no net
              loss of wetlands, fairness in regulating to land owners; greater
              reliance on planning, restoration and impact minimization; federal
              partnerships; and best use of available scientific information.  The
              Office of Environmental Policy (OEP) has recommended 46 changes to
              existing wetlands policy.  A revised manual is expected after 1994 from
              the National Academy of Sciences with federal and public input.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       408

AUTHOR:       Hoffman, G.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Artificial establishment of vegetation and effects of
              fertilizer along shorelines of Lakes Oahe and Sakakawea,
              mainstem Missouri River reservoirs

SOURCE:       Pages 95-113 in Proceedings of the workshop on the role of
              vegetation in stabilization of the Great Lakes shoreline.
              Great Lakes Basin Comm., Ann Arbor, MI.

STATE:        ND, SD

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L2-..., PO-FO1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       PHALARIS, ALOPECURUS, PHRAGMITES, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, CHENOPODIUM,
              KOCHIA, THLASPI, POLYGONUM, SALSOLA, POA, AGROPYRON, IVA,
              MELILOTUS, RUMEX, HORDEUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses establishment of plantings along shorelines
              of Lakes Oahe and Sakakawea on the Missouri River in ND and SD.
              Annual water level fluctuations for the reservoirs averages
              3.45-3.58 m and the zone of shoreline flooded annually does not
              support permanent vegetation.  Fifteen species of grasses, emergent
              hydrophytes, and trees were seeded or transplanted at various
              sites.  Species that appeared to be most adapted to the shoreline
              environment were Phalaris arundinacea, Alopecurus arundinaceus,
              Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, and Scirpus validus.
              Effects of fertilizer on naturally occurring vegetation were
              discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       409

AUTHOR:       Hoffman, G.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Shore vegetation of Lakes Oahe and Sakakawea, mainstream
              Missouri River reservoirs

SOURCE:       Univ. South Dakota, Dept. Biol., Vermillion. 204 pp.

STATE:        ND, SD

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, L2-US2, L2-US3, L2-AB3, L2-EM2, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       PHALARIS, ALOPECURUS, AGROPYRON, HORDEUM, RUMEX, BROMUS,
              KOCHIA, PANICUM, LACTUCA, POA, MELILOTUS, SONCHUS, POPULUS,
              SALIX, POLYGONUM, CHENOPODIUM, CONYZA, HELIANTHUS, CONVOLVULUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes the shoreline vegetation of 2 artificial lakes
              (Oahe and Sakakawea) along the Upper Missouri River in ND and SD.
              Goals were: 1) to determine the feasibility of experimentally
              establishing species on Reservoir shores; and 2) to record
              vegetative responses to cattle grazing, inundation, and soil
              nutrients.  In the inundation zone, successful herbaceous
              vegetation consisted of Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites
              australis, Scirpus validus, Typha latifolia, and Agropyron
              smithii.  Shrubs were intolerant of flooding.  Among trees, Salix
              amygdaloides was most tolerant; Celtis occidentalis and Ulmus spp.
              were least tolerant.  Cattle grazing significantly reduced plant
              coverage and biomass.  Management recommendations were described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       410

AUTHOR:       Hoffman, G.R., S.G. Shetron, C.V. Klimas, and H.H. Allen

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Lakeshore revegetation studies at Lake Oahe, South Dakota

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS,
              Tech. Rep. E-86-3. 18 pp.

STATE:        SD

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: L2-US., PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-SS1, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       PHALARIS, ACORUS, AGROPYRON, ALOPECURUS, ANDROPOGON, BUCHLOE,
              ELYMUS, FESTUCA, GLYCERRHIZA, IRIS, LOLIUM, NASTURTIUM,
              PANICUM, PELTANDRA, PHLEUM, PHRAGMITES, POA, POLYGONUM,
              PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, SORGHASTRUM, SORGHUM,
              SPARGANIUM, SPARTINA, STIPA, TYPHA, ZIZANIA, ACER, ALNUS,
              CORNUS, FRAXINUS, POPULUS, SALIX, SHEPHERDIA, SYMPHORICARPOS,
              QUERCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses survival and growth of 55 plant species
              transplanted in a subimpoundment adjacent to Lake Oahe, SD, and
              exposed to various inundation schemes.  Phalaris arundinacea was
              the best candidate for transplanting over a wide range of
              shoreline site conditions in the northern prairie region.  Other
              species demonstrating sufficiently consistent responses to merit
              recommendation for shoreline planting include Buchloe dactyloides,
              Phragmites australis, Poa pratensis, Scirpus americanus, Spartina
              pectinata, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and Populus deltoides.
              Fourteen additional species were recommended for trial planting in
              particular circumstances.  Other aspects besides species selection
              that need to be considered in shoreline revegetation planning are
              discussed briefly.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       411

AUTHOR:       Hoffman, R.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Ducks Unlimited's United States construction program for
              enhancing waterfowl production

SOURCE:       Pages 109-113 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC.

STATE:        ND, MN, SD, MT

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-...

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses Ducks Unlimited's program for enhancing
              waterfowl production in the Great Plains Region of the U.S.  Over
              100 cooperative projects have been completed and over 70,000 acres
              of wetlands have been created or enhanced on public wildlife
              management areas totalling over 15,000 acres.  Projects are
              evaluated and constructed to improve 4 factors that may limit
              waterfowl production: pair territory sites, secure nesting
              habitat, adequate brood-rearing habitat, and water level
              management.  Techniques employed include: 1) predator control,
              2) water level manipulation; 3) creation of nesting islands,
              4) level ditching; and 5) creation of water level-controlled
              impoundments.  Brief descriptions of these techniques include
              response of waterfowl to the management practices.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       412

AUTHOR:       Hoffman, W.E., M.J. Durako, and R.R. Lewis, III

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Habitat restoration in Tampa Bay

SOURCE:       Pages 636-656 in S.F. Treat, J.L. Simon, and R.R. Lewis, eds.
              Tampa Bay area scientific information symposium proceedings.
              Bellweather Press, Edina, MN and Florida Sea Grant Coll. Rep.
              No. 65.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HARVEST, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, CUT, FERT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3, E2-AB3, E2-SS3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, THALASSIA, RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA, JUNCUS,
              LAGUNCULARIA, HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews 19 vegetation establishment projects in Tampa
              Bay, FL.  The projects were undertaken to improve commercial
              fishery and colonial waterbird habitat.  Transplanted species
              included Spartina alterniflora, Thalassia testudinum, Rhizophora
              mangle, Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, and Juncus
              roemerianus.  Plugs, propagules, and seedling transplants were
              used.  A table documents techniques, percent survival, and
              specific comments on fertilizers, stabilization techniques,
              and spacing.  S. alterniflora was the least expensive to
              reestablish at $4,971/ha and mangroves were the most expensive
              at $12,479-62,943/ha.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       413

AUTHOR:       Hoffman, W.E., and J.A. Rodgers

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        A cost/benefit analysis of two large coastal plantings in
              Tampa Bay, Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 265-278 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh
              annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, E2-EM1, E2-UB2, E2-UB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON, SHOREB

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the results of 2 plantings of coastal
              vegetation in Hillsborough Bay, Hillsborough County, FL.  Spartina
              alterniflora plugs were planted on a dredge material island; after
              14 months, the survival rate was 93.4%.  After 13 months, the
              survival rate of Avicennia germinans and Laguncularia racemosa
              seedlings was 73.3%.  Economic and ecological advantages and
              disadvantages of plantings are compared.  Mangrove transplants
              (planted on 2 m centers) cost $10,960/ha; smooth cordgrass
              transplants (at 1.5 m centers) cost $4,218/ha.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1050

AUTHOR:       Hollands, G.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Assessing the relationship of groundwater and wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 240-242 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings
              of the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept.
              16-18 1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne,
              NY.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides a brief overview of data requirements for
              understanding groundwater functions of specific wetlands,
              groundwater recharge and discharge relationships, and wetland
              soils and groundwater relationships.  Research needs are
              identified.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1160

AUTHOR:       Hollands, G.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Regional analysis of the creation and restoration of kettle
              and pothole wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 287-304 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        MA, ND, SD, MT, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SEED, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, HYDRO, WFOWL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information on the creation and restoration
              of kettle and pothole wetlands in areas that were glaciated during
              the Pleistocene Epoch.  It includes definition of wetland types,
              regional description, hydrology of kettles and potholes, water
              budgets, soils, vegetation, key functions, extent to which creation
              and restoration have occurred, project goals, project success,
              reasons for failure or success, mitigation, project design,
              critical aspects of project plans, monitoring, and mid-course
              corrections.  The appendix contains profiles of 4 projects:
              I-495/Rt. 25 (Bourne, MA); Coulter Dr. (Concord, MA); Indian
              Hills (ND); and Ducks Unlimited projects in ND, SD, and MT.  For
              each project purpose, wetland type, areas lost and created,
              procedures, and status are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       414

AUTHOR:       Hollands, G.G., G.E. Hollis, and J.S. Larson

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Science base for freshwater wetland mitigation in the
              glaciated northeastern United States: hydrology

SOURCE:       Pages 131-143 in J.S. Larson and C. Neill, eds. Mitigating
              freshwater wetland alterations in the glaciated northeastern
              United States: an assessment of the science base. Univ.
              Massachusetts, Environ. Inst., Amherst, Publ. No. 87-1.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes relationships between wetland functions and
              hydrological data requirements.  Hydrology and wetland functions,
              flood storage, desynchronization, nutrient retention, food chain
              support, habitat, and recreation are described.  Data requirements
              for assessment of wetland hydrologic functions include land use
              history, macrotopography, surficial geology, streamflow, lake
              hydraulics, groundwater level, water quality, microtopography,
              bedrock geology, stream flow velocity, soil pore water storage,
              precipitation, water balance analysis, groundwater storage and
              flow rate, and soil pore water level and flow.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1595

AUTHOR:       Holling, C.S., L.H. Gunderson, and C.J. Walters

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        The structure and dynamics of the everglades system:
              guidelines for ecosystem restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 741-756 in S.M. Davis and J.C. Ogden, editors.
              Everglades-the ecosystem and its restoration. St Lucie Press,
              Delray Beach, FL, USA. 826 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS3

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, VEG, WFOWL, SHOREB

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the development sequence in southern Florida
              bringing about the present deteriorated conditions of the Everglades.
              Landscape and animal heirarchy are defined and compared to identify
              viable Everglades systems as well as the heirarchial choices and
              opportunities presented to each.  A set of goals are recommended
              for the focus of ecosystem restoration.  Two models are presented:
              1) to plan water policies and operations and 2) to screen policies
              and integrate the science at macro-, meso-, and miroscales.  The
              authors advise adaptive policies, determination of impacts, and
              defining policy costs.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       415

AUTHOR:       Holmes, W.C., and D.T. Stalling

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Four natives evaluated for shoreline erosion control

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 5(2):91-92.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: L2-..., PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       ZIZANIOPSIS, PANICUM, JUNCUS, ELEOCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the initial stages of a 5 year erosion
              control study at Toledo Bend Reservoir, LA.  Water millet,
              maidencane, spikerush and soft rush were planted and evaluated
              to determine their survival and growth under various moisture
              and temperature conditions.  A regular watering program is
              suggested for best results during non-inundation periods.
              Water millet was most successful in terms of wave protection
              and erosion control.  Use of wave-stilling devices is recommended.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1227

AUTHOR:       Holmes, W.C., and D.T. Stalling

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Bank stabilization and shoreline wildlife habitat improvement
              in a large north Louisiana reservoir (Toledo Bend)

SOURCE:       Pages 122-135 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB, PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: L2-EM2

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       ZIZANIOPSIS, PANICUM, JUNCUS, ELEOCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Test plots were established along the shore of Toledo Bend
              Reservoir, Sabine Parish, LA to evaluate the effectiveness of
              Zizaniopsis miliacea, Panicum hemitomon, Eleocharis macrostachya,
              and Juncus effusus in preventing erosion and stabilizing
              shorelines.  Plot design is described.  Plants were fertilized
              and a fence installed to dampen wave energy and control debris
              movement.  Plant vigor, survival, spread, and perceived wave
              protection value were determined.  Z. miliacea performed best;
              P. hemitomon and J. effusus performed acceptably when inundated
              for less that 90-100 days.  More time is needed to determine
              the effectiveness of E. macrostachya.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       417

AUTHOR:       Holtz, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Bringing back a beautiful landscape

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 4(2):56-61.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., PO-AB., R.-..., PO-EM., PO-SS., PO-FO., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, CAREX, TYPHA, ASTER, SOLIDAGO

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses the Des Plaines River Wetlands
              Demonstration Project in northeastern IL.  The project represents
              a commitment to reconstruct a wetland of 450 acres of land along a
              2.8 mile stretch of the Des Plaines River to provide a more
              cost-effective way of controlling flooding and improving water
              quality.  A nonprofit organization, Wetlands Research, Inc., was
              formed to carry out the project.  A disturbed site will be almost
              completely regraded to create 8 experimental wetlands and the
              river will be widened and in 1 area divided into 2 branches,
              creating a 1 ha island.  Two quarries on the site will be graded
              and used to handle high-water overflow from the river.  Other
              project design plans and costs are discussed, as well as plans to
              monitor the experimental units.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       416

AUTHOR:       Holtz, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Tropical seagrass restoration

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 4(1):5-11.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article summarizes past and current techniques of tropical
              seagrass restoration in southern FL.  Restoration projects in the
              1960's and 1970's used plugs, sod, shoots, and anchored turions
              with varying results.  Restoration methods in the 1980's included
              mechanical and seeding techniques in conjunction with previous
              methods.  Costs of restoration varied from $2,000-182,000/ha.
              Advantages and disadvantages of federal and state policies dealing
              with seagrass restoration and mitigation are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       418

AUTHOR:       Homblette, D.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Wetland restoration: a model characterization approach using
              aerial photography and field analysis

SOURCE:       Pages 149-163 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SEED, SOIL, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, HYDRO, ECON

PGENUS:       TYPHA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A 5 year restoration plan was developed for a degraded marsh near
              Madison, WI.  The plan used a model characterization approach
              and was based on background data from 5 natural wetlands.
              Transition zone slopes of the degraded wetland averaged 12%,
              whereas those of the natural areas varied from 0.1-5%.  Steep edge
              slopes and high water levels with little or no fluctuation (or
              periods of exposed substrate) were the major limiting factors to
              the functioning of the degraded marsh.  Characteristics of the
              natural marshes are compared in detail with those of the degraded
              marsh; actions and methods to subsequently alter the degraded area
              are described.  The use of aerial photography was a significant
              aid to the project and was cost-effective as well.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       419

AUTHOR:       Homziak, J., M.S. Fonseca, and W.J. Kenworthy

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Macrobenthic community structure in a transplanted eelgrass
              (Zostera marina) meadow

SOURCE:       Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 9:211-221.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, MODEL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, HALODULE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a study of eelgrass transplant success in
              both low- and high-energy environments at Middle Marsh, Back
              Sound, Cartaret County, NC.  Changes in physical, chemical,
              biological, and ecological factors during the development of the
              seagrass meadow were monitored.  The role of seagrasses in
              structuring macrobenthic communities is discussed; macrofaunal
              diversity and density are described over time (203 days) and
              across the different seagrass plot conditions (high-energy stock,
              low-energy stock, eelgrass alone, eelgrass plus shoal grass, and
              undisturbed controls).

KEYWORDS:     macrobenthic communities/community structure/eelgrass/Zostera
              marina/macrofauna/transplanting/macrophytes/seagrasses/
              transplanted seagrass meadow/polychaetes/meadow/species
              abundance/diversity

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       420

AUTHOR:       Hook, D.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Criteria for creating and restoring forested wetlands in the
              southern United States

SOURCE:       Pages 51-60 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing
              our wetland resources: proceedings of a conference. Natl.
              Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., E2-FO., PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM, NYSSA, QUERCUS, FORESTIERA, CARYA, LIQUIDAMBAR,
              FRAXINUS, ULMUS, PINUS, SASSAFRAS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the process of planning and implementing
              forested wetland creation or restoration activities.
              Recommendations include: 1) determining exactly what type of
              wetland is desired; 2) selecting the site; 3) designing the
              hydraulic system to maintain the hydroperiod with minimum energy
              input; 4) selecting regeneration methods; 5) screening seedlings
              before planting; 6) removing all competing vegetation; and
              7) managing water regime to favor the desired tree species.
              These points are discussed in some detail, in light of research
              results and literature review.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       421

AUTHOR:       Hootsmans, M.J.M., J.E. Vermaat, and W. Van Vierssen

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Seedbank development, germination and early seedling survival
              of two seagrass species from The Netherlands: Zostera marina
              L. and Zostera noltii Hornem

SOURCE:       Aquatic Bot. 28:275-285.

STATE:        NETHERLANDS

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses flowering and seedbank development of annual
              Zostera marina and perennial Z. noltii in the Zandkreek, southwest
              Netherlands, and germination of the plants in the laboratory.
              Flowering of Z. noltii started at the end of June and continued
              through September.  Z. marina began and ended flowering a month
              later than Z. noltii.  Both species showed a maximum germination
              at 30 degrees C and 1% salinity; germination decreased with higher
              salinities and lower temperatures.  Stratification stimulated
              germination only at salinities of at least 20%.  Desiccation and
              anaerobia were lethal to Z. marina seeds.  Seedlings of Z. marina
              survived best at 10 degrees C and 10-20% salinity; those of Z.
              noltii survived best at 10 degrees C and 1% salinity.


KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1330

AUTHOR:       Hop, K.D., Higgins K.F., and Nomsen D.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Vertebrate wildlife use of highway borrow pit wetlands in
              South Dakota

SOURCE:       Pages 47-54 in Proceedings of South Dakota Academy of Science
              Vol 68(1989).

STATE:        SD

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, REPT, AMPHIB, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report surveys the use of older borrow pits (>20 years) for their
              value for vertebrate wildlife.  In the 33 borrow pit wetlands surveyed
              most of the economically important game species common to eastern
              South Dakota were found and duck use varied with the amount of woody
              vegetation present.  The abundance of animal use varied with birds
              being the most common and reptiles and amphibians the least common.
              The species list is similar to the study of borrow pit wetlands
              5-years or less old.  The difference; however, lies in that the
              younger pits were designed for wildlife use where as the older
              wetlands were  abandoned after highway construction activities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       422

AUTHOR:       Hopple, W.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Environmental characteristics and the Chironomidae (Diptera)
              composition of gravel pit ponds

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, Univ. Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.

STATE:        OH

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-US1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis describes Chironomidae species and physical, chemical
              and biological characteristics of 46 gravel pit ponds along 30
              miles of the Little Miami River, Hamilton County, OH.  The ponds
              varied in age from 1-72 years and in depth from 0.2-9.0 m.
              Macroinvertebrates were sampled in 38 of the ponds; dominant
              species were identified.  Distribution, species richness, and
              species diversity of Chironomidae are described and correlated
              with different pond characteristics.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       423

AUTHOR:       Hosner, J.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1960

TITLE:        Relative tolerance to complete inundation of fourteen
              bottomland tree species

SOURCE:       For. Sci. 6(3):246-251.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       QUERCUS, ACER, POPULUS, SALIX, FRAXINUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, ULMUS,
              CELTIS, PLATANUS, CEPHALANTHUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents results of exposing seedlings of 14 tree
              species in southern IL to 5, 10, 20, and 30 days of complete
              inundation.  Relative tolerances to inundation indicated a range
              from most to least tolerant as follows: silver maple, buttonbush,
              boxelder, black willow, cottonwood, green ash, American elm, pin
              oak, sycamore, red maple, shumard oak, red gum, hackberry, and
              cherrybark oak.  However, many species exhibit a greater or lesser
              tolerance to flooding than species-site relationships indicate;
              thus, other factors also must play an important part in
              determining the regeneration and succession of tree species in
              bottomland hardwoods.


KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       424

AUTHOR:       Hosner, J.F., and S.G. Boyce

PUBL. YEAR:   1962

TITLE:        Tolerance to water saturated soil of various bottomland
              hardwoods

SOURCE:       For. Sci. 8(2):180-186.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ACER, QUERCUS, SALIX, LIQUIDAMBAR, POPULUS, ULMUS, CELTIS,
              PLATANUS, FRAXINUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a laboratory study of 16 species of
              bottomland hardwoods and the effects of saturated conditions on
              the growth of seedlings.  The results enabled the author to
              classify species according to their tolerance to water saturated
              soil conditions: green ash, pumpkin ash, water tupelo, and willow
              are tolerant; eastern cottonwood, boxelder, red maple, silver
              maple, pin oak, and sycamore are intermediate; and shumard oak,
              cherrybark oak, American elm, willow oak, sweetgum, hackberry, and
              sugarberry are intolerant.  Green ash, pumpkin ash, pin oak, and
              water tupelo grow significantly taller in saturated conditions.
              Mechanisms of tolerance to saturated soil conditions are described.


KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       425

AUTHOR:       Hosner, J.F., and L.S. Minckler

PUBL. YEAR:   1960

TITLE:        Hardwood reproduction in the river bottoms of southern
              Illinois

SOURCE:       For. Sci. 6(1):67-77.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       FRAXINUS, ACER, POPULUS, ULMUS, CELTIS, CARYA, QUERCUS,
              LIQUIDAMBAR, PLATANUS, SALIX, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses results of a field study conducted: 1) to
              determine the status of tree reproduction in hardwood bottomlands
              of southern IL; and 2) to relate the reproduction of species and
              species groups to certain stand and site factors.  Data are
              presented on seedlings per acre by species groups, forest site
              types, basal area of overstory, diameter of canopy openings,
              groundcover conditions, available water holding capacity in
              surface soil and subsoil, and depth of litter.  Twenty species are
              discussed.  American elm, boxelder, green ash, and silver maple
              were the most strongly represented timber species reproducing in
              bottomlands, except on newly formed land where cottonwood and
              willow were the most numerous.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       426

AUTHOR:       Hosner, J.F., and L.S. Minckler

PUBL. YEAR:   1963

TITLE:        Bottomland hardwood forests of southern Illinois--regeneration
              and succession

SOURCE:       Ecology 44(1):29-41.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     SOIL, VEG

PGENUS:       POPULUS, FRAXINUS, ACER, CELTIS, CARYA, QUERCUS, PLATANUS,
              SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article documents the sampling of 62 bottomland hardwood
              areas in southern IL to determine the frequency of regeneration of
              various hardwoods.  The relationship between tree species and
              moisture holding capacities of associated soils was examined.
              Newly-formed land areas generally developed from cottonwood-willow
              to boxelder, silver maple, elm, and ash, to mixed soft-hardwood
              communities.  Tree succession on better drained areas was
              compared to succession in poorly drained swamps and sloughs.
              Both mixed soft-hardwoods and mixed hard-hardwoods (oaks,
              hickories, elms) are apparently subclimaxes; further progression
              takes place slowly.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1416

AUTHOR:       House, R., V. Crispin, R. Monthey, and Bureau of Land
              Management

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Evaluation of stream rehabilitation projects-Salem District
              (1981-1988)

SOURCE:       U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management T/N
              OR-6, 6600, Portland, Oregon. 50pp.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       STABIL, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: R1-FO4

RESPONSE:     FISH, HYDRO, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report evaluates current stream rehabilitation projects in the
              Salem District by assessing structural stability, the amount of
              habitat produced, increased salmonid numbers, and benefits of the
              projects.  Fifteen rehabilitation projects were studied on the upper
              Lobster Creek and the upper Nestucca River drainages.  Projects
              completed from 1981 to 1983 used gabion structures for rehabilitation
              while projects from 1984 to 1987 utilized natural materials and
              boulders.  Evaluation Results indicate structural success was
              reflective of the channel stability and not the size of the stream.
              Structures of wood and boulder combinations were least successful
              while gabion and large wood structures were most successful.  Water
              surface increased by 50,368 m2 where projects were implemented.  The
              number of juvenile and adult salmonid increased as spawning areas
              increased.  Recommendations include:  1) installing full-spanning
              structures made of natural materials, 2) managing riparian zones to
              produce optimum numbers of mature conifers, 3) continuing rehabilitation
              work until riparian zones can provide natural structures, and
              4) continuing long-term evaluations of projects.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1325

AUTHOR:       Howard, E.A., T.R. Wildeman, L.S. Laudon, and S.D. Machemer

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Design considerations for the passive treatment of acid mine
              drainage

SOURCE:       Presented at the joint 1989 Meeting, Canadian Land Reclamation
              Association/American Society for Surface Mining and
              Reclamation, "Reclamation-A Global Perspective, Calgary,
              Alberta, Canada, August 27-31. 10 pp.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, PLANT, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       TYPHA, JUNCUS, CAREX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   An experimental constructed wetland was set up at the Big Five Tunnel
              in Idaho Springs, Colorado to determine design parameters for a
              wastewater treatment from acid mine drainage.  Objectives included  1)
              determine wetland will survive the high concentrations of heavy metals
              and harsh climate, 2) determine the best treatment cell layout, 3)
              determine the best water distribution system, and 4) identify the best
              substrate materials and plant species.  The structure of the wetland
              system was divided into three parts which could be made into six
              section.  Each cell was lined to prevent chemical reactions and to
              separate each cell.  One cell received mushroom compost, the other two
              cells received a mixture of peat, aged steer manure, and decomposed
              wood shavings.  Cattail, sedge, and rush was transplanted into these
              cells. Preliminary results indicated that wetlands will survive under
              harsh conditions and that plants must be chosen that will be able to
              withstand heavy metals.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       427

AUTHOR:       Howard K. Bell Consulting Engineers Inc.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Preliminary engineering study for artificial wetlands
              wastewater treatment facility, City of Pembroke, Kentucky

SOURCE:       Howard K. Bell Consult. Eng., Inc., Lexington, KY. 18 pp.

STATE:        KY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, LEMNA, PHALARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report evaluates the proposed artificial wetlands wastewater
              treatment facility as a cost-effective alternative for upgrading
              the facilities at Pembroke, KY, to meet the national pollutant
              discharge elimination systems' permit requirements and provide
              additional capacity for future wastewater treatment needs.  Raw
              wastewater will be pumped by the existing plant lift station
              through the existing preliminary treatment system to the
              reaeration zone for mixing and aeration prior to discharge to the
              wetlands.  At the wetlands, wastewater will enter an emergent
              marsh, flow to a pond, then to a reed canary grass meadow prior to
              discharge through a new chlorinator and cascade reaeration system.
              Detailed plans and costs are provided for the recommended, revised
              design.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1051

AUTHOR:       Hubbard, D.E., J.L. Richardson, and D.D. Malo

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Glaciated prairie wetlands: soils, hydrology, and land-use
              implications

SOURCE:       Pages 137-143 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings
              of the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept.
              16-18 1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne,
              NY.

STATE:        IA, MN, ND, SD, MT

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB.

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes wetlands of the Prairie Pothole Region in
              terms of water budgets, groundwater relationships (recharge and
              discharge, flowthrough wetlands), pothole wetland soils, and
              the land use and hydrologic implications of artificial drainage
              (soil salination, alteration of groundwater and surface drainage
              patterns). The importance of prairie pothole wetlands in the
              prairie hydrologic regime is emphasized.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1508

AUTHOR:       Hubbard, R.K., G. Vellidis, and R. Lowrance

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Wetland restoration for filtering nutrients from an animal
              waste application site

SOURCE:       Pages 144-150 in T. Younos, P. Diplas, and S. Mostaghimi, eds.
              Land reclaimation: advances in research and
              technology-proceedings of the international symposium. St.
              Joseph, MI. 381 pp.

STATE:        GA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       PINUS, LIRIODENDRON, NYSSA, FRAXINUS, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the preliminary results of a wetland restored as
              a bioremediation site for land application of farm animal waste in
              Tifton, GA.  Liquid waste was applied using center pivots at various
              nitrogen application rates and drained downslope into the wetland area.
              Numerous monitoring sites are located upslope of the wetland, in the
              wetland, and at the wetland drainage area.  Results of the study will
              be categorized as evaluation of success in reestablishing wetland
              species and determination of the effect of restoring vegetation on
              water quality.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       428

AUTHOR:       Huichun, O., F. Tingzhi, Z. Aitang, Y. Bi, Z. Chongxin, and Q.
              Rusheng

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Physiological basis of longtime establishment of Spartina
              anglica in alkaline soil

SOURCE:       Pages 179-184 (English abstract) in Research advances in
              Spartina--achievements of past 22 years. J. Nanjing Univ.,
              China.

STATE:        CHINA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses trial plantings of Spartina anglica in
              alkaline soil from Dawa County, Liaoning Province, China.  Results
              demonstrated no unfavorable effects on formation of chlorophyll or
              protein metabolism in plants grown in alkaline soil.  Plants
              appeared to adapt to alkalinity by absorbing and accumulating large
              quantities of K+, Na+, Cl-, and other ions to guarantee absorption
              of water and nutrients and to lower water potential.  Plants also
              excreted excess quantities of ions to maintain an ionic balance
              and remain in a proper state of hydration and metabolic activity.
              Spartina was capable of lowering pH in alkaline solutions.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       429

AUTHOR:       Hummon, W.D., W.A. Evans, M.R. Hummon, F.G. Doherty, R.H.
              Wainberg, and W.S. Stanley

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Meiofaunal abundance in sandbars of acid mine polluted,
              reclaimed, and unpolluted streams in southeastern Ohio

SOURCE:       Pages 188-203 in J.H. Thorp and J.W. Gibbons, eds. Energy and
              environmental stress in aquatic systems. U.S. Dept. Energy,
              Tech. Inf. Cent., Washington, DC.

STATE:        OH

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB4, R.-..., R2-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares diversity and abundance of meiofauna in natural
              and acid mine streams of southeastern OH and develops preliminary
              criteria for assessing the state of acid mine stream pollution and
              recovery based on meiobenthic fauna.  Physical-chemical parameters
              measured for stream and sediment included temperature, pH,
              conductivity, carbonate alkalinity, sulfates, calcium and total
              hardness, manganese, iron, dissolved oxygen, BOD, and stream flow.
              Total numbers of taxa, geometric means of total meiofauna, and
              Diptera (one of 16 taxa observed) were negatively correlated with
              values for compensated noncarbonate conductivity from the 14
              sampled sites.  A dendrogram of similarity analysis is presented.
              Some mined sites appear to be approaching recovery.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       430

AUTHOR:       Hunt, L.J. 1979

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Principles of marsh establishment

SOURCE:       Pages 127-142 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth
              annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        OR, CA, TX, FL, GA, VA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1, E2-EM2, PO-EM2, PO-SS., E2-SS.

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, VEG, SOIL, WQUAL

PGENUS:       DESCHAMPSIA, SPARTINA, CAREX, BORRICHIA, DISTICHLIS, IVA,
              JUNCUS, PELTANDRA, SCIRPUS, PANICUM, ACNIDA, PLUCHEA,
              SALICORNIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes results from a 5 year U.S. Army Corps of
              Engineers study of 6 habitat development field sites: 1) Miller
              Sands, Columbia River, OR; 2) Salt Pond #3, San Francisco Bay,
              CA; 3) Bolivar Peninsula, Galveston Bay, TX; 4) Drake Wilson
              Island, Apalachicola Bay, FL; 5) Buttermilk Sound, GA; and 6)
              Windmill Point, James River, VA.  Dredged material disposal
              operations and alternatives are discussed.  Information is
              presented on elevation; plant invasion; site protection;
              fertilization; and plant species and propagule selection, spacing,
              and time of planting.  Elevation, inundation periods, and tolerance
              of vegetation to flooding determine marsh composition.  The study
              concluded that desirable plant species can be established on
              dredged material substrates.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       431

AUTHOR:       Hunt, L.G., A.W. Ford, M.C. Landin, and B.R. Wells

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development with dredged material: engineering and
              plant propagation

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. DS-78-17. 160 pp.

STATE:        CT, TX, OR

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, CUT, FERT, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2, R1-US3, R2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, ECON

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The use of dredged material as substrate for upland habitat
              development proved to be a feasible alternative to standard
              dredged material operations.  Three sites were selected to report
              research results and development guidelines: Miller Sands in the
              Columbia River, OR; Bolivar Peninsula in Galveston Bay, TX; and
              Nott Island in the Connecticut River, CT.  Detailed information
              on substrate structure and project feasibility is included.
              Tables listing 360 plant species provide information (by region)
              on their suitability and requirements for planting, including soil
              pH, soil salinity, wildlife value, storage requirements, and
              growth.  Costs, contaminants, fertilizers, pests, diseases, and
              other potential problems also are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       432

AUTHOR:       Hunt, R.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        A long-term evaluation of trout habitat development and its
              relation to improving management-related research

SOURCE:       Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 105(3):361-369.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., R3-...

RESPONSE:     FISH

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses responses of a wild brook trout population to
              instream habitat development on a 0.7 km reach of Lawrence Creek
              in WI.  Habitat development consisted of a series of 86 paired
              bank covers and current deflectors.  Mean annual biomass of trout,
              mean annual number of trout over 15 cm (legal size), and annual
              production increased during the first 3 years following
              development; an even greater increase was observed during the
              second 3 years.  Peak numbers and biomass were reached during the
              fifth year after project completion.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       433

AUTHOR:       Hunt, W.A., and R.J. Graham

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        Preliminary evaluation of channel changes designed to restore
              fish habitat

SOURCE:       Montana St. Univ., Dept. Civil Eng. Mechanics, Bozeman,
              Unpubl. Rep. 72 pp.

STATE:        MT

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R3-UB1, R3-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, HYDRO, SOIL, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report evaluates the hydraulic characteristics of 2
              constructed meander channels and the acceptability of the channels
              as habitat for species of fish found in the original channel of
              the Clark Fork River near Drummond, MT.  Comparisons with natural
              meanders revealed that the constructed meanders provided similar
              hydraulic, topographic, and fish habitat characteristics.  Fish
              size, species, and quantities in the constructed meanders, 3 years
              after construction, were similar to natural meanders.
              Recommendations for determining design criteria, placement of
              riprap, and acquisition of right-of-way for meander channels are
              presented.  The authors suggest that it may be better to recover
              the stream length in short sections close to the alterations
              caused by highway locations, rather than 1 long section.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1205

AUTHOR:       Hunter, W.C., B.W. Anderson, and R.E. Tollefson

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Bird use of natural and recently revegetated cottonwood-willow
              habitats on the Kern River

SOURCE:       Pages 332-338 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
              California riparian systems conference: protection,
              management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September
              22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB

PGENUS:       POPULUS, ATRIPLEX, SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Birds were censused concomitant with revegetation efforts on the
              Kern River Nature Conservancy Preserve near Weldon, CA during
              spring and summer 1987.  Three types of sites were surveyed:
              naturally occurring cottonwood-willow habitats; one 10 ha
              revegetation site implemented in 1986; and two 10 ha revegetation
              sites implemented in 1987.  Six natural history criteria were
              used to compare bird species found in naturally occurring
              habitat with species found in recently revegetated habitat.
              These data are extremely useful in discerning species
              responses to revegetation across seral stages of vegetation
              development. (AA-Mod)

KEYWORDS:     birds/bird use/habitat/proceedings/California/restoration/
              revegetation/vegetation/vegetation development/Kern River Nature
              Conservancy Preserve/cottonwood-willow habitats/Kern River/
              cottonwood/riparian/protection/management


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       434

AUTHOR:       Huntsman, B.E., R.L.P. Kleinmann, and T.O. Tiernan

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Hydrologic and geochemical considerations in maintaining
              man-made wetlands constructed for acid mine drainage abatement

SOURCE:       Page 375 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a
              workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour.,
              University Park.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-ML1, PO-...

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPHAGNUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the feasibility of using artificial wetlands
              for reducing acid concentrations in surface mines.  Maintenance of
              hydrologic balance involves proper hydraulic retention time,
              precipitation, runoff, infiltration, and evapotranspiration to
              maintain proper retention time in zones of biological activity
              and, consequently, for efficient reduction of contaminants.
              Sphagnum moss survival under various concentrations of acidity,
              iron, sulfate, and pH were observed.  Design changes to accommodate
              the "flushing" phenomena found in some wetlands are mentioned.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       435

AUTHOR:       Hutchins, M.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Simplified ecosystem modeling for assessing alternative
              biomanipulation strategies

SOURCE:       Pages 102-107 in Restoration of lakes and inland waters. Intl.
              Symp. Inland Waters Lake Restor. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA 440/5-81-010.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       STOCK, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a technique of "loop analysis" applied to a
              variety of hypothetical lake ecosystems in an attempt to
              qualitatively assess the potential of biomanipulation as a lake
              restoration technique.  The technique is based on the equivalence
              of a set of linear differential equations at or near equilibrium
              and their matrices and loop diagrams.  The only information
              required is that the number of system components and their direct
              interactions (in terms of positive, negative, or no impact) be
              specified.  In general, results support current ecosystem theory
              and several recent field studies.  Complex food webs of algae,
              zooplankton, forage fish, and game fish are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       436

AUTHOR:       Idstrom, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        A field manager's experience with wetland restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 29-32 in J.L. Piehl, ed. Proceedings, wetland
              restoration: a techniques workshop. Minnesota Chap. Wildl.
              Soc., Fergus Falls.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of a wildlife manager's
              perspective on wetlands restoration projects on intensively farmed
              land in the Owatonna/Albert Lea/Mankato Areas of MN.  Baseline
              wetland surveys, restoration publicity, local contacts, funding,
              and planning are discussed in terms of reaching the goal of
              restoring wetland areas.  The wetland complex, with both shallow
              and deeper water areas, is noted as the best system for meeting the
              needs of most marshland wildlife.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1422

AUTHOR:       Interagency Committee on Wetlands Restoration and Creation

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        A national program for wetlands restoration and creation

SOURCE:       United States Government, Washington, D.C. 1992. 47pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This proposal provides policies for the restoration and creation of
              wetlands.  The proposal was expanded to include voluntary federal
              assisted restoration on nonfederal lands due to the amount of wetlands
              (90%) on nonfederal lands compared to federal lands (10%).  Three
              interagency subcommittees were set up by the Interagency Task Force on
              Wetlands to implement President Bush's plan for "no net loss" of
              wetlands.  The committees developed an inventory of federal wetland
              restoration and enhancement projects for the period of 1989-1992.
              Distinctions between wetland restoration, creation, and enhancement
              are made.  Examples are given of wetland protection programs, partners
              involved, and the project expenses.  The committee goal is the
              restoration of 10 million acres of federal and nonfederal lands by
              2010.  A shorter term objective is the restoration of 1.3 million acres
              by 1995.  Implementation strategies for restoration programs on
              federal lands, nonfederal lands, and project criteria are also
              discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1052

AUTHOR:       Ischinger, L.S., and K. Schneller-McDonald

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Wetland restoration and creation in the west: what do we
              really know?

SOURCE:       Pages 29-36 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K.
              Miller, tech. coords. Restoration, creation, and management of
              wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. Soc.
              Wetland Sci., Rocky Mountain Chap., Denver, CO.

STATE:        WA, CA, OR, NV, AZ, UT, MT, ID, WY, CO, NM

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of published literature
              for the rocky mountain and intermountain west contained in
              the Wetland Creation/Restoration Data Base, developed by the
              U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Ecology Research Center.
              Of 1,000 articles in the data base, 79 are concerned with
              noncoastal freshwater wetlands in the west.  General trends,
              including project objectives, measured responses, and project
              duration, are discussed.  Only 10 records provide discussion of
              criteria for determining project success.  Research information
              needs are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       437

AUTHOR:       Ivanov, K.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Theoretical principles of modern hydrology of swamps

SOURCE:       Water Resour. 10(6):543-549.

STATE:        RUSSIA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents basic principles of modern swamp hydrology.
              These principles became the basis for experimental investigations
              developing quantitative models that examine: 1) the hydrologic
              equivalence of swamplands and mathematical transformation of
              swamps to geometric shapes; 2) relationships between balance of
              water supply, vegetative cover, surface relief, and physical
              properties of peat; and 3) stability of swamp and swamp-lake
              systems, incorporating water-balance, biological, and mechanical
              criteria.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1301

AUTHOR:       Jackson, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Man-made wetlands for wastewater treatment: two case studies

SOURCE:       Pages 554-580 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, PANICUM, JUNCUS, SAGITTARIA, TAXODIUM, ACER,
              GORDONIA, QUERCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper briefly describes the background, system design, and system
              performance of two man-made wetlands for wastewater treatment in
              Lakeland and Orlando, Florida.  They are the largest man-made wetlands
              known.  The site in Lakeland was constructed in a series of phosphate
              mine settling ponds.  It consists of five wetland areas, a shallow
              lake, and two deep lakes.  The system consistently compiled with the
              effluent requirements before discharging into the Alafia River.  The
              site in Orlando was constructed on an improved pasture which was
              segmented into 17 cells.  Weir structures were built to control flow
              distribution.  The design allows individual cells to be shut down for
              maintenance without effecting the rest of the system.  The system
              consists of three vegetative communities: wet prairie, mixed marsh,
              and hardwood swamps.  Sufficient treatment occurred in the first 10%
              of the system.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       438

AUTHOR:       Jackson, T.A., and R.N. Woychuk

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Mercury speciation and distribution in a polluted river-lake
              system as related to the problem of lake restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 93-101 in Restoration of lakes and inland waters:
              international symposium on inland waters and lake restoration.
              U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, EPA 440/5-81-010.

STATE:        ONTARIO, MANITOBA, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, STOCK, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, SHELLF, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews available techniques for preventing mercury
              pollution of inland waters and evaluates the feasibility of
              applying these techniques to the Wabigoon River System of
              northwestern Ontario, Canada.  The Wabigoon River and an
              associated chain of lakes are polluted with mercury from a
              chlor-alkali plant/paper mill complex.  Sediment methyl mercury
              levels are relatively high throughout the system, despite an
              exponential decrease in total mercury downstream from the
              industrial complex.  River water, and therefore surface waters of
              lakes, are continually contaminated from mercury released from the
              mud.  Dredging, chemical treatment, covering contaminated
              sediments with layers of material (e.g., sand, gravel), and
              biomanipulation to reduce mercury in the system are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       439

AUTHOR:       Jackson, W.L., and B.P. Van Haveren

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Design for a stable channel in coarse alluvium for riparian
              zone restoration

SOURCE:       Water Resour. Bull. 20(5):695-703.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., R.-UB1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the design of a stable stream channel
              for a section of Badger Creek near Salida, CO, which was heavily
              impacted by overgrazing, timber harvest, road construction, and
              mining.  Hydrology and channel geometry data were used to derive
              design channel slope and sinuosity.  Channel bed and bank
              stability were analyzed, resulting in the design of a channel
              that allowed for adjustment (becoming narrower and deeper) as
              banks became stabilized through revegetation.  Floodplain design
              and control of lateral migrations also are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       440

AUTHOR:       Jagschitz, J.A., and R.S. Bell

PUBL. YEAR:   1966

TITLE:        American beachgrass (establishment-fertilization-seeding)

SOURCE:       Univ. Rhode Island, Agric. Exp. Stn., Kingston, Bull. 383. 43
              pp.

STATE:        RI

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2, M2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       AMMOPHILA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses establishment of American beachgrass
              (Ammophila breviligulata) along the coastal shoreline of RI.
              Experiments were conducted on planting, storing, plant spacing,
              depth of planting, fertilizing, culm and seed head production,
              harvesting seeds, germination, and establishment.  Results
              indicated that transplanting culms was the most successful means
              of establishing beachgrass in active sand areas.  October-April
              was the best season to transplant beachgrass.  Fertilizing stock
              plants several months in advance produced 2-3 times as many culms
              for planting.  Detailed recommendations for establishing beachgrass
              are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       441

AUTHOR:       Jaworski, E., and C.N. Raphael

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Mitigation of fish and wildlife habitat losses in Great Lakes
              coastal wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 152-156 in G.A. Swanson, tech. coord. The mitigation
              symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish
              and wildlife habitat. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65.

STATE:        WI, MI, OH, NY, PA, IL, IN, MN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: L2-EM2, PO-EM., L2-AB., L2-..., L1-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, ECON, WFOWL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of wetland rehabilitation along
              the U.S. shoreline of the Great Lakes.  The functions and values
              of these wetlands are described, mostly in terms of production of
              fish and wildlife habitat.  Strategies for mitigation of habitat
              loss include: 1) preservation of existing wetlands,
              2) rehabilitation of existing resources; and 3) substitution of
              replacement ecosystems.  Enhancement of existing wetland habitat
              involves restoration of the shrub-swamp fringe along the upland
              boundary, removal of revetments and dikes (which prohibit exchange
              between coastal wetlands and open lake), water quality
              improvements, enhancement of the submersed aquatic food base (for
              diving ducks), and protection of coastal wetlands from excessive
              sediments or nutrient loading.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       442

AUTHOR:       Jenkins, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        Ecosystem restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 22-33 in Proceeding of the 3rd Midwest prairie
              conference. Kansas St. Univ., Manhattan.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, JUNCUS, PHRAGMITES, TYPHA, PANICUM,
              SCIRPUS, AMMOPHILA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the Nature Conservancy's program of
              preserving U.S. ecosystem types and efforts to manipulate and
              restore disturbed areas.  The reasons for, the difficulties in,
              and the methods of such restoration are discussed and exemplified
              by the experimental studies of Environmental Concern, Inc.
              (formerly the Center for Applied Research in Environmental
              Sciences).  Restoration of salt marshes along the Atlantic Coast
              has involved transportation of substrate, planting of seeds in
              greenhouses, and transplanting of rhizomes and plants to the
              field.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1567

AUTHOR:       Jennings, C.A., P.A. Vohs, and M.R. Dewey

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Classification of a wetland area along the upper Mississippi
              River with aerial videography

SOURCE:       Wetlands 12(3):163-170.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: L1-EM1, L1-AB4, L2, AB3

RESPONSE:     CLASS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of aerial videography to classify wetland
              habitat types.  Lawrence Lake was video recorded over three flights
              at various altitudes using different speeds of video equipment.
              Markers serving as resolution targets were placed in previously
              sampled vegetation types.  The resulting images were analyzed by
              computer.  Manual photo interpretation and classification comparisons
              were required due to unacceptable feature maps.  Computer
              analysis was unable to adequately distinguish vegetation types such
              as emergents and floating vegetation, thus biasing certain vegetation
              types and the amount of open water.  Suggestions for obtaining more
              successful results and higher resolution of vegetation types are
              offered.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1569

AUTHOR:       Jensen, A., C. Nicolson, and J. Carter

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Preservation and management of natural wetlands in the South
              Australian Murray Valley

SOURCE:       Journal of Water, Science, and Technology 29(4):325-333.

STATE:        AUSTRALIA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       HYDRO, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, R2.-..., PO.-....

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses restoration efforts of the Murray River
              floodplain wetlands.  Floodwater regulations have created more
              permanent wetlands while decreasing the amount, diversity, and
              productivity of existing temporary floodplain wetlands.  Reduced
              riparian regeneration caused by diminished flood flows as well as
              grazing by stock and rabbits have caused the greatest impact.  A
              three year program of hydrologic manipulation, riparian rehabilitation
              (including exclosures), and biological monitoring has been
              successfully implemented on six wetland sites.  Flow limitations as a
              result of various entitlement and distribution requirements of peak
              flow demands are discussed as well as potential allocation for
              environmental uses of surplus flows.  Hydrological management plans
              are reviewed for current wetland restoration efforts.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1466

AUTHOR:       Jensen, K.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Corps stewardship role gets explosive support in successful
              wetlands restoration project

SOURCE:       The Wetlands Research Program Bulletin 3(2):5-8.

STATE:        SD

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       CUT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, WFOWL

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of explosives as a cooperative method by
              the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and
              the South Dakota Army National Guard to create openings in cattail and
              common reed filled wetlands for greater habitat use.  Holes 10 inch
              wide and 4 feet deep were dug for charges varying in size,
              arrangement, and number depending on the type of open space desired.
              Ponds created by blasts should generally be 4 to 6 deep feet at the
              center.  Explosives increase interspersion in dense marshes, are
              convenient to use in boggy conditions, are cost effective, and do not
              create a spoil pile which make this method more advantageous than
              using heavy equipment to create openings.  Due to need for trained
              explosives personnel and the safety limitations, this method has been
              used sparingly in the past.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1242

AUTHOR:       Jensen, S., M. Vinson, and J. Griffith

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Creation of riparian and fish habitats, Birch Creek
              Hydroelectric Facility, Clark County, Idaho

SOURCE:       Pages 144-149 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coord. Wetland
              and riparian ecosystems of the American West: proceedings of
              the eighth annual meeting of the Society of Wetland
              Scientists. Soc. Wetl. Sci., Wilmington, NC.

STATE:        ID

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SOIL, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-EM1, PO-SS1, R3-UB1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, HYDRO, FISH

PGENUS:       BETULA, PRUNUS, CORNUS, CAREX, SALIX, POA, ELYMUS, AGROPYRON,
              BROMUS, DESCHAMPSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Describes a project attempting to create a viable trout stream
              riparian ecosystem along a channel constructed to divert flow from
              Birch Creek (Clark Co., ID) to a hydroelectric facility.
              Construction involved topsoil removal and storage, excavating
              the channel, installing a 20 ml thick polyvinyl chloride liner
              (to prevent bedloss of water), spreading and contouring topsoil
              in the riparian zone, and seeding/planting riparian grasses,
              sedges, shrubs, and trees.  Channel design included bends with
              concave/convex banks to encourage diversification of stream
              depth, flow velocity, turbulence, and patterns of erosion/
              deposition.  Mishandling of the topsoil and misinterpretation
              of the construction plan by the contractor severely limited
              the project's success.  Two months after planting/seeding both
              rooted/unrooted woody species and transplanted sedges were doing
              well.  Seeding with sedges was not successful.  Trout densities
              1.5 years after channel construction was completed averaged
              5 trout/100 m2.  Birch Creek was 11 trout/100 m2 prior to
              the diversion.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1164

AUTHOR:       Jensen, S.E., and W.S. Platts

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Restoration of degraded riverine/riparian habitat in the Great
              Basin and Snake River regions

SOURCE:       Pages 377-415 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        NV, UT, OR, CA, WY, ID

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL, WQUAL, EXPERIMENT, EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, STABIL, HYDRO, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: RIPARIAN, R2-..., R3-..., PO-EM1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, FISH, ECON

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information on the restoration of degraded
              riparian and riverine wetlands and includes wetland types, habitat
              characterization, Great Basin hydrographic region, Snake River
              subregion, extent to which restoration has occurred, success in
              achieving restoration goals, factors affecting success or failure,
              design of restoration projects, preconstruction considerations,
              baseline reports, critical aspects of project plans, monitoring,
              mitigation, information gaps and research needs, and bibliography.
              The appendix contains profiles of 9 projects: Birch Creek; Cedar
              Draw; Bear Valley Creek; Felt-Teton River; Pigeon Cove/Snake River;
              Red River and Crooked River; Eldorado Creek; Meyers Cove/Camas
              Creek (all in ID); and Grande Ronde River (WA and OR).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1485

AUTHOR:       Jenssen, P.D., T. Maehlum, and T. Krogstad

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Potential use of constructed wetlands for wastewater
              treatments in northern environments

SOURCE:       Water Science Technology 28(10):149-157.

STATE:        NORWAY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of constructed wetlands for wastewater
              treatment in areas of cold climate.  Major problems faced include
              hydraulic failure due to wastewater freezing and inadequate
              purification resulting from low temperatures.  An experimental
              multi-stage system planted with Typha and Phragmites was set up to
              treat household wastewater.  The system was 60 cm deep, layered with
              LECA and sand, and was insulated with 15 cm of straw during the winte
              months.  Fifty-five percent nitrogen was removed, 98% phosphorous was
              removed, BOD decreased slightly, COD increased, and E. coli bacteria
              was efficiently removed after 15 months.  Performance in the winter
              months did not vary greatly from the other months.  Although created
              wetlands appear to be effective in cold climates further studies are
              recommended to improve design criteria.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       443

AUTHOR:       Joanen, T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1965

TITLE:        Factors influencing the establishment of wigeongrass stands
              in Louisiana

SOURCE:       Proc. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 19:78-91.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, E2-UB3, E2-AB., E2-EM.

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       RUPPIA, SPARTINA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study of the factors that affect natural
              and artificial establishment of wigeongrass.  The study site
              was Rockefeller refuge at Grand Chenier, LA.  Artificial
              tanks were used for germination, growth, and turbidity
              studies.  Seven ponds were observed and analyzed in terms of
              water chemistry, soils, vegetative growth, and waterfowl
              use of wigeongrass.  Wigeongrass grew in salinities of
              2,075-18,500 ppm in the study ponds and 1,160-19-000 ppm in the
              experimental tanks.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1463

AUTHOR:       John, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        The use of diatoms in monitoring the development of created
              wetlands at a sandmining site in Western Australia

SOURCE:       Hydrobiologia 269/270:427-436.

STATE:        AUSTRALIA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The use of diatoms as indicators of water quality in evaluating the
              development of wetlands created from former sand-mining pits receiving
              effluent water from a mining processing plant is discussed.  A chain
              of 10 lakes, seven being interconnected, were established between 1975
              and 1979.  A nearby natural lake was used for comparison to obtain
              data on natural diatom flora distribution.  Benthic samples were
              collected three to four times a year over five years.  Water
              conductivity and pH were measured and water chemistry information
              was obtained.  A Shannon-Weaver diversity index was used to analyze
              diatom communities.  Species diversity appeared to be directly
              correlated with mineral content and pH.  Species richness was low
              in lake 2 when the pH was 2-4 in 1987 but increased to in 1992 as the
              pH of effluent water increased.  Two key species identified as
              indicator species of optimal change in pH were Cymbella minuta and
              Achnanthes minutissima.  An increase in macroinvertebrate and
              waterfowl occurrences coincide with the increase of diatom diversity
              and increase of pH.  The author recommends the use of diatom species
              due to their sensitivity over macroinvertebates in evaluating
              wetland water quality.

KEYWORDS:     created wetlands/wetlands/artificial wetlands/pH/conductivity/
              invertebrates/waterbirds/diatoms/western Australia/acidophilous/
              alkaliphilous/bioindicators/circumneutral/wetlands restoration/
              ecological engineering/ Capel,Australia/monitoring/artificial/
              diversity

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       444

AUTHOR:       Johnson, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1966

TITLE:        Practical operating procedures for progressive rehabilitation
              of sand and gravel sites

SOURCE:       Natl. Sand Gravel Assoc., Silver Spring, MD. 75 pp.

STATE:        IL, IN, CO, MD, VA, NJ, NY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-FO., PO-EM., PO-..., R.-..., PO-UB1

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents an overview of equipment, operations, and
              proposals for rehabilitation of sand and gravel sites.
              Descriptions, operating results, rehabilitation potential, and
              recommended procedures are included for the 3 steps in sand and
              gravel processing: 1) clearing the site; 2) stripping, stock
              piling, and excavating; and 3) processing and transporting.  A
              case study of planning procedures for the progressive development
              of the three lakes community project in Denver, CO, is presented.
              Simultaneously planning excavation operations and site
              development, prior to excavation, is the dual role of resource
              extraction and land rehabilitation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       445

AUTHOR:       Johnson, L., and S. Specht

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Revegetation and restoration at a subarctic dam site

SOURCE:       Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MI, Pap. No. 75-2501. 8 pp.

STATE:        AK

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       ALOPECURUS, FESTUCA, SALIX, ALNUS, LOLIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Cold Region Research and
              Engineering Lab began a revegetation experiment at a dam site on
              the Chena and Tanana Rivers, 17 miles east of Fairbanks, AK.
              Restoration is difficult in the subarctic due to cooler
              temperatures and nutrient poor shallow soils.  A mixture of
              grasses was seeded in the area with the addition of a fertilizer
              treatment.  Cuttings of native Salix and Alnus provided increased
              slope stability.  Observations of grazing by geese and cranes on
              the introduced grasses was an indication of potential use by
              wildlife.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       446

AUTHOR:       Johnson, L.A., S.D. Rindge, and D.A. Gaskin

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Chena Lakes project revegetation study: three-year summary

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eeng., Alaska Dist., Anchorage, Creel Rep.
              81-18. 59 pp.

STATE:        AK

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM, ECON

PGENUS:       SALIX, TRIFOLIUM, LOLIUM, FESTUCA, POA, BROMUS, ALOPECURUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report documents results of a 3 year study of revegetation on
              the Chena River Lakes Flood Control Dam near Fairbanks, AK.  The
              study was conducted to determine the best method for establishing
              permanent vegetation on the gravel dam.  Plant species, mulches,
              erosion potential, required fertilization, and estimated costs are
              described in detail.  Study plots included various combinations of
              mulch, fertilizer, substrate, and vegetation.  Mulches were hay,
              wood-cellulose-fiber, Conwed hydro mulch 2000, peat moss, and peat
              moss sprayed with wood-cellulose-fiber.  Vegetation types were
              grass seed mix, unrooted willow cuttings, or both.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       447

AUTHOR:       Johnson, L.E., and W.V. McGuinness, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Guidelines for material placement in marsh creation

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Effects
              Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Contract Rep. D-75-2. 225 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM., PO-EM.

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report examines guidelines for evaluating the physical and
              operational aspects of marshes created from dredged materials.
              Topics include: 1) alleviating physical effects of the environment
              on the new marsh; 2) alleviating physical effects of the marsh on
              the environment; 3) stabilizing the marsh (increasing percent
              solids of dredged material and obtaining coarse-grained fill); and
              4) increasing effectiveness of dredged material disposal
              operations.  Procedural guidelines include: 1) determining the
              viability of marsh creation effort; 2) describing marsh types,
              3) comparing alternatives; 4) refining alternatives; 5) choosing
              the best disposal alternatives; 6) designing and
              constructing the marshes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       448

AUTHOR:       Johnson, R.F., Jr., R. Woodward, and L.M. Kirsch

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Waterfowl nesting on small man-made islands in prairie
              wetlands

SOURCE:       Wildl. Soc. Bull. 6(4):240-243.

STATE:        ND

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, ECON

PGENUS:       CHENOPODIUM, URTICA, AGROPYRON, POA, URTICA, THLASPI, SONCHUS,
              BRASSICA, VERNONIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study was conducted to determine the use of artificial islands
              as nesting sites by waterfowl in the Woodworth Study Area of the
              Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center near Jamestown, ND.
              Between 1966-1969, 28 islands varying in size from 0.0002 ha to
              0.01 ha were constructed in dry, wetland basins with a tractor.
              Construction costs averaged $50/island; 1-2 hours of labor per
              island were required.  The islands were not seeded, but grasses
              became established within 1 year.  Mallard nest densities were
              135.7 nests/island ha and 0.03 nests/upland ha.  Islands should be
              constructed in wetlands with a water depth greater than 0.3 m and
              have a low profile to deter predation by mammals.  The life
              expectancy of the islands is approximately 20 years.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1556

AUTHOR:       Johnston, C.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Cumulative impacts to wetlands

SOURCE:       Wetlands 14(1):49-55.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews literature of cumulative wetland impacts with
              primary focus on southern forested wetlands.  Several ways which
              impacts may accumulate are listed.  Wetland loss may result in
              further cumulative losses of habitat, area-sensitive species, wetland
              functions, productivity, and spatial configuration.  Geographical
              informations systems are discussed as a tool for analyzing direct
              and indirect cumulative losses, their impacts, and predicting
              future trends.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       449

AUTHOR:       Jones & Stokes Associates Inc., Harvey & Stanley Associates,
              and John Blayney Associates

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Protection and restoration of San Francisco Bay fish and
              wildlife habitat. Volume I

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Sacramento, CA and California Fish
              Game. 44 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US3, E2-EM1, E2-US1, E1-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, SHELLF, VEG, HUSE, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report identifies the effects of existing land and water
              use on various habitats within the San Francisco Bay Area and
              describes what may happen in terms of habitat conversion if
              regional, county, and city land use plans now in effect are
              followed.  Restoration of productive fish and wildlife habitat
              to partially compensate for past and future land conversions
              is evaluated in terms of land use planning policies.  Topics
              include an historical perspective of the area, habitats and
              controlling factors of San Francisco Bay fish and wildlife,
              effects of projected land use on these habitats, restoration
              factors and techniques for use in various types of restorable
              habitats, the effects of governmental actions on protecting and
              restoring the habitats, and options for improving these policies.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1125

AUTHOR:       Jones and Stokes Associates, Harvey and Stanley Associates,
              and J. Blayney

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Protection and restoration of San Francisco Bay fish and
              wildlife habitat (volume 1)

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. and California Dept. Fish Game.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., L.-..., PO-..., M.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report identifies government actions that are necessary for
              the protection and restoration of wetlands in the San Francisco Bay
              Area, and also a comprehensive survey of intertidal, subtidal, and
              contiguous fish and wildlife habitat in the bay.  Existing marsh
              establishment projects are described.  Tidal elevations, planting
              techniques, substrate conditions, and an assessment of restorable
              habitats (e.g. tidal areas, diked marshes, salt and shallow water
              ponds) are discussed.  Detailed maps show existing and historic
              marshes, and filled or reclaimed land throughout the Bay Area.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1542

AUTHOR:       Jones, K. and D. Cooper

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Wetlands in Colorado

SOURCE:       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Department of Natural
              Resources, Denver, CO. 20pp.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-..., RIPAR, L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This booklet describes and reviews the various types of wetlands,
              from riparian to peatlands, found in Colorado.  Wetland status and
              functions are discusses as well as individual wetlands which
              represent each classification type.  Finally different organizations
              and legislation involved in protecting, enhancing, and/or creating
              wetlands in Colorado are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       450

AUTHOR:       Jordan, W.J., R.L. Peters, and E.B. Allen

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Ecological restoration as a strategy for conserving biological
              diversity

SOURCE:       Environ. Manage. 12(1):55-72.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., E.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the restoration of native ecological
              communities, as opposed to rehabilitation to a "socially acceptable
              condition."  The employment of restoration efforts to effectively
              conserve biological diversity is discussed.  An overview of
              restoration efforts by habitat type includes saltwater marshes,
              freshwater wetlands, and lakes and rivers.  Special applications
              of restoration include native reserve design and management,
              right-of-way management, landscaping, and agricultural lands.  Key
              legislation also is described.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/diversity/coastal/salt marshes/marshes/losses/
              vegetation/marsh restoration/plants/transplanting/tidal marshes/
              function/freshwater wetlands/wetlands/colonization/biodiversity/
              biological diversity/reintroduction/coastal marshes/reclamation/
              tidal marsh

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1413

AUTHOR:       Josselyn, M., K. Bobzien, S. Bach, and V. Brack, Jr

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Mitigation of wooded palustrine wetlands: selecting mitigation
              sites

SOURCE:       Pages 436-440 in J.A. Kusler and S. Daly, eds. Wetlands and
              river corridor management. Charleston, South Carolina.

STATE:        DE, VA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: P0-FO1

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report uses three highway projects as examples of selecting
              mitigation sites for wetland habitat replacement.  Two phases are
              involved in the site selection process involving several stages.
              Criteria used in selecting mitigation sites include:  1) finding a
              soil type similar to the impacted wetlands, 2) finding a site which
              was currently non-wetland but could be converted to a hydrologic type
              similar to the impacted wetland, 3) the site should be currently
              unvegetated by wetland plants, 4) the site should have limited
              wildlife value, and 5) the acreage should be sufficient to meet
              mitigation needs.  "On-site" locations were recommended to provide
              continued flood protection if at all possible.  Currently only one of
              the three projects has progressed to the conceptual planning stage of
              mitigation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       451

AUTHOR:       Josselyn, M., and J. Buchholz

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Summary of past restoration projects in California

SOURCE:       Pages 1-10 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll.
              Publ., La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT, WQUAL, HYDRO

ACTION:       PLANT, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3, M.-..., E2-AB3

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, SUAEDA, BATIS, ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides a summary of past wetland restoration
              projects within the coastal zone of CA.  Most projects involved
              (re)establishment of tidal flow to stimulate wetland vegetation
              growth and development of associated wildlife habitat.  The
              projects are divided into 3 categories: experimental plantings;
              dike breaching or construction of tidal gates; and major substrate
              alterations.  Information on each project is presented in tabular
              form and includes location, size, objectives (wildlife habitat,
              mitigation, public access, research, flood control, sewage
              treatment), planning agency, habitats created (mudflats, islands,
              lagoons, marshes), and monitoring.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       452

AUTHOR:       Josselyn, M., and J. Buchholz

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Marsh restoration in San Francisco Bay: a guide to design and
              planning

SOURCE:       San Francisco St. Univ., Paul F. Romberg Tiburon Cent.
              Environ. Stud., Tiburon, CA, Tech. Rep. No. 3. 104 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, VEG, SOIL, CHEM,
              SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The primary goal of this report is to provide data and guidelines
              for creating successful marsh habitat in sensitive areas of San
              Francisco Bay.  Scientific experiments and methodology on 3
              completed wetland projects are summarized.  Measured variables
              include elevation, sediment salinity, soil pH, submergence, and
              seasonal precipitation.  A section on habitat design for animals
              using wetlands discusses specific vegetation requirements for
              benthic invertebrates, fish, mammals, and birds.  This
              information is intended to aid in the design of wetland
              restoration for specific habitat needs.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       453

AUTHOR:       Josselyn, M., and R. Perez

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Salt marsh restoration from salt evaporation ponds: vegetation
              establishment and sediment properties

SOURCE:       Page 100 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll.
              Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, COTULA, SPERGULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The natural vegetation of Hayward Marsh in South San Francisco Bay
              is described.  This 200 acre site was formerly a solar evaporation
              pond system.  Prior to dike breaching the sediment salinities
              varied from 9-181 ppt.  Ten months after tidal flooding, soil
              salinity dropped to 10-22 ppt.  Revegetation occurred via airborne
              and floating seeds and vegetative growth from drifting plant
              fragments.  Plant establishment has been limited by sediment
              scouring, inadequate seed stock, season, and distance of seed
              dispersal.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1150

AUTHOR:       Josselyn, M., J. Zedler, and T. Griswold

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Wetland mitigation along the Pacific Coast of the United
              States

SOURCE:       Pages 1-35 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        CA, OR, WA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE, CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, HABITAT, EROSION, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R1-..., PO-..., E.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, HYDRO, VEG, SHOREB, FISH

PGENUS:       POGOGYNE, CORDYLANTHUS, SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, BACCHARIS,
              GRINDELIA, ORTHOCARPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information on wetland creation and
              restoration along the Pacific Coast and includes descriptions of
              wetland functions and distribution, mitigation status, functional
              design of restoration projects, monitoring programs, and
              information gaps or research needs.  A bibliography is included.
              The appendix includes profiles of 7 projects: vernal pools (CA);
              Sweetwater/Paradise Marsh (CA); Agua Hedionda Creek and Lagoon
              (CA); Hayward Regional Shoreline (CA); Shorebird Marsh (CA);
              Bracut Marsh (CA); and Lincoln St. Marsh (WA).  Information on
              each project includes wetland type, location, size, project
              goals, judgement of success, significance, reports and contacts.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       454

AUTHOR:       Josselyn, M.N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Effectiveness of coastal wetland restoration: California

SOURCE:       Pages 246-251 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of
              impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of the effectiveness of coastal
              wetland restoration in CA in terms of policy and technology.
              Major problems (land subsidence, shoreline erosion, limited water
              availability, and habitat loss) and their technological solutions
              are described.  The effectiveness of the various techniques is
              assessed by comparing their advantages and problems.  Research
              needs are identified in terms of wetland hydrology (specifically
              as it relates to plant growth), long-term assessment of wetland
              development, the habitat requirements of individual species,
              impacts of public access and development on habitat use by
              wildlife species, and use of wastewater and urban runoff in
              creation of wetland habitat.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1243

AUTHOR:       Josselyn, M.N., J. Duffield, and M. Quammen

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        An evaluation of habitat use in natural and restored tidal
              marshes in San Francisco Bay, CA

SOURCE:       Coastal Zone 87(3):3085-3094.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3, E2-SB3, E2-EM2, PO-EM1, E2-EM1.3, E2-EM1..H

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, FISH

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, SPARTINA, PARAPHOLIS, COTULA, POLYPOGON, ATRIPLEX,
              LOLIUM, SPERGULARIA, HORDEUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Wildlife use of natural and restored coastal wetlands in the San
              Francisco Bay Area is discussed.  Wetland types were numerous
              varying from fresh to saltwater.  Surveys were conducted on the
              Hayward Regional Shoreline (restored), San Leandro Bay Park
              (natural), and Bodega Bay (natural).  Natural marshes supported
              higher numbers of fish and waterbirds during all tidal phases.
              This is most likely due to the wider diversity of habitat types.
              Natural high marshes (a type not found in the restored wetland)
              was extensively used by shorebirds.  High, dry artificial
              islands were rarely used by any species.  Habitat use by fish
              did not differ significantly between natural and restored
              wetlands; fish preferred protected mudflats/channel areas over
              open water and vegetated areas on natural and restored sites.
              Disturbance by humans on constructed trail systems in restored
              areas significantly reduced wildlife use.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/habitat use/San Francisco Bay/restoration/wetlands/
              losses/marshes/elevation/fishes/restored wetlands/wildlife/
              wetland habitat/plant species composition/wetland plants/
              restoration site/diving ducks/birds/wetlands restoration/
              wildlife utilization/natural tidal marshes/waterbirds/
              shorebirds/California/tidal marshes/protection/wetland
              losses/channels/fish habitat/artificial/fish utilization/
              plants/natural marshes/diversity/plant communities/marsh
              restoration

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1559

AUTHOR:       Jurik, T.W., S-C. Wang, and A.G. van der Valk

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Effects of sediment load on seedling emergence from wetland
              seed banks

SOURCE:       Wetlands 14(3):159-165.

STATE:        IA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Various depths of sediment were applied to seed bank samples in three
              studies to determine the effect of sedimentation on recruitment of
              emergent wetland species in the seed bank.  Linear regression and
              statistical analyses was used to indicate significant differences of
              the combined studies.  The number of species and seedlings per flat
              decreased significantly with increasing sediment depth.  The greatest
              effect on decrease for most seedlings tended to occur with a soil
              increase of 0 to 1 cm when 2 cm of soil was added in 1.0 cm increments
              in the first study.  Another study with a more detailed range of 0 to
              1 cm of soil deposition added in 0.25 cm increments, indicated the
              greatest decrease of seedlings occured from 0 to .25 cm to .50 cm.
              Sagittaria, however, was the only species that actually showed
              seedling increase by a moderate burial of <1.0 cm.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       455

AUTHOR:       Kadlec, J.A., and L.M. Smith

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Marsh plant establishment on newly flooded salt flats

SOURCE:       Wildl. Soc. Bull. 22(1):388-394.

STATE:        UT

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-US.

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, BASSIA, CHENOPODIUM, CHARA, RUPPIA, SCIRPUS,
              TYPHA, ELEOCHARIS, ZANNICHELLIA, POTAMOGETON, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study examines the early stages of marsh plant establishment
              on newly flooded salt flats previously devoid of emergent
              vegetation on the Bear River National Wildlife Refuge near Brigham
              City, UT.  Three units averaging 2,000 ha were developed to create
              shallow water permanent pools, resulting in flooded areas with
              ditches, ridges, and undisturbed level areas between ditches.  The
              sediment was sampled in April, June, and September for
              conductivity.  Relative densities of Salicornia, Bassia, and
              Chenopodium in the moist area varied from 0.8-8.6 seedlings/
              sample.  Vegetation colonization patterns are described.  Sediment
              conductivity was sensitive to water level fluctuation and
              precipitation.  Mean conductivities of saturation extracts (from
              1:5 soil/water suspensions) of sediment samples are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       456

AUTHOR:       Kadlec, J.A., and W.A. Wentz

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        State-of-the-art survey and evaluation of marsh plant
              establishment techniques: induced and natural. Vol. I: report
              of research

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Effects
              Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Contract Rep. D-74-9. 226 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E1-..., E2-..., PO-EM., PO-FO., PO-SS.

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, NAJAS, POTAMOGETON, SCIRPUS, VALLISNERIA, TYPHA,
              SALICORNIA, SAGITTARIA, SALIX, POPULUS, PHRAGMITES, AVICENNIA,
              MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes techniques and environmental conditions
              associated with the establishment of plants in saltwater and
              freshwater wetlands.  Propagation, means of dispersal, and growth
              success are included.  Environmental conditions that hinder plant
              establishment include physically unsuitable substrates, nutrient
              deficiencies, polluted sediments, excessive wind or current,
              turbidity, and unfavorable water depths (fluctuations).  Factors
              affecting plant establishment in specific saltwater or freshwater
              sites, establishment techniques, and species selection are
              discussed in detail.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       458

AUTHOR:       Kadlec, R.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Wetland tertiary treatment at Houghton Lake, Michigan

SOURCE:       Pages 101-139 in R.K. Bastian and S.C. Reed, eds. Aquaculture
              systems for wastewater treatment: seminar proceedings and
              engineering assessment. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency,
              Washington, DC.

STATE:        MI

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-SS1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       CAREX, CHAMAEDAPHNE, SALIX, BETULA, POTAMOGETON, UTRICULARIA,
              TYPHA, ALNUS, POPULUS, CLADOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses a wetland tertiary treatment system at
              Houghton Lake, MI.  Treated water from a holding pond was
              discharged onto a state-owned peatland.  All nitrogen and
              phosphorus were removed from 100,000 gallons/day within a
              5 acre area.  Maximum water depth increased 10-15 cm at the
              center of the discharges.  PH dropped rapidly to background
              levels as the water flowed through the wetland.  Chloride
              flowed through the active area with little change.  No soil
              erosion or plant mortality occurred.  Suspended solids were
              deposited close to the discharge.  Odor problems were slight.  No
              net virus or coliforms were transported to the wetland.  Animal
              populations exhibited little response to the discharge after
              2 years of operation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       457

AUTHOR:       Kadlec, R.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        The Bellaire Wetland: wastewater alteration and recovery
              Wetlands 3:44-63.
SOURCE:

STATE:        MI

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO4, PO-FO1, PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-UB4

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       THUJA, RHUS, PICEA, CORNUS, ALNUS, LARIX, FRAXINUS, IMPATIENS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article summarizes the results of a study that measured
              changes and recovery of an 18 ha wetland after 11 years of
              receiving wastewater discharge in Bellaire, MI.  Recovery was
              measured in terms of phosphorus and dissolved inorganic nitrogen
              in the water.  A water budget for this wetland was developed and
              used to determine the seasonal change in phosphorus and dissolved
              nitrogen.  Water samples were taken at the points of inflow and
              outflow, frozen, and sent to a lab for analysis.  Nitrogen,
              phosphorus, and suspended solids were retained or removed by the
              wetland.  General observations indicated that the wetland initially
              provided effective wastewater treatment, but that vegetation was
              damaged within a 30 m radius around the discharge points.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       459

AUTHOR:       Kadlec, R.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Monitoring wetland responses

SOURCE:       Pages 114-120 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources: proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC.

STATE:        MI

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-..., L.-..., M.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, HYDRO, CHEM, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a wide range of wetland responses that can
              be monitored.  Examples from Houghton Lake, Bellaire, and Kinross,
              MI, are used for illustrating monitoring approaches.  Remote
              sensing, edge sampling, and internal transects are discussed.
              Advantages and disadvantages of monitoring approaches are
              described.  Hydrodynamics, chemodynamics, and soil/sediment
              analyses are noted as important components of wetland monitoring.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1053

AUTHOR:       Kadlec, R.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Wetland hydrology and water pollution control functions

SOURCE:       Pages 168-173 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings
              of the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept.
              16-18 1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne,
              NY.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes four wetland hydrologic processes: 1) mass
              transfer (how materials are added to or removed from the water
              sheet); 2) time and distance effects (localized events combined
              with water transport as water is collected, passed through a
              wetland system, and discharged through an outlet stream); 3)
              dryout (dry periods cause internal redistribution of solutes and
              water in wetlands); and 4) freezing (water quality alterations in
              northern wetlands). Figures, models and equations are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1532

AUTHOR:       Kadlec, R.H. and H.H. Alvord

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Research shows wetlands remove agricultural chemical from
              river water

SOURCE:        Wetlands Research Inc. Chicago, Illinois.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article briefly discusses the use of constructed wetlands to
              improve water quality from agricultural runoff.  The herbicide
              Atrizine, a possible human carcinogen, is susceptible to leaching thus
              contaminating streams and groundwater.  Concentrations of atrizine and
              water were detained 6 to 30 days are measured at the Des Plaines River
              Wetlands Demonstration Project in Illinois.  Results indicate the
              herbicide settled out of the water and was absorbed by cattail debris,
              soils, and sediments and eventually decomposed so that effluent
              measurements were well below drinking water standards.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       460

AUTHOR:       Kadono, Y.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Occurrence of aquatic macrophytes in relation to pH,
              alkalinity, Ca++, Cl- and conductivity

SOURCE:       Japanese J. Ecol. 32:39-44.

STATE:        JAPAN

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3, E2-AB3, PO-AB4, R.-AB., L.-AB.

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       MYRIOPHYLLUM, BRASENIA, NYMPHAEA, NUPHAR, UTRICULARIA,
              NYMPHOIDES, NAJAS, TRAPA, HYDRILLA, VALLISNERIA, ELODEA,
              EGERIA, CERATOPHYLLUM, SPIRODELA, HYDROCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the occurrence of aquatic macrophytes in
              relation to pH, alkalinity, Ca++, Cl-, and conductivity of water,
              based on samples collected from 500 sites at lakes, ponds, rivers,
              and irrigation ditches throughout Japan.  Results based on 20
              species found at 10 or more sites are presented.  Most species
              showed a wide tolerance to various chemical parameters; however,
              occurrence of many species was significantly correlated with pH,
              alkalinity, and Ca++ of water, indicating the species selection
              for waters of more limited chemical parameters.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       461

AUTHOR:       Kane, T.C., M.C. Miller, W.H. Hopple, M. Schonhoft, and K.
              Vulinec

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        The ecology of gravel pit lakes in southwestern Ohio

SOURCE:       Pages 191-195 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds.
              Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp.
              Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        OH

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-AB., L2-AB., L.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes information on 46 artificial lakes in
              sand/gravel mined areas along the Little Miami River near
              Cincinnati, OH.  Lakes varied in age from 1-72 years.  Phosphorus
              levels, primary productivity, pH, and macroinvertebrate
              populations (dominated by Chironomids) are described.  Gravel pit
              lakes can provide a unique habitat, developing rich, diverse biota
              soon after formation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       462

AUTHOR:       Kantor, R.A., and D.J. Charette

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Computerized monitoring system for wetlands mitigation
              projects in New Jersey

SOURCE:       Pages 266-269 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of
              impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., PO-..., R.-..., M.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the development and use of a computerized
              monitoring system for tracking information on wetland mitigation
              projects in NJ.  The data base includes information on location,
              site characteristics, mitigation methods, monitoring, and
              enforcement actions.  Advantages of the system in terms of:
              1) standardization of information; 2) permit conditions;
              3) criteria for success; and 4) providing a means for quick
              retrieval of relevant information are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1538

AUTHOR:       Karle, K.F. and R.V. Densmore

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Stream and floodplain restoration in a riparian ecosystem
              distrubed by placer mining

SOURCE:       Ecological Engineering 3:121-133.

STATE:        AK

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, R-SB3

RESPONSE:     SOIL

PGENUS:       SALIX, ALNUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses restoration techniques used to reduce erosion,
              allow for stream development, and minimize construction needs in an
              abandoned placer mined riparian area.  A stable channel based on a
              BLM development scheme was designed.  Restoration techniques included
              designing flood flow estimates, range of channel configurations, slope
              and sinuosity, and shear stress equations.  A two terrace floodplain
              was designed in a similar fashion and left to revegetate naturally.
              Precautions made to minimize channel damage and erosion in the event
              of a flood before vegetation could become established included a
              series of elder brush bars placed in various locations, 10 to 20 cm
              deep circular depressions in the streambed, and plantings of Salix and
              Alnus.  A five-year flood occured as the project was almost completed
              resulting in severe bank erosion, channel widening, lateral migration
              of the channel, decreased slope, and increased channel sinuosity.
              Most of the brush bars and the circular depressions, however, were
              successful in capturing sediment and decreasing the potential amount
              of erosion.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1054

AUTHOR:       Keammerer, W.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Revegetation monitoring studies on a reclaimed gravel mine

SOURCE:       Pages 151-171 in Lowland river and stream habitat in Colorado:
              a symposium. Univ. Northern Colorado, Greeley.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, ELEOCHARIS, EUSTOMA, POPULUS, SALIX, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a detailed study of revegetation at the
              White Rocks Site (a former gravel-mined area) near Boulder, CO.
              After 4 growing seasons, four vegetation communities have
              developed at the site: 1) pond's edge (sedges and semi-aquatic
              grasses; 2) berm slope (grasses); 3) upland prairie, and
              4) upland berm.  The pond's edge community includes an area 3-4 m
              from the shoreline; dominant vegetation is Scirpus americanus
              and Eleocharis macrostachya.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       463

AUTHOR:       Keddy, P.A., and T.H. Ellis

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Seedling recruitment of 11 wetland plant species along a water
              level gradient: shared or distinct responses?

SOURCE:       Can. J. Bot. 63(10):1876-1879.

STATE:        ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB2, PO-EM1, PO-EM2, L.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, SAGITTARIA, TYPHA, LYTHRUM, SPARTINA, POLYGONUM,
              BIDENS, ACORUS, ALISMA, EUPATORIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes an experiment to test and compare seedling
              recruitment of wetland plants along a water level gradient to
              determine: 1) if all species have similar requirements for maximum
              recruitment; or 2) if requirements for recruitment differ among
              species.  Seeds were collected from wetland plants in Lanark County
              and Ottawa-Carleton, Ontario, Canada.  Most species showed
              significant differences in recruitment along a water level
              gradient, but they did not exhibit shared preferences.  Differing
              recruitment requirements produce different distributions of mature
              plants.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1386

AUTHOR:       Kelcey, J.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        The management of balancing lakes in Milton Keynes for
              wildlife

SOURCE:       Pages 142-147 in Wildlife on man-made wetlands.
              Buckinghamshire, England.

STATE:        ENGLAND

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     HUSE, WFOWL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This brief report discusses the creation of lakes around Milton Keynes
              for flood control and how management is used to balance it for
              wildlife.  The lakes are made up of modified preexisting water bodies
              and constructed new lakes.  The latter of the two is divided into
              wet/dry lakes and wet lakes.  Wet lakes are characterized by a
              permanent minimum water depth and are beneficial in providing
              recreational activities.  Wet/dry lakes are used for flood water
              retention.  The value of wildlife is also discussed in terms of the
              amateur public and conservationists.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       464

AUTHOR:       Keller, E.A., and E.K. Hoffman

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        A sensible alternative to stream channelization

SOURCE:       Public Works 107(10):70-72.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, CUT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB4, PO-FO., PO-EM., PO-SS., R.-..., R2-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the stream restoration program established
              in Mecklenburg County, NC, as an alternative to widening,
              straightening, or deepening a stream channel for flood correction
              or control.  The stream is evaluated in the field and delineated
              on maps.  Right-of-ways are obtained from property owners.
              Detailed field inspections are then performed to determine
              specific design.  Every effort is made to keep live trees along
              banks to provide bank stability.  Trash, log jams, dead trees,
              trees that have fallen into the stream, heavy brush, and other
              obstructions are removed; channel banks are sloped and seeded.
              Riprap is used only when necessary to prevent excessive erosion.
              The result has been a meandering stream with sand/gravel bars,
              which provides a more aesthetically pleasing environment and
              alleviates much of the flood hazard.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       465

AUTHOR:       Keller, M., and S.W. Harris

PUBL. YEAR:   1966

TITLE:        The growth of eelgrass in relation to tidal depth

SOURCE:       J. Wildl. Manage. 30(2):280-285.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-UB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the growth of Zostera marina in an undisturbed
              environment in relation to tidal depth in South Humboldt Bay, CA.
              Contours of +1.0, +0.5, +0.0, -0.5, -1.0, and -1.5 ft were
              chosen to record percent cover and density of turions.  Total
              eelgrass biomass increased with decreases in elevation.  Optimum
              growth occurred in areas exposed to the air less than 5% of the
              time.  Near the upper elevation limits of eelgrass growth,
              survival of individual plants depends on the presence of small
              depressions that retain water at low tide.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       466

AUTHOR:       Kelly, J.A., Jr., C.M. Fuss, Jr., and J.R. Hall

PUBL. YEAR:   1971

TITLE:        The transplanting and survival of turtle grass, Thalassia
              testudinum, in Boca Ciega Bay, Florida

SOURCE:       Fish. Bull. 69(2):273-280.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Restoration of previously destroyed seagrass beds in Boca Ciega
              Bay, FL, was undertaken to control erosion and deposition of
              substrates and to recreate essential ecological functions.  One
              hundred and twenty Thalassia plugs and sprigs were transplanted
              and anchored with rods, pipes, and bricks; rods were the most
              effective.  Three months after transplanting, mortality was 60%
              for the plugs and 57% for the sprigs.  Results indicated that
              continuous growth of Thalassia depends on the activity of vigorous
              rhizome apexes.  The hormone NAPH was used to induce rapid and
              heavy rooting and was a main factor contributing to transplant
              success.  Favorable soil conditions required for transplant
              survival are analyzed.

KEYWORDS:     Florida/technique/transplanting/turtle grass/Thalassia testudinum/
              Boca Ciega Bay

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       467

AUTHOR:       Kennedy, H.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1955

TITLE:        Colonization of a previously barren stream section by aquatic
              invertebrates and trout

SOURCE:       Progressive Fish Cult. 17:119-122.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R.-UB1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper documents the colonization of a bypass channel by
              aquatic invertebrates and trout at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
              Service's Convict Creek Experiment Station in eastern CA.  The
              bypass channel had been dry for several years prior to watering.
              The channel was devoid of pools and shelter; bottom material
              consisted of boulders, rubble, and large gravel.  After 87 days,
              aquatic invertebrate groups were similar in composition and life
              stage to those of the natural channel.  Mean numbers were higher
              than the natural channel.  Trout that populated the bypass were
              mainly a result of downstream drift and were less numerous and
              smaller than trout of the natural channel.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       468

AUTHOR:       Kentula, M.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetland creation and rehabilitation in the Pacific Northwest

SOURCE:       Pages 119-149 in R. Strickland, ed. Wetland functions,
              rehabilitation, and creation in the Pacific Northwest: the
              state of our understanding. Washington St. Univ., Dept. Ecol.,
              Olympia, Publ. No. 86-14.

STATE:        OR, WA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HARVEST, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: R1-..., R2-..., R3-..., E2-EM., M2-..., PO-..., E2-AB3, E2-US3

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, WFOWL, VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, CAREX, DESCHAMPSIA, TRIGLOCHIN, JUNCUS, IRIS,
              SCIRPUS, ALISMA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews documented projects for wetland restoration and
              rehabilitation at various wetland sites in the Pacific Northwest.
              Examples of creation or rehabilitation of specific wetland types
              are described, including salt marshes, seagrass beds, tidal
              freshwater, intertidal mudflats, impounded freshwater, and
              riverine sites.  Projects were less than 10 acres and were
              typically 1 acre or less.  Suggestions on evaluation of
              restoration projects are discussed.  A working group report and
              panel discussion excerpts are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1543

AUTHOR:       Kentula,M.E., R.P. Brooks, S.E. Gwin, C.C. Holland, A.D.
              Sherman, and J.C. Sifneos

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        An approach to improving decision making in wetland
              restoration and creation

SOURCE:       A.J. Hairston, editor. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
              Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 151 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This book discusses the Wetlands Research Program (WRP) approach
              using existing data from restored and created wetlands to develop
              performance criteria, following project development, and improving
              future project design based on data collect from current and previous
              projects.  A framework was developed to identify successful project
              proposals and permits which may be applied to any area and any wetland
              type.  Each chapter may be used seperately or interchangably with
              each other.  Information includes setting priorities and selecting
              sites, monitoring, evaluating data, improving design guidelines, and
              influencing future decision making.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       469

AUTHOR:       Kenworthy, W.J., and M. Fonseca

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Reciprocal transplant of the seagrass Zostera marina L.:
              effect of substrate on growth

SOURCE:       Aquaculture 12:197-213.

STATE:        RI

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a laboratory experiment on the growth of
              Zostera marina.  Sediment and plants with rhizomes and root
              systems were collected from a pond near the University of Rhode
              Island.  Four treatments were used to compare responses: 1)
              growth effects from a sand to a silt substrate; 2) sand to a
              sand-silt substrate; 3) no particular original substrate; and 4)
              a natural to an altered substrate.  Growth parameters measured
              for each treatment were changes in leaf length, changes in plant
              weight, and new leaf production.  Results indicated that plants
              originating from a natural undisturbed substrate displayed
              significantly higher leaf production than the other 3 treatments.
              The physiology and ecology of Zostera marina in relation to the
              substrate are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       470

AUTHOR:       Kenworthy, W.J., M.S. Fonseca, J. Homziak, and G.W. Thayer

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Development of a transplanted seagrass (Zostera marina L.)
              meadow in Back Sound, Carteret County, North Carolina

SOURCE:       Pages 175-193 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh
              annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, SHELLF

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The development of a transplanted Zostera marina meadow in Back
              Sound, Cartaret County, NC, is described.  After 16 months, the
              leaf biomass, roots and rhizomes and density (about 700 shoots/m2)
              were similar to those of undisturbed natural Zostera meadows.
              Plantings reduced currents by 20%, which led to increased
              deposition of fine sediment and development of sediment ammonium
              accumulations equal to those of undisturbed meadows.  The
              invertebrate community at the transplant site was similar to
              that of natural Zostera meadows; abundance of bay scallops
              increased as seagrass density increased.  Benthic invertebrates
              showed a positive correlation between species diversity, density,
              species evenness and richness, and Zostera density.  Polychaetes
              dominated, followed by amphipods, gastropods, and bivalves.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1200

AUTHOR:       Key, J.W., and M.A. Gish

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Clark Canyon (Mono County) riparian demonstration area

SOURCE:       Pages 127-134 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
              California riparian systems conference: protection,
              management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September
              22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, WQUALITY

ACTION:       STABIL, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-EM1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       CAREX, SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The Clark Canyon riparian demonstration area (east of Bridgeport,
              Mono Co., CA) was established in 1984 to restore riparian
              meadows and to stabilize active erosion and gully development.
              Intense grazing had left streambanks badly trampled and denuded
              of vegetation.  Wire mesh structures lined with erosion filter
              fabric were installed to help elevate the water table and control
              erosion.  Distance between structures depends on stream
              gradient and gully size.  Other structures used are described.
              Cattle grazing was restricted.  Limited results from 3 years of
              monitoring are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       471

AUTHOR:       Khanbilvardi, R.M., and A.S. Rogowski

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Planning erosion control for a reclaimed area

SOURCE:       Pages 155-162 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1984 symposium
              on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation.
              Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a simulation model applied to a small strip
              mined and reclaimed watershed in central PA to evaluate the
              effectiveness of a holding pond and runoff diversions in
              controlling erosion and sediment yield.  The model predicted the
              site sediment yield and suggested an optimum holding pond location
              and configuration.  Results of the model appeared to reflect
              actual field conditions observed at the site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1536

AUTHOR:       King, D. and C. Bohlen

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Estimating the cost of restoration

SOURCE:       National Wetlands Newsletter 16(3):3-5,8.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study provides cost estimates for wetland mitigation based on an
              analysis of costs from 1000 agricultural conversions and mitigation
              projects.  A detailed cost analysis was conducted on 90 of the best
              designed project profiles while the others became secondary data to
              obtain cost data.  Estimates are provided which compare average costs
              per acre for various wetland types ranging from $1,000/ac for
              agriculture conversions cost average and $779,000/ac for freshwater
              forested wetlands.  Estimates are also provided which break
              mitigation costs into project costs (from maximum to median costs),
              task breakdowns, and input category breakdown for each wetland type.
              Trends for economies of scale revealed cost estimates tend to decrease
              as project sizes increase.  The authors suggest increased incentives
              in mitigation markets and making the planners more quality conscious
              will improve the results of mitigation banking.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       472

AUTHOR:       King, D.L., J.J. Simmler, C.S. Decker, and C.W. Ogg

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Acid strip mine lake recovery

SOURCE:        J. Water ollut. Control Fed. 46(10):2301-2315.

STATE:        MO

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of acidification of strip mine
              lakes and discusses the recovery of acid strip mine lakes,
              particularly those of central MO.  Of the factors that slow the
              rate of recovery, the most important are related to the watershed
              that drains the lake.  The amount of acid spoils exposed
              determines the acidity of the lake, but significant changes in
              acid runoff may occur through interaction with various minerals
              that compose the soil.  Lack of vegetation on drainage areas can
              prevent recovery for 30 years or more.  The authors discuss the
              use of organic matter to accelerate recovery and stress that
              recovery would not be necessary if all acid-producing materials
              were covered with non-acid soil when coal is stripmined.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       473

AUTHOR:       King, T., L. Hord, T. Gilbert, F. Montalbano, and J.N. Allen

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        An evaluation of wetland habitat establishment and wildlife
              utilization in phosphate clay settling areas

SOURCE:        Pages 35-49 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh
              annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-SS1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, FISH, REPT, AMPHIB, MAMMALS, VEG,
              WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       EICHHORNIA, TYPHA, LUDWIGIA, SCIRPUS, SALIX, BACCHARIS, MYRICA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Diked ponds used for waste clay storage on phosphate mined land in
              Polk County, FL, were evaluated in terms of establishment of
              wetland habitat.  Vegetation was mapped and water quality was
              sampled (pH, fluoride, phosphorus, nitrates, nitrogen, turbidity,
              and suspended solids).  Wildlife species observed included 8
              mammals, 97 birds, and 19 reptiles and amphibians.  The most
              significant function of these clay pond wetlands is use as winter
              habitat by migratory birds (e.g., waterfowl).  Greatest animal
              density was correlated with areas having about 50% vegetative
              coverage.  These areas were used for feeding, roosting, and
              sometimes as rookeries for wading birds.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1303

AUTHOR:       Kingsley, J.B., J.J. Maddox, and P.M. Giordano

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Aquatic plant culture for waste treatment and resource
              recovery

SOURCE:       Pages 542-549 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, GENERAL

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, HARVEST

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, PLANT, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM, VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       ELEOCHARIS, TYPHA, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of Chinese water chestnuts, cattails, and
              common reeds for the treatment of wastewater and their potential use
              in industry as useful crops.  After a growing season, the plants can
              be harvested for commercial purposes such as fiber, hay, and corm (an
              Asian food made from roots of Chinese water chestnuts).  Five plots
              were constructed to demonstrate sewage sludge as plant fertilizer in
              soil flooded with secondary effluent and four plots were constructed
              to conduct flow-through demonstrations.  The first year secondary
              sewage sludge was applied to the fertilizer plots one time at four
              different rates and one plot contained commercial fertilizer.
              Flow-through plots were constructed with native soils and were
              continuously irrigated at four different rates.  All plots were
              planted with water chestnuts.  The following year, sludge was not
              applied to the fertilizer plots in order to examine the residual
              effect of sludge application.  The flow-through plots were irrigated
              at a constant rate.  All plots were planted with water chestnuts,
              cattails, and common reeds in sequential order.  Plant, and hay yields
              were determined at the end of each year.  The flow-through systems
              significantly reduced pollutants and sludge was effective as a
              fertilizer.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1055

AUTHOR:       Kingsley, R.B., and F.C. Boerger

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Experimental marsh planting programs: Marin County Day School
              and Muzzi Marsh

SOURCE:        Madrone Assoc., San Rafael, CA, Unpubl. Rep. 49 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses two experimental marsh planting programs
              initiated in San Francisco Bay in 1974 and 1976.  Two years
              after plugs of cordgrass were transplanted to the shore of the
              Marin County Day School, a healthy stand of marsh had become
              established in spite of typically heavy wave action and
              predation by waterfowl.  In June 1976, bayward dikes were
              breached and tidal waters entered the marsh for the first time in
              over 15 years.  Several weeks later, seeds and plugs of cordgrass
              were planted.  By November 1976, seedling growth was sparse.
              Successes were related to good drainage and soft substrate.
              Failures were related to premature germination, poor drainage, firm
              substrate, and smothering by algae.  All plugs survived and showed
              new growth by November.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       474

AUTHOR:       Kleinert, S.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1970

TITLE:        Production of northern pike in a managed marsh, Lake Ripley,
              Wisconsin

SOURCE:       Wisconsin Dept. Nat. Resour. Rep. No. 49. 19 pp.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT

PGENUS:       TYPHA, CAREX, NUPHAR

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents results of a 3 year study on the production of
              northern pike at Perrys Marsh at Lake Ripley, Jefferson County, WI.
              Water levels maintained on the 10 acre marsh varied from less than
              2 inches to 6 ft with an average depth of about 1.5 ft.  The number
              of northern pike produced in Perrys Marsh was too small (87/acre)
              to significantly improve the northern pike fishery of Lake Ripley.
              The authors concluded that Perrys Marsh, dominated by cattail
              (Typha), produced too little zooplankton to provide the
              fingerlings with the necessary food base.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       475

AUTHOR:       Kleinmann, R., and W. Fink

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Artificial wetland for mitigating acid mine drainage impacts

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 5(1):33.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-..., R.-..., PO-ML1

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPHAGNUM, TYPHA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the construction of a prototype wetland
              for improving the water quality of a small stream polluted by acid
              mine drainage at the Friendship Hill National Historic Site in
              southwestern PA.  The stream, which harbors no fish or aquatic
              insects and is highly acidic, was redirected to flow through the
              wetland.  Testing and monitoring of pH, acidity, conductivity,
              calcium, sulfate, and various metals above, within, and below the
              wetland will determine whether a larger, similar wetland will be
              constructed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       476

AUTHOR:       Klimas, C.V., and H.H. Allen

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Approaches to revegetate reservoir shoreline of Lake Texoma

SOURCE:       Pages 2-3 in Environmental and water quality operational
              studies. U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg,
              MS, Inform. Exchange Bull. E-81-2.

STATE:        TX, OK

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1, L2-US.

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       AGROPYRON, ARUNDO, BUCHLOE, CYPERUS, PANICUM, PHRAGMITES,
              SPARTINA, TRIPSACUM, ANDROPOGON, ARUNDINARIA, PASPALUM,
              AMORPHA, SALIX, QUERCUS, BETULA, DIOSPYROS, SAPINDUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents preliminary results of shoreline revegetation
              experiments along the shoreline of Lake Texoma on the border of
              TX and OK.  Ten herbaceous species were tested in 1979;
              3 additional herbaceous species and 6 woody species were added to
              the experiment in 1980.  Tiers along the shoreline and at a control
              pond were flooded for 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, or 20 weeks.  During
              1979, survival was good after 5 weeks of flooding for all species
              except maidencane and eastern gamma grass.  Common reed
              (Phragmites australis) showed significant survival even after 20
              weeks of continuous flooding.  Preliminary data from 1980
              indicated that, of the woody species, persimmon and black willow
              show good survival, even after 45 days of continuous flooding.
              Field sites will be monitored for an additional growing season.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1444

AUTHOR:       Klimas, C.V., and D.E. Evans

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Restoration of riparian habitat for the endangered Least
              Bell's Vireo in southern California: design considerations

SOURCE:       Pages 358-366 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the
              13th annual conference society of wetland scientists. New
              Orleans, LA. 990 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, NGBIRDS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The authors discuss the planning process and design considerations
              for riparian habitat restoration for the endangered least Bell's
              vireo.  Mitigation by planting 150 acres of replacement riparian
              habitat along the Santa Margarita River at the Marine Corps Air
              Station at Camp Pendleton was proposed in 1988.  Site investigations
              involving mapping, soil and water table assessment, and habitat design
              were undertaken to determine initial restoration areas.  Strips of
              willow and shrubs were planted to obtain a combination of
              closed-canopy woodland and shrub-stature habitat.  An irrigation
              system was set up to sustain plants during initial establishment
              period and to encourage rooting to the water table.  After three years
              the plants would be weaned and the irrigation system removed.
              Management and future replantings are probable due to the absence of
              natural disturbance and regeneration caused by river diversions and
              dams.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       477

AUTHOR:       Klimstra, W.D., and J.R. Nawrot

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Water as a reclamation alternative: an assessment of values

SOURCE:       Pages 39-44 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1982 symposium on
              surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation.
              Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     HUSE, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the value (i.e., economic contributions) of
              wetlands and lakes created as a result of surface mining in IL.
              Economics of lake construction, irrigation supply, and the
              relationship between created wetlands and agricultural land uses
              are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       478

AUTHOR:       Klimstra, W.D., and J.R. Nawrot

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Wetlands as a byproduct of surface mining: Midwest perspective

SOURCE:       Pages 107-119 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a
              workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour.,
              University Park.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: R4-..., R2-..., L.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews current practices for: 1) restoring vegetational
              and physical diversity; 2) controlling erosion; and 3) developing
              guidelines for habitat enhancement in wetlands associated with
              surface mining byproducts in west-central and southern IL.
              Based on previous studies, seasonally fluctuating water levels
              maximize wetland development potential and moist soil vegetation
              establishment.  Grading can enhance shallow water areas and
              maximize littoral zones.  At least 30 cm of topsoil is recommended
              for adequate vegetation establishment; however, studies have shown
              that the presence of quality subsoil is useful for emergent and
              submergent vegetation establishment.  Stream diversion plans
              and resolution of erosion and bank stabilization problems also
              are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       479

AUTHOR:       Klimstra, W.D., and J.R. Nawrot

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetlands/wildlife habitat development

SOURCE:       Pages 187-222 in C.L. Carlson and J.H. Swisher, eds.
              Innovative approaches to mined land reclamation. Southern
              Illinois Univ. Press, Carbondale.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of wetland reclamation practices
              on mined land.  The effects of the surface mining control and
              reclamation act on land use practices and reclamation efforts are
              discussed.  Restoration of sediment ponds, streams, slurry ponds,
              and floodplains is discussed, mainly in general terms of habitat
              for wildlife and productive land use.  Restoration of a mined area
              to the prior land use may not be possible or even desirable, but
              restoration to a different stabilized ecosystem may be possible.
              Public awareness and economic factors also are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1528

AUTHOR:       Knight, R.L., J. Hilleke, S. Grayson

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Design and performance of the Chapion pilot-constructed
              wetland treatment system

SOURCE:       Tappi Journal 77(5):240-245.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, PLANT, STOCK, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM2, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     INVERTS, WFOWL, FISH, VEG, WQUAL, ECON, CHEM

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, CLADIUM, LEMNA, EICHORNEA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses a pilot-constructed surface-flow created wetland
              to polish effluent from a kraft paper mill.  Six wetland cells were
              set up with widths varying from 40 m to 10 m to test multiple plant
              species, hydraulic loading rates (HLRs), water depths, and response of
              wildlife to water quality.  Average HLRs ranged from 3.2 cm/day to 8.2
              cm/day depending on the cell.  Percent removal efficiencies were best
              for cell B which had 25% by area of deep zones, low HLRs, and emergent
              vegetation.  Cell C had better dissolved oxygen and total phosphorous
              outflows during a test period when it received nitrified influent.
              Cattails, bulrush, and sawgrass were the most viable and productive of
              the planted vegetation and duckweed and water hyacinth were important
              invasive species.  Invertebrate populations ranged in diversity from
              0.98 to 2.98 for individual cells and vertebrates using the wetlands
              were observed.  Mosquito fish populations also increased from 490 to
              129,000.  Options for future full scale constructed wetlands are
              offered.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1477

AUTHOR:       Knight, R.L., R.W. Ruble, R.H. Kadlec, and S. Reed

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Wetlands for wastewater treatment: performance database

SOURCE:       Pages 35-58 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Press, Boca Raton.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the development of a database designed to catalog
              information on wetlands currently being designed or used for
              wastewater treatment.  The main database is composed of seven
              individual database files:  sites.dbf, systems.dbf, permits.dbf,
              cells.dbf, operate.dbf, literat.dbf, and people.dbf.  Software for
              dBaseIV was chosen due to considerations of cost, quality, ease of
              use, and reporting capabilities.  The database includes 96 sites
              comprised of 127 systems at this time.  Examples are given for
              conducting types of analyses.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       481

AUTHOR:       Knight, R.L., B.H. Winchester, and CH2M Hill

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Ecology, hydrology, and advanced wastewater treatment
              potential of an artificial wetland in north-central Florida

SOURCE:       Wetlands 5:167-180.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB2, PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4, PO-SS3, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, REPT, VEG, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL,
              SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA, HYDROCOTYLE, LIMNOBIUM, LEMNA, SALIX, ALTERNANTHERA,
              MYRICA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a 1 year study of an artificial wetland, Lake
              Coral, Ocala, FL.  Constructed in 1978, this marsh-pond system
              receives treated effluent from 2 water treatment plants.  Plant
              communities, aquatic invertebrates, and fish and wildlife found at
              the site are described.  Hydrology and water quality are
              discussed.  The wetland system effectively improved the quality
              of the treated effluent.  Except for total phosphorus, the quality
              of outflow water met or exceeded advanced treatment water quality
              criteria.  Design features of the wetland that contribute to its
              capability for wastewater treatment are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       482

AUTHOR:       Knox, R.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Fishery management in Colorado's gravel pit lakes

SOURCE:       Pages 208-210 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds.
              Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp.
              Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, STOCK

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-UB2, PO-..., L.-UB1, L.-UB2, L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, HUSE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides a brief overview of the Colorado Division
              of Wildlife's involvement in managing gravel pit lakes for
              fisheries.  Management strategies for cold- and warmwater
              gravel pits are outlined.  Habitat development includes proper
              sloping of bank, creation of small shallow embayments, creation of
              underwater reef areas or placement of tire and brush structures
              where bottom contours are absent, and preconstruction planning.
              The Division currently manages 75 pits, with a combined surface
              area of about 1,500 acres.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       486

AUTHOR:       Knutson, P.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Development of intertidal marshlands upon dredged material in
              San Francisco Bay

SOURCE:        Pages 103-118 in Proceedings 7th conference world dredging
              conference, San Francisco, CA.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses construction and costs associated with
              development of the Alameda Creek Marsh project on dredged spoil
              sites in South San Francisco Bay, CA, and presents results of
              experimental plantings of cordgrass (Spartina foliosa) and
              pickelweed on dredged material sites near the project area.  The
              Alameda Creek project indicated that marsh development may be
              economically practical when used on a case by case basis,
              particularly for small dredging projects located near suitable
              diked lowlands.  The use of seedlings and rooted cuttings of
              cordgrass significantly accelerated the rate of revegetation, but
              differences between planted and unplanted areas after 2 growing
              seasons were not significant in the pickelweed experiments.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       484

AUTHOR:       Knutson, P.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Planting guidelines for marsh development and bank
              stabilization

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir,
              VA, CETA 77-3. 21 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides guidelines for planting marsh vegetation along
              the coastal U.S.  Seed application rates, plant spacing techniques,
              and fertilizer requirements are used as guidelines for bank
              stabilization and marsh development projects.  Recommended plant
              spacing for marsh development is 18 or 36 ft depending on planting
              method and not less than 10 ft for bank stabilization projects.
              Fertilizer treatment is recommended for all projects.  A design key
              based on elevation, tidal range, salinity, fetch, plant species,
              and suitable planting methods is provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       485

AUTHOR:       Knutson, P.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Summary of cerc research on uses of vegetation for erosion
              control

SOURCE:       Pages 31-37 in Proceedings of the workshop on the role of
              vegetation in stabilization of the Great Lakes shoreline.
              Great Lakes Basin Comm., Ann Arbor, MI.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L2-..., L2-US.

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       AMMOPHILA, UNIOLA, PANICUM, ELYMUS, TANACETUM, LATHYRUS,
              SPARTINA, TYPHA, JUNCUS, AVICENNIA, PHALARIS, CALAMAGROSTIS,
              SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes the Coastal Engineering Research Center's
              investigations on the use of vegetation for bank and dune
              stabilization and briefly discusses the potential application of
              these findings in the Great Lakes Region.  Research over the past
              20 years has clearly demonstrated that dune grasses can be used
              to form and stabilize dunes.  Vegetative bank stabilization has
              proven to be an effective and low-cost method of erosion abatement,
              especially in areas subject to low and moderate wave energies.  In
              the Great Lakes, establishment of vegetation for erosion abatement
              will probably require plantings behind protective structures (e.g.,
              bulkheads, riprap) to be successful in many areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       483

AUTHOR:       Knutson, P.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Planting guidelines for dune creation and stabilization

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Coastal Eng.
              Tech. Aid No. 77-4. 26 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1, M2-US2

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       AMMOPHILA, UNIOLA, PANICUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides guidelines for the propagation of beach
              grasses for forming and stabilizing coastal dune systems.  Four
              species are discussed: American beachgrass (Ammophila
              breviligulata), European beachgrass (A. arenaria), sea oats
              (Uniola paniculata), and bitter panicum (Panicum amarum).  Topics
              include: 1) use of plantings to control various types of dune
              damage; 2) plant species selection for various coastal regions;
              3) obtaining plant materials; 4) storage of plants; 5) planting
              methods; 6) postplanting care (fertilization and replanting); and
              7) labor requirements.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       487

AUTHOR:       Knutson, P.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Designing for bank erosion control with vegetation

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir,
              VA, Reprint 78-2. 19 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the use of vegetation for controlling
              erosion on coastal shorelines.  Planting materials (mostly Spartina
              alterniflora, S. patens, S. spartinae, and S. foliosa), planting
              methods (seeds, sprigs, plugs, nursery seedlings), fertilization
              requirements, planting maintenance, and labor requirements for
              different planting methods are described.  Tidal inundation,
              salinity, and wave climate are especially important in determining
              site suitability and choosing planting methods.  A summary of
              design guidelines includes a description of the use of planting
              decision keys for the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coasts.  Cost of
              vegetative stabilization rarely exceeds $5.00/linear ft, based on
              case examples included in the text.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       488

AUTHOR:       Knutson, P.L, J.C. Ford, M.R. Inskeep, and J. Oyler

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        National survey of planted salt marshes (vegetative
              stabilization and wave stress)

SOURCE:       Wetlands 1:129-157.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., E1-..., E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article summarizes attempts to establish salt marshes along
              the coastal U.S. for shore stabilization or habitat development.
              The surveyed marshes had the following general characteristics:
              exposed to wind waves; located in brackish and salt water
              environments; and planted with Spartina alterniflora or S.
              foliosa.   No rubble or artificial structures were present in the
              planted areas.  Erosion control was evaluated on the absence or
              presence of intertidal vegetation.  Planting success was measured
              by the width of the intertidal vegetation zone.  Sediment grain
              size and slope are potential indicators of wave energy and provide
              information on establishment of vegetation.

KEYWORDS:     salt marshes/dredge spoil/habitat/habitat development/marshes/
              sediment/vegetation/technique/ intertidal/wetlands mitigation/
              planted wetlands/vegetative stabilization/wave stress/coastal
              United States/smooth cordgrass/Spartina alterniflora/Pacific
              cordgrass/Spartina foliosa/stabilization/coastal/protection/
              dredged material/stability/marsh development/erosion/marsh
              plants/plants/mitigation

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       489

AUTHOR:       Knutson, P.L., and M.R. Inskeep

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Shore erosion control with salt marsh vegetation

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir,
              VA, Tech. Aid No. 82-3. 24 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, FERT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       CAREX, SPARTINA, DESCHAMPSIA, JUNCUS, PHRAGMITES, DISTICHLIS,
              PASPALUM, TRIGLOCHIN, AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes methodology for establishing marsh
              vegetation as a more cost-effective method for erosion control
              than construction of traditional structures.  In areas where
              climate and wave action are severe and have a major influence on
              marsh establishment, site preparation is necessary to provide
              suitable substrate.  A method for determining site suitability is
              presented.  Sprigs and plugs required 10 man-hours/1,000
              planting units and nursery seedlings required 23 man-hours/1,000
              planting units.  Detailed requirements for storing, transporting,
              and planting are given.  Planting techniques, spacing, and tidal
              zones for numerous marsh species are compared.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       490

AUTHOR:       Knutson, P.L., W.W. Woodhouse, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Shore stabilization with salt marsh vegetation

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir,
              VA, Spec. Rep. No. 9. 95 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, FERT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES, CAREX, DESCHAMPSIA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS,
              PASPALUM, TRIGLOCHIN, AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA,
              MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides summary information and guidelines on the use
              of coastal vegetation for shore erosion control.  Potential
              negative impacts are public access, concentration of heavy metals,
              and the introduction of some nuisance species.  Benefits of marsh
              establishment include maintenance of marsh ecology, nutrient
              cycling, and improved aesthetics.  Planting techniques, plant
              selection, site suitability, impact assessment, and project costs
              are discussed.  Planting specifications are provided for Spartina
              alterniflora, S. patens, S. cynosuroides, S. foliosa, S.
              spartinae, Carex lyngbyei, Deschampsia caespitosa, Juncus
              roemerianus, Phragmites communis, Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia
              germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, and other species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       491

AUTHOR:       Knutson, P.L., and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Pacific coastal marshes

SOURCE:        Pages 111-130 in R.R. Lewis, ed. Creation and restoration of
              coastal plant communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

STATE:        WA, OR, CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R1-..., E2-US3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SCIRPUS, SALICORNIA, DISTICHLIS, CAREX, DESCHAMPSIA,
              ELEOCHARIS, JUNCUS, TRIGLOCHIN

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses the restoration of marshes along the
              Pacific Coast.  Cultural techniques, distribution, elevational
              range, and salinity range are described for Pacific cordgrass,
              pickelweed, salt grass, Lyngbye's sedge, tufted hairgrass, and
              seaside arrowgrass.  Planting costs are included.  Factors
              controlling restoration success or failure are: 1) wave stress;
              2) salinity; 3) soil type; and 4) plant species.  Plant
              materials (seeds, sprigs, pot-grown seedlings, and plugs) and
              planting methods (hand planting, power-driven auger, machine
              planting) also are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1335

AUTHOR:       Kohnke, R.E., A.K. Boller

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Soil bioengineering for streambank protection

SOURCE:        Journal of Soil and Water Conservaton 44(4):286-287.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses how soil bioengineering is being used to
              construct living structures for erosion and sediment control along
              river banks.  The bank of a stream in Fairfax, Virginia was excavated
              and a 6"x 6" woodcrib was inserted.  The crib was then backfilled with
              rock and soil and interspersed with willow cuttings and biological
              material.  Dense vegetative was produced as the plants grew above the
              water surface thus protecting the banks from erosion and traps
              sediment.  This method is less costly and more aesthetically pleasing
              than traditional structure methods.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       492

AUTHOR:       Kollar, S.A., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        SAV reestablishment results--Upper Chesapeake Bay

SOURCE:       Pages 759-777 in O.T. Magoon, H. Converse, D. Miner, D. Clark,
              and L.T. Tobin, eds. Coastal zone '85: proceedings of the
              fourth symposium on coastal ocean management. Am. Soc. Civil
              Eng., New York.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, R1-AB3

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, VALLISNERIA, ELODEA, HETERANTHERA, CERATOPHYLLUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The purpose of this experiment was to test the feasibility of
              reestablishing submerged aquatic vegetation in Upper Chesapeake
              Bay.  The site was Susquehanna Flats, an area previously known for
              productive fishing, but which now has declining populations
              of submerged macrophytes.  Six primary submerged aquatic
              vegetative species were introduced on 17 sites.  All plantings of
              pondweed, grasses, and wild celery were placed in sediments at 4-6
              inches below the substrate.  Stargrass (Heteranthera dubia) had the
              highest success rate at 72-100%.  Ideal transplant sites are
              characterized by depths of 2.5-3.5 ft and sediments of at least
              21% silt, less than 72% sand, and more than 5% organic matter.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1613

AUTHOR:       Kondolf, G.M. and E.R. Micheli

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Evaluating stream restoration projects

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 19(1):1-15.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       EVALUATION

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The importance of allocating and protecting funds for evaluating
              stream restoration projects is emphasized in this paper.  Too often
              no guidelines for postproject evaluation have been established thus
              making it difficult to determine restoration success and ultimately
              improve restoration designs.  The authors suggest stream restoration
              and design should be based on historical channel conditions within
              the entire influencing reach.  A list of potential evaluation criteria
              with regards to a list of general objectives are listed as well as
              guidelines for selecting a proper evaluation technique.  Examples
              illustrating failure or improperly utilizing evaluation techniques
              are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       480

AUTHOR:       Koopman, R.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Pits, ponds and people: reclamation and public use

SOURCE:       Pages 127-131 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds.
              Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp.
              Stn., St. Paul, Mmisc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL, STOCK, HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, HUSE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the reclamation of gravel mining sites about
              5 miles northeast of Boulder, CO, in the floodplain of Boulder
              Creek.  Sawhill Ponds and Walden Ponds are both being reclaimed
              for wildlife habitat, fishing and other public recreation, and
              environmental education.  Management considerations include the
              establishment of long-term objectives (predominantly wildlife
              habitat), reclamation activities (grading, planting), water level
              management, supplemental measures for encouraging or managing
              wildlife, establishment of warmwater sport fisheries, control of
              public access, minimization of developed facilities, and
              development of interpretive sites and programs.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       493

AUTHOR:       Kosowatz, J.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Wetlands establish their worth

SOURCE:       Eng. News Rec. (October):30-41.

STATE:        NJ, LA, IL, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, BIOCIDE, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., PO-EM., PO-FO., R.-..., E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper includes a general discussion of state and federal
              regulation of wetlands and a brief discussion of wetland
              mitigation.  Three restoration projects also are briefly
              discussed: 1) Wetland Research Inc.'S reclamation of a 450 acre
              wetland along the Des Plaines River in northern IL; the Harmon
              Meadows project near the Hackensack River in NJ, 3 miles from
              Manhatten (improvement of 158 acres of degraded saltwater marshes);
              and the large U.S Army Corps of Engineers' project in southeastern
              LA that will channel freshwater into bayous and wetlands near
              Lake Ponchartrain, Barataria Bay, and Breton Sound.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       494

AUTHOR:       Kraeuter, J.N., and P.L. Wolf

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        The relationship of marine macroinvertebrates to salt marsh
              plants

SOURCE:       Pages 449-462 in Ecology of halophytes. Academic Press, New
              York.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, M2-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, SALICORNIA, LIMONIUM, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the relationship of marine macroinvertebrates
              to salt marsh plants.  Direct and indirect effects of invertebrates
              on plants are summarized for 6 taxonomic groups: Annelida,
              Gastropoda, Pelecypoda, Isopoda-Amphipoda, Decapoda, and
              Insecta-Arachnida.  Effects of plants, light, temperature, and
              humidity on the invertebrates also are briefly presented.  Major
              plant communities discussed include marshes dominated by Spartina,
              Juncus, or Distichlis.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       495

AUTHOR:       Kraus, D.B., and M.L. Kraus

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        The establishment of a fiddler crab (Uca minax) colony on a
              manmade Spartina mitigation marsh, and its effect on
              invertebrate colonization

SOURCE:       Pages 343-348 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Proceedings of the national wetland symposium: mitigation
              of impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, STOCK, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3, E2-UB3

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study to determine: 1) whether fiddler
              crabs could be successfully stocked at a wetland mitigation site
              at Mill Creek, Hackensack River Basin, northeastern NJ; and
              2) effects of fiddler crab establishment on invertebrate
              colonization.  A naturally established marsh at Sawmill Creek was
              used as a control site.  Water quality, elevation, substrate, and
              duration of marsh establishment contributed to invertebrate
              species diversity and density.  The greatest number of taxa (12)
              was found at the control site (Sawmill) and the least (4) was
              found at the Mill Creek nonmitigation site dominated by Phragmites
              australis.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1108

AUTHOR:       Kraus, M.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Wetlands: toxicant sinks or reservoirs?

SOURCE:       Pages 192-196 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Wetland
              hydrology: Proceedings of the national wetland symposium,
              Chicago, IL, September, 1987. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers,
              Berne, NY.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-..., L.-..., E.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the use of wetlands for wastewater treatment
              in terms of their uptake of toxicants; the focus is on wetlands of
              the Hackensack River Basin in northeastern NJ. Soil and plant
              samples from 4 sites were analyzed for heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Cd,
              Pb).  Two sites were severely impacted, 1 was slightly impacted,
              and the fourth was a newly initiated mitigation site. Findings
              suggest that wetlands may serve as reservoirs for toxicants, rather
              than as sinks.  Under conditions of strong enrichment, wetlands
              may lose some assimilative capacity, and other wetland functions
              may be severely impacted.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       496

AUTHOR:       Krause, J., B. Mahan, and M. Harding

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Waterfowl management and wetland development on Peabody Coal
              Company surface mines in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky

SOURCE:       Page 327 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a
              workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour.,
              University Park.

STATE:        IN, IL, KY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, STOCK

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents examples of Peabody Coal Company's mining-
              related waterfowl management and wetland development in IL, IN,
              and KY.  Giant Canada geese were relocated to lakes on reclaimed
              surface mines in southern IL.  In Indiana, a 28 ha lake with
              smaller wetlands was the site for release of additional geese.
              Mining operations in KY were modified during the final cut to
              build a 32 ha impoundment with an 11 ha littoral shelf and 70
              nesting islands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       498

AUTHOR:       Krebs, C.T., and C.E. Tanner

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Cost analysis of marsh restoration through sediment stripping
              and Spartina propagation

SOURCE:       Pages 386-390 in Proceedings of the 1981 oil spill conference.
              Am. Petroleum Inst., Washington, DC.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents a cost comparison between conventional methods
              and an alternative surface sediment stripping and Spartina
              propagation technique for the cleanup of a No. 6 fuel oil spill
              that heavily impacted a Spartina marsh on the Potomac River
              Estuary in MD.  Costs for labor, materials, equipment, various
              combinations of seedlings (bare root vs. potted, fertilized vs.
              unfertilized, low-energy marsh grid pattern vs. moderate- and
              high-energy), and propagation patterns are included.  The stripping
              and propagation technique was estimated to cost 5-28% less than
              conventional cleanup (which attempts to remove the oil, but makes
              no attempt to restore the marsh).  The stripping and propagation
              technique not only results in complete removal of oil, but
              provides for rapid restoration of the marsh ecosystem and
              shoreline stabilization.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       497

AUTHOR:       Krebs, C.T., and C.E. Tanner

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Restoration of oiled marshes through sediment stripping and
              Spartina propagation

SOURCE:       Pages 375-385 in Proceedings of the 1981 oil spill conference.
              Am. Petroleum Inst., Washington, DC.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, CUT, FERT, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R1-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the restoration of marshes contaminated by
              oil on the Potomac River near Piney Point, MD.  Several
              experimental plots were established on both oiled and control
              sites and Spartina alterniflora was cut in all plots.  Sediments
              were stripped to 7-9 cm and several plots were backfilled to the
              original marsh level.  Seeds and fertilizer were incorporated into
              backfilled material or subsurface sediments and nursery stock
              S. alterniflora was planted.  Distribution of oil in sediments is
              described in detail; high concentrations of oil trapped within the
              upper few centimeters degrade slowly and exhibit prolonged toxic
              effects.  Effects on benthic fauna are discussed, along with the
              role of S. alterniflora in restoration of marsh habitat.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       499

AUTHOR:       Kretser, W.A., and J.R. Colquhoun

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Treatment of New York's Adirondack lakes by liming

SOURCE:       Fisheries 9(1):36-41.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of NY State's ongoing lake
              neutralization program.  Initial treatments (beginning in 1959)
              used hydrated lime and agricultural limestone, but results were
              short-lived and had only small beneficial effects on trout
              populations.  Treatments beginning in the mid-1970's focused on
              lakes impacted by acid rain.  Emphasis was on rehabilitation of
              lakes with valuable fisheries and on adequate biological and
              chemical monitoring.  The presence of toxic levels of inorganic
              aluminum in many acidified drainage lakes complicates lake
              rehabilitation efforts.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       500

AUTHOR:       Krone, R.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Engineering wetlands: circulation, sedimentation, and water
              quality

SOURCE:       Pages 53-61 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll.
              Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HUSE, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes several engineering methods used in the San
              Francisco Bay Area for flooding and sedimentation on diked
              marshlands.  The purpose of these activities is to promote growth
              of desirable plants and meet specified objectives for human use
              and flood control by providing as many of the attributes of
              natural marsh systems as possible.  Land surface elevation,
              flooding and drainage (by gravity), deposition of suspended
              sediments, control of mosquitoes and algae, development of fresh
              marsh sediment (for growth of desirable plant species), and
              methods of constructing channels and dikes are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       501

AUTHOR:       Kruczynski, W.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Salt marshes of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico

SOURCE:       Pages 71-87 in R.R. Lewis, ed. Creation and restoration of
              coastal plant communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

STATE:        FL, AL, MS

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS, PANICUM, PHRAGMITES, PLUCHEA,
              ASTER, AMARANTHUS, UNIOLA, AMMOPHILA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes efforts to create or restore salt marshes
              in estuarine areas along the Gulf of Mexico, from western FL to
              MS.  Marsh area losses between 1947-1967 are discussed, along with
              marsh functions and values.  The role of monitoring in
              establishing criteria necessary for successful restoration of
              functioning wetlands is noted.  Some salt marsh creation projects
              are briefly described, along with specific planting guidelines for
              Spartina alterniflora, S. patens, S. cynosuroides, Juncus
              roemerianus, Distichlis spicata, Phragmites communis, Panicum
              repens, P. amarum, and Uniola paniculata.  Major factors affecting
              transplant success are erosion, available soil water, soil
              salinity, and nutrients.  Natural colonization may not provide the
              ground cover, substrate stabilization, and primary production
              necessary for habitat development on dredged material disposal
              sites.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1176

AUTHOR:       Kruczynski, W.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Options to be considered in preparation and evaluation of
              mitigation plans

SOURCE:       Pages 143-158 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II.
              Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., M.-..., E.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes goals of compensatory mitigation under EPA's
              Section 404(b)1) guidelines.  Mitigation options, preparation and
              evaluation of mitigation plans, credit for compensatory mitigation,
              area replacement ratios (for creation, restoration, enhancement,
              and preservation), ecological costs of compensatory mitigation,
              timing (before, during or after project implementation), location
              (onsite vs offsite), and community types are discussed.  Selection
              of mitigation options emphasizes consideration of site-specific
              factors, cumulative impact assessment, and application of sound
              ecological principles based on large scale landscape
              considerations.  An evaluation matrix is compiled using values
              assigned to 36 mitigation options.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       502

AUTHOR:       Kruczynski, W.L., and R.T. Huffman

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Use of selected marsh and dune plants in stabilizing dredged
              materials at Panacea and Apalachicola Bay, Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 99-135 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings fifth annual
              conference on restoration of coastal vegetation in Florida.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, PANICUM, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS, AMMOPHILA, UNIOLA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A pilot project investigating the use of dredged material as: 1) a
              manageable resource for habitat development; and 2) a substrate
              for revegetation (shoreline stabilization) was conducted on Drake
              Wilson and Panacea Islands in the FL Panhandle.  Application of
              10-10-10 fertilizer showed a positive correlation between amount
              of fertilizer applied and percent biomass, plant height, and
              number of leaves, parental clumps, shoots, and rhizomes present.
              Doubling the amount of fertilizer did not produce significant
              growth difference.  The absence of diking on Panacea Island
              hindered revegetation efforts, but diking on Drake Wilson Island
              decreased erosion and proved beneficial to plant growth.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       503

AUTHOR:       Kruczynski, W.L., R.T. Huffman, and M.K. Vincent

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations, Apalachicola Bay
              marsh development site, Apalachicola Bay, Florida; summary
              report

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-32. 39 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Drake Wilson Island, Apalachicola Bay, FL, was the site of a study
              to determine the feasibility of marsh development on fine and
              coarse-grained dredged material in a brackish water intertidal
              environment.  Spartina sprigs were planted at 0.3-2.7 m
              intervals with 7-13 cm attached rhizomes and 5-10 untrimmed
              leaves.  Planting at 1.8-2.7 m produced poor cover.  At elevations
              of 1.0-1.4 m and intervals of 1.8 or 2.7 m, excellent growth was
              achieved.  This report recommends a small-scale study of habitat
              characteristics prior to undertaking a large-scale project.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/habitat development/Florida/intertidal/dredged material/
              smooth cordgrass/cordgrass/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/
              Spartina patens/plants/field investigations/marsh development/
              marsh plants

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       504

AUTHOR:       Krull, J.N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1970

TITLE:        Aquatic plant-macroinvertebrate associations and waterfowl

SOURCE:       J. Wildl. Manage. 34(4):707-718.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       CHARA, LEMNA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, CERATOPHYLLUM, NAJAS, POTAMOGETON,
              UTRICULARIA, HETERANTHERA, RHIZOCLONIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the association of macroinvertebrates with 12
              species of submerged aquatic plants common in central NY.  Study
              sites included waterfowl impoundments and shallow ponds in
              Seneca, Cayuga, Cortland, and Onondaga Counties.
              Macroinvertebrates appeared to be many times more abundant in
              vegetated areas than in nonvegetated areas.  On the average, 1 g
              of animal life was associated with 100 g of plant material.
              Diversity was greatest in Lemna and Elodea and lowest in
              Myriophyllum and Ceratophyllum.  Hydrophytes believed to be poor
              waterfowl food plants (e.g., Elodea) are important to waterfowl
              production because they harbor large quantities of
              macroinvertebrates, which furnish a source of animal protein.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       505

AUTHOR:       Kubichek, W.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1940

TITLE:        Collecting and storing seeds of waterfowl food plants for
              propagation

SOURCE:       Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 5:364-368.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-AB.

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, ECHINOCHLOA, POLYGONUM, BIDENS, POTAMOGETON, NAJAS,
              RUPPIA, SAGITTARIA, ZIZANIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses methods for collecting and storing seeds of
              waterfowl food plants.  Useful tips on harvesting operations, dry
              and wet storage of seeds, and timing of harvest are included for
              alkali bulrush (Scirpus paludosus), wild millet (Echinochloa
              crusgalli), Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pennsylvanicum),
              sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus), bush pondweeds (Naias
              spp.), wigeongrass (Ruppia maritima), duckpotatoes (Sagittaria
              spp.), and wild rice (Zizania aquatica).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       506

AUTHOR:       Kuehne, R.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Evaluation of recovery in a polluted creek after installation
              of new sewage treatment procedures

SOURCE:       Univ. Kentucky, Water Resour. Res. Inst., Lexington, Res. Rep.
              No. 65. 33 pp.

STATE:        KY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SCENEDESMUS, CHLORELLA, CLADOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report evaluates recovery of a polluted creek, Hickman Creek
              near Lexington, KY, after installation of a secondary treatment
              facility and 4 sequential polishing lagoons to treat wastes before
              chlorination and discharge into the creek.  Six months after the
              treatment facility opened, physico-chemical tests gave no strong
              indication of residual pollution effects.  Mean values for
              turbidity, nitrates, and COD (chemical oxygen demand) were higher
              at the outfall than at 11 stations within the basin.
              Orthophosphates were considerably higher in lagoon discharge.  The
              rapidity and extent of faunal recovery in the creek was probably
              associated with the fact that some undisturbed habitat persisted
              above the point of sewage pollution as well as in parts of the
              creek.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1327

AUTHOR:       Kunz, K., M. Rylko, and E. Somers

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        An assessment of wetland mitigation practices in Washington
              State

SOURCE:       National Wetlands Newsletter 10(3):2-4.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article takes a look into the factors contributing to the poor
              success rates involved with mitigation.  Although the lack of
              technology is blamed for the problem, the authors suggests that
              inadequate mitigation negotiation, documentation, planning,
              monitoring, and enforcement play a much greater part.  Planned
              mitigation resulted in a net loss of wetlands as 152 acres of natural
              wetlands were exchanged for 100 acres of created wetlands.  There was
              also a net loss of wetland diversity with forested wetlands losing the
              most and estuarine systems losing the least amount.  Recommendations
              proposed involved conducting an ecological assessment of wetlands to
              be lost to development, state goals, establish methods, set standards
              for success, design a monitoring strategy, and formulate a contingency
              plan.

KEYWORDS:     assessment/wetlands/wetlands mitigation/Section 404/losses/
              wetlands creation/restoration/habitat/Washington State/
              wetlandmitigation/mitigation/Washington/monitoring/
              creation/wetland habitat/regulation

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1101

AUTHOR:       Kusler, J.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        No net loss and the role of wetlands restoration/creation in a
              regulatory context

SOURCE:       Pages 378-389 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds.
              Urban wetlands: Proceedings of the national wetland symposium,
              Oakland, California. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-..., L.-..., E.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides information regarding the "No Net Loss" goal
              for wetlands and its translation into workable regulations at all
              levels of government. Background and concerns regarding this goal
              are provided. Wetland loss is carefully defined. Recommendations
              on the application of "No Net Loss" based on wetland functions,
              acreage, wetland type and location are discussed. The national
              wetlands policy forum goals are also described. Creation and
              restoration activities with a high potential for success are
              identified.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1319

AUTHOR:       Kusler, J.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Views on scientific issues relating to the restoration and
              creation of wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 217-230 in G. Bingham, E.H. Clark,II, L.V. Haygood, and
              M. Leslie, eds. Issues in wetlands protection: Background
              papers prepared for the National Wetlands Policy Forum. The
              Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report summarizes scientific views of the success and failure of
              wetland restoration and creation.  These views include success of
              created wetlands in terms of natural wetland functions, problems and
              reasons for failures in wetland creation or restoration, the levels of
              difficulty in creating or restoring as well as evaluating certain
              types of wetlands, critical parameters, time involved, probability of
              success, uncertainties, and opportunities involved in wetland creation
              or restoration.  All viewpoints share the same opinion that no created
              or restored wetland can replace the total functions of the natural
              wetland.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       507

AUTHOR:       Kusler, J.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetland restoration/creation: a summary of science views and
              perspectives

SOURCE:       Pages 440-446 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of
              impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-..., E.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of scientific views concerning
              wetland restoration/creation issues.  The following is a sampling
              of the questions addressed: 1) can wetlands be successfully
              restored or created in terms of the functions of naturally
              occurring wetlands; 2) what are the science-related problems
              with wetland restoration/creation projects; 3) what are the
              reasons for inadequate project design; 4) are some wetland
              types easier to restore or create than others; 5) are some
              wetland functions more easily restored or created than others;
              6) what are the most critical parameters in wetland restoration
              and creation; 7) can offsite wetland restoration/creation
              serve the same functions as onsite restoration/creation?

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1526

AUTHOR:       Kusler, J.A., W.J. Mitsch, and J.S. Larson

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Wetlands

SOURCE:       Scientific American 270(1): 64b-70.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This overview discusses wetlands in terms of their functions and
              biodiversity.  Several types of wetlands and their hydraulic
              differences are reviewed.  Extreme flood disasters and loss from
              sea level rise tend to be direct repercussions of the loss of
              wetlands by human disturbances such as diking and draining.  The
              fluctuating water-levels which wetlands depend on as well as their
              dependency on the surrounding watersheds make it difficult to create
              regulations which protect their ecological features and provide
              certainty to land developers.  Proposed legislation is reviewed which
              represent wetlands as a static rather than a dynamic system in order
              to make delineation more simplistic and less scientific.  The
              importance of wetland functions also tend to by ignored in mitigation
              banking.  The authors recommend the U.S. follow the policies of other
              countries in recognizing wetland functions while incorporating them
              into all government levels.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1318

AUTHOR:       Kumar, P., and R.J. Garde

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Upgrading wastewater treatment by water hyacinth in
              developing countries

SOURCE:       Water Science Technology 22(7/8):153-160.

STATE:        INDIA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, MODEL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       EICHHORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Water hyacinth is used in upgrading facultative ponds in wastewater
              treatment systems as it tends to function much like algae in
              oxidation ponds.  Bench-scale experimental ponds were set up to
              compare the performance of hyacinth treatment systems and oxidation
              ponds.   Water samples were taken for COD, BOD, DO, pH, TS, TN, TP,
              and alkalinity.  COD was reduced 96%, and TS and TN were reduced 66%
              and 78%. In the oxidation ponds COD were reduced 79% and TS and TN was
              reduced 55% and 43.5%.  The results indicate that hyacinth treatment
              systems produce effluent of better quality than of that from oxidation
              pond systems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1228

AUTHOR:       La Perriere, A.J., and M.M. Farmer

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Anatomy of a high marsh restoration effort

SOURCE:       Pages 172-184 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1P

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, BACCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The illegal filling of a high saltmarsh adjacent to Shinnecock
              Bay (East Quogue, Long Island, Suffolk Co., NY) occurred in April
              1987.  The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers required the immediate
              restoration of the wetland.  Fill was removed (26 days after
              placement) using a bulldozer first, then a tractor towing a rake,
              then hand raking.  Most of the original vegetation appeared to
              recover sufficiently by the end of the 1987 growing season.  The
              rapid, careful removal of the fill was essential to the rapid
              recovery of the site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1214

AUTHOR:       La Perriere, A.J., and M.M. Farmer

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Recent wetland restoration/creation actions in the New York
              District

SOURCE:       Pages 97-108 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        NY, NJ

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, WFOWL, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, BACCHARIS, AMMOPHILA, ROSA, IVA,
              SCIRPUS, SOLIDAGO, SUAEDA, PHRAGMITES, SALICORNIA, ACER,
              QUERCUS, BETULA, CORNUS, ARONIA, CRATAEGUS, JUNCUS, TYPHA,
              CAREX, PHALARIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Four (3 high salt marshes in Shinnecock Bay, NY; 1 palustrine
              site adjacent to the Passaic River, NJ) U.S. Army Corps of
              Engineers permit projects requiring mitigation are reviewed.
              Illegal fill was removed from the 3 estuarine sites in 1987 and
              1988.  Grading was required to establish suitable elevations and
              water regimes; no planting was required.  Vegetative sampling
              showed about 40% of the sites were revegetated in one growing
              season; 90% of the areas are expected to be revegetated after
              3 growing seasons.  Plant species diversity is higher.  Excavation,
              planting, and hydrologic manipulation (using berms, gated culverts)
              were used to create the palustrine wetland.  Construction began
              in 1984; adjustments were required several times through 1988
              to establish a suitable hydrologic regime.  Future monitoring
              is planned and may involve more plantings, etc.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/New York/proceedings/wetlands restoration/restoration/
              wetlands creation/elevation/water regime/recruitment/
              revegetation/wildlife/habitat/values/vegetation/wetlands
              mitigation/forested wetlands/reestablishment/palustrine wetland/
              long-term monitoring/salt marshes/wildlife habitat/New Jersey/
              emergent wetlands/Long Island/monitoring/diversity/habitat
              value/mitigation/creation/plant communities/management

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1406

AUTHOR:       Lacki, M.J., J.W. Hummer, and H.J. Webster

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Mine-drainage treatment wetland as habitat for herptofaunal
              wildlife

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 16(4):513-520.

STATE:        OH

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     REPT, AMPHIB

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report examines the use of wetlands developed for mine-drainage
              treatment as habitat for herptofauna using green frogs, pickerel frogs
              and spring peepers to test abundance.  One constructed wetland and
              three natural wetlands with varying conditions and disturbance regimes
              were used in this study.  All sites contained three distinct cattail
              cells to create a balanced experimental design.  Breeding male call
              counts and diurnal surveys were conducted from 1988-1990 in each
              cattail cell to evaluate abundance, species richness, and species
              diversity.  Frogs were also captured to analyze tissue samples for
              iron, manganese, aluminum and zinc concentrations.  Green frogs and
              pickerel frogs were most frequently surveyed and significantly
              outnumbered other species in the treatment wetland.  The constructed
              wetland had a higher abundance of all herptofauna than the natural
              wetlands.  Sampled tissues revealed no heavy metals differences
              although, manganese levels were lower in frogs from the treatment
              wetland.  The authors maintain that results are not accurate for all
              constructed wetlands, especially those with a pH 5.0 or less.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/habitat/wildlife/amphibians/reptiles/mine reclamation/
              species richness/treatment wetlands/Ohio/function

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       508

AUTHOR:       Lahti, T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Restoration of a small suburban southern Wisconsin wetland

SOURCE:       Pages 136-163 in C.B. Dewitt and E. Soloway, eds. Wetlands:
              ecology, values, and impacts. Proceedings of the Waubesa
              conference on wetlands. Univ. Wisconsin, Inst. Environ. Stud.,
              Madison.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       ACORUS, ELEOCHARIS, IRIS, SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, SPARGANIUM,
              TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The purposes of this study were: 1) to examine 4 wetlands in
              southern WI for qualitative analysis of wetland vegetation
              dynamics (composition and changes up the slope from the waters'
              edge); and 2) to initiate a wetland restoration project on a
              severely disturbed site in Madison, WI.  Plant materials were
              obtained from a nursery.  Development was rapid for most species;
              all had high survival rates.  Emphasis was placed on choosing
              plants that commonly grow in similar settings and on planting them
              in specific relationship to water and groundwater.  Problems
              encountered were invasion of undesirable plants, water loss,
              seedling die-off, and erosion.  Aquatic invertebrates at the sites
              included mayflies, whirligig beetles, dragonflies, water boatmen,
              naiads, and phantom midges.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1147

AUTHOR:       Landers, R.Q.

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Plant species as wildlife cover and erosion control on
              mudflats in Iowa's large reservoir systems

SOURCE:       Iowa St. Water Resour. Res. Inst., Ames.

STATE:        IA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: L2-UB3, L2-EM2, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       CAREX, PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, SPARGANIUM, TYPHA, POLYGONUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a study of emergent vegetation in a natural
              marsh at Big Wall Lake in IA.  Water regime, water quality,
              sediment, plant species distribution, species dominance, biomass,
              energy storage, and mineral nutrient content were examined.
              Vegetation on the mudflats of Red Rock and Coralville Reservoirs
              was compared to that of the natural marsh.  Plant zonation patterns
              are related to periods of exposure and inundation, and other
              environmental effects on seed germination.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       512

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Annotated tables of vegetation growing on dredged material
              throughout the United States

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, DMRP Work Unit No. 4F05. 155 pp.

STATE:        CT, LA, MI, MN, WI, FL, MD, MS, TX, OR, WA, NC, NJ, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, STABIL, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-..., M.-..., L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents vegetation data from dredged material sites
              throughout the U.S.  Revegetation efforts were directed toward
              establishing wildlife habitat.  Factors influencing establishment
              were: 1) location of the site in the waterway; 2) size and
              configuration; 3) height and gradient; 4) plant propagule
              sources; 5) salinity; 6) climate; 7) current, wave, and tidal
              action; and 8) wildlife and human use.  In addition,
              recommendations for wetland habitat planners are included along
              with a list of 1,120 plant species growing on dredged material
              islands and other sites.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       511

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Habitat development at eight Corps of Engineers sites:
              feasibility and assessment

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Misc. Pap. D-82-1. 244 pp.

STATE:        CA, TX, GA, NC, VA, PA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-EM., PO-EM1, R1-EM2, E2-EM., E2-EM1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     FISH, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, HUSE, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides an overview of wetland restoration
              feasibility at 8 habitat development sites: 1) Pointe Mouillee
              State Wildlife Area, MI--marsh restoration on Lake Erie; 2) Santa
              Ana River, Orange County, CA--tidal marsh restoration;
              3) Brunswick, GA--harbor deepening, habitat development, and marsh
              valuation; 4) Gifford Hill Mining Company land, northwestern
              LA--restoration of bottomland hardwoods and other wetlands;
              5) Trinity River Basin, TX--disposal and use of dredged materials;
              6) Delaware River, PA--habitat development sites; 7) Tangier
              Island, Chesapeake Bay, VA--shoreline stabilization and marsh
              development; 8) Smith Island, Chesapeake Bay, MD--dredged material
              disposal, habitat development, and erosion control.  Project
              impacts, habitat development, plant propagation, and costs are
              discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       514

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Habitat development using dredged material

SOURCE:       Pages 907-917 in R.L. Montgomery and J.W. Leach, eds. Dredging
              and dredged material disposal: proceedings of the conference
              dredging '84. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., New York.

STATE:        AL, FL, TX, OR, MN, MI, LA, CA, VA, GA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L2-UB., E2-EM1, PO-EM1, E2-UB., L2-EM2

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, DISTICHLIS, PONTEDERIA, ZIZANIA,
              DESCHAMPSIA, CAREX, AMMOPHILA, EQUISETUM, CYNODON

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses habitat development, particularly for nesting
              waterbirds, on dredged material sites constructed by the U.S. Army
              Corps of Engineers.  Success of planting, natural revegetation,
              stability, and wildlife use are discussed briefly for sites in GA
              (Buttermilk Sound), CA (Salt Pond #3 in San Francisco Bay), FL
              (Apalachicola Bay), VA (Windmill Point), TX (Bolivar Peninsula),
              or (Miller Sands), AL (Gaillard Island), MN (Lake of the Woods),
              MI (Pointe Mouillee), and LA (Southwest Pass in New Orleans).
              Dredged material islands have become important nesting habitat for
              shorebirds and wading birds and are used extensively by birds for
              loafing, roosting, and feeding.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       513

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Bird and mammal use of selected Lower Mississippi River
              borrow pits

SOURCE:       PhD. Diss., Mississippi St. Univ., Mississippi State. 405 pp.

STATE:        MO, AR, TN, MS, LA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-SS1, PO-AB4, PO-AB3, PO-EM2, PO-FO2,
              R2-UB2, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       SALIX, POPULUS, CYNODON, LEMNA, GLEDITSIA, POLYGONUM, SCIRPUS,
              CAREX, ACER, PASPALUM, TAXODIUM, SAGITTARIA, QUERCUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This dissertation discusses bird and mammal use of 26 borrow pits
              along the Lower Mississippi River from St. James Parish, LA, to
              New Madrid, MO.  Pits were grouped by levels within each of 6
              characteristics: vegetation type; livestock grazing intensity;
              distance from the river; length of inundation; pit size; and water
              depths at bankfull.  Numerous differences were found among pit
              characteristics, year, season, and mammal and bird use.  Both birds
              and mammals were observed most frequently at borrow pits surrounded
              by bottomland hardwoods with understory and moderately grazed or
              occasionally mowed, flooded less than 1 month yearly, at least 6 ft
              deep at bankfull, at least 30 acres in size, and more than 1 mile
              from the river.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       509

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        The success story of Gaillard Island, a Corps confined
              disposal facility

SOURCE:       in Proceedings 19th dredging seminar and Western Dredging
              Association conference, Baltimore, MD.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     FISH, SHELLF, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG

PGENUS:       EUPATORIUM, SPARTINA, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, CYNODON, ECHINOCHLOA,
              DIGITARIA, STROPHOSTYLES, SESUVIUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses wildlife use of Gaillard Island, a 5 year old
              dredge spoil site in Mobile Bay, AL.  Chronological colonization of
              the island by wildlife and vegetation are summarized briefly.  The
              island supports an estimated 16,000 nesting birds, including gulls,
              skimmers, terns, shorebirds, pelicans, and a few species of
              songbirds.  Shorebirds and waterfowl heavily use the area in
              winter and during migration.  The island has experienced some
              problems with dike stabilization, which were addressed using a
              combination of stone armor and wetland establishment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       510

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        River structures as wildlife habitat

SOURCE:       in Proceedings flood control workshop.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes wildlife use of river structures generally
              designed for flood control and sediment entrainment.  Structures
              include levees and borrow pits, dike fields and wing dikes,
              revetments, low-head locks and dams, bendway cutoffs, and manmade
              or man-altered islands and bars.  A brief summary of wildlife
              studies on the various types of structures is presented.
              Recommendations include: 1) proper location and maintenance of
              structures; 2) encouraging landowners to allow revegetation to
              occur (i.e., by limiting cattle grazing); 3) design of borrow pits
              to allow emergent marsh development; and 4) promotion of offshore
              sandbar formation for waterbird habitat.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1468

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Pointe Mouillee: site for long-term studies on wetland
              restoration, habitat development, and management

SOURCE:       The Wetlands Research Program Bulletin 3(2):1-4.

STATE:        MI

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARITIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HABITAT

ACTION:       SPOIL, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: L2.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, WFOWL, FISH, INVERTS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the restoration of a wetland severely altered by
              erosion, flooding, lake level fluctuations, and loss of protection
              from a now eroded barrier island.  A 900 acre facility was built
              using dredged material as a replacement barrier island.  The project
              was designed to provide a facility for dredged material placement,
              wildlife habitat, protection and stabilization of eroding wetlands,
              and public recreational and educational opportunities.  Since
              completion of the project, willows, dogwoods, shrubs, and herbaceous
              species have colonized the area.  With the success of the barrier
              island replacement, habitat at the Pointe Mouillee has regenerated and
              large numbers of waterfowl, mammals, and fish have been observed.
              Water levels in the marsh have been manipulated to accelerate
              emergent marsh recovery and control common carp and Zebra mussel
              populations.  Development of Pointe Mouillee is being monitored for
              larval and adult fish, wildlife abundance and diversity, vegetation
              community patterns and diversity, and wet soils by comparing it with a
              pristine natural wetland at Pointe Pelee National Park in Ontario.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1177

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C., E.J. Clairain, and C.J. Newling

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Wetland habitat development and long-term monitoring at
              Windmill Point, Virginia

SOURCE:       Wetlands 9(1):13-25.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SPOIL, LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: R1-..., PO-EM1, PO-AB., PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM, SOIL, VEG, FISH, INVERT, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS,
              SUCCESS, MAMMALS

PGENUS:       BIDENS, IMPATIENS, ZIZANIA, PELTANDRA, PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA,
              SCIRPUS, JUNCUS, SPARGANIUM, SPARTINA, TYPHA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides a summary of 14 years of monitoring at
              Windmill Point, a wetland built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
              for research purposes.  The site is a 8 ha dredged material island
              in the James River, VA, near Harrison's Bar.  Long term monitoring
              of vegetation is described and trends in stem density, % cover,
              stem height, and other vegetative data are compared between
              Windmill Point and 2 nearby reference sites- Queen's Creek and
              East Island.  Data on wildlife, fisheries and benthos are discussed
              and compared, including total abundance and biomass of fish
              collected. Five heavy metals and 14 other contaminants at the site
              were examined in soil and plant samples; results are briefly
              described.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/habitat/intertidal/natural wetlands/comparison/
              vegetation/wildlife/fishes/fish populations/reference wetlands/
              wetland development/dredge spoil/habitat development/long-term
              monitoring/intertidal wetland/island construction/James River,
              Virginia/Windmill Point/U.S.Army Corps of Engineers/benthos/
              wetland habitat/monitoring/Virginia/dredged material/dike/
              Pontederia cordata/species diversity/diversity/emergent wetlands/
              management/riverine wetlands

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1056

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C., C.J. Newling, and E.J. Clairain, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Miller Sands Island: a dredged material wetland in the
              Columbia River, Oregon

SOURCE:       Pages 150-155 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords.
              Wetland and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth
              annual meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc.
              Wetland Sci., Wilmington, NC.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-US., PO-EM1, R1-US3, R1-US2, E2-EM1, E2-UB2

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       CAREX, ELEOCHARIS, DESCHAMPSIA, BIDENS, POLYGONUM, IRIS,
              JUSTICIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article documents 13 years of monitoring a wetland creation
              project at a 235 acre dredged material island in the Columbia River
              freshwater intertidal reach.  Site preparation and planting are
              summarized; long-term monitoring activities are described in terms
              of benthic sampling, erosion control, soil sampling, birds,
              mammals, fish, and vegetation.  Results were compared to data from
              nearby reference wetlands.  Although the plant community at this
              site is still less productive than that of the natural marshes, it
              is slowly progressing to higher levels of productivity.  Wildlife
              is abundant at Miller Sands; this article concludes that productive
              wetland habitat has been established.
 
KEYWORDS:     Oregon/riparian/intertidal/vegetation/soils/wildlife/fisheries/
              benthos/dredged material wetland/Columbia River,Oregon/freshwater
              intertidal marsh/waterfowl/shorebirds/monitoring/dredged
              material/soil

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       515

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C., and H.K. Smith

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Reclamation of wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 195-206 in W.T. Mason, Jr. and S. Iker, eds. Research
              on fish and wildlife habitat. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency,
              Washington, DC, EPA-600/8-82-022.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., E2-EM., PO-AB., E2-AB., PO-SS., PO-FO.

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SCIRPUS, AVICENNIA, TYPHA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of wetland reclamation programs
              and aspects of wetlands habitat development.  State, federal,
              and private wetland development efforts throughout the U.S. are
              discussed briefly.  Procedures and techniques used by the U.S.
              Army Corps of Engineers in the development of wetlands also are
              summarized, including planning, plant propagation, and monitoring.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       516

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C., and J.W. Webb

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetland development and restoration as part of Corps of
              Engineer programs: case studies

SOURCE:       Pages 388-391 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of
              impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        GA, OR, AL, TX

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, CAREX, DESCHAMPSIA, SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses 7 case studies of wetland development and
              restoration constructed by or for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
              as part of ongoing dredging activities, research, or mitigation
              in coastal OR, GA, AL, and TX.  Success of plant propagation,
              sediment characteristics, and wildlife use of dredged material
              sites are summarized briefly for restored areas in Buttermilk
              Sound, GA; Miller Sands, OR; Gaillard Island, AL; and Bolivar
              Peninsula, Chocolate Bay, Stedman Island, and East Matagorda Bay
              in TX.  Many of the manmade wetlands have become viable habitats
              in terms of productivity and wildlife use.  Failures seem to
              have been most common where poorly designed and/or implemented
              plans were used, where no monitoring was required, and in
              wetlands built as mitigation requirements as part of the permitting
              process.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       517

AUTHOR:       Lane, L.J., and G.R. Foster

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Modeling channel processes with changing land use

SOURCE:       Pages 200-215 in Symposium on watershed management 1980.
              Volume 1. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., New York.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper develops procedures to predict channel morphology
              for small streams and to relate channel morphology to sediment
              yield.  Sensitivity analysis shows the response or adjustment
              of stream channels due to changes in discharge and channel
              characteristics resulting from changing land use.  Hydraulics
              of open channel flow and a simple erosion equation provide a
              basis for quantitatively evaluating response of stream channels
              to changes in discharge, soil properties, and topography.  Land
              use changes that cause an increase in discharge and hydraulic
              resistance will cause increased channel widths; narrower
              channels would result from land uses that produce a larger
              critical shear stress on a stream.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1334

AUTHOR:       Langis, R., M. Zalejko, and J.B. Zedler

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Nitrogen assessment in a constructed and a natural salt marsh
              of San Diego Bay

SOURCE:       Ecological Applications 1(1):40-51.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL, FERT, SPOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study was implemented to evaluate and compare nitrogen pools  and
              rates of nitrogen fixation of constructed and natural salt marsh
              areas dominated by Spartina foliosa.  Sample collections were taken
              of Spartina, chemical analyses were done, and sediment cores were
              taken.  Foliar nitrogen and phosphorous were 2-3 times higher in the
              natural marsh than the constructed marsh.  The average N:P molar
              ratios were also higher in the natural marsh, suggesting a greater
              nitrogen  limitation in the constructed marsh.  The authors state that
              more time  will be needed to determine if the nutrient level in the
              constructed  marsh will match that of the natural marsh.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       518

AUTHOR:       Larimer, E.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1969

TITLE:        An investigation of possibilities for creating saltmarsh in
              the estuaries of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts

SOURCE:       Proc. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. Conf. 22:82-88.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, HYDRO, FERT, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, SPARTINA, SCIRPUS, DISTICHLIS, ACNIDA, DIPLANTHERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper examines the feasibility of creating or rehabilitating
              salt marshes in the estuaries of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts.
              A comprehensive survey of the available literature was made.
              Spartina alterniflora appears to be the best-suited salt marsh
              grass for experimental plantings.  Fully allocated costs of
              salt marsh creation would be high, but out-of-pocket costs could
              be much less by requiring site purchase or easement for spoil
              deposition involved with dredge and fill projects.  Recommended
              procedures and relative costs are presented for various techniques
              useful in salt marsh creation and restoration.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       520

AUTHOR:       LaRoe, E.T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Mitigation: a concept for wetland restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 221-224 in Proceedings of the national wetland
              protection symposium. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-78/97.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of Oregon's land use program,
              which establishes legal requirements for mitigation of dredge and
              fill actions in tidal and intertidal marsh areas.  The program
              requires that dredge and fill activities in tidal or intertidal
              marshes be mitigated by the creation or restoration of other
              areas with similar biological potential.  Highest priority areas
              for restoration site selection are near, and similar to, the
              dredge/fill sites.  Next priority are areas in other parts of the
              same estuary, chosen according to similarity of salinity, tidal
              exposure and elevation, substrate, current, solar orientation, and
              slope.  Third priority are areas scarce compared to past abundance
              and distribution.  Legal, economic, institutional, and biological
              problems and issues also are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       519

AUTHOR:       LaRoe, E.T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        The biological basis for estuarine ecosystem mitigation

SOURCE:       Pages 90-92 in G.A. Swanson, tech. coord. The mitigation
              symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish
              and wildlife habitats. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses mitigation of estuarine ecosystem loss in
              terms of compensation and restoration.  The object of mitigation
              is to ensure that restoration efforts are designed to effectively
              offset adverse impacts of a proposed project.  The determination
              of type of appropriate action and the amount of mitigation that
              will be adequate in a given situation is identified as a major
              problem area.  The greatest adverse impacts to contend with in
              estuarine systems are: 1) loss of surface area by filling;
              2) loss of benthic habitat by filling or dredging; and
              3) deterioration of water quality.  Guidelines for dealing with
              these issues are provided.  Legal and regulatory concerns are
              included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       521

AUTHOR:       Larosa, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Environmental resource conservation: riparian system
              enhancement through water reclamation

SOURCE:       Pages 459-464 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California
              riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive
              management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water
              Resour. Rep. No. 55.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL, HYDRO

ACTION:       PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     ECON, HYDRO

PGENUS:       QUERCUS, PLATANUS, POPULUS, HETEROMELES, SAMBUCUS, SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a plan for establishing 2,000 native trees on
              4 ha of floodplain along Escondido Creek in the San Elijo Lagoon,
              San Diego, CA.  The plan calls for planting native trees and
              shrubs to promote wildlife habitat.  Year-round surface water is
              required to promote root growth.  The surface water will be
              provided by: 1) processed wastewater; and 2) a marshland created
              by inundating a portion of the floodplain by the construction of a
              low dam.  Federal and state regulations relevant to the use of
              wastewater in public projects are discussed.  Costs are estimated
              at $15,000 for design and planning, $82,000 for construction,
              and $18,000 for maintenance.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       522

AUTHOR:       Larson, J.L., and F. Stearns

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Restoration of a woolgrass- dominated sedge meadow
              (Wisconsin)

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 4(2):77.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CUT, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, EUPATORIUM, CAREX, SALIX, POPULUS, RHAMNUS, AGROSTIS,
              ECHINOCHLOA, PANICUM, PHALARIS, POA, AMBROSIA, EPILOBIUM,
              RUBUS, SOLIDAGO

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This note discusses sedge meadow restoration on a drained mined
              peatland in Waukesha County, WI.  Two plots of 0.5 ha each were
              mowed in July and 2 similar plots were left unmowed to serve as
              controls.  Floristic analysis of plots 1 year later indicated that
              mowed plots supported a higher frequency of sedges and grasses.
              Disturbance-associated species were more plentiful in mowed plots;
              willow and cottonwood were less frequently found.  Mowed plots had
              a denser mat of woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus), sedges, and
              grasses.  Mowing will be continued to reduce shrub height.  An
              increase in water level may be helpful in limiting shrub
              encroachment in the sedge meadow.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       523

AUTHOR:       Larson, J.P., C.L. Ricks, and T.J. Salamunovich

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Alternatives for restoration of estuarine habitat at the mouth
              of Redwood Creek, Humboldt County, California

SOURCE:       Pages 236-245 in R.N. Coats, ed. Proceedings of a symposium on
              watershed rehabilitation in Redwood National Park and other
              Pacific coastal areas. Cent. Nat. Resour. Stud., JMI, Inc.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes and compares rehabilitation alternatives
              for estuarine habitat at the mouth of Redwood Creek, near Orick,
              Humboldt County, CA.  A major problem is substantial reduction of
              the anadromous fishery of Redwood Creek due to habitat degradation
              and alteration of estuarine environment.  Restoration alternatives
              are described: dredging; control of embayment water level;
              circulation of water through sloughs; partial levee removal; and
              relocation of levees.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       525

AUTHOR:       Larson, J.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetland mitigation in the glaciated Northeast: risks and
              uncertainties

SOURCE:       Pages 4-16 in J.S. Larson and C. Neill, eds. Mitigating
              freshwater wetland alterations in the glaciated northeastern
              United States: an assessment of the science base. Univ.
              Massachusetts, Environ. Inst., Amherst, Publ. No. 87-1.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-..., L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of the risks and uncertainties
              involved in wetland mitigation efforts.  The mechanisms of wetland
              functional replacement are complex; major elements are hydrology,
              soils, and vegetation.  Responses are addressed to questions such
              as: 1) how well can functions of a natural wetland be measured; and
              2) is enough known about the bio-physical mechanisms of wetland
              functions to be able to reconstruct a given function at another
              location?  Hydrologists can sometimes construct single-function
              structures; however, interactions between hydrologic
              functions along with complex ecological relationships pose unique
              problems.  In terms of soil reconstruction, creating the nutrient
              cycling and water quality functions is extremely difficult.
              Vegetation establishment and engineering also are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       524

AUTHOR:       Larson, J.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Wetland creation and restoration: an outline of the scientific
              perspective

SOURCE:       Pages 73-79 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing
              our wetland resources: proceedings of a conference. Natl.
              Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., E.-..., L.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article examines the scientific basis for determining the
              functional success of a created or restored wetland.  Literature
              addressing the question of whether wetlands can successfully be
              restored or created is reviewed.  The scientific perspective is
              discussed in some detail in terms of hydrology, soil/substrate, and
              vegetation.  Minimum requirements for planning freshwater habitat
              creation projects are described.  Functional performance is
              identified as being the scientific standard for determining whether
              mitigation is effectively replacing lost natural wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       526

AUTHOR:       Lathwell, D.J., D.R. Bouldin, and E.A. Goyette

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Growth and chemical composition of aquatic plants in twenty
              artificial wildlife marshes

SOURCE:       New York Fish Game J. 20:108-128.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       CHARA, SCIRPUS, ZIZANIA, POTAMOGETON, NAJAS, VALLISNERIA,
              POLYGONUM, SPARGANIUM, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Ten years after construction, 20 artificial marshes in NY were
              evaluated in terms of aquatic plant growth and chemical
              composition.  Standing aquatic vegetation was measured to
              determine marsh productivity and dominant species.  Total
              aboveground biomass for emergents generally varied from
              300-800 g/m2.  This was 3 to 5 times greater than that of
              submergents.  Prevalent emergents were Scirpus and Typha; Chara
              was the dominant submergent.  Standing crop was inversely related
              to water depth; standing crop was 690-833 g/m2 at 1.0 ft and
              208-355 g/m2 at 3.0 ft.  Mineral composition and macronutrients
              were measured, including ash, iron, manganese, nitrogen,
              phosphorus, calcium, and potassium.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       527

AUTHOR:       Lathwell, D.J., H.F. Mulligan, and D.R. Bouldin

PUBL. YEAR:   1969

TITLE:        Chemical properties, physical properties and plant growth in
              twenty artificial wildlife marshes

SOURCE:       New York Fish Game J. 16(2):158-183.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARGANIUM, ZIZANIA, POLYGONUM, SCIRPUS, NAJAS, CHARA,
              POTAMOGETON, VALLISNERIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes studies of soil and water chemistry in 20
              artificial marshes in Tompkins County, NY.  Constructed in
              1958-1959, these 0.1 acre marshes were planned for evaluation of
              the influence of water depth, soil reaction, and organic matter on
              the growth of rooted aquatic plants that are important food
              sources for wildlife.  Information summarized in this study was
              collected during 1960-1967.
 
KEYWORDS:     wildlife/soils/plants/plant growth/artificial wetlands/New York/
              artificial/marshes/soil/aquatic plant

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       528

AUTHOR:       Lawrence, J.S., W.D. Klimstra, W.G. O'Leary, and G.A. Perkins

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Contribution of surface-mined wetlands to selected avifauna in
              Illinois

SOURCE:       Pages 317-325 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a
              workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour.,
              University Park.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM, SPOIL, STOCK

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, NGBIRDS, HUSE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper documents the use of surface-mined wetlands by breeding
              and nonbreeding avian species in Perry, Fulton, Knox, Peoria, and
              Williamson-Saline Counties in IL.  Over 400 giant Canada geese
              were released on wetlands consisting of old spoilbank areas, which
              were minimally graded and later inundated; 38 nests were located
              on minimally graded islands and 23 nests were on islands with
              extensive grading.  A major problem with the islands was
              spoilbank erosion.  Waterfowl broods were observed on graded
              wheel-spoil ponds, but not on shovel-spoil or final-cut ponds.
              Semipermanent ponds with fluctuating water levels often provided
              more benefit to wetland birds than permanent impoundments with
              stable water levels, as currently required by law.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1547

AUTHOR:       Le Desma, M.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        A sound of thunder: problems and prospects in wetland
              mitigation banking

SOURCE:       Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 19:497-519.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     NONE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Problems and potential solutions concerning mitigation banking are
              discussed in terms of ambiguity of goals and lack of definition in
              project permits.  Changing the language is suggested to improve
              the quality of understanding of permits and mitigation goals.
              Mitigation is recommended only as a last resort measure after all
              practical efforts to avoid wetland impact have been exhausted and
              then in-kind mitigation is recommended if at all possible.  The
              author also recommends operating under regional planning,
              restoration over either creation or enhancement, restoration be
              completed and functional before damage is allowed or credits are
              awarded, and limit sponsorship to public entities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1516

AUTHOR:       Leach, R. and S.J. Spigolon

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Soils handling techniques and equipment for wetlands
              restoration and establishment

SOURCE:       Wetlands Research Project (WRP) Technical Note SG-RS-3.1
              January 1993.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, SOIL, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses soil properties in handling and trafficability
              of construction vehicles on soft soils for wetland restoration.  Three
              phases of soil handling for a wetlands project including excavation or
              cutting, removal and transportation, and deposition or fill are
              reviewed in terms of mechanisms and methods involved depending on the
              type soil at the wetland site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       529

AUTHOR:       Leck, M.A., and K.J. Graveline

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        The seed bank of a freshwater tidal marsh

SOURCE:       Am. J. Bot. 66(9):1006-1015.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-AB., R1-EM2, R1-AB.

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       BIDENS, POLYGONUM, IMPATIENS, PELTANDRA, AMBROSIA, ACORUS,
              TYPHA, PILEA, ZIZANIA, NUPHAR, SAGITTARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study of seed bank composition and viability
              in freshwater tidal areas of the Hamilton Marshes near Trenton, NJ.
              The size and species composition of seed banks in several marsh
              types was evaluated.  Marsh types were: 1) streambank; 2) high
              marsh dominated by mixed annuals; 3) high marsh dominated by
              Ambrosia trifida; 4) high marsh dominated by Typha latifolia and
              Acorus calamus; 5) high marsh in a slight depression along the
              stream; 6) a shallow tidal stream dominated by Nuphar advena.
              Marsh soils contained comparatively more seeds below the surface
              layer.  Comparisons of sites, soil depth, and effects of flooding
              are described in terms of germination requirements for marsh plant
              species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       530

AUTHOR:       Lee, C.R., R.E. Hoeppel, P.G. Hunt, and C.A. Carlson

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Feasibility of the functional use of vegetation to filter,
              dewater, and remove contaminants from dredged material

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS,
              Tech. Rep. D-76-4. 81 pp.

STATE:        OR, CA, LA, SC, PA, IL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, BIOCIDE, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., L2-US., R.-US., E2-US., M2-US., PO-SS., PO-AB.,
              PO-FO., E2-EM.

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       SALIX, POPULUS, PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA,
              DISTICHLIS, EICHHORNIA, JUSSIAEA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the feasibility of using vegetation to
              filter, dewater, and remove contaminants from dredged material
              slurry in confined disposal sites.  Information was compiled
              from available literature and field evaluations of confined
              disposal sites in Portland, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Charleston,
              Philadelphia, and Chicago.  Selected vegetation can remove
              significant amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus from discharged
              areas.  Intolerance of some plants to certain contaminants may
              preclude their usefulness in dredged material disposal operations
.             The use of vegetation to remove large amounts of heavy metal
              contaminants has limited feasibility.  Vegetation is useful in
              dewatering and consolidating fine-textured dredged material.
              Suitability of 50 plants is presented, as well as examples of
              techniques, designs, and costs.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       531

AUTHOR:       Lee, C.R., R.M. Smart, T.C. Sturgis, R.N. Gordon, Sr., and
              M.C. Landin

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Prediction of heavy metal uptake by marsh plants based on
              chemical extraction of heavy metals from dredged material

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS,
              Tech. Rep. D-76-6. 107 pp.

STATE:        TX, LA, AL, FL, GA, NC, MD, NJ, CT

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R1-EM2, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents results of a field and laboratory study
              conducted to establish the extent of heavy metal absorption and
              uptake by marsh plant species from 29 dredged material sites
              along the East and Gulf Coasts of the U.S. and to develop a
              chemical extraction technique to predict heavy metal
              concentrations in marsh plants subsequently grown on dredged
              material.  Marsh plant species studied were Spartina alterniflora,
              S. patens, and Distichlis spicata.  Four procedures for extraction
              of heavy metals from soil were evaluated.  Results indicate that
              most marsh plants colonizing the dredged material disposal sites
              contained relatively low concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, and
              Hg, similar to concentrations reported for natural marshes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       532

AUTHOR:       Lee, C.R., T.C. Sturgis, and M.C. Landin

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        A hydroponic study of heavy metal uptake by selected marsh
              plant species

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS,
              Tech. Rep. D-76-5. 62 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, CYPERUS, SCIRPUS, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents results of a laboratory study that evaluated
              the ability of 8 marsh plant species, grown in chemically
              controlled hydroponic solutions, to take up and accumulate heavy
              metals.  Marsh plants were exposed for 6 weeks to zinc, cadmium,
              nickel, lead, or chromium at concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, or
              1.0 ppm.  Exposure to heavy metals adversely affected the growth
              of Scirpus validus, Spartina patens, S. alterniflora, and
              Distichlis spicata more than Cyperus esculantus, Scirpus robustus,
              Triglochin maritima, and Spartina foliosa.  Phosphorus and iron
              content in the roots appeared to be a major factor in determining
              the ability of a marsh plant to translocate heavy metals from the
              roots into other plant parts.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       533

AUTHOR:       Leedy, D.L., and T.M. Franklin

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Coal surface mining reclamation and fish and wildlife
              relationships in the eastern United States. Volume II.
              Opportunities and approaches for fish and wildlife planning
              and management in coal surface mining, reclamation and
              postmining land use

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/25. 169 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL, WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL, CONTAM, STOCK

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L.-..., PO-SS., PO-FO., R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       ACER, BETULA, PINUS, POPULUS, QUERCUS, ROBINIA, CAREX,
              PHALARIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses reclamation planning for fish and wildlife
              resources on coal surface mined land of the eastern U.S.  Wetland
              management measures discussed include: 1) protection of existing
              streams and ponds on areas to be mined; 2) siting and construction
              of new impoundments; and 3) management of streams and ponds on
              existing surface mined areas.  Brief guidelines are presented for
              managing streamside vegetation, stocking wildlife and fish,
              providing cover and nesting habitat, creating spawning habitat,
              and liming and fertilizing to improve water quality.  Three
              examples of management approaches, based on actual and
              hypothetical situations, are illustrated.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       534

AUTHOR:       Leenhouts, W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Maintaining a fire subclimax salt marsh community with
              prescribed fire

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 1(1):15.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       FIRE

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the use of summer burning as a technique
              for maintaining salt marsh vegetation (a fire subclimax community)
              at the St. Johns National Wildlife Refuge, Titusville, FL.  The
              natural salt marsh community is habitat for the endangered dusky
              seaside sparrow.  After 4 years, several areas have shown a
              significant decrease in woody vegetation.  Summer fires are
              prescribed on a 2-3 year rotation in areas containing fire
              subclimax flora.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       535

AUTHOR:       Lefor, M.W., W.C. Kennard, and D.L. Civco

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Relationships of salt-marsh plant distributions to tidal
              levels in Connecticut

SOURCE:       Environ. Manage. 11(1):61-68.

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, JUNCUS, LIMONIUM, PLANTAGO, TRIGLOCHIN

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study of salt marsh vegetation at 3 study
              sites in CT: 1) Stonington-Barn Island; 2) Hammonassett; and
              3) Sherwood Island.  At each site, 10 x 70 m belt transects
              (covering salt marsh and the wetland-to-upland transition) were
              established and monitored.  Elevations and species present were
              determined and hourly tide data were analyzed.  The relationships
              between species observations and MHW data are described.  Results
              of this study are discussed in terms of application to marsh
              restoration efforts.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1587

AUTHOR:       Leighton, F.A. and G. Wobeser

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Salinity and selenium content in western Canadian wetlands

SOURCE:       Wildlife Society Bulletin 22:111-116.

STATE:        CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       MONITOR, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-RB1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study was conducted to evaluate the levels of salinity and
              selinium in Canadian praire-pothole wetlands.  Wetlands were selected
              for sampling by random sampling in each of the 7 priority areas in
              Saskatchewan and by selecting wetlands identified by waterfowl
              biologists as important brood-rearing areas.  A total of 606 wetlands
              were chosen and electrical conductivity and selenium content was
              measured.  Of the randomly selected wetlands 11% had water conductivity
              causing sublethal effects in ducklings and 2% had lethal salinity
              concentrations.  Twenty-three percent of the designated wetlands
              had water conductivity causing sublethal effects and four wetlands
              had lethal concentrations.  Selenium concentrations in all wetlands
              sampled were below the toxicological significance limits.  Limitations
              of the sampling methods are discussed as well as suggestions for
              using information pertaining to this study in choosing wetlands for
              conservation and management under the NAWMP.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       536

AUTHOR:       Leitch, J.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Economic aspects of wetland restoration in the Prairie Pothole
              Region

SOURCE:       Pages 279-293 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh
              annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        ND

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     HUSE, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The purpose of this analysis was to discuss some economic impacts
              of wetland restoration on local economies.  Wetlands were restored
              on previously drained croplands in the Prairie Pothole Region of
              ND.  Issues include local public decision making, changes in tax
              revenue, loss of local employment and business, land management
              (under public ownership), levels of personal income, crop prices,
              and productivity of drained wetlands.  A case example illustrates
              the interactions among several of these issues.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1548

AUTHOR:       Leitch, J.A., W.B. Clifford, J.L. Richardson, and J. H. Sather

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Wetland Policy Issues

SOURCE:       Council for Agricultural Science and Technology No. CC1994-1.
              47 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     ECON, HUSE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses policy issues surrounding wetland delineation
              and definition.  Language and terms are defined according to human
              perceptions which are dynamic and tend to obscure the natural physical
              properties of wetlands.  The progression of wetland definition is
              reviewed up to the Cowardin et al. classification currently used.
              Although delineation is based on two federal manuals, it is highly
              subjective and not all wetland indicators are reliable or consistent.
              Socioeconomic issues and how to apply values and functions based on
              each side of the wetland conflict is disscussed.  Finally, suggestions
              are offered to particiants involved with wetland controversy to aid in
              resolving issues.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       537

AUTHOR:       Lejcher, T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Hydrology and watershed considerations

SOURCE:       Pages 4-9 in J.L. Piehl, ed. Proceedings of wetland
              restoration: a techniques workshop. Minnesota Chap. Wildl.
              Soc., Fergus Falls.

STATE:        MN, SD, ND

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses various hydrological considerations in wetland
              restoration projects.  Project planning includes consideration of
              the entire watershed and correct sizing of the watershed.
              Determination of channel slopes and watershed storage area also
              are discussed.  Permit requirements and project considerations
              such as frequency of maintenance, water level monitoring,
              alterations in water courses entering or leaving the site, and
              public awareness are discussed briefly.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1496

AUTHOR:       Lekven, C.C., R.W. Crites, and R.A. Beggs

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Subsurface flow wetlands at Mesquite, Nevada

SOURCE:       Pages 261-267 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        NV

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Design considerations for a subsurface flow (SF) wetland to provide
              effluent polishing for municipal wastewater are discussed.  Three
              wetlands with four cells each were designed operating in parallel on a
              1:10 length-to-width ratio.  Equations are listed which determine
              hydraulic residence times, required hydraulic cross-sectional area,
              and oxygen requirements for the oxidation of organic matter.
              Successful and unsuccessful SF wetland designs were studied to aid in
              the design of organic loading at the entry zone.  Gravel 9.5 to 25 mm
              was layered to prevent media clogging and Scirpus robustus was chosen
              due to its availability and its ability to create aerobic treatment
              zones.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1524

AUTHOR:       Lekven, C.C., C.R. Williams, R.D. Charney, and R.W. Crites

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Wetlands put to the test

SOURCE:       Water Environment and Technology 4(2):40-44.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, FISH, CHEM, ECON

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the experimental use of a demonstration wetland
              to treat secondary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant.  Eleven
              cells were set up in a U-shaped flow pattern with variable depths from
              0.15 to 0.6 m, deep-water areas for gambusia fish, an average
              hydraulic loading rate of 6.5 cm/d, and retention times from 3 to 13
              days.  The trenches were layered with imported topsoil and rootstock
              of Scripus actus, S. robustus, and other wetland species.  Four
              treatment processes including, plug flow, recycling, batch discharge
              subsurface flow, and a combination of overland flow and plow flow as
              well as a control cell will be implemented to determine the most
              successful process.  Monthly monitoring will be done to analyze water
              quality as well as sediment, vegetation, macroinvertebrate tissue and
              fish tissue.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1576

AUTHOR:       Lemly, A.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Irrigated agriculture and freshwater wetlands: A struggle for
              coexistence in the western United States

SOURCE:       Wetlands Ecology and Management 3(1):3-15.

STATE:        CA, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       CONTAM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, SOIL, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses historical irrigation drainage and diverted
              freshwater inflow practices leading to the demise of wetlands in the
              western United States and efforts to balance the need of water for
              agriculture irrigation and wetlands.  The two main types of irrigation
              wastewater, subsurface drainage and surface runoff, are described as
              well as the impacts caused by each.  Wildlife refuges in the arid west
              which have felt the consequences of drainage contaminents are listed.
              Toxic concentrations of selenium, salinity, and trace element
              contaminents have caused deformities in birds, fish dieoffs, and
              declining fish and wildlife populations in eleven of sixteen study
              areas.  Difficulties in dealing with the problem, with focus on the
              Kesterson NWR, are addressed from and environmental, agricultural,
              and political point of view.  Finally, recommendations are made to
              reduce the toxic threat to wildlife and increase freshwater inflows
              to wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       538

AUTHOR:       Leopold, L.B., and M.G. Wolman

PUBL. YEAR:   1957

TITLE:        River channel patterns: braided, meandering and straight

SOURCE:       U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 282-B. 84 pp.

STATE:        MANY, WY, PA, VA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       MODEL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an in-depth study of river channel patterns
              in terms of natural channels and flume experiments.  Physiographic
              and hydraulic parameters of braided, meandering, and straight
              channels are described.  Data obtained from Horse Creek,
              Cottonwood Creek, and Green River near Daniel, WY; New Fork River
              near Pinedale, WY; Middle River near Staunton, VA; Valley Creek
              near Downingtown, PA; and Popo Agie River near Hudson, WY; are
              used to illustrate main concepts in channel adjustment
              (discharge, channel width, velocity, slope, depth, resistance).
              Relationships among factors affecting channel configuration are
              described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       539

AUTHOR:       Lere, M.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        The long term effectiveness of three types of stream
              improvement structures installed in Montana streams

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, Montana St. Univ., Bozeman. 99 pp.

STATE:        MT

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R2-UB1, R2-UB.

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis discusses long-term effectiveness and durability of
              random boulders, rock jetties, and log step dams installed as
              habitat improvement structures in the St. Regis River, western
              MT, and the Little Prickley Pear Creek and Sheep Creek, central
              MT.  In the St. Regis, pool-riffle periodicity was related to
              total numbers of cutthroat and brook trout.  Channelized sections
              improved with random boulders contained greater trout biomass
              than sections improved with rock jetties or control sections.
              Unmitigated channelized sections contained the least trout
              biomass.  More than 89% of all structures, except rock jetties,
              remained functional after 8-19 years.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1456

AUTHOR:       Leschisin, D.A., G.L. Williams, and M.W. Weller

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Factors affecting waterfowl use of constructed wetlands in
              Northwestern Minnesota

SOURCE:       Wetlands 12(3):178-183.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the differences of constructed wetland
              characteristics in conjunction to waterfowl use variation.  A total of
              109 constructed wetlands, ranging from 0.04 to 0.23 ha in northwestern
              Minnesota were used for this study.  Vegetation was classified
              according to its percent of cover and weekly censusing and ground
              counts were done to determine waterfowl use.  Statistical analyses
              was used to determine associations between wetland characteristics
              and waterfowl use.  Wetland age was positively correlated with
              vegetative parameters, surface area, depth, density, and distance
              from wetland to impoundments influence wetland use by waterfowl.  The
              authors conclude with management recommendations for constructing and
              managing wetlands to attract various types of waterfowl.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1106

AUTHOR:       Lesley, S.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Establishing smooth cordgrass in tidal wetlands

SOURCE:       Public Works 118(3):61-62.

STATE:        DE

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SEED, FERT, BIOCIDE

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the planting of smooth cordgrass (Spartina
              alterniflora) in tidal wetlands as mitigation for highway and
              bridge construction near Dover, DE.  Eradication of Phragmites from
              the site is discussed. Interim observations indicate that cordgrass
              may be established satisfactorily by either direct seeding or the
              transplantation of nursery-grown stock. Continued monitoring,
              especially of sediment accretion and elevation changes, is planned
              for the site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       540

AUTHOR:       Lester, J.E., C.V. Klimas, H.H. Allen, and S.G. Shetron

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Shoreline revegetation at Lake Texoma on the Red River, Texas-
              Oklahoma

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. E-86-1. 49 pp.

STATE:        TX, OK

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: L2-US., PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       ARUNDO, PANICUM, SALIX, AGROPYRON, BUCHLOE, CYPERUS,
              PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA, TRIPSACUM, ANDROPOGON, ARUNDINARIA,
              PASPALUM, AMORPHA, BETULA, DIOSPYROS, QUERCUS, SAPINDUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a field study that identified plant species
              suitable for revegetating reservoir fluctuation zones.  Two
              experimental sites were established at Lake Texoma, TX and OK: a
              control pond and a shoreline site.  Ten herbaceous and 6 woody
              plant species were transplanted at both sites.  Soil samples and
              water quality samples were evaluated throughout the study.  The
              performance of each plant species tested is described in detail.
              Arundo donax and Panicum virgatum appeared to be best suited for
              most fluctuation zone applications.  Diospyros virginiana, Salix
              nigra, and Amorpha fruticosa are potentially useful, but may be
              eliminated by extreme conditions.  To minimize erosion and create
              wildlife habitat most effectively, a mixture of species across a
              range of inundation conditions is recommended.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1571

AUTHOR:       Levesque, R.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Wetland loss mitigation: a case study under Section 404

SOURCE:       The Environmental Professional 15:399-405.

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, WQUAL, REPT, WFOWL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper illustrates how effective envionmental planning in a
              wetland loss-mitigation project can result in successful replacement
              of wetlands.  A functional assessment of the impacted wetland was
              conducted and incorporated into the replacement wetland design.  An
              adjacent wetland with low existing habitat value was chosen as the
              mitigation site.  Vegetation was transplanted and soil was taken from
              the fill site and terraced at the replacement site.  Joint processing
              by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Department and the U.S. Environmental
              Protection Agency required a hydraulic connection between the
              mitigation site and a former gravel pit to increase flood control;
              and, required a four year postconstruction monitoring schedule.
              Over three years vegetation has shown a 56% increase and species
              diversity has reached a stable condition; mammalian, reptilian, and
              fish species richness has reached 100% that of the filled wetland;
              and water quality and flood storage has increased.  Avian species
              richness has reached only 68% due to a lack of vertical stratification
              and cover which should increase in the future.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands mitigation/colonization/vegetation/functional
              assessment/wildlife/Plainville,Connecticut/riparian wetland/
              associated fauna/habitat/wetland losses/losses/mitigation/Section
              404/monitoring/soil/fauna/function/assessment/wildlife habitat/
              erosion

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1161

AUTHOR:       Levine, D.A., and D.E. Willard

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Regional analysis of fringe wetlands in the Midwest: creation
              and restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 305-332 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. 1.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        IL, IN, IA, KY, MI, OH, WI, TN, SD

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, GENERAL, WQUAL, EXPERIMENT, EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, STABIL, PLANT, SPOIL, SEED, HYDRO, FERT, SOIL, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L2-..., L2-EM2, L2-AB3, L2-US3

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, FISH, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       PHALARIS, LEERSIA, GLYCERIA, SCIRPUS, VALLISNERIA, ZIZANIA,
              POTAMOGETON, TYPHA, SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES, ECHINOCHLOA,
              POLYGONUM, CAREX, LOLIUM, NAJAS, CERATOPHYLLUM, HETERANTHERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information on the creation and restoration of
              wetlands along lakes and reservoirs in the midwestern U.S., and
              includes regional descriptions, wetland characteristics and
              functions, shoreline protection and stabilization, fish and
              wildlife habitat, extent of restoration and creation, design
              considerations, mitigation, monitoring, preconstruction
              considerations, research needs, information gaps, and bibliography.
              An appendix contains descriptions of 9 projects: harbour project
              (Sandusky Bay, OH); Carlyle Lake (IL); Lake Puckaway (WI);
              Cooperative Wildlife Research Lab's slurry pond projects (IL and
              IN); Hoffman's Missouri River reservoir projects (SD); Iowa
              Department of Conservation subimpoundments; Mississippi River
              Navigational Pool 8 (WI); Tennessee Valley Authority projects
              (TN); and Cox Hollow and Halverson Lakes (WI).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1057

AUTHOR:       Levings, C.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        An account of a workshop on restoration of estuarine habitats

SOURCE:       Can. Manuscript Rep. Fish. Aquatic Sci. No. 1571. 29 pp.

STATE:        CANADA, BRITISH COLUMBIA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, SOIL, WQUAL

PGENUS:       CAREX, SCIRPUS, ZOSTERA, JUNCUS, ELEOCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents summaries, abstracts, and preliminary
              results from 15 talks given at a workshop on restoration of
              estuarine habitats at the West Vancouver Laboratory and the
              Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, in British Columbia in
              1979.  Topics include selecting marsh and eelgrass restoration
              sites in the Fraser Estuary, preliminary results of two pilot
              projects for marsh transplants in the Fraser Estuary,
              preliminary results of eelgrass transplants at the Nanaimo River
              Estuary, tidal re-activation of a portion of the Englishman
              River Estuary, possibility of sand/mud flat restoration, and use
              of these habitats by fish.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/habitat/marshes/restoration site/estuaries/
              transplanting/fishes/vegetation/soils/water quality/British
              Columbia/eelgrass

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1284

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R., III

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        The restoration and creation of seagrass meadows in the
              southeast United States

SOURCE:       Pages 153-173 in M.J. Durako, R.C. Phillips, and R.R. Lewis,
              III, eds. Proceedings of the Symposium on Subtropical-Tropical
              Seagrasses of the Southeastern United States 12 August 1985.
              Florida Marine Research Publications, St. Petersburg, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: M1-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS, FISH

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM, RUPPIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents several planting techniques used for the
              restoration of seagrass meadows in southern Florida and summarizes
              four case studies.  The planting techniques discussed include plugs,
              sprigs, seeds/seedlings, and cultivated plants.  The author also
              presents some common means for anchoring the planting units to prevent
              their removal by wave action or currents.  The case studies presented
              in this paper utilize the planting and anchoring techniques that are
              described in the paper.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       541

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R., III, and F.M. Dunstan

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Use of spoil islands in reestablishing mangrove communities in
              Tampa Bay, Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 766-775 in G. Walsh, S.C. Fnedaker, and H.T. Teas, eds.
              Proceedings international symposium on biology and management
              of mangroves. Vol II. Univ. Florida, Inst. Food Agric. Sci.,
              Gainesville.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, STABIL, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, SUCCESS, SHOREB

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the use of spoil islands in Tampa Bay for
              establishing mangrove communities and subsequent bird nesting
              habitat.  Historical artificial island creation and stabilization
              and rookery success dating to 1931 are analyzed.  Conditions for
              creating islands for successful rookeries and mangrove
              establishment include minimizing ship wakes (which cause erosion)
              and designing the island in a horseshoe shape.  Avicennia plantings
              are suitable for spoil stabilization.  Temporary barriers reduced
              erosion and allowed mangrove establishment.  Proper management
              of existing spoil islands to maintain rookery habitat requires
              substrate stabilization; both physical and vegetative
              stabilization are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       542

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Large scale mangrove restoration on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin
              Islands

SOURCE:       Pages 231-242 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        VIRGIN ISLANDS

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the planting of 65,000 red mangrove seeds
              near Port Alucroix, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, to compensate
              for the loss of mangrove forests due to impoundment construction.
              Although the soil at the planting site still contained oil
              residues from a previous spill, test plantings of mangroves
              indicated that the area was suitable for use.  After 6 weeks,
              seedling survival rate averaged 75%.  Seed failure was due to: 1)
              removal of seeds through erosion; 2) burial of seeds by floating
              debris or seagrass wrack; 3) seed consumption (possibly by crabs);
              4) seedling death by natural causes; and 5) planting at too high
              of elevations.  Total cost was $50,000 (about $5,000/acre)
              for equipment, planning, and 240 man-days of effort.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       544

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Economics and feasibility of mangrove restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 88-94 in R.C. Carey, P.S. Markovits, and J.B. Kirkwood,
              eds. Proceedings U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service workshop on
              coastal ecosystems of the southeastern United States. U.S.
              Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/59.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA, RHIZOPHORA, BRUGUIERA, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This is an overview of studies and projects conducted to determine
              the feasibility of mangrove planting in coastal areas.  Three main
              issues are: 1) what are the advantages to planting versus natural
              revegetation; 2) how long does it take for planted materials to
              reach maturity; and 3) when does the biotic community planted
              system approach that of a natural community?  Planting costs
              varied from  1,140/ha to  216,130/ha depending on whether the
              seedlings were collected from natural areas or were nursery grown
              (trees up to 3 years old).  Availability of plant materials also
              is discussed; references are provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       545

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Low marshes, peninsular Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 147-152 in R.R. Lewis, ed. Creation and restoration of
              coastal plant communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the role of smooth cordgrass, Spartina
              alterniflora, in the restoration and creation of low marsh areas
              in southern FL.  Although mangroves are the dominant coastal
              estuarine vegetation, S. alterniflora plantings may be cost
              effective in such areas for rapid coverage of substrate, shoreline
              stabilization, sediment trapping (e.g., from street runoff), and
              nesting habitat for clapper rails and willets.  S. alterniflora
              plantings are eventually invaded and replaced by mangroves.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       543

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Restoration of a needlerush (Juncus roemerianus Scheele) marsh
              following interstate highway construction. II. Results after
              22 months

SOURCE:       Pages 69-81 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual
              conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough
              Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Restoration of a construction-damaged marsh site near Tampa Bay,
              FL, was initiated by planting 21,000 15.2 cm plugs of Juncus
              roemerianus from a natural marsh.  After 22 months, half of the
              plugs were still alive.  None of the plugs planted under a bridge
              or in areas too steeply graded survived.  Nearly 100% survival and
              a 25-fold increase in number of culms were observed in open areas
              with an elevation slightly lower than that of the natural marsh.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/proceedings/wetlands creation/wetlands/marshes/losses/
              transplanting/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/needlerush/Juncus
              roemerianus/needlerush marsh/Manatee County,Florida/elevation/
              Mississippi/creation

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       546

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Mangrove forests

SOURCE:       Pages 153-171 in R.R. Lewis, ed. Creation and restoration of
              coastal plant communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

STATE:        FL, VIRGIN ISLANDS

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the planting of mangroves for wetland
              restoration purposes.  The natural plant community is described
              in terms of productivity, distribution, silvaculture, and
              historical loss.  Plant materials and types are discussed.  Four
              planting techniques have been used: direct planting of propagules,
              aerial planting, transplanting of seedlings or small trees, and
              planting of nursery seedlings.  Thirty-four individual cases
              involving mangrove planting are summarized.  Estimated costs are
              included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1236

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R., III

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        The restoration and creation of seagrass meadows in the
              southeast United States

SOURCE:       Pages 153-173 in M.J. Durako, R.C. Phillips, and R.R. Lewis,
              eds. Symposium on subtropical-tropical seagrasses of the
              southeastern United States. Florida Mar. Res. Publ. No. 42.

STATE:        MS, FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM, RUPPIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Provides detailed definitions and descriptions for various terms
              and methodologies used when restoring seagrass beds including
              planting unit (plug, sprig, etc.) and anchoring/wave protection
              devices (nails, staples, etc.).  Specific case studies in
              FL (Florida Keys, Miami) and MS (Biloxi Bay) are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1142

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Restoring altered urban wetlands: management problems and
              recommended solutions

SOURCE:       Pages 299-302 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds.
              Urban wetlands: proceedings of the national wetland symposium,
              Oakland, California. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        FL, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., E.-..., M.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of actions that can be
              undertaken to successfully restore urban wetlands.  Problems in
              urban areas are discussed and specific examples are taken from:
              McKay Bay, Tampa FL; San Francisco; Florida Bay; and the Caya
              Costa Site, St. Petersburg, FL.  The following are discussed:
              1) "natural wetlands are probably not"; 2) "wetlands protection
              won't protect the wetlands" (adjacent uplands must usually be
              included to ensure proper wetland functioning); 3) "manipulation
              is probably essential"; and 4) "bigger is better".  Recommendations
              for cost effective urban wetland restoration are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1152

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Creation and restoration of coastal plain wetlands in Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 73-101 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE, COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SEED, HYDRO, SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, FISH, INVERT, SOIL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, WFOWL

PGENUS:       JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS, BATIS, TYPHA, CLADIUM, SCIRPUS,
              HYMENOCALLIS, RUPPIA, SALICORNIA, MONANTHOCHLOE, SESUVIUM,
              FIMBRISTYLIS, LIMONIUM, SPOROBOLUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information on wetland creation and
              restoration on Florida's coastal plain, and includes regional
              characteristics, wetland types, mitigation, extent to which wetland
              creation and restoration have occurred, reasons for success or
              failure, project designs, monitoring, information gaps and research
              needs, and a bibliography.  Profiles of 11 projects include
              Seagrove, Melbourne Harbour Ltd., Costa del Sol, Florida Keys Water
              Main, Hammer Point, Sunken Island, Gardinier Mitigation, Feather
              Sound, Connie Mack Island, Bayport, and West Lake.  Information on
              each project includes: location; permit #; age; size; species
              present; site description; project goals; attainment of goals; and
              contacts.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1153

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Creation and restoration of coastal wetlands in Puerto Rico
              and the U.S. Virgin Islands

SOURCE:       Pages 103-125 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        PUERTO RICO, VIRGIN ISLANDS

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, CASE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL, EROSION, HYDRO

ACTION:       CONTAM, PLANT, LFORM, HYDRO, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, PO-EM1, E2-EM1, PO-SS., E2-SS.

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA, CONOCARPUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information on creation and restoration of
              coastal wetlands of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands in
              terms of regional characteristics, wetland types, mitigation,
              extent to which creation and restoration have occurred, project
              design, management, monitoring, and research needs and information
              gaps.  The appendix provides profiles of 12 projects: Alucroix
              Channel (VI); Suarez Canal (PR); Bahia Tapon (PR); Bahia de la
              Chiva (PR); Laguna Boca Quebrada (PR); El Tuque Lagoon (PR);
              Suarez Canal II (PR); Southgate Pond (VI); Bacardi Corporation
              (PR); Sugar Bay (VI); and Tres Monjitas Canal (PR).  Information
              for each project includes location, permit #, size, age, site
              description, project goals, judgement of success, and contacts.
              Bibliography is included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1606

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Enhancement, restoration and creation of coastal wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 167-191 in D.M. Kent, editor. Applied wetlands science
              and technology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 436 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., M.-..., R1.-...

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, ZOSTERA, HALODULE, RUPPIA, AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA,
              LAGUNCULARIA, JUNCUS, SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the variability of coastal marshes and the
              feasibility of restoration or mitigation on-site in-kind.  Goals for
              various habitat restoration as well as criteria for general site
              selection depending on the objectives of wetland creation or
              restoration are reviewed.  Design considerations covered include site
              location, slope, size, hydrology, wave barriers, vegetation, and
              plant selection.  Suggestions for successful implementation of
              restoration techniques are offered in addition to the needs of future
              basic and applied research.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       547

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R., and K.C. Haines

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Large scale mangrove restoration on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin
              Islands. II. Second year

SOURCE:       Pages 137-148 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh
              annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        VIRGIN ISLANDS

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SEED

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents the second year update on mangrove planting on
              St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands.  Approximately 86,000 red mangrove
              seedlings were planted on 6.15 ha; 32,000 seeds from black
              mangroves were broadcasted over the area.  After 20 months,
              survival rates were 40% for red mangroves and 1-2% for black
              mangroves.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       549

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R., and C.S. Lewis

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Tidal marsh creation on dredged material in Tampa Bay, Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 45-67 in R. Lewis and D. Cole, eds. Proceedings of the
              fourth annual conference on restoration of coastal vegetation
              in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SPOIL, SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study examines techniques for planting Spartina alterniflora
              on a dredged material island (Fishhook Spoil) in Tampa Bay, FL.
              In September 1976, 36 plugs of cordgrass from a nearby marsh were
              planted on 1 m centers.  In October, 15 cordgrass plants grown
              from seed taken near Assateague Island, VA, were planted.  In
              November, cordgrass spikelets were harvested and sent to VA for
              germination; plants were returned to Tampa for planting.  Number
              of emergent stems by June 1977 were 267 for experimental
              plantings, 0 for the control plot, and 331 for the plants
              germinated in VA.  Differences in culm production at elevations
              from 1.6-2.0 ft MLW and criteria for marsh establishment
              success based on S. alterniflora plantings are included.

KEYWORDS:     tidal marsh/marsh creation/creation/dredged material/Tampa Bay,
              Florida/Florida/cordgrass/Spartina/Spartina
              alterniflora/plants/elevation/intertidal/Virginia/proceedings/
              restoration/coastal/vegetation

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       548

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R., and C.S. Lewis

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Colonial bird use and plant succession on dredged material
              islands in Florida. Volume II. Patterns of plant succession

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-14. 175 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       SPOIL, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-FO3, E2-SS.

RESPONSE:     VEG, SHOREB

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, AVICENNIA, SPARTINA, JUNCUS,
              CASUARINA, JUNIPERUS, SABAL, MYRICA, CHLORIS, CENCHRUS,
              PASPALUM, HETEROTHECA, BACCHARIS, SPOROBOLUS, EUPATORIUM, IVA,
              SCHINUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes vegetative succession at 40 dredged spoil
              material islands along the coast of FL, from Merritt Island and
              Indian River on the eastern shore to the Withlacoochee River Area
              (near Yankeetown) on the Gulf Shore.  Extensive data, including
              aerial photographs of each site, were collected and evaluated in
              terms of the relationship between island vegetation and nesting
              habitat for colonial seabirds and wading birds.  A total of 141
              plant species were found.  Generalized habitat succession is
              described.  Bird use was directly related to stage of plant
              succession.  Maintenance of some unvegetated areas for terns and
              black skimmers was recommended.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       550

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R., C.S. Lewis, W.K. Fehring, and J.A. Rodgers

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Coastal habitat mitigation in Tampa Bay, Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 136-140 in G.A. Swanson, tech. coord. The mitigation
              symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish
              and wildlife habitat. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, E2-EM1, E2-US.

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, VEG

PGENUS:       AVICENNIA, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of wetland creation and
              management on dredged material deposits in Tampa Bay, FL.  Three
              projects are described: 1) transplanting of black mangrove and
              cordgrass to a new dredged material island (larger trees up to 1 m
              in height are thriving better than smaller trees; trees planted
              above mean high water show a much higher survival rate);
              2) creation of a Spartina marsh on a former upland site through
              grading, transplanting Spartina from a nearby marsh, and
              fertilizing the plugs; and 3) extending an existing dredged
              material area to provide habitat for ground nesting birds (e.g.,
              black skimmers, Caspian terns, and least terns).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       551

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R., and R.C. Phillips

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Experimental sea grass mitigation in the Florida Keys

SOURCE:       Pages 155-173 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh
              annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: M1-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       HALODULE, THALASSIA, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the progress and condition of seagrass
              planted at Craig Key in the Florida Keys 1 year after the
              initiation of a 2 year monitoring program.  Plugs and short
              shoots of Thalassia testudinum, Halodule wrightii, and
              Syringodium filiforme were transplanted to the study area;
              Thalassia seeds were planted in both field and laboratory.
              Seedlings from the lab were planted at the field site.  Results so
              far indicate that Halodule is an early colonizing species,
              followed by Syringodium and then Thalassia, the climax species.
              Plugs of seagrass have best survival rates, especially when
              planted at 1 m intervals.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1424

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R.R. III

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Creation and restoration of coastal plain wetlands in Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 73-123 in J.A. Kusler and M. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: E2-F03, E2-EM1, E1.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the importance of Florida's marine and estuarine
              provinces and their four wetland types, mangrove forests, tidal
              marshes, oligohaline marshes, and salt barrens.  Emphasis in wetland
              restoration and creation lies primarily with mangrove forests and
              tidal wetlands.  Project goals are discussed as well as reasons for
              their success or failure.  Preconstruction considerations include:
              1) site location and characteristics, 2) tidal range and planned
              elevation of planting, 3) salinity, and 4) shading.  The most critical
              aspects of the project involve the timing of construction, substrate
              composition, plant material available, establishment of a faunal
              community, and long term management.  The importance of a detailed
              monitoring program is stressed as well as defining measurable
              obtainable goals.  Finally, the author discusses the need for
              centralized data bank and further research of mangrove systems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1203

AUTHOR:       Lewis, V.L., and K.A. Robinson

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Revegetation along Coyote Creek (Santa Clara County) at two
              freeway bridges

SOURCE:       Pages 455-456 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
              California riparian systems conference: protection,
              management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September
              22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT, BIOCIDE, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       POPULUS, PLATANUS, SALIX, RUBUS, RHAMNUS, RIBES, QUERCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Mitigation for highway construction related impacts to 2 acres
              of riparian habitat along Coyote Creek (north of San Jose,
              Santa Clara Co., CA) involved planting over 1700 cuttings and
              seedlings from 10 riparian tree/shrub species.  All plants were
              fertilized and mulch covered the plant base.  Diquat, a
              nonselective, postemergent contact herbicide, and hand picking
              were used to control weeds.  Shading and browse barriers were
              not used; irrigation was sporadic.  Survival rates after 1 year
              were high for Rhamnus californica, Quercus agrifolia, Platanus
              racemosa, and Aesculus californica; survival rates were low
              for Salix hindssiana, Ribes sanguineum and Rubus vitifolius.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1058

AUTHOR:       Lewkowicz, M., and S. Lewkowicz

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Restoration of a pond after a five year period of
              fertilization with beet sugar factory wastes--chemical factors
              and zooplankton

SOURCE:       Acta Hydrobiol. 19(4):315-333.

STATE:        POLAND

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     INVERT, CHEM, WQUAL, VEG

PGENUS:       LEMNA, POLYGONUM, POTAMOGETON, CERATOPHYLLUM, ELODEA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses restoration of a pond in poland that had
              been fertilized for 5 years with sugar beet factory wastes.
              Nitrogen was the main factor limiting phytoplankton development.
              Zooplankton species, which were dominant in the fertilized pond,
              were eliminated the first month after filling the pond with pure
              river water, and species characteristic of moderately fertile fish
              ponds developed.  Vascular plant coverage increased from 50% to 80%
              the year following restoration.  Only duckweeds decreased after
              restoration.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       552

AUTHOR:       Lidstone, C.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Stream channel reconstruction and drainage basin stability

SOURCE:       Pages 43-57 in R.R. Stowe, ed. Hydrology symposium on surface
              coal mines in Powder River Basin, Gillette, WY.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents a systems approach to reconstructing stream
              channels in conjunction with the restoration of geomorphically
              stable postmining landscapes, with particular reference to coal
              mine reclamation in WY.  The systems approach entails an
              understanding of the processes acting on the landscape.
              Consideration of the affected area as an integral part of the
              fluvial system is critical in this analysis.  The assessment
              includes collection of detailed baseline data as well as a
              knowledge of the ongoing sediment transport processes.  Following
              drainage basin and channel design, postmining landscape stability
              can be predicted using the systems approach.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1341

AUTHOR:       Lidstone, C.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Stream channel and wetland reconstruction techniques

SOURCE:       Pages 131-135 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, eds. Wetland and
              riparian ecosystems of the american west. Seattle, WA.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses hydraulic design considerations related to the
              reclaimation of riparian systems.  A three-phased approach which
              combines the fields of hydraulic engineering and fluvial geomorphology
              is incorporated into the design requirements.  A case study involving
              reclamation of 4,600 acres of uranium mining disturbance required
              relocating 3.5 miles of the Little Medicine Bow River near Shirley
              Basin, Wyoming.  Short-term and long-term channel design requirements
              were developed with the use of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC1
              model.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       553

AUTHOR:       Lieffers, V.J., and J.M. Shay

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        The effects of water level on the growth and reproduction of
              Scirpus maritimus var. paludosus

SOURCE:       Can. J. Bot. 59:118-121.

STATE:        MANITOBA, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the results of a greenhouse experiment
              testing the effects of water level on the growth and reproduction
              of Scirpus maritimus.  Plant tubers and rhizomes were collected
              from wetlands near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.  With increasing
              water depth, there was a shift from vegetative production to seed
              production.  Plants in deeper water had fewer, taller shoots
              and produced more seeds.  Clonal growth was optimum at depths
              less than 20 cm.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       554

AUTHOR:       Lindall, W.N., A. Mager, G.W. Thayer, and D.R. Ekberg

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Estuarine habitat mitigation planning in the southeast

SOURCE:       Pages 129-135 in G.A. Swanson, tech. coord. The mitigation
              symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish
              and wildlife habitat. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65.

STATE:        LA, MS, AL, FL, GA, SC, NC

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., E1-..., M1-..., M2-..., E2-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM, ZOSTERA, THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of mitigation planning for
              estuarine habitat in the Southeast.  These areas provide essential
              habitat for the growth and development of many valuable fish
              species.  Zero habitat loss through mitigation is discussed in
              terms of preservation, restoration, and generation of new habitat
              (replacement of a habitat by the same kind of new habitat).
              Tables provide data on: 1) the value of estuarine-dependent
              fisheries along the South Atlantic and Gulf Coasts; 2) summary of
              wetland alterations under the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers permit
              program; and 3) summary of seagrass establishment projects in NC
              and FL.  Emphasis is placed on the value of adequate documentation
              (before and after mitigation is implemented) and follow-up
              procedures for permit activities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       556

AUTHOR:       Lindau, C.W., and L.R. Hossner

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Substrate characterization of an experimental marsh and three
              natural marshes

SOURCE:       Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 45:1171-1176.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STABIL, SPOIL, HYDRO, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-UB2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the substrate of several marshes near
              Galveston, TX.  Dredged material was used as the substrate for an
              experimental intertidal salt marsh.  For 16 months, chemical and
              physical properties of the substrate were monitored.  Spartina
              alterniflora and S. patens were planted and various fertilizer
              treatments were administered.  In a separate study, organic
              matter, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and NH4-N were initially lower
              in an experimental marsh compared to 3 natural marshes.
              Elevation was the main factor influencing the distribution and
              abundance of nutrients and particle size in the marshes.
              Fertilizer had no significant effects.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1326

AUTHOR:       Lindau, C.W., and L.R. Hossner

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Substrate characterization of an experimental marsh and three
              natural marshes

SOURCE:       Soil Science Society American Journal 45:1171-1177.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SPOIL, PLANT, FERT, MODEL, BARRIER

WETLAND TYPE: M2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes an experimental marsh which was set up on the
              Bolivar Peninsula of Galveston Bay using dredged material from the
              Gulf Intracoastal Waterway.  The objective was to determine if salt
              marshes built on dredged materials would function as natural salt
              marshes.  Three salt marshes in the area were used as controls.  The
              experimental marsh was constructed of three blocks, each having three
              elevational tiers based on tidal levels.  Sand bags were also set up
              to reduce wave action, Spartina alterniflora and S. patens was
              planted, and soil was incorporated with five different fertilizer
              treatments.  Sampling data included pH, EC, total Kjeldahl N, NH4-N,
              NO3-N, NO2N, total P, CEC, organic matter and sulfide analyses.
              Nitrogen levels proved to be 2 to 4 times lower than natural marshes.
              Organic matter TKN, and EC levels where also lower, but pH levels were
              higher.  The results gave indication that within 2-5 years the
              experimental marsh would have concentrations of TKN, organic matter,
              and NH4-N equal to that of the natural marshes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       555

AUTHOR:       Lindau, C.W., and L.R. Hossner

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Sediment fractionation of Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Mn, and Fe, in one
              experimental and three natural marshes

SOURCE:       J. Environ. Qual. 11(3):540-545.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article compares sediment fractionation of several metals
              between an artificial and 3 natural marshes near Galveston Bay, TX
.             The artificial marsh was constructed using dredged spoil material.
              Mineralogical properties of all 4 marshes were compared.  Total
              concentrations and partitioning of Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, Mn, and Fe
              among marsh sediment fractions were examined.  The primary factor
              affecting the distribution and abundance of metals in marsh
              sediments is elevation.  In general, metal concentrations at the
              study sites increased as marsh substrate elevations decreased.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       557

AUTHOR:       Linde, A.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1969

TITLE:        Techniques for wetland management

SOURCE:       Wisconsin Dept. Nat. Resour., Madison, Res. Rep. 45. 156 pp.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, HYDRO, BIOCIDE, FIRE, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, ECON

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, PHALARIS, CAREX, POLYGONUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents results of a survey of wetland management
              areas in WI to evaluate wetland management techniques used in
              various state game management districts.  Techniques for managing
              wetland game species (e.g., waterfowl, muskrats) are stressed.
              Topics discussed include: 1) impoundment construction; 2) water
              level manipulation; 3) wetland farming; 4) nesting island
              construction; 5) controlled burning; 6) vegetation control,
              7) land clearing; 8) pothole and pond construction; and
              9) level ditching.  The report serves as a manual for wetland
              management techniques and includes designs, equipment, and costs
              for many of the techniques.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1229

AUTHOR:       Lindeman, W., and J. Wilt, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Effectiveness of mitigation techniques at the Alafia River
              Crossing

SOURCE:       Pages 185-196 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SOIL, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Describes a tidally influenced Juncus roemerianus marsh (Alafia
              River, near Riverview, Hillsborough Co., FL) restoration project
              required as mitigation for highway construction related impacts.
              Initial restoration was completed in 1981.  Monitoring continued
              through 1987.  Construction related impacts are detailed.
              Restoration efforts on the 14 subsites varied.  Some with minor
              impacts were left to recover naturally; others required
              contouring, the addition of sand or topsoil, and/or planting
              of J. roemerianus propagules.  Monitoring involved determining
              plant species composition and % cover.  Juncus propagule donor
              sites were also monitored to determine if an long-term adverse
              impacts had occurred.  After 6 years, % cover on the 14 subsites
              ranged from 0-90%.  Areas with low % cover were areas not
              planted or areas impacted by cattle activity.  Donor marshes
              recovered fully.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1390

AUTHOR:       Lindquist, S. and L.Y. Bowie

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Watershed restoration in the northern Sierra Nevada: a
              biotechnical approach

SOURCE:       Pages 436-440 in Protection, management, and restoration for
              the 1990's. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report
              PSW-110.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       STABIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, FISH, WFOWL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A small demonstration project was set up in the headwaters to test
              and evaluate the effects of several erosion control techniques on
              streambank stability, sediment reduction, and recovery of riparian
              vegetation.  Structural improvements included:  Four loose rock check
              dams, downcutting of the streambed, and a pine revetment to stabilize
              streambanks.  Nonstructural improvements included revegetation to
              accelerate streambank stabilization and fencing and land management to
              control livestock and vehicular access as well as to protect equipment.
              Preliminary results revealed decreased water velocity increased
              sediment deposition behind the check dams and along the banks which
              in turn, encouraged riparian vegetation growth.  Forage production has
              increased in the floodplain and fish and waterfowl habitat has been
              enhanced by the dams.  The authors, however, discourage other
              restoration projects until more background and inventory information
              is collected.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1388

AUTHOR:       Lisle, T.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Channel-dynamic control on the establishment of riparian trees
              after large floods in Northwestern California

SOURCE:       Pages 9-13 in Protection, management, and restoration for the
              1990's. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-110.
              1989.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     PLANT, HYDRO

PGENUS:       ALNUS, SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Channel cross sections of three creeks effected by floods were
              surveyed illustrating colonization and growth of riparian trees
              (willows and alders) along mobile bed margins.  Prairie Creek is
              presented as an example of how bank formation occurred along a channel
              carrying fine sediments.  The establishment of red alders contributed
              to stabilizing the bank.  Hurdygurdy Creek contrasts Prairie Creek
              in that it carries little fine sediment and the white alders there do
              not contribute to the bank formation.  Finally, Willow Creek is an
              example of plant species occurring in zones along the low-flow waters
              edge and stabilize channel banks.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1259

AUTHOR:       Litchfield, D.K., and D.D. Schatz

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment at Amoco Oil
              Company's Mandan, North Dakota refinery

SOURCE:       Pages 233-237 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural.
              Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        ND

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, STABIL, HYDRO, PLANT, STOCK

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, WFOWL, FISH, MAMMALS, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A series of 11 biooxidation ponds were constructed at the Amoco
              Oil Refinery, Mandan, ND for the tertiary treatment of refinery
              wastewater and to provide diversion storage during high runoff
              events.  Daily effluent limits would have exceeded federal and
              state standards 32 times in 1987 without the ponds.  Water
              quality parameters (BOD5, COD, NH3-N, sulfides, phenols, oil-
              grease, hexavalent Cr, total Cr, total suspended solids) were
              measured for primary, secondary, and tertiary effluent.  Results
              for 1987 are included.  Nest structures, islands, and plantings
              were added to encourage wildlife use.  Fish and Canada Geese were
              released on the site.  BOD5 and TSS limits were exceeded only
              3 times during the 5 year monitoring period.  All events occurred
              during heavy rainfall/snowmelt periods.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1263

AUTHOR:       Livingston, E.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Use of wetlands for urban stormwater management

SOURCE:       Pages 253-262 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural.
              Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        MD, FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, ACORUS, CEPHALANTHUS, HIBISCUS, LEERSIA,
              NUPHAR, PELTANDRA, PONTEDERIA, SAURURUS, PHRAGMITES, TYPHA,
              CLADIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Discusses what is known about incorporating wetlands in urban
              stormwater treatment systems.  System design/performance
              specifications required by the states of FL and MD for new
              developments are detailed including: acceptable and unacceptable
              (Typha and Phragmites) wetland plants; percent cover for primary
              and secondary plant species; water depth requirements; pretreatment;
              and retention time.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1452

AUTHOR:       Llewellyn, D.W. and G.P. Shaffer

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Marsh restoration in the presence of intense herbivory: the
              role of Justicia lanceolata (Chapm.) small

SOURCE:       Wetlands, 13(3):176-184.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3

RESPONSE:     VEG, MAMMALS

PGENUS:       JUSTICIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Justicia lanceolata is being used experimentally to revegetate
              mudflats defoliated by nutria.  J. lanceolata has several qualities
              which contribute to its use in wetland restoration:  1) it is an
              effective sediment trapper there by raising marsh elevation; 2) it is
              readily outcompeted by other wetland vegetation once islet evelvations
              are raised; 3) thousands of propagules may be obtained from a islet
              without killing the mature plants; 4) it is resistant to nutria
              herbivory; 5) it is resilient to storm surges; and 6) it is well
              adapted to flood conditions.  Field and lab studies were conducted in
              the Atchafalaya Delta of Louisiana to determine the range of habitats
              suitable for J. lanceolata use in restoration projects and determine
              why it is readily displaced by other wetland species once the
              elevation has been raised.  Physical variables tested were salinity,
              flood stress, light, and nutrients.  Results indicate Justicia use
              will be beneficial in restoration of marsh areas sensitive to nutria
              herbivory however, its salinity tolerance of 6 ppt limits its use to
              fresh and oligohaline marshes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1501

AUTHOR:       Lofgren, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Creating a wetlands wildlife refuge from a sewage lagoon

SOURCE:       Pages 585-590 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, SHOREB, HUSE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the creation of a wetlands wildlife refuge from
              Lake Mitchell which had historically been used as a treatment pond for
              raw sewage and sludge.  Sludge continued entering diked portions of
              the lake until a comprehensive clean-up and management plan was
              approved in 1989.  Three objectives are addressed in the restoration
              of the lake:  water conservation, preservation of wildlife habitat,
              and water quality.  The master plan for Lake Mitchell includes
              constructing mudflats and wetlands, designing a pipeline to supply
              treated effluent to the wetlands area, and developing the lake into a
              reuse reservoir.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       558

AUTHOR:       Lomax, J.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Wildlife use of mineral extraction industry sites in the
              coastal plains of New Jersey

SOURCE:       Pages 115-121 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds.
              Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp.
              Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-AB., L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA, CYPERUS, SCIRPUS, JUNCUS, ACER, SALIX, NYSSA,
              UTRICULARIA, MYRICA, PINUS, ANDROPOGON, PANICUM, SPHAGNUM,
              DROSERA, CHAMAEDAPHNE, VACCINIUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of the vegetation and wildlife on
              mineral extraction sites on NJ's Southern Coastal Plains.  Lakes,
              ponds, marshes, bogs, and uplands are described.  Over 190 species
              of vertebrates use these sites.  The author advocates natural
              revegetation of mining sites (i.e., no reclamation planning).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1059

AUTHOR:       Lombardo, P.S., and T. Neel

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Design of a submerged aquatic off-shore wetland for disposal
              of treated wastewater effluent in Chesapeake Bay

SOURCE:       Pages 147-157 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the
              fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and
              creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-AB3, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, RUPPIA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the 56 million dollar water reclamation
              scheme for Mayo Peninsula, MD, which uses alternative and
              on-site wastewater treatment methods.  The scheme involves use
              of individual septic systems, cluster leaching fields, sand
              filters, freshwater emergent wetlands, ultraviolet
              disinfection, peat wetlands, and off-shore wetlands.  Man-made
              off-shore submerged wetlands will be the final step of the
              process, dispersing treatment system effluent into the Rhode
              River.  Other benefits of the off-shore created wetland include
              additional nitrogen and phosphorous removal.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1146

AUTHOR:       Lopez-Portillo, J., and E. Ezcurra

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Zonation in mangrove and salt marsh vegetation at Laguna de
              Mecoacan, Mexico

SOURCE:       Biotropica 21(2):107-114.

STATE:        MEXICO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US3, E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM, VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       AVICENNIA, BATIS, SPARTINA, PITHECELLOBIUM, RHIZOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study of plant zonation and the
              distribution of mangroves and salt marsh plants near Laguna de
              Mecoacan, Tabasco, Mexico.  Elevation, soil oxygen and temperature
              were measured at each sampling station.  Soil samples were analyzed
              for factors including pH, Cl, Ca, Mg, Na, K, salt content, and
              conductivity.  Vegetation characteristics were then associated with
              these data.  As Avicennia changes from tree to shrub, Batis becomes
              more prevalent.  Species interactions and synergistic effects are
              discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       559

AUTHOR:       Lorenzen, M.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Predicting the effects of nutrient diversion on lake recovery

SOURCE:       Pages 205-211 in E.J. Middlebrooks, D.H. Falkenborg, and J.E.
              Maloney, eds. Modeling the eutrophic process. Utah St. Univ.,
              Water Res. Lab., Logan.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes derivations of 3 nutrient exchange models
              used to predict lake recovery.  Model I considers the annual net
              loss of a nutrient to the sediment, proportional to the average
              concentration of that nutrient in the water.  Model II considers
              both loss to the sediments and return from the sediments as
              independent processes and assumes that the nutrient concentration
              in the sediment does not change over time.  Model III considers
              coupled equations describing transfer into and out of sediments.
              Predicted results can vary substantially among the 3 models.  The
              author recommends further investigation, including field testing
              of model III.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       560

AUTHOR:       Los Angeles Harbor Department and EDAW, Inc.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Cabrillo Salt Marsh construction

SOURCE:       Page 100 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll.
              Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The planning of construction of a 5 acre marsh in the West
              Channel/Cabrillo Beach Recreational Complex in Los Angeles is
              described.  The marsh will be created for biological compensation
              of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers filling activities.  Goals include:
              1) provision of viable fish habitat; 2) public education and
              recreation; 3) studies of marsh management techniques; and 4)
              enhancement of intertidal wetland ecosystems.  Major features of
              the planned marsh are described.  Standard commercial landscaping
              methods will be used, so that the project can be bid and built by
              commercial contractors.  Hydroseeding, transplanting of native
              salt marsh vegetation, and temporary supplemental irrigation are
              described as part of the marsh creation plan.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1439

AUTHOR:       Lotspeich, C.S. and K.G. Lotspeich

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Restoration technology for a cypress/pine wetland near an open
              pit limerock mine in South Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 239-248 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the
              thirteenth annual conference society of wetland scientists.
              New Orleans, LA. 990 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, FIRE, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-F04

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, REPT, VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the restoration of Mule Pen Quarry which had
              been cleared and burned for agricultural uses.  Restoration involved
              reestablishing the natural hydrologic regime, restoring forested
              wetlands, and creating deepwater herbaceous marsh.  Aerial photographs
              were used to create a floristic base for new plant communities and a
              natural grade was re-established to promote a variety of shallow
              wetland community types as well as provide flag ponds for cypress
              islands.  Deeper ponds capable of holding water year round were also
              contoured to attract the endangered wood stork.  Sites were planted
              with slash pine, laurel oak, red maples, cypress, and pop ash.
              Although supplemental irrigation and a dike system was set up,
              mortality for the trees was initially high as a result of droughty
              conditions.  Since normal weather patterns have returned, total plant
              species number has increased from approximately 120 taxa in 1988 to
              185 in 1991, tree mortality has leveled off and growth rate has
              increased.  Sixty-nine vertebrates, including the wood stork, have
              been observed at the restoration site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1170

AUTHOR:       Loucks, O.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Restoration of the pulse control function of wetlands and its
              relationship to water quality objectives

SOURCE:       Pages 55-65 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II.
              Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, WQUAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses wetland creation and restoration
              opportunities in headwaters of streams, stream floodplains, and
              discharge points into lakes and reservoirs.  Relationships between
              upland development, runoff pulses, scouring and sediment transport,
              and subsequent deposition in/erosion of downstream wetlands are
              included.  Principles that are evident from existing studies are
              discussed (distribution of wetlands, detention in natural
              drainages), as are results from experiences in lake restoration.
              Implications for restoration of the pulse control function provide
              information for design of restoration projects.  Research needs are
              examined.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1215

AUTHOR:       Lowe, G., D. Walker, and B. Hatchitt

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Evaluating manmade wetlands as compensation for the loss of
              existing wetlands in the St. Johns River Water Management
              District

SOURCE:       Pages 109-118 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-FO., PO-SS., E2-EM., E2-FO., E2-SS., L2-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The success of 29 wetland creation projects in the St. Johns River
              Water Management District required by the State of FL as mitigation
              for impacted wetlands are reviewed.  Time since wetland construction
              was completed ranged from 0.25-3.5 years.  New and old state permit
              requirements (under Chapter 40C-4, FL Administrative Code) are
              listed.  Specific criteria used to determine project success
              (permit conditions met, conditions sufficient, viability of the
              created wetland) are defined and a table with the corresponding
              results for each site are included.  General reasons for failure
              (primarily incorrect hydroperiod) are discussed.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/losses/proceedings/wetlands restoration/restoration/
              wetlands creation/impacts/habitat/created wetlands/marshes/water
              quality/man-made wetlands/St.Johns River Water Management
              District/Florida/wetland habitat/compensation/management/creation/
              wetland impact/diversity

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1159

AUTHOR:       Lowry, D.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Restoration and creation of palustrine wetlands associated
              with riverine systems of the glaciated Northeast

SOURCE:       Pages 273-286 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. 1.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        NY, NJ, PA, ME, VT, NH, MA, CT, RI

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HYDRO, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, PLANT, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-UB4, PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-AB.

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       ACER

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information on freshwater wetlands associated
              with riverine systems in New England, NY, northeastern PA and NJ,
              and includes regional overview, extent to which restoration and
              creation have occurred, project goals, wetland restoration success,
              project designs, critical aspects of project plans, mitigation,
              monitoring, information gaps and research needs.  An appendix
              contains profiles of 10 projects: Andover Business Park (MA);
              Coulter Drive (Concord, MA); Sky Meadow, Dunstable (MA); and
              Nashua (NH); Syfeld Site (Keene, NH); Digital Equipment Corp.
              (Littleton, MA); Fafard Co. (Milford, MA); Tamposi and Nash
              (Nashua, NH); highway construction project (New London and
              Newington, CT); Portsmouth Hospital (NH); Southern Tier
              Expressway (Allegheny River Valley, NY).  Profiles include
              project purpose, wetland type and area, procedures, and status.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       561

AUTHOR:       Lum, A.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Shorebird fauna changes of a small tropical estuary following
              habitat alteration: biological and political impacts of
              environmental restoration

SOURCE:       Environ. Manage. 2(5):423-430.

STATE:        HI

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-UB2, E2-UB3, E1-RF1, E2-RF1, E1-UB.

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a project to "restore" Paiko Lagoon, Oahu,
              HI.  The site was a mixture of intertidal and subtidal areas,
              commonly used by American golden plover, ruddy turnstone,
              sanderling, wandering tattler, and black-necked stilt.  Local
              residents requested a habitat improvement project (actually a
              project to improve aesthetics of the lagoon) that resulted in the
              leveling of intertidal bars, dredging to a depth of 4 ft, removal
              of mangrove vegetation, and creation of small dredged spoil
              islands.  Studies of the impact of the project on shorebirds
              revealed that bird counts were significantly reduced for 3 of the
              5 species censused.  Political implications are discussed.  In
              this case, residents were mistaken in their assumption that
              because the lagoon was made more aesthetically appealing, its
              value as wildlife habitat also was increased.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       562

AUTHOR:       Lunz, J.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations, Windmill Point Marsh
              development site, James River, Virginia. Appendix E:
              environmental impacts of marsh development with dredged
              material: metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons in marsh soils
              and vascular plant tissues

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-23. 88 pp.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R1-UB., R1-US2, R1-US3, R2-US3, R.-EM2, PO-FO1, R2-US2, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       PELTANDRA, TYPHA, ECHINOCHLOA, PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, BIDENS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the collection and analysis of plant tissue
              and soils to determine concentrations of metals and chlorinated
              hydrocarbons.  Selected freshwater vascular plants were collected
              from a dredged material marsh (Windmill Point, James River, VA)
              and 2 natural reference marshes (Ducking Stool Point and Turkey
              Island).  Plant species with value as food for wildlife were
              collected and sampled.  The experimental marsh plants had higher
              concentrations of DDE, kelthane, and nickel.  Soils from that
              marsh had higher concentrations of chromium, cadmium, lead, DDD,
              kepone, chlordane isomers, and arochlor 1260 (PCB); natural marsh
              soils had higher concentrations of nickel and zinc.  Chemical
              transfer routes between soil and plants are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       563

AUTHOR:       Lunz, J.D., R.J. Diaz, and R.A. Cole

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Upland and wetland development with dredged material:
              ecological considerations

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. DS-78-15. 50 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E2-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, INVERT, FISH

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides an overview of ecological considerations for
              the planning and management of habitat development on dredged
              material disposal areas.  Topics discussed include: 1) historical
              precedences for habitat development; 2) ecological management
              philosophy; 3) ecological theories on biota-habitat interactions;
              4) general design considerations for habitat development; and 5)
              special considerations (i.e., habitat displacement, life span of
              developed habitat, response of target populations, and chemical
              mobilization within the habitat).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       565

AUTHOR:       Lunz, J.D., T.W. Zeigler, R.T. Huffman, R.J. Diaz, E.J.
              Clairain, and L.J. Hunt

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations, Windmill Point Marsh
              development site, James River, Virginia: summary report

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-23. 116 pp.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R1-UB., R1-US2, R1-US3, R2-US3, R.-EM2, PO-FO1, R2-US2, PO-EM.

RESPONSE:     FISH, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, WFOWL, INVERT, VEG, ECON, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, FESTUCA, DACTYLIS, TRIFOLIUM, PANICUM, SCIRPUS,
              PONTEDERIA, ALNUS, EUPATORIUM, ACER, ALOPECURUS, AMARANTHUS,
              ARTEMISIA, BIDENS, BOEHMERIA, CASSIA, CELTIS, CHENOPODIUM,
              CYPERUS, DATURA, DIGITARIA, ECLIPTA, ECHINOCHLOA, ELEOCHARIS,
              ELEUSINE, ERAGROSTIS, ERIANTHUS, FIMBRISTYLIS, GALIUM,
              GRATIOLA, HIBISCUS, HYPERICUM, IMPATIENS, JUNCUS, LEERSIA,
              OXALIS, LINDERNIA, LIRIODENDRON, LOLIUM, LUDWIGIA, MIKANIA,
              MOLLUGO, OENOTHERA, PASPALUM, PELTANDRA, PENTHORUM,
              PHYTOLACCA, PILEA, PLATANUS, POLYGONUM, POPULUS, POTENTILLA,
              RANUNCULUS, RORIPPA, ROTALA, RUMEX, SAGITTARIA, SALIX,
              SOLANUM, TAXODIUM, TYPHA, VERONICA, VIOLA, XANTHIUM, ZEA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the development of marsh habitat on
              fine-textured, nutrient-enriched dredge material from the James
              River Channel.  A sand dike was constructed to contain sediment.
              Six months after construction, the substrate contained about 75
              plant species, and planting was deemed unnecessary.  Ecological
              monitoring and experimental studies were conducted on plants,
              soils, sediment, water quality, fish, invertebrates, wildlife,
              and plant uptake of metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons.  The
              dredged material marsh produced habitat of value to fish and a
              variety of birds.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/habitat development/Windmill Point/Virginia/sediment/
              intertidal/dredged material/plants/smooth cordgrass/cordgrass/
              Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/fish communities/waterfowl/
              passerines/wading birds/birds/shorebirds/vegetation/Canada/
              field investigations/marsh development/Scirpus americanus/
              erosion

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       564

AUTHOR:       Lunz, J.D., T.W. Zeigler, R.T. Huffman, R.J. Diaz, E.J.
              Clairain, and L.J. Hunt

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations, Windmill Point
              Marsh development site, James River, Virginia. Appendix D:
              environmental impacts of marsh development with dredged
              material: botany, soils, aquatic biology, and wildlife

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg. MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-23. 510 pp.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R1-US2, R1-EM2, PO-FO1, R2-..., PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, SHELLF, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       PELTANDRA, SAGITTARIA, PONTEDERIA, ZIZANIA, POLYGONUM,
              IMPATIENS, BIDENS, TYPHA, FESTUCA, DACTYLIS, TRIFOLIUM,
              PANICUM, SCIRPUS, ALNUS, EUPATORIUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the environmental effects of marsh habitat
              development at Windmill Point, James River, Prince George County,
              VA.  A 5.7 ha island composed of dredged material was graded,
              planted, and seeded; changes in the biota were observed after 1
              year and were compared to nearby marsh/upland reference areas.
              Four major plant zones were arrowhead-pickerelweed (low marsh),
              beggar tick (higher marsh), panic grass, and a small wooded zone.
              Species distribution and zonation were primarily influenced by
              elevation and tidal inundation.  Within 1 year, much of the
              vegetation was destroyed by animal activity (i.e., Canada geese).
              Observations and measurements of benthic biota, fish, birds,
              mammals, plants, and soils are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       566

AUTHOR:       Lyon, J.T. III

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        A comparison of epiphytes on natural and planted Spartina
              alterniflora marshes

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, North Carolina St. Univ., Raleigh. 48 pp.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-AB1, E2-US.

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis compares production of epiphytes on Spartina
              alterniflora from natural and planted dredge spoil marshes at
              Beaufort and along the Cape Fear River near Snow's Cut, NC.
              Epiphytes consisted mainly of green or blue-green algae,
              intermixed with detritus, inorganic material, protozoans,
              bacteria, and barnacles.  Estimates of annual production from
              standing crop and carbon 14 uptake data indicated that epiphytes
              in planted marshes were comparable to those in natural marshes.
              Epiphytic production in salt marshes is not significant when
              compared to dry matter produced by Spartina, but epiphytic algae
              are a more easily available and easily digested food source and an
              important component of marsh-estuarine systems.

KEYWORDS:     comparison/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/marshes/salt marshes/
              dredge spoil/spoil/values/natural marshes/created marshes/Snow's
              Cut,North Carolina/North Carolina/epiphytes/epiphytic algae/
              natural salt marshes

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1356

AUTHOR:       Machemer, S.D., P.R. Lemke, T.R. Wildeman, R.R. Cohen, R.W.
              Klusman, J.C. Emerick, and E.R. Bates

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Passive treatment of metals mine drainage through use of a
              constructed wetland

SOURCE:       Pages 1-11 in Big five tunnel pilot wetland funded under the
              emerging technologies program. EPA 600/9-90 037.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LAB, HYDRO, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       TYPHA, CAREX, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study uses the Big Five Tunnel Pilot Wetland to test contaminant
              removal through the anaerobic processes of constructed wetlands to
              raise pH and precipitate heavy metals as sulfides.  The pilot plant
              was divided into three 6.1m treatment cells in a trickling filter type
              configuration and layered with substrate.  Modifications were made in
              the design to maximize the contact of water with substrate.  Results
              of the redesign were discouraging so further modifications where made
              as a result of laboratory and bench-scale experiments.  Each cell
              could be operated in the upflow and downflow configuration.  Removal
              of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn and increases in pH were improved more in the
              downflow systems than the upflow systems.  After two years, wetland
              plants revealed only minor accumulation of toxic metals.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1253

AUTHOR:       Maddox, J.J., and J.B. Kingsley

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Waste treatment for confined swine with an integrated
              artificial wetland and aquaculture system

SOURCE:       Pages 191-200 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural.
              Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST, EXPERIMENT, WQUALITY

ACTION:       STOCK, LAB, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, VEG, SUCCESS, FISH

PGENUS:       ELEOCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A small-scale fish aquaculture/artificial wetland demonstration
              facility was built in Muscle Shoals, AL to receive and treat
              effluent from a swine production facility.  Effluent entered the
              fish tank first where silver carp and bighead carp were stocked
              to filter fine particulate matter from the water.  At a fish
              stocking rate of 65 g/m2, net production was 4300 kg/ha after
              160 days.  Wastewater (swine and fish) then entered the sand
              filtration bed wetland planted with Chinese water chestnuts
              (commercial value of $2-3/lb. of corms).  Water quality parameters
              measured for influent and effluent were: BOD5; COD; suspended
              solids; total solids; fecal coliform; total Kjeldahl N; total
              P; K; pH; NH3+; NH4+-N; Ca; and temperature.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       567

AUTHOR:       Madsen, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetland restoration: a pilot project

SOURCE:       J. Soil Water Conserv. 41(3):159-160.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a pilot program in 3 western MN Counties to
              pay landowners for the use of drained wetlands.  Three critical
              elements are a willing landowner, funds for restoration, and
              technical guidance.  The prospective wetlands were selected by
              proximity to existing wetlands, present use of drained wetlands,
              and the relative difficulty of restoring drained wetlands.  Ditch
              plugs or tile blocks were installed in the selected sites to
              provide an optimum water depth.  Adjacent land was planted with
              nesting cover and uplands were planted with nonuse grass, delayed
              alfalfa harvest, or no-till small grain.  Budget development costs
              were $64/acre.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands restoration/restoration/agricultural/wetlands/drained
              wetlands/Minnesota/wildlife/inland wetlands/wetland losses/losses

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       568

AUTHOR:       Madsen, C.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Wetland restoration in western Minnesota

SOURCE:       Pages 92-94 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing
              our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl.
              Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services's (FWS)
              program to restore selected drained wetlands on private land in
              western MN.  Annual rent payments for 10 year contracts were
              offered to selected landowners in 3 counties during a pilot
              program.  FWS pays the annual rent and Ducks Unlimited and local
              sportsmen's groups paid the development costs.  On 90 farms,
              1,490 acres of wetlands were restored by interrupting drainage
              facilities and seeding adjacent acres to permanent grass cover.
              Wetlands were quickly revegetated with hydrophytes; waterfowl
              and other wildlife immediately returned to the wetlands after
              flooding.  The FWS, cooperatively with the Soil Conservation
              Service, Ducks Unlimited, and other sportsmen's groups, is working
              to restore wetlands on conservation reserve acreage to take
              advantage of opportunities to restore wetlands that might
              otherwise be lost.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       569

AUTHOR:       Magnuson, J.J., H.A. Regier, W.J. Christie, and W.C. Sonzogni

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        To rehabilitate and restore Great Lakes ecosystems

SOURCE:       Pages 95-112 in J. Cairns, Jr., ed. The recovery process in
              damaged ecosystems. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Ann Arbor, MI.

STATE:        WI, MI, NY, OH, MN, PA, IL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L1-..., L2-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This overview focuses on the feasibility of rehabilitating the
              Great Lakes ecosystems.  The historical perspectives of both
              ecosystem degradation and rehabilitation efforts are discussed.
              Phosphorus loading from municipalities and diffuse sources,
              microcontaminants (e.g., PCBs, DDT, and Mirex), and physical
              modification of habitat (e.g., shoreline dredging) are targets for
              rehabilitation efforts.  Suggestions for the restoration of
              desirable fish populations through selective reduction of
              undesirable species are presented.  An outline of rehabilitation
              approaches for the Great Lakes is discussed in light of actual
              feasibility of such actions.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       570

AUTHOR:       Maguire, J.D., and G.A. Heuterman

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Influence of pregermination conditions on the viability of
              selected marsh plants

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-51. 106 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM., PO-EM., PO-SS., E2-SS.

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       BORRICHIA, CAREX, DESCHAMPSIA, IVA, JUNCUS, SAGITTARIA,
              SALICORNIA, SCIRPUS, SPARTINA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes the results of laboratory tests to determine
              the viability, germination, and storage requirements of seeds
              from 13 marsh plant species found in a variety of wetland types
              throughout the U.S. and considered best suited for wetland
              establishment.  Tables provide analyses of effects of storage,
              salt solution, and temperature on various plant species.  Optimum
              storage conditions, thermoperiods, and seed germination duration
              also are recorded.  Direct seeding is a viable method of plant
              establishment on both dredge material and natural marsh substrate.
              Seeds also may be used to produce transplants for nursery
              operations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1060

AUTHOR:       Maiero, D.J., R.W. Castle, and O.L. Crain

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Protection, cleanup and restoration of salt marshes
              endangered by oil spills: a procedural manual

SOURCE:       U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, EPA-600/7-78-220. 153 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS3, E2-FO3

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA, JUNCUS, LAGUNCULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This manual addresses protection, cleanup, and restoration
              phases of spilled oil endangering or contaminating tidal
              marshlands.  The manual follows a step by step approach to
              response actions.  Topics include oil classification, marsh
              classification, protective measures, cleanup measures,
              restoration, and waste handling.  Recovery includes evaluation
              of the need for restoration versus natural recovery, and
              restoration techniques, including transplanting and seeding.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       571

AUTHOR:       Maltby, E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Soils science base for freshwater wetland mitigation in the
              northeastern Unites States

SOURCE:       Pages 17-52 in J.S. Larson and C. Neill, eds. Mitigating
              freshwater wetland alterations in the glaciated northeastern
              Unites States: an assessment of the science base. Univ.
              Massachusetts, Environ. Inst., Amherst, Publ. No. 87-1.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., L.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes in detail the relevance of soil
              characteristics to almost all of the major freshwater wetland
              functions.  Soil chemical processes, including effects of
              waterlogging, oxidized soil layers, nutrients, heavy metals, and
              accumulation of organic matter, are described.  The organic
              horizon component of a wetland system is practically impossible to
              recreate.  Guidelines for mitigation include detailed consideration
              of the functional effectiveness and long-term success potential of
              the soils component of the mitigation effort.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1591

AUTHOR:       Maltby, E. and P.J. Dugan

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Wetland ecosystem protection, management, and restoration: an
              international perspective

SOURCE:       Pages 29-46 in S.M. Davis and J.C. Ogden, editors.
              Everglades-the ecosystem and its restoration. St. Lucie Press,
              Delray Beach, FL, USA. 826 pp.

STATE:        FL, INTERNATIONAL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUALITY, EROSION

ACTION:       HYDRO, LFORM, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: R2-SB7, E2-EM1, E2-SS3, L2-EM1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, SHOREB, HUSE, HYDRO, WQUAL, ECON, SUCCESS, CHEM

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   International experiences and concerns involving wetlands loss and
              the growing awareness for wetland protection are discussed.  Most
              international wetlands loss has been due to agricultural conversion
              causing detrimental impacts on water quality, erosion, and fish and
              wildlife habitat.  The values and ecosystem functions of significant
              importance are listed as well as areas to focus future research.
              Conflicts of political, envorionmental, cultural, and economic issues
              are addressed which inhibit wetland protection and watershed
              management.  The international significance of the Everglades to the
              world community and as a model of viable biological processes is
              evident by its placement on the Ramsar list, Biosphere Reserve list,
              and the World Heritage list.  The authors emphasize the need to use
              the Everglades as an example of conservation success for other
              countries.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1102

AUTHOR:       Manci, K.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Riparian ecosystem creation and restoration: a literature
              summary

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 89(20). 59 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., R1.-..., R2-..., R3-..., R4-..., RIPARIAN

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SUCCESS, ECON, FISH

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides an overview of information in the 92 records
              from the Wetland Creation/Restoration Data Base that deal with
              riparian  ecosystems. An overview of the status of riparian
              ecosystems in the U.S., descriptions of wetland functions,
              review of techniques used for planning, implementing, monitoring,
              and measuring success of wetland creation and restoration projects
              are included. Case studies are used to illustrate the application
              of some of these techniques and to report project results. Three
              well-documented case studies are discussed in detail to illustrate
              more extensive efforts to plan, implement, or monitor riparian
              wetland creation and restoration projects.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       573

AUTHOR:       Mangrove Systems, Inc.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Florida Keys seagrass restoration Phase I & II. Combined final
              report

SOURCE:       Mangrove Systems, Inc., Tampa, FL. 75 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM, THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses restoration of seagrass meadows destroyed as
              a result of bridge construction in the Florida Keys.  Of 65.8
              acres destroyed, 30.5 acres were considered nonrestorable.
              Restoration consisted of planting primarily Halodule wrightii
              shoots anchored with either staples or nails to the substrate on
              33.3 acres of destroyed meadows and on 14.2 acres of compensatory
              meadows.  Overall success rate of the plantings was 72.8%.  The
              report includes specific information on planting success at the 27
              sites planted and recommendations for future plantings.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       572

AUTHOR:       Mangrove Systems, Inc.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Donn Acres monitoring report, North Miami, Dade County,
              Florida

SOURCE:       Mangrove Systems, Inc., Key Biscayne, FL. Unpubl. Rep. 18 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., E2-SS3, E2-FO3, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       LAGUNCULARIA, SPARTINA, HALODULE, PASPALUM, AVICENNIA,
              RHIZOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents results of mangrove, cordgrass, and sea
              grass plantings at a 33 acre site in North Miami, FL.  As
              mitigation for development of the Donn Acres Project, a 33 acre
              lake was excavated and 92,600 mangrove propagules were
              broadcasted onto 15 acres, 76,600 smooth cordgrass were planted as
              nurse plants for the mangroves, and 1,280 Halodule wrightii and
              6,525 Paspalum distichum were planted to stabilize shorelines.
              After 94 days, mortality of mangroves exceeded 85% at most plots.
              Cordgrass plants increased from 519-875%.  Seagrass survival was
              poor, possibly due to competition from a red algae.  The overall
              success of the planting effort was unclear and future monitoring
              as scheduled.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1484

AUTHOR:       Mann, R.A. and H.J. Bavor

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands using gravel and
              industrial waste substrata

SOURCE:       Water Science Technology 27(1):107-113.

STATE:        AUSTRALIA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCHOENOPLECTUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Lab studies were conducted to determine phosphorous equilibrium in
              wetlands containing regional gravel (5-10 mm), gravel substrate (3-5
              mm), granulated blast furnace slag, blast furnace slag, and fly ash.
              Various phosphorous concentrations were mixed with each substratum.
              Results indicate furnace slag and fly ash have a higher capacity for
              phosphorous removal over longer time than the gravel substrates.  The
              higher aluminum concentrations observed may be responsible for the
              greater uptake of industrial waste substrate.  Full-scale studies were
              also conducted in three constructed wetland systems comprised with
              gravel, gravel trench planted with Typha, and gravel trench planted
              with Schoenoplectus.  Secondary sewage effluent passed through the
              systems at flow rates from 0.28 - 0.80 ml/ha/day with retention times
              from 3-8 days over the two year study.  Results were comparable for
              all three systems.  Generally 40% phosphorous was removed the first
              year but was leached back into the system the following year.  Further
              studies are recommended to understand the relation of metal-oxides in
              industrial waste substrata and precipitates in phosphorous adsorption.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1357

AUTHOR:       Marble, A.D., and M. Gross

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        A method for assessing wetland characteristics and values

SOURCE:       Landscape Planning, 11:1-17.

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article presents a method for assessing inland wetland values by
              identifying the importance of wetlands for providing wildlife habitat,
              flood control, and improvement to surface water quality.  A study area
              consisting of 385 wetlands in Connecticut was selected to illustrate
              this method.  Qualitative physical and biological variables used in
              the inspection of wetlands included:  botanical class, vegetation
              diversity, hydrologic association, and sediment trapping ability.  The
              resulting information based on the assessment may be used to identify
              potential threats to the wetland's viability should development be
              planned adjacent to a wetland.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1408

AUTHOR:       Marcus, L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Wetlands enhancement and riparian restoration through
              watershed management in California

SOURCE:       Pages 313-317 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds.
              Urban Wetlands. Oakland, California.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses two examples involving wetland enhancement
              projects where the primary focus is watershed management.  Buena Vista
              Lagoon was a tidal lagoon prior to the construction of a housing
              development and highway construction.  Sedimentation due to
              urbanization resulted in erosion and degradation of the natural
              floodplain.  Computer models were used to select a watershed plan.
              Alterations of the hydrology based on stormwater detention basins and
              revegetation and enhancement of the natural channels were chosen.
              Creek restoration as well as basins were projected to reduce sediment
              loads by 45% and prolong the life of the lagoon by 100 years.
              Batiquitos Lagoon also experiences rapid sedimentation due to an
              inflow of agricultural runoff, land development, and a closed lagoon
              mouth.  Watershed recommendations include reducing sediment at the
              source, preservation of the natural flood plains, stormwater detention
              facilities and restoring the lagoon to a fully tidal system.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1128

AUTHOR:       Marcus, L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Wetlands enhancement and riparian restoration through
              watershed management in California

SOURCE:       Pages 313-317 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds.
              Urban wetlands: proceedings of the national wetland symposium,
              Oakland, California. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., PO-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the plans formulated by the California
              Coastal Conservancy to restore lagoons on the northern San Diego
              coast.  Two lagoons, Buena Vista and Batiquitos, are rapidly
              filling in due to sedimentation and erosion in their watersheds.
              Plans for restoring tidal action and the investigation and control
              of erosion sources in the watershed are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1191

AUTHOR:       Marcus, L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Riparian restoration and watershed management: some examples
              from the California Coast

SOURCE:       Pages 204-210 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
              California riparian systems conference: protection,
              management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September
              22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, EROSION, HYDRO

ACTION:       HYDRO, PLANT, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO., PO-EM1, PO-SS., R2-US., R2-UB.

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Two examples demonstrate how the preservation and restoration of
              riparian systems helps protect coastal marshes and estuaries.
              Buena Vista Lagoon, San Diego Co., CA and Tomales Bay, Marin Co.,
              CA receive heavy sediment loads from adjacent creeks impacted by
              development, farming/ranching practices, and/or logging.  The use
              of checkdams, riprap, stormwater detention ponds and planting were
              used to control erosion.  Projects on the 2 sites are briefly
              described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       574

AUTHOR:       Marshall, A.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Restoring the Florida Everglades

SOURCE:       Pages 153-160 in R.C. Carey, P.S. Markovits, and J.B.
              Kirkwood, eds. Proceedings of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
              Service workshop on coastal ecosystems of the southeastern
              Unites States. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/59.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., R.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of the past and present condition
              of the Florida Everglades.  The many adverse impacts on this
              system, resulting from an array of human activities, projects, and
              priorities, are discussed in terms of changes to the original
              system.  Holistic principles of ecosystems are emphasized.  To
              restore the Everglades effectively, interrelationships among a
              large number of agencies, concerns, and engineering projects and
              information from a number of scientific fields must be examined
              and understood.  A proposal to begin restoration work is
              described.  The proposal includes 5 first-stage objectives and is
              being considered at the U.S. Department of the Interior level for
              the Everglades Protection Association.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1511

AUTHOR:       Martin, C.D., G.A. Moshiri, and C.C. Miller

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Mitigation of landfill leachate incorporating in-series
              constructed wetlands of a closed-loop design

SOURCE:       Pages 473-476 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, CHEM

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Constructed wetlands are discussed as part of a closed-loop design to
              treat leachate in a landfill.  Other parts of the series in this
              system include composting, recycling, and leachate broadcasting.  Ten
              free surface flow wetlands were constructed with the five initial
              receiving cells planted with Eichornia, Typha, Scirpus, and
              Phragmites.  The final five cells were planted with Sagittaria, Lemna,
              and Potendaria.  Sampling of the influents and effluents were done
              bi-weekly to determine the removal amounts of volatile organic
              compounds, petroleum hydrocarbons, TOC, TKN, TPO4, NO-2-NO3, and heavy
              metals.  Results of treatment efficiencies are to be provided in
              future studies.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1389

AUTHOR:       Martin, F., E. Dutrieux, and A. Debry

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Natural recolonization of a chronically oil-polluted mangrove
              soil after a de-pollution process

SOURCE:       Ocean and Shoreline Management 14:173-190.

STATE:        BORNEO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-SS3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       AVICENNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the restoration of mangroves at a site polluted
              by hydrocarbons as part of a study to determine the consequences of
              chronic oil pollution on mangrove ecosystems.  Pollution was reduced
              in the access channel and a dike was built to stop water flow between
              the study site and the access channel.  The redox potential was used
              to monitor de-pollution of the site and a granulometric analysis
              distinguished zones within the study site.  After a year and a half,
              the colonized mangroves were directly dependent on the channel zone,
              the former pollution source, and the proximity of the available
              popagule stock.  Propagules tended to have very low recruitment in
              the sandy zones due to the compact substrates as well as intraspecific
              competition.  Mortality of the plants resulted more from the short
              term effects of fresh oil than long term effects of hydrocarbon
              concentrations in the soil which reduced plant growth.  Based on these
              results, simply removing the pollution source can provide natural
              restoration where as cleansing operations can actually be a threat to
              the environment by trapping the oil under sediment where it cannot
              degrade.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       575

AUTHOR:       Maryland Department of Natural Resources

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Experimental planting of bay grasses

SOURCE:       Maryland Dept. Nat. Resour., Annapolis, Leafl.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       RUPPIA, POTAMOGETON, ZANNICHELLIA, NAJAS, VALLISNERIA,
              ZOSTERA, ELODEA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, CERATOPHYLLUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This pamphlet reviews techniques for establishing baygrass and
              seagrass beds in Chesapeake Bay, MD.  Factors to consider before
              transplanting are depth, turbidity, wave and tidal action,
              salinity, plant source, bottom composition, and time required to
              complete the work.  If seagrasses are found within a 1-2 mile
              radius of the replanting site, suitable conditions for transplant
              survival and growth are probably present.  Methods for
              transplanting are discussed.  New transplants should be protected
              by plastic webbings.  A field evaluation form is provided for
              monthly documentation of the planted site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       576

AUTHOR:       Mason, H.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Techniques for creating salt marshes along the California
              coast

SOURCE:       Pages 23-24 in J.C. Lewis and .W. Bunce, eds. Rehabilitation
              and creation of selected coastal habitats: proceedings of a
              workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/27.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes several techniques for creating salt marshes
              along the CA coast near San Francisco Bay.  Spartina seeds were
              harvested, stored, and planted.  Seeds planted at the same time
              germinated at different rates over a period of about 1 month.  Of
              the seeds planted on barren dredged spoil material, those that
              were fertilized showed the best growth 3 years after
              fertilization.   Most successful plant establishment was in the
              lower tidal areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1061

AUTHOR:       Matter, W.J., and R.W. Mannan

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Sand and gravel pits as fish and wildlife habitat in the
              Southwest

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Resour. Publ. 171. 11 pp.

STATE:        AZ, NM, CA, NV

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., PO-EM1, PO-AB., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This publication describes the reclamation of disturbed riparian
              land for fish and wildlife habitat in the arid Southwest.  Depth,
              shoreline shape and slope, area and location of sand and gravel
              pits, and plant species that revegetate disturbed areas can be
              managed to influence subsequent colonization by animals.
              Monitoring of critical habitat features, plants, and animals is
              necessary to document reclamation effectiveness.  Development of
              artificial backwaters in floodplains is included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1461

AUTHOR:       Mattingly, R.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Mitigating losses of wetland ecosystems: a context for
              evaluation

SOURCE:       The American Biology Teacher 56(4):206-214.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of wetland creation, its impact, lack
              of impact, and the need to create more effective evaluation methods
              for mitigation.  National policies and litigation are reviewed on
              wetland mitigation and restoration.  The author questions the current
              evaluation system, and recommends evaluating success of the system as
              a whole functioning unit rather then using a few variables such as
              percent vegetation cover or animal use.  The author also suggests
              taking the history and development of a wetland into consideration
              before altering a system and if adequate replication is not possible
              alterations should not be allowed.  Finally, wetland mitigation study
              projects for students are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1062

AUTHOR:       Mattson, C.P., N.C. Vallario, D.J. Smith, S. Anisfield, and G.
              Potera

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Hackensack Estuary oil spill: cutting oil- soaked marsh grass
              as an innovative damage control technique

SOURCE:       Pages 243-246 in Proceedings, 1977 oil spill conference
              (prevention, behavior, control, cleanup). Am. Petroleum Inst.,
              Washington, DC.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       CUT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R1-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents a marsh grass cutting technique used as a
              corrective measure to control an oil spill in the Hackensack
              River Estuary, NJ.  On 26 May 1976, a 2 million gallon oil spill
              struck the estuary.  On-going hydrology research in velocity and
              water distribution patterns predicted slick movement.  Salt
              marsh areas were quickly cut.  After 5 months, assessment of
              vegetation and soils indicated that the technique, when quickly
              applied, was effective where tidal flushing was poor.  Delayed
              cutting in these areas resulted in little regrowth due to
              prolonged exposure to toxic substances.  On well-washed marsh
              areas, natural cleansing was a more suitable choice due to
              unstable mud, which eroded excessively if vegetation was cut.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       577

AUTHOR:       Maugh, T.H., II

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Restoring damaged lakes

SOURCE:       Science 203(4379):425-427.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, BIOCIDE, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of lake restoration programs,
              particularly those of WA state and the Great Lakes Region, and
              briefly discusses some lake restoration techniques.  The focus
              of the article is on restoring water quality.  Techniques
              discussed include sewage treatment, dilution, harvesting plants,
              chemical precipitants, aeration, and sediment removal by dredging.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       578

AUTHOR:       McBride, J.R., and J. Strahan

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Establishment and survival of woody riparian species on gravel
              bars of an intermittent stream

SOURCE:       Am. Midl. Nat. 112(2):235-245.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       SEED

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, R4-SB3, PO-SS1, R4-US1, R.-US1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       POPULUS, BACCHARIS, SALIX, ALNUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses factors influencing woody riparian seedling
              establishment and survival on gravel bars of Lower Dry Creek,
              Sonoma County, CA.  Seedlings became established from May-July.
              Salix spp. established preferentially on areas where surface
              sediment size was less than 0.2 cm.  Populus fremontii established
              more densely on areas of intermediate and large-sized sediments
              (0.2-1.0 cm).  Baccharis viminea dominated on the larger sediment
              sizes.  Drought-induced mortality of seedlings was higher on
              bars where the stream had dried up completely prior to 1 Sept.
              Seedlings established in areas protected from the swiftest current
              were able to withstand high winter flows.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       579

AUTHOR:       McCaffrey, C.A., and F.G. Buckley

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Use of dredged material islands by colonial seabirds and
              wading birds in New Jersey

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-1. 225 pp.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, SHOREB

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a study that assessed vegetative
              distribution and succession on dredged material islands in
              relation to interactions and distribution of nesting colonial
              birds.  The study was conducted along the New Jersey Intracoastal
              Waterway between Cape May Inlet and Manasquan Inlet.  Bird surveys
              were conducted in 1977 using helicopters.  Vegetative communities
              were mapped using aerial photographs and field reconnaissance.
              Twenty-one dredged material islands were studied in detail.  The
              importance of dredged material islands for colonial seabird and
              shorebird populations was dependent on the vegetation present.
              The most important plant communities were common reed, reed-shrub,
              and grasslands.  Approximately 52,000 pairs (16 species) of birds
              nested in the study area.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       580

AUTHOR:       McCaffrey, P.M., J.B. Cruce, J. Hall, M. Palmer, and L. Perrin

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Comments on the Kissimmee River restoration project, and
              responses

SOURCE:       Pages 3-26 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth annual
              conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough
              Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: R2-...

RESPONSE:     HUSE, HYDRO, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This address, followed by 4 responses, concerns past and proposed
              alterations of the Kissimmee River in FL.  Current proposals seek
              to restore flow to about 41 miles of original river channel between
              Lake Kissimmee and Lake Okeechobee; the section was channelized
              during 1962-1971.  Flooding considerations, costs of restoration,
              and environmental benefits are discussed.  Representatives from
              the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the South Florida Water
              Management District, Florida Department of Environmental
              Regulation, and the Kissimmee River Restoration Project discuss
              administrative aspects and pros and cons of this issue.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       581

AUTHOR:       McCaffrey, P.M., W.W. Hinckley, J.M. Ruddell, and S.E.
              Gatewood

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        First annual report to the Florida Legislature Coordinating
              Council on the restoration of the Kissimmee River Valley and
              Taylor Creek-Nubbin Slough Basin, Tallahassee, FL. 660 pp.

SOURCE:

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L2-..., R2-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report consists of the plan recommended by the coordinating
              council on the restoration of the Kissimmee River Valley and
              Taylor Creek-Nubbin Slough Basin to prevent eutrophication of Lake
              Okeechobee, FL, by restoring the Kissimmee River and improving
              water quality of the valley.  The primary source of the nutrient
              problems is runoff from agricultural land uses.  Discussion topics
              include: 1) the upland detention/retention system to remove
              nutrients from runoff water; 2) the feedlot runoff problem of
              Taylor Creek-Nubbin Slough Basin; 3) alternative restoration plans
              for Kissimmee River Valley; and 4) legal implications of the
              proposed plan.  The appendices contain detailed minutes and
              reports from council meetings concerning restoration of the valley.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       582

AUTHOR:       McCluskey, D.C., J. Brown, D. Bornholdt, D.A. Duff, and A.H.
              Winward

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Willow plantings for riparian habitat improvement

SOURCE:       U.S. Bur. Land Manage., Denver, CO. 20 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents guidelines for planting willows to improve
              riparian habitat.  Topics include: 1) evaluating streams for
              willow production potential and suitability for fish and wildlife
              habitat; 2) planting willow stocks; 3) making stem cuttings for
              planting; 4) treating stem cuttings with hormones and fungicides,
              5) spacing of plantings; 6) maintaining the project site
              (e.g., fencing, pest control).  Using methodologies outlined in
              this report, the Bureau of Land Management's Salt Lake District
              has achieved an 80% rate of successful willow establishment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       583

AUTHOR:       McConnell, C.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Stream channel renovation methods to mitigate natural resource
              losses

SOURCE:       Pages 611-614 in G.A. Swanson, tech. coord. The mitigation
              symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish
              and wildlife habitat. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65.

STATE:        TN

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides a brief description of the renovation of 22
              miles of the Wolf River,  TN.  The river was blocked by fallen
              trees, debris, and excessive sedimentation.  Guidelines were
              developed to specify renovation activities (e.g., debris and
              vegetation removal, planting).  Only those obstructions that
              caused a significant blockage of river flow were to be removed.
              Stumps and roots were left undisturbed for erosion control and
              bank stabilization.  The plan included revegetation of all
              disturbed areas for wildlife habitat and soil stabilization.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       584

AUTHOR:       McConnell, D.L., and D.E. Samuel

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Small mammal and avian populations utilizing cattail marshes
              on reclaimed surface mines in West Virginia

SOURCE:       Pages 329-336 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Wetlands and water management on mined lands. Pennsylvania St.
              Univ., University Park.

STATE:        WV

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses small mammal and avian populations in 3
              cattail marshes on reclaimed surface mine areas in northeastern WV.
              Water quality was variable at the sites, but iron and sulfates
              improved at outlets of 3 sites and magnesium at 2 sites, compared
              to inlet readings.  Small mammal trap success was higher in marsh
              areas compared to adjacent reclaimed grass-legume fields.  Small
              mammals appeared to concentrate in the cattails during spring and
              fall.  Marshes also attracted more birds than surrounding reclaimed
              mined land.  Species richness was greater in the marshes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       585

AUTHOR:       McCreary, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Legal and institutional constraints and opportunities in
              wetland enhancement

SOURCE:       Pages 39-52 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll.
              Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., R.-..., L.-..., M.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the legal, institutional, and management
              aspects and perspectives of wetland restoration projects.  State
              and federal wetland policies and management, institutional issues
              and land acquisition, watershed and ecosystem management,
              scientific information relating to wetlands enhancement, and other
              topics pertinent to wetland restoration activities are discussed.
              Ten recommendations for more effective restoration efforts are
              listed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1620

AUTHOR:       McCuskey, S. A., A. W. Conger, and H. O. Hillestad

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Design and inplementation of functional wetland mitigation:
              case studies in Ohio and South Carolina

SOURCE:       Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77:513-532.

STATE:        SC, OH

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SOIL, SEED, HYDRO, MONITER

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       586

AUTHOR:       McElligott, M.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Effects of routing a stream through a surface-mine lake

SOURCE:       Pages 303-312 in D.H. Graves and R.W. De Vore, eds.
              Proceedings 1985 symposium on surface mining, hydrology,
              sedimentology, and reclamation. Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ.,
              Lexington.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., R4-..., R2-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares the water quality and benthic and fish
              communities of 6 surface mine lakes of St. Clair County, IL.
              Three of the lakes were traversed by surface streams.  The
              stream-influenced lakes had higher diversity and standing crop
              values for fish, higher benthic diversity and equitability values,
              adequate phosphorus levels for good productivity, and lower
              salinity values.  Two of the 3 lakes not influenced by streams had
              phosphorus values low enough to render them oligotrophic.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       587

AUTHOR:       McIntosh, D.F., and E.B Mehta

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Federal restoration remedies

SOURCE:       Florida Bar J. 51(3):155-158.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., PO-..., L.-..., M.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses 2 basic objectives of proposed restoration
              plans: recapture lost habitat or its equivalent and meet federal
              water quality standards by the most economical, least disruptive
              methods.  Discussion focuses on legal consequences of the federal
              water pollution control act of 1972 and on criteria for restoration
              enforcement.  A minimum of 3 witnesses was recommended for meeting
              the court's restoration criteria: a biologist, an architect or
              civil engineer, and an accountant.  Restoration objectives are
              discussed and specific minimal legal requirements for dissolved
              oxygen and fill depth for mangrove and seagrass systems are
              identified.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1188

AUTHOR:       McKee, K.L., and I.A. Mendelssohn

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Response of a freshwater marsh plant community to increased
              salinity and increased water level

SOURCE:       Aquatic Bot. 34:301-316.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM2, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL, VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       SAGITTARIA, LEERSIA, PANICUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the effects of salinity and increased water
              level on the growth and survival of freshwater marsh vegetation.
              The donor marsh was located at the southern end of Lac des
              Allemands, LA, and the recipient marsh near Bayou Rigolettes.
              Vegetative plots from the donor marsh were placed in the recipient
              marsh at different elevations.  Field studies involved simulation
              of subsidence, salt water intrusion, and salt water-subsidence
              interaction.  Effects of water level and salinity were further
              examined in the greenhouse under controlled conditions.  Growth
              measurements, species composition, biomass, stem density,
              interstitial water analysis, and plant tissue analyses are
              included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       588

AUTHOR:       McKendrick, J.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Arctophila fulva for revegetating arctic wetlands

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 5(2):93.

STATE:        AK

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R2-..., PO-EM2, R2-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ARCTOPHILA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the initial steps of a 5 year study on the
              use of arctic grass (Arctophila fulva) for revegetation of shallow
              ponds and slow moving stream areas in AK.  Initial results
              indicate that by accelerating the spring thawing of ponds,
              A. fulva provides open water for birds in early spring.  Natural
              stands are used as a source for vegetative propagation; this
              appears to be a more practical approach than procurement of seed
              from A. fulva "crops."

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1610

AUTHOR:       McKinstry, M. C., and S. H. Anderson

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Evaluation of wetland creation and waterfowl use in
              conjunction with abandoned mine lands in Northeast Wyoming

SOURCE:       Wetlands 14(4):284-292.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       MODEL, EVAL

WETLAND TYPE: L1-..., PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The Wetland Habitat Value (WHV) Model was used to evaluate the
              preformance of 92 filled, reclaimed, and created wetlands on
              previously mined lands as habitat for breeding and migrating
              waterfowl.  Wetlands were also compared to their pre-construction
              plans to determine the post-construction habitat.  Eighty-six percent
              of the wetlands were smaller than pre-construction projections.
              Observational evaluations indicated habitat quality was less than
              post-construction wetland design estimates.  The authors recommend
              a mitigation ratio of 1.2:1 rather than the 1:1 ratio required by
              current policy.  The WHV models predictive capabilities tend to be
              effective for rapidly assessing existing wetland conditions as well
              as predicting the presence of migrating and breeding geese.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands creation/waterfowl/dabbling ducks/diving ducks/
              created wetlands/mine reclamation/Wetland Habitat Value Model/
              wetlands mitigation/wetland modelling/habitat/creation/waterfowl
              use/abandoned/wetland habitat/habitat value/model/Canada/Canada
              geese

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1457

AUTHOR:       McKnight, S.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Transplanted seed bank response to drawdown time in a created
              wetland in east Texas

SOURCE:       Wetlands 12(2):79-90.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SOIL, LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: P0.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use and time of drawdowns to rapidly
              establish wetland plant communities in created wetlands on reclaimed
              strip mines.  Water level and point-intercept vegetation data were
              collected along 16 transects in a 13 year old donor pond constructed
              on reclaimed mine spoil.  Soil was removed along 20 randomly located
              transects from the donor pond and placed on the upper five of six
              step-like shelves in an experimental basin.  Plots were established in
              unvegetated areas adjacent to the disturbed areas of the donor pond to
              assess vegetative recovery.  Water was pumped into the experimental
              basin in February 1990 and removed April, June, and August so each
              shelf except shelf 1 was exposed within 48 hrs of the initial
              drawdown.  Seed banks were divided into subplots for soil moisture
              sampling and vegetative sampling, including, identification, species
              richness, seedling density, and above ground biomass.

KEYWORDS:     seed banks/created wetlands/wetlands/species richness/emergent
              vegetation/vegetation/ soils/technique/reestablishment/drawdown/
              east Texas/germination/strip mine wetlands/water regime/wetlands
              creation/sediment/Texas/biomass/soil/vegetative cover

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       589

AUTHOR:       McLaughlin, P.A., and A. Thorhaug

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Restoration of Thalassia testudinum: animal community in a
              maturing four- year-old site: preliminary results

SOURCE:       Pages 149-161 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings fifth annual
              conference on restoration of coastal vegetation in Florida.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HARVEST, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: M1-AB1, M1-AB3

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, SHELLF, VEG

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In August and September 1973, the first documented effort to
              replant seagrass in large scale by seed was conducted at an
              effluent site at Turkey Point, Biscayne Bay, FL.  Effluents had
              completely denuded the seagrass bed.  Eight months after planting
              Thalassia testudinum seedlings at various intervals with anchor
              and no anchor treatments, about 80% of the seedlings had survived.
              The purpose of the study was to ascertain animal communities that
              recolonized the restored area and to compare these communities
              with control areas.  The restored areas had large numbers of
              commercially important penaeid and caridean shrimp.  Species
              diversity and total abundance of fishes, annelids, molluscs, and
              isopods increased over time in the restored areas.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/Thalassia testudinum/animal community/community
              structure/turtle grass/restored seagrass bed/seagrasses/annelids/
              shrimp/diversity/four-year-old site/Florida/proceedings/coastal/
              vegetation

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1359

AUTHOR:       McLaughlin, P.A., S.F. Treat, A. Thorhaug, and R. Lemaitre

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        A restored seagrass (Thalassia) bed and its animal community

SOURCE:       Environmental Conservation, 10(3):247-254.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARISON

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: M1-AB3

RESPONSE:     INVERTS, VEG, FISH

PGENUS:       THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses restoring an estuary on Turkey Bay, FL with
              Thalassia to determine whether the recolonizing animal community
              associated with the restored seagrass bed would establish itself with
              a community-structure similar to "natural" communities.  Two
              approaches were used as a base of benthic communities: 1) emphasis on
              biomass and productivity and 2) emphasis on community structure and
              analyses of communities as complexes of individuals belonging to
              different taxa.  Samplings at 9 stations revealed significant
              differences between the abundance and species of animals in restored
              areas and a nearby unrecovered barren area. Species and abundance
              differences, however, were not different between the restored site
              and the control site, although some populations of groups were much
              higher than the control site.

KEYWORDS:     seagrasses/community structure/fishes/restoration/Thalassia
              testudinum/turtle grass/animal community/restored seagrass bed/
              Florida/decapod crustaceans/crustaceans/erosion

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1604

AUTHOR:       McManus, K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Wetlands avoidance and impact minimization

SOURCE:       Pages 105-126 in D.M. Kent, editor. Applied wetlands science
              and technology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 436 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses federal legislation and mandates enacted to
              protect and avoid actions which may impact wetlands.  Criteria used
              by the Corps of Engineers to review a case for site selection of
              the least damaging alternative is presented.  Methods to limit the
              impact of a project are discussed for project size and scope,
              configuration and layout, design details, construction techniques,
              construction schedule and sequencing, specifications and bid
              documentation, and sedimentation and erosion control techniques.
              Finally monitoring requirements and procedures are important to
              insure success of a project as well as correct any violations to
              the permit.

KEYWORDS:

================================================================================
NUMBER:       590

AUTHOR:       McMillan, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1970

TITLE:        Environmental factors affecting seedling establishment of the
              black mangrove on the central Texas coast

SOURCE:       Ecology 52(5):927-930.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       AVICENNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes effects of salinity, water turbulence,
              depth, and temperature on the establishment of black mangrove
              seedlings from the central coast of TX.  Effects were evaluated
              under laboratory conditions.  Uprooted seedlings exhibited
              tolerance to a broad range of salinities.  Water turbulence
              inhibited root and seedling development.  Seedlings grew roots in
              various water depths, but did not become established until depths
              decreased to 5 cm or less.  Seedlings rooted throughout a range
              of temperatures; stemless rooted seedlings were killed when
              exposed to 39-40 degrees C for 48 hours, but rooted seedlings with
              stems and leaves survived.  Field observations are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       591

AUTHOR:       McMillan, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Culture methods

SOURCE:       Pages 57-68 in R.C. Phillips and C.P. McRoy, eds. Handbook of
              seagrass biology: an ecosystem perspective. Garland STPM
              Press, New York.

STATE:        TX, FL, CA, AK, WA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, E2-AB3, M1-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       HALODULE, THALASSIA, SYRINGODIUM, ZOSTERA, POSIDONIA,
              CYMODOCEA, ENHALUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes techniques for culturing seagrasses.  An
              overview of about 10 studies is provided, including information on
              time of transplanting, duration of culture, type of study, type of
              container, substrate and water depth, temperature, CO2, aeration,
              and salinity.  Results of laboratory studies are reviewed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       592

AUTHOR:       McMullen, J.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Selection of plant species for use in wetlands creation and
              restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 333-337 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, WQUAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-AB., PO-SS., PO-FO.

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS,
              SUCCESS

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, SPARGANIUM, CORNUS, CAREX, VIBURNUM, SAGITTARIA,
              SALICORNIA, TYPHA, SALIX, QUERCUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the various factors that influence selection
              of plant species for wetland creation or restoration efforts.
              Objectives of the restoration plan determine whether plant species
              with wildlife value or aesthetic qualities (or both) should be
              emphasized and determine mix of different wetland types to be
              created.  Objectives also can include or determine whether plants
              with stabilization qualities should be emphasized.  Examples of
              plant species to be used to fulfill each of these objectives are
              included.  Success of plantings is influenced by the accuracy of
              the predictions made during the planning process; water levels
              are most important.  Other physical factors, time of plantings,
              type of stock material, and monitoring plans also are among the
              factors that determine success.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       593

AUTHOR:       McVay, M.E., P.E. Heilman, D.M. Greer, S.E. Brauen, and A.S.
              Baker

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Tidal freshwater marsh establishment on dredge spoils in the
              Columbia River Estuary

SOURCE:       J. Environ. Qual. 9(3):488-493.

STATE:        WA, OR

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: R1-US3, R1-US2, E2-EM1, E2-UB2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       DESCHAMPSIA, CAREX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the establishment of tufted hairgrass
              (Deschampsia cespitosa) and slough sedge (Carex obnupta) on an
              intertidal dredge spoil area at Miller Sands in the Columbia River
              Estuary.  Seeds and transplants were collected from nearby areas.
              In terms of biomass and seed production, D. cespitosa appears to
              be better suited for marsh establishment on this type of site,
              even though it is more sensitive to low fertility.  C. obnupta is
              fairly unresponsive to fertilizer treatment and is suited for
              infertile sandy spoil areas.  D. cespitosa may require fertilizer
              on sandy spoil material at elevations above mean lower low water.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1110

AUTHOR:       Meeker, J.A., and J.R. Rose

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Wild rice research may provide model for other wetland
              restoration

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 7(2):90-91.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, ,TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM2, RIVERINE, L2-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ZIZANIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes research on the establishment of northern
              wild rice in northern Wisconsin. The study site is Kakagon Slough
              on the shore of Lake Superior. Problems associated with attempts
              to restore wild rice habitats are discussed, and conditions
              associated with self-sustaining restorations are described.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/Wisconsin/natural
              wetlands/wild rice/Zizania palustris L.var.palustris/model/
              impoundments/harvest/disturbance/community structure

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       594

AUTHOR:       Meeks, R.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1969

TITLE:        The effect of drawdown date on wetland plant succession

SOURCE:       J. Wildl. Manage. 33(4):817-821.

STATE:        OH

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, VEG

PGENUS:       POLYGONUM, TYPHA, ECHINOCHLOA, SPARGANIUM, SAGITTARIA,
              SCIRPUS, ELEOCHARIS, CALAMAGROSTIS, ASCLEPIAS, HIBISCUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study that tested manipulations of
              water at the Winous Point Shooting Club in OH.  Periodic draw-
              downs were initiated to increase natural vegetative productivity
              and enhance wildlife values.  The entire study area was first
              drained in July 1956 and reflooded in September.  One unit was
              drained in each of the following 6 years.  The vegetation was
              mapped each August to determine the area occupied by the dominant
              species.  A table describes percent cover for 9 species in March,
              April, May, and June drawdowns for 1956-1962.  General conclusions
              and advantages of partial drawdowns (for wildlife habitat) are
              discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       595

AUTHOR:       Mendelssohn, I.A., and E.D. Seneca

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        The influence of soil drainage on the growth of salt marsh
              cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora in North Carolina

SOURCE:       Est. Coastal Mar. Sci. 11:27-40.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       HYDRO, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the influence of soil drainage on the growth
              of salt marsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in Oak Island
              Marsh, southeastern NC, and in laboratory experiments.  The
              occurrence of the height forms of Spartina was directly related
              to marsh soil drainage and aeration in the natural marsh.  When
              the degree of soil drainage was manipulated in greenhouse
              experiments under low nutrient regimes, biomass production of
              tall and medium Spartina was greatest when the soil-root system
              was undrained.  Short Spartina was relatively unaffected by the
              soil drainage treatments.  In phytotron greenhouse experiments
              under high nutrient regimes, the biomass of tall Spartina
              transplants also increased as soil drainage decreased; however,
              stagnant conditions (5 cm constant water level) resulted in the
              least growth.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       596

AUTHOR:       Menendez, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        Limestone treatment of an acid stream: effects on chemistry,
              benthos, and trout

SOURCE:       West Virginia Dept. Nat. Resour., Charleston, Final Rep. D-J
              Proj. F-12-R. 133 pp.

STATE:        WV

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB1, R.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the effects of limestone treatment on the
              chemistry, benthos, and trout of Otter Creek, an acidic stream in
              northern WV.  Neutralization of the natural acid load was achieved
              by tumbling limestone aggregate in a steel drum rotated by stream
              flow.  During 4 years of treatment, no noticeable changes
              occurred in the distribution or abundance of the benthos that
              could be attributed to the limestone neutralization.  Standing crop
              of trout increased approximately 25 lbs/acre in a 1 mile section
              below the treatment station.  The influence of acid tributaries
              reduced the effects of treatment in downstream areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       598

AUTHOR:       Metz, E.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Restoration of an urban coastal wetland system (California)

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 4(1):28.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, VEG

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the planned restoration of an 84 ha
              coastal wetland in Los Angeles.  This wetland supports Salicornia,
              which is critical habitat for the endangered Belding's savanna
              sparrow.  The restoration will take place in phases to produce a
              reduced tidal regime to preserve Salicornia habitat.  A series of
              automated slide gates and cells within the wetland will result in
              different hydraulic regimes for various areas of the wetland.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       597

AUTHOR:       Metz, E.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Guidelines for planning and designing a major wetland
              restoration project: Ballona Wetland case study

SOURCE:       Pages 80-87 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing
              our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl.
              Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM., E2-..., PO-..., E2-US2

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, VEG, HUSE, HYDRO, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the planning and design for the
              restoration of Ballona Wetland in Los Angeles, CA.  In this
              216 acre area, 150 acres of saltwater wetlands and 25.4 acres of
              freshwater wetlands will be restored, along with adjacent dunes,
              coastal strands, coastal sage scrub, and grassland savannah.  The
              regulatory context and funding sources are described.  The
              restoration plan is treated as an experimental process; goals and
              objectives are analyzed and long-term management is planned.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       599

AUTHOR:       Meyer, J.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        A detention basin/artificial wetland treatment system to
              renovate stormwater runoff from urban, highway, and industrial
              areas

SOURCE:       Wetlands 5:135-146.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     HUSE, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       PHALARIS, TYPHA, PHRAGMITES, NUPHAR

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes an artificial wetland system that can be used
              to treat stormwater runoff and other wastewater.  Design criteria
              for a detention basin/artificial wetland treatment system are
              described and illustrated.  This system treats both the dissolved
              and solid components of stormwater runoff by sedimentation,
              filtration, and pollutant absorption.  Artificial wetland
              hydrology, substrate, vegetation and litter, and pollutant removal
              effectiveness are discussed.  Overall pollutant removal of the
              system varied from 90-99% (90% removal of N and P and 100% removal
              of contaminants associated with particulate material).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1204

AUTHOR:       Meyer, M.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        A low cost brush deflection system for bank stabilization and
              revegetation

SOURCE:       Pages 424-427 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
              California riparian systems conference: protection,
              management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September
              22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       STABIL, PLANT, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, R.-US3, PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R.-UB1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       POPULUS, SALIX, BACCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A series of brush deflectors were installed along an eroding,
              undercut streambank on Lindo Channel in Chico, CA.  Pieces of
              brush were wired to sets of metal fenceposts driven into the
              bank perpendicular to stream flow and at strategic points
              upstream.  Dormant cuttings of riparian plants were added for
              revegetation and long-term bank protection.  Cuttings were
              irrigated during the dry season.  Supplies and man-hours
              required to complete the project are listed.  To date
              (2 years deployment), the system has stopped erosion.
              (AA-Mod)

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       600

AUTHOR:       Michalski, M.F.P., D.R. Gregory, and A.J. Usher

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Rehabilitation of pits and quarries for fish and wildlife

SOURCE:       Ontario Ministry Nat. Resour., Aggregate Resour. Sect., Land
              Manage. Branch, Ontario, Canada. 59 pp.

STATE:        ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, STOCK, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-US1, PO-UB2, PO-US2

RESPONSE:     FISH, WFOWL, VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides a detailed description of 6 steps for
              successful rehabilitation of sand and gravel pits in Ontario,
              Canada.  Identification of preferred after uses includes an
              extensive checklist for choosing site uses and discussion of
              multiple use and site viability for specific uses.  Biophysical
              analysis includes habitat requirements for species groups and
              methods for confirming habitat development feasibility.  Site
              planning and progressive rehabilitation are described.  Final
              rehabilitation of the site for fisheries or wildlife include
              specific guidelines for planting, grading and contouring, and
              providing cover and other habitat requirements.  Resource
              management is the final step, focusing on maintaining and
              enhancing wildlife habitat.  Appendices provide additional
              information on habitat requirements and plant selection.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1063

AUTHOR:       Michalski, M.F.P., D.R. Gregory, and A.J. Usher

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Rehabilitation of pits and quarries for fish and wildlife

SOURCE:       Ontario Ministry Nat. Resour., Land Manage. Branch, Toronto,
              Ontario, Canada. 56 pp.

STATE:        ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL, STOCK, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM., PO-AB., L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, WFOWL, HUSE

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This publication provides an overview of rehabilitation practices
              in sand and gravel pits in Ontario, Canada.  Recommendations are
              presented as " six steps to successful rehabilitation":
              1) identification of preferred after-uses; 2) biophysical
              analysis (including habitat requirements); 3) site planning,
              4) progressive rehabilitation; 5) final rehabilitation;
              and 6) resource management (including maintenance and
              enhancement of wildlife habitat, recreational and commercial
              fish ponds, and monitoring wildlife areas).  Detailed descriptions
              and drawings regarding site treatment are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       602

AUTHOR:       Millar, J.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1971

TITLE:        Shoreline-area ratio as a factor in rate of water loss from
              small sloughs

SOURCE:       J. Hydrol. 14:259-284.

STATE:        SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-SS.

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses rate of water loss from small sloughs in
              central Saskatchewan, Canada.  Daily rate of shoreline-related
              seepage loss to groundwater was estimated at 0.02-0.04
              inches/1,000 ft of shoreline per acre on heavy lacustrine clay
              and 0.07 inches on sandy lacustrine material and medium textured
              glacial till.  Up to 60-80% of the shoreline-related water loss
              was attributed to transpiration by marginal phreatophytic
              vegetation and evaporation from the soil surface.  On average,
              shoreline-related water loss accounts for 60% or more of total
              water loss in sloughs 0.10 acres or less in size and not more
              than 30-35% of total loss in sloughs larger than 1 acre.  One
              application of the methodology described in this paper is the
              prediction of surface water conditions for waterfowl management
              areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       601

AUTHOR:       Millar, J.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Vegetation changes in shallow marsh wetlands under improving
              moisture regime

SOURCE:       Can. J. Bot. 51:1443-1457.

STATE:        SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       CUT, FIRE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes vegetation changes in 71 shallow marsh areas
              near Melfort, Saskatoon, and Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada,
              over a period of about 10 years.  Conclusions include: 1) complete
              conversion of shallow marsh to open water requires at least 2 years
              of continuous flooding; 2) Carex atherodes may be an indicator of
              wetlands that are likely to remain as stable shallow marshes; 3)
              presence of some deep marsh emergents in shallow marshes does not
              necessarily indicate a wetter moisture regime; 4) the degree of
              year-round flooding a wetland has experienced is reflected in the
              presence of rooted submergents; 5) wetlands of less than 1 acre
              usually have a restricted moisture regime; 6) vegetation and
              basin size and depth relationships may be used to assess wetland
              potential for waterfowl production.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       603

AUTHOR:       Miller, A.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Development of wildlife compensation features at water
              resource projects

SOURCE:       Pages 615-616 in G.A. Swanson, tech. coord. The mitigation
              symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish
              and wildlife habitat. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65.

STATE:        IL, IN

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the use of a modified habitat evaluation
              procedure by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to account for
              terrestrial habitat changes at 2 locations: 1) Big Blue Lake,
              IN; and 2) Louisville Lake, IL, both proposed lake projects for
              flood control, recreation, water supply, and fish and wildlife.
              The flood pool, wetland development, recreation lands, and
              mitigation and enhancement for wildlife compensation are
              described.  No new land purchases have been authorized, although
              additional lands for mitigation purposes were recommended by the
              U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.


KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1296

AUTHOR:       Miller, G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Use of artificial cattail marshes to treat sewage in northern
              Ontario, Canada

SOURCE:       Pages 636-642 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, POLYGONUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper examines the ability of a constructed cattail marsh to
              treat sewage in the cold climate of northern Ontario, Canada.  The
              constructed marsh was based on the design of a facility in Listowel,
              Ontario.  The system was constructed in a serpentine configuration 310
              m long, 3 m wide, and 0.15 m deep and was planted with cattails.
              Bulrush and smartweed established voluntarily. The loading rate was
              three to five times its initial intended rate. During the cold months,
              the water level was adjusted to compensate for surface ice.  BOD
              concentrations were well within the standard of 15 mg/L, however BOD
              removal was obsolete during periods of oxygen stress in August and
              midwinter.  Similarly, phosphorous removal was adequate, except during
              periods of oxygen stress.  Suspended solids removal was variable as
              compared to the Listowel facility.  Furthermore, during favorable
              conditions, bacteriological quality exceeded the standards.  Despite
              minor data variability, the author suggests the results compare
              favorably to secondary treatment standards.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1614

AUTHOR:       Miller, G.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Coastal habitat restoration planning in Louisiana: lessons
              from the Greenhill-Timbalier Bay oil spill case

SOURCE:       Coastal Management 22:413-420

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E1-..., E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM, HUSE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses coastal restoration as retribution for damage
              caused by an oil blowout of a well owned by Greenhill Petroleum
              Corporation.  Through the use of the Habitat Replacement Analysis to
              determine retribution, restoration of 21.7 acres, a five-year
              performance monitoring study, and minimal monetary reimbursment was
              required to compensate for 122.37 acres effected in Timbalier Bay,
              Louisiana.  This successful restoration-based administrative
              settlement is an example of how greater benefits may be obtained over
              previous damage assessment and restoration efforts.  Less time was
              required, less money is involved for both parties, and a natural
              resource damage settlement was obtained.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       604

AUTHOR:       Miller, H.A., J.G. Sampson, and C.S. Lotspeich

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Wetlands reclamation using sand-clay mix from phosphate mines

SOURCE:       Pages 193-200 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ACER, CARYA, CELTIS, FRAXINUS, GORDONIA, ILEX, LIQUIDAMBAR,
              MAGNOLIA, NYSSA, QUERCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a forested wetland research project in
              northern Hardee County, FL.  A mixture of sand and clay from
              phosphate mines was used to create perched water tables at
              reclamation sites.  Six ha of phosphate mine spoil was divided into
              5 plots.  In each plot, a different soil type was spread over the
              perched water table along an elevation gradient from standing
              water to high flood stage.  A grid planting system was used for
              testing success of both pure and mixed stands of native hardwood
              trees in a variety of soil and flood conditions.  As the system
              matures, quantitative data will be generated.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1230

AUTHOR:       Miller, H.A., J.G. Sampson, and C.S. Lotspeich

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Wetlands reclamation using sand-clay mix from phosphate mines:
              results after three years

SOURCE:       Pages 197-207 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SOIL, LAB, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       ACER, CARYA, CELTIS, FRAXINUS, GORDONIA, ILEX, LIQUIDAMBAR,
              MAGNOLIA, NYSSA, QUERCUS, TAXODIUM, BACCHARIS, JUNCUS,
              PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Describes a wetland restoration methodology created for use on
              phosphate mined lands in FL.  The technique involves creating
              a perched water table by using a sand/clay mixture to create an
              impermeable layer.  Test plots were established in 1984 to
              determine the success of 5 soil treatments.  Plots were planted
              with the first 10 species listed in PGENUS.  Drought and
              excessive wildlife related damage led to high mortality rates.
              A second test site was established in 1985 using the sand/clay
              layer.  A 4-5 dm layer of overburden was added and contoured.
              Species listed in PGENUS were planted (tubling, herbaceous
              clumps, or 1 gal container seedlings).  First year drought-
              induced mortality required additional plantings.  Further
              results and reasons for success/failure are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       605

AUTHOR:       Miller, R.J., and E.E. Mackintosh

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Sand and gravel pit rehabilitation in northern Ontario

SOURCE:       Ontario Ministry Nat. Resour., Aggregate Resour. Sect., Land
              Manage. Branch, Ontario, Canada. 24 pp.

STATE:        ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, CUT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-US., PO-UB1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides an overview of government regulations and
              policy and approaches to rehabilitation of sand and gravel pits in
              northern Ontario, Canada.  Rehabilitation in each region of Ontario
              is outlined briefly.  Steps for successful rehabilitation include
              planning, stripping and stockpiling of topsoil, site cleaning and
              grading, planting and seeding, and postrehabilitation management.
              The necessity of selecting an after use for a site before mining
              begins is emphasized.  Appendices include additional information on
              planting suitable species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1064

AUTHOR:       Miller, T.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Techniques used to enhance, restore, or create freshwater
              wetlands in the Pacific Northwest

SOURCE:       Pages 116-121 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland
              and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual
              meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland
              Sci., Wilmington, NC.

STATE:        OR, WA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM1, PO-SS., PO-FO., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of techniques and guidelines
              for wetland creation, restoration, or enhancement.  Establishment
              of goals and objectives, site selection, conceptual design plans,
              site preparation, plant establishment, species diversity, and plant
              material size are discussed.  Description of specific activities
              and goals for the following habitat types are presented: open
              water; emergent marsh; scrub/shrub swamp; forested swamp; and
              riparian areas.  Reasons for failures and ideas for preventing
              them are described.  It is concluded that the potential for success
              is greater when: 1) there are detailed plans; 2) biologists are
              involved with construction and planting efforts; 3) a monitoring
              plan is developed; and 4) there is a contingency plan to be used
              if components of the original design are unsuccessful.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       606

AUTHOR:       Miller, W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Plants for man-made wetlands a growth industry

SOURCE:       Florida Environ. (April):1,17.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-AB.

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, PASPALUM, SPARTINA, IRIS, CANNA, JUNCUS, PANICUM,
              SAGITTARIA, PONTEDERIA, NYMPHAEA, NUPHAR

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of wetland plants native to FL
              that can be used in wetland restoration projects.  Planting
              zones, depth, plant size, plant source, design of littoral shelves,
              planting season, and maintenance are discussed.  Recommendations
              reflect aquascaping principles, along with wetland restoration or
              creation considerations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       607

AUTHOR:       Milleson, J.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Environmental responses to marshland reflooding in the
              Kissimmee River Basin

SOURCE:       Resources Planning Department, Central and Southern Florida
              Flood Control District, West Palm Beach, FL. Technical
              Publication #76-3

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, R2-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, SHELLF, VEG

PGENUS:       BACOPA, HYDROCHLOA, LEERSIA, PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the responses of fish, shellfish, and
              vegetation to reflooding of marsh in the Kissimmee River Basin,
              FL, after a 4 month drawdown.  Populations of fishes, freshwater
              shrimp, and crayfish, and vegetation biomass increased rapidly
              during the first 6 months after reflooding.  After 22 months of
              inundation (the end of the study), water levels were decreased and
              fish and shellfish density increased in deeper portions of the
              marsh.  Plant diversity decreased throughout the study; however,
              deep marsh plant indicator species increased in percent composition
              by weight and occurrence.  Vegetation biomass declined by the end
              of the study from its initial doubling within the first 6 months
              to a loss of 22% of preflooding biomass.

KEYWORDS:     Kissimmee River/Kissimmee River Basin/drawdown/marshes/fauna/
              fishes/shrimp/macrofauna/vegetation/biomass/diversity/plants/
              crayfish/Florida

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       608

AUTHOR:       Milne, B.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Ecological succession and bird-life at a newly excavated
              gravel pit

SOURCE:       Bird Study 21:267-278.

STATE:        GREAT BRITAIN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, RANUNCULUS, TYPHA, JUNCUS, ELODEA, SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses ecological succession and bird use of gravel
              pits in England.  High densities of breeding birds (particularly
              those species characteristic of bare gravel habitats), miGrant
              waders, and an increasing winter population of dabbling ducks were
              associated with early ecological stages (while the pit was being
              actively worked and immediately following gravel extraction).  As
              the pit matured, density and variety of breeding birds sharply
              declined and diving ducks dominated waterfowl populations on the
              pits.  Recommendations for managing gravel pits to promote bird
              use are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1560

AUTHOR:       Minello, T.J., R.J. Zimmerman, and R. Medina

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        The importance of edge for natant macrofouna in a created salt
              marsh

SOURCE:       Wetlands 14(3):184-198.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERTS, FISH, VEG, SHELLF

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Experimental channels were constructed to increase the amount of edge
              in a planted Spartina alterniflora marsh to study the effect of edge
              on animal use.  Densities of fish, crustaceans, and benthic infauna
              were measured in the channels, marsh surface near the channels, and
              control areas of the inner and outer marsh.  Samples were taken during
              two spring and one fall sampling periods at high tide.  Benthic infauna
              tended to have higher densities in the outer marsh on vegetated surfaces
              whereas, the unvegetated experimental channels had the lowest density.
              Crustaceans also had higher densities at the vegetated channel
              openings and control areas in the inner marsh had the lowest densities.
              Fish, particularly small bait fish, had the highest densities in
              the experimental channels of the marsh with control areas having
              the lowest densities.  Results indicate animal use is positively
              correlated with increased edge.  Considerations are offered based on
              this experiment for designing other salt marsh habitats.

KEYWORDS:     salt marshes/Galveston Bay,Texas/edge/Spartina/restoration/
              transplanting/fishes/shrimp/crustaceans/habitat
              complexity/hydroperiod/submergence/habitat/macrofauna/
              channels/created salt marshes/marshes

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1298

AUTHOR:       Mingee, T.J. and R.W. Crites

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Constructed wetlands for secondary treatment

SOURCE:       Pages 622-627 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM, ECON

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a case history, pilot study, construction
              problems, construction costs, and initial performance of a constructed
              wetland in Gustine, California.  The pilot study involved the use of
              an existing emergent wetland adjacent to the wastewater treatment
              facility.  The influent consisted of varying concentrations of BOD and
              suspended solids by pumping it from different stages of primary
              treatment ponds. The pilot wetland cell measured 275 m long, 12 m
              wide, and 0.15 m deep.  Data from the pilot study was used as criteria
              for the construction of the full-scale wetland.  The full-scale
              wetland consisted of 24 cells; 18 cells planted with cattails and six
              cells planted with bulrush, however, problems occurred with vegetation
              establishment.  Twelve of the 24 cells had reasonably dense growth.
              Wetland performance had positive results, although, full performance
              has not been reached.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       609

AUTHOR:       Mitchell, D.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Salt marsh reestablishment following dike breaching in the
              Salmon River Estuary

SOURCE:       PhD. Diss., Oregon St. Univ., Corvallis. 158 pp.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R1-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       POTENTILLA, AGROSTIS, HOLCUS, ATRIPLEX, HORDEUM, CAREX,
              SPERGULARIA, SALICORNIA, DISTICHLIS, ELEOCHARIS, TRIGLOCHIN,
              JUNCUS, SCIRPUS, DESCHAMPSIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This dissertation discusses salt marsh reestablishment following
              dike breaching of a 22 ha, 15 year old permanent pasture in the
              Salmon River Estuary, Lincoln County, OR.  One year after half
              the dike was leveled and tidal creeks were reopened, upland
              pasture species of plants were nearly eliminated.  Two years
              after dike breaching, in areas of high residual species cover,
              the most successful colonizers were Atriplex patula, Hordeum
              brachyantherum, and Carex lyngbyei.  On areas of mostly bare
              mud, Spergularia marina and Salicornia virginica colonized most
              rapidly.  Soils were more anaerobic and had 5-10 ppt greater
              salinity than control marshes; soil pH was similar.  The author
              recommends entire dike removal for future restoration efforts
              on marshes of the Salmon River Estuary.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1360

AUTHOR:       Mitsch, W.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Ecological engineering and ecotechnology with wetlands
              applications of systems approaches

SOURCE:       Pages 565-580 in A. Marani, Ed. Advances in environmental
              modelling. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

STATE:        OH, IL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARISON

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM, HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO.-..., E2.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper introduces the concepts of ecological engineering and
              technology and its necessity in modern society.  These concepts are
              compared to other technological approaches such as environmental
              engineering and biotechnology.  Examples of ecological engineering in
              regards to research with wetlands include:  1) an acid mine drainage
              site in Coshocton County, Ohio, 2) developing a system to determine
              how and if it is serving as a buffer between upland watershed at the
              downstream Lake Erie, 3) and finally, how the Des Plaines River
              Wetlands Demonstration Project in Illinois is being developed to test
              design principles and construct methods and management programs to
              recreate and maintain wetlands for water quality, flood control, and
              habitat.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1597

AUTHOR:       Mitsch, W.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Landscape design and the role of created, restored, and
              natural riparian wetlands in controlling nonpoint source
              pollution

SOURCE:       Pages 43-70 in R.K. Olson, editor. Created and natural
              wetlands for cntrolling nonpoint source pollution. C.K.
              Smoley, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA. 216 pp.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, R.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses principle which should be applied to wetland
              construction or restoratin design for nonpoint source (NPS) pollution
              control.  Several designs are discussed and compared as to the
              advantages and effectivness of their location in the watershed.
              Three examples are given of different constructed wetland designs
              used to control NPS pollution in Illinois and Ohio.  A natural
              riparian wetland, a natural instream wetland, and a series of wetlands
              experimenting with the watershed size are all presented and compared.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       610

AUTHOR:       Mitsch, W.J., M.A. Cardamone, J.R. Taylor, and P.L. Hill, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Wetlands and water quality management in the Eastern Interior
              Coal Basin

SOURCE:       Pages 121-137 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a
              workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour.,
              University Park.

STATE:        KY, IN

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L2-..., PO-..., R.-..., R.-AB3, PO-EM1, PO-ML1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SPHAGNUM, ELEOCHARIS, DULICHIUM, RHYNCHOSPORA,
              SAURURUS, BETULA, CEPHALANTHUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes the suitability of wetlands for improving
              water quality in the coal fields of western KY and southwestern
              IN.  Streams with and without wetlands are compared by their
              capacity for removing dissolved substances.  Effects of several
              natural wetland systems on water quality are discussed.
              Conductivity, pH, turbidity, dissolved iron and manganese, and
              sulfate are described for these systems.  Hydrologic concerns and
              wetland restoration are discussed.  Alternative ecosystems
              that are not natural duplicates, but are created specifically for
              a habitat function, are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1472

AUTHOR:       Mitsch, W.J. and J.G. Gosselink

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Wetlands

SOURCE:       Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York, New York. 722 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    MANY

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This updated 2nd Edition of Wetlands provides an overview of wetlands,
              their history, functions, values, and management.  Chapter 17 defines
              restored and constructed wetlands, lists reasons for restoration
              and/or creation, discusses construction principles and goals as well
              as, wetland design and how to place wetlands into the landscape.
              Various types of wetlands and locations are given as examples.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1429

AUTHOR:       Moger, J. and K.J. Faust

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Sediment diversion as a form of wetland creation as a form of
              wetland creation in the Mississippi Delta

SOURCE:       Pages 157-163 in H. S. Bolton and O. T. Magoon, eds. Coastal
              wetlands. American Society of Civil Engineers. New York, NY.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US4

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of six sediment diversions constructed
              from historical information over the last ten years as a means of
              wetland creation.  Diversions were designed with angles from each cut
              to achieve the best land growth.  At two of the sites sediment fencing
              was placed at the outflow to develop different bifurcation plans.
              Flow limits were set at 10% of the flow from the navigational passes.
              By 1995 crevasse efficiency is expected to decrease and new diversions
              will need to be created as other locations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       611

AUTHOR:       Monsen, S.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Plants for revegetation of riparian sites within the
              Intermountain Region

SOURCE:       Pages 83-89 in S.B. Monson and N. Shaw, compilers. Managing
              Intermountain rangelands-- improvement of range and wildlife
              habitats. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-152.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HYDRO

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, BIOCIDE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R.-..., PO-FO4, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SALIX, POPULUS, CORNUS, PHALARIS, ASTER, PINUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses revegetation of riparian sites within the
              Intermountain Region for the control of soil erosion and
              streambank deterioration.  Grazing by livestock has had the most
              destructive effect on riparian vegetation.  Riparian habitats
              have responded slowly to management and revegetation programs.
              Reconstruction of the entire plant community may be required for
              seriously altered sites.  Selection of appropriate planting
              seasons is often difficult due to flooding and high runoff during
              the optimum planting season.  Guidelines are presented on
              stabilizing sites, controlling weeds, seeding, transplanting, and
              managing the improved site.  Recommended riparian plantings
              include a list of 25 grasses, 13 forbs, and 36 trees and shrubs
              adapted to various plant communities of the Intermountain West.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       612

AUTHOR:       Montalbano, F., K.J. Foote, M.W. Olinde, and L.S. Perrin

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        The Kissimmee River channelization: a preliminary evaluation
              of fish and wildlife mitigation measures

SOURCE:       Pages 508-515 in G.A. Swanson, tech. coord. The mitigation
              symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish
              and wildlife habitat. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, WFOWL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents an overview of fish and wildlife habitat
              mitigation measures implemented because of the channelization of
              the Kissimmee River, FL.  Mitigation included: 1) pool marshes
              above water control structures along the canal; 2) construction
              of impounded wetlands and water control structures for waterfowl
              habitat; 3) placement of dredged material to reduce destruction
              of critical habitats; 4) construction of fish breeding canals,
              and 5) deposition of dredged material to maintain access between
              the canal and remnants of the oxbows and channel of the original
              river.  These actions were evaluated in terms of fish and
              wildlife habitat improvement.  Realization of benefits can occur
              only with the expenditure of substantial funding for ongoing
              management of these resources.  Such expenses should be considered
              part of the continuing cost of public works project operation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       613

AUTHOR:       Montalbano, F., W.M. Hetrick, and T.C. Hines

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Duck foods in central Florida phosphate settling ponds

SOURCE:       Pages 247-255 in surface mining and fish/wildlife needs in the
              eastern United States, proceedings of a symposium. U.S. Fish
              Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS 78/81.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-AB3, PO-EM1, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     WFOWL

PGENUS:       CYPERUS, SALIX, TYPHA, HYDRILLA, PANICUM, LUDWIGIA, LEERSIA,
              SCIRPUS, LEMNA, ECHINOCHLOA, DULICHIUM, POTAMOGETON,
              CEPHALANTHUS, EICHHORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study investigates the potential of phosphate settling ponds
              in southcentral FL as wintering habitat for ducks.  Ducks
              were collected from 4 ponds and their gizzards were analyzed to
              determine percent composition of food items.  Total plant material
              consumed by 112 specimens was 88%; the most common species were
              Cyperus and Ludwigia.  The least common species were Panicum and
              related pondweeds.  Observations indicated that waterfowl use was
              highest on ponds with a high degree of interspersion of open water
              and emergent vegetation.  Periodic drawdowns and reflooding were
              recommended for retarding expansion of emergent vegetation and
              maintaining some open water.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       614

AUTHOR:       Mooring, M.T., A.W. Cooper, and E.D. Seneca

PUBL. YEAR:   1971

TITLE:        Seed germination response and evidence for height ecophenes in
              Spartina alterniflora from North Carolina

SOURCE:       Am. J. Bot. 58(1):48-55.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The objective of this experiment was to document the response of 3
              height forms of Spartina alterniflora to temperature and salinity
              in water and to assess seed viability.  Short and medium plants
              were collected on Ocracoke Island; tall forms were collected on
              Oak Island.  Seeds were subjected to different temperature and
              salinity solutions.  Optimal germination occurred in 6-8% NaCl at
              65-95% degrees F.  Germination capacity decreased with increased
              salinity levels.  In addition, the seeds need to be stored in a
              moist environment over the winter to avoid desiccation, which
              decreases germination capacity.  Differences in height forms
              resulted from environmental conditions, not genetic differences.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1065

AUTHOR:       Moreno, F., J. Martin, and J.L. Mudarra

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        A soil sequence in the natural and reclaimed marshes of the
              Guadalquivir River, Seville (Spain)

SOURCE:       Catena 8:201-221.

STATE:        SPAIN

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       BETA, SALICORNIA, SUAEDA, MELILOTUS, TRIFOLIUM, SCIRPUS,
              ELEOCHARIS, CYPERUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper analyzes five soil profiles from a saline zone and
              one from an adjacent nonsaline zone in natural and reclaimed
              marshes of the Guadalquivir River, Seville, Spain.  The soils
              developed after infilling of an ancient lake, which was
              connected to the open sea, and are composed primarily of
              nonexpandable clay.  Techniques involved in reclaiming the soil
              were not discussed.  Hydraulic conductivity (except in top layers)
              and aeration porosity were low; nonavailable water holding
              capacity and linear extensibility were high.  Reclamation or
              permanent agricultural use did not increase the hydraulic
              conductivity of the profile, although salt content was diminished
              considerably in top layers.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1143

AUTHOR:       Morris, F.A., and L.J. Paulson

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        A desert wetland created by wastewater flows: current trends
              and problems

SOURCE:       Wetlands 2:191-206.

STATE:        NV

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS., PO-EM1, R2-UB1, RIPARIAN

RESPONSE:     CHEM, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, TYPHA, TAMARIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes an investigation of the influence of
              wetlands on water quality at Las Vegas Wash, Clark County, NV,
              where wastewater discharges have transformed a desert area into
              wetland.  Physical factors, spatial variations in nutrient
              concentrations, and temporal variations in nutrient loading and
              removal are described.  Flooding at the site has eroded most of
              the former marsh and resulted in channelized flows into Lake Mead.
              Subsequent erosion reduces nutrient removal capacities at the site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       615

AUTHOR:       Morris, J.H., C.L. Newcombe, R.T. Huffman, and J.S. Wilson

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat Development Field Investigations, Salt Pond No. 3, Marsh
              Development Site, South San Francisco Bay, California; Summary
              Report

SOURCE:       Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
              Station, Vicksburg, MS. Technical Report D-78-57. 22 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   South San Francisco Bay was the site for a study of marsh
              development on dredged material.  This project sought to determine
              the optimum elevation and tidal flow necessary for Spartina and
              Salicornia revegetation and to assess costs of planting methods.
              Two planting methods were used: planting on foot and planting by
              tractor.  Planting was done between April and February on
              dewatered clayey 2 year old substrate at 0.5-1.0 m intervals.
              Intervals greater than 1.0 m did not produce adequate cover over
              the 2 year study. Hand-planting by walking was the most
              successful, cost-effective method.  Spartina became well
              established in the lower two-thirds of the intertidal zone and
              Salicornia was successful in the upper third.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/habitat development/San Francisco Bay/California/
              abandoned/cordgrass/Spartina/Spartina foliosa/elevation/
              intertidal/field investigations/marsh development

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       616

AUTHOR:       Morrison, D.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Principles of revegetating mined lands

SOURCE:       Pages 51-58 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds. Wildlife
              values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Stn., St.
              Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the basic concepts involved in the
              revegetation of mined lands for erosion control, wildlife
              habitat, and aesthetics.  Early successional species
              characteristics are discussed, along with 3 models of
              succession: 1) a facilitation model (early successional plants
              modify the environment so that it becomes more suitable for
              later successional species); 2) a tolerance model (late
              successional species are dispersed later or grow more slowly
              than early successional species); and 3) an inhibition model
              (halting of a successional sequence by midsuccessional species).
              Alternative strategies for revegetation of mined sites are
              discussed.  This paper does not specifically refer to wetland
              species; however, the concepts are applicable.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1407

AUTHOR:       Morrison, J. and P. Williams

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Warm springs marsh restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 340-349 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds.
              Urban Wetlands. Oakland, California.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, HYDRO, VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the design of the tidal restoration portion of
              the Warm Springs marsh restoration project being completed as
              mitigation for the development of a business park.  Goals for
              development include: 1) establish the alkali bulrush marsh, 2) enhance
              pickleweed habitat for the salt marsh harvest mouse, 3) provide fill
              for building pads on-site, 4) provide flood protection for business
              park, 5) improve tidal circulation/water quality, 6) improve public
              access.  The idea behind the design was to create the physical
              conditions where a natural marsh could quickly evolve with the minimum
              amount of maintenance.  Levees were constructed for the establishment
              of natural vegetation.  Due to the high amount of suspended sediments
              in the water column, mudflats and slough channels with vegetation
              growing from the banks are predicted within ten to twenty years.
              Monitoring for change in the restoration site concentrated in the
              following areas: 1) channel erosion downstream of the restoration, 2)
              sedimentation within the embayment, 3) tidal circulation around and
              inside the restoration site, and 4) wildlife and vegetation.  Results
              have been extremely favorable in the southern portion of the project,
              however; the northern portion is lagging due to the inefficient
              northern breech.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1130

AUTHOR:       Morrison, J., and P. Williams

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Warm Springs Marsh restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 340-349 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds.
              Urban wetlands: proceedings of the national wetland symposium,
              Oakland, California. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HYDRO, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, SUCCESS, HUSE,
              HYDRO, CHEM, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the restoration of brackish and salt marsh
              as mitigation for a degraded 200 acre site at the southern tip of
              San Francisco Bay.  The intent was to create conditions suitable
              for the evolution of natural marsh.  The plan called for alkali
              bulrush-pickleweed habitat for the endangered salt marsh harvest
              mouse.  A 3 year monitoring program calls for assessment of
              existing conditions prior to restoration.  Channel erosion,
              sedimentation, tidal circulation, vegetation, and wildlife are
              included.  The system was able to evolve and adjust rapidly in
              response to a large increase in tidal prism.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       617

AUTHOR:       Morton, J.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Ecological effects of dredging and dredge spoil disposal: a
              literature review

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Washington, DC. 33 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-UB., E2-US.

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides an overview of the physical, chemical, and
              biological effects of dredged material disposal on estuarine
              systems.  The most important physical effects are: 1) alteration
              of circulation patterns due to changes in bottom topography; and
              2) filling-in of channels, fish spawning areas, etc., from long-
              term erosion of spoil mounds.  The most significant chemical
              effect is the release of heavy metals and other contaminants from
              dredged materials.  Effects on benthic communities include burial,
              habitat destruction, and uptake and accumulation of contaminants
              released from polluted sediments.  Alternative methods of spoil
              disposal are described; of these, the most promising is habitat
              creation.  However, contaminant recycling by marsh revegetation is
              a significant problem that must be addressed before habitat
              creation is attempted in a specific area.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       618

AUTHOR:       Moss, B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        The Norfolk Broadland: experiments in the restoration of a
              complex wetland

SOURCE:       Biol. Rev. 58(4):521-561.

STATE:        ENGLAND

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-AB3, PO-EM., PO-AB., PO-AB4, PO-UB4

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides a detailed description of the Norfolk
              Broadland, East Anglia, Norwich, Great Britain.  Changes in this
              wetland complex are documented since medieval times.
              Eutrophication, fish kills, erosion, outbreaks of avian botulism,
              and decreased fen diversity are identified as major current
              problems meriting restoration efforts.  Various restoration
              attempts have focused on reducing phosphorus input.  The possible
              reinstating of a higher intensity of zooplankton grazing also is
              discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1475

AUTHOR:       Moy, L.D. and L.A. Levin

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Are Spartina marshes a replaceable resource? A functional
              approach to evaluation of marsh creation efforts.

SOURCE:       Estuaries 14(1):1-16.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERTS, SOIL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper evaluates the structural and functional interactions of
              marsh sediment characteristics, community composition, and habitat
              utilization by Fundulus heteroclitus in a created Spartina marsh in
              North Carolina.  An upland pine forest was bulldozed, graded, and
              planted with Spartina.  It was directly bordered by two natural
              marshes which were used as controls.  Results indicate higher amounts
              of large particulate matter, higher or constant organic content, and
              higher silt content of the lower natural marshes than the planted
              marsh.  Macrofauna abundances tended to be greater in the natural
              marshes depending on the elevation, although, Manayunkia aestuarina
              was more prevalent in the planted marsh.  Fundulus abundance in the
              natural marshes was also greater than the planted marshes as was the
              variety of ingested matter found.  The author suggests modifications
              of site designs and preparation which would allow for greater success.
              These include, more creek frontage sites, increase in size or number
              of planted marsh inlets, increased tidal flushing and access for
              marine organisims, and increase organic-matter content and porosity of
              the sediment.

KEYWORDS:     Spartina/Spartina marshes/marshes/marsh creation/wetlands
              creation/sediment/salt marshes/North Carolina/insects/algae/
              fishes/wetlands mitigation/tidal flushing/organic matter/
              function/assessment/restoration/long-term monitoring/vegetation/
              technique/man-made marshes/natural marshes/infaunal community/
              Fundulus heteroclitus/ oligochaetes/polychaetes/Spartina stem
              density/infauna/creation/Spartina salt marsh/protection/
              mitigation/monitoring

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       619

AUTHOR:       Mulligan, H.F., A. Baranowski, and R. Johnson

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization of aquatic vascular
              plants and algae in replicated ponds. I. Initial response to
              fertilization

SOURCE:       Hydrobiologia 48(2):109-116.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       ELODEA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, CERATOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, CHARA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses establishment of submerged vascular plants in
              experimental ponds subjected to replicated inorganic fertilization
              at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.  High fertility levels tended
              to eliminate benthic plant populations and increase phytoplankton
              standing crops.  Elodea canadensis grew in the highest nutrient
              levels, but Myriophyllum spicatum and Ceratophyllum demersum
              appeared to be eliminated.  Potamogeton crispus produced an
              abundance of winter buds under conditions of high fertility.
              Benthic plant and phytoplankton populations were similar among
              control and low fertility ponds.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       620

AUTHOR:       Myers, C.W., and W.D. Klimstra

PUBL. YEAR:   1963

TITLE:        Amphibians and reptiles of an ecologically disturbed
              (strip-mined) area in southern Illinois

SOURCE:       Am. Midl. Nat. 70(1):126-132.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     AMPHIB, REPT

PGENUS:       POPULUS, PLATANUS, RUBUS, RHUS, MELILOTUS, SOLIDAGO, BROMUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the relative abundance of amphibians and
              reptiles on land stripmined for coal, 19-29 years previously,
              in Perry County, IL.  The majority of species in the vicinity
              had invaded the new environment.  Semiaquatic species were
              especially successful.  Small and secretive species were poorly
              represented, probably because of the low organic content of the
              soil and the arid environment.  A few larger snake species were
              common.  Box turtles were apparently unable to successfully
              invade the strip-mined lands.  Amphibians and reptiles were
              more abundant in ponds produced by surface or subsurface water
              filling low places between spoils rather than inundation of
              old haulage roads and final cuts, which were usually longer,
              narrower, and deeper.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1437

AUTHOR:       Nairn, R.W. and R.S. Hedin

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Designing wetlands for the treatment of polluted coal mine
              drainage

SOURCE:       Pages 224-229 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the
              thirteenth annual conference society of wetland scientists.
              New Orleans, LA. 990 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A model was developed based on data collected over three years from
              eleven wetlands to treat coal mine drainage.  Wetland design for net
              alkaline drainage requires an aerobic system maximizing the use of
              waterfalls or aeration structures.  The authors suggest wetland size
              be constructed based on the removal rates of 20g Fe m-2 day-1 and 0.5g
              Mn m-2 day-1.  A system designed for net acidic drainage requires an
              alkalinity producing process obtained by a substrate such as spent
              mushroom compost.  The recommended wetland size is based on an average
              removal rate of 5g CaCO3 eq. m-2 day-1.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       621

AUTHOR:       Nash, D.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Beachgrass takes hold on canal spoil

SOURCE:        Soil Conserv. 40(5):6.

STATE:        DE

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US.

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes an experimental planting project on a spoil
              flat along the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, DE.  One acre of
              dredged sandy material varying from loamy sand to silty clay loam
              was planted in Cape American beachgrass.  Plantings were 18 inches
              apart in staggered rows, for maximum erosion control.  Despite
              harsh site conditions, including a pH range of 2.5 to 6.5, about
              35% of the plantings survived the first year and began to produce
              new plants by lateral runners.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1421

AUTHOR:       National Research Council

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 262-340 in S. Maurizi and F. Poillon, eds. Restoration
              of aquatic ecosystems: science, technology, and public policy.
              National Academy Press. Washington, D.C.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This chapter discusses wetlands in terms of history, importance,
              functions, loss of wetlands, restoration opportunities, programs for
              restoration, constraints, and controversies.  Damages to wetlands are
              categorized as biological, chemical, and physical, with the most
              destructive alteration being physical.  Wetland types are separated
              according to their setting:  coastal-estuarine wetlands, stream and
              riverine wetlands, depressional wetlands, and large-scale freshwater
              wetlands.  Restoration techniques are provided for each type.
              Federal water projects, programs for wetland restoration, and the
              current status of wetland restoration research and technology are
              addressed.  Finally, the needs for wetland restoration, restoration
              goals, adaptive management, improved assessment, high standards,
              acceleration of the restoration process, and research are discussed.
              Examples of individual restoration projects are also throughout the
              chapter.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/restoration of aquatic ecosystems/public policy/
              policies/wetlands

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       622

AUTHOR:       Nawrot, J.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Stabilization of slurry impoundments without soil cover:
              factors affecting vegetation establishment

SOURCE:       Pages 469-476 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1981 symposium
              on surface mining hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation.
              Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper investigated the physical and chemical soil parameters,
              plant tissue analyses, density, and biomass production of reedgrass
              (Phragmites australis) at coal mine slurry impoundments in
              Williamson, Franklin, and Perry Counties in southern IL.
              Reedgrass and cattail (Typha latifolia) established on nonmine
              related areas also were examined for comparison.  Reedgrass is
              highly adapted to colonization of slurry sites, primarily due to
              the mature plant's dependence on the more favorable subsurface
              zone (pH 5.3), While avoiding the adverse effects of the toxic
              surface (pH 4.0).  Plants established from underground rhizomes
              generally survive and expand during their first growing season;
              plants established from runners fail to become established due to
              drought and phytotoxic surface conditions.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       623

AUTHOR:       Nawrot, J.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Wetland development on coal mine slurry impoundments:
              principles, planning, and practices

SOURCE:       Pages 161-172 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a
              workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour.,
              University Park.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L.-..., PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, TYPHA, SPARTINA, CYPERUS, SCIRPUS, POTAMOGETON

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides a summary of hydrogeochemical principles and
              plans involved in the implementation of wetland development
              practices on coal mine slurry impoundments in IL.  Slurry
              impoundment zones are discharge area, intermediate area, low
              saturated and unsaturated sections, and impounded saturated
              and unsaturated sections.  Reclamation efforts are based on
              working with slurry as a unique soil rather than as a waste
              material.  Reclaimed slurry impoundments are evaluated on the
              concentration of pyritic materials and potential acidity values.
              The pyritic concentration is decreased by adding soil cover with
              limestone amendments to enhance the root zone.  Ponds older
              than 10-20 years may be able to receive limestone directly.  Site
              conditions for each zone are described and compared.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       624

AUTHOR:       Nawrot, J.R., D.M. Downing, and M.L. Fuson

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Reedgrass and slurry pond reclamation

SOURCE:       Mining Congress J. 67(9):23-28.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, ECHINOCHLOA, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes several experimental planting projects to
              restore coal mine slurry refuse areas and stabilize banks.  The
              study site was Mine No. 1, Monterey Coal Company, Carlinville, IL.
              Common reedgrass (Phragmites australis) was selected primarily for
              bank stabilization capabilities.  Rooting materials were collected
              from nearby slurry impoundment areas, sectioned into 12-18 inch
              and 6-8 inch segments, and planted by hand.  Reedgrass
              successfully stabilized shoreline areas, flourishing under a
              number of different environmental characteristics.  Its presence
              also increased the accumulation of organic matter on the slurry
              surface and, along with plantings of cattail and Japanese millet,
              improved wildlife habitat.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       626

AUTHOR:       Nawrot, J.R., and W.D. Klimstra

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Mined land wetlands: research activities of the Cooperative
              Wildlife Research Laboratory

SOURCE:       Mineral Matters 7(2):1-2.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, WFOWL, VEG, HUSE, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides a brief overview of the reclamation of
              wetlands in coal mined areas of IN and IL.  The reclamation goals
              include providing enhanced habitat for fish and waterfowl and
              increasing recreational opportunities.  Lakes interspersed with
              shallow ephemeral waters and islands create habitat for waterfowl
              and shorebirds.  Grading of highwalls and spoilbank areas along
              cut lakes enhances the littoral zone for flora and fauna.
              The cooperative wildlife research lab at southern Illinois
              University, Carbondale, has studied plantings on approximately 500
              acres of inactive slurry ponds over the past 8 years.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       625

AUTHOR:       Nawrot, J.R., and W.D. Klimstra

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetland habitat reclamation: it's a wonder we have any

SOURCE:       Mineral Matters 8(3):3-4.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The aspects of wetland development policies, financial support,
              and restoration implementation in IL for the last 10-15 years are
              reviewed.  Original reclamation implementation was slow due to a
              lack of understanding of basic wetland hydrological and biological
              principles.  However, stricter environmental regulations have been
              in effect, reflecting increased concern in saving and restoring
              wetlands.  The cooperative wildlife research lab continues to work
              with the mining industry to reclaim large areas of wetlands in a
              cost-effective manner.  Several examples are given.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       627

AUTHOR:       Nawrot, J.R., W.D. Klimstra, S.M. Jenkusky, and T.J. Hickmann

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Illinois state reclamation plan for abandoned mined lands:
              resource document

SOURCE:       Southern Illinois Univ., Coop. Wildl. Res. Lab., Carbondale.
              235 pp.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This document provides a general description of known or suspected
              abandoned mine lands in IL eligible for reclamation.  A resource
              review section discusses socio-economic, climatic, topographic,
              soil, land use, water and coal resources, flora and fauna,
              recreation uses, and historical sites.  A section on assessing
              the impacts of past coal mining in IL includes information on
              environmental regulations, mined land inventories, affected areas,
              and problem areas.  A resource review for each county contains
              information on threatened and endangered wildlife and their ranges
              and habitats; maps with site specific information on coal mined
              lands are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       628

AUTHOR:       Nawrot, J.R., and D.B. Warburton

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetland habitat development techniques for coal mine slurry
              impoundments

SOURCE:       Pages 587-612 in Proceedings of the national mined land
              reclamation conference, October 28-29, St. Louis, MO.

STATE:        IA, IN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, FERT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-..., PO-EM1, L2-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, CYPERUS, POLYGONUM, RUMEX, TYPHA, SALIX, SPARTINA,
              PONTEDERIA, CERATOPHYLLUM, SAGITTARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes methods and management techniques for
              vegetation establishment on inactive coal mine slurry
              impoundments.  Reclamation efforts in IA and in were based on
              working with slurry as a soil rather than as a waste material.
              Four management zones are separated and described in terms of soil
              acidity, soil moisture, and suitability for wetland plant
              establishment.  Planting strategies included planting perennial
              rhizomatus species in the spring in 1-5 ft intervals to allow
              for spreading of the rhizomes.  Management recommendations discuss
              timing of water level manipulations, monitoring soil and
              groundwater chemistry, and controlling wildlife grazing on newly
              vegetated areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       629

AUTHOR:       Nawrot, J.R., A. Woolf, and W.D. Klimstra

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        A guide for enhancement of fish and wildlife on abandoned mine
              lands in the eastern United States

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80-67. 101 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-FO., L.-..., PO-EM1, PO-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       PHALARIS, FESTUCA, PINUS, QUERCUS, TAXODIUM, TRIFOLIUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents guidelines for enhancing fish and wildlife
              on abandoned mine lands in the eastern U.S.  General and regional
              features of abandoned mine lands are discussed for the Appalachian,
              Eastern Interior, Western Interior, and Texas Coal Regions.
              Justification for fish and wildlife considerations includes an
              overview of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of
              1977.  A framework for land use options and recommendations is
              presented.  Five case histories are used to illustrate types of
              abandoned mine reclamation for fish and wildlife benefits; problem
              conditions, reclamation goals, techniques, costs, and contributions
              to fish and wildlife are presented.  Eleven examples of typical
              problem sites in various environmental settings also are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       632

AUTHOR:       Nawrot, J.R., and S.C. Yaich

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Slurry discharge management for wetland soils development

SOURCE:       Pages 11-18 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1982 symposium on
              surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation.
              Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington.

STATE:        IL, IN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study provides detailed information about site
              characterization and monitoring of hydrogeochemical parameters at
              2 inactive slurry impoundments in southwestern IL and IN.
              Vertical and horizontal zonation (saturated/unsaturated substrate
              stratification, particle size gradients) are discussed.
              Reclamation considerations for various management zones are
              presented in detail.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       630

AUTHOR:       Nawrot, J.R., and S.C. Yaich

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Wetland development potential of coal mine tailings

SOURCE:       Wetlands 2:179-190.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO3, PO-FO1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, ECHINOCHLOA, LEERSIA, QUERCUS, BETULA, SALIX,
              POPULUS, TAXODIUM, POLYGONUM, PLATANUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes research and plans for developing wetland
              wildlife habitat and improving water quality on coal mine
              tailings basins in IL.  Due to phytotoxic conditions in slurry
              impoundments, seedling establishment was difficult; however,
              reclamation was possible through the use of rhizomatous propagules
              of Phragmites australis.  Polygonum, Quercus, Leersia, Populus,
              and other plants were planted on a 20 acre site at 600
              cuttings/acre.  Acidity, nutrient status, and substrate particle
              size and distribution were measured at the study site; results are
              presented in a table.  All plantings were done without addition of
              soil cover, as is currently required by federal law.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       633

AUTHOR:       Nawrot, J.R., and S.C. Yaich

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Habitat enhancement of coal mine slurry impoundments through
              wetland development

SOURCE:        Pages 228-242 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-FO2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, ECHINOCHLOA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, POLYGONUM, LEERSIA,
              SALIX, PLATANUS, TAXODIUM, QUERCUS, BETULA, POPULUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes research conducted by the Cooperative
              Wildlife Research Lab, Carbondale, IL, on the reclamation of
              coal mine slurry impoundments.  Physical and chemical factors
              affecting revegetation on slurry and in inactive tailings basins
              are included.  Low zones (closest to the decant end) with level
              topography, high water table, and adequate nutrients are best
              suited for establishment of wetland species.  Discharge and
              "intermediate" zones require treatment with calcium carbonate to
              neutralize acidic conditions for successful establishment of
              vegetation.  Although current regulations require slurry
              impoundments to be covered with 4 ft of soil for reclamation,
              greater revegetation success may be achieved by direct
              establishment of vegetation on slurry.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       631

AUTHOR:       Nawrot, J.R., and S.C. Yaich

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Slurry pond forestation: potential and problems

SOURCE:       Pages 180-194 in P.E. Pope, ed. Proceedings third annual
              better reclamation with trees conference. Purdue Univ., Dept.
              For. Nat. Resour., West Lafayette, IN.

STATE:        IL, IN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM, PINUS, QUERCUS, BETULA, PLATANUS, FRAXINUS, ACER,
              LIQUIDAMBAR, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of slurry pond forestation results
              at a number of sites in IL and IN.  At all sites, no 2 ponds
              were alike, no pond was homogeneous, and existing conditions
              will change over time.  Case histories, description of sites,
              forestation practices, and limiting factors (such as accessibility,
              fertilization, neutralization amendment) are discussed.  Refinement
              of techniques and site preparation methods will be needed for
              full-scale implementation of slurry reclamation without soil cover
              and for enhancement of forest diversity at reclamation sites.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       634

AUTHOR:       Neill, C., and R.E. Turner

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Restoration of dredge canals in coastal marshes

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 5(1):32.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of the restoration of dredged
              canals by backfilling spoil banks into the canals, thus restoring
              fish and wildlife habitat and natural hydrological conditions
              (e.g., overland flow).  Effectiveness of this effort is evaluated
              in terms of the degree of canal filling and the percent cover of
              recolonized marsh vegetation.  Average canal depth was reduced
              from 2.4 m to 1.1 m.  Equipment operator performance, soil organic
              content, and the presence of plugs to restrict water flow had
              the greatest effect on restoration success.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       635

AUTHOR:       Nelson, N.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1954

TITLE:        Factors in the development and restoration of waterfowl
              habitat at Ogden Bay Refuge, Weber County, Utah

SOURCE:       Utah St. Dept. Fish Game, Salt Lake City, Fed. Aid Div. Publ.
              No. 6. 87 pp.

STATE:        UT

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4, PO-SS1, PO-FO1, L2-...

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HUSE, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM,
              WQUAL

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, POLYGONUM, SALIX, XANTHIUM, BASSIA, ASTER,
              DISTICHLIS, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, RUMEX, HORDEUM, SALICORNIA, CHARA,
              MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the development and restoration of
              waterfowl habitat at Ogden Bay Refuge, Weber County, UT.  The
              13,700 acre refuge was developed between 1939-1948 and consists
              of a series of lakes, ponds, potholes, and numerous shallow
              streams formed by a system of dikes and headgates used to
              control water levels.  Plant development was studied on water
              level-controlled plots from 1946-1952.  Results of these studies
              are presented, including plant succession, salinity, water and
              soil quality, waterfowl use, hunter use, and incidence of avian
              botulism.  Most plants at the refuge became established naturally
.             The few attempts to seed millet, smartweed, sweetclover, and
              bulrush on the refuge failed within a year after planting.
              Rootstock transplants of hardstem bulrush were more successful.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       636

AUTHOR:       Nelson, R.W., G.C. Horak, and J.E. Olson

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Western reservoir and stream habitat improvements handbook

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-78/56. 250 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, STOCK, CUT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R2-..., R3-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, HYDRO, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       CAREX, QUERCUS, SALIX, ALNUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report serves as a guide for selecting effective habitat
              improvement methods in 19 western states.  This research focuses
              on: 1) identifying measures recommended by the USFWS; 2) critically
              evaluating the implemented habitat and population improvement
              measures that were effective; and 3) identifying additional
              measures not recommended by the USFWS.  The guide includes habitat
              improvement methods for reservoir flood basins, conservation
              pools, dam discharge systems, streamside protection, stream flows,
              and riffles and pools.  Population improvement included
              propagation, passage, stocking, and control measures for fish and
              propagation and control measures for wildlife.  Diagrams and costs
              of the improvements are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       637

AUTHOR:       Newcombe, C., J.H. Morris, P.L. Knutson, and C.S. Gorbics

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Bank erosion control with vegetation, San Francisco Bay,
              California

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir,
              VA, Misc. Rep. 79-2. 39 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HYDRO, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SHELLF, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report serves as a guide for selecting effective habitat
              improvement methods in 19 western states.  This research focuses
              on: 1) identifying measures recommended by the USFWS; 2) critically
              evaluating the implemented habitat and population improvement
              measures that were effective; and 3) identifying additional
              measures not recommended by the USFWS.  The guide includes habitat
              improvement methods for reservoir flood basins, conservation
              pools, dam discharge systems, streamside protection, stream flows,
              and riffles and pools.  Population improvement included
              propagation, passage, stocking, and control measures for fish and
              propagation and control measures for wildlife.  Diagrams and costs
              of the improvements are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       638

AUTHOR:       Newcombe, C.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        The role of marsh plants in shoreline stabilization

SOURCE:       Pages 12-14 in Proceedings conf. IX: water...what if? Intl.
              Erosion Control Assoc., Freedom, CA.

STATE:        VA, CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST, EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., M2-..., E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the use of Spartina alterniflora and
              S. patens in shoreline stabilization, especially in places where
              wave action is severe.  Research on the ribbed mussel (Ischadium
              demissum) revealed that this economically valuable sea mussel
              requires more marshland habitat for suitable production.  A
              mussel-cordgrass interdependent association in these marshlands is
              vital for: 1) mussel culture; and 2) marine shoreline
              stabilization.  This plant and animal mat are extremely resistant
              to high-energy wave action, providing an effective alternative to
              riprap.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1362

AUTHOR:       Newling, C.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Restoration of bottomland hardwood forests in the lower
              Mississippi valley

SOURCE:       Restoration and Management Notes, 8(1):23-28.

STATE:        MI

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HARVEST, HYDRO

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the history of the bottomland hardwood forest in
              the lower Mississippi Valley, their importance, how they have been
              altered during the last 100 years for economic purposes and
              restoration efforts presently occurring.  Two problems encountered in
              reintroducing heavy-seeded species, such as oaks and pecans involve
              acquiring the seed and getting it into the community in an appropriate
              manner.  Seeds are often hand collected by volunteers and than sown
              anytime of the year except summer, due to droughty conditions.
              Another hinderance in certain areas is the difficulty of spreading
              propagules in or on flood overflow waters due to the elimination or
              alteration of the flooding regime.  Introduced stands resulted in a
              35% survival rate after two years.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/bottomland hardwood forests/Mississippi/floodplain/
              agricultural/regeneration/reintroduction/recovery/succession/
              oaks/soil/lower Mississippi Valley/abandoned/timber/trees/
              vegetation/forested wetlands/freshwater wetlands/review paper

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       639

AUTHOR:       Newling, C.J., and M.C. Landin

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Long-term monitoring of habitat development at upland and
              wetland dredged material disposal sites, 1974-1982

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
              Technical Report D-85-5. 224 pp.

STATE:        VA, GA, FL, TX, CA, OR, CT

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R2-EM2, R1-EM2, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, SHELLF, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, SOIL,
              CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, SPARTINA, SAGITTARIA, POLYGONUM, JUNCUS, TYPHA,
              DISTICHLIS, ALISMA, BORRICHIA, SALICORNIA, DESCHAMPSIA, CAREX,
              IRIS, AMMOPHILA, PANICUM, BIDENS, POLYGONUM, LOTUS, SALIX,
              CYPERUS, SESBANIA, ELODEA, PLANTAGO, SOLIDAGO, ELEOCHARIS,
              RORIPPA, AMARANTHUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses results of 8 years of monitoring habitat
              development at 6 wetland and 3 upland dredged-material sites.
              Wetland sites were Windmill Point in the James River, VA;
              Buttermilk Sound near the Altamaha River, GA; Drake Wilson Island
              in Apalachicola Bay, FL; Bolivar Peninsula in Galveston Bay, TX;
              Salt Pond No. 3 in South San Francisco Bay, CA; and Miller Sands
              Island in the Columbia River, OR.  The report includes site
              histories and descriptions, site research and development, and
              details of monitoring efforts, including quantitative results of
              plant, soil, and invertebrate sampling for many of the sites.
              Despite a lack of management since construction, the sites
              maintained plant communities generally comparable to, or more
              productive than, those on natural reference areas.

KEYWORDS:     long-term monitoring/monitoring/habitat/habitat development/dredged
              material/management/plant communities/wildlife/dredged material
              disposal

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       640

AUTHOR:       Newling, C.J., M.C. Landin, and S.D. Parris

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Long-term monitoring of the Apalachicola Bay wetland habitat
              development site

SOURCE:       Pages 164-186 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, PLANT, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, SCIRPUS, OSMUNDA, HYDROCOTYLE,
              ERECHTITES, JUNCUS, SAGITTARIA, SESBANIA, PASPALUM, TAXODIUM,
              ECHINOCHLOA, CYNODON, POLYGONUM, PANICUM, PRUNUS, JUNCUS,
              LIATRIS, TYPHA, BROMUS, EREMOCHLOA, CYPERUS, MIKANIA,
              LYCOPODIUM, PLANTAGO, AMBROSIA, PHRAGMITES, DIGITARIA,
              TARAXACUM, VIGNA, EUPHORBIA, STENOTAPHRUM, ECLIPTA, YUCCA,
              MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the physical condition, vegetation, and
              wildlife use of the Apalachicola Bay Wetland Habitat Development
              Site at Drake Wilson Island.  This island was enlarged in 1976 by
              diking with sandy clay and filling with coarse sandy dredge
              material.  Spartina spp. were then planted.  Comparisons were made
              between the habitat development site and 3 nearby natural marshes
              during 1980-1982.  The success of this marsh recreation effort was
              measured in terms of: 1) a vigorous marsh plant community
              comparable to those of the natural marshes; and 2) heavy use by
              numerous species of wildlife, especially clapper rails and other
              shorebirds.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       641

AUTHOR:       Newton, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Fifteenmile Creek riparian recovery, Wasco County, Oregon

SOURCE:       Pages 80-83 in Proceedings, Pacific Northwest range management
              short course: range watersheds, riparian zones and economics,
              interrelationships in management and use. Oregon St. Univ.,
              Corvallis. 1984.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R1-..., R2-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the restoration of a severely eroded section
              of Fifteenmile Creek in north-central OR, after the channel was
              straightened and streambank vegetation was removed in earlier
              efforts to reduce impacts of flooding.  The new restoration
              scheme included the grading of vertical cut banks, seeding
              (grass mixture), armoring vulnerable sites, constructing rock
              check dams (to reduce stream velocity), and excluding livestock
              to encourage revegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1107

AUTHOR:       Niering, W.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetlands hydrology and vegetation dynamics

SOURCE:       Pages 320-322 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Mitigation of impacts and losses: Proceedings of the
              national wetland symposium, New Orleans, LA. October, 1986.
              Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E.-..., L.-..., PO-UB4, E2-FO3, L2-..., PO-FO., PO-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA, SPARTINA, PANICUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes some of the relationships between hydrology
              and vegetation in several types of wetland systems. Niering
              emphasizes the dynamic nature of these systems, and uses examples
              of the effects of changing hydrologic systems to illustrate that
              traditional succession and climax vegetation dogma are of limited
              usefulness when describing wetland systems. Brief discussions about
              the following wetland types are included: pond and lake margins;
              emergent and forested wetlands; bogs; mangrove swamps; tidal
              marshes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1171

AUTHOR:       Niering, W.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Vegetation dynamics in relation to wetland creation

SOURCE:       Pages 67-74 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II.
              Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3, L.-..., PO-..., R.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, TYPHA, RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA,
              SPARTINA, PANICUM, DISTICHLIS, CLADIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes ecological processes associated with wetland
              vegetation development.  These processes are then applied to
              restoration and creation efforts, and examples are provided.  Any
              hydrologic manipulations will affect vegetation species present.
              Wetland vegetation dynamics, zonation, wetlands as pulsed systems,
              and a holistic view of some factors and processes involved in
              vegetation change are included.  The relevance of wetland dynamics
              to wetland creation actions is discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       642

AUTHOR:       Niering, W.A., and M.L. Kraus

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Science base for freshwater wetland mitigation in the
              northeastern United States: vegetation

SOURCE:       Pages 122-130 in J.S. Larson and C. Neill, eds. Mitigating
              freshwater wetland alterations in the glaciated northeastern
              United States: an assessment of the science base. Univ.
              Massachusetts, Environ. Inst., Amherst, Publ. No. 87-1.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a set of parameters for assessing the role
              of vegetation in various wetland functions.  The creation of
              wetlands with multifunctional roles is recommended.  Data
              requirements for assessing wetland functions in terms of
              vegetation include: 1) minimum requirements (areal extent of
              wetlands, percent cover, animal and plant species lists, cover
              type, stem density, slope, microtopography, plant vigor, surface
              water connections, habitat structure, vegetation:open water
              ratio); 2) detailed data requirements (animal species lists,
              N and P uptake); and 3) highly detailed data requirements (stem
              density, evapotranspiration, net primary production rates).
              Additional recommendations are provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       643

AUTHOR:       Niesen, T., and M. Josselyn

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        The Hayward Regional Shoreline Marsh restoration: biological
              succession during the first year following dike removal

SOURCE:       Tiburon Cent. Environ. Stud., San Francisco, CA, Tech. Rep.
              No. 1. 185 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, COTULA, SPERGULARIA, POLYPOGON,
              ATRIPLEX, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses biological succession after removal of a
              dike to restore a 200 acre salt pond system at Hayward Marsh, San
              Francisco Bay, CA.  Aspects of soil chemistry and emergent
              vegetation, benthic invertebrate colonization, fish populations,
              and bird use are presented as separate papers within the report.
              No natural seeding of Spartina foliosa was observed and planting
              was recommended.  Pickelweed and other wetland-upland zone plants
              appear to be colonizing rapidly.  Densities of many colonizing
              invertebrates are approaching those found on adjacent bay mud
              flats.  Fish use of the area is seasonal.  Nesting habitats for
              shorebirds were disrupted by construction, but shorebird and
              waterfowl use of the area for feeding has improved.

KEYWORDS:     marshes/wetlands restoration/restoration/succession/San
              Francisco Bay/soils/emergent vegetation/vegetation/
              invertebrates/colonization/fishes/fish populations/birds/
              bird use/Spartina/Spartina foliosa/habitat/waterfowl/feeding/
              marsh restoration/dike/soil/plants/shorebirds/waterfowl use

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       644

AUTHOR:       Nordby, C., J. Zedler, P. Williams, and J. Boland

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Wetlands restoration and enhancement of Imperial Beach

SOURCE:       San Diego St. Univ., Biol. Dept., San Diego, CA, Tech. Rep.
              No. 17. 17 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a study that tested the mortality rate of
              transplanted Spartina foliosa in the Tijuana Estuary near Imperial
              Beach, CA.  Results of the artificial seeding experiments showed
              that S. foliosa establishment did not occur.  However, by
              transplanting shoots and seedlings, the success rate was
              approximately 100%.  The effects of fertilizer and tiling (to
              improve surface drainage) on S. foliosa growth are presented in a
              table.  The researchers noted an increase in S. foliosa through
              natural expansion by seeds, probably due to decreased soil
              salinities, heavy rainfall, and flooding.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       645

AUTHOR:       Norrgard, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Additional comments on wetland restoration

SOURCE:        Pages 38-48 in J.L. Piehl, ed. Proceedings, wetland
              restoration: a techniques workshop. Minnesota Chap. Wildl.
              Soc., Fergus Falls.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of wetland restoration in MN.
              Five basic questions are posed and answered as part of the
              planning process for restoration: 1) what is missing; 2) what is
              needed; 3) what are the limitations; 4) are there incentives;
              and 5) how can success be evaluated?  Economic and regulatory
              considerations are discussed.  A sample wetland restoration
              worksheet for establishing baseline information and a form for
              recording construction activities are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       646

AUTHOR:       Norris, F.A., and L.J. Paulson

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        A desert wetland created by wastewater flows: current trends
              and problems

SOURCE:       Wetlands 2:191-206.

STATE:        NV

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO2

RESPONSE:     HUSE, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, TYPHA, TAMARIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article investigates the influence of an artificial wetland
              created by wastewater on the water quality of effluents in the Las
              Vegas Wash, Clark County, NV.  The wash is comprised of an upper
              and lower component and is bordered by Tamarix.  Typha and
              Phragmites are the dominant marsh species.  Five stations in the
              wash were sampled every 2 weeks to obtain nutrient load data.
              Average changes in alkalinity, temperature, conductivity,
              dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, and suspended solids are
              presented in graphs for each station.  Nutrient dynamics of a
              desert wetland are similar to those in temperate regions except
              that they are transient in nature because of unstable soils and
              sparse vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1066

AUTHOR:       North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Guidelines for mountain stream relocations in North Carolina

SOURCE:       North Carolina Wildl. Resour. Comm., Div. Inland Fish.,
              Raleigh, 13 pp.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-EM1, PO-SS., PO-FO., RIPAR

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       SALIX, CORNUS, ALNUS, ACER, PHALARIS, ROBINIA, BETULA,
              PLATANUS, QUERCUS, AMELANCHIER, TSUGA, CARYA, RHODODENDRON,
              FESTUCA, LESPEDEZA, PHLEUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents 15 standard guidelines for stream
              relocations to facilitate road project reviews by the NC
              Wildlife Resources Commission and to assist engineers in
              designing projects.  Topics include matching original channel in
              length, slope, meander pattern, depth, and width; sloping banks;
              stabilizing banks with riprap and vegetation; planting trees and
              shrubs; establishing right-of-ways; fencing from cattle grazing;
              providing fisherman access; using suitable substrates;
              installing culverts and stream crossings; and using instream
              structures to enhance habitat.  Instream structure guidelines
              include design and placement of boulders, low water rock dams,
              and stone and rock deflectors for low, medium, and high
              gradient streams.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1067

AUTHOR:       Novick, H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve: avian response to wetland
              restoration

SOURCE:       California Dept. Fish Game, Long Beach, Unpubl. Rep. 47 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3

RESPONSE:     FISH, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, SPARTINA, LIMONIUM, SUAEDA, MONANTHOCHLOE,
              FRANKENIA, JUNCUS, TYPHA, RUPPIA, ULVA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report compares avian populations at the Bolsa Chica
              Ecological Reserve in southern CA before and after the wetland
              was restored to tidal influence in 1978.  A total of 53 avian
              surveys were conducted from October to March 1969-1972 and
              1980-1981.  Species abundance and richness increased
              significantly following restoration.  Use by endangered
              California least terns and brown pelicans increased.  Abundance
              of California gulls and American avocets declined significantly.
              Wetland restoration of Bolsa Chica also has apparently increased
              winter avian use of adjacent degraded wetlands.  Habitat
              diversity of the reserve has increased and the author recommends
              expanding and enhancing this diversity to maximize species
              richness and abundance.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       647

AUTHOR:       Novick, H., and R. Hein

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Bolsa Chica--a coastal wetland restoration project

SOURCE:       Page 101 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll.
              Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, SHOREB

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the restoration of the Bolsa Chica Wetland
              near Huntington Beach, CA.  In 1978, tidal influence was restored
              to 150 acres; containment levels and islands for nesting terns
              were constructed.  An additional 85 acres are scheduled for
              similar restoration.  Three species of fish were present prior to
              the project; the original marsh was significantly altered by dam
              construction and other human activities (farming, oil development,
              urban development).  After 3 years, 32 species of fish were found
              in the area.  Bird species diversity and abundance have increased;
              the brown pelican now uses the area and least terns nest there.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       648

AUTHOR:       Nunnaly, N.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        tream renovation: an alternative to channelization

SOURCE:       S. Environ. Manage. 2(5):403-411.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, HYDRO, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: R2-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes stream renovation as a viable cost-effective
              alternative to channel dredging for erosion control and reduction
              of flooding.  Hydraulic effects are compared and the following
              recommendations are offered: 1) minimize channel straightening
              and slopes; 2) promote bank stability (trees, grass seeding, some
              riprap) and minimize channel reshaping; and 3) design channel form
              to emulate natural form.  Specific examples are cited from stream
              renovation work (Brian Creek) in Charlotte, NC.  Long-term
              monitoring is planned for this renovation effort, to determine
              stormwater discharge effectiveness.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1104

AUTHOR:       Nuttle, W.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Comment on "a model for wetland surface water dynamics" by
              D.E. Hammer and R.H. Kadlec

SOURCE:       Water Resour. Res. 25(5):1060-1062.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., L.-..., PO-..., E.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses a model developed by Hammer and Kadlec for
              describing horizontal water flow through a wetland, and provides
              suggestions relating to the general mass balance equation for
              one-dimensional flow in a wetland where coupling of surface and
              pore waters is retained. A reply from Hammer and Kadlec is appended
              as it appears in the same issue as Nuttle's article. Detailed
              discussion of hydraulic conductivity profiles, soil saturation and
              shrinkage, and effects of microtopography are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1068

AUTHOR:       Nuttle, W.K., and J.W. Harvey

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Geomorphological controls on subsurface transport in two salt
              marshes

SOURCE:       Pages 253-261 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings
              of the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept.
              16-18 1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne,
              NY.

STATE:        MA, VA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., E2-EM1, R1-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       DISTICHLIS, SPARTINA, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, POLYGONUM, RUMEX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes subsurface transport in: 1) Belle Isle
              Marsh near Boston, Massachusetts; and 2) Carter Creek Marsh
              in the Lower York River, Virginia.  Detailed models are
              formulated and calibrated, and water content/hydraulic head
              observations at both sites are compared with model results.
              Factors that control lateral drainage in salt marsh sediments
              include: 1) morphology of marsh surface; 2) timing of
              successive flood events; 3) hydraulic properties of sediment;
              and 4) evapotranspiration.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       649

AUTHOR:       O'Brien, A.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Hydrology and the construction of a mitigating wetland

SOURCE:       Pages 82-100 in J.S. Larson and C. Neill, eds. Mitigating
              freshwater wetland alterations in the glaciated northeastern
              United States: an assessment of the science base. Univ.
              Massachusetts, Environ. Inst., Amherst, Publ. No. 87-1.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the role of hydrology in wetland mitigation
              efforts.  The physical characteristics responsible for the
              hydrology of a specific site must be identified and be recreated
              if hydrologic response is to be duplicated.  Interactions between
              the wetland's physical character, geology, topography, ground
              water, and proximity to streams are considered in the mitigation
              effort.  Geology, streamflow, wetlands and flood control, water
              quality, groundwater, and aquifers are discussed in detail in
              terms of their relationship to the functioning of a freshwater
              wetland system.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       650

AUTHOR:       O'Donnell, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        The policy implications of wetlands creation

SOURCE:       Pages 141-144 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources: proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of the purpose of wetland
              creation efforts and includes several case examples as well as
              discussions of on site versus offsite mitigation, in-kind versus
              out-of-kind mitigation, the integrity of the 404 Program, and
              determination of wetland creation "success."  Comprehensive
              monitoring of both the lost and replaced wetland functional values
              is emphasized.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       651

AUTHOR:       O'Leary, W.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Waterfowl habitats provided by surface mine wetlands in
              southwestern Illinois

SOURCE:       M.A. Thesis, Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale. 141 pp.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     INVERT, WFOWL, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, TYPHA, SAGITTARIA, ELEOCHARIS, ECHINOCHLOA,
              CHARA, SETARIA, NAJAS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis evaluates waterfowl use of surface mine wetlands on
              a 333 ha site in Perry County, IL.  Basin type and morphometry,
              soil chemistry, water quality, aquatic plants, invertebrates,
              and degree of use by migrating waterfowl were documented.  Results
              indicated that grading of overburden materials yielded large pond
              size, greater shore length, more gradual slopes, and wider
              littoral and moist soil zones.  Waterfowl use was highest in ponds
              characterized by gradually sloping basins (8%), large surface
              areas (1.5 Ha), good water quality (8.3 pH), and extensive moist
              soil and littoral zones, which provided high quality waterfowl
              foods.  Recommendations for increasing quality waterfowl habitats
              on lands surface mined for coal are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       652

AUTHOR:       O'Leary, W.G., W.D. Klimstra, and J.R. Nawrot

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Waterfowl habitats on reclaimed surface mined lands in
              southwestern Illinois

SOURCE:       Pages 377-382 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1984 symposium
              on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation.
              Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NAJAS, POTAMOGETON, ELEOCHARIS, CHARA, JUSSIAEA, ECHINOCHLOA,
              SETARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents data on the physical, chemical, and biological
              characteristics of surface mine wetlands in southwestern IL and
              their use by waterfowl.  Results indicated that increased grading
              of overburden materials yielded larger pond size, greater shore
              length, more gradual slopes, and wider littoral and moist soil
              zones.  Enhanced aquatic plant diversity and cover were associated
              with watersheds that were mixtures of A, B, and C soil horizons.
              In the absence of such soil characteristics, waters exhibited
              harsher chemical environments, lower plant diversity and cover,
              and less waterfowl use.  Aquatic sites with steep slopes had low
              waterfowl use.  The authors discuss the current regulatory
              programs of reclaimed surface mined lands and how they might be
              altered to promote the development of wetland habitats to improve
              waterfowl resources.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       653

AUTHOR:       O'Neill, E.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        Alkali bulrush seed germination and culture

SOURCE:       J. Wildl. Manage. 36(2):649-652.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, NGBIRDS, VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   An experiment was conducted near Tule Lake, CA, to seed several
              hundred acres with Scirpus.  Previous seeding projects failed due
              to the difficulties in seed germination and propagation.  An
              earthen pit was dug and filled with 6-8 inches of water and a
              sodium hypochlorite solution.  Seeds were added and the pit was
              covered; 12-15 days were required to break dormancy at
              temperatures of 130-135 degrees F.  The newly sprouted seedlings
              were removed immediately for aerial broadcasting.  Yields of
              410-820 lbs/acre were produced and increased use of the bulrush
              fields by waterfowl and nongame birds was observed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1364

AUTHOR:       Oberts, G.L., and R.A. Osgood

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Water-quality effectiveness of a detention/wetland treatment
              system and its effect on an urban lake

SOURCE:       Envirnomental Management, 15(1):131-138.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   WQUALITY

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the effectiveness of the McCarrons wetland
              treatment system (MWTS) in improving the water quality and its impact
              on Lake McCarrons in Minnesota.  The wetland system consists of a
              detention pond and six wet marshes which flow into Lake McCarrons.
              Surface water from rainfall and snowmelt were analyzed for total
              suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus, and dissolved phosphorus.
              Total phosphorus and TSS removal was greater than the predicted
              amounts due to factors such as DP:TP ratio, mixing of phosphorus with
              organic and mineral soils flowing into the pond, and the distance of
              the tributaries to the pond.  The author suggests increasing the
              performance of detention ponds and wetlands during the winter by
              drawing down water levels before freezing.  Efficiencies were lower
              for the wetland section than the detention pond, although solids
              related pollutants were efficiently removed.  The response of
              Lake McCarrons was low and water quality remained unchanged due to the
              occurrence of internal phosphorus loading.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       654

AUTHOR:       Odum, W.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Predicting ecosystem development following creation and
              restoration of wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 67-70 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing
              our wetland resources: proceedings of a conference. Natl.
              Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., M.-..., L.-..., PO-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of what is currently known about
              long-term wetland ecosystem development and how this relates to the
              success of creation or restoration projects.  Problems such as
              invasion by undesirable species are discussed, as are several
              examples in which enough was understood about the natural
              processes of ecosystem development to enable a long-term,
              self-sustaining project design to be implemented.  Future
              research needs are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       655

AUTHOR:       Ogawa, H., A.M. Asce, and J.A. Male

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Simulating the flood mitigation role of wetlands

SOURCE:       J. Water Resour., Planning Manage. 112(1):114-128.

STATE:        MA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article presents a simulation approach to the evaluation of
              flood mitigation potential of inland wetlands in 3 watersheds in
              eastern MA.  The design of the simulation experiment included the
              size of the wetland, its location in the watershed, and its
              location relative to downstream flood damage areas and flood
              storage capabilities.  An equation defining increases in peak flow
              is explained.  Outputs are compared in a series of histograms and
              graphs dealing with percent increase in peak flow and distance
              downstream; these are related to subsequent encroachments on
              wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1244

AUTHOR:       Ogden, J.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Nesting by wood storks in natural, altered, and artificial
              wetlands in central and northern Florida

SOURCE:       Colonial Waterbirds 14(1):39-45.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-FO1, PO-SS1, PO-FO3, PO-FO5

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, SHOREB

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM, SALIX, NYSSA, MAGNOLIA, ACER, AVICENNIA,
              LAGUNCULARIA, RHIZOPHORA, CASUARINA, SCHINUS, PINUS, QUERCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Forty-five different wood stork nesting colonies in central and
              northern FL were censused in 1959-1960 (11 colonies located) and
              from 1976-1986 (40 colonies located).  Colonies were located in
              wetlands (natural, altered, and artificial) dominated by cypress,
              willow, mixed hardwoods, mangroves, exotics, and dead or dying
              pine and oak stands.  Altered wetlands are dominated by native
              species but man-made structures have altered the water regime.
              Artificial sites are spoil islands or non-wetland sites flooded
              because of the presence of man-made water control structures.
              Pairs of storks found nesting in altered or artificial wetlands
              ranged from 130-160 pairs in 1959-1960 and 1019-2410 pairs in
              1976-1986.  The region's stork population doubled during this
              period.  A preference by storks for altered wetlands was
              observed.  Reasons for the preference are related to stable
              water levels and stable vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       656

AUTHOR:       Ohmart, R.D., W.O. Deason, and C. Burke

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        A riparian case history: the Colorado River

SOURCE:       Pages 35-47 in R.R. Johnson and D.A. Jones, tech. coord.
              Importance, preservation and management of riparian habitat, a
              symposium. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-43.

STATE:        CA, AZ

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, R2-..., PO-FO2, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       POPULUS, SALIX, ATRIPLEX, PROSOPIS, TESSARIA, TAMARIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article summarizes changes in the riparian cottonwood
              communities along the Colorado River on the CA/AZ border from 1539
              to the present.  This type of examination should provide
              information helpful in future management decisions.  Cottonwood-
              willow communities were depleted due to demand for fuelwood and
              clearing for agriculture.  Tamarix was introduced for soil
              stabilization in the early 1800's and dominated the area from
              1910-1920.  After the late 1880's, fuel demands decreased and
              approximately 50 years later, the cottonwood community redeveloped.
              Photographs of the river are used for vegetation comparisons.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       657

AUTHOR:       Oldenburg, R.C., R.A. Montgomery, T.M. Harder, and G.V. Burger

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Gravel pits as fish and wildlife habitat at the Max McGraw
              Wildlife Foundation

SOURCE:       Pages 215-220 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds.
              Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp.
              Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, STOCK

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-UB2, L.-UB1, L.-UB2, PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, HUSE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes mining and reclamation activities at Max
              McGraw Wildlife Foundation land in Kane County, IL.  Reclamation
              plans focusing on upland habitat development as well as creation
              of a deepwater lake, 2 shallow lakes, and marshes are described.
              Development of the project included site preparation and mining,
              progressive rehabilitation, and final reclamation.  Project
              success so far is measured in terms of erosion control, grassland
              habitat, waterbird diversity, sport fishery development (including
              crayfish stocking), and implementation of a monitoring/research
              program.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1202

AUTHOR:       Oldham, J.A., and B.E. Valentine

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        The Crescent Bypass: a riparian restoration project on the
              Kings River (Fresno County)

SOURCE:       Pages 457-461 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
              California riparian systems conference: protection,
              management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September
              22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       ACER, ALNUS, FRAXINUS, JUGLANS, PLATANUS, POPULUS, QUERCUS,
              RIBES, ROSA, SAMBUCUS, VITUS, CEPHALANTHUS, RUBUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The Kings River Conservation District planted over 1200 plants
              (19 riparian species) in the first of 2 phases of a riparian
              revegetation project in the San Joaquin Valley near Riverdale
              and Lemoore, CA.  To date, tree survival rates vary from 17-96%
              among species, with an overall rate of 62%.  Shrub survival
              averaged 57% and ranged from 23-73%.  Chicken wire was placed
              around most trees for beaver protection after initial losses
              during the pilot phase.  A portion of the seedlings/cuttings
              were irrigated on an irregular basis.  Factors affecting
              plant survival included soil quality,irrigation technique,
              climate,topography, weed competition, gopher/beaver depredation,
              vandalism, maintenance practices, and budget constraints.
              (AA-Mod)

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       658

AUTHOR:       Oliver, J.J., and M.E. Reilly

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Patch formation and competition among the flowering plants of
              a salt-water marsh, Elkhorn Slough, California

SOURCE:       Estuaries 4:263.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, JAUMEA, FRANKENIA, ATRIPLEX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This abstract outlines a study of competition between Salicornia
              virginica and several upland plant species in Elkhorn Slough, CA.
              The lower saltwater marsh area is dominated by S. virginica, but
              patches of upland species are present.  Seed germination and
              seedling survival of several species are discussed.  Experiments
              are in progress; wrack manipulation and seedling occurrence in the
              lower marsh are being examined.  So far, it appears that S.
              virginica dominates the lower zone.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       659

AUTHOR:       Olmsted, L.L., and D.G. Cloutman

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Repopulation after a fish kill in Mud Creek, Washington
              County, Arkansas following pesticide pollution

SOURCE:       Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103(1):79-87.

STATE:        AR

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB5, R2-...

RESPONSE:     FISH

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses fish repopulation, after a fish kill caused
              by pesticide pollution, of Mud Creek, Washington County, AR.
              Twenty-nine species of fishes were eliminated from the study
              area.  Immediately after the pesticide dissipated, fish (primarily
              immatures) began repopulating the stream.  Chronology and rate of
              repopulation of each species are presented, as well as factors
              influencing the rate of repopulation and population structure.
              After 1 year, most species had repopulated the kill zone at
              population levels similar to those prior to the fish kill.
              However, most individuals were young fish; few larger game
              fish were collected.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1069

AUTHOR:       Olney, P.J.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1962

TITLE:        Gravel pits as waterfowl reserves

SOURCE:       Pages 414-420 in Proceedings, Project MAR conference:
              conservation and management of temperate marshes, bogs, and
              other wetlands. IUCN Publ. No. 3. Intl. Union Conserv. Nat.
              Resour., Gland, Switzerland.

STATE:        GREAT BRITAIN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-EM., PO-AB.

RESPONSE:     WFOWL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses the number and distribution of gravel
              pits in Britain; their importance as waterfowl habitat is
              emphasized.  Plant species that have been successfully introduced
              in gravel pit areas are described in terms of their food value
              for various species of ducks.  Invertebrates and fishes found in
              these areas also are listed, along with their food value.  Plant
              competition and species failure are discussed.  Guidelines for
              providing waterfowl cover, nesting, and loafing sites; grading
              shorelines; and managing water levels are included.  Management
              techniques have been successfully used for increasing numbers of
              waterfowl and other avifauna.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       660

AUTHOR:       Olson, R.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Wetland vegetation, environmental factors, and their
              interaction in strip mine ponds, stockdams, and natural
              wetlands

SOURCE:       U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-85. 19 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-AB.

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, POTAMOGETON

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report summarizes water regimes, chemical features,
              temperature factors, light penetration, substrate properties,
              and physical characteristics of strip mine ponds and stockdams
              of the Northern Great Plains Region.  The wetland plant community
              composition and wildlife habitat quality (for consumptive and
              nonconsumptive resource uses) that result from the interaction of
              various environmental factors are discussed.  The author stresses
              the need for further research on the ecology and biology of both
              flora and fauna of these specialized rangeland ecosystems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1589

AUTHOR:       Olson, R.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Evaluating the role of created and natural wetlands in
              controlling nonpoint source pollution

SOURCE:       Pages 1-5 in R.K. Olson, editor. Created and natural wetlands
              for controlling nonpoint source pollution. C.K. Smoley, CRC
              Press, Inc, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 216 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents a brief overview of wetland use and nonpoint
              source pollution (NPS).  Major issues addressed by the proceedings
              are reviewed.  The legal and legislative aspects involving wetlands
              and their role in controlling NPS pollution are also discussed.  In
              response to the needs of evaluating the role of created and natural
              wetlands for treating rural NPS pollution, a workshop was set up to
              review the state of knowledge and identify current and future
              research needs, thus evolving into these proceedings.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       661

AUTHOR:       Orth, R.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        The importance of sediment stability in seagrass communities

SOURCE:       Pages 281-300 in B.C. Coull, ed. Ecology of marine benthos.
              Univ. South Carolina Press, Columbia.

STATE:        VA, BERMUDA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CUT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This experiment examined the effect of sediment stability on
              Zostera and Thalassia seagrass beds on the basis of faunal
              distribution in Chesapeake Bay and Bermuda.  In Chesapeake Bay, a
              transect line was constructed across a 43 m wide Zostera bed.
              Zostera was clipped and then sampled at 6 stations.  At the
              Bermuda site, Thalassia was taken from 10 sampling stations and
              sediment cores were taken from 3 stations.  The average number of
              faunal species in eelgrass beds was 3-14 species.  Similar
              experiments in Bermuda produced samples of 12-55 faunal species in
              the Thalassia beds and 8-22 species in the adjacent sand beds.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       662

AUTHOR:       Orth, R.J., and K.A. Moore

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        The effect of fertilizers on transplanted eelgrass, Zostera
              marina L., in the Chesapeake Bay

SOURCE:       Pages 104-131 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: M1-AB3, E2-AB3, M2-AB3, E1-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study compared the effects of various fertilizers on the
              growth of eelgrass.  Effects of slow release fertilizer (Osmocote),
              rapid release fertilizer, and ammonium nitrate were compared to
              unfertilized control plots.  Best growth results were obtained
              with Osmocote.  After 216 days Osmocote-treated eelgrass plugs had
              a survival rate of 86% (compared to 72% for control plugs),
              produced 325% more shoots, and increased 220% in area compared to
              control plots.  Best results were obtained when nutrients were
              incorporated into the soil.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1235

AUTHOR:       Orth, R.J., and K.A. Moore

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Project summary: the biology and propagation of eelgrass,
              Zostera marina, in Chesapeake Bay

SOURCE:       U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, EPA 600/S3-82-090. 3 pp.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Summarizes 6 experiments related to the biology and propagation
              of eelgrass in Lower Chesapeake Bay.  One experiment involved
              transplanting Zostera marina plugs or mats to sites near
              Mumfort Island in the York River, Gloucester Point, Allens
              Island, Guinea Marsh in the York River, and Parrott Island
              in the Rappahannock River.  Transplanting was done in March,
              June, and September/October 1979 and April 1980.  Part of the
              plots were fertilized.  Results indicate Zostera plugs are more
              successful, especially in more wave-exposed areas.  Fall
              transplants were most successful; summer least successful.
              Spring transplants on Allens Island fertilized with Osmocote
              (14-14-14) showed higher growth rates.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1447

AUTHOR:       Osborn, T. and R. Ruesamen

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        United States National Marine Fisheries Service
              role/contribution to implementation of the Coastal Wetlands
              Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act of 1990

SOURCE:       Pages 626-632 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the
              13th annual conference, Society of Wetland Scientists. New
              Orleans, LA. 990 pp.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       STABIL, LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act
              (CWPPRA) of 1990 is a unique restoration program in that it provides
              wetland conservation as well as significant funding for wetland
              restoration projects.  A Task Force was set up with representatives
              from various government agencies.  The Task Force annually submits a
              prioritized list of coastal wetland restoration projects to Congress
              and prepares a restoration plan to identify coastal restoration
              projects based on cost-effectiveness.  The program requires coastal
              states to develop their own conservation plan to achieve no net loss
              of wetlands through a reimbursable program with the Corps of Engineers,
              Environmental Protection Agency, and Fish and Wildlife Service.  The
              National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) role in the CWPPRA include
              providing wetlands restoration expertise, and assisting in project
              development for long range plans to protect, enhance, and restore
              Louisiana's coastal wetlands.  A case study in Louisiana is provided
              to demonstrate the effectiveness of the NMFS involvement in a
              restoration project and its anticipated benefits under the CWPPRA.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1392

AUTHOR:       Wildlife Branch, Outdoor Recreation Group and Canadian
              Wildlilfe Service, Ontario Region

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        An evaluation system for wetlands of Ontario South of the
              precambrian shield

SOURCE:       Environment Canada, Ontario Canada. 169pp

STATE:        CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report evaluates wetland systems in Canada based on a numerical
              value system.  The evaluation identifies the values of wetlands in
              regards to land use in a particular area, as well as, compares how one
              wetland is more valuable than another.  Values were given
              ranging from zero to one thousand and grouped into four separate
              components:  biological, social, hydrological and special features.
              Each component may accrue a total of 250 points with the exception of
              special features which may accrue scores in excess of 1000.
              The biological component is evaluated by three major subcomponents:
              productivity, diversity, and size.  Each of these subcomponents have
              there own interrelated values.  The social component is based on
              resource products with cash value, recreational activities, aesthetics,
              educational and public awareness proximity to urban areas, ownership,
              accessibility, and size.  Hydrological components are evaluated by
              flow stabilization, water quality improvement, and erosion control of
              the dominant site.  Finally, the special features component is based
              on rarity and/or scarcity, significant features and/or fish and
              wildlife habitat, and ecological age.  Examples of wetlands and the
              scoring procedures are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1216

AUTHOR:       Owen, C.R., Q.J. Carpenter, and C.B. DeWitt

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Comparative hydrology, stratigraphy, microtopography and
              vegetation of natural and restored wetlands at two Wisconsin
              mitigation sites

SOURCE:       Pages 119-132 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-US3, PO-FO1, PO-SS1, PO-UB1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, HYDRO, SOIL, VEG

PGENUS:       RHAMNUS, SALIX, POPULUS, ELEOCHARIS, POLYGONUM, CALAMAGROSTIS,
              CAREX, TYPHA, LEMNA, SPARGANIUM, SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS,
              POTAMOGETON

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Two wetland restoration projects in Wisconsin are discussed:
              1) Fox River Delta/Green Bay constructed in 1978-1980; and
              2) Upper Mud Lake Marsh, Yahara River in Madison and Monona
              constructed in 1986.  Both projects are mitigation for highway
              construction losses.  Hydrology, stratigraphy, topography and
              vegetation on the restored wetlands are compared with adjacent
              natural wetlands.  A hard substrate and steep slopes prevented
              the establishment of a functional wetland community at the Fox
              River site.  Grading to establish gradual slopes, the use of
              salvaged topsoil and plants, and additional plantings helped
              establish viable wetland complexes on the Yahara River site.
              Problems at this site occurred where slopes were not graded
              properly and where the muck layer was not spread evenly.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1312

AUTHOR:       Pacific Estuarine Research Laboratory

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        A manual for assessing restored and natural coastal wetlands
              with examples from southern California

SOURCE:       California Sea Grant College, La Jolla, CA. Report No.
              T-CSGCP-021.

STATE:        CA, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: E2-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, MANY

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This manual was created with the intention of standardizing the
              methods of assessing the structure and function of restored, enhanced,
              or constructed coastal wetlands with an emphasis on salt marshes and
              tidal creeks.  It emphasizes that the monitoring process needs to take
              place over a longer period of time than the usual one to two years
              before deciding if a project has been successful.  The manual provides
              strategies for wetland construction, restoration, and enhancement as
              well as sampling methods and comparative data form natural wetlands.
              In addition, a case study, Sweetwater River Wetlands Complex, is
              included to further illustrate these strategies.

KEYWORDS:     coastal/coastal wetlands/wetlands/southern California/California/
              marshes/constructed wetlands/values/natural wetlands/wetland
              habitat/habitat/biodiversity

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1436

AUTHOR:       Palermo, M.R. 1993

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        A design sequence for wetlands restoration and establishment
              projects

SOURCE:       Pages 219-223 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the
              thirteenth annual conference society of wetland scientists.
              New Orleans, LA. 990 pp.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes design sequences for wetland creation and
              restoration projects.  A flowchart illustrating the design sequence is
              provided.  Activities considered in the sequence include wetland
              needs, desired wetland functions and values, site characteristics,
              fill or excavation requirements, hydraulic considerations, water
              and/or erosion control measures, materials necessary for wetland
              establishment, and monitoring plans.  The design sequence is based on
              the concept that design activities involved with establishing wetland
              soils and hydrology should precede those associated with the
              establishment of wetland vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       663

AUTHOR:       Palermo, M.R., and T.W. Zeigler

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Feasibility study for Dyke Marsh demonstration area, Potomac
              River, Virginia

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS,
              Tech. Rep. D-76-6. 121 pp.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R1-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents results of an investigation to determine the
              engineering feasibility of using dredged materials to expand
              Dyke Marsh on the Potomac River, Fairfax County, VA.  Factors
              evaluated included: 1) site-specific feasibility of marsh expansion
              using dredged material; 2) sizing of the demonstration area to meet
              water-quality and storage needs; 3) preliminary design of the
              containment facility; 4) procedures for placement of dredge
              material; and 5) identification of alternative construction
              methods, materials, and costs.  Preliminary data indicated that
              material obtained from maintenance dredging would be suitable
              marsh substrate and extension of the marshland was feasible from
              the engineering perspective.  More detailed field and laboratory
              investigations were recommended.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       664

AUTHOR:       Palermo, M.R., and T.W. Zeigler

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Detailed design for Dyke Marsh demonstration area, Potomac
              River, Virginia

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-13. 217 pp.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, HYDRO, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report documents the results of a project that used dredged
              material to construct a marsh demonstration area on a portion of
              the Dyke Marsh on the Potomac River, south of Alexandria, VA.
              Dredged material was obtained from a navigation channel in the
              Potomac River.  Emphasis was placed on economic and engineering
              considerations.  Dike construction material consisted of
              coarse-grained sand or sand and gravel mixtures.  Riprap was used
              to retain dike stability.  Single layers of polyethylene reduced
              interior dike slope erosion.  General requirements for dike
              construction are discussed.  Construction costs of the
              demonstration containment area varied from $475,750 for fill,
              riprap, and filter cloth to $5,000 for polyethylene sheeting.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       665

AUTHOR:       Pandit, A.K., and D.N. Fotedar

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Restoring damaged wetlands for wildlife

SOURCE:       J. Environ. Manage. 14:359-368.

STATE:        INDIA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, L1-..., L2-..., L.-AB3

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, HUSE

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, NYMPHOIDES, NYMPHAEA, SCIRPUS, CYPERUS, CAREX,
              TRAPA, TYPHA, SPARGANIUM, POLYGONUM, SAGITTARIA, NAJAS,
              POTAMOGETON, ORYZA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article focuses on the protection, restoration, and
              management of wetlands for waterfowl at various locations near
              Srinagar, India.  Causes of wetland deterioration are discussed
              to better determine effective means of restoration.  Tables
              describe each wetland site; sizes vary from 0.56-14.0 km2.
              Management recommendations include restoration of high value
              wetland plants and preservation of diverse wetland complexes,
              which offer the most productive environment for wildlife.
              Impoundment size, location, and depth are especially important;
              water depth should be carefully manipulated according to the needs
              of different waterfowl species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1217

AUTHOR:       Pannier, F., and R.F. Pannier

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        A project on mangrove restoration at the northeastern coast of
              the island of Margarita (Venezuela)

SOURCE:       Pages 133-142 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        VENEZUELA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SEED, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       CONOCARPUS, RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA, SESUVIUM,
              BATIS, SALICORNIA, SPARTINA, SPOROBOLUS, ARISTIDA,
              FIMBRISTYLIS, IPOMEA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Venezuela's first attempt to mitigate the loss of a mangrove
              swamp (Conocarpus erectus dominated) involved: 1) terracing a
              degraded site on Isla de Margarita; 2) planting several
              herbaceous species to stabilize the site; 3) propagating and
              planting red, black, and white mangroves from seed and propagule;
              and 4) transplanting Conocarpus propagules from the impacted
              site.  Red mangroves were planted on Terrace A (low elevation),
              black and white mangroves on Terrace B (middle), and Conocarpus
              on Terrace C (high).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1445

AUTHOR:       Parikh, A., N. Gale, and T. Waddell

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Wetland creation and vegetation monitoring in a stabilized
              sand dune ecosystem, San Antonio terrace, Vandenberg Air Force
              Base, California

SOURCE:       Pages 368-376 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the
              13th annual conference, Society of Wetland Scientists. New
              Orleans, LA. 990 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, STABIL, SEED

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes wetland creation efforts and monitoring program
              as part of a mitigation program.  Sites were excavated and spread with
              stockpiled topsoil from filled wetlands.  The sites were seeded with a
              mixture of upland dune scrub seed mix.  A five year monitoring plan
              was initiated including qualitative and quantitative observations of
              vegetation establishment.  Six existing mature wetlands were used for
              comparison.  Early results indicate prevalent emergent wetlands on the
              south side where hydrogeomorphic regimes produced a variety of
              habitats.  Shallow areas and bottom margins tended to be species-rich
              while deep water areas were species-poor.  While vegetative communities
              are presently quite different from that of mature wetlands it is
              expected that as vegetative cover develops and erosion and
              sedimentation occur the site will begin to resemble natural wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       667

AUTHOR:       Parnell, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Revegetation of the denuded drawdown area, Pine Flat Lake,
              Kings River, California

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Sacramento Dist., Sacramento, CA., Rep.
              1:1975-1976; Rep. 2:1977. 56 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, CUT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: L2-EM2, PO-EM1, PO-SS1, L2-US.

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SALIX, CEPHALANTHUS, BACCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study was conducted to determine if denuded drawdown areas
              in Pine Flat Lake, CA, could be revegetated to prevent erosion.
              Salix, Cephalanthus, and Baccharis were selected from nursery
              stock and seeds.  Cephalanthus survived in completely denuded
              areas; attempts to germinate seeds in water were successful, but
              survival rates were low in moist soils.  Baccharis transplants
              were successful in the drawdown area, but specific results were
              not recorded.  Less severe wave action and not too sudden drawdowns
              are important factors for success of revegetation efforts.
              Extensive information on flood tolerance of different plant
              species is given in an appendix.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       668

AUTHOR:       Parnell, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        A study: revegetation of the denuded drawdown area, Pine Flat
              Lake, Kings River, California

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Sacramento, CA., Rep. 1:1975-1976. 35
              pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, L2-...

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SALIX, CEPHALANTHUS, BACCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes initial attempts to revegetate portions of
              a denuded drawdown area at Pine Flat Lake, Fresno County, CA, on
              the Kings River.  A successful nursery for the propagation of
              buttonwillow was established.  Transplants to the denuded area
              appeared to be successful after 1 year of growth; however,
              transplants were not exposed to inundation.  Buttonwillow seeds
              appeared to germinate more successfully in water, at least until
              roots sprouted, than in moist soil.  Mule fat plants pulled up by
              their roots, soaked for 24 hours, and transplanted directly into
              barren slopes survived, but showed minor evidence of growth due to
              drought conditions.  The report includes details of buttonwillow
              nursery methodology.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       666

AUTHOR:       Parnell, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Revegetation of denuded drawdown area, Pine Flat Lake, Kings
              River, California

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Sacramento, CA, Rep. No. 2.
              January-December 1977. 66 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, L2-...

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       CEPHALANTHUS, BACCHARIS, SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses growth of buttonwillow and mule fat
              transplants during 2 years of drought at Pine Flat Lake, Fresno
              County, CA, on the Kings River.  A majority of the plants that
              survived were located in areas shaded during part of the day
              because of northern or western exposure, large rocks, or slope
              gradient.  Cattle damage (either by eating or trampling plants)
              also reduced survival on easily accessible areas (e.g., gradual
              slope).  Mature stands of buttonwillow appear to be tolerant to
              drought conditions; however, watering may be necessary to ensure
              survivability of young transplants.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       669

AUTHOR:       Parnell, J.F., D.M. Dumond, and R.N. Needham

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        A comparison of plant succession and bird utilization on diked
              and undiked dredged material islands in North Carolina
              estuaries

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-9. 286 pp.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-FO1, E2-FO3, E2-SS1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, PINUS, QUERCUS, YUCCA, DIGITARIA, CARYA,
              LIQUIDAMBAR, ACER, TAXODIUM, FRAXINUS, PERSEA, MAGNOLIA,
              GORDONIA, ERIGERON, JUNIPERUS, NYSSA, HETEROTHECA, LEPIDIUM,
              CELTIS, MYRICA, LACTUCA, COMMELINA, CARPINUS, UNIOLA, JUNCUS,
              DISTICHLIS, ANDROPOGON, BORRICHIA, SALICORNIA, LIMONIUM,
              SOLIDAGO, MUHLENBERGIA, HYDROCOTYLE, FIMBRISTYLIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Diked and undiked dredged material islands were compared in terms
              of plant succession and nesting potential.  Numerous islands in
              estuaries along the northern NC coast were tested for soil texture
              and chemical content.  Vegetation also was sampled.  Surveys of
              bird species diversity on both types of islands indicated that
              diking increased bird diversity, but decreased potential colonial
              nesting sites.  Plant succession on diked and undiked islands
              follows various patterns of diversity and composition.  Numerous
              tables include soil, avian diversity, and vegetative composition
              data.  The general recommendation was to avoid diking on islands
              heavily used by nesting waterbirds or wading birds because the
              long-term effects are uncertain and further study is required.

KEYWORDS:     succession/birds/North Carolina/estuaries/comparison/dredged
              material/tern/values/shorebirds/waterfowl/diversity/habitat/
              waterbirds/wading birds/dike

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       670

AUTHOR:       Parnell, J.F., and R.F. Soots, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        The use of dredge islands by wading birds

SOURCE:       Natl. Audubon Soc. Res. Rep. No. 7:105-111.

STATE:        TX, FL, NC, VA, MD, NY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., E2-SS1, E2-FO1

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, SHOREB

PGENUS:       MYRICA, BACCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report summarizes information on avian colonies and wading
              bird use of dredge spoil islands along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts
              of the U.S.  The number of colonies varied from 4-26 on dredged
              islands and 3-37 on natural islands.  Colonies on dredged spoil
              islands were larger, averaging over 800 nests, whereas those on
              natural islands averaged 100 nests.  This was probably due to a
              combination of island location, topography, and vegetation.
              Factors suitable for colonization are the association of dredge
              islands with inlets and dense thickets of Myrica and Baccharis as
              preferred nesting sites.  Recommendations for managing and
              constructing dredge islands for wading birds are discussed.
              Management of existing heronries includes protection from
              additional dredged material deposition.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       671

AUTHOR:       Passavant, N., and C.A. Jefferson

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Natural reclamation of filled land, Boca Ciega Bay

SOURCE:       Pages 76-103 in R.R. Lewis and D.P. Cole, eds. Proceedings of
              the third annual conference on restoration of coastal
              vegetation in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, CUT, FERT, FIRE

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, E2-EM1, PO-EM1, PO-AB3, E2-US2, PO-SS., E2-SS.

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       CENCHRUS, CYPERUS, ERAGROSTIS, ANDROPOGON, SABAL, PANICUM,
              BACCHARIS, SOLIDAGO, EUPATORIUM, PASPALUM, OEDOGONIUM,
              CASUARINA, SPARTINA, BATIS, AVICENNIA, TYPHA, LIPPIA,
              SESUVIUM, BACOPA, RUPPIA, SALIX, DISTICHLIS, IPOMOEA,
              PHYSALIS, OENOTHERA, RHIZOPHORA, SALICORNIA, JUNCUS,
              EUPATORIUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the natural revegetation of shoreline fill
              areas in Boca Ciega Bay, FL.  Plant colonization and succession
              were studied on 19 dredge and fill areas constructed during the
              1950's and 1960's.  A natural site on mullet key was studied as a
              control.  Soil development, effects of different management
              practices on undeveloped land, and bird colonization were also
              noted.  Shorelines not retained by sea walls were stabilized by
              native plants (sea oats, railroad vine, Spanish bayonet,
              mangroves).  Where sea walls were present, salt resistent
              vegetation grew along the walls.  In some areas, grasses were mowed
              regularly and spread with sewage sludge; in other areas, ponds were
              dug for mosquito control.  Management recommendations for
              undeveloped fill areas emphasize their use for open space,
              wildlife habitat, and parks.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       672

AUTHOR:       Patchett, J.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Conservation, recreation, mining, and rehabilitation in Story
              County, Iowa

SOURCE:       Pages 89-94 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds.
              Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp.
              Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        IA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the institutional setting for dealing with
              rehabilitation of sand and gravel mined areas.  Goals for
              establishing effective mining and rehabilitation guidelines are
              described.  Forethought in planning and implementing sand and
              gravel operations leads to effective rehabilitation, which can
              provide enhancement of existing wildlife habitat and recreational
              resources.  A detailed plan and flow chart display Story County's
              process for mining operations and site rehabilitation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       673

AUTHOR:       Patrick, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1959

TITLE:        Aquatic life in a new stream

SOURCE:       Water Sewage Works 106(2):531-535.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB3, R2-..., R.-UB., R.-UB3, R.-AB1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       MELOSIRA, OSCILLATORIA, STIGEOCLONIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the natural succession and establishment
              of fauna and flora of an experimental stream constructed near
              Philadelphia, PA, by diverting water from Ridley Creek, a stream
              relatively free from pollution.  A bulldozer and backhoe were
              used to construct the new stream.  Riffle areas, pools,
              backwaters, and cutting and shoaling areas were created to
              simulate natural streams.  The streambed consisted of stones,
              gravel, and mud (in pools and backwater).  Organisms with shorter
              life spans were the quickest to establish natural and normal
              populations.  Bacteria became established before algae.  The
              invasion of macroscopic forms was irregular and sporadic.
              Filter-feeding larvae were the first insects to invade and become
              established in the new stream.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1378

AUTHOR:       Patterson, D.W., C.U. Finch, and G.I. Wilcox

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Streambank stabilization techniques used by the soil
              conservation service in California

SOURCE:       Pages 452-458 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California
              riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive
              management. University of California Press, Berkeley,
              California.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HABITAT

ACTION:       STABIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews techniques used for stabilizing streambanks for
              long-term results and benefits effecting habitat, streambank erosion,
              and aesthetics.  Designs for streambank protection are usually limited
              to armoring outside curves, protecting instream structures and
              protecting straight reaches where loss is unacceptable.  One
              protection technique, physical protection, includes: grade
              stabilization, rock riprap, post-and-wire, rail-and-cable,
              rock-and-wire revetment, pilot channels, gabion baskets, and jack and
              cabled trees.  The other technique, using vegetative protection,
              includes woody cuttings, rooted woody plants, herbaceous plants and
              mulching.  Cost estimates for some methods are also listed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1533

AUTHOR:       Paulson, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Linking wetlands restoration and water quality planning for
              the Great Lakes

SOURCE:       The Wetlands Initiative, Chicago, IL. 4 pp.

STATE:        WI, IL, MI

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-..., RIPAR, L2.-...

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Three wetland demonstration projects were set up to determine water
              quality improvement potential by restoring wetlands.  Results will be
              used to promote regional wetland restoration and protection along the
              Great Lakes and control nonpoint source polution to the lakes.
              Erosion and runoff tend to be the most serious threats to agricultural
              watersheds.  Restoring 10% of converted wetlands or just 1 to 5% of
              strategically placed wetlands could dramatically reduce nonpoint source
              pollution and improve water quality in the Great Lakes.  Information
              gathered from the demonstration programs aid watershed managers in
              identifying specific steps and overcoming barriers to wetlands restoration
              and water quality planning.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       674

AUTHOR:       Pearce, J.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Estuarine habitat enhancement and restoration

SOURCE:       Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 50:457-464.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, STOCK, HYDRO, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of estuarine habitat enhancement
              and restoration.  Strategies for planning and implementing
              estuary enhancement and restoration are discussed briefly,
              including: 1) rehabilitation of degraded areas; 2) coordination
              between states that share estuarine systems; 3) shore protection
              features; 4) physical habitat manipulation; 5) shellfish
              restoration; 6) modification of currents and flows; 7) use of
              nonpolluting materials; and 8) regulation of contaminants that
              enter the estuary.  The author urges promotion of restoration
              and enhancement programs and activities by federal, state, and
              local agencies and further research on the development of
              restoration and enhancement techniques.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       675

AUTHOR:       Pearson, F.H., and A.J. McDonnell

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Limestone barriers to neutralize acidic streams

SOURCE:       J. Environ. Eng. Div., Am. Soc. Civil Eng. 101(Ee3):425-440.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       FERT, LFORM, CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB., R.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper evaluates acid neutralization by 4 limestone barriers
              installed in acidic streams of the Trough Creek Watershed, PA,
              and presents a model for determining rational design of barriers.
              Barriers generally were more effective at lower flows during
              summer.  A coating of clay, or of metal hydroxides from mine
              drainage, reduced the reactivity of crushed limestone by a factor
              of 5.  Graphs developed from the model are presented for
              determining the quantity of crushed limestone required to
              neutralize a stream and for determining the rate of dissolution
              of limestone in an acidic stream.  Conditions for avoiding either
              washout of stone from a barrier during floods or clogging of
              interstices within the stone by sediment are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1479

AUTHOR:       Peck, M.A., P.E. Fell, E.A. Allen, J.A. Geig, C.R. Guthke, and
              M.D. Newkirk

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Evaluation of tidal marsh restoration: Comparison of selected
              macroinvertebrate populations on a restored impounded valley
              marsh and an unimpounded vally marsh within the same salt
              marsh system in Connecticut, USA

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 18(2):283-293.

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERTS, VEG, SHELLF

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study evaluates the restoration of an impounded valley marsh in
              Connecticut using macroinvertebrate populations as indicator species
              and comparing numerical size and biomass to those in a nearby
              unimpounded marsh.  Pulonate snails and ribbed mussels were counted
              and collected over two years in the high marsh above the impoundment
              and the low marsh below the impoundment.  The high marsh of the
              impounded area was dominated by Spartina alterniflora and the lower
              marsh by S. patens and stunted S. alterniflora, where as, the
              unimpounded area was dominated by S. patens.  Densities and biomass
              of both the snails and mussels tended to vary in relation to plant
              cover type and location within the marsh.  Densities were similar at
              the mouths and tidal creeks of each marsh; however, they were
              higher for macroinvertebrates in the high marsh of the unimpounded
              area than those in the restored marsh. Macroinvertebrate biomass
              tended to be significantly greater in the restored marsh possibly due
              to a larger/better food resource.  Similarities of mean densities in
              the lower marsh suggest it is in advanced stages of restoration.

KEYWORDS:     marshes/wetlands restoration/restoration/comparison/
              macroinvertebrates/salt marshes/vegetation/reintroduction/edge/
              Melampus bidentatus/Geukensia demissa/reference wetlands/sampling
              methods/Connecticut/tidal marsh/marsh restoration/snails/biomass

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       676

AUTHOR:       Pederson, R.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Seed bank characteristics of the Delta Marsh, Manitoba:
              applications for wetland management

SOURCE:       Pages 61-69 in selected proceedings of the Midwest conference
              on wetland values and management. Minnesota Water Planning
              Bd., Minneapolis.

STATE:        MANITOBA, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4, PO-SS1, PO-UB4

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       CHENOPODIUM, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, POTAMOGETON, RANUNCULUS, RUMEX,
              ATRIPLEX, PHRAGMITES, SCOLOCHLOA, CAREX, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the distribution, abundance, and diversity
              of buried viable seeds from soil samples of 10 marsh compartments
              and several large bays of the Delta Marsh, Manitoba.  Experimental
              treatment consisted of 250 substrate samples from 8 cover types
              placed in an outdoor greenhouse under 2 simulated environmental
              conditions: drawdown and shallow flooding.  The drawdown yielded
              40,283 seedlings (34 species), with Chenopodium rubrum, Scirpus
              validus, and Typha spp. most abundant.  The submersed treatment
              yielded 11,831 seedlings (18 species), with Potamogeton pectinatus,
              Scirpus spp., and Typha spp. most prevalent.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       677

AUTHOR:       Pei, Q., J. Meide, Z. Zhengren, and X. Min

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Seed germination experiments of three ecotypes of Spartina
              alterniflora

SOURCE:       Pages 237-246 (English abstract) in Research advances in
              Spartina--achievements of past 22 years. J. Nanjing Univ.,
              China.

STATE:        CHINA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses seed germination of 3 ecotypes of Spartina
              alterniflora imported from NC, GA, and FL and grown in trial
              plantings for 3 years in Luoyuan County, Fujian, China.  Seeds from
              the trial plantings were treated with 2-9% NaCl solutions.
              Results showed a negative correlation between germination rates
              and NaCl concentration and no germination occurring at 8 and 9%.
              Florida ecotype germinated most rapidly and regularly, North
              Carolina was intermediate, and Georgia was most slowly and
              irregularly germinated.  Germination rates of the 3 ecotypes in 3%
              nacl were far lower than controls, supporting the validity of
              germination in fresh water.  Salinity of 3-4% will inhibit
              germination during the cold and moist storage period.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       678

AUTHOR:       Perez, R.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Salt marsh restoration from former salt evaporators: changes
              in sediment properties

SOURCE:       M.A. Thesis, San Francisco St. Univ., San Francisco, CA. 41
              pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, COTULA, SPERGULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis discusses sediment properties of a former evaporation
              pond system, now a part of the Hayward Regional Shoreline Salt
              Marsh restoration project on San Francisco Bay, CA.  Physical
              and chemical properties were measured prior to and after the
              reintroduction of tidal activity.  After 1 year, increases in
              sediment moisture and pH, and decreases in bulk density, organic
              matter content, salinity, and available boron content were
              observed.  The restoration site was designed to support Spartina
              foliosa.  After 1 year of tidal activity, salinity range fell
              from 10-181% to 10-21% and was within the tolerance limits of
              S. foliosa.  However, reestablishment of the plant was not
              observed and artificial planting will probably be necessary for
              its establishment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       679

AUTHOR:       Perkins, G.A., and J.S. Lawrence

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Bird use of wetlands created by surface mining

SOURCE:       Trans. Illinois St. Acad. Sci. 78(1-2):87-95.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM2, L2-EM2, L2-AB3, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       CAREX, CHARA, POTAMOGETON, TYPHA, JUNCUS, NELUMBO, CYPERUS,
              ELEOCHARIS, ELODEA, NAJAS, MYRIOPHYLLUM, CERATOPHYLLUM,
              SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article documents the use of surface-mined water areas by
              birds in west-central IL.  Previously, these wetland areas had
              been thought to be inadequate as habitat due to low fertility,
              acidic conditions, and poor fish production.  Current evidence
              from field surveys showed that these wetlands supported 71
              invertebrate species.  Aquatic vegetation occurred up to a depth
              of 5 m.  The physical characteristics of these areas were
              irregular shorelines, numerous islands, and diverse bottom
              topography.  At least 12 species of birds nested in the area:
              Canada goose, mallard, black duck, blue-winged teal, wood duck,
              hooded merganser, mute swan, American coot, common moorhen,
              pied-billed grebe, killdeer, and spotted sandpiper.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1363

AUTHOR:       Perry, E.W., and I. Garskof

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Regulatory and technical constraints for wetland creation and
              mitigation

SOURCE:       Pages 276-288 in S.K. Majumdar, R.P. Brooks, F.J. Brenner, and
              R.W. Tiner, Jr, eds. Wetlands Ecology and Conservation:
              emphasis in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Academy of Science,
              Easton.

STATE:        PROGRAM

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper addresses the regulatory and technical constraints in
              creating new wetlands as replacements for natural wetlands.  The
              wording in the "alternative tests" (Section 230.10 in the EPA's
              404(b)(2) guidelines) lends itself to misunderstanding and
              misinterpretation which has caused many a mitigation proposal to be
              rejected.  Four resource categories are based on: 1) the habitats
              scarcity on a national, regional, and local bases, 2) value to fish
              and wildlife species in the project area, 3) value abundance, 4) and
              habitat value.  Technical emphasis is now on replacing all functional
              constraints including success of wetland construction sites and the
              expense per acre of mitigated wetlands.  Finally, wetland creation
              techniques involving, hydrology, soils, site selection site design
              and vegetation are addressed.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       680

AUTHOR:       Pesavento, B.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Factors to be considered when constructing wetlands for
              utilization as biomass filters to remove minerals from
              solution

SOURCE:       Pages 45-49 in J.E. Burris, ed. Treatment of mine drainage by
              wetlands. Pennsylvania St. Univ., University Park, Contrib.
              No. 264.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-ML1

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SPHAGNUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes some of the design criteria for creating
              wetlands to filter acid mine wastewater (specifically for removal
              of iron and manganese).  Several mineral loading levels are
              described in terms of amount of iron and manganese removed and pH.
              Flow rates varying from 0.1-10 gal/minute to 1,001-10,000 gal/
              minute are combined with the mineral loading levels, producing a
              variety of site requirements for wetland construction.
              Inoculation of manganese-oxidizing bacteria into the marsh is
              recommended in some cases.  Selection of microbes and microflora
              is discussed briefly.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       681

AUTHOR:       Peters, C.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        The significance of hydrogeology to the mitigation of
              functions in freshwater wetlands of the glaciated northeast

SOURCE:       Pages 337-339 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of
              impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper focuses on the role of hydrology and hydrogeology in
              wetland function assessment and in the creation of wetland systems
              for mitigation purposes.  How a wetland relates to the
              hydrogeology of its surroundings should be determined before
              impacts to the wetland occur.  In the absence of detailed
              hydrogeologic data, the characteristics of the original wetland
              should be imitated.  Productivity, water quality, and water levels
              should then be monitored and compared to baseline data collected
              before the project was initiated.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1393

AUTHOR:       Petersen, R.C., L.B.M. Petersen, and J.O. Lacoursiere

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Restoration of lowland streams: the building block model

SOURCE:       Vatten 46:244-249.

STATE:        SWEDEN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, WQUALITY

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses a building block model to restore small streams
              which have been reduced to drainage ditches.  The building block
              methods for lowland stream restoration includes buffer strips,
              revegetation, riparian wetlands, horseshoe wetlands, side slope
              reduction, meander valley, riffle pools, ponds and swamp forests.
              The buffer strip is the most important restoration step and is the
              foundation for other restoration methods.  Revegetation is also
              important in stabilizing streambanks as well as providing habitat for
              wildlife.  After these steps the other methods may be used separately
              or in combination.  While the list of blocks are not exhaustive they
              do serve as an approach to solve problems with lowland agricultural
              streams while supplying landowners and authorities with solutions.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       682

AUTHOR:       Peterson, L.A., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1957

TITLE:        Vegetative changes at a new reservoir in Nebraska: 1951-1956

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl., Missouri
              River basin Stud., Billings, MT. 19 pp.

STATE:        NE

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-US3, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SALIX, POPULUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes an investigation of vegetational changes at
              Harry Strunk Lake in southwest NE, as a result of new inundation
              of 30 miles of shoreline.  Seven study sites were established; 5
              sites were located on the reservoir shoreline below the highest
              water surface level.  Changes in species composition were
              determined by comparing photographs of the study sites taken at
              various times.  Water level fluctuations during the first spring
              and summer resulted in dead or dying vegetation with the exception
              of Salix.  Where silting occurred, all herbaceous vegetation and
              seedlings were smothered.  After a year of stable water level
              conditions, Salix and Populus appeared.  The third year of stable
              conditions provided the necessary conditions for natural plant
              succession.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       683

AUTHOR:       Peterson, S.A., W.D. Sanville, F.S. Stay, and C.F. Powers

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Nutrient inactivation as a lake restoration procedure--
              laboratory investigations

SOURCE:       U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, EPA-660/3-74-032. 118 pp.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       SELENASTRUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents results of laboratory tests on the ability of
              certain metal compounds to remove complex phosphate ions from the
              water of a farm pond near Corvallis, OR.  This could be used as a
              technique to control phosphorus levels in eutrophic lakes.  Salts
              of lanthanum, zirconium, and aluminum effectively removed
              phosphorus with resulting depression of algal growth.  Toxicity to
              fishes and aquatic invertebrates was minimal, but tests
              demonstrated that some components of metal salts may have adverse
              effects.  Preliminary results indicate that zirconium precipitates
              phosphorus from the water and holds it at low levels.  Further
              laboratory tests and additional pilot-scale field testing were
              recommended.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1391

AUTHOR:       Peterson, W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Innovations in stream restoration and flood control design
              meeting flood capacity and environmental goals on San Luis
              Obispo Creek

SOURCE:       Pages 501-505 in Protection, management, and restoration for
              the 1990's. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report
              PSW-110.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       AVICENNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses a flood control project constructed as part of a
              housing development along the San Luis Obispo Creek in response to
              recent flooding.  Improvements included removing bottlenecks in
              high-water flow areas and increasing stream capacity.  The creek
              waterway was widened by setting back one bank with the bottom
              three feet above the flow line.  Vegetation was not to be disturbed
              on the low bank area, where as, the new bank and disturbed area was
              planted with a native grass mixture, trees, and shrubs.  Four years
              later, resultsshowed a low survival rate of trees and shrubs planted
              on the new bank and a decrease in the number of individual birds and
              bird species, although biologists predict the numbers will increase
              as the tree size and overstory increase.  Guidelines proposed for
              future channel widening projects are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       684

AUTHOR:       Petri, M.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1965

TITLE:        The ecology of three artificial marsh-ponds on the Tully
              Forest

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, St. Univ. New York, Syracuse. 166 pp.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-..., PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT,
              VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis describes a comparative study of 3 marsh-ponds
              constructed in 1953 (primarily for wildlife habitat) in Tully
              Forest, Cortland County, NY.  Mason Pond, Padget Pond, and Reagan
              Pond are described in terms of physical and chemical
              characteristics, plankton, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
              mammals, and vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1342

AUTHOR:       Petrillo, J.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Wetland restoration and the law

SOURCE:       Pages 303-309 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds.
              National wetland symposium: Urban wetlands. Oakland,
              California.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the developments and exemptions from policies
              and procedures in wetland restoration which exists for some government
              agencies.  The permitting process and technical requirement approvals
              needed for restoration of wetlands in California are examined.  In
              addition to local approval for permits, Army Corps Permits, Regional
              Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCBs), Bay Conservation and
              Development Commission (BCDC), California Coastal Commission,
              California Department of Fish and Game, and State Lands Commission
              must be considered before a permit is granted.  The author suggests
              that the political, legal, and economic impediments involved in
              completing individual projects of restoration may discourage the
              initiative for wetland restoration projects.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       685

AUTHOR:       Phillips, P.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Wetlands mitigation: Harmon Meadow case sends mixed signals

SOURCE:       Natl. Wetlands Newsletter 9(5):15-17.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, BIOCIDE, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the restoration of 126 acres of degraded
              marsh in Hackensack Meadows, NJ, as mitigation for filling 100
              adjacent acres of tidal wetlands for development purposes.
              Changes in elevation and water flow and replacement of Phragmites
              australis with Spartina alterniflora cost about $65,000/acre.
              Involvement of regulatory agencies and federal interpretations of
              "mitigation" are discussed.  Initial increases in populations of
              waterfowl and fiddler crabs were noted.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       689

AUTHOR:       Phillips, R.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Transplantation of seagrasses, with special emphasis on
              eelgrass, Zostera marina L.

SOURCE:       Aquaculture 4:161-176.

STATE:        FL, WA, MA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E1-AB3, M1-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, ZOSTERA, HALODULE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides evidence that transplanting seagrasses is a
              feasible technique for stabilizing, protecting, and revegetating
              coastlines and disturbed areas.  Seagrass was established using
              seeds and transplants near Woods hole, MA.  The seeds did not
              survive, but the transplants were successful when planted with
              soil intact around the roots.  In Tampa Bay, Halodule was
              successfully transplanted using sod fringed with concrete blocks
              and covered by fish net.  Planting of Alaskan eelgrass in Puget
              Sound was unsuccessful due to the shock of shipping and
              differences in environmental conditions.  Seedlings transplanted
              in depths greater than 6.6 m did not survive, presumably due to
              decreased light intensity.  Adequate soil around the roots was a
              major factor in seedling growth success.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       687

AUTHOR:       Phillips, R.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Preliminary observations on transplanting and phenological
              index of seagrasses

SOURCE:       Aquatic Bot. 2:93-101.

STATE:        WA, FL, AK, TX

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE, ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the transplanting of several species of
              seagrasses at Puget Sound, WA; Tampa Bay, FL; Izembek Bay, AK; and
              Corpus Christi and Redfish Bays, Laguna Madre, TX.  Several
              techniques, including nonanchoring methods (sods and plugs) and
              anchoring methods (shoots fixed to buried construction rods or
              nails), were described.  Seagrasses may develop physiological races
              and thus cannot be transplanted over geographic distances without
              acclimation.  Vegetative materials need to be shipped in massive
              amounts to restore damaged areas; this may be prohibitive.
              Identification of the life history phases of species is important
              for correlating necessary physical environmental conditions.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       690

AUTHOR:       Phillips, R.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Seagrass bed development on dredged spoil at Port St. Joe,
              Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 1-11 in R. Lewis and D. Cole, eds. Proceedings of the
              fourth annual conference on restoration of coastal vegetation
              in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       HALODULE, THALASSIA, HALIMEDA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the results of transplanting Halodule
              wrightii, a pioneering seagrass species, on dredge spoil in St.
              Joseph Bay, Port St. Joe, FL.  Survival of the transplants was
              affected by stresses from: 1) paper mill effluents; 2) dredge
              spoil substrate; 3) shallow water (with periods of exposure to
              air); and 4) exposure during record cold winter weather
              (1976-1977).  Overall survival at 2 planting sites was 85% and 93%.
              Based on results of this study, Halodule is best established in
              30-60 square inch plugs on 3 ft centers or 60 square inch
              plugs on 6 ft centers for larger areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       691

AUTHOR:       Phillips, R.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Transplanting methods

SOURCE:       Pages 41-56 in R.C. Phillips and C.P. McRoy, eds. Handbook of
              seagrass biology: an ecosystem perspective. Garland STPM
              Press, New York.

STATE:        TX, FL, WA, MA, NC, CA, AK, NY, MS

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3, M2-AB3, E.-UB2, E.-UB3, M.-UB2, M.-UB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE, ZOSTERA, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes methods of transplanting seagrasses.
              Nonanchoring methods include: 1) sediment-free plants and rhizome
              mat covered with sediment in transplant site; 2) sod (plant and
              sediment); and 3) plugs.  Anchoring methods include: 1) pipes and
              construction rods; 2) bricks; 3) wire mesh; 4) nails; and
              5) plastic anchors.  Seagrass transplanting methods are listed in
              table form by project; growth of seagrass recorded by selected
              projects also is presented.  The plug method is recommended for
              successful large-scale use.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       688

AUTHOR:       Phillips, R.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Planting guidelines for seagrasses

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir,
              VA, Tech. Aid 80-2. 28 pp.

STATE:        NC, VA, MD, NJ, NY, MA, CA, OR, WA, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM2, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, THALASSIA, HALODULE, RUPPIA, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This state-of-the-art guide to seagrass planting methods was
              developed for mitigation of wetland loss due to coastal
              engineering activities.  Three planting decision keys are provided:
              1) the Atlantic Coast north of Beaufort, NC; 2) Beaufort, NC, to
              FL and the Gulf Coast; and 3) the Pacific Coast.  These keys
              contain selections for elevation, tidal currents, salinity, soil
              types, and propagation methods.  Specific requirements for optimal
              depth, light, temperature, salinity, nutrients, currents, and
              waves are important for planting success.  Estimates of costs and
              labor are available on a per acre basis.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       692

AUTHOR:       Phillips, R.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Creation of seagrass beds

SOURCE:       Pages 91-104 in J.C. Lewis and E.W. Bunce, eds. Rehabilitation
              and creation of selected coastal habitats: proceedings of a
              workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/27.

STATE:        TX, WA, FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, HALODULE, THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes various aspects of seagrass restoration in
              different locations along the Pacific, Gulf, and Atlantic Coasts
              of the U.S.  The general ecology of seagrass beds is described.
              An overview of seagrass transplantation programs and techniques
              is provided; technique, author, species used, and location are
              arranged in tabular format.  Different methods are evaluated based
              on the author's experience.  Recommendations include the: 1) use
              of the plug method for plant establishment; 2) use of Halodule
              in restoration planting because of its tolerance for wide salinity
              and siltation variations; and 3) use of local plant stock as a
              source of transplant materials.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       686

AUTHOR:       Phillips, R.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Seagrass meadows

SOURCE:       Pages 173-201 in R.R. Lewis, ed. Creation and restoration of
              coastal plant communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

STATE:        MANY, FIJI, AUSTRALIA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E1-AB3, M1-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, THALASSIA, HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes seagrass transplantation: 1) to replenish
              stocks in areas damaged by pollution, disease, and excessive
              grazing; and 2) to stabilize dredged materials.  Annual net
              production, formation of detritus, and nutrient cycling are
              described.  A history of habitat loss and associated impacts is
              provided.  Planting techniques, plant material sources, manpower,
              and cost analyses are included.  Various transplant projects in
              temperate North America, Fiji, and Australia are summarized.
              Summary information includes species, propagules, location,
              anchoring method, chemical additives, success, and substrate.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       693

AUTHOR:       Phillips, R.C., and R.L. Lewis

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Influence of environmental gradients on variations in leaf
              widths and transplant success in North American seagrasses

SOURCE:       J. Mar. Tech. Soc. 17(2):59-68.

STATE:        AK, WA, VIRGIN ISLANDS

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       STABIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, M2-AB3, E1-AB3, M1-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study to: 1) investigate phenotypic and
              genotypic responses of transplanted seagrasses (eelgrass,
              turtlegrass) between various environments; 2) determine whether
              leaf width is an indicator of environmental stress; and 3)
              describe seagrass growth over eco-genetic and spatial/temporal
              gradients.  The basic approach was to take plants from healthy
              "donor" meadows and plant them at an unvegetated site, ensuring
              that they were adequately anchored.  Eelgrass transplants were
              studied at Izembek Lagoon, AK, and Hood Canal, WA.  Turtlegrass
              transplants were taken from Tague Bay, St. Croix, Virgin Islands,
              and planted west of Buck Island, St. Croix.  Detailed transplant
              data are provided; different methods are described.  A planting
              decision key is presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       694

AUTHOR:       Phillips, R.C., M.K. Vincent, and R.T. Huffman

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations, Port St. Joe
              seagrass demonstration site, Port St. Joe, Florida; summary
              report

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-33. 52 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E1-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       HALODULE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Port St. Joe, FL, was the site for a test restoration project on
              previously dredged material.  Halodule wrightii transplants were
              placed at intervals of 0.9 to 2.7 m in sandy substrate.  Initial
              survival was 78%, but decreased over time, possibly due to mill
              effluent, exposure, and an unusually cold winter.  Transplants
              with larger plugs of 375 cm2, planted at intervals of 0.9 m, were
              most successful in producing continuous cover in less than 1 year.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       695

AUTHOR:       Phillips, W.A., and F.D. Eastham

PUBL. YEAR:   1959

TITLE:        Riverbank stabilization in Virginia

SOURCE:       J. Soil Water Conserv. 14(6):257-259.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R1-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, FESTUCA, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of current river shoreline
              stabilization projects for erosion prevention in eastern VA.  The
              bank of a potomac tributary was graded to a 3:1 slope and seeded
              with fescue and bermuda grass.  In addition, Spartina alterniflora
              sprigs were planted at the low tide mark and S. patens sprigs were
              planted at the high tide mark.  Recommended methods include: 1)
              sloping with a dragline and not a bulldozer to minimize the amount
              of loose dirt pushed to the waters' edge; and 2) sloping in late
              winter and seeding in early spring to allow for the longest
              possible growing season.  Several applications of fertilizer
              proved more effective for growth than 1 heavy application.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       696

AUTHOR:       Phleger, C.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1971

TITLE:        Effects of salinity on growth of a salt marsh grass

SOURCE:       Ecology 52:908-911.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents results of experiments to test salt tolerance
              of the coastal salt marsh grass, Spartina foliosa, collected from
              Mission BAy, San Diego, CA.  Plants were grown in nutrient
              solutions at various salinities (0-125% sea water) for 8 weeks.
              Growth and survival were greatest in fresh water, although the
              plant grows in sea water in its natural habitat.  Percent dry
              weight of protein, lipid, and potassium was higher and sodium was
              lower in freshwater cultured plants compared to saltwater plants.
              The author suggests that S. foliosa was originally a freshwater
              marsh plant and discusses the mechanisms that the plant evolved to
              thrive in salt water.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       697

AUTHOR:       Piehl, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Restoration of drained wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 33-37 in J.L. Piehl, ed. Wetland restoration: a
              techniques workshop. Minnesota Chap. Wildl. Soc., Fergus
              Falls, MN.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, HYDRO, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of a wetland restoration program
              initiated by the usfws mid-continent waterfowl management project
              in west-central MN.  The pilot project area includes Douglas,
              Otter Tail, and Grant Counties; 1,400 wetland acres were restored.
              Earthen ditch plugs were used to restore small drained sites.  In
              larger wetlands, culverts were added and filter cloth was used to
              prevent erosion.  In some cases, half-round risers were used to
              control water level.  Restoration of wetlands drained by tile
              systems also was discussed.  Uplands adjacent to wetlands were
              planted for waterfowl nesting cover.  Response of private
              landowners to this program is described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       698

AUTHOR:       Pierce, D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Planning aid report

SOURCE:       Sunset Harbor navigation and salt marsh restoration study.
              Bolsa Chica, Orange County, California. U.S. Fish Wildl.
              Serv., Div. Ecol. Serv., Laguna Niguel, CA. 62 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, VEG, HUSE

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, OENOTHERA, COTULA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, LOTUS,
              BACCHARIS, JUNCUS, EUCALYPTUS, ABRONIA, HETEROTHECA, RUPPIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report reviews 8 alternative development plans for the
              restoration of the Bolsa Chica Wetlands in Orange County, CA.
              This area contains navigation channels and is used heavily by
              boaters.  Alternatives varied from no action to a mixture of
              wildlife/open space and marina/marsh plans.  Biological
              evaluations of the resources were measured using field surveys,
              usfws data and statistical data.  Final recommendations included
              the need for a small boat facility, continued breeding bird
              census, additional right-of-way agreements, and an expanded diked
              salt marsh of 1,100-1,300 acres.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       700

AUTHOR:       Pierce, G.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        In kind vs. out-of-kind wetland replacement

SOURCE:       Pages 287-288 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of
              impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses some of the factors which impact the
              success of wetland mitigation or replacement projects.  Economic
              factors are discussed in terms of reconstruction of hydrology,
              substrate, and vegetation.  Factors that contribute to failure
              of in-kind mitigation projects are presented, along with a list
              of recommendations for alleviating conflicts associated with
              agency requests for in-kind replacement and the cost of such
              replacement.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       699

AUTHOR:       Pierce, G.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Succession and stability in freshwater marshes in the
              northeastern United States

SOURCE:       Pages 323-324 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of
              impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM.

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes wetland dynamics in terms of a model that
              incorporates allogenic and autogenic factors that may affect
              community succession.  Many factors can retard succession; some
              of these are discussed briefly.  Hydrological changes, animal
              impacts, and seed germination are particularly important factors.
              Recommendations for wetland plantings in light of these factors
              include consideration of the statement that the normal state for
              many freshwater marshes may be dynamic.  Mitigation should provide
              conditions and species conducive to dynamic equilibrium.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       701

AUTHOR:       Pierce, G.J., and A.B. Amerson

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        A pilot project for wetlands construction on the floodplain of
              the Allegheny River in Cattaraugus County, New York

SOURCE:       Pages 140-153 in R.H. Stovall, ed. Proceedings of the eighth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       ALISMA, ASCLEPIAS, CAREX, CICUTA, DULICHIUM, GLYCERIA, IRIS,
              JUNCUS, NUPHAR, POLYGONUM, RANUNCULUS, RUMEX, SCIRPUS,
              SPARGANIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the initiation of a 3 year wetlands
              development test program, an attempt to create inland freshwater
              wetlands to compensate for those lost to highway construction.
              The demonstration project site is near birch run creek on the
              Allegheny River floodplain in NY.  Planning considerations
              included water chemistry, water level, drawdown, wetland
              and upland soils, fertilizer, plant species native to the
              Allegheny River valley ecosystem, 6 planting methods, timing,
              and damage by vertebrates.  Environmental analysis of in-place
              wetlands was conducted to provide information for evaluation of
              the environmental conditions of the constructed wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       702

AUTHOR:       Pitre, R.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Successful restoration of filled wetlands at four locations
              along the Texas Gulf Coast

SOURCE:       Wetlands 1:171-178.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, JUNCUS, BORRICHIA, SALICORNIA, SUAEDA,
              BATIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the restoration of 4 wetland sites along
              the TX Gulf Coast at Hayes Ridge Lake, Redfish Bay, Port Bay,
              and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway.  All sites had been subject
              to unauthorized filling; fill material was removed and previous
              contour elevations were restored.  Revegetation occurred through
              natural processes and was apparently more successful (after 2
              growing seasons) in areas that had periodically flooded natural
              ground elevations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       703

AUTHOR:       Pitre, R.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Restoration of wetlands along the Texas Gulf Coast

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 4(1):31-32.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, BATIS, SALICORNIA, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article reviews the restoration of 4 filled wetland areas
              along the TX Gulf Coast.  The fill material was removed and the
              area was graded to previous contour elevations, which established
              original hydrodynamic regimes and allowed the soil to maintain
              natural saturation levels.  At this step, turbidity curtains were
              used to reduce impacts to surrounding wetlands during removal of
              fill material.  Dominant species recorded in the areas included
              Spartina alterniflora, S. patens, Distichlis spicata, Batis
              maritima, and Salicornia bigelovii.  Successful revegetation
              through natural processes was observed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       704

AUTHOR:       Plafkin, J.L., D.L. Kuhn, J. Cairns, Jr., and W.H. Yongue, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Protozoan species accrual on artificial islands in differing
              lentic and wetland systems

SOURCE:       Hydrobiologia 75:161-178.

STATE:        MI, VA, CO

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: L2-..., PO-EM., PO-ML1, PO-FO.

RESPONSE:     INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a method of using protozoan colonization on
              polyurethane foam substrates to compare productivity of lentic
              and wetland habitats in MI, VA, and CO.  Sites were compared
              using nonlinear regression estimates of the parameter G, which
              reflects the rate at which substrates attained equilibrium species
              numbers.  In general, the rate of equilibrium acquisition reflected
              differences in productivity and structure among the protozoan
              communities from the various habitats and systems.  Oligotrophic
              lakes exhibited the lowest G-values; mesotrophic lakes, swamps,
              and unpolluted bogs exhibited intermediate values; and eutrophic
              lakes, marshes, and bogs receiving drainage from septic systems
              exhibited the highest G-values.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       705

AUTHOR:       Platts, W.S., C. Armour, G.D. Booth, M. Bryant, J.L. Bufford,
              P. Cuplin, S. Jensen, G.W. Lienkaemper, G.W. Minshall, S.B.
              Monsen, R.L. Nelson, J.R. Sedell, and J.S. Tuhy

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Methods for evaluating riparian habitats with applications to
              management

SOURCE:       U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-221. 177 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, BIOCIDE, MODEL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-FO., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents standards for measuring and evaluating
              riparian habitats.  Topics include: 1) collection of riparian
              habitat information (sampling and monitoring); 2) measuring
              vegetation (overhang, stability, cover, animal use); 3) riparian
              community classification; 4) riparian soils; 5) remote sensing;
              6) water column measurement; 7) stream banks; 8) measuring and
              mapping organic debris; 9) historic evaluation of riparian
              habitats; 10) evaluation of stream riparian area conditions using
              benthic macroinvertebrates; and 11) planting of riparian sites
              (site preparation, seeding, plant selection).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1070

AUTHOR:       Platts, W.S., S.E. Jensen, and C. Johnson

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Mitigation through restoration of degraded riverine/riparian
              ecosystems in the Great Basin hydrographic region and the
              Snake River hydrographic subregion

SOURCE:       U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, Corvallis, OR, Unpubl. Rep. 104
              pp.

STATE:        OR, ID, NV, UT, CA, AZ, WY, WA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, FERT, STABIL, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., RIPAR, PO-SS., R.-US2, R.-US1, PO-FO.

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       ARTEMISIA, CAREX, SALIX, BETULA, CORNUS, PRUNUS, DESCHAMPSIA,
              BROMUS, AGROPYRON, ELYMUS, POA, ALNUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information useful for restoring
              riverine/riparian habitats in the Great Basin and Snake River
              watersheds.  A preliminary, hierarchical classification is
              suggested.  Research and experience in restoring these habitats
              are limited.  Therefore, restoration must be approached from a
              more fundamental level, using undisturbed ecosystems as models
              and borrowing designs form nature.  Plans to restore stream and
              riparian habitats should entail evaluation from several
              perspectives, including water dynamics, sediment flux,
              geomorphic parameters, and frequency and duration of flooding.
              Design and monitoring of restoration projects are discussed.
              Twelve restoration project profiles are included in appendices.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1343

AUTHOR:       Platts, W.S., and J.N. Rinne

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Riparian and stream enhancement management and research in the
              rocky mountains

SOURCE:       North American Journal of Fisheries Management 5:115-125.

STATE:        NE, UT, ID, OR, MT, AZ, NM, CO

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARISON

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON, HYDRO, FISH, INVERTS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses preconstruction considerations for enhancing
              stream and riparian areas.  Rehabilitating and enhancing stream banks
              through fencing and protection from grazing is proposed based on
              results from past riparian enhancement studies.  Effects and
              importance of stream rehabilitation on vegetation, water column
              conditions, channel characteristics, threatened and endangered fish,
              nonthreatened fish, and macroinvertebrates are discussed.  The authors
              advise environmental, sociological, and economical evaluations be done
              in the planning process of all projects.  They also caution the use of
              enhancement efforts only where the potential for the highest benefits
              exist and if benefit-cost ratios are favorable.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1592

AUTHOR:       Plummer, J.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Establishing vegetative buffers on existing lots: a policy for
              mitigating impacts to coastal resources

SOURCE:       Coastal Management 22:427-430.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: M2.-..., E.-...

RESPONSE:     HUSE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In an effort to reduce the amount of nonpoint source pollution
              entering the Chesapeake Bay, a critical area was set up extending
              1000 feet landward from wetlands or heads of tide.  A 100 feet wide
              buffer is encluded in this critical area to remove NPS pollution and
              minimize effects of human activities.  Current mitigation practices
              enforced for development on grandfathered lots within the buffer zones
              are discussed as well as complications involved.  The author proposes
              a guideline which would provide an incentive involving the cost of
              revegetating in order to decrease the amount of development within the
              buffer zone.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1134

AUTHOR:       Pollock, P.L., and D.J. Cooper

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Scientific and policy outcomes of the advanced identification
              of wetlands in the Boulder Valley, Boulder, Colorado

SOURCE:       Pages 187-191 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds.
              Urban wetlands: proceedings of the national wetland symposium,
              Oakland, California. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the development of an advanced
              identification process which applies ecological perspectives to
              the development, protection, or mitigation of impacts on wetlands
              in Boulder County, CO.  It provides a scientific basis for the
              development of wetland protection programs.  Each of 60 wetlands
              were evaluated for the following functions: groundwater recharge/
              discharge, sediment trapping, nutrient removal and retention,
              flood storage, shoreline anchoring, food chain support, fish and
              wildlife habitat, and recreation.  This system has enabled the
              City of Boulder to consider policy options that reflect specific
              regulatory goals.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       706

AUTHOR:       Pomeroy, W.M., D.K. Gordon, and C.D. Levings

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Experimental transplants of brackish and salt marsh species on
              the Fraser River Estuary

SOURCE:       Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Resources Services Branch,
              West Vancouver Laboratory, West Vancouver, British Columbia.
              Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
              No. 1067.  35 pp.

STATE:        BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R1-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, WQUAL

PGENUS:       CAREX, SCIRPUS, SALICORNIA, DISTICHLIS, ENTEROMORPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses survival and growth of brackish marsh
              plants transplanted as rhizome plugs to 3 habitats on the Fraser
              River Estuary, British Columbia, Canada.  Survival of Carex
              lyngbyei, Scirpus americanus, and S. maritimus was negligible
              at 1 location characterized by relatively high salinities
              (> 3 ppt) and wave focussing due to jetties.  At a more
              sheltered and lower salinity location, plug success was
              65-69% for S. americanus and C. lyngbyei.  Survival was 71-84%
              for these species at a site exposed to strong river currents
              and moderate wave action.  Data on seed production, shoot
              density, maximum plant height, and sediment characteristics
              also are presented.  Filamentous algae (e.g., Enteromorpha)
              were trapped by the transplanted marsh and subsequently
              colonized by invertebrates.

KEYWORDS:     estuaries/plants/habitat/salinity/waterfowl/algae/invertebrates/
              Salicornia/Distichlis spicata/Canada/Scirpus americanus/Carex
              lyngbyei Hornem./Fraser River/marsh plants

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1123

AUTHOR:       Pomeroy, W.M., and C.D. Levings

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Marsh rehabilitation on the Fraser River Estuary: a pilot
              project

SOURCE:       Pages 13-29 in C.D. Levings, ed. An account of a workshop on
              estuarine habitats. Can. Manuscript Rep. Fish. Aquatic Sci.
              No. 1571.

STATE:        CANADA, BRITISH COLUMBIA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R1-EM2, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, CHEM, VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       CAREX, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the transplantation of Carex lyngbyei,
              Scirpus americanus, and S. maritimus to 3 sites on the Fraser
              River Estuary: Stevenson Island; Albion; and Iona.  Elevation,
              wave action, sediment characteristics, and salinity are discussed
              as they affected shoot growth of the transplants.  Additional
              data will be forthcoming.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       707

AUTHOR:       Posey, D.M., D.C. Goforth, and P. Painter

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Ravenwood Shellrock Mine: wetland and upland restoration and
              creation

SOURCE:       Pages 127-134 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, L2-EM2, L2-AB3, PO-FO1, PO-FO2

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON, HYDRO

PGENUS:       PINUS, ILEX, QUERCUS, SABAL, ACER, MYRICA, SERENOA, PRUNUS,
              WOODWARDIA, ANDROPOGON, STIPA, TAXODIUM, PERSEA, CLADIUM,
              CAREX, TYPHA, PANICUM, NUPHAR, NYMPHAEA, SAGITTARIA,
              PONTEDERIA, SCIRPUS, SPARTINA, ELEOCHARIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The reclamation of a shellrock mine at Ravenwood included creation
              of: 1) a wetland-upland buffer; and 2) lakes and wetlands within
              Ravenwood, which is scheduled for future high-density residential
              development.  Transplanted vegetation included trees up to 9 m
              tall at about $55-65/tree or $7,500/ha.  Dredging was used to
              provide fill for upland areas.  Lake design included a double
              littoral zone produced by contouring concentric rings of shallow
              water at the lake perimeter.  Survival rates of transplanted
              wetland plants averaged over 90% after 1 year.  Exact depths of
              wetland shallows were designed to accommodate natural
              precipitation cycles.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1366

AUTHOR:       Posin, F.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Barrier island restoration, Blowing Rocks Preserve, 1985 to
              Present

SOURCE:       The Palmetto 9(2):11.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       CUT, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SERENOA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This brief article discusses the efforts of the Nature Conservancy to
              remove weed trees and restore the coastal stand, mangrove wetland, and
              tropical hammock on the Blowing Rocks Preserve north of West Palm
              Beach, Florida.  Mature saw palmettos were transplanted with a
              survival rate greater than 85%.  Pathway hammock and mangrove wetland
              also had very high survival rates.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       708

AUTHOR:       Pratt, J.R. J. Cairns, Jr., and P.M. Stewart

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Development of microbial communities in mined lakes

SOURCE:       Pages 239-259 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a
              workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour.,
              University Park.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: L.-AB3, PO-EM1, L2-EM2

RESPONSE:     INVERT, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, HYDRILLA, PANICUM, EICHHORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper examines the development of microbial communities in
              21 lakes of different ages created as a result of phosphate mining
              in Polk County, FL.  Age of lakes varied from less than 6 months to
              7 years.  Microbial colonization was sampled by placing artificial
              substrate to depths of approximately 50 cm.  Measurements were
              taken at 0.5, 1, 3, 8, and 10 days after colonization.  Turbid,
              young lakes failed to accrue species.  Lakes 6 months to 8 years
              old had 15-90 species; 60 year old natural lakes typically have
              60-80 species.  Lakes greater than 2 years of age had microbial
              communities similar to older, natural lakes, even though the water
              chemistry was different.  The health of the microbial community
              may be a useful indicator of ecosystem recovery following mining
              or restoration activities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       709

AUTHOR:       Pratt, J.R., and J. Cairns

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Determining microbial community equilibrium in disturbed
              wetland ecosystems

SOURCE:       Pages 201-209 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study of the microbiota of 16 reclaimed
              and 2 active mine cuts in Polk County, FL.  Most reclaimed lakes
              were less than 10 years old; age varied from 2 months to more
              than 60 years.  Substrate sampling yielded data on microbial
              colonization and community dynamics.  Physical and chemical
              parameters of the water were sampled.  Newly reclaimed lakes
              had low pH, high levels of trace metals and nitrates, and
              relatively simple protozoan communities.  After about 2 years, the
              microbial community structure and dynamics of reclaimed lakes were
              similar to those of natural lakes and old reclaimed lakes.  These
              analyses provide a functional measure of the response of
              communities to new habitat conditions.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1583

AUTHOR:       Presser, T.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        The kesterson effect

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 18(3):437-454.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-RB1, RIPAR, R-SB1

RESPONSE:     CHEM, HYDRO, WFOWL, SHOREB

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper was written as a companion paper to #317 in the WCR
              database to more fully explain the bioaccumulation process of selenium
              occuring in the western United States.  A biogeochemical cycle model
              is presented of Se from "rock to duck", the origin of Se is discussed,
              and considerations are listed for future remediation and reclaimation
              projects.  Finally, nine of eleven reconnisance sites are listed as
              ecosystems having a similar potential for the Kesterson effect based
              on similar hydrology, geology, and biology as the Kesterson NWR.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1582

AUTHOR:       Presser, T.S., M.A. Sylvester, and W.H. Low

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Bioaccumulation of selenium from natural geologic sources in
              western states and its potential consequences

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 18(3):423-436.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, R.-..., PO.-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses bioaccumulation of selenium, its origin and
              consequences in wetlands and watersheds throughout the western United
              States.  Twenty sites were chosen as reconnaissance areas based on
              six factors of soils, climate, groundwater, and drainage.  Selenium
              was tested and set in five categories: water, bottom sediment, fish,
              bird livers, and bird eggs.  The amounts of selenium in the water
              of the reconnaissance sites varies with the time of year sampled and
              at different areas of the same site.  The organic layers of bottom
              sediment tended to contain higher concentrations than the lower
              layers resulting in consideration for lowering acceptable limits
              for this category.  In seven of the sites concentrations exceeded
              the limits for adverse reproductive effects in fish and ten areas
              exceeded acceptable levels in bird livers sampled.  Finally, seven
              of fourteen sites sampled for accumulation in bird eggs exceeded
              the no risk limits.  Regional sources of selenium concentrations are
              listed to emphasize the importance of further possible accounts of
              bioaccumulation.  The author recommends understanding the food-chain
              pathways to fully understand the degree to which bioaccumulation is
              taking place.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       710

AUTHOR:       Price, J.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        The marsh that Arcata built

SOURCE:       Sierra 72(3):51-53.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HARVEST, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, WFOWL, SHOREB, VEG, HUSE, WQUAL, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the use of wastewater effluent to create
              freshwater wetlands at the Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary,
              Arcata, CA.  Site preparation involved: 1) digging out a 5 ft
              deep lake, creating islands with extra fill; 2) diking and filling
              an old pasture; and 3) flooding an abandoned lumber mill site.
              Topsoil was removed and respread after grading.  No vegetation
              was planted.  At a cost of $675,550, 96 acres of wetlands were
              created as an alternative to a regional sewage treatment facility.
              Waterfowl and fish thrive at the sanctuary, water quality is
              better than what the plant would have discharged, and the
              sanctuary is heavily used by residents for education and
              recreation.  Potential use of cattails for ethanol or methane also
              is discussed.

KEYWORDS:     marshes/freshwater wetlands/wetlands/wildlife/abandoned/
              vegetation/created wetlands/waterfowl/fishes/water quality/
              cattails/wastewater/cost

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       711

AUTHOR:       Prichard, D.E., and L.L. Upham

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Texas Creek riparian enhancement study

SOURCE:       Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 51:298-303.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB3, R4-SB2, PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the effects of riparian habitat enhancement
              treatments on a 0.5 mile section of the Texas Creek in central CO.
              The greatest improvement occurred on a portion of the creek that
              had intensive habitat treatment (gabion structures, resloping and
              riprapping of banks, and planting of willow cuttings) plus
              exclusion of livestock.  Streambank stability, bank cover,
              pool/riffle ratio, spawning habitat, and number and size of brown
              trout increased.  Deferred seasonal livestock grazing improved
              streambank stability, bank cover, and number of brown trout.
              Streambank stability and number of brown trout increased on the
              segment that received no treatments and no grazing.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1245

AUTHOR:       Prichard, D.E., and L.L Upham

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Texas Creek riparian enhancement study

SOURCE:       Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 51:298-303.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO, LFORM, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, R3-UB., R3-US.

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, INVERTS, FISH, VEG

PGENUS:       SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Describes a riparian enhancement study conducted on Texas Creek
              (south of Texas Creek, Fremont Co., CO) 2.5 miles south of where
              it enters the Arkansas River.  Three experimental treatments were
              used: 1) deferred seasonal grazing, no further treatment;
              2) grazing excluded, no further treatment; and 3) grazing excluded,
              installed 5 gabion drop structures, planted 382 willow cuttings,
              and resloped and covered a 100 ft section of streambank with
              riprap.  Changes in stream quality were based on bank cover,
              streambank stability, pool/riffle ratio, stream width, pool
              quality and stream bottom substrate.  Trout and macroinvertebrate
              populations were also monitored.  Stream quality improved from:
              1) poor to good for Treatment 1; 2) poor to fair for Treatment 2;
              and 3) poor to excellent for Treatment 3.  Specific changes are
              documented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1365

AUTHOR:       Pride, R.E., J.S. Nohrstedt, and L.D. Benefield

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Utilization of created wetlands to upgrade small municipal
              wastewater treatment systems

SOURCE:       Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 50:371-385. Kluwer Academic
              Publishers, Netherlands.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: P0.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, SAGITARIA, SPARGAMINUM, HYDROCOTYL,
              MYRIOPHYLLUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report investigates the feasibility of using a created wetland
              treatment system for small communities to improve effluent quality
              from wastewater treatment plants.  A field scale wetland system was
              constructed at Hurtsboro, Alabama consisting of a primary and
              secondary pond.  The wetland system was planted with cattails,
              bulrush, burr reeds, and arrow duck potatoes from a nearby pond.
              Water hyacinth was also used to provide cover and prevent algae
              growth.  Water samples were analyzed for BOD, TSS, TKN, and ammonia
              N.  Estimated costs for the first year of constructing and operating
              the system was $43,456.  The authors suggest created wetlands serve
              as an effective alternative for upgrading treatment plants effluent
              although the long term performance is unknown.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       712

AUTHOR:       Princeton Aqua Science

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Compliance, mitigation and marsh creation survey and report

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Baltimore, MD.

STATE:        MD, NY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, VEG, SOIL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SCIRPUS, PELTANDRA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report reviews 17 marsh creation mitigation projects in the
              U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Baltimore District.  Site conditions
              were recorded for vegetation, sediments, substrate stability, and
              shoreline stability.  A site was selected for mitigation based on
              the presence of shoreline stabilization factors, fish and wildlife
              habitat, and/or food chain support.  The projects were evaluated
              for completion, failure or success based on plant mortality, and
              lack or presence of follow-up planting or monitoring after
              construction.  Some problems of the projects were lack of detailed
              descriptions of the plans, missing mitigation plans, and lack of
              field data and field verification.

KEYWORDS:     mitigation/marsh creation/creation/site conditions/vegetation/
              sediment/stability/stabilization/fish and wildlife habitat/
              wildlife/wildlife habitat/habitat/food chain support/monitoring/
              Baltimore/Maryland/fishes/invertebrates/mammals/waterfowl/soil

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       713

AUTHOR:       Pritchett, D.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Creation, restoration, and enhancement of vernal pools

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 5(2):92.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes several vernal pool projects in CA.  A
              series of interconnected vernal pools was created near Santa
              Barbara.  Excavation, flooding, and seeding (from surface
              scrapings from nearby natural vernal pools) are described.
              Vernal pools at a local public nature reserve were either:
              1) enhanced by placement of dams; 2) restored by debris
              removal and excavation; or 3) created by excavation and
              subsequent seed inoculation (from natural vernal pools).  All
              projects are being monitored; so far inoculum has established
              plants successfully, but flooding may require careful regulation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       714


AUTHOR:       Pulver, T.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Transplant techniques for sapling mangrove trees, Rhizophora
              mangle, Laguncularia racemosa, and Avicennia germinans, in
              Florida

SOURCE:       Florida Dept. Nat. Resour., Mar. Res. Publ., St. Petersburg,
              No. 22. 14 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study, conducted near Tampa Bay, FL, focuses on comparison of
              techniques for planting mangroves using survival and growth as
              indicators of transplant success.  Success was highest when a
              rootball approximately half the original tree height was removed
              with the tree to sustain it during the recovery period.  All 3
              mangrove species were pruned prior to transplanting.  Avicennia
              and Laguncularia recovered well from extensive pruning, but
              Rhizophora survived only if the distal end of the branch was
              pruned to a size not greater than 1 cm in diameter.  Tolerance to
              cold, salinity, xeric conditions, and pruning are included for
              each species.  Specific guidelines and techniques for planting are
              given.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1482

AUTHOR:       Purcell, L.J. and T.D. Johnson

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Creating wetlands

SOURCE:       Civil Engineering 62(8):36-37.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E1-EM2

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, FISH

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the process involved in developing a mitigation
              goal and following through on a project in Anaheim Bay, California.
              Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge was chosen as a mitigation site to
              convert adjacent uplands and diked areas into salt marshes.  A list
              was developed of 20 fish and bird target species affected in the
              impacted area.  Ecologically equivalent species were selected when
              species were common to only one area due to habitat differences.  The
              Habitat Evaluation Procedure (HEP) was used to aid in calculating the
              required size of the restoration and the mix of habitat types to
              compensate for the landfill.  Two sites were designed as open water
              areas to provide habitat for the California light-footed clapper rail
              and protect it from predators.  After wetland construction, a
              three-year monitoring program was implemented.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/wildlife/mitigation/
              compensation/habitat/wetland habitat/enhancement/fisheries/
              monitoring/intertidal/California/fishes/birds/fisheries habitat/
              waterfowl/California least tern/California light-footed clapper
              rail

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       716

AUTHOR:       Quammen, M.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Measuring the success of wetlands mitigation

SOURCE:       Natl. Wetlands Newsletter 8(5):6-8.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., R.-..., PO-..., E.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of wetland mitigation success
              evaluation (i.e., the effectiveness of artificially created
              marshes in providing the functions and values of natural marshes).
              The type of mitigation treated here is compensation, mitigation
              for destroyed wetland habitat.  In many cases, success of wetland
              restoration is difficult to assess because: 1) project objectives
              (e.g., restoration goals) are not clearly stated; 2) permit
              conditions fail to clearly define which wetlands are most in need
              of restoration or replacement; 3) variability among natural
              marshes is not recognized; and 4) specifications for restoration
              projects are not reviewed for feasibility and scientific validity.
              Compliance monitoring also is discussed.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands mitigation/function/habitat/restoration/
              determining effectiveness/losses/mitigation/restored wetlands/
              natural marshes/marshes/wetland losses

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       715

AUTHOR:       Quammen, M.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Summary of the conference and information needs for mitigation
              in wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 151-158 in R. Strickland, ed. Wetland functions,
              rehabilitation, and creation in the Pacific Northwest: the
              state of our understanding. Washington St. Univ., Dept. Ecol.,
              Olympia, Publ. No. 86-14.

STATE:        CA, WA, OR

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., M.-..., PO-..., R.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This chapter summarizes suggestions for determining the importance
              of wetlands in relation to mitigation actions: 1) habitat that is
              in short supply should be restored; 2) restoration/creation
              should occur as close as possible to the original site to increase
              the chances of recovery; 3) knowledge of wetland functions and
              habitat design criteria for specific sites should be applied;
              4) USFWS HSI models provide information on habitat support
              capability and size requirements; and 5) compliance success
              monitoring describes qualitative field measurements and assesses
              how often agency recommendations are accepted and implemented.
              Functional success assessment is used to determine if the
              restoration/creation process successfully replaced original
              wetland functions.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1113

AUTHOR:       Rabinowitz, D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Planting experiments in mangrove swamps of Panama

SOURCE:       Pages 385-393 in G.E. Walsh, S.C. Snedaker, and H.J. Teas,
              eds. Proceedings of the international symposium on biology and
              management of mangroves. Vol. 1. Inst. Food Agric. Sci., Univ.
              Florida, Gainesville.

STATE:        PANAMA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study of the zonation of 4 genera of
              mangroves in Panama to determine whether patterns of spatial
              zonation are due to: 1) responses to physiologically important
              factors such as salinity; or 2) tidal inundation.  Results
              indicate that mangroves grow where they do as a result of tidal
              sorting rather than physiological preference.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       717

AUTHOR:       Race, M.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Critique of present wetlands mitigation policies in the United
              States based on an analysis of past restoration projects in
              San Francisco Bay

SOURCE:       Environ. Manage. 9(1):71-82.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, DISTICHLIS, GRINDELIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides: 1) an analysis of past wetland restoration
              projects in San Francisco Bay; and 2) a critical overview of
              present wetland mitigation policies within the U.S.  Analysis of
              published information on 13 restoration projects in the Bay Area
              leads to questions regarding the actual status and success of
              these projects.  Problems include insufficient or inconsistent
              information, inaccurate reports of success, and premature adoption
              of mitigation policies and ideas without adequate supporting data.
              Natural habitats are being replaced by artificial wetlands of
              questionable long-term value.  Recommendations address permit
              processes, marsh establishment techniques, continued research,
              and cost effectiveness.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands mitigation/restoration/San Francisco Bay/
              wetlands restoration/man-made marshes/coastal zone management/
              coastal wetlands/marsh building/mitigation/mitigation policies/
              policies/man-made wetlands/habitat

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       718

AUTHOR:       Race, M.S., and D.R. Christie

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Coastal zone development: mitigation, marsh creation, and
              decision-making

SOURCE:       Environ. Manage. 6(4):317-328.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of mitigation as part of coastal
              zone development processes.  Mitigation requirements  in several
              states are described and evaluated, as are several wetland
              creation studies.  Several major issues are addressed: 1) some
              mitigation requirements consider number of wetland units (e.g.,
              acres) to be created or restored for every unit (acre) altered or
              destroyed; however, if equivalent units are measured in terms of
              productivity, this may not in fact be an equitable trade-off; 2)
              decisions involving artificial marsh location and the length of
              time such a marsh is monitored or maintained before it is deemed
              "successful" are often based on insufficient data; 3) bases
              for comparison between natural and manmade salt marshes
              underscore the fact that a marsh is more than the presence of
              vegetation; and 4) mitigation is offered as justification for
              wetland development and destruction.  Important criteria such as
              artificial marsh quality and longevity must be considered if marsh
              creation and restoration are to be effectively used to mitigate
              unavoidable loss of natural wetlands.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands mitigation/marshes/marsh creation/wetlands creation/
              impacts/coastal wetlands/wetlands/no-net-loss/losses/man-made
              marshes/ salt marshes/technique/dredge spoil/function/natural
              salt marshes/values/California/restoration/habitat/vegetation/
              comparison/man-made wetlands/cordgrass/artificial wetlands/
              coastal zone/habitat creation/wetland regulation/Oregon/coastal/
              mitigation/creation/spoil/natural marshes/policies/compensation/
              stabilization

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1071

AUTHOR:       Raisanen, D.L., S.D. Leimer, and G.N. Textor

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Hydroperiod prediction for four new palustrine wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 144-151 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings
              of the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept.
              16-18 1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne,
              NY.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB.

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the use of hydraulic and hydrologic modeling
              along the east branch of the Du Page River, Du Page County,
              Illinois. Hydrologic modeling was based on U.S. Army Corps of
              Engineers water surface profile model to predict water surface
              elevations. Low flow elevations were measured and compared to
              each other and to physical conditions as part of the process
              of developing designs for wetland water levels.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       719

AUTHOR:       Ranwell, D.S., D.W. Wyer, L.A. Boorman, J.M. Pizzey, and R.J.
              Waters

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Zostera transplants in Norfolk and Suffolk, Great Britain

SOURCE:       Aquaculture 4:185-198.

STATE:        ENGLAND

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-UB3, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a series of experiments in which Zostera noltii
              and Z. marina var. angustifolia turfs were transplanted on
              sheltered estuarine mud flats in Norfolk and Suffolk, Great
              Britain.  Growth rates (as measured by cover area) were comparable
              to those of natural turfs under good conditions.  Z. noltii growth
              was favored in areas where a close balance between the forces of
              erosion and accretion occurred; transplanting was most successful
              on mud flats where mud surface level changes were at least
              7 cm/year or 3 cm/week.  Initial results of single turion
              (offsets) planting were encouraging; using turions instead of
              turfs could reduce the costs of Zostera transplanting.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       720

AUTHOR:       Ray, D.K., and W.O. Woodroof

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Approaches for restoring and creating wetlands in
              California's coastal zone

SOURCE:       Pages 392-402 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of
              impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of coastal wetland restoration
              and creation in CA.  A table listing estuarine wetland mitigation
              projects is provided.  Various approaches for restoring diked
              tidelands and filled areas and mitigating the effects of
              sedimentation, oil and gas development, and large scale projects
              are described.  Mitigation standards are discussed and the
              adequacy of mitigation proposals is assessed.  Acreage requirements
              and indicator species are used as examples for assessing the
              "success" of mitigation efforts.  Management and monitoring in
              light of a clear set of restoration objectives are essential to
              the mitigation effort.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       721

AUTHOR:       Reark, J.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        An in situ fertilizer experiment using young Rhizophora

SOURCE:       Pages 166-180 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Mangroves were planted at Poinciana Island, Dade County, FL, in
              riprap planters using various soils.  Severe chlorosis developed
              in Rhizophora, but not in Avicennia.  Various fertilizers were
              applied to remedy the chlorosis (5-8-5 acid formula, 6-6-6
              formula, 7-2-7 formula, and no-treatment control).  After 1 year,
              only the 5-8-5 acid formula appeared to be successful.
              Apparently, red mangroves are ill-adapted to high pH soils.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       722

AUTHOR:       Reark, J.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Comparisons of nursery practices for growing of Rhizophora
              seedlings

SOURCE:       Pages 187-195 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Rhizophora propagules were planted in a slathouse under uniform
              conditions.  Growth and germination in 4 types of media (glass
              jars, nursery pots, tree pots, and jiffy 7 peat balls) were
              compared.  After 6 weeks, plant survival was 68% in glass jars, 58%
              in nursery pots, 81% in tree pots, and 95% in jiffy 7 peat balls.
              Rhizophora growing in tree pots and jiffy 7 had longer shelf life.
              Costs per unit area and per plant were tabulated; jiffy 7 method
              was the most economically efficient.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       723

AUTHOR:       Rechard, R.P., and V.R. Hasfurther

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        The use of meander parameters in the restoration of mined
              stream beds in the eastern Powder River Basin

SOURCE:       Univ. Wyoming, Inst. Energy Environ., Laramie. 414 pp.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R2-UB2, R4-UB2, R2-UB., R4-UB.

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       POPULUS, SALIX, CAREX, SPARTINA, POA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report examines stream pattern parameters, wave length, radius
              of curvature, width-depth ratio, and sinuosity of 19 ephemeral and
              intermittent streams in the Eastern Powder River Basin of WY to
              develop empirical relationships for stream restoration after
              surface mining.  Wavelength was examined spectrally, visually, and
              by computer averaging.  The report includes documentation of
              computer programs for the parameter examination process to allow
              similar examinations of stream basins at other locations.  The
              authors suggest several design procedures for restoration of
              streams based on information presented in the report.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       724

AUTHOR:       Redfield, A.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        Development of a New England salt marsh

SOURCE:       Ecol. Monogr. 42(2):201-237.

STATE:        MA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2, E2-US4, E2-US3

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA, LIMONIUM, PLANTAGO, ASTER,
              SOLIDAGO, ATRIPLEX, SUAEDA, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS, TYPHA,
              PHRAGMITES, LYNGBYA, VAUCHERIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the development of marshes at Barnstable,
              MA, from bare sand or mud flats, to intertidal marsh, to high
              marsh underlain by substantial peat deposits.  Observations over
              12 years documented recent processes; carbon-14 analysis
              documented past processes over 4,000 years.  Vegetation, tides,
              sedimentation, and sea level are primary factors in marsh
              development.  Theories about salt marsh structure are presented
              along with the history of Barnstable Marsh.  The spread of
              vegetation, vertical accretion, and stages in development are
              described for intertidal marshes; surface relief, drainage, pond
              holes, and effects of ditching are described for high marshes.  The
              erosion of marshes and the stability of creek banks are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       725

AUTHOR:       Redmond, A.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Considerations for the design of an artificial marsh for use
              in stormwater renovation

SOURCE:       Pages 188-199 in R.H. Stovall, ed. Proceedings of the eighth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-EM2, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       CLADIUM, SCIRPUS, PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, NUPHAR, BACOPA,
              UTRICULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a proposed artificial marsh in the watershed
              of Lake Jackson, FL.  The marsh would reduce the effects of
              stormwater (sediments, excess nutrients, heavy metals, and
              hydrocarbons) on lake Jackson through sediment trapping and
              vegetative uptake of dissolved pollutants.  Stoplog spillways and
              dikes would compartmentalize the marsh into 3 areas: 1) a
              sawgrass marsh, functioning to retain sediment; 2) a bulrush
              marsh, providing sediment retention and uptake of dissolved
              pollutants; and 3) a flag marsh of emergent, submergent, and
              floating plants, functioning to retain sediment and take up excess
              nutrients.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1544

AUTHOR:       Reed, P.B., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        National list of plant species that occur in wetlands:
              national summary

SOURCE:        National Wetlands Inventory, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
              Biological Report 88(24). U.S. Government Printing Office,
              Washington, D.C. 244 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     NONE

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This book contains a list of wetland vegetation occuring in United
              States and Caribbean.  Information is broken into scientific name,
              symbol, author, synonymy, trinomial, national range of indicators,
              indicator categories, regional indicator, region, common name,
              and habit.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1072

AUTHOR:       Reed, R.B., and D.E. Willard

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Wetland evolution in Midwestern reservoirs

SOURCE:       Pages 167-179 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the
              fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and
              creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        IN

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: L2-EM2, L2-AB., PO-SS1, L.-..., PO-EM., PO-AB.

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       PHALARIS, TYPHA, CAREX, POLYGONUM, JUSTICIA, MYRIOPHYLLUM,
              CERATOPHYLLUM, CORNUS, SALIX, POPULUS, ACER, PLATANUS,
              NELUMBO, LEMNA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses natural establishment of wetlands in
              four 9-44 year old reservoirs (Geist, Morse, Monroe, and
              Pataka) in central and southern Indiana. Information on the
              evolution of these wetlands came from historical records, aerial
              photographs, and site inspections to verify boundaries and check
              present conditions.  Observations suggest that shallow water
              zones are colonized within 3 years.  Rapid initial growth occurs
              in former floodplains.  Once existing shallow areas become fully
              vegetated, siltation along wetland margins gradually reduces
              water depth and wetland expansion follows, proceeding slower
              than initial growth.  Wetland evolution in Reservoirs is
              complicated by the influence of widely fluctuating water levels.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1361

AUTHOR:       Reed, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment

SOURCE:       Biocycle, 32(1):44-49.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     VEG, HUSE, WQUAL, ECON, CHEM

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, EICHHORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes two types of constructed wetlands characterized
              by the flow path of water through the system, free water surface(FWS)
              and subsurface flow(SF).  An inventory is provided which lists cost
              data, area, flow, hydraulic load, organic load, and HRT for both kinds
              of systems surveyed within the ten U.S. EPA regions.  Comparisons are
              made for each system based on design characteristics.  Free water
              surface designs comparable to SF systems are those designed to remove
              BOD, TSS, amd NH3.   Results indicate costs may be four times higher
              for SF systems although the size may be one-half that of FWS systems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       726

AUTHOR:       Reed, S., R. Bastian, and W. Jewell

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Engineering assessment of aquaculture systems for wastewater
              treatment: an overview

SOURCE:       Pages 1-12 in R.K. Bastian and S.C. Reed, eds. Aquaculture
              systems for wastewater treatment: seminar proceedings and
              engineering assessment. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency,
              Washington, DC.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST, WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STOCK, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       LEMNA, EICHHORNIA, ALTERNANTHERA, LUDWIGIA, TYPHA, SCIRPUS,
              MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of the use of aquaculture systems
              for wastewater treatment.  Topics briefly discussed include:
              1) wetland processes; 2) aquatic plant systems; and 3) combined
              systems for treating wastewater and for harvesting fish, shellfish,
              and plants.  Examples of combined systems include marine
              polyculture (Woods hole Oceanographic Institute, MA), solar
              aquacell system (Hercules, CA), marsh-pond system (Brookhaven
              National Laboratory, NY), and finfish in stabilization ponds
              (Benton, AR).  The authors present 12 recommendations for
              additional research and studies on the use of aquatic systems for
              wastewater treatment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       727

AUTHOR:       Reed, S.C., E.J. Middlebrooks, J.C. Corey, C.W. Hall, W.E.
              Odum, and J.M. Davidson

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Research and development needs for utilization of aquatic
              plants for water treatment and resource recovery

SOURCE:       Pages 1009-1022 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic
              plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia
              Publ., Orlando, FL.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, EICHHORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article is an overview of a panel discussion on engineering
              plant-water-sediment processes, resource recovery, ecological
              considerations, and environmental issues related to aquatic plant
              use for wastewater treatment.  Further research needs include
              development of alternatives for using water hyacinth, use of
              multiple plant species, evaluation of current wastewater treatment
              systems, determination of the amount of energy required for each
              process, optimal system design use of artificial wetlands, and
              studies involving the uptake of potential contaminants from
              aquatic systems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       728

AUTHOR:       Reed, W.C., and M.C. Heath

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Saltmarsh relocation and restoration in Maine

SOURCE:       Maine Dept. Transport., Augusta. 54 pp.

STATE:        ME

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, ZOSTERA, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents the results of a restoration feasibility
              study to enhance Maine's salt marshes.  Field evaluations were
              made at sites between Portland and Rockland.  Favorable seed
              production was dependent on: 1) the amount of restricted tidal
              water flow due to channelization; and 2) the amount of gravel
              substrate exposed.  Tidal relationships, substrate types, and
              substrate nutrient supply characteristics of this area are
              discussed in relation to restoration and other effects on the
              marshes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       729

AUTHOR:       Reeves, G.H., and T.D. Roelofs

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Influence of forest and rangeland management on anadromous
              fish habitat in western North America: rehabilitating and
              enhancing stream habitat. 2

SOURCE:       Field applications. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-140.
              38 pp.

STATE:        AK, WA, ID, OR, CA, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes techniques for rehabilitating and enhancing
              habitat to increase natural production of anadromous salmonids
              in the Pacific Northwest and AK.  Methods to enhance spawning
              (e.g., restoring gravel through use of gabions or weirs),
              rearing (e.g., creating in-stream cover and pools), and riparian
              habitat (e.g., rehabilitating overgrazed areas), and to improve
              access (e.g., fishways, culverts) are reviewed.  The authors
              stress that protection of habitat is the best investment for
              sustaining anadromous salmonid production, but rehabilitation
              and enhancement projects sometimes have shown encouraging results.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       730

AUTHOR:       Reichard, N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Riparian habitat restoration: some techniques for dealing with
              landowners, livestock, and eroding streambanks

SOURCE:       Pages 128-137 in T.J. Hassler, ed. Proceedings, Pacific
              Northwest stream habitat management workshop. Humboldt St.
              Univ., Arcata, CA.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes restoration of riparian areas in northern
              coastal CA (by the Redwood Community Action Agency) in terms of:
              1) working with landowners; 2) rehabilitating areas destroyed by
              livestock grazing; and 3) stabilizing stream banks.  Emphasis is
              on using affordable materials for restoration (preferably those
              located on-site), allowing for vegetative reestablishment in
              conjunction with bank stabilization and grazing exclosures, and
              setting up restoration projects that require little or no
              maintenance.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1206

AUTHOR:       Reichard, N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Restoring and maintaining riparian habitat on private
              pastureland

SOURCE:       Pages 211-216 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
              California riparian systems conference: protection,
              management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September
              22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, ECON, VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SALIX, ALNUS, POPULUS, ACER, PICEA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Protecting riparian habitat from livestock grazing on private
              land is a complex task that requires paying attention to
              sociological and economic as well as physical and biological
              factors.  Six livestock exclusion fencing projects on private
              property between 1983-1986 in northwest coastal California
              (Del Norte and Humboldt Co.) are described.  Native riparian
              tree/shrub seedlings/cuttings were planted in the exclosures.
              Rock riprap and willow logs/hogwire were effectively used to
              stabilize eroding banks.  The importance of long term
              maintenance and the need for landowner incentives are discussed.
              (AA-Mod)

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       731

AUTHOR:       Reimold, R.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Creation of a southeastern United States salt marsh on dredged
              material

SOURCE:       Pages 6-22 in J.C. Lewis and E.W. Bunce, eds. Rehabilitation
              and creation of selected coastal habitats: proceedings of a
              workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/27.

STATE:        GA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     INVERT, SOIL, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, BORRICHIA, SCIRPUS, DISTICHLIS, SPOROBOLUS,
              IVA, BACCHARIS, SALICORNIA, BATIS, LIMONIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes creation of a salt marsh on dredged material
              at Buttermilk Sound near the mouth of the Altamaha River, GA.  The
              sandy substrate of this habitat development site was graded to
              establish an elevation gradient from mean high water to mean low
              water.  A set of research plots was established.  Planting
              variables included: 1) elevation; 2) species planted; and 3)
              fertilization.  Marsh development success was monitored by soil
              nutrient analysis, presence/abundance of macroinvertebrates
              (fiddler crabs, snails) and other wildlife, plant growth, and
              chemical analysis of surrounding waters.  Plant productivity
              (above and belowground) was also measured.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       732

AUTHOR:       Reimold, R.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Marsh creation: impact of pesticides on the fauna, use of
              infrared photography, ditching and diking

SOURCE:       Pages 132-135 in J.C. Lewis and E.W. Bunce, eds.
              Rehabilitation and creation of selected coastal habitats:
              proceedings of a workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.
              FWS/OBS-80/27.

STATE:        GA, NJ

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-FO4, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM, INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a case study of the effects of toxaphene
              on an estuarine system near Brunswick, GA, including: 1) the
              proper use and interpretation of color infrared photography; 2)
              effects of ditching and diking on habitat creation projects; and
              3) a comparison of several species diversity indices.  Over an
              8 year period, nekton was sampled in the polluted estuary and in
              a pristine estuary nearby (Duplin).  A second case study involving
              watershed alterations at Glacial Lake, Hackensack, NJ, is
              described briefly.  Originally a white cedar swamp and meadowland,
              the area is now dominated by Phragmites.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       733

AUTHOR:       Reimold, R.J., and S.A. Cobler

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetland mitigation effectiveness

SOURCE:       U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, Boston, MA. 139 pp.
              U.S. EPA Contract No. 68-04-0015

STATE:        NH, CT, MA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-SS1, E2-EM1, E2-AB3, L.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA, PONTEDERIA, CAREX, JUNCUS, SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES,
              ZOSTERA, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report reviews 5 representative wetland mitigation sites in
              New England, including site-specific evaluations of preproject and
              postproject conditions, mitigation effectiveness, and generic
              recommendations for more effective mitigation.  The projects
              consisted of construction of a shopping center, a 0.7 mile section
              of an expressway, 2 industrial parks, and a marina.  Wetlands
              impacted varied from 1.8-20 acres of salt, brackish, or freshwater
              marshes.  Recommended mitigation included creation or enhancement
              of wetlands, using various planting, landforming, and filling
              techniques.  The review of the 5 sites indicated that mitigation
              recommendations lacked many important details.  The authors provide
              a checklist approach to identifying information needs for
              successful mitigation design.

KEYWORDS:     losses/policies/mitigation/New England/wetland habitat/habitat/
              wetland mitigation/creation/restoration/wetlands

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       734

AUTHOR:       Reimold, R.J., M.A. Hardisky, and P.C. Adams

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations, Buttermilk Sound
              Marsh development site, Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway,
              Georgia. Appendix A: propagation of marsh plants and
              postpropagation monitoring

SOURCE:       Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
              Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Technical Report
              D-78-26. 1498 pp.

STATE:        GA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1, E2-SS1, R1-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, IVA, JUNCUS, BORRICHIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Buttermilk Sound, near the mouth of the Altamaha River, GA, was
              the site for a habitat development experiment to test the
              feasibility and impacts of marsh development on dredged material.
              The site was graded to a 3.7% slope with 3 tidal inundation
              zones: less than 6 hours, 6-18 hours, and greater than 18 hours
              daily.  The substrate consisted mainly of homogeneous quartz sand
              to a depth of 3 m.  Sprigs of selected marsh plants were planted
              during June 1975, with fertilizer treatments.  The plants were
              monitored for their response to the fertilizer treatment and to
              inundation levels.  Recommendations for creation of marsh habitat
              in brackish water are included.  Lists of successful plant
              species in each tidal zone are provided.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/habitat development/Buttermilk Sound/Georgia/marsh
              plants/monitoring/Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway/dredged
              material/dredged material disposal/field investigations/
              marsh development/vegetation establishment/water disposal
              sites/tidal inundation/fertilization/aquatic biota/wildlife/
              plants/elevation/inundation

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1460

AUTHOR:       Reinartz, J.A. and E.L. Warne

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Development of vegetation in small created wetlands in
              southeastern Wisconsin

SOURCE:       Wetlands 13(3):153-164.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO, LFORM, SEED

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Sixteen wetlands from one to three years old were chosen to describe
              and compare natural revegetation without intentional plantings to
              wetlands with species intentionally introduced.  Sample wetlands were
              denuded of vegetation at the time of construction and were isolated
              from existing wetland vegetation by 0.1 km and 3 km.  The Shannon
              Diversity Index was calculated; species richness was estimated; plant
              species were identified and classified as upland, facultative wetland,
              and obligate wetland; and distance to the nearest wetland was measured.
              Seed from 22 native wetland species was introduced into five wetlands
              constructed the spring of 1991 and sampled at the end of the 1991 and
              1992 growing seasons.  The mean Shannon Diversity Index increased from
              1.8 in one-year-old wetlands to 2.4 in three-year-old wetlands.  Mean
              number of species present, mean diversity, and mean number of native
              wetland species increased with the age of the wetland.  The
              evenness of wetland species decreased with wetland age due to
              increased dominance of cattail.  Wetlands with introduced seed had a
              higher mean diversity, higher number of species present, and less
              cattail cover than unseeded wetlands.  Results suggest the early
              establishment of a variety of wetland species may prevent dominance by
              cattail.

KEYWORDS:     vegetation/created wetlands/wetlands/colonization/wetland
              plants/cattails/vegetation development/seed
              introduction/Wisconsin/revegetation/plants/Typha/willow/
              cottonwood/Populus deltoides/diversity

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1181

AUTHOR:       Reiner, R., and T. Griggs

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        TNC undertakes riparian restoration projects in California

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 7(1):3-8.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO, PLANT, SEED

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, RIPARIAN

RESPONSE:     VEG, NGBIRDS, ECON, SOIL

PGENUS:       SALIX, POPULUS, QUERCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes nature conservancy riparian restoration
              projects along the Kern River in the Sierra Nevada Foothills near
              Bakersfield, CA, and along the Columnes River in Sacramento County.
              The object of these efforts is to restore riparian forest habitat
              for the yellow-billed cuckoo, which has almost been extirpated from
              California.  Cost-benefit analyses and specific planting and
              watering procedures are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       735

AUTHOR:       Reppert, R.T., W. Sigleo, E. Stakhiv, L. Messman, and C.
              Meyers

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Wetlands values: concepts and methods for wetlands evaluation

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Inst. Water Resour., Fort Belvoir, VA,
              Res. Rep. 79-R1. 109 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST, HYDRO, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., R.-..., PO-..., E.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, HUSE, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       PUCCINELLIA, CAREX, SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, JUNCUS, TYPHA,
              SCIRPUS, PHRAGMITES, RHIZOPHORA, SALIX, ELEOCHARIS, THALASSIA,
              POTAMOGETON, ALNUS, CEPHALANTHUS, IVA, RUPPIA, ZOSTERA,
              DISTICHLIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report identifies specific requirements for wetland
              evaluation methods.  Basic concepts, specific criteria, functions,
              characteristics, and delineation are discussed.  Wetland functions
              include: 1) natural biological functions; 2) use as sanctuaries,
              refuges, or scientific study areas; 3) shoreline protection; 4)
              groundwater recharge; 5) flood and stormwater storage; 6) water
              quality improvement; 7) hydrologic support; and 8) cultural values.
              Evaluation methods include: 1) a nonquantitative evaluation based
              on deductive analysis of individual functional characteristics; and
              2) a semiquantitative method in which relative values of 2 or
              more alternatives are established through mathematical ratings.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       736

AUTHOR:       Reuter, D.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetland shrub management study (Wisconsin)

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 4(1):29.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       CUT, FIRE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-EM.

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       CORNUS, BETULA, ALNUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study was done to estimate the cost and measure the
              effectiveness of managing shrub invasion of a fen and sedge meadow
              in the Summerton Bog Preserve, Marquette County, WI.  Shrub
              treatments included prescribed burns, manual torching, and manual
              cutting of shrubs.  Cornus stolonifera, Betula sanbergii, and
              Alnus rugosa were temporarily reduced in presence and dominance;
              no major overall shrub response was apparent.  Treatments done
              early in the year were easier and more cost effective, but showed
              little difference in shrub mortality.  The costs of prescribed
              burns were 15% less than the other 2 methods.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1377

AUTHOR:       Rey, J.R., J. Shaffer, D. Tremain, R.A. Crossman, and T. Kain

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Effects of re-establishing tidal connections in two impounded
              subtropical marshes on fishes and physical conditions

SOURCE:       Wetlands, 10(1):27-45.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E1.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERTS, HYDRO, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Two salt marsh impoundments created for mosquito control along the
              Indian River Lagoons were studied to evaluate their effect on the
              physical conditions and fish populations.  The impoundments are a
              chain of three impoundments separated by earthen dikes with eight
              sampling stations.  Fish sampling was done with culvert traps,
              Pull nets, and heart traps.  Physical data included dissolved oxygen
              (DO), air and water temperature, pH, and salinity.  The number
              of species increased from 14-22 at the culverts and decreased 52-41 at
              the lagoons.  Salinity increased from 13.1 to 28.7 after the
              installation of culverts, however; pH went from 6.9 to 7.3.  There was
              no significant difference in the DO levels.  The marsh-lagoon
              connection was considered a benefit as it allows primary production
              export for dissolved and particulate matter, secondary production as
              organism biomass, and increases use for transient species with a
              minimum impact on fish fauna.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1374

AUTHOR:       Reynolds J.S., Bolis J.L., S.D. Machemer, and T.R. Wildeman

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Sulfate reduction in a constructed wetland

SOURCE:       Presentation before the Division of Environmental Chemistry,
              American Chemical Society. Atlanta, Georgia.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This brief article discusses the reduction of sulfate using the
              limiting reagent concept and staged design of wetlands.  In the
              limiting reagent  concept, loading factors should be set to insure
              that the heavy metal contaminants are the limiting reagents.  In the
              staged design of wetlands, establishing and maintaining the proper
              environment in the substrate is the most important factor in removal
              success.  Lab and bench-scale studies were done to test production of
              sulfide by bacteria and determine what substrate will provide the best
              conditions for growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1376

AUTHOR:       Reynolds, J.S., S.D. Machemer, T.R. Wildeman, D.M. Updegraff,
              and R.R. Cohen

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Determination of the rate of sulfide production in a
              constructed wetland receiving acid mine drainage. Presentation
              before the American Society for Surface Mining and
              Reclamation.

SOURCE:        Durango, Colorodo. 7pp.

STATE:        C0

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, WQUALITY

ACTION:       LAB, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report experiments with artificial wetlands as a passive
              treatment for mine drainage with low pH and high concentrations of
              heavy metals and sulfate in Idaho Springs, Colorado.  A laboratory
              scale system was set up to determine the on site rate of sulfide
              production by sulfate-reducing bacteria.  Concentrations of dissolved
              metals and sulfate, pH, and temperature in serum bottles were also
              compared to output waters of the artificial wetland.  The average rate
              of sulfide per gram of dry substrate per day was 1.2 umole/g/day.
              Comparisons of dissolved metals in the sample bottles were lower than
              the mine drainage output, although over time, the trends resembled
              that of samples of incoming drainage to output waters.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1351

AUTHOR:       Rhoads, B.L., and M.V. Miller

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Impact of riverine wetlands construction and operation on
              stream channel stability: conceptual framework for geomorphic
              assessment

SOURCE:       Environmental Management, 14(6):799-807.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, EROSION

ACTION:       HYDRO, LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article outlines the conceptual framework for evaluating the
              impacts of riverine wetlands construction and operations on stream
              channel stability and describes a geomorphic monitoring program based
              on this framework.  The monitoring program was implemented on the Des
              Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration Project in Illinois.  Hydrologic,
              ecologic, and geomorphologic conditions during construction were
              investigated to determine the impact on the stability of the Des
              Plaines River channel.  Preliminary results showed little impact on
              the stability of the Des Plaines River and projected adjustments would
              be subtle over several years.  Monitoring the water/sediment budget
              will continue over a 10-15 year span.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       737

AUTHOR:       Rhongzong, Z.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        A report of planting experiments in Donpian tide land in
              Wenling, Zhejiang

SOURCE:       Pages 320-321 in Research advances in Spartina--achievements
              of past 22 years. J. Nanjing Univ., China.

STATE:        CHINA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes Spartina planting experiments in the
              Dongpian Tide Land, Wenling, Zhejiang, China.  Plantings were most
              successful during the first half of the year.  The best elevation
              was 3.0 m.  Recommended planting number was 3-5 individual plants
              per planting hole.  Plants formed a complete coalesced plantation
              within 1, 1.5, and 2 years when planted using 50 by 50 cm,
              100 by 100 cm, and 200 by 200 cm spacings, respectively.  Less
              spacing was suggested for highly erodible areas.  Propagation of
              planting materials using pot culture and rice paddies has been
              effective.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       739

AUTHOR:       Richardson, B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Highway wetland mitigation--everyone can be a winner

SOURCE:       Pages 149-153 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        AR

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-...

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses plans to provide replacement bottomland
              hardwood wetlands as mitigation sites for construction of a
              4-lane divided highway in Pine Bluff, AR.  The 3 sites, consisting
              of a cultivated field, a pasture, and an overgrown hay field, will
              be excavated to provide fill material for highway embankment
              construction.  The wetlands will provide a net increase in
              floodwater storage capacity.  The sites will ultimately enhance
              wildlife use of the bottoms by restoring the continuity of the
              bayou.  The mitigation sites will be cost-effective due to
              acquisition of property outside of right-of-way limits, thus
              eliminating the need to build costly access roads.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1555

AUTHOR:       Richardson, C.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Ecological functions and human values in wetlands: a framework
              for assessing forestry impacts

SOURCE:       Wetlands 14(1):1-9.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: E2-F0, PO-FO

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report defines and compares functions and values associated
              with wetland ecosystems as well as the effects of forestry practices
              on them.  The author lists several wetland principles to help
              understand the interrelations of functions and values, how each
              varies from wetland to wetland, and how they are tied into other
              systems.  A functional assessment approach comprised of variables
              including decomposition, productivity, biogeochemical storage,
              hydrology, and habitat/community is used to compare impacts and
              losses to wetlands of the same hydrogeomorphological classification.
 
KEYWORDS:     ecological function/function/wetlands/impacts/habitat/waterfowl/
              losses/assessment/reference wetlands/economics/forestry/
              landscape ecology/values/timber/timber harvesting/wastewater/
              wetland functions

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       740

AUTHOR:       Richardson, C.J., and J.H. Davis

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Natural and artificial wetland ecosystems: ecological
              opportunities and limitations

SOURCE:       Pages 819-854 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic
              plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia
              Publ., Orlando, FL.

STATE:        FL, MI, NC, IA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, CUT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-EM2, PO-AB4, PO-EM1, PO-FO4

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       CAREX, PINUS, THUJA, NYSSA, TAXODIUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper analyzes data from natural and artificial wetlands to
              substantiate guidelines for selection and potential use of
              wetlands for wastewater treatment.  Six natural systems (including
              cypress and cedar swamps and a prairie pothole marsh) were used to
              evaluate ecological processes and their efficiency for wastewater
              treatment.  Marshes, ponds, ditches, and the root zone method were
              evaluated in terms of treatment approaches, design, and treatment
              capabilities and limitations.  The authors stressed that the use
              of natural wetlands for treatment purposes could be disastrous
              because sufficient data are not available on long-term impacts.
              Therefore, artificial wetlands have greater potential as treatment
              systems.  Conclusions and research needs are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1557

AUTHOR:       Richardson, C.J., and E.J. McCarthy

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Effect of land development and forest management on hydrologic
              response in southeastern coastal wetlands: a review

SOURCE:       Wetlands 14(1):56-71.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-M21, E2-FO4

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses wetland hydrological response to forestry
              practices and land development using the water-management model,
              DRAINMOD in North Carolina.  Simulations of runoff and
              evapotranspiration for natural conditions, mining conditions,
              agricultural conditions following peat mining, and forestry conditions
              following one meter of peat removal are presented.  A 20-year
              simulation of hourly rainfall data were used to determine peat mining
              and land development effects.  A case study of forest management
              effects on the hydrological response of mineral soils were also reviewed.
              Results indicate land use activities increase annual runoff over
              natural, undrained wetlands as much as 50%; whereas, closed canopy
              pine plantations reduce runoff by 19%.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       738

AUTHOR:       Rickard, W.H., and C.E. Cushing

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Recovery of woody streamside vegetation after exclusion of
              livestock grazing

SOURCE:       J. Range Manage. 35(3):360-361.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., R.-..., PO-FO1, PO-SS1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       POPULUS, SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides a summary of the effects of excluding
              cattle from a stretch of Rattlesnake Springs on the Department
              of Energy's Hanford Site in southcentral WA.  In 1963, this
              small permanent stream was almost devoid of woody vegetation
              and an 800 acre exclosure was built.  By 1980, it was an almost
              continuous narrow corridor of willows.  The ecological
              significance of this restoration project is discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1197

AUTHOR:       Rigney, M., L.R. Mewaldt, B.O. Wolf, and R.R. Duke

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Wildlife monitoring of a riparian mitigation site

SOURCE:       Pages 319-324 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
              California riparian systems conference: protection,
              management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September
              22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, WFOWL, MAMMALS, AMPHIB, REPT, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       POPULUS, JUGLANS, SALIX, SAMBUCUS, ACER, QUERCUS, ARUNDO,
              RUBUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In December, 1986, nearly 4,000 riparian trees and shrubs were
              planted on 4 acres of floodplain land adjacent to Coyote Creek,
              north of San Jose, Santa Clara Co., CA.  To document changes in
              wildlife habitat characteristics of the revegetation area and
              surrounding habitats, an intensive wildlife monitoring program
              was established.  Techniques employed included variable radius
              circular plot sampling for birds and mammals, live-trapping of
              small mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, breeding bird censuses
              and mist netting of birds along established transect lines.
              This paper presents a description of these monitoring techniques
              and summarizes baseline data collected in the first year
              following planting on the revegetation site. (AA-Mod)

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       741

AUTHOR:       Riley, C.V.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Ecosystem development on coal-mined lands, 1918-1975

SOURCE:       Pages 303-346 in J. Cairns, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and E.E.
              Herricks, eds. Recovery and restoration of damaged ecosystems.
              Univ. Press Virginia, Charlottesville.

STATE:        OH

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       PLANT, STOCK, BIOCIDE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L2-EM2, L.-AB2, L.-AB3

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       CAREX, JUNCUS, SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, DREPANOCARPUS,
              ELEOCHARIS, SPARGANIUM, SPIROGYRA, OEDOGONIUM, PLEUROTAENIUM,
              MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes ecosystem development on a site in
              southeastern OH that was surface-mined for coal in 1918.  A
              5.5 acre mine water impoundment was planted between 1949 and 1953.
              By 1956, the lake chemistry could support bluegills and largemouth
              bass.  Water quality samples (1958-1959) revealed wide ranges in
              pH and total solids.  Sediments also were sampled and analyzed.
              Vegetation and organic litter around the lake alter spoil
              chemistry and thus improve the chemistry of runoff entering the
              lake.  By 1960, aquatic vegetation growth required chemical
              control to free the lake for recreation.  Chain pickerel and
              redear sunfish were stocked at that time.  Sampling up to 1975
              indicated increasing numbers and diversity of fauna.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       742

AUTHOR:       Riner, M.I.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        A study on method, techniques and growth characteristics for
              transplanted portions of eelgrass, (Zostera marina)

SOURCE:        M.S. Thesis, Adelphi Univ., Oakdale, New York. 107 pp.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper investigates the feasibility of transplanting Zostera
              marina in Great South Bay, NY.  A well-established Zostera bed
              near West Fire Island was used as a control area and as a source
              for transplants.  A second study site consisting of 35 acres of
              dredge spoil material surrounding sand island was used for the
              experimental transplants.  Transplanted plugs were placed 1 m
              apart at 1.25 m below mean low water.  Plugs, miniplugs, and
              individual shoots were planted; survival after 2 months was 100%
              for plugs, 71% for miniplugs, and 36% for individual shoots.
              Miniplugs were the recommended method based on several factors.
              Morphology, growth rates, and plant production of the control
              and experimental sites are compared.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1401

AUTHOR:       Rink, L.P. and J.R. Windell

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Riparian wetland enhancement in the San Miguel River Valley
              Telluride, Colorado

SOURCE:       Pages 102-108 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K.
              Miller, eds. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland
              and riparian ecosystems in the American West. PIC Tecnologies,
              Inc and CRS Sirrine, Inc. 235pp.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the mitigation of 3.1 acres of riparian wetland
              on the San Miguel River.  Transplanting willow clumps from the
              impacted area to the sreambanks, planting willow cuttings on the
              mitigation site, and constructing a fence to prevent cattle intrusion
              were part of the mitigation process.  Goals for mitigation include:
              1) replacement of riparian wetland vegetation along open streamsides,
              2) stabilization of the streambanks by plantings of willow clumps,
              cuttings, and cattle exclusion, 3) creation of a riparian wetland
              buffer zone, and 4) improvement of water quality.  A five year
              monitoring program to insure goal achievement will include:
              photographic documentation, sampling plant cover, collecting data on
              streambank stability, and measuring survival and annual growth of
              willow plantings.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       743

AUTHOR:       Ripl, W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Biochemical oxidation of polluted lake sediment with
              nitrate--a new lake restoration method

SOURCE:       Ambio 5(3):132-135.

STATE:        SWEDEN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       CUT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., L.-AB1

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       CHARA, NITELLA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes restoration of sewage-polluted Lake
              Lillesjon in southern Sweden near Varnamo.  The sediment was
              periodically anoxic and was treated by a combination of an
              acid iron-chloride solution, lime slurry, and an oxidizing agent.
              Over 1.8 ha of dense vegetation was removed (the lake's area is
              4.2 ha) and the bottom was colonized by Chara and Nitella.  Both
              short-term and long-term restoration effects are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       744

AUTHOR:       Ripl, W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Lake restoration methods developed and used in Sweden

SOURCE:       Pages 495-500 in Restoration of lakes and inland waters.
              International symposium on inland waters and lake restoration.
              U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, EPA 440/5-81-010.

STATE:        SWEDEN

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       SOIL, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       ANABAENA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses lake restoration research conducted by the
              Institute of Limnology, University of Lund, Sweden.  Swedish lakes
              have been damaged by excessive eutrophication, acidification, and
              lowering of water levels.  In many eutrophicated lakes, phosphorus
              reduction either by diversion or treatment of effluents did not
              improve water quality and oxygen conditions as expected.  Lake
              Trummen did improve permanently following removal of the upper
              nutrient-rich sediment by suction dredging.  Other techniques
              include: 1) an apparatus for injecting chemicals into lake
              sediments to convert humic acids to sodium humates with ionic
              exchange properties, for the reduction of acidity; 2) water level
              management for lakes overgrown with weeds; 3) a limno device for
              aeration; and 4) systems combining wastewater treatment and
              biomanipulation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1347

AUTHOR:       Risser, R.J., and R.R. Harris

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Mitigation for impacts to riparian vegetation on western
              montane streams

SOURCE:       Pages 235-250 in J.A. Gore and G.E. Petts, eds. Alternatives
              in regulated river management. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Fl.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, MAMMALS, HUSE, HYDRO

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the characteristics and resource values of
              riparian vegetation and the effects of streamflow.  A framework  for
              effective mitigation and methods is offered to avoid or reduce the
              impact and restore lost riparian vegetation.  The effects of riparian
              vegetation on water temperature, water quality, and the aquatic
              community structure and productivity are addressed as well as their
              importance for terrestrial wildlife habitat, geomorphic stabilization,
              and human use.  A system to classify mitigation approaches includes 1)
              avoidance or elimination of activities,  2) minimization of impacts
              through modification of activities,  3) restoration of resource
              values, and 4) compensation.  Site design, riparian revegetation,
              habitat improvement, streambank stabilization, and water availability
              through the use of irrigation and instream flow are some of the
              mitigation techniques which may be applied to a project.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       745

AUTHOR:       Ristich, S.S., S.W. Fredrick, and E.H. Buckley

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Transplantation of Typha and the distribution of vegetation
              and algae in a reclaimed estuarine marsh

SOURCE:       Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 103(4):157-164.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA, PHRAGMITES, LYTHRUM, HIBISCUS, DRYOPTERIS, IMPATIENS,
              POLYGONUM, PELTANDRA, SAGITTARIA, ELODEA, MYRIOPHYLLUM,
              POTAMOGETON, SCIRPUS, BIDENS, LYTHRUM, LOPHOTOCARPUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the results of a 2 year study of an
              artificial tidal freshwater marsh near Annsville Creek and the
              Hudson River, Peekskill, NY.  Typha angustifolia was successfully
              transplanted; optimum planting time was May or June.  Sampling was
              conducted regularly at 5 stations in and around the reclaimed
              marsh.  The reclaimed area was invaded rapidly by 40 species of
              vascular plants and 63 genera of algae.  Floating seeds, plant
              fragments, and buried seeds were the major sources of plant
              invasion.

KEYWORDS:     vegetation/marshes/New York/Typha/algae/estuarine marsh/
              reclamation/Peekskill,New York/transplanting/plants

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       746

AUTHOR:       Robb, A.E., Jr., and K.E. Ohlsson

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Mine-related stream alteration practices for protection and
              enhancement of fish and wildlife

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-82/57. 157 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information on mine-related stream alterations
              and alternative methods for protecting and enhancing fish and
              wildlife habitat.  Stream protection measures are discussed.
              Stream habitat enhancement techniques include descriptions
              of various devices to improve the streambed, reduce erosion, and
              provide fish habitat (e.g., artificial riffles and pools, instream
              cover devices).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       747

AUTHOR:       Robel, R.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1961

TITLE:        Water depth and turbidity in relation to growth of sago
              pondweed

SOURCE:       J. Wildl. Manage. 25:436-438.

STATE:        UT

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents results of a study on relationships between
              submerged vegetation production, water depth, and turbidity of
              diked marshes on the delta of Bear River, 15 miles west of Brigham
              City, UT.  This site provides excellent waterfowl habitat.  As
              water depth (maximum 20 inches) increased, turbidity decreased and
              vegetation production increased.  Inundation of the marsh to at
              least 9 inches was recommended for the greatest amount of
              waterfowl food production.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       748

AUTHOR:       Robel, R.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1962

TITLE:        Changes in submerged vegetation following a change in water
              level

SOURCE:       J. Wildl. Manage. 26:221-224.

STATE:        UT

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, SCIRPUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses changes in aquatic vegetation of marshes on
              the delta of the Bear River at the northern end of Great Salt
              Lake, UT, following a 3 inch rise in water level.  Submerged
              vegetation production increased 32% in shallower areas
              (6-16 inches) and decreased 35% in deeper areas (17-32 inches).
              When considering the additional acreage flooded by the rise in
              water level, estimated crop production increased 10% during the
              first year of inundation.  Other changes also noted were an
              increase in the amount of food around and near duck-nesting areas
              and a more luxuriant growth of alkali bulrush.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       749

AUTHOR:       Roberts, C., and J. Graves

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Sand and gravel mining and reclamation to benefit wildlife

SOURCE:       Colorado St. Univ., Dept. Nat. Resour., Ft. Collins. 55 pp.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, SHOREB, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides: 1) an overview of sand and gravel mine
              reclamation guidelines that emphasize wildlife habitat as the
              postmine land use; and 2) applications of these guidelines and
              specific techniques to a mining plan for the Three Bell Ranch near
              Timnath, CO, on the Cache la Poudre River.  Reclamation guidelines
              include: 1) pond shape, orientation, and access; 2) bank
              treatment; 3) islands; 4) revegetation; 5) water depth control;
              and 6) user access.  An 8-phase "mining sequence" is presented
              for application of guidelines to proposed mining projects.  These
              phases involve stripping and stockpiling of topsoil and subsoil
              for use on reclaimed mined areas.  Plant species selection lists
              are presented along with information on transplanting, timing of
              seeding, and plant growth media.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1218

AUTHOR:       Roberts, T.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Habitat value of man-made coastal marshes in Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 157-179 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, MAMMALS, FISH, VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Spartina or Juncus dominated wetlands created 1-10 years ago to
              mitigate the loss of coastal wetlands in FL were evaluated and
              compared to comparable natural wetlands to determine the
              effectiveness of this methodology.  Study sites were located in
              Santa Rosa, St. Johns, Volusa, Pinellas, Hillsborough, Bay,
              Escambia, Brevard, Duval, Indian River, and Okaloosa Counties.
              Spring and/or fall surveys were conducted for birds, mammals,
              fish, and vegetation.  Wetland dependent species were observed
              using many of the man-made wetlands regardless of age.  Many
              sites situated in or adjacent to heavily developed areas were
              impacted by a variety of man-caused activities which severely
              restricted their potential wildlife value.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/proceedings/wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/
              wetlands creation/coastal/coastal marshes/marshes/natural
              marshes/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/central Florida/Florida/
              fish and wildlife habitat/wildlife/wildlife habitat/habitat
              value/created wetlands/vegetation/mitigation/creation

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1073

AUTHOR:       Robertson, D., R. Garcia, and K. Piwowar

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Comparison of wetland habitat in undisturbed and reclaimed
              phosphate surface-mined wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 180-193 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the
              fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and
              creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R4-..., RIPAR, PO-FO2, PO-FO1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       ACER, TYPHA, LIQUIDAMBAR, LEMNA, SALIX, SCIRPUS, GORDONIA,
              TAXODIUM, PONTEDERIA, PASPALUM, AZOLLA, QUERCUS, ULMUS,
              MAGNOLIA, ELEOCHARIS, MYRICA, HYDROCOTYLE, PANICUM, FRAXINUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares macroinvertebrate populations of wetlands
              reclaimed from two intermittent first order tributaries of the
              South Prong Alafia River in the phosphate mining region of
              west-central FL.  Stream channels eliminated by mining were
              reclaimed by grading the site; transplanting peat, topsoil, and
              plants; seeding berms with grasses; planting additional tree
              seedlings; and creating shallow depressions.  Macroinvertebrate
              species richness was nearly twice as high in older (15-27 months
              old) reclaimed areas compared to a 1 month old reclaimed area
              and the undisturbed channel.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       750

AUTHOR:       Robertson, D.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Sink Branch--stream relocation and forested wetland
              reclamation by the Florida phosphate industry

SOURCE:       Pages 135-151 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       FERT, LFORM, SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-FO1, R2-EM2, PO-SS1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     CHEM, INVERT, WQUAL, VEG

PGENUS:       ULMUS, TAXODIUM, LIQUIDAMBAR, FRAXINUS, ACER, QUERCUS, PINUS,
              MAGNOLIA, CORNUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In 1979, 304 m of the Sink Branch Channel was diverted from its
              original course to an excavated channel on reclaimed mine land.
              Trees and aquatic emergents were planted.  In 1983, aquatic
              macroinvertebrates were sampled in both the reclaimed channel and
              in an undisturbed upstream section.  Of the 93 species collected,
              37 were found at both sites, 18 at the control site only, and 38
              at the reclaimed channel only.  Macroinvertebrate density was
              similar between the 2 sites.  Nutrient levels in water leaving the
              reclaimed section were slightly lower than those upstream of the
              reclaimed section.  Nine species of trees were planted (at about
              1,535 trees/ha) in the vicinity of the stream.  Survival rates
              differed by species (Florida elm: 94%, bald cypress: 91%, sweet
              bay: 6%, and dogwood: 6%).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1074

AUTHOR:       Robertson, D.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Project documents recovery of reclaimed stream, forest
              community (Florida)

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 2(2):80.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., R2-AB., R2-EM., PO-FO., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a research project at Sink Branch, a
              perennial sandhill stream in central FL.  The site consists of a
              narrow, 1 ha ribbon of riparian land along a diverted section
              of the stream.  Native hydric and mesic tree species were planted.
              The potential for reestablishing forested riparian wetlands on
              an area formerly mined for phosphate was examined by Mobil Chemical
              Company and the Florida Institute of Phosphate Research.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1075

AUTHOR:       Robertson, S.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Hydrology of arctic wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 262-269 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings
              of the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept.
              16-18 1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne,
              NY.

STATE:        AK

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes arctic wetlands in terms of temperature,
              precipitation, river and stream hydrology, soil hydrology,
              and geomorphology.  It is concluded that in the arctic,
              minimization or avoidance of adverse affects on wetlands are
              preferred to mitigation.  Any attempts to create wetlands in
              the arctic are likely to produce consequences that are
              different from what was originally planned, largely because
              of effects on ice and permafrost.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1076

AUTHOR:       Robilliard, G.A., and P.E. Porter

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Tranplantation of eelgrass (Zostera marina) in San Diego Bay

SOURCE:       Naval Undersea Cent., San Diego, CA, Rep. No. NUC TN 1701. 36
              pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes an eelgrass transplanting project used as
              mitigation for construction of the U.S. Navy Ammunition Pier
              along North Island in San Diego Bay, CA.  Approximately 700
              square feet of eelgrass were transplanted from the proposed dredge
              site to another suitable site in the bay.  Three plug sizes were
              planted at various depths and spacings.  A total of 440 man-hours
              was required to complete the transplant.  Cost (including
              personnel, equipment, and materials) was approximately 25
              dollars per square foot.  Monitoring transplanted sites was
              recommended on a regular basis for at least 1 year and periodically
              over the subsequent 2-3 year period.  Twelve specific
              recommendations concerning the transplant technique are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1599

AUTHOR:       Rodgers, J.H., Jr. and A. Dunn

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Developing design guidelines for constructed wetlands to
              remove pesticides from agricultural runoff

SOURCE:       Pages 113-130 in R.K. Olson, editor. Created and natural
              wetlands for controlling nonpoint source pollution. C.K.
              Smoley, CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL, USA. 216 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CONTAM, LFORM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL, SOIL, VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, ZIZANIA, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of constructed wetlands for pesticide
              removal of nonpoint source (NPS) agricultural runoff.  A model was
              developed to determine a pesticide's residence time and compare it
              to a wetland's rate of removal based on physical, chemical, and
              biological characteristics.  Model hypotheses were tested based on
              1) pesticide use pattern and volume, 2) pesticide toxicoloty and fate
              characteristics, and 3) toxicological and analytical experience with
              the pesticide.  Typha, Zizania, and Scirpus were used due to their
              varying physiology and growth habits.  Physical and chemical
              characteristics of the wetland was also experimented with.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1414

AUTHOR:       Rodiek, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Wetland and aquatic plants for habitat restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 424-430 in J.A. Kusler and S. Daly, eds. Wetlands and
              river corridor management. Charleston, South Carolina.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes the concepts involved in wetland landscape
              rehabilitation and uses a site in Texas as an example.  A twelve mile
              site called Sienna Plantation contained six general wetlands and
              aquatic landscapes identified by the National Wetlands Inventory.
              Vegetation on the site was categorized according to the National
              Wetland Plant list.  Specific wetland and aquatic plant species were
              chosen to be used for rehabilitation, particularly plants providing
              high food value and cover for waterfowl.  The author recommends
              wetland rehabilitation be a socially motivated act based on scientific
              information and designed to improve the landscape development system.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1420

AUTHOR:       Roesser, J.C., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Blue River reclamation project Breckenridge, Colorado

SOURCE:       Pages 94-101 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K.
              Miller, eds. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland
              and riparian ecosystems in the American West.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HYDRO, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, R4.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the mitigation of 30 acres of wetland in
              Breckenridge, Colorado.  Thirty acres along the Blue River which had
              been disturbed by dredge boat operations was required to be
              renovated.  Eight wells were dug to monitor groundwater levels and
              four flow measurement stations were set up.  The design of the
              hydrology was dependent on the high flow conditions and the prediction
              of groundwater levels throughout the year.  Drop structures were
              installed to reduce the slope, the banks were revegetated, and ten
              site types were developed in response to a specific project objective.
              Finally a summarized list of expenditures is given.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1077

AUTHOR:       Roesser, J.C., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Blue River reclamation project, Breckenridge, Colorado

SOURCE:       Pages 94-101 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K.
              Miller, tech. coords. Restoration, creation, and management of
              wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. Soc.
              Wetland Sci., Rocky Mountain Chap., Denver, CO.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, R3-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     ECON, HYDRO, WQUAL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes restoration of a portion of the Blue
              River (Breckenridge, CO) that had been destroyed by dredging
              for extraction of precious metals.  Over 300,000 tons of rocks
              and cobble have been removed form the site to allow for 3,000
              feet of reconstructed river channel.  Site elevation is 9,600
              feet.  Determinations of high flow conditions and prediction of
              groundwater levels during critical periods of the year were part
              of the hydrologic analysis used in this restoration project.  Drop
              structures and other channel alterations were designed to
              eliminate sources of sediment overloading.  Plant species selection
              for 10 different site types was done after soil analyses and
              examination of natural vegetation in nearby wetland areas.
              Begun in 1984, the project is scheduled for completion in 1989.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1480

AUTHOR:       Rogers, D.R., B.D. Rogers, and W.H. Herke

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Structural marsh managment effects on coastal fishs and
              crustaceans

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 18(3):351-369.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E1.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, SHELLF

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes and discusses passive and active marsh management
              and its effects on marine organisms based on research of existing
              literature.  Passive management may include plugs and levees, closed
              impoundments, fixed-crest weirs, slotted weirs, and rock weirs.
              Active management may include infrequent, seasonal, and frequent
              manipulation involving, variable-crest weirs, slotted weirs and gated
              structures, manipulated rock weirs, mosquito-control impoundments,
              trunk and flap-grated culverts.  Fish and crustaceans were catagorized
              as resident species or marine-transient species.  Resident standing
              stock species were positively effected, however emigration comparisons
              detected a negative effect.  Emigration and standing stock comparisons
              of marine-transient species were negatively effected due to the
              interference of their life cycle.  The authors suggest slightly
              altering management objectives and increasing monitoring efforts to
              reduce the impacts on marine organisms and ensure objectives are being
              met.  Considerations for marsh management and monitoring are also
              discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1443

AUTHOR:       Rollings, M.P., and R.S. Rollings

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Planned avoidance and Minimization in wetlands design and
              construction

SOURCE:       Pages 308-313 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the
              13th annual conference society of wetland scientists. New
              Orleans, LA. 990 pp.

STATE:        FL, NC

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper offers guidelines for integrating wetland issues in the
              design/construction process of engineering projects.  The guideline
              principles include:  1) identifying existing wetlands, 2) delineating
              wetlands, 3) evaluating wetland quality, 4) determining regulatory
              control, 5) developing a conceptual plan, 6) implementing the approved
              plans, and 7) establishing public relations.  Two case histories are
              provided to illustrate problems which may be encountered when the
              guidelines are not followed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       751

AUTHOR:       Rorslett, B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Some ecological implications of freshwater systems restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 339-350 in M.W. Holdgate and M.J. Woodman, eds. The
              breakdown and restoration of ecosystems. Plenum Press, New
              York.

STATE:        NORWAY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L2-AB3, L2-AB4, L.-...

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, VEG, HUSE, CHEM, WQUAL, WFOWL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, PHRAGMITES, GLYCERIA, ACORUS, NUPHAR, NYMPHAEA,
              CERATOPHYLLUM, ELODEA, ANABAENA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of ecological implications of
              restoring eutrophicated lakes in Scandinavia and discusses
              attempts to restore Lake Ostensjovatn, Oslo, Norway.  Ostensjovatn
              is a shallow, vegetation-rich lake subjected to increased
              nutrient loading from wastewater.  Public recreational use of
              the lake is high.  Digging of channels, planting grass along
              littoral zones, adjusting water level, and harvesting vegetation
              were used to try to restore water quality.  However, the
              procedures resulted in lower ecosystem diversity, avian botulism
              poisoning, oxygen deficiency, and fish kills.  The author
              discusses the choice between natural resources or recreation use
              in restoring lakes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1350

AUTHOR:       Rorslett, B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Some ecological implications of freshwater systems restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 339-350 in M.W. Holdgate and M.J. Woodman, eds. The
              breakdown and restoration of ecosystems. Plenum Press, New
              York, New York.

STATE:        SCANDINAVIA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       STOCK, CUT, HYDRO, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper addresses the relationship between the technical processes
              and public interests connected with the use of water systems and how
              restoration should take place at a given locality.  Steps for
              restoration are divided into:  1) internal, for immediate aide, which
              includes management and control of biological components and the
              changing of abiotic components in the ecosystem, and 2) external,
              which involves long term purposes such as pollution control and water
              management of adjoining waterways.  A case study from Norway
              illustrates an example of potential conflicts between recreational and
              natural resource interests.  The author suggests restoration
              procedures demand a choice between different values in society.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       752

AUTHOR:       Ross, D., C. Kocur, and W. Jurgens

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Wetlands creation techniques for heavy construction equipment

SOURCE:       Pages 210-220 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM2, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       HYPERICUM, PONTEDERIA, BACCHARIS, BACOPA, CYPERUS, ECLIPTA,
              ELEOCHARIS, EUPATORIUM, HYDROCHLOA, HYDROCOTYLE, JUNCUS,
              LUDWIGIA, NYMPHOIDES, ORYZA, POLYGONUM, PLUCHEA, PANICUM,
              PASPALUM, TYPHA, SAGITTARIA, PTILIMNIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes wetland creation techniques that employ
              heavy construction equipment.  A preliminary report of the results
              of the first 6 months of this experimental project is presented.
              Four wetlands totalling 40 ha were created adjacent to a natural
              slough in De Soto County, FL.  Heavy equipment was used to apply 3
              mulching treatments: 1) A-horizon soil from a nearby marsh
              dominated by St. John's wort; 2) deep organic soils from a nearby
              pickerelweed marsh; and 3) no mulch, but a light seeding with rice.
              Vegetative composition of mulched areas after 6 months was more
              indicative of site conditions (e.g., water depth) than of mulch
              source.  The mulched areas supported diverse vegetation that did
              not resemble the wetlands from which the mulch was taken.  The
              unmulched areas supported sparse vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       753

AUTHOR:       Ross, W.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        Methods of establishing natural and artificial stands of
              Scirpus olneyi

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, Louisiana St. Univ., Baton Rouge. 99 pp.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, FIRE, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study was conducted to determine methods for establishing
              Scirpus olneyi and to identify factors affecting survival and
              growth of the plant.  Plants were collected at Lake Pontchartrain,
              LA; field studies were conducted at Rockefeller Refuge, Grand
              Chenier, LA, and greenhouse studies were performed at Ben Hur
              Experiment Station near Baton Rouge.  S. olneyi survival and
              growth depends on: 1) maintenance of water levels at 2-4 inches
              above soil surface; and 2) maintenance of proper salinity levels.
              Of 3 planting methods tested, "till-only" provided the best site
              preparation, followed by a combination of tilling and burning.
              Planting during December and January yielded the most successful
              results (100% survival).  June was the worst time for planting
              (47.5% survival).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       754

AUTHOR:       Rosseland, B.O., and O.K. Skogheim

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Attempts to reduce effects of acidification on fishes in
              Norway by different mitigation techniques

SOURCE:       Fisheries 9(1):10-16.

STATE:        NORWAY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses preliminary results of a 5 year Norwegian
              liming project (initiated in 1979).  Mitigation techniques,
              including shellsand filters, lime slurry, powdered limestone, and
              soda, and effects on fish are described.  Atlantic salmon and
              brown trout were used as test organisms.  Substrate manipulation,
              limestone/shellsand wells, continuous dosing systems, and lake
              liming are included.  Different methods are used depending on
              water quality, hydrology, and fish species or life stages.  Lime
              slurry and powdered limestone appear to be most effective.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       756

AUTHOR:       Rossiter, J.A., and R.D. Crawford

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Evaluation of constructed ponds as a means of replacing
              natural wetland habitat affected by highway projects in North
              Dakota

SOURCE:       Univ. North Dakota, Dept. Biol., Grand Forks. U.S. Dept.
              Transport. FHWA-ND-RD-(2)-79A. 169 pp.

STATE:        ND

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-..., PO-EM1, L2-EM2

RESPONSE:     INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SAGITTARIA, ALISMA, CHARA, CAREX, ELEOCHARIS, SCIRPUS,
              MYRIOPHYLLUM, JUNCUS, LEMNA, UTRICULARIA, POTAMOGETON,
              SPARGANIUM, TYPHA, ENTEROMORPHA, RUPPIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a survey of 18 artificial wetlands
              constructed as part of highway projects in Pembena, Pierce, and
              Barnes Counties, ND.  The survey focused on use by waterfowl and
              abundance and types of vegetation and macroinvertebrates.  All
              wetlands were constructed between 1975-1977 and studied during
              1979-1980.  As a basis for comparison, the study also included
              Lumby Lake, a natural basin wetland near Manvel, ND, in Grand
              Forks County.  Detailed descriptions and comparisons are provided;
              appendices list bird species, vegetation, macroinvertebrates, and
              soil analysis results.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       755

AUTHOR:       Rossiter, J.A., and R.D. Crawford

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Evaluation of artificial wetlands in North Dakota:
              recommendations for future design and construction

SOURCE:       Transport. Res. Rec. 948:21-25.

STATE:        ND

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM., PO-AB.

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of artificial wetlands in the
              Prairie Pothole Region of ND.  Recommendations for the design and
              construction of such wetlands are based on field studies and
              habitat requirements of waterfowl.  Design features such as
              size, shape, depth, bank gradient, vegetation, soils, water
              quality, and hydrology are discussed in detail.  Recommendations
              include: 1) a series of wetlands of different sizes is preferable
              to one large wetland; 2) multisided wetlands of varying depths
              are preferred by breeding waterfowl; 3) bank gradients should not
              exceed a 10:1-20:1 slope; 4) nesting islands should be
              constructed toward the center of the wetland; 5) adjacent
              uplands should be seeded to provide cover and reduce erosion;
              6) wetlands may require sealing (with bentonite); 7) topsoil
              removed during excavation should be respread to provide adequate
              substrate for aquatic plants.  Cost factors are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1354

AUTHOR:       Rost, R.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Water quality and restoration of the lower Oconto River,
              Oconto County, Wisconsin

SOURCE:       Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI. 37pp.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUALITY

ACTION:       HYDRO, STOCK, HYDRO, BIOCIDE

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, R3-..., R2-SB4

RESPONSE:     INVERTS, FISH, VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL, ECON, CHEM, SOIL

PGENUS:       SAGITTARIA, LEERSIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the implementation of the Oconto River
              Restoration Project to restore the water quality, aquatic environment,
              and fish habitat of the lower Oconto River that had been degraded over
              70 years by pulp mill effluent.  The river was divided into four
              subunits and prioritized in order of damage severity for restoration
              purposes with the Machickanee Flowage having highest priority.  This
              flowage was drawn down and treated with rotenone to remove rough fish
              and then stocked with fish after refilling.  A creel census and
              other surveys indicated a more favorably balanced ecosystem as a
              result of the management plan.  Fish spawning increased, numbers and
              species diversity of aquatic plants and macroinvertebrates increased,
              recreational uses and user satisfaction increased, and stocked fish
              grew rapidly.  Budget limitations prevented removal of all sediments
              deposited from the pulp mill which was required for total reclamation.
              The authors suggest flowage sediment may cause future problems and fish
              populations may require future management although significant
              improvements were made.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       757

AUTHOR:       Rozsa, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Tidal flow reduction factor in salt marsh restoration, tide
              gate developed, publication planned (Connecticut)

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 1(4):26.

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This note discusses displacement of natural salt marsh vegetation
              in CT by aggressive Phragmites australis and development
              of a self-regulating tide gate to restore tidal flows.  Habitat
              modification induced by filling and especially by reduced tidal
              flushing are the main factors encouraging the displacement of
              salt marsh vegetation by Phragmites.  Salinity levels are reduced,
              water table drops, and wetland soil dries, allowing Phragmites
              to invade and out-compete natural salt marsh vegetation.  A
              self-regulating tide gate was developed to permit normal tidal
              flooding and flushing.  The amount of water that enters the
              wetland is controlled by a combination of floats so that
              low-lying residential properties are not flooded.  A feasibility
              study has been undertaken to determine methods of restoring
              degraded tidal wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       758

AUTHOR:       Ruesch, K.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        A survey of wetland reclamation projects in the Florida
              phosphate industry

SOURCE:       Florida Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow. 59 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, R2-..., PO-FO2, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT,
              VEG, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides an overview of 35 wetland reclamation projects
              on phosphate mined land in FL.  For each project, the following are
              provided: size, location, goals, revegetation methods, plant
              survival, monitoring, and evaluation of techniques (successful or
              unsuccessful).  Many of the projects lacked quantitative
              monitoring.  Opinions of a variety of professionals and citizens
              regarding existing projects, criteria for judging project success,
              and suggestions for long-term monitoring are summarized.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1367

AUTHOR:       Rumble, M.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Surface mine impoundments as wildlife and fish habitat

SOURCE:       General Technical Report RM-183. Fort Collins, CO. 6pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, FISH, WQUAL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper addresses criteria to be met when reclaiming surface mine
              impoundments for fish and wildlife habitats in the northern High
              Plains.  Planning and construction operations should be encouraged to
              enhance the diversity of habitats.  Three habitat requirements
              waterfowl are dependent on include:  1) feeding areas for breeding
              adults, 2) nesting cover, and 3) brood rearing areas.  Surface areas
              are recommended between 0.4 and 4.0 ha with a shoreline ranging 493 m
              to 1559 m and a bank with a gentle slope.  Plant communities may be
              managed by controlling the water depth.  Habitat requirements for fish
              include: 1) maintaining good water quality, 2) sloping banks of a 3:1
              ratio to provide a littoral zone, 3) vegetation occupying less than
              25% of the pond area, and 4) at least 25% of the pond area being
              deeper than 3.0 m.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1486

AUTHOR:       Rumrill, S.S, and C.E. Cornu

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Restoration of estuarine tidelands in South Slough National
              Research Reserve

SOURCE:       Park Science 13(4):1-6.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: R1.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses restoration efforts to return degraded
              agricultural lands and freshwater drainage channels to their previous
              salt marsh state.  Dikes and tide gates will be removed to restore
              tidal circulation as part of the Winchester Tidelands Restoration
              Project (WTRP).  An advisary group made up of prominent members from
              different diciplines established objectives for habitat restoration
              including restoring lost habitat functions, conduct research, provide
              an educational resource, and managing the WTRP for minimal
              maintainance requirements.  Criteria for designing a multi-phased plan
              to accelerate esturine recovery was established.  Benefits provided by
              coastal wetlands which hope to be restored by the WTRP are also
              discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       760

AUTHOR:       Rushton, B.T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Examples of natural wetland succession as a reclamation
              alternative

SOURCE:       Pages 148-169 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the
              phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida
              Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-FO3, PO-EM1, PO-UB3, PO-SS3

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SALIX, TAXODIUM, NYSSA, MAGNOLIA, PERSEA, GORDONIA, ACER,
              QUERCUS, FRAXINUS, ILEX, LIQUIDAMBAR, SABAL, ULMUS, CELTIS,
              VIBURNUM, LUDWIGIA, TYPHA, MYRICA, SAMBUCUS, CEPHALANTHUS,
              POLYGONUM, RUBUS, BACCHARIS, AMPELOPSIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses natural succession on clay settling ponds
              in central FL's phosphate region to provide a basis for
              designing reclamation alternatives.  The ponds are rapidly
              colonized by willow shrubs.  Cypress and/or gums grow in the
              lowest and wettest sites.  If detritus is accumulated, succession
              may move toward bays or mixed hardwood swamps.  Field observations
              indicated that seedling survival was greater in newer (2 years
              old), drier sites; seed germination was greater on older (30 years
              old), wet sites, but survival was lower; and the oldest (60 years
              old), wet site had the fewest seedlings germinate or survive.
              Wetter hydroperiods may lead to an arrested willow community if
              other species such as cypress and gum are not seeded.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       759

AUTHOR:       Rushton, B.T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Natural wetland regeneration in clay settling ponds

SOURCE:       Pages 152-167 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SALIX, ACER, QUERCUS, MYRICA, BACCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Natural succession was evaluated on 6 clay settling ponds on
              phosphate strip mining areas in Hillsborough and Polk Counties,
              FL.  Ponds varied in age from 2 to 60 years.  Litter and woody
              species biomass increased over the first 30 years.  Leaf area
              index increased from 1.1 to 3.3 during the first 12 years, but was
              only 3.6 after 60 years.  Bottomland hardwoods were found in ponds
              over 25 years old where flooding was limited and a nearby seed
              source was available.  Oaks dominated the driest sites, red maple
              the more frequently flooded sites, and willow the wettest sites.
              The latter appeared to be in a state of arrested succession.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1231

AUTHOR:       Rushton, B.T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Matching tree species to site conditions in reclamation

SOURCE:       Pages 235-247 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, CUT, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       ACER, GORDONIA, NYSSA, QUERCUS, SABAL, TAXODIUM, FRAXINUS,
              ULMUS, MAGNOLIA, LIQUIDAMBAR, PERSEA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Eleven wetland woody plant species were planted on 6 clay settling
              ponds (phosphate mining remnants) in Hillsborough and Polk Co.,
              FL.  Plots were divided into 3 mulch treatments: 1) floodplain
              forest leaf litter; 2) straw; and 3) no mulch added.  Seedling
              survival and growth was not significantly improved by either
              leaf litter or straw mulch.  Tree seeds found in leaf litter
              germinated and grew on the study plot only when litter was
              collected and transferred in February.  Species survival and
              growth was highest for ash and red maple (pioneer species).
              Alluvial floodplain species were more successful than
              cypress dome or bayhead community species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1551

AUTHOR:       Russell, J.M., A.J. Van Oostrom, and S.B. Lindsey

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Denitrifying sites in constructed wetlands treating
              agricultural industry wastes: a note

SOURCE:       Environmental Technology 15:95-99.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares a surface and subsurface flow wetland and their
              ability to denitrify waste from a dairy-shed and a meat processing
              plant.  Nitrogen removal rates were assessed using acetylene
              inhibition on samples taken from zones in each of the wetlands.
              The surface flow wetland used to treat meat processing effluent was
              planted with Glyceria maxima and the subsurface flow wetland treating
              dairy-shed effluent was planted with Schoenoplectus validus.  The
              denitrification potential was greater for the meat processing wetland
              possibly due to greater contact with plant material than the subsurface
              wetland.  Comparisons of denitrification methods and areas of each
              wetland location are discussed as well a recommendations for greater
              nitrogen removal.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       761

AUTHOR:       Ruwaldt, J.J., Jr., L.D. Flake, and J.M. Gates

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Waterfowl pair use of natural and man-made wetlands in South
              Dakota

SOURCE:       J. Wildl. Manage. 43(2):375-383.

STATE:        SD

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, R2-..., R4-..., PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper examines use of natural ponds and lakes, streams, stock
              ponds, and dugouts by pairs of waterfowl in SD during May-June.
              Prairie ponds and lakes comprised 75% of the total area of
              wetlands, stock ponds 14%, and dugouts 1%.  Semipermanent wetlands
              and stock ponds contained proportionally more pairs of most
              species than other wetland habitats.  Lack of water in ephemeral,
              temporary, and seasonal wetlands during a drought year apparently
              decreased use of the remaining more permanent wetlands (natural or
              manmade) by teal, pintails, and shovelers.  Dabbling ducks,
              particularly mallards and wigeons, heavily used stock ponds both
              years; diving ducks selected natural wetlands almost exclusively.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       762

AUTHOR:       Ryan, J.B., D.N. Riemer, and S.J. Toth

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        Effects of fertilization on aquatic plants, water, and bottom
              sediment

SOURCE:       Weed Sci. 20(5):482-486.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       ELODEA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes field studies at Rutgers University Soils
              and Crops Research Center, Adelphia, NJ, to determine effects of
              fertilization on eurasian water milfoil, Elodea, and heartleaf
              pondweed.  The bottom sediment was analyzed for cation exchange
              capacity, organic matter, total N, and available P after various
              fertilizer treatments.  Water analysis included average
              concentrations of NH4, NO3, P, and K following fertilizer
              treatments.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       763

AUTHOR:       Sacco, J.N, F.L. Booker, and E.D. Seneca

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Comparison of the macrofaunal communities of a human-initiated
              salt marsh at two and fifteen years of age

SOURCE:       Pages 282-285 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-UB., E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares macrofauna of the Snow's Cut Marsh, Cape Fear
              River Estuary, NC, 2 and 15 years after the unvegetated dredge
              spoil island was planted with Spartina alterniflora.  After 2
              years, the area resembled a natural marsh in both vegetative cover
              and dry matter production.  After 12 years, the marsh vegetation
              was composed of mixed species in the upper elevation zones and was
              dominated by S. alterniflora in the lower elevation zones.
              Periodic sampling of the macrofauna through the fifteenth year
              revealed that the marsh supported 10.6 times more organisms than
              it did at age 2 years.  At age 2 years, 91% of the macrofauna
              consisted of 2 species of amphipods, 1 species of mysid shrimp,
              and 1 species of dipteran larvae.  After 15 years, the macrofauna
              consisted of oligochaetes (56%), polychaetes (36%), isopods (2%),
              tanaids (2%), and dipterans (1%), similar to macrofaunal
              communities of natural marshes.
 
KEYWORDS:     comparison/salt marshes/wetlands/proceedings/wildlife/macrofauna/
              shrimp/oligochaetes/polychaetes

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       764

AUTHOR:       Salisbury, E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1970

TITLE:        The pioneer vegetation of exposed muds and its biological
              features

SOURCE:       Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London 259(829):207-255.

STATE:        UNITED KINGDOM, ENGLAND

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB3, PO-EM1, L2-US3, E2-US3, R.-US3, E2-EM1, PO-AB2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       POLYGONUM, RICCIA, BIDENS, CHENOPODIUM, RUMEX, LYTHRUM,
              RANUNCULUS, RORIPPA, CYPERUS, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS, ELEOCHARIS,
              LUDWIGIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the characteristic pioneer vegetation of
              exposed mud in Britain.  Approximately 50 species are discussed.
              The plants generally fruit in late summer or autumn, corresponding
              to the season of greatest evaporation and suitable habitat
              conditions.  Propagules are generally small.  Adhesion to the feet
              and feathers of waterbirds is probably the most frequent means of
              distant dispersal.  Results of germination experiments on 38
              species are summarized.  Most plant species require light to
              germinate, are highly specialized for colonization of bare mud,
              and are intolerant of competition.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1078

AUTHOR:       Sandrik, S.R., and R.F. Crabill

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Natural systems reclamation at the AMAX Chemical Corporation
              Big Four Mine

SOURCE:       Pages 227-231 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the
              phosphate industry, proceedings of the symposium. Florida
              Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, R.-..., RIPAR, PO-FO2, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, SHOREB, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       ACER, PINUS, TAXODIUM, GORDONIA, LIQUIDAMBAR, TYPHA, PANICUM,
              PONTEDERIA, MAGNOLIA, MYRICA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses general reclamation of phosphate-mined
              land at the Big Four Mine in west-central FL, including a
              2 acre tree planting test plot, a 31 acre floodplain hardwood
              forest, a 21 acre marsh, a 22 acre tributary floodplain forest,
              and a sand pine scrub forest.  Red maples, wax myrtles, and bay
              species naturally reseeded disturbed sites from adjacent
              floodplain forests.  Survival of potted or bare-root trees varied
              with species planted.  Cattail invasion on unvegetated wetland
              sites was rapid and created undesirable monocultures. Organic
              mulch transplanted from other marshes provided a diverse seed and
              plant source and a quick start for marsh revegetation. Continued
              documentation of reclaimed sites and transfer of information to
              reclamation planners will improve the reclamation process.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       765

AUTHOR:       Sandusky, J.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        The potential for management of waterfowl nesting habitat on
              reclaimed mined land

SOURCE:       Pages 325-327 in D.E. Samuel, J.R. Stauffer, and C.H. Hocutt,
              eds. Proceedings of the symposium on surface mining and
              fish/wildlife needs in the eastern United States. U.S. Fish
              Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-78/81.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB4, PO-AB2, L.-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SAGITTARIA, ERIANTHUS, CERATOPHYLLUM, SETARIA, PANICUM,
              DATHONIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses waterfowl use of 291 ha of southern IL surface
              mined land.  Track-mounted bulldozers were used to level ridges and
              fill in valleys of a pit area so that slopes did not exceed 30%.
              An 88 ha lake with maximum depth over 21 m was created, as well as
              30 small ponds less than 2 ha each.  The area was limed,
              fertilized, and sown with a grass-legume mixture and planted in
              wheat.  The variety of pond size provided nesting and brood
              rearing habitat for blue-winged teal, mallard, and wood ducks the
              year following reclamation.  Surrounding grasslands provided nest
              sites for blue-winged teal and, to a lesser extent, mallards.
              Properly managed surface mined lands have the potential for
              serving as duck-producing habitat.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       766

AUTHOR:       Sanville, W.D., A.R. Gahler, J.A. Searcy, and C.F. Powers

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Studies on lake restoration by phosphorus inactivation

SOURCE:       U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA-600/3-76-041. 53 pp.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       ANABAENA, PLANKTOSPHAERIA, APHANIZOMENON, ANKISTRODESMUS,
              KIRCHNERIELLA, SCENEDESMUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses treatment of Cline's pond, a 0.4 ha farm
              pond, 32 km north of Corvallis, OR, with sodium aluminate for
              evaluation of a nutrient inactivation technique to control
              excessive eutrophication.  Interpretation of the results was
              based on a comparison of limnological data collected after
              nutrient inactivation with data obtained 2 years prior to
              treatment.  Dissolved oxygen, transparency, and pH suggested some
              improvement in water quality.  The algae appeared to shift from a
              predominantly blue-green to a green population with an indication
              of a reduced algal standing crop.  Continued observation into a
              second growth season indicated a reduced effectiveness compared
              with treatment year.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       767

AUTHOR:       Sapa, A.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Restoration of wildlife habitat to offset project losses,
              Garrison Diversion Unit, North Dakota

SOURCE:       Pages 318-321 in G.A. Swanson, tech. coord. The mitigation
              symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish
              and wildlife habitat. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65.

STATE:        ND

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     FISH, WFOWL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This project provides a brief overview of proposed plans to
              mitigate the loss of wildlife habitat incurred by the
              construction of the Bureau of Reclamation's Garrison Diversion
              Unit in central/eastern ND.  The restoration plan includes filling
              of drainage ditches (in anticipation of natural revegetation),
              grass seeding, prairie wetland restoration with natural runoff as
              the water supply, land acquisition, establishment of smaller
              tracts of wetland dispersed over a large area, and wetland
              complexes interspersed with areas of upland habitat.  Local
              issues and political factors are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1079

AUTHOR:       Sargent, W.B., and P.R. Carlson, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        The utility of breder traps for sampling mangrove and high
              marsh fish assemblages

SOURCE:       Pages 194-205 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the
              fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and
              creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, ECON

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA, BATIS, SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares use of Breder rectangular plastic fish
              traps to use of throw nets and pull nets (modified seines) for
              sampling mangrove and high marsh fish assemblages within the
              Indian River Lagoon, 3 km north of Fort Pierce, FL.  Breder
              traps were efficient in even the densest vegetation while
              causing only minimal habitat disturbance.  Statistical
              validity through replication was provided at reasonable cost and
              effort.  A complete sampling scheme requires use of several gear
              types.  Traps were a highly efficient method for sampling
              Cyprinodontids and Poeciliids in these habitats.  The authors
              conclude that breder traps are useful tools in functional
              assessment of natural and created wetland communities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1579

AUTHOR:       Sartoris, J.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Municipal wastewater-the key to restoring Southwestern
              wetlands and riparian zones

SOURCE:       Lakeline 14(4):56-61.

STATE:        NV, CA, TX, AZ

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, R4-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A historical account of the Southwest prior to human encroachment
              and the loss of fragile grasslands, wetlands, and perennial streams
              to arid desertlands is reviewed.  Increased water use, regulation,
              and allocation has left less water available for wetlands and
              riparian habitat important for water quality, flood control,
              wildlife.  A wetlands research project was set up to carry out
              controlled studies of treatment processes in hopes of providing
              a wider range of stream reuse alternatives and enhancing wildlife
              habitat.  The amount of total nitrogen removal, 58% to 11%, varied
              with the types of cells used.  Another pilot study was conducted
              in the San Pedro river basin to determine the feasibility of using
              constructed wetlands to polish secondary effluent and create
              wildlife habitat.  Recommendations for future water quality research
              using natural wetlands are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       768

AUTHOR:       Saucier, R.T., C.C. Calhoun, Jr., R.M. Engler, T.R. Patin, and
              H.K. Smith

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Synthesis of research results, dredged material research
              program: executive overview and detailed summary

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. Ds-78-22. 189 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL, CONTAM, MODEL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-EM1, E2-...

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       HALODULE, PANICUM, FESTUCA, SPARTINA, DESCHAMPSIA, CAREX,
              SCIRPUS, CYPERUS, TRIGLOCHIN, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report synthesizes results of comprehensive nationwide
              research programs performed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
              dredged material research program (DMRP).  The 250 studies of this
              program were conducted to develop methods for predicting
              environmental effects prior to project implementation.  Results of
              lab studies were tested under field conditions.  The most
              significant overall conclusion drawn from the DMRP was that no
              single disposal alternative is suitable for a geographic region or
              group of projects; each project must be evaluated individually.
              Twenty-one research tasks are summarized.  Detailed accounts of
              the DMRP administrative aspects and goals are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       769

AUTHOR:       Savage, T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        Florida mangroves as shoreline stabilizers

SOURCE:       Florida Dept. Nat. Resour., Mar. Res. Lab., St. Petersburg,
              Prof. Pap. Ser. No. 19. 46 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper assesses the use of native mangrove species for
              shoreline stabilization and protection.  Field and laboratory tests
              were conducted near Tampa Bay, FL.  Results indicated that
              Avicennia germinans is probably the most suitable for use in a
              statewide shoreline rehabilitation program.  Distribution,
              tolerance to adverse substrate conditions, inundation, nature of
              root systems, and growth rates were evaluated for Avicennia,
              Rhizophora, and Laguncularia.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       770

AUTHOR:       Savage, T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        The 1972 experimental mangrove planting--an update with
              comments on continued research needs

SOURCE:       Pages 43-71 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings fifth annual
              conference on restoration of coastal vegetation in Florida.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, CUT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides a summary of observations of several mangrove
              plots along the west central FL coast to examine the use of
              native mangroves for shoreline stabilization and protection.
              Growth progress was recorded by comparing photographs, measuring
              leaf growth rates, hypocotyl thickness, and number of prop roots.
              Some plants were pruned to determine their response to sudden
              foliage loss; they recovered well.  Amount of prop roots and leaf
              growth decreased in plants on the northern exposed areas
              compared to plants on eastern, protected areas.  General ecology
              and biology of mangroves are discussed, along with research needs.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       771

AUTHOR:       Scharf, W.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Colonial birds nesting on man-made and natural sites in the
              U.S. Great Lakes

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-10. 328 pp.

STATE:        NY, PA, MI, MN, WI

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, SOIL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report analyzes the use of natural and manmade sites by
              colonial nesting birds in the Great Lakes Region.  Habitats and
              nesting populations were determined by the use of aerial census,
              ground nest observations, and vegetation and soil analyses.  A
              table summarizes the number of nesting sites by species and the
              associated substrate and vegetation.  Figures and maps present site
              specific information on colonies and vegetation sampling transects.
              Importance values of plants by transect and bird species are
              included.  Recommendations are included on the management of spoil
              islands to facilitate plant succession and subsequent nesting use.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       772

AUTHOR:       Scheider, W., and T.G. Brydges

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Whole-lake neutralization experiments in Ontario: a review

SOURCE:       Fisheries 9(1):17-18.

STATE:        ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL

ACTION:       STOCK, FERT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes whole-lake neutralization efforts in
              several lakes near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.  Four acidic,
              metal-contaminated lakes were treated with calcium carbonate and
              calcium hydroxide; two of them also were fertilized with
              phosphorus 1-2 years later.  Effects of neutralization, in terms
              of pH, metal concentrations, secchi transparency, depth of
              thermocline, and hypolimnetic temperature, are described.  Fish
              stocking after neutralization in some lakes was generally not
              successful, probably because of effects of Cu, Ni, and Zn in the
              water.  Ongoing experimentation is focused on testing the
              feasibility of neutralization to: 1) protect lakes from acid
              precipitation effects; and 2) rehabilitate acidified lakes with
              low Ca and Ni levels, establishing self-sustaining lake trout
              populations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       773

AUTHOR:       Schindler, D.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Eutrophication and recovery in experimental lakes:
              implications for lake management

SOURCE:       Science 184:897-899.

STATE:        ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       FERT

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       ANABAENA, TABELLARIA, SYNEDRA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the effects of adding combinations of
              phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon to several small lakes in
              northwestern Ontario, Canada.  Phosphate and nitrate caused rapid
              eutrophication.  A similar result was obtained with phosphate,
              ammonia, and sucrose, but recovery was almost immediate when
              phosphate additions were discontinued.  Basins receiving only
              nitrogen and carbon remained at prefertilization conditions,
              whereas those receiving equal amounts of nitrate and sucrose
              quickly became highly eutrophic when phosphorous also was added.
              These results suggest that cultural eutrophication problems of the
              Great Lakes might be solved simply and swiftly by the use of
              phosphorus control measures, particularly the ban of detergent
              phosphates.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1133

AUTHOR:       Schonholtz, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        San Joaquin Marsh mitigation program: an example of urban
              wetland management on a large scale

SOURCE:       Pages 336-339 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds.
              Urban wetlands: proceedings of the national wetland symposium,
              Oakland, California. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R2-..., RIPARIAN

RESPONSE:     VEG, NGBIRDS

PGENUS:       SALIX, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, CYPERUS, BACCHARIS, ARUNDO, SALICORNIA,
              RICINUS, MELILOTUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a marsh mitigation program adjacent to San
              Diego Creek, in Irvine, Orange County, CA.  A wetland inventory,
              habitat enhancement plan, and habitat value analysis are described.
              Riparian birds (mostly passerine species) were selected for use
              in planning mitigation banking.  The habitat value analysis
              includes detailed criteria regarding cover types and the monitoring
              of restoration success.  Advantages of developing agreements with
              large landowners for mitigation banking purposes are enumerated.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       774

AUTHOR:       Schreiber, R.W., and E.A. Schreiber

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Colonial bird use and plant succession on dredged material
              islands in Florida. Vol. I: sea and wading bird colonies

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-14. 127 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, SHOREB, VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides an overview of the use of dredged material
              islands in FL by colonial nesting birds.  Study areas included all
              waterways maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, focusing
              on islands in or near Tampa Bay, Indian River, Citrus County-Cross
              Florida Barge Canal, New Port Richey, and Fort Meyers.  Twenty-six
              species of birds nest on these dredged spoil islands; many other
              birds use these islands for feeding and roosting.  Management
              recommendations include: 1) restriction of human use of nesting
              and roosting areas; 2) mammalian predator control; 3) designation
              of prime sites as sanctuaries; 4) erosion control on existing
              islands; and 5) creation of new dredged material islands.  Habitat
              needs of various species of birds are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       775

AUTHOR:       Schultze, R.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Riparian system restoration by private landowners: an example
              of coordinated interagency assistance

SOURCE:       Pages 965-967 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California
              riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive
              management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water
              Resour. Rep. No. 55.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STOCK, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, R3-..., RIPAR, PO-...

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       SALIX, POPULUS, PINUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article summarizes programs involving public and private
              cost-sharing and cooperation in restoring riparian resources on
              Willow Creek, Modoc County, northeastern CA.  Accelerated
              erosion occurred in the late 1800's and 1900's due to heavy
              livestock grazing and timber harvesting.  The California Soil
              Conservation Service and private individuals shared the
              costs ($200,000) of constructing grade control structures and a
              bridge apron, stabilizing current grade structures, shaping and
              protecting current rock riprap, reestablishing fish passages over
              the structures, revegetating with herbaceous and woody species,
              and future stocking of trout.  Public agencies can provide money
              for planning, development, and implementation, with private
              landowners contributing labor, equipment, and maintenance.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       776

AUTHOR:       Schwartzmeier, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Opening statement on wetland restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 129-131 in C.B. Dewitt and E. Soloway, eds. Wetlands
              ecology, values, and impacts. Proceedings of Waubesa
              conference on wetlands. Univ. Wisconsin, Inst. Environ. Stud.,
              Madison.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of wetland restoration
              activities in Waukesha County, WI.  Some major points include:
              1) potential restoration sites are considered in terms of their
              connective corridor relationships to other habitat areas; 2)
              wetlands change over time--most shallow marshes have become
              "closed" habitats; and 3) if average midsummer water levels are
              attained at a restoration/creation site, plant succession changes
              will occur fairly rapidly.  Research needs are described.  A
              figure depicting basic lowland successional trends for
              southeastern WI is included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1180

AUTHOR:       Scott, M.L., W.L. Slauson, C.A. Segelquist, and G.T. Auble

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Correspondence between vegetation and soils in wetlands and
              nearby uplands

SOURCE:       Wetlands 9(1):41-60.

STATE:        CA, NV, NE, SD, NM, MS, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., PO-..., PO-EM1, PO-EM2, RIPARIAN

RESPONSE:     SOIL, VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article examines relationships between wetland plant
              characteristics and growth on hydric and nearby nonhydric soils.
              Soil types were studied at 12 sites in California, Mississippi,
              Nevada, New Mexico, Nebraska, and South Dakota.  Data collected and
              analyzed support the conclusion that hydric soils generally support
              hydrophytic vegetation (10% of the hydric soils sampled supported
              upland vegetation), and adjacent nonhydric soils support upland
              vegetation (15% of those sampled supported hydrophytic vegetation).
              Sites with borderline soils support intermediate vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       777

AUTHOR:       Seehorn, M.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Fish habitat improvement handbook

SOURCE:       U.S. For. Serv. Tech. Publ. R8-TP7. 21 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, HYDRO, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This handbook provides design specifications and applications
              for 16 fish habitat improvement techniques.  The primary objective
              of the designs is to improve instream conditions by creating
              deeper water and overhead cover.  The purpose, design, placement,
              advantages, disadvantages, and costs are included for channel
              block, boulder placement, cover logs, tree cover, bank crib, log
              and brush shelter, 4 types of deflectors, channel constrictor,
              cross log and revetment, wedge and K dams, gabions, and fish
              barriers.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       778

AUTHOR:       Segal, D.S., P.J. Latham, and G.R. Best

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Delineating a wetland boundary using vegetative, soil and
              hydrologic characteristics: a Florida cypress dome example

SOURCE:       Wetlands 7:51-58.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-ML1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM, NYSSA, SPHAGNUM, PINUS, SERENOA, ILEX, VACCINIUM,
              LYONIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a multiple parameter approach to delineating
              wetland boundaries of more obscure vegetation patterns such as
              Florida cypress domes.  Soil and hydrologic parameters of a
              cypress dome near Gainesville, FL, were integrated with vegetation
              characteristics.  Edaphic factors found to be useful indicators of
              hydrologic conditions included percent organic matter in the a
              horizon and degree of mottling in the argillic horizon.  Tree
              buttressing and lichen line formation also were reliable indicators
              of inundation.  The wetland boundary delineated by these soil
              factors closely corresponded with the vegetation boundary
              determined both visually and by vegetation analysis.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1080

AUTHOR:       Segelquist, C.A., G.T. Auble, and L.S. Ischinger

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Soil- plant correlation studies for selected wetlands of the
              United States

SOURCE:       Pages 7-10 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland
              and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual
              meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland
              Sci., Wilmington, NC.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., PO-..., L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a series of studies conducted by the U.S.
              Fish and Wildlife Service to determine the relationship between
              wetland plants and hydric soils.  Sampling design, vegetation
              sampling, and data analysis are included.  Species dominance by
              wetland indicator classes (e.g., obligate wetland, facultative
              wetland) is determined for each vegetation stratum.  The basic
              unit of study is a broadly defined wetland complex including
              uplands and all transition zones, and is relatively undisturbed
              by human activity.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1145

AUTHOR:       Seidensticker, E., and R.W. Nailon

PUBL. YEAR:   

TITLE:        The effects of shoreline erosion and the success of
              vegetative treatments in Texas coastal habitats

SOURCE:       Trinity Bay Soil Water Conserv. Dist., Anahuac, TX,
              Publ.:235-258.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, HABITAT, EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-US3

RESPONSE:     FISH, SHELLF, HYDRO, CHEM, VEG, INVERT

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a study to address erosion problems (and
              subsequent sedimentation) along the north shoreline of East
              Galveston Bay, TX.  This is a pilot project to evaluate the
              feasibility of using smooth cordgrass to control erosion.  Wave
              barriers were used to protect transplants until establishment.
              Erosion affected overall marsh production, which in turn has a
              negative affect on recreational and commercial fisheries in the
              area, two-thirds of which are dependent on estuarine habitat.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1081

AUTHOR:       Sempek, J.E., and C.W. Johnson

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Wetlands enhancement at the Ogden Nature Center in Ogden, Utah

SOURCE:       Pages 161-165 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland
              and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual
              meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland
              Sci., Wilmington, NC.

STATE:        UT

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4, PO-AB3, PO-US3

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, HUSE, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the design criteria, management guidelines,
              and reclamation of a eutrophied wetland 2 miles west of Ogden, UT.
              Avian indicator species were used to develop the wetland
              habitat model.  Wetland vegetative zonation ranged from wet low
              prairie to deep emergent marsh and submerged or floating aquatics.
              Management guidelines include water level manipulations.  Ponds
              and adjacent upland habitat are part of the overall plan.  Use
              of the site for recreational and educational purposes is
              anticipated, although it will be several years before the
              success or failure of the project can be adequately evaluated.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/enhancement/Utah/management/diversity/faunal species
              diversity/riparian/species diversity/reclamation

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1140

AUTHOR:       Seneca, E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        The influence of duration-of-inundation on development of a
              man-initiated Spartina alterniflora marsh in North Carolina

SOURCE:       J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 94:259-268.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB, SPOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study relating growth of Spartina
              alterniflora to zones with different duration-of-inundation
              characteristics.  Spartina was planted on a dredged material
              disposal island in the Cape Fear River Estuary near Snow's Cut,
              NC. Plants were sampled by stratifying into 4 elevation zones
              that were inundated approx. 4, 7, 9, and 11 hours daily on an
              average tide.  Invading plant species were noted throughout the
              12 year sampling period.  By the 12th growing season the 4 hr
              inundation zone was dominated by Phragmites communis with some
              Spartina cynosuroides (no S. alterniflora).  In the other 3 zones,
              S. alterniflora constituted more than 75% of the above-ground
              standing crop after 12 years.  Of the 21 invading species recorded
              in growing seasons 4 and 5, only 6 remained by the 12th growing
              season.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       782

AUTHOR:       Seneca, E.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1969

TITLE:        Germination responses to temperature and salinity of four dune
              grasses from the outer banks of North Carolina

SOURCE:       Ecology 50(1):45-53.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       SEED, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       AMMOPHILA, PANICUM, SPARTINA, UNIOLA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses germination responses to temperature and
              salinity of 4 dune grasses from the barrier islands off the coast
              of NC.  Ammophila breviligulata, Panicum amarulum, and Spartina
              patens seeds germinated under certain alternating warm (65-95
              degrees F) temperatures without cold treatment.  Uniola paniculata
              germination required cold (43 degrees F) treatment for 30 days.
              This treatment also increased germination in all species.  Based
              on germination response, S. patens is the most salt tolerant
              (upper limit of 4.0% NaCl), followed by P. amarulum (2.0% NaCl),
              U. paniculata (1.5% NaCl), and A. breviligulata (1.0% NaCl).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       780

AUTHOR:       Seneca, E.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Germination and seedling response of Atlantic and Gulf Coasts
              populations of Spartina alterniflora

SOURCE:       Am. J. Bot. 61(9):947-956.

STATE:        TX, MS, FL, GA, NC, VA, NY, CT, RI, MA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses germination response to thermoperiod and
              seedling response to photoperiod-thermoperiod treatments for
              12 populations of Spartina alterniflora from the Atlantic and Gulf
              Coasts.  Controlled environment and field seedling experiments
              indicated that southern populations flowered later, exhibited
              longer growing periods, and were less sensitive to photoperiod
              than northern populations.  New England, Mid-Atlantic, South
              Atlantic, and Gulf Coast populations differed in height, color,
              flowering time, length of growing period, and morphology through 2
              growing seasons in the field study.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       781

AUTHOR:       Seneca, E.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Stabilization of coastal dredge spoil with Spartina
              alterniflora

SOURCE:       Pages 525-529 in R.J. Reimold and W.H. Queen, eds. Ecology of
              halophytes. Academic Press, New York.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes experimental results of planting Spartina
              alterniflora on dredge spoil along the coast of NC to stabilize
              the spoil and create salt marshes.  Seeding requires less cost
              and labor than transplanting; however, transplants have a higher
              survival rate over a wider intertidal elevation range.  Thus,
              transplants at 3 x 3 ft spacing were used.  After 2 growing
              seasons, an effective substrate-binding network of roots and
              rhizomes had developed.  The zone for optimal growth was just
              below mean high water.  Supplemental studies in the laboratory,
              greenhouse, and controlled growth chambers are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       779

AUTHOR:       Seneca, E.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Techniques for creating salt marshes along the East Coast

SOURCE:       Pages 1-5 in J.C. Lewis and E.W. Bunce, eds. Rehabilitation
              and creation of selected coastal habitats: proceedings of a
              workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/27.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the transplanting and seeding of Spartina
              alterniflora for salt marsh establishment at several sites along
              the coast of NC.  Direct seeding was feasible only in the upper
              half of the intertidal zone.  At least 2 full growing seasons (17
              months in NC) are required for development of effective substrate
              stabilization.  Spartina marshes established where salinities
              are low (5-10 ppt) will be invaded by other species.  After 3-4
              years, Spartina will no longer be dominant.  Upper zones of such
              areas are inundated less frequently and invading species
              eventually out-compete Spartina.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1519

AUTHOR:       Seneca, E.D. and S.W. Broome

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Restoring tidal marshes in North Carolina and France

SOURCE:       Pages 53-78 in G.W. Thayer, ed. Restoring the nation's marine
              environment. Maryland Sea Grant College, College Park, MD. 716
              pp.

STATE:        NC, FRANCE

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, PUCCINELLIA, HALIMIONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Various types of disturbances including those that cause permanant or
              temporary loss of function are reviewed.  Methods of restoration or
              creation of tidal salt marshes through vegetative transplanting are
              discussed depending on the circumstances at the particular location.
              Transplanting techniques for Spartina alterniflora, S. patens,
              Puccinellia maritima, and Halimione portulacoides are described.
              Examples of successful restoration projects as well as recommendations
              and experimental approaches are offered.  Although a strict assessment
              criteria to determine functional success is needed the authors suggest
              these criteria be economical and practical to measure.  If the
              critical criteria in creating or restoring a wetland is met the
              establishment of vegetation should be successful, functions will
              establish with time, fauna will return although species composition
              may be different, and the marsh should be self-sustaining and virtually
              maintenance free with proper management.

KEYWORDS:     North Carolina/tidal wetlands/marine environment/restoration/
              France/tidal marshes/marshes/marsh restoration/creation/elevation/
              salinity/soil/wildlife/functional equivalency/tidal marsh

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       783

AUTHOR:       Seneca, E.D., S.W. Broome, and W.W. Woodhouse

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Comparison of Spartina alterniflora Loisel. transplants from
              different locations in a man-initiated marsh in North Carolina

SOURCE:       Wetlands 5:181-190.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes results of a study comparing transplant
              success for Spartina alterniflora taken from Beaufort, Oregon
              Inlet, Ocracoke Island, and Snow's Cut, NC.  Plants were
              hand-planted on dredged material in the Cape Fear River Estuary
              near Snow's Cut.  Tall and short height forms of S. alterniflora
              were taken from Beaufort; intermediate forms were taken from the
              other 3 locations.  Over a 5 year period, the Beaufort tall forms
              at higher elevations (shorter inundation periods) decreased in
              height; short forms at the same location remained unchanged.  At
              lower elevations, the tall forms remained the same and short forms
              increased in height.  Transplants of intermediate height are
              recommended for stabilization and marsh creation purposes.

KEYWORDS:


===============================================================================

NUMBER:       784

AUTHOR:       Seneca, E.D., S.W. Broome, W.W. Woodhouse, L.M. Cammen, and
              J.T. Lyon

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Establishing Spartina alterniflora marsh in North Carolina

SOURCE:       Environ. Conserv. 3(3):185-188.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes a study of the stabilization of dredge
              material using Spartina alterniflora to prevent erosion and to
              replace salt marsh systems lost through dredging operations.
              Experimental sites were located along the NC coast.  Seeding
              required fewer man-hours, but was successful only in the upper
              intertidal zone and in protected areas.  Transplanting was more
              expensive, but revegetation efforts were successful in exposed
              sites and at mean sea level.  Aboveground production of
              S. alterniflora was 1,200-1,300 g/m2/year in the third to fifth
              year.  Belowground production was maximum after 2 years at 900
              g/m2/year and decreased thereafter.  Based on sediment carbon
              content measurements, a newly planted marsh might take 4-25 years
              to resemble a natural marsh.

KEYWORDS:     Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/marshes/North Carolina/salt
              marshes/transplanting/dredge spoil/intertidal/values/sediment/
              man-initiated/elevation/macroinvertebrates/dredged material/natural
              marshes

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       785

AUTHOR:       Seneca, E.D., W.W. Woodhouse, Jr., and S.W. Broome

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Dune stabilization with Panicum amarum along the North
              Carolina coast

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir,
              VA, Misc. Rep. No. 76-3. 42 pp.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       PANICUM, AMMOPHILA, UNIOLA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses techniques for propagating, handling,
              processing, and planting bitter panicum (Panicum amarum) for
              dune stabilization along the NC coast.  Experimental plantings with
              emphasis on bitter panicum, American beachgrass, and sea oats were
              conducted at Duck and Drum Inlets, NC.  On a sandy site with little
              sand movement, about 300 m inland, Panicum contributed more of the
              estimated cover through 2 growing seasons than either of the other
              2 grasses.  Over 2 years at a foredune site, Panicum only
              accumulated one-fourth the sand accumulated by beachgrass or
              mixed-species plantings.  The principal values of Panicum are in
              stabilizing sandy coastal areas.  Mixed plantings are best for
              building and stabilizing coastal foredunes in NC.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       786

AUTHOR:       Seneca, E.D., W.W. Woodhouse, Jr., and S.W. Broome

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Saltwater marsh creation

SOURCE:       Pages 427-437 in L.E. Cronin, ed. Estuarine research. Volume
              II: geology and engineering. Academic Press, New York.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes salt-water marsh creation, using Spartina
              alterniflora, at Snow's Cut, NC.  Tidal inundation, salinity,
              elevation gradients, and plant invaders are discussed in the
              context of the project.  An additional experiment involved the
              collection of seeds from S. alterniflora in locations from New
              England to TX.  Seeds were stored for 3 months in estuarine water
              and then planted; morphological and physiological differences were
              apparent.  Thus, seeds and plants for transplanting should be
              gathered from sites close to the planting location.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1527

AUTHOR:       Shabman, L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Private credit markets for wetland mitigation

SOURCE:       Water, Environment and Technology 6(2):11.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper explains the process of private mitigation banking.
              Benefits include securing mitigation for several small wetland
              impacts which are often not required to be compensated for under
              general permits.  This would help to ensure the no-net-loss of
              wetlands policy.  Advantages of private credit markets over commercial
              mitigation banking is discussed in terms of economic returns,
              ecological success, and compensatory requirement fulfillment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       787

AUTHOR:       Shapiro, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        The need for more biology in lake restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 161-167 in Lake restoration: proceedings of a national
              conference. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, Washington, DC,
              Rep. No. EPA-440/5-79-001.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       STOCK, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, CHEM, WQUAL, VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of the biological processes
              involved in the phosphorus loading of lakes, including fish
              density, summer chlorophyll, and zooplankton abundance in
              relation to total P.  The symptoms of eutrophication are
              frequently worsened by the biological imbalance that follows
              and, in these cases, restoration must involve biological
              reconstruction.  The author urges examination of lakes as
              ecosystems and additional research on lake restoration.
              Planktivorous fish populations and artificially circulating lake
              water were 2 suggested biomanipulation techniques that need
              further study.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       788

AUTHOR:       Shapiro, J., V. Lamarra, and M. Lynch

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Biomanipulation: an ecosystem approach to lake restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 85-96 in P.L. Brezonik and J.L. Fox, eds. Proceedings of
              a symposium on water quality management through biological
              control. Univ. Florida, Dept. Environ. Eng. Sci., Gainsville,
              Rep. No. ENV. 07-75-1.

STATE:        MN, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       FERT, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: L1-..., L2-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       APHANIZOMENON, MICROCYSTIS, ANABAENA, STEPHANODISCUS,
              CHLAMYDOMONAS, MALLOMONAS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the eutrophication process of lakes and
              presents preliminary results of several experiments to
              biomanipulate ecosystem parameters of a lake in St. Paul, MN.
              Results of the experiments indicated that adding zooplanktivores
              (yellow perch in enclosures) to the system increased rate of
              photosynthesis.  Orthophosphate concentrations were much higher in
              enclosures lacking perch.  Results from other research indicate
              that increased lake circulation generally reduces pH and
              epilimnetic temperatures and increases zooplankton abundance and
              size, which could be a useful method for control of algae.  The
              authors discuss the possibility of using various biomanipulation
              techniques (e.g., zooplankton and fish stocking, inoculating a
              lake with algae) to restore lake systems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1427

AUTHOR:       Sharitz, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Bottomland hardwood wetland restoration in the Mississippi
              drainage

SOURCE:       Pages 496-505 in S. Maurizi and F. Poillon, eds. Restoration
              of aquatic ecosystems. National Academy Press. Washington,
              D.C.

STATE:        MS, LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT, HARVEST

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-F02

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses efforts to restore bottomland hardwood forest
              wetlands in Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge, Tensas NWR, Ouachita
              Wildlife Management Area, and research plots in the Delta Experimental
              Forest.  Five criteria in determining success are listed although
              there is no universal acceptance.  Techniques such as direct seeding
              and planting seedlings are addressed as well as the advantages and
              disadvantages of each.  Also, planting single species in rows or
              blocks and interspersing them with rows or blocks of other species is
              recommended as a successful planting technique.  The author concludes
              with observations and recommendations on bottomland forest restoration
              efforts.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1149

AUTHOR:       Sharitz, R.R., and L.C. Lee

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Limits on regeneration processes in southeastern riverine
              wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 139-143 in R.R. Johnson, C.D. Ziebell, D.R. Patton, R.H.
              Hamre, and P.F. Ffolliott, tech. coords. Riparian ecosystems
              and their management: reconciling conflicting uses. U.S. For.
              Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-120.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, VEG

PGENUS:       NYSSA, TAXODIUM, ACER, QUERCUS, LIQUIDAMBAR

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the physical factors that affect seedling
              recruitment in cypress-tupelo forests on the Savannah River
              Floodplain in SC.  Seed production, viability, and dispersal,
              hydrologic regime (annual water fluctuations,discharges from
              reservoirs on the river), and availability of substrates suitable
              for germination are included.  Establishment and maintenance of
              floodplain forests depends on the availability of viable seeds
              during times of low water and the presence of conditions that are
              favorable for germination and seedling establishment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       789

AUTHOR:       Sharp, W.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Best of beach vegetation

SOURCE:       U.S. Soil Conserv. Serv., Broomall, PA. 24 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO4, E2-EM1, E2-FO4, E2-SS1, E2-SS3, M2-US2,
              E2-US2, L2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       AMMOPHILA, UNIOLA, PANICUM, SPARTINA, ELYMUS, CAREX, IVA,
              MYRICA, ROSA, PRUNUS, PINUS, JUNIPERUS, PARTHENOCISSUS, ILEX,
              MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses dune building and management concepts for the
              coastal U.S. and along the shores of the Great Lakes.  Descriptions
              of 8 herbaceous dune species and 11 shrubs and trees include
              recommended propagation techniques, wildlife use, and adaptation to
              various regions and environments.  Management techniques include
              the use of fences to create or protect dunes and the addition of
              fertilizers to promote growth of plants.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       790

AUTHOR:       Sharp, W.C., C.R. Belcher, and J. Oyler

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Vegetation for tidal shoreline stabilization in the
              Mid-Atlantic States

SOURCE:       U.S. Soil Conserv. Serv., Broomall, PA. 19 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, AMMOPHILA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses planting of vegetation to stabilize tidal
              shorelines in the Mid-Atlantic states.  Three species most useful
              for shoreline stabilization are discussed in detail: smooth
              cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), saltmeadow cordgrass
              (S. patens), and American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata).
              Guidelines for evaluating vegetative treatment potential for
              individual sites and techniques for establishing and managing
              plantings are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       791

AUTHOR:       Sharp, W.C., and J. Vaden

PUBL. YEAR:   1970

TITLE:        10-year report on sloping techniques used to stabilize eroding
              tidal river banks

SOURCE:       Shore Beach 38:31-35.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1, R1-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, AMMOPHILA, PANICUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article summarizes the results of shoreline stabilization
              through vegetative establishment at 5 locations along the
              Rappahannock River, Dymers Creek, and Potomac River in VA.
              The sloping and planting technique was useful for erosion control
              at sites: 1) suitable for planting Spartina alterniflora and S.
              patens; 2) with littoral drift for sand accumulation; and 3) not
              severely exposed to normal storm paths.  Fertilization was required
              to maintain cover.  Cordgrass was best adapted to beach
              stabilization; dune panic grass was of limited value.  American
              beachgrass was preferred for sand trapping.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1198

AUTHOR:       Sheeter, G.R., and E.W. Claire

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Juniper for streambank stabilization in eastern Oregon

SOURCE:       Pages 420-423 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
              California riparian systems conference: protection,
              management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September
              22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, R3-US3, R3-US.

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, HYDRO, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Cut juniper trees (Juniperus osteosperma) anchored along eroded
              streambanks proved beneficial in stabilizing 96% of the erosion
              on 8 streams evaluated in eastern OR over a 14 year period.
              Juniper revetment was a successful substitute for costly rock
              structures on straight or slightly curved banks, but failed when
              placed on outside curves or when poorly anchored.  Water
              velocities were reduced by 65% where juniper revetment was
              evaluated.  Sediment buried tree tips the first and second year
              after treatment.  Juniper revetment should last at least 20 years
              with proper grazing management and allow full recovery of
              riparian vegetation and bank stability.  Junipers will eventually
              be obscured by vegetation and they deteriorate with time.  Cost
              comparisons for juniper revetments in OR and southern ID are
              presented.  (AA-Mod)

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1155

AUTHOR:       Shisler, J.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Creation and restoration of coastal wetlands of the
              northeastern United States

SOURCE:       Pages 145-173 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        ME, MA, RI, NH, CT, NJ, NY, MD, DE, VA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HYDRO, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS., PO-EM1, E2-UB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS, SOIL, FISH, WFOWL, INVERT, MAMMALS, REPT, AMPHIB

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information on wetland creation and
              restoration in coastal areas of U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Region
              5, from northeastern VA to ME, and includes regional
              characteristics, wetland types, extent of tidal wetland creation
              and restoration, project design, mitigation, critical aspects of
              project plans, monitoring, research needs, and a bibliography.  The
              appendix contains profiles of 9 projects with sites in Atlantic
              County, NJ; Manahawkin, NJ; Stratford, CT; Barnstable County, MA;
              Island Beach State Park, NJ.; Fairfield, CT; Delaware Bay, NJ.;
              and Hackensack, NJ.  Information on each site includes wetland
              type, location, size, project goals, judgement of success,
              significance, and available reports.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1425

AUTHOR:       Shisler, J.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Creation and restoration of coastal wetlands of the
              Northeastern United States

SOURCE:       Pages 143-163 in J.A. Kusler and M. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This chapter focuses on the various wetland types and restoration
              efforts in the Northeastern United States from Virginia to Maine.
              Recommendations for the design and planning of wetlands are addressed
              involving preconstruction considerations and critical aspects of the
              project plan.  The author emphasizes the need for placement of created
              wetlands in the same watershed as the wetland being impacted to
              increase the chance of success and to maintain wetland functions as
              much as possible.  Specific project considerations for the Northeast
              region such as temperature extremes and growing season are also
              addressed.  The importance of keeping goals in line with wetland
              functions and planning wetland creation projects around functions of
              the existing watershed is highly stressed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       792

AUTHOR:       Shisler, J.K., and D. Charette

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Evaluation of artificial salt marshes in New Jersey

SOURCE:       Natl. Wetlands Newsletter 8(3):4-5.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, IVA, BACCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a recently completed study of artificial
              salt marshes in NJ.  Eight marshes, each with an adjacent natural
              salt marsh, were selected for qualitative evaluation.  Three
              variables were measured at each marsh: vegetational species,
              sediment (sand, dredged material, and original marsh peat)
              characteristics, and macroinvertebrate populations.  Values were
              statistically compared to natural marsh values.  High marsh
              creation projects using Spartina patens were less successful than
              low marsh projects using S. alterniflora.  Other comparative data
              and conclusions are discussed in general terms.

KEYWORDS:     salt marshes/restoration/vegetation/Spartina/Spartina
              alterniflora/artificial wetlands/adjacent natural wetlands/
              vegetational parameters/sediment samples/New Jersey/
              macroinvertebrate density and community composition/artificial/
              marshes/marsh creation/creation/natural marshes/sediment/
              macroinvertebrates

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       793

AUTHOR:       Short, F.T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Effects of sediment nutrients on seagrasses: literature review
              and mesocosm experiment

SOURCE:       Aquatic Bot. 27:41-57.

STATE:        NH

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-UB2, E2-UB3, E2-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of the effects of sediment
              nutrients on seagrasses and discusses a mesocosm experiment that
              showed the effects of various nutrients on growth of Zostera
              marina collected from Great Bay, NH.  Seagrass growth, abundance,
              and morphology are strongly linked to available nutrient resources
              of the sediment.  In north temperate climates and in habitats with
              terrigenous sediments, nitrogen limitation occurs in both
              intertidal and subtidal beds.  Tropical seagrasses and those
              grown in carbonate sediments appear to experience phosphorus
              limitations.  Mesocosm experiments are particularly useful for
              isolating 1 environmental factor from the complexities of plant
              and environmental interaction.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1246

AUTHOR:       Shreffler, D.K., C.A. Simenstad, and R.M. Thom

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Temporary residence by juvenile salmon in a restored estuarine
              wetland

SOURCE:       Can. J. Fish. Aquatic Sci. 47:2079-2084.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1U3, E2-SB.U3, E2-US3U3

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, FISH

PGENUS:       CAREX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Seaward migrating juvenile salmonid use of the newly restored
              Lincoln Avenue Brackish Marsh Complex (tidal channels, mudflats,
              sedge marsh) in the Puyallup River Estuary, Tacoma, WA is
              discussed.  Juvenile salmon were observed entering the marsh
              within 2 months after the dike was breached to restore tidal
              influences.  Seining continued in 1987-1988.  Chinook and chum
              salmon were observed in the wetland.  Chinook salmon residence
              in the wetland ranged from 1-43 days; chum salmon residence time
              ranged from 1-9 days.  Comparison of data to data from comparable
              natural wetlands in the area is needed to evaluate the actual
              value provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       794

AUTHOR:       Shuey, A.G., and L.J. Swanson, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Creation of freshwater marshes in west central Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 57-76 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth annual
              conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL

PGENUS:       AXONOPUS, AZOLLA, CENTELLA, CONYZA, CYNODON, CYPERUS,
              ECHINOCHLOA, ELEOCHARIS, ERECHTITES, PANICUM, PASPALUM,
              PHASEOLUS, POLYGONUM, PLUCHEA, RHYNCHOSPORA, RUMEX, SCOPARIA,
              TYPHA, XYRIS, LEERSIA, LINDERNIA, LIPPIA, LUDWIGIA,
              NYMPHOIDES, HYDROCHLOA, HYDROCOTYLE, ANDROPOGON, BACOPA,
              CAREX, CEPHALANTHUS, JUNCUS, PONTEDERIA, DIGITARIA, DIODIA,
              ERAGROSTIS, PROSERPINACA, LYCOPUS, PSILOCARYA, RHEXIA,
              ERYNGIUM, FIMBRISTYLIS, HEDYOTIS, HYPERICUM, SACCIOLEPIS,
              SAGITTARIA, SCLERIA, SOLIDAGO, SPARTINA, UTRICULARIA,
              WOODWARDIA, EUPATORIUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes methods for restoring freshwater marsh
              vegetation.  Study sites were at four corners mine in southeast
              Hillsborough and northeast Manatee Counties, FL.  Testing
              consisted of: 1) natural recolonization; 2) selective planting;
              and 3) mulching with organic matter from a nearby natural marsh.
              Water samples were analyzed (in both artificial and in nearby
              natural marshes) for pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen
              demand, ammonia, organic nitrogen, ortho-phosphate, and turbidity.
              After 1 year, 62 plant species were found on the mulched site, 34
              on areas selectively planted, and 27 on natural recolonization
              (control) areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1430

AUTHOR:       Siegel, S.W. and J.D. Levine

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        An Innovative approach to wetlands restoration in the San
              Francisco Bay estuary: the montezuma wetlands project

SOURCE:       Pages 164-175 in H. S. Bolton and O. T. Magoon, eds. Coastal
              wetlands. American Society of Civil Engineers. New York, NY.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2.-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the Montezuma Wetlands Project (MWP) which
              proposes to restore 2,000 acres of tidal brackish marsh due to wetland
              loss and find environmentally sound options for dredge disposal.  The
              MWP offers a new strategy to avoid the constraints of economic
              resources and the "red tape" of government- and non-profit-sponsored
              actions.  The project will operate by assessing fees on the sediments
              needed to restore the elevations in the site for the establishment of
              tidal wetlands.  Fifteen to 20 million cubic yards of dredged sediment
              from port and ship channel expansions will be utilized as a resource
              rather than waste.  Five components which will turn this idea into a
              valuable functioning wetland include:  1) determining sediment
              quality,  2) constructing an upland staging area, 3) developing site
              in a phased approach, 4) monitoring and maintenance, and 5) donating
              habitat to a wildlife trustee.  This novel approach combines private
              sector involvement of restoring and creating wetlands with funding
              projects for profit thereby, providing incentives for contributions in
              natural resource restoration.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1410

AUTHOR:       Sifneos, J.C., D.L. Frostholm, and M.E. Kentula

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        A pilot study to compare created and natural wetlands in
              western Washington and evlauate methods

SOURCE:       EPA 600/R-92/013.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-ML1, E2-EM1, E1-AB3

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report compares nine created wetlands and nine natural wetlands
              in species composition, species diversity, wetland function, and other
              site characteristics using the Wetland Evaluation Technique (WET) and
              the Pielou method.  The study was conducted to test the effectiveness
              of evaluation methods which could be used by agencies to compare
              created and natural wetlands and evaluate the consistency of the
              results.  Created wetlands studied ranged from 7 to 28 months old, 0.1
              to 5.3 acres in size and represented four wetland types:  freshwater
              marsh, salt marsh, mud flat, and an eelgrass bed.  Using data
              analyses, vegetation was compared for dominant species as well as
              indicator status.  Results indicated different vegetation pattern at
              the three pairs of created and natural freshwater wetlands as well as
              the three pairs of created and natural saltwater sites.  Possible
              reasons include the different number of teams sampling the sites and
              the elimination of species occurring only once within the site pair.
              Limitations using both the WET and the Pielou method were reported and
              recommendations for future studies included a field training period
              for study teams.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       795

AUTHOR:       Sikkema, D.A., and P.C. Rosendahl

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Prediction and assessment of the hydrologic conditions
              following the restoration of flow within an altered riverine
              system

SOURCE:       Wetlands 1:105-109.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., R1-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the restoration of a portion of the Turner
              River in the Big Cypress National Preserve, FL.  River flow was
              restored by placing a plug and culvert system at the intersection
              of the river's headwaters and the Turner Canal (constructed in
              the 1960's).  Hydrologic conditions following this action were
              examined.  Yearly occurrence of flow within the river was estimated
              to increase from 38% to 88% of the time.  During 1 year, the
              estimated mean stage increase for the river was about 1 ft.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       796

AUTHOR:       Silker, T.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1948

TITLE:        Planting of water-tolerant trees along margins of
              fluctuating-level reservoirs

SOURCE:       Iowa St. J. Sci. 22:431-447.

STATE:        KY, TN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-FO4

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM, NYSSA, LIQUIDAMBAR, FRAXINUS, QUERCUS,
              CHAMAECYPARIS, PLATANUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses results of a study on the establishment of
              reservoir-margin tree plantings on the Lower Tennessee River in KY
              and  TN.  Data on survival, height, and adaptation of trees to
              changing water tables and to soil and groundcover conditions were
              obtained for 5-12 year old plantings of bald cypress, green
              ash, red gum, tupelo, southern white cedar, and sycamore.
              Recommendations for plantings of these species in both the 1-15 ft
              above normal pool level (infrequently flooded) and the upper
              drawdown zone (intermittently covered by 1-3 ft of water) are
              included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       797

AUTHOR:       Silverman, G.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Seasonal freshwater wetlands development and potential for
              urban runoff treatment

SOURCE:       PhD. Diss., Univ. California, Los Angeles. 191 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, WQUAL, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     HUSE, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study analyzes the potential for developing wetlands in San
              Francisco Bay to reduce the pollutant load from urban stormwater
              runoff.  A demonstration marsh was used as a prototype wetlands
              system.  Information from this marsh indicated that wastewater
              processing efficiencies varied considerably as vegetation became
              established and storm flows were considered.  Physical mechanisms
              such as sedimentation, adsorption, filtration, biological
              degradation, and uptake are described.  More research is needed on
              the environmental fate of pollutants.  Financial and regulatory
              processes needed to accomplish marsh construction are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1521

AUTHOR:       Simenstad, C.A. and R.M. Thom.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Restoring wetland habitats in urbanized Pacific Northwest
              estuaries

SOURCE:       Pages 423-472 in G.W. Thayer, ed. Restoring the nation's
              marine environment. Maryland Sea Grant College, College Park,
              MD.

STATE:        CA, OR, WA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E1.-..., E2-EM2, R1.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses various differences of wetlands in the
              Northwestern United States to those in the Southeast.  Effects of
              estuary loss due to numerous disbturbances created by urban
              developement are addressed such as the decline of Pacific Salmon,
              Pacific herring and shorebird populations.  Examples are presented of
              restoration, enhancement, and creation efforts along the Salmon River
              estuary, the Elk River estuary, Lincoln Park (Puget Sound), Duwamish
              River estuary, and the Lincoln Avenue wetland in the Puyallup River
              estuary.  The authors recommend monitoring data on the "product" of
              the wetland functions rather then the "occurence" approach of species
              found in estuaries to determine if the habitat functions are being
              fullfilled.  The Estuarine Habitat Assessment Protocal was developed as
              an attribute-oriented approach to gather funtional information to
              evaluate mitigation and restoration projects.  Finally, the need for
              comprehensive planning, restoration ecotechnology, and a national and
              international research network is recognized.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       798

AUTHOR:       Singh, K.P., V. Kothandaraman, D.F. Sefton, and R.P. Clarke

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Economic returns and incentives of lake rehabilitation:
              Illinois case studies

SOURCE:       Pages 405-411 in Proceedings, third annual conference of the
              North American Lake Management Society: lake and reservoir
              management. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA 440/5/84-001.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, BIOCIDE, CUT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     HUSE, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes studies conducted on 3 eutrophic impoundments
              in IL: 1) Lake Le-Aqua-Na, Stephenson County; 2) Johnson Sauk
              Trail Lake, Henry County; and 3) Lake of the Woods, Champaign-
              Urbana-Rantoul Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area.  Case
              studies include descriptions of practical and economically
              viable methods for improving water quality and enhancing
              recreational uses.  Methods include shore stabilization,
              aeration/destratification, harvest of aquatic macrophytes, and
              application of herbicides for algal control.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1250

AUTHOR:       Sinicrope, T.L., P.G. Hine, R.S. Warren, and W.A. Niering

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Restoration of an impounded salt marsh in New England

SOURCE:       Estuaries 13(1):25-30.

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1K0H, E2-EM1K3H, E2-EM1U

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA, PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, SCIRPUS, ELEOCHARIS,
              JUNCUS, SALICORNIA, SOLIDAGO, ASTER, LIMONIUM, PLANTAGO,
              TRIGLOCHIN, PLUCHEA, SUAEDA, SPERGULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In 1979 tidal flushing was restored in a coastal wetland (Barn
              Island Wildlife Management Area, Stonington, CT) impounded in the
              late 1950s.  Data on plant species composition, distribution,
              and abundance collected in 1976 and in 1987-1988 were compared.
              In 1976 Typha angustifolia dominated and salinities ranged from
              fresh to brackish.  In 1987-1988 salinities ranged from 22-30 ppt
              nearest the breach in the dike to 0-5 ppt at the farthest point
              upstream.  Typha remained dominant where salinities were lowest.
              In areas where salinities had increased Spartina alterniflora
              increased dramatically and many species (all those listed after
              Spartina in PGenus) not present in 1976 became established.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/salt marshes/marshes/Connecticut/vegetation/
              reintroduction/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/impoundments/
              invertebrates/fishes/birds/shorebirds/impounded wetlands/New
              England/tidal wetlands/Stonington,Connecticut/vegetation change/
              tidal flushing/Typha/tidal marsh/Phragmites australis/marsh
              plants/plants/fauna/ducks

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       799

AUTHOR:       Skinner, M.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1971

TITLE:        Free meander pattern in intermontane rivers

SOURCE:       PhD. Diss., Univ. Colorado, Boulder. 125 pp.

STATE:        CO, MT, WY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R3-UB1, R4-SB3, R.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis describes the use of aerial photography to determine
              river pattern data from freely meandering stretches of 11 rivers
              in the Rocky Mountain Region of CO, WY, and MT.  Statistical
              relationships between mean radius of curvature and average daily
              discharge and between tortuosity ratio and stream slope are
              demonstrated.  Recommendations for using various types of
              photography to determine preconditions and for monitoring of
              river pattern alterations or relocations are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1373

AUTHOR:       Skinner, Q.D., M.A. Smith, J.L. Dodd, and J.D. Rodgers

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Reversing desertification of riparian zones along cold desert
              streams

SOURCE:       Pages 95-101 in Wyoming water 1986 and streamside zone
              conference: Wyoming's water doesn't wait while we debate.
              Casper, Wyoming.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, VEG

PGENUS:       SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the procedures to reclaim a degraded cold desert
              stream in Wyoming using instream flow structures (trash collectors),
              revegetation with willows, and beavers.  A stream was chosen with
              low stream reach gradient, mature meander pattern, developed flood
              plain, high potential for water spreading over adjoining flood plains,
              and was managed for grazing in the immediate areas.  Fifty-two trash
              collectors in groups of 3-4 were placed in 16 cross section locations
              on the stream adding 45 cm of sediment to the channel bottom over the
              entire stream.  Willows were planted with a 90% survival rate of
              second year growth sprigs.  These provided structural material for
              beaver dams, winter food for beaver, channel bank stabilization, and
              structural diversity for wildlife.  Three annual periods of peak flow
              has encouraged the growth of riparian vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       800

AUTHOR:       Skinner, Q.D., M.A. Smith, J.L. Dodd, and J.D. Rodgers

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Reclamation of riparian zones and water law: first in
              time-first in right

SOURCE:       Pages 374-378 in R.R. Johnson, C.D. Ziebell, D.R. Patton, P.F.
              Ffolliott, and R.H. Hamre, tech. coords. Riparian ecosystems
              and their management: reconciling conflicting uses. U.S. For.
              Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-120.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-SS., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the application of water law concepts to
              reclamation of riparian zones in WY.  Reclamation is discussed in
              terms of: 1) increasing groundwater storage; 2) creating
              desirable aquatic habitat; 3) controlling nonpoint source
              pollution; and 4) increasing forage and species diversity (plants
              and animals) through water storage in riparian areas.  The goals of
              2 major riparian research programs in WY are to: 1) store water
              for prolonged use downstream; 2) control nonpoint source pollution;
              3) develop reclamation strategies for degraded streams; and
              4) advance state-of-the-art methods for range ecosystem
              management.  Applications of these goals to the reclamation of a
              cold desert steppe stream are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1609

AUTHOR:       Skousen, J., A. Sexstone, K. Garbutt, and J. Sencindiver

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Applied wetlands science and technology

SOURCE:       Pages 263-281 in D.M. Kent, editor. Lewis Publishers, Boca
              Raton, FL, USA. 436 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of wetlands to passively treat acid mine
              drainages.  How wetlands function to remove metals and raise pH is
              discussed as well as the most effective soil combinations and
              vegetation to aid in metal removal.  Methods to increase a wetlands'
              alkalinity in order to increase metal precipitation include the
              pretreatment of influent through an anoxic limestone drain.  Size
              and design parameters of constructed wetlands and anoxic limestone
              drains for removal of various types of acid mine drainage are
              presented.  Consideration for vegetation types are presented although
              their long-term effectiveness is currently undetermined.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       801

AUTHOR:       Slavin, P., and J.K. Shisler

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Avian utilization of a tidally restored salt hay farm

SOURCE:       Biol. Conserv. 26:271-285.

STATE:        NJ

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS1, E2-UB3

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, SHOREB, VEG, NGBIRDS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES, DISTICHLIS, IVA, SOLIDAGO, BACCHARIS,
              ASTER, SALICORNIA, PLUCHEA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study was conducted to determine changes in vegetation and
              bird use of a salt hay farm in Delaware Bay near Heisterville, NJ.
              Three study plots in a 215 ha study area were selected for
              analysis: 1) a salt hay farm of Spartina patens; 2) a salt hay
              farm restored to tidal inundation with surface water and
              occasional exposed mud (1% was vegetated); 3) and a restored
              salt hay farm with cycles of tidal inundation, some bare areas,
              surface water, and 15% Spartina patens cover.  The vegetation
              was surveyed through the use of aerial photos.  Birds were
              surveyed by vehicular transects.  Bird populations (number of
              individuals and number of species) on all 3 plots are compared.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1264

AUTHOR:       Slayden, R.L., Jr., and L.N. Schwartz

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        States' activities, attitudes and policies concerning
              constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment

SOURCE:       Pages 279-286 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural.
              Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        AL, CA, FL, KY, MS, MO, NC, PA, SD, TN, TX, VA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-.....R, PO-AB3, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Presents results of a survey of state regulatory agencies
              concerning the use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment
              in their states.  Successful and failed projects (by state) using
              various wetland types are mentioned as well as state policies
              and plans to promote this use of wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       802

AUTHOR:       Small, M.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Artificial wetlands as non-point source wastewater treatment
              systems

SOURCE:       Pages 171-181 in M.A. Drew, ed. Environmental quality through
              wetlands utilization. Coord. Counc. Restor. Kissimmee R.
              Valley and Taylor Creek-Nubbin Slough Basin, Tallahasee, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM.

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a nonpoint source wastewater treatment
              system that consists of a created wetland and appears to be
              applicable for farm wastewater drains in Taylor Creek, Kissimmee
              River Basin, FL.  Based on experimentation with various
              modifications of a meadow/marsh/pond design to remove inorganic
              nitrogen and phosphorus, a marsh/pond combination was designed for
              use at individual farms to remove some water by evaporation, a lot
              of nitrogen by denitrification, and the major portion of available
              phosphate by the harvest and removal of indigenous aquatic weeds
              from the basin.  This system would eliminate much of the annual
              dump of phosphorus into Lake Okeechobee.  Principal contaminant
              reductions relate amount of raw sewage with input and output values
              of BOD, total nitrogen, etc.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1138

AUTHOR:       Smart, P.J., B.D. Wheeler, and A.J. Willis

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Revegetation of peat excavations in a derelict raised bog

SOURCE:       New Phytol. 111:733-748.

STATE:        UNITED KINGDOM

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-ML1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       CAREX, SPHAGNUM, ANDROMEDA, ERIOPHORUM, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study examines the re-flooded workings of the Southern Dutch
              Canal System, a series of peat cuttings in south-central Thorne
              Waste, South Yorkshire.  The area is a large raised bog, in which
              present vegetation composition is examined in relation to
              hydrology, water chemistry, and plant recolonization and
              succession.  Cutting bays were sampled at regular intervals along
              transects.  Detailed data is presented.  Ombrotrophic mire species,
              poor-fen species, and various dominant types are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       804

AUTHOR:       Smart, R.M., and J.W. Barko

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Influence of sediment salinity and nutrients on the
              physiological ecology of selected salt marsh plants

SOURCE:       Est. Coastal Mar. Sci. 7:487-495.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper investigates the influence of salinity and nutrients on
              the physiological ecology of Spartina alterniflora, S. foliosa,
              S. patens, and Distichlis spicata grown in a laboratory tidal
              simulation system.  Growth of S. alterniflora and D. spicata was
              much greater on fine-textured sediments than on sand and also
              greater on clay than on silty clay.  Maximum growth of S. foliosa
              and S. patens also was on clay, with no significant differences in
              growth on sand and silty clay.  The plants are known to be salt
              secreting and capable of ion exclusion, which in some cases
              resulted in increased sediment salinity.  The importance of
              salinity to plant growth is discussed in relation to other
              environmental factors.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       803

AUTHOR:       Smart, R.M., and J.W. Barko

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Laboratory culture of submersed freshwater macrophytes on
              natural sediments

SOURCE:       Aquatic Bot. 21:251-263.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, MYRIOPHYLLUM, HYDRILLA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the laboratory culture of various submersed
              macrophytes.  The use of natural sediments in these cultures as
              the source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients was
              successful and prevented large occurrences of algal blooms.
              Growth requirements of submersed macrophytes and the effectiveness
              of sediments as a nutrient source are reviewed.  Chemical
              composition and formulation of culture solutions are described,
              along with various types of sediment substrate.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       805

AUTHOR:       Smirnov, A.P., and S.M. Kirov

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Composition of soil air in a reclaimed highmoor bog

SOURCE:       Soviet Soil Sci. 18(2):58-63.

STATE:        RUSSIA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB4, PO-SS1, PO-ML1

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study examines the composition of soil air in a drained
              shrub-sphagnum peat bog in Tosnenskoye Forest Preserve,
              Leningrad Oblast, USSR.  Soil temperature and groundwater
              levels also were measured.  Air at depths of 10, 25, and 40 cm was
              analyzed.  Levels of carbon dioxide concentrations in drained peat
              beds may be 10-20 times higher than those in slightly drained or
              undrained areas.  Seasonal dynamics of carbon dioxide
              concentrations as a function of moisture and temperature are
              discussed.  The high carbon dioxide content of soil air in
              drained bogs may contribute to the absence of pine roots at
              depths greater than 10-15 cm.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1372

AUTHOR:       Smith, B.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Riparian willow management: its problems and potentials,
              within the scope of multiple use on public lands

SOURCE:       Pages 15-20 in Proceedings of the ninth Wyoming shrub ecology
              workshop. Lander, Wyoming.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report addresses the Rock Springs District Stream Survey and
              management requirements to re-establish the vigor and diversity of
              riparian ecosystems using willows.  Four basic types of stream habitat,
              low, low fair, high fair, and good are described by their physical
              characteristics and fish capacity.  After reestablishment of willows
              the pool/riffle ratio went from 80:20 to 65:35, channel width has
              decreased and depth has increased 10%.  The author suggests a 2-5 year
              rest rotation program for ranchers as a compromise for multiple use
              and habitat improvement.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1379

AUTHOR:       Smith, B.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Restoration of riparian habitats within the BLM-Rock Springs
              district

SOURCE:       Wildlife Habitat Rehabilitation and Reclaimation Symposium.
              Salt Lake City, Utah. 8 pp.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, MAMMALS, ECON

PGENUS:       SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses livestock grazing management and beaver
              management to restore riparian communities for cutthroat trout and
              multiple use.  Livestock were used successfully to improve riparian
              meadow habitat in a seasonal rest-rotation grazing management program
              over three years.  Native willow communities, however, were unable to
              recover even after six years rest.  The beavers' natural building
              skill was put to use by supplying them with building materials to
              allow them to build larger, more substantial dams.  The pools created
              served as overwinter habitat for cutthroat trout as well as
              accelerating riparian meadow recovery.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       806

AUTHOR:       Smith, B.H., and J.D. Dunder

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Bone Draw: riparian rehabilitation for development of a
              seasonal sport fishery

SOURCE:       Pages 117-124 in D.L. Archer, ed. Proceedings of the
              Bonneville Chapter of the American Fisheries Society meeting.
              Bonneville Chap. Am. Fish. Soc., Salt Lake City, UT.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       STOCK, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB5, R2-UB3, PO-SS1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses rehabilitation of bone draw, an ephemeral
              tributary of the Big Sandy River, southwest of Eden, WY; a portion
              of the stream is perennial.  Riparian pastures were fenced to
              control livestock grazing and thus enhance vegetative streambank
              stabilization.  Instream habitat development consisted of gabion
              and log drop overpour structures.  Artificial redds were installed
              and 5,000 rainbow trout sac fry were placed in the stream.  As
              the amount of trout spawning activity increased over the 2-5 years
              after stream rehabilitation, more river run gravel was added to
              the stream, in addition to an artificial spawning box device
              (illustrated in text).  Fish abundance has increased substantially
              on the study site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1380

AUTHOR:       Smith, B.H. and J.D. Dunder

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Bone Draw: riparian rehabilitation for development of a
              seasonal sport fishery

SOURCE:       Pages 37-40 in H.G. Fisser, ed. Wyoming shrublands. Laramie,
              Wyoming.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       STOCK

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This brief report discusses how improved riparian communities
              resulted in suitable habitat for sport fish such as rainbow trout.
              Livestock grazing was managed by fencing four pastures along the Bone
              Draw River in Wyoming to allow a rest period for enhancing vegetative
              streambank stabilization.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       807

AUTHOR:       Smith, B.M., and E.P. Hill

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Waterfowl use of strip mine ponds in Alabama

SOURCE:       Proc. Southeast. Assoc. Fish Wildl. Agencies Conf. 33:1-10.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L2-EM2, PO-EM1, PO-AB3, L2-AB3

RESPONSE:     INVERT, WFOWL, VEG

PGENUS:       CHARA, POTAMOGETON, NAJAS, ELEOCHARIS, MYRIOPHYLLUM,
              UTRICULARIA, CAREX, CEPHALANTHUS, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses waterfowl use of 23 coal strip mine ponds in
              northwestern AL.  Ponds were 5, 15, or 25 years old.  Vegetation,
              cover, waterfowl food production, and waterfowl use increased with
              pond age.  Species most frequently observed on the ponds were wood
              duck, ring-necked duck, and pied-billed grebe.  Lack of shoal water
              limited food resources, and lack of cover on younger ponds limited
              waterfowl use.  Ponds 1.5 ha or larger appeared to be used more
              heavily by waterfowl than smaller ponds.  The authors make several
              suggestions for enhancing waterfowl use of reclaimed strip mines,
              including: 1) constructing ponds with increased shoreline length of
              irregular shape, gently sloping pond bottoms, and increased shoal
              areas; 2) replacing topsoil (a better substrate for rooted
              vegetation); and 3) establishing wood duck nesting boxes near
              ponds.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       808

AUTHOR:       Smith, D.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Shore erosion control demonstrations in Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 87-98 in R.H. Stovall, ed. Proceedings of the eighth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-FO3, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA, SPARTINA, PASPALUM,
              COCCOLOBA, ELAEAGNUS, QUERCUS, PINUS, CASUARINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study was part of a demonstration program under the Shoreline
              Erosion Control Demonstration Act of 1974.  Success of wetland
              species establishment was monitored at Stuart and Jensen Beach
              Causeways and Basin Bayou State Recreation Area in FL.  Spartina
              was expected to flourish where roots were established.  Rhizophora
              should be at least 2 ft tall to withstand wave action and sea
              vegetation overtopping.  Paspalum was established easily and spread
              rapidly.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       809

AUTHOR:       Smith, D.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        A practical evaluative procedure for the design of coastal
              wetland restoration projects

SOURCE:       Coastal Zone '83 2:1477-1487.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents a practical, multistep evaluative procedure
              that facilitates assessment of biological benefits, technical
              feasibility, and cost of alternative designs to select the
              optimum wetland restoration design for coastal areas.  The 10
              major steps of the procedure are: 1) select a restoration site;
              2) define biological objectives and constraints; 3) specify
              biological design criteria; 4) develop preliminary alternative
              engineering designs; 5) assess feasibility and costs of
              alternative designs; 6) conduct biological review of alternative
              designs; 7) revise engineering designs based on biological
              review; 8) conduct iterative biological and engineering reviews
              of revised designs; 9) select a preferred alternative; and
              10) develop a habitat restoration plan.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       810

AUTHOR:       Smith, D.D., T.E. Firee, C.T. Mitchell, and M.L. Whitt

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Feasibility of using dredge spoil to generate a wildlife
              reserve and salt marsh in San Diego Bay, California

SOURCE:       Pages 180-187 in Ocean 75 Record, San Diego, CA.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US3, E2-EM.

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes the approach used for a multi-disciplinary
              feasibility study of using dredge spoil to create a wildlife
              reserve and salt marsh in San Diego, CA.  The study involved
              extensive interaction among regulatory agencies and environmental
              groups to assess the proposal of using about 1 million cubic yards
              of unpolluted dredge material sediment from a small boat basin to
              build a 90-100 acre island-like wildlife reserve and associated
              salt marsh.  The feasibility study indicated that the project
              would be environmentally beneficial, compatible with existing
              local multiple land/water use, and feasible from an engineering
              point of view.  Using hydraulic dredging and confined disposal,
              the project would cost $1.5 million.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       811

AUTHOR:       Smith, H.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Habitat development on dredged material

SOURCE:       Pages 856-865 in P.A. Krenkel, J. Harrison, and J.C. Burdick,
              III, eds. Proceedings of the specialty conference on dredging
              and its environmental effects. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., New York.

STATE:        VA, CT, TX, CA, OR, WA, GA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1, R2-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the operational constraints and social,
              governmental, legal, and physical factors that affect habitat
              development on dredged material sites of the coastal U.S.  A brief
              overview of 9 dredged material research program sites of the U.S.
              Army Waterways Experiment Station are included.  Habitat
              development is particularly sensitive to operational delays (e.g.,
              caused by unavailability of equipment or equipment failure) due to
              restricted planting season (onset of growing season).  Social
              factors include concerns about replacing 1 resource with another
              (e.g., a fishing area with a marsh) and possible health hazards
              from polluted dredged material.  Governmental and legal factors
              include limited construction and disposal areas and ownership of
              newly created sites.  High-wave energy is the most limiting
              physical factor of dredged material sites.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       814

AUTHOR:       Smith, H.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat creation with dredged material

SOURCE:       World Dredging Mar. Construct. 14:14-19.

STATE:        CT, OR, WA, FL, TX, NC, CA, WI, NJ, GA, VA, MI

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-EM., R1-US3, R1-US2, E2-UB2, R1-AB3

RESPONSE:     SHELLF, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       PELTANDRA, PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, IVA, SPARTINA, BORRICHIA,
              JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA, CAREX, SCIRPUS, DESCHAMPSIA,
              FESTUCA, TRIFOLIUM, LOLIUM, DACTYLIS, PHLEUM, PHRAGMITES,
              PINUS, TAMARIX, RHUS, QUERCUS, CROTON, ANDROPOGON, PANICUM,
              CYNODON, MYRICA, HALODULE, THALASSIA, ZOSTERA, RUPPIA,
              SYRINGODIUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article evaluates wetland, inland, and terrestrial habitat
              development as a dredged material disposal alternative and
              summarizes feasibility studies from 11 sites.  The development of
              the following marsh types is discussed: marsh, terrestrial,
              marsh/terrestrial, seagrass, and island.  Size, cubic yards of
              material used or removed, plant responses, and general habitat
              improvements are described for each development site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       813

AUTHOR:       Smith, H.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        An introduction to habitat development on dredged material

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. DS-78-19. 40 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A synthesis of results concerning habitat development on dredged
              material is reviewed.  Four general habitats are suitable for
              development: 1) marsh; 2) upland; 3) island; and 4) aquatic.
              Emphasis is placed on habitat site selection.  Each habitat is
              evaluated using factors such as dredged material type,
              engineering costs, and environmental impacts.  Favorable wildlife
              habitat conditions and procedural guidelines are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       812

AUTHOR:       Smith, H.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Coastal habitat development in the dredged material research
              program

SOURCE:       Pages 117-125 in J.C. Lewis and E.W. Bunce, eds.
              Rehabilitation and creation of selected coastal habitats:
              proceedings of a workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.
              FWS/OBS-80/27.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., M.-..., R.-..., E2-EM.

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, PONTEDERIA, PELTANDRA, SAGITTARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the development of coastal habitat as part of
              the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Dredged Material Research Program
              objectives.  Habitat development field study locations are
              included and case studies are described.  Because a large
              percentage of dredged material is fine-grained sediment that tends
              to serve as a natural sink for various forms of pollution, much of
              the material is now confined behind dikes.  The coastal habitat
              development program is discussed in 5 sections: effects of dredged
              material on marsh and upland habitat, marsh development,
              terrestrial habitat development, aquatic habitat development, and
              island habitat development.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       815

AUTHOR:       Smith, L.M., and J.A. Kadlec

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Seed banks and their role during drawdown of a North American
              marsh

SOURCE:       J. Appl. Ecol. 20:673-684.

STATE:        UT

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB3, PO-US3, L2-US3, L2-UB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       DISTICHLIS, ELEOCHARIS, POLYPOGON, RUMEX, SALICORNIA, SCIRPUS,
              TYPHA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes and compares size and species composition of
              seed banks among 6 vegetation types (Typha spp., Scirpus acutus,
              S. maritimus, Distichlis spicata, Phragmites australis, and open
              water).  The study site was Ogden Bay Waterfowl Management Area
              near Ogden, UT.  For each type, 25 soil samples were exposed to
              moist soil and submerged conditions in a greenhouse.  Soil
              conductivity and moisture, marsh seed banks, and marsh management
              are discussed.  Used in conjunction with soil data, seed bank
              information can be used in management decision making (e.g.,
              timing and degree of drawdowns).

KEYWORDS:     seed banks/drawdown/vegetation/Typha/salinity/plants/germination/
              waterfowl/management/created wetlands/Utah/emergent marsh/
              Distichlis spicata/Phragmites australis/soil/marsh plants/dike

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1541

AUTHOR:       Smith, R.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        A conceptual framework for assessing the functions of wetlands

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station,
              Vicksburg, MS. Wetlands Research Program Technical Report
              WRP-DE-3.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Regulatory, administrative, and specific technical requirements are
              discussed for procedures in assessing wetland functions and
              determining prospective effects of dredge and fill in accordance
              with the 404 Regulatory Program.  Wetland functions and values are
              listed in terms of public interest and "held" and "assigned" values.
              The use of classification methods as well as qualitative and
              quantitative models aid in assessing functions of wetlands.  Finally,
              the organizational structure of interdisciplanary groups through
              which procedures are developed to assess a wetland's ability to
              perform certain functions are illustrated.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1574

AUTHOR:       Smith, R.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Hydrogeomorphic approach to assessing wetland functions
              developed under Corps' research program

SOURCE:       The Wetlands Research Program Bulletin 4(3):1-4.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       EVALUATE

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     NONE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses a proceedure being developed by the U.S. Corps
              of Engineers to aid in measureing specific wetland functions for
              regulatory programs under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act.  The
              hydrogeomorphic classification uses geomorphic setting, water source,
              and hydrodynamics to classify wetlands into five basic classes which
              may break into numerous subclasses at the regional level or more
              narrow levels.  Three phases are involved in the assessment
              proceedures including characterization, assessment in terms of
              functional capacity, and application.  A functional capacity index
              is used to determine the ability of a wetland to perform funtions in
              comparison to similar regional wetlands.  Models and guidebooks are
              currently being developed to aid in the assessment proceedures for
              each hydrogeomorphic class.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       816

AUTHOR:       Smith, R.D., and J.H. Sather

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        The Des Plaines River wetlands demonstration project. Volume
              IV. Research plan

SOURCE:       Wetlands Res., Inc., Chicago, IL.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT,
              VEG, HUSE, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the research program for the Des Plaines
              River Wetlands Demonstration Project, a plan to restore wetlands
              on a 450 acre site along 2.8 miles of the Upper Des Plaines River,
              Lake County, IL.  The watershed is 80% agricultural and 20% urban.
              The research program calls for: 1) collection of environmental
              (hydrologic, climatologic, etc.) data; 2) development of surface
              and groundwater hydrologic budgets; 3) development of water
              quality budgets and descriptions of research methods; 4) effects
              of the project on fluvial processes; 5) evaluation of techniques
              for restoring native plant communities; 6) evaluation of physical
              and chemical properties of soils and their effects on vegetation;
              7) description of the role of microorganisms; 8) monitoring of
              aquatic macroinvertebrates and selected terrestrial insects,
              reptiles, and amphibians; 9) research dealing with fisheries,
              migratory and breeding bird populations, and mammals; and
              10) research related to public use.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       817

AUTHOR:       Smith, V.H., and J. Shapiro

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        A retrospective look at the effects of phosphorus removal in
              lakes

SOURCE:       Pages 73-77 in Restoration of lakes and inland waters. Intl.
              Symp. Inland Waters Lake Restor. U.S. Environ. Protect.
              Agency, EPA 440/5-81-010.

STATE:        SWEDEN, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper examines 16 north temperate lakes that have undergone
              restoration and show reductions in chlorophyll a, which accompany
              phosphorus removal.  The exact response of each lake to P removal
              was unique.  The authors suggest that these differences in response
              result to a large extent from changes in the ratio of total N to
              total P accompanying restoration.  A variable chlorophyll yield
              model, which depends explicitly on the tN:tP ratio is presented
              and tested using data from Lake Norrviken (Sweden).  The new model
              appears to greatly reduce chlorophyll prediction error in lakes
              undergoing restoration.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       818

AUTHOR:       Snyder, B.D., and G.L. Potter

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        The critical links between baseline studies and development of
              revegetation and wildlife restoration plans

SOURCE:       Pages 507-510 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1981 symposium
              on surface mining hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation.
              Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses conducting premining baseline vegetation and
              wildlife studies for summary evaluations of outstanding ecological
              resources, assessing project-related impacts, and designing
              revegetation and wildlife habitat restoration projects.
              Recommendations are suggested for alleviating some common
              deficiencies that often occur during the process of synthesizing
              baseline data into an integrated natural resource restoration
              program.  The authors suggest the following approach: 1) review
              mining regulations; 2) contact appropriate agency representatives,
              3) schedule a pre-application conference; 4) conduct a baseline
              sampling program; 5) develop a baseline report; 6) develop
              resource restoration and protection plans; and 7) file the
              application.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       819

AUTHOR:       Snyder, B.D., and J.L. Snyder

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Feasibility of using oil shale wastewater for waterfowl
              wetlands

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-84/01. 290 pp.

STATE:        CO, UT, WY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON, WFOWL

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, RUPPIA, TYPHA, DISTICHLIS, POTAMOGETON

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents the results of a research study that evaluated
              the use of oil shale wastewater for waterfowl wetlands in the
              Washakie, Green River, Uintah, and Piceance Basins of the Rocky
              Mountains.  Physical and chemical properties of wastewater are
              characterized.  A wetland section discusses ecological principles,
              wetland types, and waterfowl dynamics.  Design, engineering,
              institutional, legal, and wastewater treatment feasibility and
              costs are discussed.  Eight recommendations for future projects
              are listed.  Appendices include information on chemical
              composition of oil shale wastewater, effects of chemical
              constituents on major wetland biotic components, selected state
              water quality standards, and wetland design criteria.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       820

AUTHOR:       Snyder, C.D., and E.C. Aharrah

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        The influence of the Typha community on mine drainage

SOURCE:       Pages 149-153 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1984 symposium
              on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation.
              Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, CAREX, EQUISETUM, ELODEA, EICHHORNIA,
              JUSTICIA, ALTERNANTHERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the influence of cattails (Typha spp.) on the
              water quality of coal-mined sites in Clarion County, PA.  The
              concentrations of iron and manganese and pH increased as water
              flowed through two 2-pond systems containing cattails.  Water
              quality remained constant or deteriorated in nonvegetated ponds.
              Cattails from mined sites accumulated more iron and manganese in
              the roots/rhizomes than cattails from nonmined sites.  The authors
              suggest that cattails may provide an environment for bacteria
              and/or algae that function as oxidizers and are agents in the
              removal of metallic ions.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       821

AUTHOR:       Snyder, C.T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Restoration as a method for dealing with unauthorized wetlands
              alterations: the Mississippi experience

SOURCE:       Pages 54-68 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual
              conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough
              Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper examines the legal, regulatory, social, and economic
              problems associated with the required restoration of coastal MS
              wetlands damaged by unauthorized landform alterations.  Restoration
              success depends on the ability and willingness of the violator to
              comply with regulations and implement restoration plans
              effectively.  Several case studies are described: waterfront lot
              development, private residential canals, and residential shoreline
              modification.  The circumstances surrounding each case are
              discussed, along with the reasons for the success or failure of
              each restoration effort.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       823

AUTHOR:       Snyder, R.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Revegetation on erosion prone estuarine beaches

SOURCE:       Pages 162-176 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings fifth annual
              conference on restoration of coastal vegetation in Florida.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, E2-EM1, E2-US2, R1-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, HUSE

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, RHIZOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The use of commercially available filter fabric to prevent erosion
              was effective in the revegetation of an estuarine shoreline of the
              Loxahatchee River, Palm Beach County, FL.  Spartina alterniflora
              and Rhizophora mangle were planted at a minimum density of 1
              6 inch clump on 4-6 ft centers.  Lightweight filter fabric
              (consisting of nylon fibers woven into a base fabric of
              polypropylene strands) was placed with its upper edge above the
              highest spring tide and stabilized with vines and rubble to
              dissipate wave action and provide protection for mangrove
              seedlings.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       822

AUTHOR:       Snyder, R.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetland rehabilitation--the holistic approach

SOURCE:       Pages 10-18 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks, eds.
              Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of impacts
              and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        MANY, FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM., E2-FO3, E2-SS3

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes an approach to wetland rehabilitation
              planning that considers nonlinear mechanics as an insight
              into plant community response.  Equations incorporating
              exitation, inertia, damping, and restoring forces are applied
              to wetland systems.  System interaction and response curves
              are discussed.  The holistic approach is then applied to the
              Admiral's Cove project in Palm Beach County, FL.  Elevation
              considerations, hydrodynamic circulation, groundwater influences,
              and plant material and hydric soils from natural areas were the
              main components of this wetland rehabilitation effort.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1266

AUTHOR:       Snyder, R.M., and J.R. Clark

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Coastal wetland restoration - Developers challenge

SOURCE:       Coastal Zone '85. (1):339-350.

STATE:        FL, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E1-..., E2-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, SHELLF, FISH

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a proposed method of evaluating coastal wetlands
              before and after restoration based on the needs of evaluation species.
              In this proposal, wetlands are separated into two categories:
              Wilderness Wetlands and Economic Wetlands.  Wilderness Wetlands should
              be restored to as near as original condition as possible.  Economic
              Wetlands, on the other hand, should be rehabilitated to benefit both
              society and wildlife.  A marsh adjacent to the Indian River Lagoon in
              southeast Florida is used as an example for describing this proposed
              evaluation method of an Economic Wetland.  The procedure for
              evaluating Economic Wetlands involves assessing societal demands for
              products that a rehabilitated wetland could produce and the demands of
              those products on the ecosystem.  These demands are assigned a
              numerical value and are entered into a formula to calculate the
              overall wetland value of the evaluation species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       824

AUTHOR:       Snyder, R.M., L.J. Greenfield, D. Shackelford, and S. Beeman

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Wetland vegetation and agronomy--preliminary report

SOURCE:       Pages 196-200 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, RHIZOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper is a preliminary report on the growth of Spartina
              alterniflora and mangrove species along revegetated canal banks in
              northern Palm Beach County, FL.  More than 50 acres of fringe salt
              marsh were created.  General observations regarding plant growth
              influences are: 1) groundwater level variations may lead to
              invasion by freshwater plant species at upper elevations; 2) soil
              characteristics affect plant growth; and 3) new growth may be
              shaded (and subsequently suppressed) by lush growth and dieback.
              The presence of cordgrass facilitates natural invasion and growth
              of mangrove seedlings.  Large numbers of red and white mangroves,
              and some black mangroves, have invaded planted areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       825

AUTHOR:       Soileau, D.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1968

TITLE:        Vegetative reinvasion of experimentally treated plots in a
              brackish marsh

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, Louisiana St. Univ., Baton Rouge. 75 pp.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       BIOCIDE, CUT, FIRE, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis describes the effectiveness of using tilling,
              burning, chemical application, or a combination of treatments in
              retarding the growth of wiregrass (Spartina patens) and salt marsh
              grass (Distichlis spicata) and promoting the invasion of leafy
              three-cornered grass (Scirpus robustus) on a coastal marsh,
              Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, LA.  Burning and tilling reduced the
              growth of wiregrass and salt marsh grass; a combination of the 2
              methods was more effective.  Leafy three-cornered grass
              successfully reinvaded the plots.  Use of chemicals was more
              effective in eliminating undesirable species, but retarded growth
              of the three-cornered grass.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1549

AUTHOR:       Sokolove, R.D., and P.R. Thompson

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        From the Environment

SOURCE:       Real Estate Law Journal 23(1):78-85.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses the use of private wetland mitigation banking.
              The disadvantages and failures frequently occur when mitigating a
              small area of land by inexperienced companies as an isolated wetland
              simply for the sake of complience.  Advantages to private mitigation
              banking include:  1) wetlands are created by those who have a long-
              term interest in the success of wetland mitigation banks; 2) a larger
              bank is created which increases the potential for success; 3) the
              regulatory uncertainty is reduced; and 4) it provides mor cost-
              effective compensation opportunities.  Private wetland mitigation
              banking is proposed as a "win-win" situation for dealing with wetland
              impacts.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       826

AUTHOR:       Soots, R.F., Jr., and M.C. Landin

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Development and management of avian habitat on dredged
              material islands

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. DS-78-18. 134 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., E1-..., E2-..., M1-..., M2-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report summarizes findings from 7 regional studies to
              determine dredged material island use by colonizing waterbirds.
              Development and management of the islands include 5 objectives:
              1) record use of islands by nesting birds; 2) document
              succession of vegetation; 3) compare vegetation on diked and
              undiked islands; 4) compare vegetation and bird use on natural
              and manmade sites; and 5) study year-round and migratory use of
              dredged material islands.  The majority of birds on the islands
              were tree nesting species.  Habitat needs indicate the importance
              of management of existing islands.  Eight habitat types for
              nesting are identified.  Breeding biology and nesting substrate
              characteristics are reviewed.  Techniques, management plans, and
              problems are discussed in detail.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/birds/succession/vegetation/bird use/management/dredged
              material/waterbirds/technique


===============================================================================

NUMBER:       827

AUTHOR:       Soots, R.F., and J.F. Parnell

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Introduction to the nature of dredge islands and their
              wildlife in North Carolina and recommendations for management

SOURCE:       Pages 1-34 in J.F. Parnell and R.F. Soots, eds. Proceedings of
              a conference on management of dredge islands in North Carolina
              estuaries. Univ. North Carolina, Sea Grant Program, Raleigh,
              Publ. UNC-SG-75-01.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, BIOCIDE, CUT, FIRE, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-..., E2-SS1, E2-US.

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG

PGENUS:       CAKILE, DISTICHLIS, SCIRPUS, STROPHOSTYLES, ATRIPLEX, PANICUM,
              SPARTINA, EUPHORBIA, CENCHRUS, ERIGERON, TRIPLASIS,
              HETEROTHECA, AMMOPHILA, OENOTHERA, PHRAGMITES, BACCHARIS, IVA,
              MYRICA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses succession of plants and associated bird
              species on dredge material islands of the NC coast.  Recommendations
              for management of these islands for nesting birds include:
              1) avoid deposition of dredge spoil from early April-July (nesting
              season); 2) decrease slope of dome to create better nesting sites,
              3) cut down or bulldoze trees or shrubs beneath deposition site on
              older islands because seabirds do not appear to use the dead trees
              and shrubs that project above the deposit; 4) plant vegetation
              to stabilize islands; and 5) manage for a particular succession
              level (e.g., sparse grass cover for terns, dense grass cover for
              gulls, woody vegetation for herons).  Isolation of islands from
              predators and human use is an important management consideration.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       828

AUTHOR:       Soots, R.F., and J.F. Parnell

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Ecological succession of breeding birds in relation to plant
              succession on dredge islands in North Carolina estuaries

SOURCE:       North Carolina St. Univ., Sea Grant Program, Raleigh,
              UNC-SG-75-27. 91 pp.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US., R1-US., E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, VEG

PGENUS:       CAKILE, SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, CENCHRUS, STROPHOSTYLES,
              ATRIPLEX, TRIPLASIS, FIMBRISTYLIS, SCIRPUS, EUPHORBIA,
              ERIGERON, PHRAGMITES, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the use of dredged material islands by
              nesting birds.  Correlations between nesting birds and seral
              stages of plant succession on the islands also were made.  Eleven
              islands along the coast of NC, from the SC border to the New River
              Inlet, were selected for this study.  They varied from 0-40 years
              in age.  A succession of breeding birds was associated with
              vegetation changes.  Species included herring gull, gull-billed
              tern, royal tern, sandwich tern, least tern, black skimmer,
              American oystercatcher, Wilson's plover, willet, laughing gull,
              and Forster's tern.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       829

AUTHOR:       Sorensen, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Towards an overall strategy in designing wetland restorations

SOURCE:       Pages 85-96 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll.
              Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., M.-..., PO-..., R.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents strategies for designing wetland restoration
              projects and includes a process diagram.  Major planning
              considerations are: 1) defining the wetland planning area;
              2) reviewing state-wide and regional factors such as migratory
              birds, relative scarcity/abundance of the wetland resource,
              overall "mix" of fish and wildlife habitat, and establishment of
              baseline environmental data; 3) determining extent of wetland
              degradation, historical evolution, and ownership; 4) assessing
              existing resource values and impacts; 5) designing the restoration
              site plan; and 6) monitoring, implementing, and evaluating the
              project.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       830

AUTHOR:       Sorensen, J., and S. Gates

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        New directions in restoration of coastal wetlands

SOURCE:       Coastal Zone '83 2:1427-1443.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., PO-..., R.-..., M.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes 3 major aspects of wetland restoration
              planning: 1) obtaining a regional perspective; 2) cooperative
              arrangements with the private sector; and 3) effects of site
              modification on design plans.  Examples are taken from coastal
              wetlands near Los Angeles, CA.  The design of wetland restoration
              plans includes assessment of existing resources, evaluation of
              wildlife behavior, determination of habitat types, assessment of
              physical constraints, and consideration of buffers.  To overcome
              the problem of insufficient data, the following are suggested:
              1) provide a margin of safety in the design plan; 2) use
              performance standards; and 3) include a comprehensive monitoring
              program.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       831

AUTHOR:       Southern Tier Consulting

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Wetland demonstration project

SOURCE:       New York St. Dept. Transport., Albany, Contract No.
              D250336-CPIN5119-01.321.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       JUNCUS, GLYCERIA, SPARGANIUM, RUMEX, DULICHIUM, NUPHAR, IRIS,
              SCIRPUS, POLYGONUM, ALISMA, ASCLEPIAS, CAREX, CICUTA,
              RANUNCULUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a demonstration project to determine
              effective methods of wetland construction for mitigation of
              wetlands lost to construction of New York State Route 17,
              Cattaraugus County, NY.  Results of the project were applied to
              the construction of 78 acres of wetlands (to replace 43 acres
              lost).  The demonstration project included 3 replications of each
              of several sets of environmental/planting treatments (2 water
              depths, 3 soil substrates, 14 planting treatments consisting of
              16 plant species, and 5 planting techniques).  After 2 growing
              seasons, biomass, cover, density, and diversity were measured and
              described in detail.  Recommendations for emergent marsh
              construction are directed toward vegetative establishment, high
              vegetative productivity, and creation of diverse cover types and
              vegetation communities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       832

AUTHOR:       Southward, A.J., and E.C. Southward

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Recolonization of rocky shores in Cornwall after use of toxic
              dispersants to clean up the Torrey Canyon spill

SOURCE:       J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 35(6):682-706.

STATE:        ENGLAND

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: M2-RS., M2-AB1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       FUCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the 10 year recovery of intertidal rocky
              shore communities near Cornwall, Great Britain, from the release
              of crude oil from the Torrey Canyon.  A general progression is
              outlined as follows: colonization by green algae, then brown
              algae, with loss of surviving barnacles.  Limpets and other grazers
              followed; brown algae were eventually removed.  Final phases were
              reductions in limpet populations and resettlement of barnacles.
              Effects of dispersants applied to oiled areas also are described.
              Wave-beaten rocks that had been lightly oiled and were treated
              with light dispersant applications recovered most readily (over a
              5-8 year period).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       833

AUTHOR:       Spangler, F.L., W.E. Sloey, and C.W. Fetter, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Artificial and natural marshes as wastewater treatment systems
              in Wisconsin

SOURCE:       Pages 215-240 in D.L. Tilton, R.H. Kadlec, and C.J.
              Richardson, eds. Freshwater wetlands and sewage effluent
              disposal. Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, IRIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses water quality improvement capabilities of
              artificial marshes constructed for wastewater treatment at Seymour,
              Outagomie County, WI.  Marshes were constructed by lining
              excavations with 20 mil PVC, placing gravel on the bottom, and
              planting softstem, hardstem, and river bulrushes and wild iris.
              River bulrush was less effective than the other species at reducing
              BOD, coliforms, and total phosphorus.  Harvesting of plants was
              not a feasible phosphorus removal technique nor did it influence
              treatment efficiency.  Most of the phosphorus taken out of the
              wastewater went into the gravel and most of the purification
              processes also appeared to be carried out in the substrate system.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       834

AUTHOR:       Spence, D.H.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        The zonation of plants in freshwater lakes

SOURCE:       Pages 37-125 in A. MacFadyen and E.D. Ford, eds. Advances in
              ecological research. Vol. 12. Academic Press, New York.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., L2-AB., L2-EM2, L1-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, WQUAL

PGENUS:       CAREX, SALIX, BETULA, LEMNA, CERATOPHYLLUM, CLADOPHORA,
              NYMPHAEA, POTAMOGETON, SPHAGNUM, PHRAGMITES, NYSSA, POPULUS,
              FRAXINUS, FONTINALIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews the factors controlling the zonation of
              freshwater plants in lakes.  Overall depth distributions of
              various groups of macrophytes are defined.  Specific examples
              of vegetation zonation in a range of lakes, primarily European,
              are presented.  Vertical environmental variables include
              underwater light (attenuation, spectral intensity) and density
              gradient, thermal stratification, and pressure.  Vertical and
              horizontal variables include turbulent and molecular motion.
              Plant responses and adaptations to habitat variables are
              discussed.  The author presents an hypothesis that the shape and
              size of the lake basin determine the overall depth of the
              wave-mixed zone, whereas factors controlling the underwater light
              climate primarily determine depth of the macrophyte zone.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       835

AUTHOR:       Spencer, D.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Tuber size and planting depth influence growth of Potamogeton
              pectinatus L.

SOURCE:       Am. Midl. Nat. 118(1):77-84.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R4-AB3, R.-..., R2-..., R2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the influence of tuber size and planting
              depth on the growth of Potamogeton pectinatus collected from 3
              irrigation canals in Solano County, central CA, and later grown in
              greenhouses.  Tubers were present to depths of 15-23 cm in sediment
              cores collected from the canals.  Mean individual tuber weight
              increased with depth in the sediment.  In greenhouse studies,
              initial growth rates of plants grown from small tubers (1-10 mg),
              planted at 10 cm or less, were reduced relative to those grown
              from larger tubers (31-100 mg).  Tubers of all weight classes had
              reduced growth when planted at 20 cm.  Results indicated that
              planting depth and tuber size may be as important as environmental
              factors in regulating aquatic macrophyte population growth.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       836

AUTHOR:       Spencer, D.F., H.Y Yeung, and R.W. Greene

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Alterations in the zooplankton community of a fly ash treated
              lake

SOURCE:       Hydrobiologia 107(2):123-130.

STATE:        IN

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the response of the zooplankton community
              to additions of fly ash and lime in shallow, productive
              Lake Charles East near Angola, Steuben County, IN.  Lime and
              fly ash were added to precipitate phosphates and "seal" lake
              sediments.  One year after treatment, the zooplankton community
              was similar to what it was before treatment.  Water quality,
              species richness, diversity, and total biomass of the zooplankton
              community and relative composition of the phytoplankton
              community (blue-green algae, flagellates, green algae, and
              diatoms) are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1082

AUTHOR:       Srivastava, O.N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Planktonic changes after restoration of a perennial pond at
              Chotanagpur, India

SOURCE:       Verh. Intl. Verein. Limnol. 21(2):1196-1199.

STATE:        INDIA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       SOIL, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses restoration of a wastewater polluted pond
              at Chotanagpur, India. Inflow of wastewater was diverted in
              1974, but high productivity of the pond allowed massive blooms
              of cyanophytes to flourish during 1975-1976. Pond restoration
              during 1976-1977 consisted of water flushing and dry sediment
              removal. The pond was filled with rain water following restoration.
              Phosphate and nitrate concentrations were appreciably reduced
              during 1978-1979 and ammonium concentrations nearly disappeared.
              Transparency increased. PH dropped from a high of more than 10 to
              a high of less than 8. Phytoplankton production declined nearly
              20-fold following restoration. Quick improvements in heavily
              polluted ponds are possible using sediment removal and flushing
              techniques.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       839

AUTHOR:       Stalter, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Transplantation of salt marsh vegetation. II.

SOURCE:       Georgetown, South Carolina. Castanea 38:132-139.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, IVA, BACCHARIS, SALICORNIA, BORRICHIA,
              LIMONIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Survival and growth rates of transplanted marsh plants were
              studied to determine the effects of inundation, salinity, and
              conductivity when species were moved to atypical habitat.  Four
              vegetative zones were chosen at Georgetown, SC.  Thirty plants of
              Spartina, Distichlis, Iva, Baccharis, Salicornia, Borrichia, and
              Limonium were transplanted to other vegetation zones.  Soil samples
              were taken at 10 day intervals at low tide.  Salinity varied from
              33,500 ppm in the upper high marsh to 322 ppm in the lower low
              marsh.  Mortality rates of all species were high.  Results
              indicated that S. alterniflora tolerated the widest range of
              salinity, highest conductivity, and largest inundation period.
              Two forms of S. alterniflora may be present: a short form
              occupying upper low marsh and a tall form occupying lower low
              marsh.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       838

AUTHOR:       Stalter, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        The zonation of vegetation of southeastern salt marshes

SOURCE:       Pages 24-35 in R.R. Lewis and D.P. Cole, eds. Proceedings of
              the third annual conference on restoration of coastal
              vegetation in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL, GA, SC, NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       BACCHARIS, IVA, SPARTINA, BORRICHIA, LIMONIUM, DISTICHLIS,
              SALICORNIA, SUAEDA, SESUVIUM, BATIS, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes vegetation zonation in salt marshes of the
              southeastern U.S.  Plant tolerance to tidal action, flooding, and
              soil salt content varies; as a result, specific plants occupy
              certain zones, which are described by species association and
              elevation.  The upper high marsh (low soil salt, infrequent
              flooding) is dominated by Baccharis halimifolia, Iva frutescens,
              Spartina patens, and Panicum virgatum.  Lower high marsh (moderate
              soil salt, infrequent flooding) contains Borrichia frutescens,
              Limonium carolinianum, L. nashii, Distichlis spicata, and others.
              The upper low marsh (moderate to high soil salt, more frequent
              flooding) is dominated by dwarf S. alterniflora.  The lower
              low marsh is flooded twice daily by tides and is dominated by tall
              S. alterniflora.  Brackish marsh vegetation also is discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       837

AUTHOR:       Stalter, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Factors affecting vegetational zonation on coastal dunes,
              Georgetown, South Carolina

SOURCE:       Pages 58-73 in R.R. Lewis and D.P. Cole, eds. Proceedings of
              the third annual conference on restoration of coastal
              vegetation in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: M2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       IVA, SPARTINA, UNIOLA, ERIGERON, PANICUM, MYRICA, JUNIPERUS,
              RHUS, RUBUS, SMILAX, BACCHARIS, EUPHORBIA, DIODIA,
              HYDROCOTYLE, OENOTHERA, CENCHRUS, STROPHOSTYLES, CAKILE,
              AMARANTHUS, OPUNTIA, PHYSALIS, TRIPLASIS, HETEROTHECA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes experimental procedures for testing the
              tolerance of sand dune plants to salt spray and salt water
              inundation.  Fifteen plant species on each of 12 sites received
              periodic salt treatments from September to October 1970.  Iva
              imbricata and Spartina patens were unaffected by salt
              treatments.  Uniola paniculata and Erigeron canadensis were not
              affected by salt spray treatments, but U. paniculata declined
              after several weeks' treatment with saltwater and combinations of
              saltwater and salt spray.  No E. canadensis survived more than 2
              weeks under these 2 treatments.  Wind-borne salt spray is an
              important determinant of vegetation zonation in coastal dune
              communities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       840

AUTHOR:       Stalter, R., and W.T. Batson

PUBL. YEAR:   1969

TITLE:        Transplantation of salt marsh vegetation, Georgetown, South
              Carolina

SOURCE:       Ecology 50(6):1087-1089.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, SPARTINA, BORRICHIA, IVA, LIMONIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This experiment was conducted to determine the tolerance, survival,
              and growth rate of salt marsh plant species under various tidal
              marsh conditions on the Baruch Plantation at Georgetown, SC.  Four
              vegetation zones were described: 1) high high marsh flooded 20
              minutes/day; 2) low high marsh flooded 1 hour/day; 3) high low
              marsh flooded several hours/day; and 4) low low marsh flooded 14
              hours/day.  Thirty plants of each dominant species in each zone
              were transplanted as plugs in the other zones.  Several species
              can tolerate conditions not found in their usual zones.  A table
              is presented comparing percent survival, transplant height,
              contiguous vegetation height, and transplant response for 6 species
              in the 4 zones.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1165

AUTHOR:       Stanley, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Riparian wetland creaiton and restoration in the far West: a
              compilation of information

SOURCE:       Pages 417-464 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        CA, OR

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE, COMPARATIVE, PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL, CUT, LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: RIPARIAN, R.-..., PO-SS1, PO-SS3, PO-FO., PO-EM2, PO-EM1,
              E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, INVERT, HUSE, FISH, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SOIL

PGENUS:       RIBES, PRUNUS, SAMBUCUS, PLATANUS, POPULUS, QUERCUS, SPARTINA,
              SALICORNIA, SCIRPUS, SALIX, SUEADA, ATRIPLEX, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information on the creation and restoration of
              riparian wetlands in the far western U.S. and includes riparian
              ecology and restoration, restoration planning, information needed
              for the review and approval of plans, suggested format and contents
              for riparian revegetation plan, and an extensive bibliography and
              annotated bibliography.  Profiles of 37 riparian restoration
              projects in CA and 3 in OR include wetland type, location,
              mitigation, size, date planted and type of propagule, goals,
              judgement of success, significance and contacts.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1196

AUTHOR:       Stanley, J.T., L.R. Silva, H.C. Appleton, M.S. Marangio, W.J.
              Lapaz, and B.H. Goldner

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Coyote Creek (Santa Clara County) pilot revegetation project

SOURCE:       Pages 447-454 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
              California riparian systems conference: protection,
              management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September
              22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, LFORM, SOIL, BIOCIDE, FERT, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       ACER, ALNUS, FRAXINUS, JUGLANS, PLATANUS, POPULUS, QUERCUS,
              SALIX, SAMBUCUS, UMBELLULARIA, ARTEMISIA, ROSA, RUBUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The Santa Clara Valley Water District is currently evaluating a
              pilot riparian revegetation project on a 1.6 ha site adjacent to
              Coyote Creek, north of San Jose, CA.  Specific techniques used
              during the design, site preparation and installation of 3640
              plants are described including blading to clear weeds, creating
              levees for flood irrigation, fencing to exclude humans and
              wildlife, and using fabric, bark mulch, mowing, hoeing and
              herbicides to control weeds.  This paper reports the analysis
              of 1 year's data, comparing survival of various plant materials
              for each of the 15 native plant species.  Plant survival is
              evaluated for portions of the site irrigated by overhead
              sprinklers (75.8%) vs. flood irrigation (73.1%).  These data
              will be used to plan the revegetation of another 3.2 ha on
              the same site. (AA-Mod)

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       841

AUTHOR:       Starnes, L.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Aquatic community response to techniques utilized to reclaim
              eastern U.S. coal surface mine-impacted streams

SOURCE:       Pages 193-222 in J.A. Gore, ed. The restoration of rivers and
              streams. Butterworth Publ., Boston, MA.

STATE:        TN, PA, WV, VA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STOCK, FERT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper addresses surface coal mining impacts of sedimentation
              and acid mine drainage on aquatic systems.  Geology, topography,
              and mining techniques affect recovery rates for impacted aquatic
              communities.  Case studies from TN, VA, PA, and WV are described
              briefly, with the focus on response of the aquatic community to
              various restoration activities, including stream channel
              reconstruction, revegetation, limestone barriers, bank cover,
              deflectors, cascades, and rock boulders for habitat diversity.
              The greatest degree of ecological recovery occurred when the
              restoration approach treated drainage and vegetation problems and
              was based on careful assessment of site-specific characteristics.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       842

AUTHOR:       Starnes, L.B., J.B. Maddox, and T.G. Zarger

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Effects of remedial reclamation treatments on terrestrial and
              aquatic ecosystems--a progress report

SOURCE:       Pages 276-286 in D.E. Samuel, J.R. Stauffer, and C.H. Hocutt,
              eds. Proceedings of a symposium: surface mining and
              fish/wildlife needs in the eastern United States. U.S. Fish
              Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-78/81.

STATE:        TN

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-SS., PO-FO., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the effects of remedial treatments applied to
              162 ha of surface mined lands within the Ollis Creek watershed,
              north of Caryville,  TN.  Treatments, applied over 3 years,
              included liming, disking, seeding grasses and legumes, and
              planting trees and shrubs.  Percent herbaceous groundcover
              and number of woody stems/ha increased significantly.  Improvement
              in water quality (decreases in acidity, turbidity, sulfates, some
              metals) appeared to be associated with improved groundcover from
              the remedial treatments.  Aquatic invertebrates were slowly
              responding to treatments after 2 years of monitoring.  Fish
              populations were still limited to streams that were direct
              tributaries to downstream reservoirs.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1294

AUTHOR:       Staubitz W.W., J.M. Surface, T.S. Steenhuls, J.H. Peverly,
              M.J. Lavine, N.C. Weeks, W.E. Sanford, and R.J. Kopka

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Potential use of constructed wetlands to treat landfill
              leachate

SOURCE:       Pages 735-742 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the design of experimental wetlands to be used
              for the treatment of landfill leachate at two solid waste landfills in
              Tompkins County and Allegany County, New York.  Eight wetland plots
              are being constructed (30m long, 3m wide,and 0.6m deep) with varying
              combinations of slope, substrate, and planting.  Two types of wetland
              systems, root-zone and rock-reed filter, will be examined.  They
              differ in substrate and hydraulic conductivity as well as the pathway
              through which the wastewater flows.  Quantity and samples of leachate
              will be monitored and analyzed for organic and inorganic chemical
              constituents.  In addition, the water and chemical mass loadings and
              treatment efficiencies will be calculated.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1451

AUTHOR:       Stauffer, A.L. and R.P. Brooks

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Disposal of municipal leaf compost in a freshwater man-made
              wetland

SOURCE:       Pages 894-898 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the
              13th annual conference, Society of Wetland Scientist. New
              Orleans, LA. USA. 990 pp.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The possibilities of using leaf litter compost mixed with mineral
              soils as substrate for created wetlands to dispose of non-toxic
              organic wastes as well as enhancing the planting medium is discussed.
              Four 6 m by 6 m plots were filled with a mixture of municipal leaf
              litter and existing mineral soils.  Four 6 m by 6 m plots were left
              untreated for comparison.  Both sets of plots were allowed to
              revegetate by volunteer species.  Treated plots retained adequate
              moisture during the droughty conditions of the first summer and had
              29% greater total plant cover than the untreated plots.  Organic
              matter and organic carbon increased in the treated plots; whereas,
              organic matter increased only slightly and no significant increase of
              organic carbon occurred in the untreated plots.  Although leaf
              compost appears to be a suitable substrate for created wetlands, the
              authors acknowledge that more research on the influence of organic
              matter is needed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1083

AUTHOR:       Stebbings, R.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1970

TITLE:        Recovery of salt marsh in Brittany sixteen months after heavy
              pollution by oil

SOURCE:       Environ. Pollut. 1:163-167.

STATE:        FRANCE

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TRIGLOCHIN, PLANTAGO, GLAUX, JUNCUS, PUCCINELLIA, SCIRPUS,
              SUAEDA, AGROPYRON, BETA, SALICORNIA, FESTUCA, ARMERIA, ASTER,
              SPERGULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper assesses changes in vegetation 16 months after an oil
              spill, which heavily contaminated a salt marsh in the Cotes du
              Nord province of northwestern France.  Oil was 2-5 cm deep over
              the marsh with frequent deep pools to 10 cm.  Oil was still
              evident 16 months later with many pools 2-3 cm deep.  Oil also
              had penetrated about 3 cm into litter and soil.  The salt marsh
              was able to withstand the contamination with slight floral
              composition changes.  However, the oil had been at sea for 14-18
              days prior to entering the marsh and had lost most of its toxic
              factions.  Oil did appear to prevent gaseous interchange between
              soil and air, yielding reducing conditions that led to chlorotic
              symptoms in plants.  The author states that salt marshes can be
              important sites for trapping and holding oil off coastal waters
              while biodegradation and other breakdown processes occur.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       843

AUTHOR:       Stefan, H.G., and M.J. Hanson

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Predicting dredging depths to minimize internal nutrient
              recycling in shallow lakes

SOURCE:       Pages 79-85 in Restoration of lakes and inland waters:
              international symposium on inland waters and lake restoration.
              U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, EPA 440/5-81-010.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       SOIL, CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper develops a method to predict vertical temperature
              structures and multiple turnover events in shallow lakes in
              response to wind forces and heat transfer from the atmosphere.  The
              model is useful for determining proper dredging depths to reduce
              summer fertilization of the photic zone by phosphorous recycled
              from the lake bed and thus reduce nuisance blooms of algae.  The
              method has been verified against field measurements and weather
              data for the Fairmont Lakes in southern MN.  Examples of the use of
              this model for determining required dredging depths are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1512

AUTHOR:       Steiner, G.R., J.T. Watson, and K.D. Choate

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        General design, construction, and operation guidelines for
              small constructed wetlands wastewater treatment systems

SOURCE:       Pages 499-507 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       MANY, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides guidelines for designing, constructing, and
              operating constructed wetlands for small wastewater treatment.
              Considerations include pretreatment, hydraulic and organic loading,
              and the basis of wetland design and construction.  The design and
              construction depends on the type of system needed, configuration,
              dimensions, substrate, pumping and piping, water level controls, and
              effluent disposal.  Design examples are proposed for treating
              wastewater from a three-bedroom house and for a resort.  Guidelines
              are also provided for vegetation to be used as well as operation and
              maintenance of the system.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       844

AUTHOR:       Steiner, G.R., J.T. Watson, D.A. Hammer, and D.F. Harker, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Municipal wastewater treatment with artificial wetlands--a
              TVA/Kentucky demonstration

SOURCE:       Pages 923-932 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic
              plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia
              Publ., Orlando, FL.

STATE:        KY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, TYPHA, CAREX, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article demonstrates the benefits of using artificial
              wetlands to treat municipal wastewater by reviewing the success
              of 3 artificial wetland designs in southwestern KY.  The systems
              used were: 1) a gravel marsh and surface flow marsh at a cost
              of $200,000; 2) a root-zone method at a cost of $135,000; and
              3) a marsh-pond-meadow at a cost of $172,000.  Monitoring will be
              conducted for the following 3 or 4 years.  Design parameters
              included plant species, slopes, flow rates, and substrate types.
              Native soils were used, but were altered to suit each design
              method.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       845

AUTHOR:       Steinke, T.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Hydrologic manipulation and restoring wetland values: Pine
              Creek, Fairfield, Connecticut

SOURCE:       Pages 377-383 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of
              impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes initial efforts to restore degraded tidal
              wetlands in Fairfield, CT, by breaching a dike.  After 5 years,
              the marsh appeared to be restored to salt hay and cordgrass, with
              large populations of several invertebrate species.  Original
              populations of breeding fish, birds, and diamondback terrapins
              have not been restored, however.  Their habitat requirements
              include upland areas adjacent to the marsh; these areas may have
              to be rehabilitated before the estuarine system can be considered
              fully restored.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/values/Connecticut/proceedings/symposium/wetlands
              mitigation/impacts/losses/function/marshes/cordgrass/fishes/
              birds/habitat/restoration/degraded tidal wetlands/tidal
              wetlands/tidal flushing/hydrologic manipulation/ribbed
              mussels/plants/mitigation

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       846

AUTHOR:       Steller, D.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Factors affecting the survival of transplanted Thalassia
              testudinum

SOURCE:       Pages 3-22 in R.R. Lewis and D.P. Cole, eds. Proceedings of
              the third annual conference on restoration of coastal
              vegetation in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: M1-AB3, E1-AB3, M1-UB2, E1-UB2, M2-AB3, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Thalassia testudinum was transplanted at 10 sites around Marco
              Island, Collier County, FL.  Thalassia was taken from a single bed
              at coconut island in the Marco River.  The 10 sites exhibited a
              range of temperature, depth, current, and sediment conditions.
              Percent survival of Thalassia was influenced most by minimum
              temperature and depth; survival increased with higher minimum
              temperatures and greater depth.  The deepest site was 2.62 ft below
              mlw, but there was no indication that Thalassia could not be
              planted in deeper water.  Of the planting methods used in the
              study, the planting of rhizomes with intact apical meristems was
              not recommended for further use because it was too time consuming
              and destructive to the environment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1084

AUTHOR:       Stengel, E., W. Carduck, and C. Jebsen

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Evidence for denitrification in artificial wetlands. Pages
              543-550 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic plants for
              water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia Publ., Inc.,
              Orlando, FL.

SOURCE:

STATE:        GERMANY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, CYPERUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper investigated two artificial wetland systems to
              determine their ability to remove nitrates from ground- and tap
              water by assimilative uptake in biomass and dissimilative
              reduction to nitrous oxide and nitrogen by bacteria.  Artificial
              wetland units consisted of a flat basin 0.6 m x 16 m filled with
              gravel and planted with Phragmites or Cyperus.  Occurrence of
              high nitrous oxide levels after addition of acetylene enriched
              water gave a strong indication of the denitrification process.
              Measured rates of nitrate removal exceeded normal range of
              nitrogen uptake in macrophytes during the summer.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       847

AUTHOR:       Stephen, M.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Mangrove restoration in Naples, Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 201-206 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, SHELLF, FISH, SHOREB, ECON

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A 15 acre spoil site that formerly was a wetland on Naples Bay,
              FL, was subjected to restoration activities, including the planting
              of red mangrove propagules.  After 6 months, propagule survival was
              97%.  Optimal growth occurred at elevations of 33-45 cm NGVD.
              Where several permanent ponds were created unintentionally, oyster
              communities began to grow and habitat was provided for algae,
              small fish, and wading birds.  Black mangroves began to grow along
              the site perimeter.

KEYWORDS:     mangroves/restoration/Florida/proceedings/wetlands/wetlands
              restoration/wetlands creation/dredge spoil/habitat/fishes/
              birds/red mangroves/Rhizophora mangle/elevation control/
              dredging/spoil/tidal flushing/restoration site/status/oyster/
              elevation/creation/wading birds/algae/coastal

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1434

AUTHOR:       Steyer, G.D. and B. Good

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Current activities of the coastal restoration division of the
              Louisiana department of natural resources

SOURCE:       Pages 144-156 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the
              seventeenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and
              creation. Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, FL.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION

ACTION:       HYDRO, PLANT, LFORM, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses conservation, restoration, creation, and
              enhancement projects of coastal wetlands performed by the Coastal
              Restoration Division (CRD).  Projects are catagorized as freshwater
              diversions, sediment diversions, marsh management, shoreline erosion
              protection, and vegetative restoration.  Projects in Pass-A-Loutre,
              Falgout Canal, Kings Ridge, and a diversion south of New Orleans are
              described as examples of each restoration method.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1448

AUTHOR:       Steyer, G.D., C.I. Simon, and S.G. Underwood

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        A resource management approach for evaluating the
              effectiveness of wetland restoration projects

SOURCE:       Pages 742-746 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the
              13th annual conference, Society of Wetland Scientists. New
              Orleans, LA. 990 pp.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2.-...

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes monitoring protocols developed by the Coastal
              Restoration Division (CRD) of the Louisiana Department of Natural
              Resources (LDNR) for projects under the Coastal Wetland's Conservation
              and Restoration Plan.  Objectives for monitoring a project as a tool
              in evaluating the success of management goals are listed.  Protocols
              used for broad scale monitoring include:  aerial photography, field
              sampling, computer database and statistical analysis, as well as,
              reports and publications.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1085

AUTHOR:       Stoecker, R.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        The importance of shoreline length to improving wildlife
              habitat at gravel ponds

SOURCE:       Pages 172-176 in W.D. Graul and S.J. Bissell, tech. coords.
              Lowland river and stream habitat in Colorado: symposium. Univ.
              Northern Colorado, Greeley.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM.

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, NGBIRDS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the effects of shoreline length on wildlife
              habitat at White Rocks, a gravel-mined area near Boulder, CO,
              during its fifth year of reclamation.  Data were collected through
              bird counts, casts regurgitated by raptors, and live trapping of
              small mammals.  Voles were the most important prey (Microtus
              pennsylvanicus and M. ochrogaster), and were much more abundant
              in the 1 m zone surrounding the pond margin.  Songbird diversity
              also was greater near the shore than in the original pasture
              habitat.  The importance of islands also is discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       848

AUTHOR:       Stoecker, R.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Creating small islands for wildlife visual enhancement

SOURCE:       Pages 48-50 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds. Wildlife
              values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Stn., St.
              Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG

PGENUS:       AGROPYRON, SPOROBOLUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the reclamation of gravel pits at white rocks,
              5 miles east of Boulder, CO.  Prior to mining, in 1972, a
              reclamation plan was developed, which included construction of
              2 main lakes and 6 small lakes on the 150 acre property.  Bird and
              small mammal populations have been monitored since 1972.
              Monitoring led to recognition of the importance of islands as part
              of the created habitat; plans were adjusted accordingly.  The
              original plan for a 22 acre lake included 1 large island; the new
              plan provides for 50 small islands and 2 large ones, for a total
              increase in shoreline length of 40%.  Island construction plans
              are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1219

AUTHOR:       Stout, J.P., and K.L. Hick, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Reintroduction of oligohaline grassbeds, Mobile Bay, Alabama

SOURCE:       Pages 180-199 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, SHELLF, INVERTS, ECON

PGENUS:       VALLISNERIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In May, 1988 Vallisneria americana plants were transplanted from
              robust donor beds to adjacent former grassbed sites in Upper
              Mobile Bay, AL.  The transplant sites and control sites were
              sampled (vegetation/infauna) from May-November.  Growth rates for
              transplants were good but % vegetative cover remained well below
              adjacent naturally occurring grassbeds.  Faunal species composition
              was similar between natural and transplant sites but species
              abundance was much lower in the transplant site.  Project cost
              analyses are presented.  The study will continue into a
              second year.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1615

AUTHOR:       Strader, R.W., C. Stewart, J. Wessman, B. Ray

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Bottomland hardwood reforestation guidelines

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region. 19pp.

STATE:        MS, AR, LA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HARVEST, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS, HUSE

PGENUS:       QUERCUS, JUGLANS, CARYA, TAXODIUM, FRAXINUS, ACER, LIQUIDAMBAR

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discussess the techniques used in reforestation of
              bottomland hardwood forest for habitat restoration.  Objectives for
              successful long-term bottomland forest management are listed.  Success
              is defined as a multilayered forest with diversity of tree, shrub, and
              vine species for a long-term goal and as 150-200 free-to-grow seedlings
              per acre as a short-term goal.  Planning in terms of knowing the
              soils and hydrology of the prospective area to determine which species
              to select, fertilizer to be applied, species diversity to aim for is
              also discussed.  Techniques used by the Fish and Wildlife Service
              including direct seeding, planting seedlings, hand planting, and
              machine planting are reviewed.  Finally, the importance of post-planting
              operations and monitoring is emphasized.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       849

AUTHOR:       Strawn, K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1961

TITLE:        Factors influencing the zonation of submerged monocotyledons
              at Cedar Key, Florida

SOURCE:       J. Wildl. Manage. 25(2):178-189.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: M2-AB3, E2-AB3, E2-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       DIPLANTHERA, RUPPIA, HALOPHILA, THALASSIA, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses factors influencing the zonation of 5
              submerged monocotyledons on grass flats at Cedar Key, FL.  Zonation
              is determined by tidal level and is modified by tide pools and by
              water draining across the grass flats during low tide.  Shallow
              water and the winter environment are less severe on species with
              flexible leaves (e.g., Diplanthera) than on species with stiff
              leaves (e.g., Syringodium).  The author suggests that dredging and
              filling can be used to restore grass flats to areas where they
              have been destroyed and to enlarge existing grass flats, but the
              success of the restoration depends on a thorough knowledge of the
              ecology of the grass flat at a particular restoration site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       851

AUTHOR:       Street, M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Management of artificial wetlands for waterfowl-- a novel
              technique to increase the availability of invertebrate food
              items

SOURCE:       Trans. Intl. Congr. Game Biol. 14:159-174.

STATE:        ENGLAND

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB2, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses experimental treatment of a gravel quarry
              lake complex near Great Linford, England, by the addition of
              barley straw (Hordeum spp.) to provide a major nutrient supply for
              aquatic invertebrates.  The objective was to significantly increase
              the standing crop of macroinvertebrates that are important food
              sources for waterfowl during summer.  Initially, the existing
              Chironomid larval populations of the sandy substrate were
              adversely affected by the addition of 0.45-1.45 kg/m2 of straw
              in early March.  However, after the straw began to decay, the
              invertebrate fauna was considerably richer on treated sites.  The
              straw also added a substrate for colonization by detritivores
              and diversity and biomass of invertebrates increased within the
              straw itself.  The author discusses the use of this treatment
              in relation to production of waterfowl foods.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       850

AUTHOR:       Street, M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        The Great Linford project: waterfowl research in a gravel pit
              wildlife reserve

SOURCE:       Pages 170-180 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds.
              Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp.
              Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        GREAT BRITAIN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, BIOCIDE, CUT, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3, PO-AB., PO-EM1, PO-EM., L.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, WFOWL, VEG

PGENUS:       CAREX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the restoration and management of the Great
              Linford Gravel Quarry near Newport Pagnell, North Bucks, Great
              Britain.  Management focuses on creation and maintenance of
              productive habitat for waterfowl.  Research on duckling survival
              revealed a need for areas of water with high biological
              productivity; this was provided by: 1) using emergent plant
              species (e.g., Carex riparia) with large submerged surface per
              unit area, which contain the largest, most diverse invertebrate
              populations; and 2) adding barley straw at 1 kg/m2 to recently
              dug gravel pit water to stimulate invertebrate production.  A
              computerized model that simulates waterfowl population responses
              to various changes in habitat also is described.

KEYWORDS:     waterfowl/wildlife/habitat/habitat creation/creation/vegetation/
              wetland habitat/plants/invertebrates/management/technique/Britain/
              gravel pit wetlands/chironomid midges/mallard/duckling survival/
              emergent waterplants/lacustrine/values/ducklings

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1459

AUTHOR:       Streever, W.J. and T.L. Crisman

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        A preliminary comparison of meiobenthic cladoceran
              assemblages in natural and constructed wetlands in central
              Florida

SOURCE:       Wetlands 13(4):229-236.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARITIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     INVERTS

PGENUS:       TYPHA, PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, PANICUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study evaluates the usefulness of meiobenthic communities for
              comparison of natural and constructed wetlands and identifies their
              patterns of similarity in 8 natural and 11 constructed wetlands.  All
              sites sampled occurred in or near the Central-Pebble Phosphate
              District and the constructed wetlands were built on phosphate mined
              lands.  Samples were collected monthly at two constructed wetland sites
              to study population pulse occurrances.  Samples were also taken
              quarterly from six constructed wetlands to investigate intra wetland
              variability.  All other wetlands were sampled quarterly to determine
              patterns of similarity between natural and constructed wetland
              meiobenthic cladoceran populations.  Mean species richness was higher
              for natural wetlands (8.25) than for constructed wetlands (6.6).
              Natural wetlands had more variable meiobenthic cladoceran assemblages
              than constructed wetlands, which the author attributes to the greater
              environmental and ecological variablity of natural wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1455

AUTHOR:       Streever, W.J. and T.L. Crisman

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        A comparison of fish populations from natural and constructed
              freshwater marshes in Central Florida

SOURCE:       Journal of Freshwater Ecology 8(2):149-153.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: P0-EM2

RESPONSE:     FISH

PGENUS:       PONTEDERIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study compares fish communities from five constructed and eight
              natural marshes as a reflection of differences in recruitment and
              environmental conditions.  All samples were collected quarterly from
              similar sites containing stands of Pontederia cordata with water
              depths of 0.1-0.4 m.  A throw-trap was deployed in each marsh to sample
              fish.  All species occurring in natural marshes also occurred in
              constructed marshes.  Total species richness was greater in constructed
              marshes than in natural marshes with the exception of Elassoma
              evergladei which occurred in a higher percentage of natural marshes.
              Concluding that recruitment did not limit available species in
              constructed marshes, the differences of environmental conditions was
              addressed by comparing mean abundances and biomasses from both marsh
              types using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.  Due to a greater abundance of
              Gambusia holbrooki constructed marshes, the authors suggest the
              seasonal effect of hydroperiod in the natural marshes effect their
              abundance.

KEYWORDS:     comparison/fishes/freshwater wetlands/central Florida/wetlands
              mitigation/wetlands/losses/natural marshes/constructed marshes/
              marshes/water depths/fish populations/Florida/mitigation/wetland
              losses/fish communities/biomass

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1561

AUTHOR:       Streever, W.J. and K.M. Portier

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        A computer program to assist with sampling design comparison
              of natural and constructed wetlands

SOURCE:       Wetlands 14(3):199-205.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERTS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Comparisons of chironomid populations from natural and constructed
              wetlands are used to demonstrate a SAS program which suggests
              sampling designs in a sampling effort-allocation program.  Preexisting
              data were used from 9 natural and 9 constructed wetlands.  Sampling
              efforts were estimated using hierarchial nested sampling levels and
              determination of variances at each level from the existing data.
              Parameters such as acceptable error rates, critical effects, cost
              parameters, and upper and lower bounds were set by the researcher.
              Several different sampling designs were produced for 6 of the 9
              genera considered.  Samples not meeting the set boundries were not
              considered.  Considerations for applying the sampling effort-allocation
              program in other research studies are discussed.

KEYWORDS:     herbaceous wetlands/central Florida/sampling design/chironomids/
              computer program/natural wetlands/constructed wetlands/comparison/
              wetlands

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1355

AUTHOR:       Stuber, R.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Stream habitat improvement evaluation: an alternative approach

SOURCE:       Pages 153-161 in J.G. Miller, J.A. Arway, and R.F. Carline,
              eds. Fifth trout stream habitat improvement workshop. Lock
              Haven University, Lock Haven, PA.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION

ACTION:       HYDRO, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R3-SB2

RESPONSE:     FISH, HYDRO, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses stream improvement methods and evaluations used
              along five rivers within the South Platte River basin to improve
              stream habitat for fish.  Habitat improvement included enhancing
              instream pool/cover areas using log check dams, boulder clusters, or a
              combination of the two, during the low flow periods.  The Habitat
              Quality Index (HQI) was used to estimate trout carrying capacity
              before and after habitat improvement.  Categories tested were late
              summer flow, annual flow variation, water velocity, trout cover,
              stream width, eroding banks, stream substrate, nitrate concentration,
              and maximum summer water temperatures.  Trout carrying capacity
              increased an average of 97%, cover increased an average of 153%, and
              water velocity decreased an average of 33%.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       852

AUTHOR:       Summers, P.B., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        An ecological assessment of 21 sediment ponds, Ollis Creek
              Mine, Campbell County, Tennessee, 1981

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, Tennessee Technol. Univ., Cookeville. 242 pp.

STATE:        TN

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, TYPHA, ELEOCHARIS, POTAMOGETON, JUNCUS, LEERSIA,
              LINDERNIA, SAGITTARIA, LUDWIGIA, GLYCERIA, CALLITRICHE,
              VALLISNERIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis compares water quality, macroinvertebrate communities,
              fish populations, and vegetation of 21 sediment ponds of the Ollis
              Creek Mine, Campbell County,  TN.  The sediment ponds were
              basically the same age.  Community structure descriptors for
              benthic macroinvertebrates in the higher pH ponds indicated an
              accelerated rate of recovery compared to the acidic ponds.  Carbon
              may have been a limiting factor for recovery in acidic ponds.  Many
              ponds had excessive plant growth, which contributed to overcrowding
              and stunting of forage fishes.  The author suggests that many of
              the problems associated with these sediment ponds would probably
              be eliminated with higher water quality and pond engineering
              standards, coupled with the removal of toxic spoils and highwalls.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1546

AUTHOR:       Sumrall, L.B., R.Y. Surampalli, S.K. Banerji, and D.M. Sievers

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Performance evaluation of constructed wetland treatment system

SOURCE:       Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 8(2):35-46.

STATE:        MO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, SAGITARRIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of an experimental wetland as a secondary
              treatment for domestic wastewater.  Three cells of the same area with
              various water depths were constructed.  The first cell contained
              Lemna sp., the second cell contained Scirpus and Sagitarria, and the
              first 1/3 of the third cell contained Typha while the last 2/3 was
              maintained as a subsurface flow system planted with Phlaris arundinacea.
              Hydraulic and retention times varied resulting in inconsistent removal
              efficiencies.  Removal of BOD ranged from 73% to 99% although
              precipitation events caused dilution and decreased efficiencies.
              Ammonia nitrogen efficiencies tended be better with greater
              retention times and higher water temperatures in summer increased
              total suspended solids removals and also increased as plant biomass
              increased.  Clogging occured in the subsurface flow systems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1086

AUTHOR:       Suurballe, N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Hydrologic regime of a floodplain wetland in Massachusetts

SOURCE:       Pages 73-81 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings of
              the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept. 16-18
              1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        MA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the results of a study to determine the
              water balance through a wetland stream system in the head waters
              of Natty Pond Brook in central Massachusetts.  Seasonal
              influences of a wetland under various hydrological conditions are
              discussed.  This information is intended to improve predictions
              of water quality along stream reaches in wetlands.  Input/output
              data is presented and discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       853

AUTHOR:       Svedarsky, W.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        The Red River Valley Natural History Area: wildlife management
              and environmental education in an abandoned gravel pit in
              northwest Minnesota

SOURCE:       Pages 132-140 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds.
              Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp.
              Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HUSE, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SALIX, CORNUS, DREPANOCLADUS, SIUM, ALISMA, LEMNA, TYPHA,
              SCIRPUS, CAREX, POTAMOGETON

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes an 85 acre natural history area near
              Crookston, MN, 35 acres of which was mined for gravel about
              80 years ago.  Willow swamps and marshes have been developing
              since that time.  Inventories of birds and mammals recorded at the
              site are listed.  Successional changes in both vegetation and
              breeding bird species are depicted for gravel pits above or below
              the water table.  Considerations in planning for wildlife habitat
              on gravel mined lands are discussed, along with planning for
              environmental education uses.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1371

AUTHOR:       Swales, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        The use of instream habitat improvement methodology in
              mitigating the adverse effects of river regulation on
              fisheries

SOURCE:       Pages 235-250 in J.A. Gore and G.E. Petts, eds. Alternatives
              in regulated river management. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Fl.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERTS, FISH, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the primary techniques available for stream
              habitat improvement, and discusses actual and potential uses of
              improvement methods in mitigating the adverse effects of river
              regulation on fishes.  Disturbances such as channelization and
              impoundments are discussed as well as their impact on the fish and
              aquatic communities and how major adverse effects can be mitigated
              using habitat improvement methodology.  Benthic invertebrates are
              generally the first species group to recover.  Limiting factors for
              faunal  groups and implementing the program to modify and recreate
              these factors should be considered when planning for habitat
              improvement.  Habitat improvement techniques include:  1) re-creation
              of pool-riffle characteristics using current deflectors or low dams
              and weirs, 2) bank protection devices, 3) providing structures which
              provide direct cover, 4) implementing structures or treatments to
              modify the channel substrate, and 5) methods to improve fish
              populations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1568

AUTHOR:       Swanson, A.P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Watershed restoration on the Chesapeake Bay

SOURCE:       Journal of Forestry 92(8):37-38.

STATE:        NY, PA, WV, MA, DE, VA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUALITY, GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the Chesapeake Bay and gives a brief history
              which has resulted in its current degradated condition.  Steps for
              restoration are also discussed.  Lessons learned which may serve as a
              guideline for a national ecosystem management approach and have proven
              successful for the Chesapeake Bay Projects are listed.  Results of
              management practices include a 20% reduction in phosphorous inputs,
              gains in land and fishery habitat management, recovery of aquatic
              vegetation, an increase in juvenille striped bass numbers, and
              multijurisdictional cooperation.  Possible future challenges and how
              to offset or overcome them are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       854

AUTHOR:       Swanson, L.J., and A.G. Shuey

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Freshwater marsh reclamation in west central Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 51-61 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh
              annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, NGBIRDS, FISH, REPT, AMPHIB, MAMMALS, VEG

PGENUS:       CENTELLA, ANDROPOGON, SOLIDAGO, ELEOCHARIS, LUDWIGIA,
              HYDROCHLOA, LINDERNIA, PANICUM, AXONOPUS, RHYNCHOSPORA,
              PONTEDERIA, HYDROCOTYLE, POLYGONUM, UTRICULARIA, TYPHA,
              CYPERUS, ERAGROSTIS, HEDYOTIS, JUNCUS, NYMPHOIDES, POLYGALA,
              PTEROCAULON, XYRIS, AMPHICARPUM, ARISTIDA, DROSERA,
              ELEPHANTOPUS, ERIGERON, HYPERICUM, HYPOXIS, PASPALUM,
              GRATIOLA, VIOLA, AGALINIS, DIGITARIA, CEPHALANTHUS, HYPERICUM,
              LACHNOCAULON, PLUCHEA, RHEXIA, SABATIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Wetlands were constructed near Alderman Creek, Hillsborough
              County, FL, to compare various reclamation methods.  Grading,
              backfilling, and contouring created 3 depressions.  The first was
              the control; natural vegetation colonization resulted in 70
              species after 2 years (although most of the site remained
              unvegetated).  The second area was planted in maidencane, softrush,
              and pickerelweed from natural marshes.  After 2 years, 76 plant
              species were present.  The third area was covered with mulch from a
              natural marsh; dense vegetative cover developed rapidly.  After 2
              years, 95 plant species were present.  Water depth was a critical
              factor in species composition and abundance.  Success was greatest
              in areas that dried out periodically.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1087

AUTHOR:       Swenson, E.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Progress in the understanding of how to reestablish native
              riparian plants in New Mexico

SOURCE:       Pages 144-150 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K.
              Miller, tech. coords. Restoration, creation, and management of
              wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. Soc.
              Wetland Sci., Rocky Mountain Chap., Denver, CO.

STATE:        NM

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, R2-..., R3-...

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       POPULUS, SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the development of a dormant pole planting
              technique as part of the effort to reestablish native vegetation
              in non-montane floodplains of NM.  Detailed planting guidelines
              are provided.  Understory vegetation, container-grown plants, and
              rhizomes that thrive in riparian zones are described. A 5 year
              research program has been initiated to make available a broad
              genetic base and wide selection of plants adapted to riparian
              conditions in NM.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       855

AUTHOR:       Swenson, E.A., and C.L. Mullins

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Revegetating riparian trees in southwestern floodplains

SOURCE:       Pages 135-138 in R.R. Johnson, C.D. Ziebell, D.R. Patton, P.F.
              Ffolliott, and R.H. Hamre, tech. coords. Riparian ecosystems
              and their management: reconciling conflicting uses. U.S. For.
              Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-120.

STATE:        NM

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-FO1, PO-SS1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       POPULUS, SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes experimental plantings of Rio Grande
              cottonwood, narrowleaf cottonwood, and Goodding willow in riparian
              areas along the Rio Grande, south of Albuquerque, NM.  Dormant
              poles (cut and planted in December or January) and greenwood poles
              (cut and planted in march) were equally represented in plots where
              the water table was 7-12 ft deep.  Planting holes were predrilled
              to the known depth of the water table during the growing season.
              Survival rates of dormant poles after about 1 year varied from
              60-77%; rates were lower for poles planted 2-4 ft above the water
              table and for greenwood poles.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1394

AUTHOR:       Swift, K.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Salt marsh restoration: assessing a southern California
              example

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA. 84pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARISON

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, LFORM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis discusses methods used in the restoration of a salt
              marsh mitigation for a highway project in San Diego Bay.  Spartina
              foliosa was planted to provide habitat for the Light-Footed
              Clapper Rail and islands were created at connector marsh channels
              to protect the nesting birds.  Due to poor hydrology implementations,
              water velocity was higher in the new channels, causing sedimentation
              in the old channel which results in drying during low tides.  This
              allowed human and pet intrusion which disturbed the islands.
              Increased velocity of the water of the southern islands prevented the
              establishment of S. foliosa due to erosion.  Although efforts
              were made to create habitat for the Light-Footed Clapper Rail, none
              have been sited and no nesting sites have been found.  Lack of
              protection from disturbances is thought to be the cause for their
              failure to reestablish.  Recommendations regarding replanting,
              trash removal, erosion control, and future restoration efforts are
              addressed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1500

AUTHOR:       Surrency, D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Evaluation of aquatic plants for constructed wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 349-357 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        AL, GA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: P0-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, TYPHA, PANICUM, ZIZANIOPSIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study evaluates various species of aquatic plants and their
              reactions and adaptability to certain wetland conditions.  Objectives
              for conducting an evaluation of aquatic plants for constructed wetland
              systems on three sites in Georgia and Alabama are listed.  The chosen
              sites included constructed wetlands in a swine wastewater operation,
              wastewater from a dairy farm, and a domestic wastewater treatment
              system.  Giant cutgrass, maidencane, giant bulrush, pickeralweed, and
              cattail had the best percent stands.  Low temperatures and water level
              adjustments did not affect giant bulrush or giant cutgrass.  Cattails
              were not as vigorous the third growing season and suffered defoliation
              at all three sites.  Giant bulrush tolerated high ammonia
              concentrations while cattails showed signs of stress.  Average
              nitrogen removal for the sites was reduced as much as 90% and total
              phosphorus was reduced 80%.  Multi-cell constructed wetlands are
              recommended for maximum efficiency and reduction in treating animal
              and municipal wastewater.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       856

AUTHOR:       Szafoni, R.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Wildlife considerations in the development of riparian
              communities

SOURCE:       Pages 59-66 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds. Wildlife
              values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Stn., St.
              Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the establishment of riparian vegetation in
              gravel mine areas.  Management strategies include shoreline
              development, island size, and planting consisting of 2 basic
              phases: initial establishment of groundcover and establishment
              of woody plants.  Specific guidelines for the development of
              riparian zones for wildlife habitat take into consideration
              other concerns such as erosion control, water quality,
              recreational access, and aesthetics.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1358

AUTHOR:       Taberner, A. M., G. Moya, G. Ramon, and V. Forteza

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Limnological criteria for the rehabilitation of a coastal
              marsh. The Albufera of Majorca, Balearic Islands.

SOURCE:       Ambio, 19(1):21-27.

STATE:        SPAIN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: M1-RS1, E2.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, INVERTS, CHEM

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses a management strategy based on rehabilitation
              of the natural succession of the Albufera of Majorca, Spain.  The
              lagoon is divided into a lentic system with a reduced number of
              lagoons and a lotic system of irrigation and drainage canals.  Steps
              towards the rehabilitation of the Albufera include eradicating urban
              pollution, monitoring nitrogen compounds from agricultural runoff,
              and introducing preexisting lagoons as a means to gradually increase
              the surface area of open waters and prevent waters from following the
              shortest path to the sea.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       857

AUTHOR:       Talak, A., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        The recovery of stream benthic insect communities following
              coal strip mining in the Cumberland Mountains of Tennessee

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville. 82 pp.

STATE:        TN

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis investigates aquatic insects of 23 streams in the
              Cumberland Mountains, TN, to determine benthic insect recovery
              in streams polluted by runoff from contour coal strip mines.
              Simultaneous samples were taken in streams of similar flow and
              substrate characteristics in various stages following mining
              activity (up to 22 years) or unpolluted (control streams).  The
              number of individuals, number of taxa, and species diversity index
              decreased after cessation of mining, reaching a minimum after 4-6
              years.  Values then began to increase and returned to
              predisturbance levels after 22 years.  However, the community
              structure was altered, probably due to siltation and not acid mine
              drainage.  Periphyton grazers and herbivorous Plecopterans were
              most affected by siltation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1441

AUTHOR:       Talbot, W.R., and R.W. Tuttle

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Engineering field handbook, chapter 13: Wetland restoration,
              enhancement, or creation-USDA, Soil Conservation Service

SOURCE:       Pages 292-295 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the
              13th annual conference society of wetland scientists. New
              Orleans, LA. 990 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     NONE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This handbook chapter provides guidelines for wetland projects based
              on three categories of wetland processes and characteristics.  Factors
              discussed include planning and site selection considerations, criteria
              and factors involved in wetland design, activities involved with
              implementation, monitoring, and management concepts.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1603

AUTHOR:       Tammi, C.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Onsite identification and delineation of wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 35-54 in D.M. Kent, editor. Applied wetlands science and
              technology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 436 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MONITOR

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Criteria utilized in wetland identification and the factors which
              influence these parameters are defined and differences in wetland
              identification and delineation are compared.  Hydrology, hydric soils,
              and hydrophytic vegetation is discussed in terms of discriptors, field
              assessment, and field indicators.  Emphasis is placed on practical,
              cost-efficient methods in conducting wetland analyses.  Finally,
              suggestions are offered for methodology in applying the criteria for
              identifying disturbed and undisturbed sites as well as other areas
              difficult to identify such as seasonal wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       858

AUTHOR:       Tanner, G.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Growth of Spartina alterniflora within native and
              transplant-established stands on the Upper-Texas Gulf Coast

SOURCE:       PhD. Diss., Texas A&M Univ., College Station. 149 pp.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis compares growth of Spartina alterniflora within
              native and transplant-established stands in a natural salt marsh
              complex of the Bolivar Peninsula, Galveston County, TX.  Culm
              density within the established Spartina stands was not as strongly
              associated with substrate elevation as the natural stands;
              however, culm height and aboveground biomass tended to decrease as
              elevation increased and was greatest at the lowest elevation.
              Root rhizome:shoot ratios increased as elevation increased.
              Fertilizer treatments significantly affected culm survival,
              vegetative reproduction, and end of growing season biomass.

KEYWORDS:     Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/biomass/transplanting/salt
              marshes/Bolivar Peninsula/Texas/Texas Gulf Coast

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       859

AUTHOR:       Tanner, G.W., and J.D. Dodd

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Effects of phenological stage of Spartina alterniflora
              transplant culms on stand development

SOURCE:       Wetlands 4:57-74.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Spartina alterniflora culm growth and phenological type were
              evaluated; various transplanting and fertilization methods were
              used.  Two study plots were established on barren mudflats of
              different substrate textures north of Houston, TX, on the Bolivar
              Peninsula.  Inorganic N, P2O, K2O, and a commercial root dip were
              applied to the culms.  The root dip was detrimental to culm growth
              and the fertilizer did not enhance culm growth.  The root:rhizome
              ratio was approximately 1.0 after the second year, with little
              differences among various substrates and fertilizer treatments.
              The most growth was exhibited by transplants selected from rapidly
              growing, naturally established stands of S. alterniflora.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       860

AUTHOR:       Tarquin, P.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Stream channel reconstruction: the problem of designing lower
              order streams

SOURCE:       Pages 41-46 in D.H. Graves and R.W. De Vore, eds. Proceedings
              1983 symposium on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology,
              and reclamation. Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington.

STATE:        WY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., R3-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the reconstruction of streams at the Black
              Thunder Mine, Eastern Powder River Basin, 45 miles southeast of
              Gillette, WY.  The importance of restoring a disturbed watershed
              compatible with the regional hydrologic regime is emphasized.
              Critical factors in such restoration efforts are: 1) allowing a
              stream to cut its own pilot channel; 2) controlling flow velocity
              by manipulating channel length, width, and roughness;
              3) effective revegetation and mulching; 4) establishing adequate
              radius of curvature on meander bends; and 5) ensuring that actual
              construction conforms to design parameters.  Design of lower
              order streams is discussed in detail.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1562

AUTHOR:       Tarutis, W.J., Jr. and R.F. Unz

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Soil color variations along an iron oxide gradient in a mine
              drainage treatment wetland

SOURCE:       Wetlands 14(3):243-246.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the potential use of soil color as an indicator
              of iron oxide content in constructed wetlands treating acid mine
              drainage (AMD).  Twenty-one soil samples were collected within five
              centimeters of the soil-water interface of a wetland treating AMD.
              Samples were characterized by the Munsell Soil Color Chart and a
              redness indicator with soils ranging from dark reddish brown at the
              wetland influent to light olive brown at the effluent, coinciding with
              the decrease of iron oxides in the soil.  Although the redness indices
              are accruate for predicting iron content in synthetic mixtures, the
              author advises that soils having minerals with different spectral
              properties, foreign ions, or variation in organic content may decrease
              relationship accuracy.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       861

AUTHOR:       Taylor, J.L., C.H. Saloman, and K.W. Prest, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Harvest and regrowth of turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum) in
              Tampa Bay, Florida

SOURCE:       Fish. Bull. 71(1):145-148.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CUT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares leaf growth and new leaf production in plots
              of cut and uncut turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum) in Lower
              Boca Ciega Bay, St. Petersburg, FL.  Turtle grass leaves were
              harvested 10 cm above bay bottom in August and October 1968 and
              July and September 1969.  Leaves harvested in the growing season
              had an equivalent or greater rate of regrowth and reached the
              height of uncut plants in about 2 months.  Harvesting had no
              apparent influence on production of new leaves.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1148

AUTHOR:       Taylor, T.J., and J.S. Barclay

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Renovation of a plains state stream- physical problem solving

SOURCE:       Pages 62-66 in R.R. Johnson, C.D. Ziebell, D.R. Patton, R.H.
              Hamre, and P.F. Ffolliott, tech. coords. Riparian ecosystems
              and their management: reconciling conflicting uses. U.S. For.
              Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-120.

STATE:        OK

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-.., RIPARIAN

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       CELTIS, ULMUS, FRAXINUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article documents modeling the effects of channel blockage
              removal on flood storage reduction along the Deep Fork Branch,
              North Canadian River in eastern Lincoln County, OK.  The purpose
              of developing this model is to provide a viable alternative to
              traditional stream modifications (i.e., channelization), and also
              to preserve natural stream channel values such as habitat for
              fish and wildlife.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1490

AUTHOR:       Tchobanoglous, G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Constructed wetlands and aquatic plant systems: research,
              design, operational, and monitoring issues

SOURCE:       Pages 23-34 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       MODEL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews recent advances in the design, research,
              operational, and monitoring issues surrounding constructed wetland use
              in wastewater treatment.  Design consideration issues include
              hydraulic process control, design of physical facilities, aspect
              ration, surfacing flow, input/output facilities, and combined designs
              for nitrogen removal.  Biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids
              continue to cause limitations in designing constructed wetlands as no
              fundamental information is available on removal mechanisms.  The use
              of analytical techniques has aided characterization of particle size
              distribution which can be correlated to observe biodegradability.
              Several equations are listed which are used to improve
              characterization of waste transport and fate processes in constructed
              wetlands.  A list of monitoring parameters are suggested depending on
              design objectives, local conditions, and regulatory requirements.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       862

AUTHOR:       Tchobanoglous, G., R. Stowell, R. Ludwig, J. Colt, and A.
              Knight

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        The use of aquatic plants and animals for the treatment of
              wastewater: an overview

SOURCE:       Pages 35-55 in R.K. Bastian and S.C. Reed, eds. Aquaculture
              systems for wastewater treatment: seminar proceedings and
              engineering assessment. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency,
              Washington, DC.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STOCK, CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       EICHHORNIA, LUDWIGIA, LEMNA, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, PHRAGMITES,
              POTAMOGETON, MYRIOPHYLLUM, AZOLLA, CERATOPHYLLUM,
              ALTERNANTHERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of the use of aquatic plants and
              animals for wastewater treatment.  General concepts discussed
              include: 1) type and composition of contaminants in wastewater;
              2) contaminant removal mechanisms; and 3) potential aquatic
              plants and animals for use in wastewater treatment.  A conceptual
              model for the use of aquatic systems for treating wastewater is
              presented.  Design, impacts, reliability, resource recovery,
              health risks, and costs of aquatic systems also are discussed
              briefly.  The major stimulus for further research into the
              fundamentals, design, and management of aquatic systems for
              wastewater treatment is the potential for reducing the
              construction, operation, and maintenance costs associated with
              conventional wastewater treatment systems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       865

AUTHOR:       Teas, H.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Ecology and restoration of mangrove shorelines in Florida

SOURCE:       Environ. Conserv. 4(1):51-58.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA, RHIZOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the ecology of mangroves, their
              productivity, and their role in shoreline protection and as
              habitat for various organisms.  A number of mangrove planting
              experiments in FL are discussed, including those using seeds,
              propagules, small trees, or larger trees.  Factors to be taken
              into account for successful establishment are plant size, plant
              source, shoreline energy, prevalence of root parasites, tidal
              depth at planting site, substrate type, salinity, and vandalism.
              Planting costs for red mangrove propagules, black or white
              mangrove seedlings, and 3 year old mangrove trees (all types) are
              included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       864

AUTHOR:       Teas, H.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Mangrove swamp creation

SOURCE:       Pages 63-90 in J.C. Lewis and E.W. Bunce, eds. Rehabilitation
              and creation of selected coastal habitats: proceedings of a
              workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/27.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the creation of mangrove swamps in 3 parts:
              1) description of ecological factors in mangrove establishment--
              tidal depth and flushing, salinity, wave and current action, root
              mat and soil stabilization, nutrients, parasites, diseases, and
              public access; 2) review of mangrove planting experiments,
              including description of differences among mangrove species; and
              3) evaluation of state-of-the-art mangrove swamp creation
              techniques (e.g., rapid stabilization of soil by planting Spartina
              alterniflora with mangroves).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       863

AUTHOR:       Teas, H.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Restoration of mangrove ecosystems

SOURCE:       Pages 95-107 in R.C. Carey, P.S. Markovits, and J.B. Kirkwood,
              eds. Proceedings of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
              workshop on coastal ecosystems of the southeastern United
              States. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/59.

STATE:        FL, TX, LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, AVICENNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the restoration of mangrove ecosystems;
              background information includes discussion of substrate, food
              chain, biomass, community stability, and associated animal species
              diversity.  Restoration recommendations are: 1) to develop a better
              root mat, plant black or white mangroves along with red mangroves;
              2) use topsoil or other organic soil along with slow release
              fertilizer pellets; 3) place plantings close together to ensure
              early coverage by leaf canopy; 4) after 1-2 years, add brush and
              leaves to plantings (source of reduced carbon); and 5) aid
              establishment of community biota by adding litter, mud, branches,
              snails, etc., from a nearby well-established mangrove community.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       866

AUTHOR:       Teas, H.J., and W. Jurgens

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Aerial planting of Rhizophora mangrove propagules in Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 1-25 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings fifth annual
              conference on restoration of coastal vegetation in Florida.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, M2-US2, E2-US2, M2-US3, E2-US3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Experiments were conducted to explore the feasibility of planting
              Rhizophora mangle from the air.  With the use of helicopters,
              drops were made over Sandy Key, Everglades national park, on a
              low-energy shoreline with exposed seagrass beds and mud banks at
              low tide and with scattered mangroves along the shore.  Attempts
              were made to drop propagules using weights, rigid fins, nonrigid
              fins, and Type H missiles.  The Type H missile, constructed of paper
              bag, sand, and stapler, was the most successful.  The propagules
              held up well in flight and the bag disintegrated rapidly after
              landing in wet substrate.  The success rate of drops was 18 or 19
              of 20 when the aircraft was moving at 60 mph.  This method was
              successful for establishing mangroves in isolated sites and has
              potential for other genera with similar propagules.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1220

AUTHOR:       Teas, H.J., A.H. Lasday, R.A. Morales, E. Luque L., M.E. De
              Diego, L.R. De Janon, J.M. Baker, and R.H Pierce

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Experiments on mangrove replanting after an oil spill

SOURCE:       Pages 200-213 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th
              annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        PANAMA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       RHIZOPHORA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Rhizophora spp. propagules were transplanted to a 75 ha oil-killed
              mangrove forest site (Cativa Bay, Pilon Embayment, Pena Guapa
              Embayment, Panama) 6 and 9 months after the oil spill.  Eight
              experimental treatments were used to determine which planting
              methods produced the highest survival rates.  Highest survival
              rates (1 year after planting) were observed for propagules
              planted in holes lined with plastic and filled with
              uncontaminated upland soil.  Specific results are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1502

AUTHOR:       Tennessen, K.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Production and suppression of mosquitoes in constructed
              wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 592-601 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        KY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       BIOCIDE

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERTS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses variables within constructed wetlands which
              provide optimal habitat for the production of mosquito populations.
              Samples were taken and compared of two constructed wetlands and one
              natural wetland.  Mosquito larvae populations in the constructed
              wetlands greatly exceeded those in natural wetlands.  Greater influx
              of organic mater and production of microorganisms in constructed
              wetlands appeared to be the major factor influencing mosquito density
              differences.  Constructed wetlands were treated with various types of
              insecticides and methods of applications.  Recommendations are also
              discussed to reduce and/or prevent mosquito populations in
              constructed wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       867

AUTHOR:       Ternyik, W.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations, Miller Sands Marsh
              and upland habitat development site, Columbia River, Oregon.
              Appendix D: propagation of vascular plants on dredged material

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS,
              Tech. Rep. D-77-38. 42 pp.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, STABIL, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ELEOCHARIS, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS, CAREX, DESCHAMPSIA, PHALARIS,
              AGROPYRON, TRIFOLIUM, HORDEUM, AGROSTIS, FESTUCA, VICIA,
              AMMOPHILA, SAGITTARIA, IRIS, ALISMA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses propagation experiments conducted at Miller
              Sands, an island complex in the Lower Columbia River, OR.  The
              complex is largely derived from dredge material and consists of
              a large vegetated island formed prior to 1940, an elongated
              barren sand spit formed since 1970, and a cove protected by the
              island and spit.  Methodologies and costs are presented for
              propagating 9 seeded grass and legume species on the older,
              vegetated island; transplanting and fertilizing European beachgrass
              on the sandspit in conjunction with installation of sand fences;
              and transplanting and fertilizing 8 intertidal species in the
              cove.  Percent viability of seeds is presented for some species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       868

AUTHOR:       Ternyik, W.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Salt marsh creation in the Pacific Northwest: criteria,
              planting techniques and costs

SOURCE:       Pages 25-27 in J.C. Lewis and E.W. Bunce, eds. Rehabilitation
              and creation of selected coastal habitats: proceedings of a
              workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/27.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: R1-US3, R1-US2, E2-EM1, E2-UB2

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       ELEOCHARIS, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS, CAREX, DESCHAMPSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes salt marsh creation work initiated at Miller
              Sands, an island complex on the Lower Columbia River, OR.  This
              pilot test program included plant selection, collection,
              planting, and growth over 1 growing season (June-November 1975).
              The sprigging method was used and all plants were topped to a
              uniform height before planting.  Root cuttings generally included
              a section of rhizomes containing 1-3 stems.  The spacing, planting
              depth, and culms per planting stock are recorded in table form
              for all 6 species planted.  Some of the test plots were fertilized.
              Ammonia-based fertilizers may cause problems for fishery
              productivity.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       869

AUTHOR:       Terry, O.W., H.F. Udell, and J.D. Zarudsky

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Tidal marsh restoration at Hempstead, Long Island

SOURCE:       Shore Beach 42(2):36-39.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses a pilot marsh planting project on a dredged
              material site at Hempstead, Long Island, NY.  Seed, seedlings, and
              plugs of Spartina alterniflora were planted.  Seedlings had the
              highest survival (50%) after 13 months.  Germination of seeds was
              successful, but the resulting seedlings eventually washed out or
              died.  The spoil material was high in organic matter and the
              sediment was soft and loose.  The authors suggest that the material
              contained a toxic substance that may have prevented growth of
              Spartina.  In this case, the source of dredged spoil substrate was
              a more serious problem than the difficulty of planting Spartina.

KEYWORDS:     tidal wetlands/marshes/wetlands restoration/restoration/Spartina
              alterniflora/technique/wetlands/New York/Long Island/Hempstead,
              New York/tidal marsh/marsh restoration/dredge spoil/spoil


===============================================================================

NUMBER:       870

AUTHOR:       Teskey, R.O., and T.M. Hinckley

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Impact of water level changes on woody riparian and wetland
              communities. Volume I. Plant and soil responses to flooding

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-77/58. 30 pp. 1977.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-SS., R.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This literature review describes the physiological impacts of
              water level changes on the growth of various wetland trees and
              shrubs.  Flooding that occurs during the dormant season and
              recedes before growth begins in the spring can increase the growth
              of tree species (especially on bottomlands).  For most bottomland
              species, flooding retards germination, preventing establishment of
              seedlings during flooding periods when chances of their survival
              are reduced.  Responses of trees to soil conditions and the
              nature, timing, and duration of water level changes also are
              discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       871

AUTHOR:       Tetreault, T.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Wetland replacement: design, construction and monitoring
              considerations

SOURCE:       Pages 362-363 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E2-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of wetland replacement in terms
              of physical and functional replication.  Suggested monitoring
              programs that may meet applicable regulatory requirements are
              discussed briefly.  Successful replacement of altered wetlands
              is contingent on an integrated analysis of hydrologic,
              soil/substrate, vegetative, and other site-specific factors.  Once
              an understanding of these basic factors has been achieved, design
              parameters are developed with the objective of physical and
              functional replacement or restoration of the wetland area.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1509

AUTHOR:       Tettleton, R.P., F.G. Howell, and R.P. Reaves

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Performance of a constructed marsh in the tertiary treatment
              of bleach kraft pulp mill effluent: results of a 2-year pilot
              project

SOURCE:       Pages 437-440 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       PANICUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Three 0.13 ha free-water surface wetland cells were planted with
              Panicum renens as part of a pilot study to determine changes in
              concentration of water contaminants.  Water samples were taken and
              sampled from a secondary clarifier which supplied effluent to the
              wetlands and from the outlet weirs of all cells.  Concentration
              differences for the first year indicated TSS (p<0.05).  Second year
              results showed differences between influent and outlets for TSS
              (p<0.01) and TKN (p<0.02).  With the exception of TP all
              concentrations of water quality contaminants were reduced the second
              year.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1368

AUTHOR:       Thayer, G.W., M.S. Fonseca, and W.J. Kenworthy

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Restoration of seagrass meadows for enhancement of nearshore
              productivity

SOURCE:       Pages 259-278 in N.L. Chao and W.K. Smith, eds. Proceedings of
              the international symposium on utilization of coastal
              ecosystems: planning, pollution, and productivity. Rio Grande,
              Brazil.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report examines the ecological role of submerged seagrass meadows
              and restoring their contribution through seagrass restoration.  The
              importance of seagrass is reviewed in terms of its biomass and
              productivity, detritus production and utilization, current reduction
              and sediment stabilization, and the fauna of seagrass meadows.
              Techniques are reviewed for transplanting eelgrass beds including
              procedures, and transplanting stock.  A transplant is considered
              successful if the plant units survive and yield a shoot generation
              or bottom coverage rate comparable to either local seagrass
              populations or literature values for shoot generation rates.  Finally
              the contributions of transplanted eelgrass' primary and secondary
              production to estuarine productivity are addressed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       872

AUTHOR:       Thayer, G.W., M.S. Fonseca, and W.J. Kenworthy

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetland mitigation and restoration in the southeast United
              States and two lessons from seagrass mitigation

SOURCE:       Pages 95-117 in The estuarine management practices symposium.
              Louisiana St. Univ., Baton Rouge.

STATE:        NC, FL, TX, SC, GA, LA, AL, MS

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM2, PO-EM., PO-FO., E2-SS2, E2-RF2, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       HALODULE, ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the role of the National Marine Fisheries
              Service in wetland mitigation and restoration in the southeastern
              U.S.  Topics include: 1) environmental assessment activities;
              2) mitigation approaches; 3) mitigation activities; and 4) the
              need to follow up and determine effectiveness of mitigation/
              restoration efforts.  Two examples of mitigation projects that
              involved seagrass transplantation are discussed in more detail:
              construction of a marina in NC; and 2) bridge construction in the
              Florida Keys.  The authors emphasize that restoration can only be
              effective by incorporating basic ecological data on wetland
              systems during decision processes.

KEYWORDS:     wetland mitigation/mitigation/restoration/Southeast/seagrasses/
              fisheries/habitat/losses/habitat creation/creation/enhancement/
              mitigation banking/meadow/management/symposium/Louisiana

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       873

AUTHOR:       Theis, T.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Physical and chemical treatment of lake sediments

SOURCE:       Pages 115-120 in Lake restoration: proceedings of a national
              conference, Minneapolis, MN. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA
              440/5-79-001.

STATE:        MI, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., L.-UB.

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes the physical and chemical effectiveness of
              various techniques for treating sediments of eutrophic and
              hypereutrophic lakes to improve water quality.  To determine lake
              suitability for such treatment, the following are considered:
              1) physical and chemical properties of sediment; 2) contribution
              of sediment to the phosphorus budget; 3) lake morphology; 4) need
              for supplemental chemicals; 5) deleterious impacts; 6) aesthetics;
              and 7) costs.  Stone Lake in MI is used as a case study example.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1234

AUTHOR:       Thom, R.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        A review of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) transplanting
              projects in the Pacific Northwest

SOURCE:       Northwest Environ. J. 6(1):121-137.

STATE:        CA, OR, WA, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Reviews 17 eelgrass restoration projects in the Pacific Northwest
              (San Francisco Bay to southern British Columbia).  Data are
              presented in a tabular format which includes: project location;
              purpose; site selection criteria/site description; transplanting
              methods; monitoring plans and results; relative success; and
              recommendations.

KEYWORDS:     eelgrass/Zostera marina/transplanting/Pacific Northwest/eelgrass
              meadows/survival and growth/functional equivalency/function/meadow

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1088

AUTHOR:       Thom, R.M., E.O. Salo, C.A. Simenstad, J.R. Cordell, and D.K.
              Shreffler

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Construction of a wetland system in the Puyallup River
              Estuary, Washington

SOURCE:       Pages 156-159 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland
              and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual
              meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland
              Sci., Wilmington, NC.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-US3, R1-..., E2-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       CAREX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes construction of a 3.6 ha sedge marsh for
              mitigation purposes in the Puyallup River Estuary, Puget Sound,
              WA.  Fish and bird species diversity and abundance are described,
              and will be monitored.  Development of the marsh as it reaches
              its "maximum sustainable performance" is expected to take
              from 3 to 10 years.

KEYWORDS:     Puyallup River/estuaries/Washington/riparian/channels/cattails/
              cattail marsh/trees/juvenile salmon/birds/waterfowl/habitat/
              estuarine wetlands/shorebirds/raptors/sedge marshes/Lyngby's
              sedge/Carex lyngbyei Hornem./monitoring

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       874

AUTHOR:       Thompson, B.A., and L.A. Deegan

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        The Atchafalaya River Delta: a "new" fishery nursery, with
              recommendations for management

SOURCE:       Pages 217-239 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E1-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, HYDRO, SOIL, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study to determine the fishery potential of
              the Atchafalaya Delta and to examine management for enhancement of
              the fishery resource.  At least 56 fish species inhabit the
              Atchafalaya Delta; estuarine-marine species are most numerous.
              Many valuable commercial and recreational species are included
              (e.g., gulf menhaden, striped mullet, Atlantic croaker, and blue
              catfish).  Areas most protected from direct flow from the river
              during winter maintain the highest fish populations year-round.
              The following are suggested for design of spoil islands:
              1) select a small site (5-25 acres) to promote rapid ecological
              development; 2) account for the diversity of water currents and
              elevation; 3) determine the affect of substrate type on
              biological resources; and 4) create optimal elevation for desired
              plants and other biota.  Spoil island location and shape are
              important for maintenance of local fisheries.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       875

AUTHOR:       Thompson, C.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Experimental practices in surface coal mining: creating
              wetland habitat

SOURCE:       Natl. Wetlands Newsletter (March-April):15-16.

STATE:        IN

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-FO1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, SHOREB, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SCIRPUS, CYPERUS, ECHINOCHLOA, POLYGONUM, PANICUM,
              PHALARIS, LEERSIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the experimental practices portion
              of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, which was
              created to encourage advances in mining and reclamation
              practices and postmining land uses.  The Amax Coal Company
              applied for a permit for the conversion of a coal slurry
              pond to wetland habitat.  Lime and fertilizer were applied to
              the sites in fall; highly acidic areas were covered with 4 ft
              of soil after liming.  The pond was seeded and after several
              months the pH had returned to acceptable levels.  In spring,
              wetland species were planted according to zones of available
              moisture.  The resultant 40 acre wetland was being used by
              waterfowl and wading birds 1 year later.  The company estimated
              that this method cut reclamation costs by 80%.

KEYWORDS:     wetland habitat/habitat/abandoned/plants/pH/wildlife/birds/
              surface coal mining/created wetlands/slurry pond/soil/Canada/
              Canada geese/herons/wading birds

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       877

AUTHOR:       Thompson, C.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Stream relocation in surface mine areas-- effects on fish and
              invertebrates

SOURCE:       Pages 345-355 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1984 symposium
              on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation.
              Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington.

STATE:        IN, IL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R4-..., R2-..., R3-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper examines fish and invertebrate populations of relocated
              streams in surface mine areas of IL and IN.  Stream habitat
              reconstruction varied from no planned restoration to installation
              of riffles, pools, deflectors, and rock structures.  Results
              indicated that the greater the amount of habitat diversity and
              development, the closer the correlation of fish and invertebrate
              species and diversity with undisturbed sections of the stream.
              Natural streams severely effected by agriculture or past mining
              operations greatly benefitted from the relocation process when
              additional habitat improvement was added.  Lack of riparian
              habitat surrounding relocations had a detrimental effect on both
              fish and invertebrate recovery.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       876

AUTHOR:       Thompson, C.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Stream relocations under OSM regulations: benefits to fish and
              invertebrates

SOURCE:       Pages 305-316 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a
              workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour.,
              University Park.

STATE:        IL, IN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R3-..., R2-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses methods and materials used in the
              reconstruction of channelized streams on surface mined land.
              Study sites were on tributaries of Otter Creek in IL and Honey
              Creek in Indiana.  Otter Creek was reclaimed using shale and
              small gravel from spoil, minimal bank revegetation, and 1 small
              meander.  The Honey Creek tributary restoration included
              construction of a meander, 3 large permanent pools, 2 manmade
              riffles, several rock wing deflectors, log structures, and random
              boulder placement.  Fish and benthos were sampled from permanently
              established 100 m stretches of stream channel.  Invertebrate and
              fish taxa from upstream, relocated, and downstream sites are
              described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1089

AUTHOR:       Thompson, C.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Stream relocation on surface mined land

SOURCE:       Pages 39-50 in L.B. Starnes, ed. Fish and wildlife
              relationships to mining: symposium proceedings. Am. Fish.
              Soc., Water Qual. Sect., Milwaukee, WI, Spec. Publ.

STATE:        IN

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R4-..., R2-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses restoration of a relocated tributary of
              Honey Creek at the AMAX Chinook Coal Mine, Vigo County, IN.  The
              stream relocation is 3,657 m long and drains approximately 596 ha.
              Restoration consisted of constructing meanders every 61-152 m,
              grading banks, creating pools, and installing instream
              habitat structures for fish.  Downdrain structures were
              constructed of rock riprap or corrugated buried pipe to protect
              instream structures and revegetated areas from side drainage
              erosion.  Initial observations indicated that the habitat is
              developing as planned.  Larval forms of more mobile invertebrates
              began recolonizing the stream even prior to opening the relocated
              stream to normal flow.  Trees will be planted 2 seasons after
              groundcover establishment.  Monitoring will continue for 5 yrs.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1251

AUTHOR:       Thompson, C.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Techniques for the creation of wetland habitat in coal slurry
              ponds

SOURCE:       Pages 91-114 in J. Cairns, Jr., ed. Rehabilitating damaged
              ecosystems. Vol. I. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.

STATE:        IN

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL, WQUALITY

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT, SOIL, CONTAM, LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-FO2

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SECALE, SERARIA, SORGHUM, LOTUS, PHALARIS, AGROSTIS, BROMUS,
              DACTYLIS, ALOPECURUS, ECHINOCHLOA, TAXODIUM, FRAXINUS,
              PLATANUS, QUERCUS, LIRIODENDRON, JUGLANS, PINUS, PRUNUS,
              NYSSA, CELTIS, CARA, CRATAEGUS, ACER, CORNUS, ROBINIA,
              POTAMOGETON, JUSTICIA, NUPHAR, NELUMBO, PONTEDERIA,
              SAGITTARIA, SPARGANIUM, SCIRPUS, ACORUS, ELEOCHARIS, SPARTINA,
              CAREX, SAURURUS, EQUISETUM, CEPHANTHUS, POLYGONUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Discusses methods used to create wetlands in coal slurry deposition
              areas (pre-existing slurry basins and designed slurry basins) in
              Indiana.  Techniques used include: neutralizing pyrite sulfur by
              liming and covering areas with heavy concentrations of pyrite
              with soil; fertilization; disking; contouring; seeding/planting;
              and manipulating water levels to encourage wetland plant
              development.  Species seeded or planted are listed by slurry
              deposition zone type (discharge cone, intermediate zone, low
              zone, impounded zone, and pond perimeter).  Propagule types
              (tuber, rhizome, seed, seedling, plant) used are given for
              22 plant species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1586

AUTHOR:       Thompson, D.A. and T.G. Yocom

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Uncertain ground

SOURCE:       Technology Review 96(6):20-29.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., P.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of the laws, legislation, and attempts
              of the U.S. Corps of Engineers and U.S. EPA to work together to
              provide wetlands protection since the Clean Water Act was enacted in
              1972.  Oganzations promoting wetland developement and their tactics
              to bias the private sector are also discussed as well as fears and
              exaggerations brought about by the 1989 wetlands delineations manual.
              Controversy surrounding the 1991 manual, "Protecting America's
              Wetlands", and its ultimate downfall is reviewed.  Finally,
              suggestions to improve Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and
              its are efficiency are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       878

AUTHOR:       Thompson, D.H., and M.C. Landin

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        An aerial survey of waterbird colonies along the Upper
              Mississippi River and their relationship to dredged material
              deposits

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-13. 103 pp.

STATE:        IL, MN, WI, IA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, SHOREB

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report synthesizes information from aerial surveys of
              breeding waterbird colonies associated with dredged material sites
              on 1,040 km of the Upper Mississippi River between Alton, IL, and
              St. Paul, MN.  Of 328 dredged material sites, none were used by
              birds due to unsuitable vegetation and disturbance by
              recreationists and river traffic.  Preferred characteristics for
              colony sites included mature deciduous forests downstream from
              dams, proximity to water and feeding areas, junctions of
              tributaries to the Mississippi River, the east side of the
              navigation channel, and protection from human disturbance and
              wind.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       887

AUTHOR:       Thorhaug, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Transplantation of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum

SOURCE:       Aquaculture 4:177-183.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E1-UB4

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes several techniques for planting Thalassia
              testudinum at Turkey Point, Biscayne Bay, FL.  The site had been
              denuded of vegetation by previously discharged heated effluents.
              The sediment was bare peat.  Seedlings were transplanted from other
              areas and also were raised in the lab in containers supplied with
              running sea water.  After 9 months, 31.2% of the seedlings
              planted in the bay were missing, dead, or dormant.  Planting by
              seed in the field was successful; germination was rapid and growth
              was vigorous.  Rhizome growth was slow at first, but vigorous
              after 4 months.  Cultivation of the lab specimens was less
              successful, due to infection.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       879

AUTHOR:       Thorhaug, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Transplantation techniques for the seagrass Thalassia
              testudinum

SOURCE:       Univ. Miami, Sea Grant Program, Miami, FL. 6 pp.

STATE:        FL, LA, MS, AL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, WQUAL

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews 2 methods for establishing Thalassia
              testudinum throughout the Gulf of Mexico, southeast FL coast, and
              the Caribbean.  The seeding method used various growth hormones
              and seeds were planted at intervals of 200 seeds/m2.  The author
              reported increased Thalassia growth using this method if a
              secondary seagrass, Halodule wrightii, had previously begun to
              colonize the area.  The other method involved plugging and the
              use of growth hormones.  Plugs were placed in 30 cm of soil
              during the winter.  Turbidity, light penetration, and salinity
              tolerances for Thalassia are given.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       880

AUTHOR:       Thorhaug, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Mitigation of estuarine fisheries nurseries: seagrass
              restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 667-669 in G.A. Swanson, tech. coord. The mitigation
              symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish
              and wildlife habitat. U.S For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the results of a new method of seeding
              Thalassia testudinum in large scale restoration projects near
              Biscayne Bay, FL.  Restoration areas were previously denuded by
              various pollution effluents and dredging and filling.  Within 4-5
              years after planting, these areas exhibited rapid regrowth of
              vegetation and recolonization by fish and other aquatic organisms.
              Animal populations from restored and control areas were similar.
              The new seeding method was more cost effective than plugging.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       881

AUTHOR:       Thorhaug, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Growth of Thalassia restored by seedlings in a
              multiply-impacted estuary

SOURCE:       Pages 263-278 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, E1-UB2, E1-UB1, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, WQUAL

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study of Thalassia testudinum seedling
              growth on 2 sites in South Biscayne Bay, FL.  Approximately 41,000
              seedlings were planted on site 1 along a large dredge and fill
              causeway.  Approximately 37,000 seedlings were planted on Site 2,
              a filled area multiply impacted by an oil terminal, sewage
              outfall, urban runoff, major port activity, high tidal currents,
              and periodically high turbidity.  After 6 months, blade growth was
              greater at Site 1; this was probably related to sediment or
              vegetation type in the planted area.  Plants in highly turbid
              waters had shorter leaf blades.  Growth of plants at both sites is
              compared to previous Thalassia restoration efforts at Turkey Point.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       886

AUTHOR:       Thorhaug, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        The flowering and fruiting of restored Thalassia beds: a
              preliminary note

SOURCE:       Aquatic Bot. 6(2):189-192.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E1-AB3, E2-UB4, E1-UB4

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article reports the results of Thalassia testudinum plantings
              near Biscayne Bay, FL.  Previously denuded by thermal effluents,
              the area now supports fully restored Thalassia beds.  Seeded in
              1973, the plants flowered in April 1977 and fruited in August
              1977.  In spring 1977, restored Thalassia beds averaged 2,030
              blades/m2, compared to 2,295 blades/m2 in control areas.  The
              success of this planing project is described in terms of:
              1) lateral spreading over an area; and 2) long-term restoration
              conditions closely approximating those of control Thalassia beds.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       883

AUTHOR:       Thorhaug, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Techniques for creating seagrass meadows in damaged areas
              along the east coast of the U.S.A.

SOURCE:       Pages 105-116 in J.C. Lewis and E.W. Bunce, eds.
              Rehabilitation and creation of selected coastal habitats:
              proceedings of a workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.
              FWS/OBS-80/27.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       SYRINGODIUM, HALODULE, ZOSTERA, THALASSIA, POSIDONIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of techniques for seagrass
              meadow restoration along the East Coast of the U.S.  Government
              agency decision making regarding seagrass restoration, needs for
              seagrass restoration, history of seagrass restoration, techniques
              and case studies, and economic analysis are discussed.  Several
              restoration plans include: 1) restoration of several species
              simultaneously; 2) restoration of the fastest growing species first
              for substrate stabilization; 3) restoration of only those native
              species that invade an area slowly, allowing fast growing species
              to invade naturally; and 4) restoration of plants that meet a
              specific purpose, such as food or nursery stock.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       884

AUTHOR:       Thorhaug, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Restored major plant communities in the U.S.

SOURCE:       Pages 113-124 in J. Cairns, Jr., ed. The recovery process in
              damaged ecosystems. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Ann Arbor, MI.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-..., M.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SYRINGODIUM, HALODULE, ZOSTERA, SPARTINA, THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes recovery patterns of restored plant
              communities throughout the U.S. and summarizes the issues
              addressed in "restoration of major plant communities in the
              U.S.A.," A symposium held at Tulane University, New Orleans, LA,
              June 1976.  Some restoration examples include seagrass
              communities, mangroves, and marsh grasses.  Political and legal
              issues are part of the process of planning and implementing a
              restoration project.  A list of general principles for restoration
              is presented, along with a table that depicts recovery results for
              restoration efforts and compares them to natural recovery rates.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       890

AUTHOR:       Thorhaug, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Seagrasses in the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and Caribbean,
              including restoration and mitigation of seagrasses

SOURCE:       Pages 161-178 in R.C. Carey, P.S. Markovits, and J.B.
              Kirkwood, eds. Proceedings of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
              Service workshop on coastal ecosystems of the southeastern
              United States. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/59.

STATE:        FL, TX

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3, M2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM, HALOPHILA, RUPPIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the distribution, growth, and ecology of
              several seagrasses of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean.
              Several planting methods and subsequent success rates are
              described.  Major seagrass studies are presented in tables.  An
              overview of seagrass mitigation and restoration techniques is
              provided, along with government/agency involvement and guidelines.
              Recommendations include: 1) restore several species
              simultaneously; 2) restore fastest growing species first, to
              stabilize sediment; 3) restore species that would return slowly
              by natural means; and 4) allow invasion by fast-growing species.
              Economic considerations require compromise between size of area
              planted and plant species selected.  If cost is a deciding
              factor, it is usually better to restore a smaller area correctly.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       885

AUTHOR:       Thorhaug, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Environmental management of a highly impacted, urbanized
              tropical estuary: rehabilitation and restoration

SOURCE:       Helgolander Meeresunters 33:614-623.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E1-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes seagrass restoration in Biscayne Bay, FL,
              to increase recovery of the ecosystem from severe pollution
              impacts and to restore important fisheries nurseries.
              Revegetation using Thalassia has been successful; after 4 years,
              moderate densities of growth were measured at 2,030 blades/m2.
              Thalassia seeds were planted at 1 ft intervals and Halodule plugs
              were planted at 3 ft intervals.  In the restored Thalassia beds,
              animal communities returned to expected density and diversity
              after about 4 years.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       882

AUTHOR:       Thorhaug, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Habitat restoration after pipeline construction in a tropical
              estuary: seagrasses

SOURCE:       Mar. Pollut. Bull. 14(11):422-425.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E1-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       HALODULE, THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   After construction of a water transmission pipeline through the
              Florida Keys in 1981, a revegetation effort was begun to restore
              the area.  Halodule shoots were planted in severely disturbed
              substrate in the pipeline corridor.  After 10 months of monitoring,
              the percent cover of Halodule in the pipeline trench was 31.1%
              With a density of about 400-2,600 blades/m2.  After 10 months,
              1,261 of 50,000 Thalassia seedlings planted adjacent to the
              pipeline corridor were counted on the disturbed area.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       888

AUTHOR:       Thorhaug, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Large-scale seagrass restoration in a damaged estuary

SOURCE:        Mar. Pollut. Bull. 16(2):55-62.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E1-AB3, E1-UB2, E1-UB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       HALODULE, THALASSIA, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In 1982, a large-scale seagrass restoration project was started
              in areas of Biscayne Bay, FL, previously subjected to major
              dredging impacts.  Test plots were planted with Thalassia,
              Halodule, and Syringodium sprigs and seeds.  Blade length, mean
              number of short-shoots, and rhizome length were measured between
              9 and 18.6 months.  Thalassia sprigs had the highest overall
              survival at 70.8%; Halodule was next at 47%.  Syringodium had a
              survival rate of less than 30% except at 1 site.  The plot with
              sandy/organic sediment and high light penetration had high
              survival rates for all species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       889

AUTHOR:       Thorhaug, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Review of seagrass restoration efforts

SOURCE:       Biology 15(2):110-118.

STATE:        FL, WEST INDIES

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, FERT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE, ZOSTERA, ENHALUS, SYRINGODIUM, HALOPHILA,
              POSIDONIA, RUPPIA, CYMODOCEA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article reviews the history of seagrass restoration efforts in
              southern FL and the Caribbean.  Recovery rates based on planting
              methods and requirements are presented in tables.  Planting costs
              varied from  3,000-12,596/ha, depending on labor used.  Policy
              recommendations for seagrass restoration include: 1) protecting
              seagrasses from further impacts; 2) incorporating mitigation and
              restoration plans in development projects; 3) restoring climax
              species to increase successional rates; 4) upgrading existing
              seagrass beds with climax species planting; and 5) recognizing
              that each species of seagrass has different characteristics for
              sediment binding, productivity, and relationship to animal
              communities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1344

AUTHOR:       Thorhaug, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Restoration of mangroves and seagrasses-economic benefits for
              fisheries and mariculture

SOURCE:       Pages 265-281 in J.J. Berger, ed. Environmental restoration:
              science and strategies for restoring the earth. Island Press,
              Washington, D.C. and Covelo, California.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, FISH, ECON

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews seagrass and mangrove restoration in terms of
              impacts on the tropics and their economic and ecological benefits.
              Methods of seagrass restoration, including plugs, seeds, turfs, sods,
              grids, and shoots, as well as results are discussed.  Cost estimates
              ranging from $1,500-20,000/ha are reported for planting seagrass.
              Techniques for mangrove restoration include seeding or propagation
              and transplanting small trees (0.3-1.2m), and large trees.  Costs
              vary with person-hour estimates ranging from 450-1,800 person-hours/ha
              for collection and installation of propagules to 2,550-3,100 person
              hours/ha for planting small trees.  Research is currently underway in
              Florida to compare differences between restored and natural mangrove
              populations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       891

AUTHOR:       Thorhaug, A., and C.B. Austin

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Restoration of seagrass with economic analysis

SOURCE:       Environ. Conserv. 3(4):259-266.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E1-UB4, M1-UB4, E1-UB2, M1-UB2

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, ZOSTERA, HALODULE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of seagrass community restoration
              methods, including an economic analysis.  Seedling growth of
              Thalassia testudinum was more successful in low-energy areas with
              peat or consolidated sand sediment and where pioneers such as
              Halodule wrightii or Syringodium filiforme had already begun to
              recolonize.  High-energy currents, wave action from boats, and
              shifting unconsolidated sediments incurred low survival rates.
              Turfing was the most promising method for large scale
              transplantation of Zostera marina.  Monetary costs required to
              achieve a given cover (blades per meter) for a given area, over a
              given period were described for a variety of disturbed, dredged, or
              contaminated site types.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       892

AUTHOR:       Thorhaug, A., and R.D. Stearns

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        A preliminary field and laboratory study of physiological
              aspects of growth and reproduction of Thalassia testudinum

SOURCE:       Am. J. Bot. 1(59):670-671.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E1-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       THALASSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Propagation studies of Thalassia testudinum were conducted in
              Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, southern FL.  Observations were
              made over a 2 year period in laboratory and field sites to
              determine the extent of sexual and asexual reproduction as well as
              the growth and success rate of colonizing seeds.  Thalassia seeds
              responded well in unstressed (normal temperatures) conditions with
              adequate sediment depth for rhizome development.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       893

AUTHOR:       Thornburg, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Use of vegetation for stabilization of shorelines of the Great
              Lakes

SOURCE:       Pages 39-54 in Proceedings of the workshop on the role of
              vegetation in stabilization of the Great Lakes shoreline.
              Great Lakes Basin Comm., Ann Arbor, MI.

STATE:        MN, WI, MI, PA, NY, IL, OH, IN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: L2-..., PO-..., PO-US.

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses techniques for site preparation and
              establishment of vegetation for stabilizing shorelines of the
              Great Lakes.  Guidelines for selecting plant species include
              considerations of ecotype or cultivar (e.g., adapted to proper
              elevation, precipitation, temperature, soil), single species
              versus mixtures, and introduced versus native species.  A species
              list of grasses, legumes, trees, and shrubs that commonly occur in,
              or are adapted to, various moisture regimes of the Great Lakes is
              presented.  Site preparation guidelines include brief discussions
              of water control, lime, fertilizer, seedbed preparation, seeding,
              irrigation, mulching, and sodding.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1540

AUTHOR:       Thunhorst, G.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Wetland planting guide for the Northeastern United States:
              plants for wetland creation, restoration, and enhancement

SOURCE:       Environmental Concerns, INC. St. Michaels, Maryland. 179 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     NONE

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This book lists various submerged and floating aquatic vegetation,
              herbaceous emergent vegetation, shrubs, and trees for wetland creation,
              restoration, and enhancement.  Plants are classified by their
              scientific and common names, characteristics, and invasive capabilities
              if applicable.  Growth, in terms of rate of spread and vegetative
              reproduction, and planting in terms of spacing and forms, are listed as
              well as habitat community, distribution, shade tolerance, wildife
              benefits, hydrology requirements, and any notes.  Finally, wetland
              plant sources are given for the Northeast.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1258

AUTHOR:       Thut, R.N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Utilization of artificial marshes for treatment of pulp mill
              effluents

SOURCE:       Pages 239-244 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural.
              Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1..R

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A series of experimental wetlands were constructed at the
              National Space Technology Lab, MS to test their effectiveness
              in treating pulp mill effluent.  Galvanized steel water troughs
              were partially filled with marl and planted with cattails, reeds,
              cordgrass or left unvegetated.  Water quality data were collected
              for total suspended solids, BOD5, ammonia, P, pH, color, turbidity,
              conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total Kjeldahl N,
              and nitrate.  Conductivity, color, pH, and temperature showed no
              significant decrease; all other parameters showed marked
              reductions.  Ammonia and P removal was highest in the vegetated
              plots with the 3 plant species showing similar removal
              efficiencies.  Vegetated and unvegetated plots produced similar
              results for all other parameters.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1267

AUTHOR:       Thut, R.N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Utilization of artificial marshes for treatment of pulp mill
              effluent

SOURCE:       Tappi Journal 73(2):93-96.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, TYPHA, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses removal of algal nutrients from
              secondary-treated pulp mill effluent through the use of artificial
              marshes.  It covers removal of total suspended solids (TSS),
              biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia, organic nitrogen, and
              phosphorous.  Experimental marshes were constructed with three
              different marsh plant species (reed, cordgrass, and cattail) in a
              gravel matrix.  Other variables considered in this experiment were
              retention time and type, depth, and size of the substrate.  Removal
              efficiencies were relatively high for TSS and ammonia, moderate for
              organic nitrogen and BOD, and poor for phosphorous.  However,
              increased retention time sharply increased the removal efficiencies of
              ammonia and phosphorous.  In addition, shallow substrate depths  also
              allowed for increased removal of ammonia and phosphorous from the
              effluent. The author also mentions construction costs of these
              artificial marshes. He estimates the cost to be about $30,000 per
              acre; the largest cost being gravel.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1510

AUTHOR:       Thut, R.N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Feasibility of treating pullp mill effluent with a constructed
              wetland

SOURCE:       Pages 441-447 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-RB2

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM, ECON

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Small and large scale studies of subsurface flow/gravel matrix
              constructed wetlands were done to determine their practicality in
              treating pulp mill effluent.  Eight 2.6 m2 troughs were filled with 40
              cm of marl-type gravel and planted with Typha, Phragmites, and
              Spartina for the small-scale study.  Previously treated effluent
              enters the wetland with retention times of 6, 15, and 24 hours with
              the highest percent removal being for the longest retention time.
              The troughs were modified to study the effects of substrate depth at
              15 and 40 cm.  Removal efficiencies tended to be greater for the 15 cm
              substrate with BOD removal 46 vs 28%, ammonia-nitrogen 96 vs 42%, and
              total phosphorous 27 vs 14%.  The large-scale study was conducted
              using wetlands as a tertiary-level treatment of pulp mill effluents.
              Between 550 and 600 m3/day of the effluent was received for a
              retention time of 20 hours in a constructed wetland with a gravel
              matrix 40 to 50 cm deep and planted with Phragmites and Scirpus.  BOD
              removal was 80 to 90%, TSS was 50 to 60% and ammonia was 92%.  The
              authors discuss design considerations, difficulties, and expense
              involved in using constructed wetlands for treating pulp mill
              effluent.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1398

AUTHOR:       Tiedemann, R.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Development and use of a wetland bank as a mitigation
              alternative in Idaho

SOURCE:       Pages 55-60 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K.
              Miller, eds. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland
              and riparian ecosystems in the American West. PIC Tecnologies,
              Inc and CRS Sirrine, Inc. 235pp.

STATE:        ID

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MITIGATE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses mitigation banking in terms of issues associated
              with wetland banking, the mechanics and activities for how it may be
              used, and components for sites plans.  Unlike other states
              implementing wetland mitigation banking for impacts of a single
              project or minor wetland loss, Idaho attempts to enlarge its use to
              the entire state and all the activities of a single agency.  Guidelines
              are listed for the location of a wetland bank.  Two strategies:
              1) creation, restoration, or enhancement of a wetland and 2) the
              development of a wetland with emphasis on functions and values, are
              used to guide development of wetland bank sites.  Finally, the author
              presents techniques for the creation of wetlands based on palustrine,
              emergent wetlands within the riparian zone of the Boise River.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1144

AUTHOR:       Toivonen, H., and C. Nybom

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Aquatic vegetation and its recent succession in the waterfowl
              wetland Koijarvi, S. Finland

SOURCE:       Ann. Bot. Fennici 26:1-14.

STATE:        FINLAND

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3, PO-AB4, PO-EM1, PO-UB3, PO-US3, PO-ML1, PO-UB4

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, HYDRO

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, SPARGANIUM, UTRICULARIA, NUPHAR, EQUISETUM,
              PHRAGMITES, SALIX, CAREX, SPHAGNUM, ALISMA, RORIPPA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study of aquatic vegetation at Lake
              Koijarvi near Forssa in southern Finland.  Study goals were to map
              plant communities (using aerial photography), to study vegetative
              succession (responses to water level fluctuations), and to
              recommend management practices.  Within 7 years, a mean water level
              drop of 10 cm (20-30 cm during spring floods) caused a decrease
              in the vegetation-free area and an increase in halophyte
              (Sparganium, Equisetum) and floating-leaved vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       894

AUTHOR:       Tolbert, V.R., and G.L. Vaughan

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Stripmining as it relates to benthic insect communities and
              their recovery

SOURCE:       West Virginia Acad. Sci. 51(3):168-181.

STATE:        TN

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R3-..., R2-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study of effects of stripmining on
              benthic insect communities and recovery of those communities
              over time.  Three disturbed streams (Bill's Branch, Green Branch,
              Indian Fork) and 1 undisturbed stream (Lowe Branch) in Scott,
              Morgan, Anderson, and Campbell Counties, TN, were monitored for
              4 years.  In addition, 8 streams recovering from mining impacts
              and another undisturbed stream were monitored for 1 year.  Benthic
              insects, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, percent leaf litter,
              and turbidity were monitored in all streams.  Although benthic
              communities in disturbed streams can recover over time (20-25
              years after mining), reclamation activities should result in
              shorter recovery time.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1306

AUTHOR:       Tomljanovich, D.A., and O. Perez

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Constructing the wastewater treatment wetland-some factors to
              consider

SOURCE:       Pages 399-404 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM.

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses construction of wetlands for wastewater
              treatment.  Insights for construction planning, preconstruction site
              activities, cost estimate preparation, and construction are provided.
              In addition, inspection, testing, and startup strategies are
              described.  The authors stress good communication with the contractor
              throughout the course of work.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1462

AUTHOR:       Toth, L.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        The ecological basis of the Kissimmee River restoration plan

SOURCE:       Florida Scientist 56(1):25-51.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R2.-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, SHOREB, INVERTS, VEG, WQUAL, FISH

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews the ecological and biological resources prior to
              channelization of the Kissimmee River.  Channelization occured between
              1962 and 1970 resulting in the destruction of large portions of the
              basin and floodplain and the elimination of the unique hydrologic
              characteristics which influenced biological components of the
              ecosystem.  Restoration in the 1970's emphasized two areas:
              1) preventing degradation of water quality in Lake Okeechobee, and
              2) restoring the biological resources of the Kissimmee River.  Several
              state and federal laws and acts were implemented to get the
              restoration process underway.  A demonstration project was designed
              to evaluate the feasibility of restoring the biological resources in
              the system, primarily through hydrologic changes.  While diversity and
              river habitat was initially enhanced, the positive response of
              vegetation, invertebrates, and fish was only temporary without
              complete restoration of hydrologic integrity.  Future plans include
              the restoration of 104 km2 of river ecosystem through reestablishing
              the physical forms and pre-channelization hydrologic conditions of 70
              km of river channel and 11,000 ha of floodplains.  A new comprehensive
              evaluation program for restoration efforts will also be used with an
              ecosystem perspective in mind.

KEYWORDS:     Kissimmee River/restoration/habitat/water quality/fishes/
              inundation/function/reintroduction/sediment/reestablishment/
              plant community response/wetlands/vegetation/hydrology/
              colonization/waterfowl/birds/marshes/hydroperiod/enhancement/
              fish populations/recruitment/biomass/wildlife/invertebrates/
              Florida/floodplain/diversity/monitoring/channels/plant
              communities/food web/wading birds/fish recruitment

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1588

AUTHOR:       Toth, L.A., J.T.B. Obeysekera, W.A. Perkins, and M.K. Loftin

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Flow regulation and restoration of Florida's Kissimmee River

SOURCE:       Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 8:155-166.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL, HYDRO

ACTION:       HYDRO, LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: RR2-UB2, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     INVERTS, HYDRO, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews the history and channelization bringing about a
              loss of habitat and diversity within the Kissimmee River and its
              floodplains.  A demonstration project was conducted from 1984-1989
              involving reintroducing of flow to a section of the river via three
              weirs.  Although habitat diversity increased and a favorable response
              was observed in fish and invertebrates, the amount of restoration had
              reached its peak as low flow periods were experienced repeatedly during
              the summer and fall causing stagnation and depletion of disolved oxygen.
              Model simulation were used to evaluate and experiment with
              modifications in the daily flow of the upper basins and sub-basins.
              New proposed schedules reverse the seasonal shift of flow periods,
              smooth sharp discharge peaks, and maintain a base flow.  Other
              simulations compared pre-channelization floodplains with current
              floodplains and provided schemes to inundate them again for shorter
              periods of time than historically yet restore more natrual hydrological
              schemes than are now prevalent.  The selected restoration plan is
              briefly reviewed along with its expected benefits.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       895

AUTHOR:       Townsend, C.R., and A.G. Hildrew

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Field experiments on the drifting, colonization and continuous
              redistribution of stream benthos

SOURCE:       J. Anim. Ecol. 45:759-772.

STATE:        GREAT BRITAIN

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB3, R.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper evaluates the role of invertebrate drift in the
              colonization of new areas of stream bed, exposed both
              experimentally (introduced trays of substrate) and naturally
              (diverted section of the Broadstone Stream, southeastern United
              Kingdom).  On the introduced substrate, drifting accounted for
              82% of the colonization.  Average naturally occurring density of
              stream benthos was achieved after 38 days in midsummer at flow
              rates often less than 5 cm/second.  Colonization rate was
              correlated with water velocity.  Colonization of the diverted
              stream suggested that the majority of invertebrates in the drift
              were derived locally.  The authors discuss rates of drift and
              redistribution for various groups of invertebrates.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1261

AUTHOR:       Trautmann, N.M., J.H. Martin, Jr., K.S. Porter, and K.C. Hawk,
              Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Use of artificial wetlands for treatment of municipal solid
              waste landfill leachate

SOURCE:       Pages 245-251 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural.
              Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       PHALARIS, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Presents a constructed wetland system design for treating landfill
              leachate.  The system will be built near Fenton, Broome Co., NY.
              Two beds planted with reed canary grass will pretreat the leachate.
              Effluent will then flow into a bed planted with cattails or into
              an unvegetated bed.  Data will be collected for: BOD5; COD; total
              organic C; total Kjeldahl N; ammonia N; nitrate; nitrite; P; Fe;
              Mn; pH; temperature; Cd; Cr; Cu; Pb; Ni; Zn; Ca; K; Mg; and toxic
              organics.  Lab experiments will be conducted to determine how
              wetland plants affect hydraulic conductivity and O2 content in
              the root zone.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1435

AUTHOR:       Trepagnier, C.M., B. Good, G.D. Steyer, W.G. Sutton, and M.
              Windham

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Evalulation of three crevasse splay marsh creation projects at
              the Mississippi River delta

SOURCE:       Pages 115-119 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the
              thirteenth annual conference society of wetland scientists.
              New Orleans, LA. 990 pp.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E1-EM1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In an attempt to reduce subsidence and create emergent marshes in the
              Mississippi River delta, three artificial crevasses were constructed
              at Pass a Loutre, South Pass, and Loomis Pass in 1986.  Color-infrared
              photography was used to determine crevasse-splay area, delineate
              vegetative communities and identify species composition.  Eighty-four
              hectares of freshwater emergent marshes were created by 1991 with
              Pass a Loutre receiving 21 ha, Loomis Pass receiving 23 ha, and South
              Pass receiving 51 ha.  The author recommends future long term studies
              to determine the relationship between crevasse channel cross-sections,
              parent pass cross-sections, splay area, and other parameters aiding
              in the selection of future crevasse site locations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       896

AUTHOR:       Tuovila, B.J., T.H. Johengen, P.A. Larock, J.B. Outland, D.H.
              Esry, and M. Franklin

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        An evaluation of the Lake Jackson (Florida) filter system and
              artificial marsh on nutrient and particulate removal from
              stormwater runoff

SOURCE:       Pages 271-278 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic
              plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia
              Publ., Orlando, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-EM1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     WQUAL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, PONTEDERIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses a filter system and artificial marsh
              constructed for removal of suspended solids and nutrients from
              runoff into Lake Jackson, FL.  Stormwater enters a 163,000 m3
              detention pond, passes through a 1.8 ha intermittent underdrain
              filter, discharges into a triple box culvert, enters a diversion
              impoundment, and is channeled into a 2.5 ha marsh, which has an
              average depth of 0.5 m, except for a 2.5 m deep settling basin
              near the outfall.  Results from the first year of monitoring
              indicated that the system was capable of removing a large fraction
              of both suspended solids and dissolved particulate nutrient
              material.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1090

AUTHOR:       Tupa, M., E. Olgeirson, and M. Stevens

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Beaver Creek stream relocation and restoration, Beaver Creek
              Ski Area, Avon, Colorado

SOURCE:       Pages 112-114 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K.
              Miller, tech. coords. Restoration, creation, and management of
              wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. Soc.
              Wetland Sci., Rocky Mountain Chap., Denver, CO.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: R3-..., R3-UB1, RIPAR, PO-SS1, PO-EM.

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       CAREX, CALAMAGROSTIS, CARDAMINE, ELEOCHARIS, EQUISETUM,
              ERIGERON, MERTENSIA, GERANIUM, GEUM, JUNCUS, POTENTILLA,
              SALIX, ALNUS, ROSA, RIBES, POPULUS, PICEA, LONICERA, BETULA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article briefly describes the design objectives and general
              plan for relocating a section of Beaver Creek in Avon, CO.  Access
              to the stream, creation of ponded areas, and restoration of native
              vegetation were important considerations.  Constructed in 1985, the
              project was evaluated in 1988.  Minor sedimentation had occurred in
              ponded areas, but plants were thriving.  The replaced wetlands were
              in a mid-successional woodland scrub/shrub stage.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       897

AUTHOR:       Turner, L.J., and D.K. Fowler

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Utilization of surface mine ponds in east Tennessee by
              breeding amphibians

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-81. 14 pp.

STATE:        TN

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB.

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a survey of 24 sediment ponds at Allis Creek
              surface mine near Caryville, Campbell County,  TN.  The survey
              focused on breeding amphibians (of which 12 species were found).
              Water quality (pH and hardness), vegetation, and other wildlife
              also were recorded.  Breeding amphibians were found in 21 of the
              ponds, where average pH varied from 5.22-6.33.  Two ponds were
              very acidic (pH 4.0) and hard (34-46 ppm CaCO3), but supported
              large numbers of amphibians and aquatic organisms.  Potential of
              the ponds for fish stocking also was discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       898

AUTHOR:       Turner, R.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Intertidal vegetation and commmercial yields of penaeid shrimp

SOURCE:       Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 106(5):411-416.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-AB3, E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     SHELLF

PGENUS:       JUNCUS, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper examines the relationship between the volume of
              commercial penaeid shrimp and area of intertidal vegetation at
              study sites along the LA coast.  Data from northwestern South
              America, Central America, Southeast Asia , and the southeast coast
              of Southern Africa also are included in a table.  Data were
              obtained from estimates of catches from known shrimp harvest
              landings.  Two species of shrimp, Penaeus aztecus and P. duorarum,
              account for over 95% of the shrimp harvest in LA.  A direct
              relationship between abundance and type of penaeid shrimp and the
              area and type of intertidal vegetation is described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1478

AUTHOR:       Turner, R.E, E.M. Swenson, and J.M. Lee

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        A rational for coastal wetland restoration through spoil bank
              management in Louisiana, USA

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 18(2):271-282.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, ECON, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Three marshes are used as examples of an approach to identify and
              restore wetlands deteriorated directly or indirectly by dredging.
              Water levels were measured, and vegetative transects were made of each
              site and a nearby reference site.  Color infrared photographs were
              also taken to represent trends in open water/wetland ratio.  A static
              model was developed to estimate the size of an opening through a spoil
              bank necessary to imitate the natural flow of a tidal cycle ranging
              from 10-20 cm over a marsh.  Dredge mobilization costs were estimated
              at $3,000 spread over 10 sites.  Seventeen recommendations were
              provided to improve criteria for site selection, including site
              characteristics and impoundment considerations.  Several management
              plans are listed for implementing soil bank management.  Finally,
              four types of manipulations are listed as considerations after
              baseline measurements are done.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1124

AUTHOR:       Tutty, B.D., and B.A. Raymond

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Tidal reactivation and salmonid utilization of a portion of
              the Englishman River Estuary, Vancouver, British Columbia

SOURCE:       Page 16 in C.D. Levings, ed. An account of a workshop on
              estuarine habitats. Can. Manuscript Rep. Fish. Aquatic Sci.
              No. 1571.

STATE:        CANADA, BRITISH COLUMBIA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: R1-..., E2-..., E1-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the restoration of estuarine habitat at a
              previously diked site on the Englishman River Estuary, Parksville,
              Vancouver Island, British Columbia.  The dike was breached and
              tidal flow was restored to a 218 acre area.  The suitability of
              the site for the rearing of chum salmon fry (Oncorhynchus keta)
              was ascertained.  Epibenthic and benthic invertebrate populations
              were also sampled.  Juvenile salmonids did gain access to the site
              and use the new habitat.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1385

AUTHOR:       Tydeman, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        The general value of man-made wetlands for wildlife in Europe

SOURCE:       Pages 5-19 in Wildlife on man-made wetlands. Buckinghamshire,
              England.

STATE:        EUROPE

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, AMPHIB, SHOREB, WFOWL, NGBIRDS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report reviews artificial wetland types and their importance for
              conservation and wildlife in Europe.  Types of artificial wetlands
              include ponds and scrapes, extractive industries (ie. coal and clay
              pits etc), gravel extraction pits, incidental wetlands, lagoons,
              canals, and reservoirs.  Garden ponds have been especially important
              habitat for amphibians as breeding sites.  Wetlands brought about by
              extractive industries have been beneficial to waterfowl, plants,
              insects.  Canals are beneficial to aquatic plants, insects, and
              amphibians.  The author recommends that artificial wetlands be viewed
              as important and beneficial to conservation and wildlife as "natural"
              wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       899

AUTHOR:       Tydeman, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Gravel pits as wildlife habitat in Great Britain

SOURCE:       Pages 6-12 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds. Wildlife
              values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Stn., St.
              Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982.

STATE:        ENGLAND

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-US1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HUSE

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of the use of gravel pits as
              habitat for birds in Great Britain.  Social history and attitudes
              toward gravel pits are discussed briefly, along with changing uses
              of the pits.  Eleven sites in the Thames Valley were surveyed for
              breeding bird populations over 2 years.  Community structure,
              species diversity, and succession in the gravel pit habitat are
              described.  Species diversity varied with habitat structure,
              which in turn changed over time (with no management).  The conflict
              between using gravel pits for recreation to take pressure off
              natural wetlands and developing the habitat potential of gravel
              pits for wildlife is noted.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       900

AUTHOR:       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Kissimmee River, Florida reconnaissance report (stage I)

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Jacksonville, FL. 115 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, HYDRO, BIOCIDE, CUT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., L2-..., L1-..., R2-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, FISH, SHELLF, WFOWL, HUSE, HYDRO, WQUAL

PGENUS:       PONTEDERIA, EICHHORNIA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses a comprehensive plan for modifying the
              existing flood control system of the Kissimmee River Basin, north
              of Lake Okeechobee, FL, to improve water quality and enhance fish
              and wildlife resources.  Construction of the flood control system
              has changed the formerly cyclical flooded and dry wetlands to
              wetlands with stabilized water levels and reduced plant and
              animal species diversity.  Waterfowl numbers and sport fishing
              have dropped considerably since installation of flood control
              structures.  The report includes: 1) a detailed description of
              the study area; 2) a discussion of the existing flood control
              system; and 3) a comprehensive overview of concerns, impacts, and
              options for modifying the existing system.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       901

AUTHOR:       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Beneficial uses of dredged material: engineering and design

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Off. Chief Eng., Washington, DC, EM
              1110-2-5026. 272 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HARVEST, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., L2-..., R.-..., PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, VEG, HUSE, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This manual provides guidance for planning, designing, developing,
              and managing dredged material for beneficial uses, incorporating
              ecological concepts and engineering designs with biological,
              economical, and social feasibility.  Uses include habitat
              development, aquaculture, parks and recreation, agriculture,
              strip mine reclamation, shoreline stabilization, and construction
              and industry.  Habitat development includes discussions of
              wetland, upland, island, and aquatic habitats.  Information on
              collecting, handling, and planting 359 upland and 105 wetland
              species on dredged material sites is included in the appendices.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       902

AUTHOR:       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Bird and mammal use of main stem levee borrow pits along the
              Lower Mississippi River

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS. 137
              pp.

STATE:        AR, TN, MS, MO, LA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., PO-FO., PO-EM., PO-SS.

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB

PGENUS:       SALIX, POPULUS, ULMUS, CORNUS, ACER, QUERCUS, TAXODIUM,
              POLYGONUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses bird and mammal use of 26 selected borrow
              pits along the main stem levee of the Lower Mississippi River from
              1981-1983.  Information is summarized by 11 species groups and 6
              nesting groups for birds.  Analyses of selected groups of animals
              indicated which land use features of borrow areas produce suitable
              wildlife habitat: 1) land adjacent to pools and vegetated with
              mixed bottomland hardwoods and good understory coverage;
              2) moderate grazing or at least occasional mowing to maintain open
              areas; 3) some flooding, but less than 1 month/year; 4) depths
              great enough to maintain permanent water pools even at drought;
              5) at least 30 acres in size; 6) more than 1 mile from the
              river; and 7) small islands of < 1 acre in pit.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       903

AUTHOR:       U.S. Department of Agriculture

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        A partial summary on Soil Conservation Service plant materials
              activities for shoreline erosion control

SOURCE:       U.S. Soil Conserv. Serv., Draft Rep. 16 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: L2-..., E2-..., R.-..., M2-US2, E2-US2, L2-US2, PO-EM1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, AMMOPHILA, SCIRPUS, CAREX, PANICUM, SALIX,
              ALOPECURUS, PHALARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report summarizes some of the Soil Conservation Services'
              activities using plants to stabilize coastal, riverine,
              and lake shorelines throughout the U.S.  Discussions of each
              region (Northeast, South, Midwest, West) include a brief
              summary of erosion problems, a few findings concerning plantings
              of various species, contributions of Soil Conservation Service
              Plant Materials Centers, and plans for future work.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       904

AUTHOR:       U.S. Department of Agriculture

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Cape American beachgrass

SOURCE:       U.S. Soil Conserv. Serv., Program Aid Leafl. No. 1152. 4 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1, M2-US2, E2-US2

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       AMMOPHILA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This leaflet discusses the use of Cape American beachgrass
              (Ammophila breviligulata) to stabilize dunes and areas of
              shifting sand in coastal areas from ME to NC.  The plant can
              also be used to stabilize sandy inland areas such as
              roadbanks, abandoned gravel pits, and other disturbed areas.
              Guidelines for planting the grass, maintaining the grass
              cover, and obtaining stock are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1553

AUTHOR:       U.S. Department of the Interior

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        The impact of federal programs on wetlands: volume II. A
              riport to Congress by the Secretary of the Interior

SOURCE:       Washington, D.C. 333 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses federal programs and regulations which have
              had negative impacts on wetlands in attempts to make arid land
              suitable for agricultural and public uses.  Ammendments of prior
              regulations and new policies to halt or reverse wetlands impacts
              as well as incentives and penalties to enforce them are also reviewed.
              Individual bureaus responsible for much of the damage to wetlands
              and are now in charge of current protection and restoration efforts
              include the U.S. Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, Soil
              Conservation Service, Bureau of Land Management, USDA Forest Service,
              and various state and federal highway departments.  Regional wetlands
              throughout the United States are discussed in terms of factors
              adversely effecting wetlands, federal programs and projects impacting
              wetlands, current status and future prospects, and recommendations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       905

AUTHOR:       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Measures for the restoration and enhancement of quality of
              freshwater lakes

SOURCE:       U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA-430/9-73-005. 238 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, HYDRO, BIOCIDE, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-EM., L2-AB3

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, OSCILLATORIA, APHANIZOMENON, ANABAENA, GLOEOTRICHIA,
              EICHHORNIA, PONTEDERIA, ALTERNANTHERA, MYRIOPHYLLUM,
              POTAMOGETON, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents information on methods, processes, and
              procedures to restore and enhance the water quality of lakes.
              Topics discussed include an overview of lake types, thermal
              regimes, and nutrient cycling; measures to restrict nutrient and
              sediment input; in-lake treatment and control measures; control
              and removal of hazardous substances; and possible lake protection
              management considerations.  Summaries of case studies throughout
              the world are used to illustrate various techniques, including
              dredging, nutrient inactivation, covering of sediments, aeration,
              drawdown and harvesting, biological control, and chemical
              control of nuisance organisms.  The appendix includes discussions
              of various sources of water quality problems in lakes and the
              impacts of different contaminants on lake environments.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       906

AUTHOR:       U.S. Federal Highway Administration

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Restoration of fish habitat in relocated streams

SOURCE:       U.S. Dept. Transport. FHWPA-IP-79-3. 63 pp.

STATE:        CO, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., R4-SB3

RESPONSE:     FISH, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This manual provides guidelines for the design and construction
              of relocated channels and describes measures that lead to rapid
              recovery of new channels by natural processes, with particular
              emphasis on restoring fish habitat.  Topics include: 1) flow in
              natural streams; 2) fish habitat (resting, hiding, food producing,
              and reproduction areas); 3) rehabilitation concepts; and
              4) habitat restoration measures and structures.  Types of
              deflectors, check dams, bank protection, and instream placement of
              large boulders are described.  Design recommendations emphasize
              aesthetics as well as habitat improvement.  A case study of the
              Tenmile Creek stream relocation project in Summit County, CO, is
              used to illustrate design and construction principles.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       909

AUTHOR:       U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Carrolls Channel wetland restoration project, Columbia River,
              Cowlitz County, Washington

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Portland, OR, Unpubl. Rep. 13 pp.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-UB3, PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1, R.-AB3, R.-AB4, PO-EM2,
              R.-EM2, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ELEOCHARIS, LINDERNIA, BIDENS, POLYGONUM, EQUISETUM,
              LILAEOPSIS, SAGITTARIA, PHALARIS, PASPALUM, LEERSIA, SALIX,
              MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses efforts to restore 600 acres of riparian
              wetland habitat along the Carrolls Channel, Cowlitz County, WA,
              which was inadvertently filled with dredged material during
              emergency actions following the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
              Fill material was removed and previous elevations were restored.
              The upstream end of the newly created channel graded into a small
              natural channel, which had a number of desirable emergent plant
              species.  Excavations were graded to prevent entrapment areas for
              juvenile salmonids.  Within 1 year, edges of excavated areas had
              eroded, as expected, forming gentler slopes.  Recolonization of
              plants was far greater than expected.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       907

AUTHOR:       U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Recovery plan for salt marsh bird's beak

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Portland, OR. 92 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       CORDYLANTHUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report is the completed salt marsh bird's beak (Cordylanthus
              maritimus) recovery plan.  The taxonomy, appearance, and
              distribution of this endangered species are described in detail.
              Found only in scattered salt marshes along coastal southern CA and
              Northern Baja, C. maritimus is often found with pickelweed,
              salt cedar, salt grass, alkali-heath, and sea-lavender.  It is a
              hemiparasitic plant, deriving water and possibly nutrients from
              haustorial root connections with other species.  Objectives for
              recovery are described in detail.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       908

AUTHOR:       U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Evaluation of mitigation wetlands: U.S. Highway 83 between
              Bismarck and Minot

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Bismarck, ND, Unpubl. Rep. 10 pp.

STATE:        ND

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, CUT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4, PO-SS1, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, HYDRO

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, POLYGONUM, ELEOCHARIS, SAGITTARIA, SALIX,
              POPULUS, LEMNA, POTAMOGETON, SETARIA, PHALARIS, CAREX, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's
              evaluation of the effectiveness of mitigation wetlands along U.S.
              Hwy 83 in ND.  Water level and wildlife use were examined on 216
              developed ponds classified as temporary (88 ponds), seasonal (83),
              and semipermanent to permanent (44).  Waterfowl preferred
              semipermanent, long (>100 ft) ponds greater than 20 ft in width
              with good cover.  No apparent differences were noted between ponds
              created by excavation or impoundment or between ponds connected to
              or separated from natural basin wetlands.  Pond vegetation was
              similar to that of natural wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       910

AUTHOR:       U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        A status report: operation of an interagency agreement for
              replacing easement wetlands affected by highway projects in
              North Dakota

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Bismarck, ND, Unpubl. Rep. 22 pp.

STATE:        ND

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses a memorandum of understanding (MOU)
              developed between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the North
              Dakota State Highway Department to establish a basis for replacing
              easement wetlands impacted by highway construction in the state.
              Wetland habitats used for replacement included constructed
              wetlands, existing natural wetlands, and restored drained
              wetlands.  The MOU has been successful in replacing wetland
              habitat through easements.  Fee title ownership increases the
              potential for gains from control of land use, more intensive
              management, and protection from erosion.  The overall average land
              replacement of about 3 acres of fee land for each acre of easement
              wetland compares favorably with other habitat-based systems
              presently in use in the state.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1091

AUTHOR:       U.S. General Accounting Office

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Public rangelands: some riparian areas restored but widespread
              improvements will be slow

SOURCE:       U.S. Gen. Acct. Off., Washington, DC, GAO/RCEC-88-105. 85 pp.

STATE:        OR, CA, ID, MT, WY, CO, NM, AZ, UT, NV

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-FO., PO-SS., PO-EM., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report presents results of the U.S. General Accounting
              Office's (GAO) investigation into the status of riparian
              restoration on public lands in the west.  GAO reviewed 22
              riparian areas restored by the BLM or Forest Service.  The
              overriding factor in achieving success was improving livestock
              management, to give the native vegetation more opportunity to
              grow.  Management consisted of restricted herding, temporary or
              permanent fencing, or a combination of both.  Barriers to
              further success in restoring riparian habitat in the West
              include the reduction, over the past 8 years, in personnel,
              funding, and activities related to riparian improvements, and
              lack of agency support of field staff.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       911

AUTHOR:       Uebelhoer, G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Problems associated with the successful recreation of wetlands
              in mined areas of Desoto and Manatee Counties, Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 102-126 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth
              annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FIRE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO.

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of existing wetlands on phosphate
              mine properties in Manatee and De Soto Counties, FL.
              Interrelationships between these wetland systems and soil,
              topography, and hydrology are being assessed.  Studies are
              comprised of transect analyses (of vegetation, soil, and
              topography), streamflow gaging stations and piezometer
              installation, geomorphological studies, and assessment of the
              viability of using field litter as a seed source for native
              vegetation.  This information will be applied to test
              reclamation/revegetation experiments for the reestablishment of
              wetland systems in the Big Slough drainage system.  The efforts
              described here are phase 1 of this program.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       912

AUTHOR:       Uhler, F.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1956

TITLE:        New habitats for waterfowl

SOURCE:       Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 21:453-469.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-AB., PO-SS1, PO-FO1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL

PGENUS:       SPARGANIUM, QUERCUS, NYSSA, ILEX, LIQUIDAMBAR, CORNUS, FAGUS,
              CAREX, PROSERPINACA, POLYGONUM, GLYCERIA, CEPHALANTHUS,
              SAGITTARIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the creation and management of ponds and
              marshes for waterfowl at the Patuxent Research Refuge near Laurel,
              MD.  Construction of impoundments, treatment of turbid or stained
              water, the use of sewage lagoons for waterfowl habitat, shrub and
              wooded swamp management, meadows for waterfowl, nesting sites, and
              predation/disturbance problems are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       913

AUTHOR:       Ulrich, K.E., and T.M. Burton

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        The establishment and management of emergent vegetation in
              sewage-fed artificial marshes and the effects of these marshes
              on water quality

SOURCE:       Wetlands 4:205-220.

STATE:        MI

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, TYPHA, ZIZANIA, SPARGANIUM, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes experiments on the establishment and
              growth of several freshwater emergent plant species in 3
              artificial marshes at Michigan State University's water quality
              management facility.  Species differed in their ability to
              flourish in the high-nutrient, clay-bottom marshes; Sparganium
              eurycarpum spread most rapidly, followed by Typha latifolia and T.
              angustifolia.  Input/output budgets were constructed for total N,
              P, and K.  A net removal of n occurred from flow-through waters,
              but the sediments of all 3 marshes did not serve as a sink for P
              during the 6 year monitoring period.  Only one harvest per year is
              recommended.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       914

AUTHOR:       Uttormark, P.D., and M.L. Hutchins

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Input/output models as decision criteria for lake restoration

SOURCE:       Univ. Wisconsin Water Resour. Cent., Madison, Tech. Rep. WIS
              WRC 78-03. 61 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report evaluates the applicability of 4 input/output
              models for designing lake restoration activities.  Data from 25
              lakes that had experienced reductions in nutrient inflow were
              used in the models.  Comparisons of measured and predicted
              responses were made, based on general descriptions of trophic
              status, secchi depth, and lake condition index.  All 4 models
              yielded accurate predictions of general trophic state for at least
              70% of the lakes.  Input/output models were best applied to
              restorative techniques that curb nutrient influx and have limited
              application to techniques that disrupt internal nutrient cycling
              or accelerate nutrient outflow.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       915

AUTHOR:       Vadas, R.L., P.E. Garwood, and D.J. Healy

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Ecological evaluation of an artificially created marsh at
              Harrington, Maine: final report

SOURCE:       Maine Dept. Transport., Augusta, Tech. Pap. 85-5. 150 pp.

STATE:        ME

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       PUCCINELLIA, SALICORNIA, SCIRPUS, SPARTINA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses creation of an experimental marsh as part
              of a bridge construction project at Harrington, ME.  Four
              subsections represented different methods for establishing salt
              marsh vegetation (deposit, plug, sod, and pond).  Initially, the
              marsh developed slowly with large barren areas.  Many of the
              plugs were damaged or removed by ice.  The sod area recovered
              quickly and after the first year was as productive as the
              control areas.  Growth and development was consistently best on
              elevated, dry areas and poorest in continually wet depressions
              (pannes).  Puccinellia paupercula, Salicornia europea, Scirpus
              pallidus, and Spartina alterniflora colonized the area and showed
              good potential for use in salt marsh creation in high latitudes.
              Transplantation as a deep carpet of sod was recommended.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       916

AUTHOR:       Valiela, I., J.M. Teal, and N.Y Persson

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Production and dynamics of experimentally enriched salt marsh
              vegetation: belowground biomass

SOURCE:       Limnol. Oceanogr. 21:245-252.

STATE:        MA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the effects of fertilization on production of
              Spartina alterniflora and S. patens in a salt marsh in MA.
              Fertilization did not affect initial root growth, but did cause a
              marked reduction in root biomass after the spring peak and a marked
              increase in aboveground production.  Roots disappeared in autumn
              leaving rhizomes as the only part of the plants to overwinter.  The
              lower dose of sewage sludge fertilizer (8.4 g/m2/week) generated
              greater production than the higher dose (25.2 g/m2/week).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       917

AUTHOR:       Van Arman, J., and R. Goodrick

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Effects of water level increases on Kissimmee River vegetation

SOURCE:       Pages 19-34 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh
              annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       PANICUM, CENTELLA, JUNCUS, URENA, EUPATORIUM, AMBROSIA,
              HYDROCOTYLE, ALTERNANTHERA, HYDROCHLOA, LEERSIA, EICHHORNIA,
              SAGITTARIA, PONTEDERIA, BACOPA, ELEOCHARIS, RHYNCHOSPORA,
              CYPERUS, MYRICA, ASTER, CIRSIUM, OXALIS, HIBISCUS,
              CEPHALANTHUS, ANDROPOGON, POLYGONUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper documents a study of the effects of marsh reflooding on
              10 previously drained plots in the floodplain of the Kissimmee
              River, FL.  Changes in various vegetative communities were recorded
              from 1974-1978.  Areas 12.2 m above mean sea level (MSL) showed an
              increase in floating aquatic plants, whereas areas above the
              12.2 contour showed increased coverage by emergents (with
              reductions in softrush).  Areas above 12.5 m MSL showed a loss of
              understory vegetation and an increase in wax myrtle.  Other
              alterations in vegetative patterns are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       918

AUTHOR:       Van Der Valk, A.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Succession in wetlands: a Gleasonian approach

SOURCE:       Ecology 62(3):688-696.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB4, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, LEMNA, TYPHA, PHRAGMITES, BIDENS, NAJAS, SONCHUS,
              CIRSIUM, CYPERUS, NYMPHAEA, POTAMOGETON, SPARGANIUM,
              POLYGONUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents a qualitative model of succession in freshwater
              wetlands, based on life history features of plant species.  Three
              key life history traits are used to characterize wetland species:
              life-span, propagule longevity, and propagule establishment
              requirements.  Twelve basic life history types are recognized.
              Most of the information needed to apply the model can be obtained
              by examining a wetland's seed bank.  The future state (presence in
              the form of propagules in the seed bank, presence as mature plants,
              or complete absence) of each species type can be predicted if
              environmental conditions change (e.g., drawdown and subsequent
              reflooding).  Examples of succession in North American and African
              wetlands are included to illustrate application of the model.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1184

AUTHOR:       Van der Valk, A.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        From community ecology to vegetation management: providing a
              scientific basis for management

SOURCE:       Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 53:463-470.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, HYDRO

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, TYPHA, SCOLOCHLOA, PHRAGMITES, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article examines the relationships between community ecology
              and vegetation management.  "If mechanisms that cause vegetation
              change are understood, then they can be exploited to manipulate
              vegetation, and the results of these manipulations can be
              predicted more reliably."  Included are discussions on vegetative
              change, predicting future states of vegetation, seed germination
              traits and community composition.  Examples are drawn from data on
              prairie wetland vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       919

AUTHOR:       Van Der Valk, A.G., and C.B. Davis

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        The role of seed banks in the vegetation dynamics of prairie
              glacial marshes

SOURCE:       Ecology 59(2):322-335.

STATE:        IA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L2-EM2, L2-AB4, L2-AB3, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, SPARGANIUM, TYPHA, CAREX, SAGITTARIA, LEMNA,
              SPIRODELA, NAJAS, CERATOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, BIDENS, CYPERUS,
              POLYGONUM, RUMEX, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents results of germination tests on marsh plant
              seeds of Eagle Lake and Goose Lake in north-central IA.  Seed bank
              tests consisted of a 1 month laboratory test of submerging soil
              samples or keeping samples moist to simulate exposed mud
              conditions.  Emergent species (Typha, Scirpus, Sparganium,
              Sagittaria) germinate on exposed mud flats or in very shallow
              water; submerged and free-floating species (Lemna, Spirodela,
              Ceratophyllum, Naias, Potamogeton) have dormant seeds or turions
              that can survive on exposed mud flats for a year and germinate in
              standing water; and mud flat species (Bidens, Cyperus, Polygonum,
              Rumex) are ephemerals whose seeds can only germinate on exposed
              mud flats when no standing water exists.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       920

AUTHOR:       Van Haveren, B.P., and W.L. Jackson

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Concepts in stream riparian rehabilitation

SOURCE:       Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 51:280-289.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, HYDRO, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-SS., PO-FO., RIPAR

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of the interrelationships
              between riparian systems and the hydrologic and geomorphic
              processes operating in the associated stream channels.  Riparian
              degradation is generally associated with either lateral instability
              or stream incision.  These conditions must be identified and dealt
              with first in any proposed rehabilitation project.  Treatment
              methods should work with, not against, the natural channel-
              adjustment processes.  If the stream channel is evolving towards a
              new stage of dynamic equilibrium, and watershed condition is static
              or improving, riparian rehabilitation may simply involve no more
              than a passive approach of "letting nature take its course."

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       921

AUTHOR:       Vanbreedveld, J.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Transplanting of seagrasses with emphasis on the importance of
              substrate

SOURCE:       Florida Dept. Nat. Resour., Mar. Res. Publ., St. Petersburg,
              No. 17. 25 pp.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E1-AB3, E2-UB3, E1-UB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study was undertaken to establish reliable methods of
              transplanting Thalassia testudinum and other seagrasses at various
              sites near Tampa Bay, FL.  Techniques for successful restoration
              are discussed.  The substrate was soft, dark mud of 30 cm depth in
              61 cm of water at mean low tide.  Root dip was used on some
              plants.  Thalassia clumps of 5 each were anchored with construction
              rods; the survival rate was 100%.  Thalassia did well in anaerobic
              soils; Halodule did well in aerobic conditions and Syringodium did
              well in both soil types.  Water temperature, salinity, and growth
              measurements are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1092

AUTHOR:       Vance, H.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Hydrology and hydraulic requirements of successful wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 283-286 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings
              of the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept.
              16-18 1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne,
              NY.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., E.-..., M.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides: 1) an overview of requirements for a
              successful wetland creation or restoration project; and 2) brief
              summaries of three successful wetland projects in which
              the suggested approach was used.  Several key features of
              successful projects are: clear objectives; understanding of
              hydraulic and hydrologic components of the macro-system
              in which they exist; clear definition of the hydraulic
              requirements of the micro-system; ability to control both
              macro and micro systems, and professional management.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1352

AUTHOR:       Van Haveren, B.P., and W.L. Jackson

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Concepts in stream riparian rehabilitation

SOURCE:       Pages 280-289 in Trans. 51st N.A. wildlife and natural
              resources conference.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, EROSION

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the interrelationships between riparian systems
              and the hydrologic and geomorphic processes associated with stream
              channels to aid in the rehabilitation principles and approaches on
              degraded areas.  Incised streams and laterally unstable streams are
              addressed as case studies of the impaired table function, impaired
              channel bank and floodplain function. The authors suggest the
              overriding management consideration in planning a
              riparian-rehabilitation program is to determine the rehabilitation
              potential and identify underlying problems of the degraded area.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       922

AUTHOR:       Varnell, R.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        A water quality monitoring program for management and
              restoration of two Louisiana estuaries

SOURCE:       Pages 39-57 in R.H. Stovall, ed. Proceedings of the eighth
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Management plans were developed for the Breton Sound and Barataria
              Bay Estuaries, LA.  Regulation of salinity gradients within the
              estuaries is of prime importance.  Maximization of vegetative
              production should retard current trends of land loss from erosion
              and contribute to land building.  This restoration project includes
              diversion of freshwater from the Mississippi River and routine
              water sampling of pH, turbidity, salinity, and fecal coliforms.
              Proposed use of an existing lake as a settling basin to assure
              adequate flow rates from the Mississippi to the estuaries also
              would: 1) distribute nutrient-laden water throughout the adjacent
              marsh; 2) moderate water temperature; 3) allow sediment to
              settle; and 4) filter out river water pollution before it reaches
              the estuaries.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       923

AUTHOR:       Vaubel, J.A., and G.R. Hoffman

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        A study of vegetation development in relation to age of river
              stabilization structures along a channelized segment of the
              Missouri River

SOURCE:       Univ. South Dakota., Dept. Biol., Vermillion. 76 pp.

STATE:        NE, IA, MO

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, R2-..., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       POPULUS, SALIX, ULMUS, ACER, QUERCUS, FRAXINUS, PLATANUS,
              CARYA, MORUS, CELTIS, GYMNOCLADUS, JUGLANS, TILIA, RIBES,
              SYMPHORICARPOS, CORNUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a study of vegetation succession and
              ecological processes in relation to river stabilization structures
              along the Missouri River in NE, IA, and MO.  Three stages in
              development were noted: 1) the pioneer stage, dominated by
              Populus/Salix; 2) the intermediate state consisting of Populus/
              Acer; and 3) the mature forest dominated by Ulmus/Fraxinus.
              Results of the study indicated that the mature floodplain forest
              community was more diverse than the pioneer stage.  This method of
              relating vegetation successional stages to age of river
              channelization proved useful for developing a time scale for
              vegetation establishment and was accurate for ecological land
              management studies.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1093

AUTHOR:       Vaught, R., and J. Bowmaster

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Missouri wetlands and their management

SOURCE:       Missouri Dept. Conserv., Jefferson City. 23 pp.

STATE:        MO

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes development, creation, and management of
              wetlands in MO.  Water level control, grading and topography,
              moist soil management, waterfowl nesting programs (and nest box
              construction), and management for mammals and invertebrates
              are discussed.  A planting chart for 12 aquatic plants includes
              wildlife use for food or cover, timing of planting, propagation,
              where to plant (soil moisture and water depth), and recommended
              number of plants per acre.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1464

AUTHOR:       Vellidis, G., R. Lowrance, M.C. Smith, and R.K. Hubbard

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Methods to assess the water quality impact of a restored
              riparian wetland

SOURCE:       Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 48(3):223-230.

STATE:        GA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study emphasizes methods used to study the effectiveness of a
              restored wetland in enhancing water quality of runoff from an animal
              waste application site.  Nutrient concentration changes in surface
              runoff and groundwater as well as nutrient uptake and removal through
              wetland soils and vegetation were studied.  An elaborate well network
              was designed to intercept groundwater inputs.  Surface runoff
              collectors, flumes, and monitoring wells were installed to monitor
              surface runoff.  Water samples were taken biweekly for nutrient
              concentration, soil sampled at four depths was collected quarterly for
              N and P analysis, and monthly at five depths for denitrification and
              inorganic N measurements.  Results indicate a significant decrease of
              PO4-P concentrations from samples taken upslope to those taken
              downslope as they exit the wetland system.  A three dimensional
              surface representation of NO3-N concentrations versus space indicate
              high levels of NO3-N originating from the forage production site and
              decreasing as it moves downslope.  Further water quality impact
              studies are tentatively planned to be completed in 1994.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1507

AUTHOR:       Vellidis, G., M.C. Smith, R.K. Hubbard, and R. Lowrance

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Surface runoff samplers for nutrient assimilation measurement
              in a restored riparian wetland

SOURCE:       Pages 135-143 in T. Younos, P. Diplas, and S. Mostaghimi, eds.
              Land reclaimation: advances in research and
              technology-proceedings of the international symposium. St.
              Joseph, MI. 381 pp.

STATE:        GA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM, ECON

PGENUS:       PINUS, LIRIODENDRON, NYSSA, FRAXINUS, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the restoration efforts and monitoring design of
              a wetland to be used as a bioremediation site for an animal waste
              application site.  Liquid manure from a dairy cow confinement area was
              applied to the wetland via a 5.6 ha center pivot irrigation system.
              Surface runoff was sampled entering and exiting the wetland and
              nutrient movement and concentrations in shallow ground water were
              sampled at various monitoring wells throughout the wetland.  Design
              and installation of the runoff samplers are discussed in detail.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       924

AUTHOR:       Veneman, P.L.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Science base for freshwater wetland mitigation in the
              northeastern United States: soils

SOURCE:       Pages 115-121 in J.S. Larson and C. Neill, eds. Mitigating
              freshwater wetland alterations in the glaciated northeastern
              United States: an assessment of the science base. Univ.
              Massachusetts, Environ. Inst., Amherst, Publ. No. 87-1.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     SOIL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides a summary of the basic soils information
              necessary for determining a mitigation proposal's potential for
              success.  The relative importance of soil characteristics for
              various wetland functions is given in table form.  Minimum,
              detailed, and highly detailed data requirements are described.
              These include soil profile, soil survey data, fiber content, pore
              water analysis, seedbank capacity, soil organisms, clay
              mineralogical data, microbial assessment, heavy metal content,
              pesticides, gas/toxin analysis, soil temperature, and peat
              characteristics.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       925

AUTHOR:       Vincent, M.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations, Rennie Island Marsh
              development site, Grays Harbor, Washington: summary report

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-11. 94 pp.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA, SALICORNIA, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS, POLYPOGON, CAKILE,
              CAREX, COTULA, TRIGLOCHIN, ALNUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A marsh habitat development project was undertaken at Rennie
              Island, Grays Harbor, WA, to evaluate marsh development using
              fine-grained dredge material in a high-energy, high-tide
              environment.  The original plans were to determine the
              feasibility of marsh development based on pertinent literature
              and physical, biological, and chemical assessment of the site.
              Earthen dikes were to be constructed to protect the development
              site.  Due to the high-wave energy conditions, no cost-effective,
              feasible type of structure was found and the project was
              terminated.  Some data on soil and water chemical content and
              vegetative composition are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1399

AUTHOR:       Vinson, M.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Sediment dynamics in meandering and straight sections of a
              relocated stream channel

SOURCE:       Pages 76-87 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K.
              Miller, eds. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland
              and riparian ecosystems in the American West. PIC Tecnologies,
              Inc and CRS Sirrine, Inc. 235pp.

STATE:        ID

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, OVERVIEW, COMPARISON

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R.-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, HYDRO, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Birch Creek was relocated to evaluate a large scale stream renovation
              project using modern hydraulic engineering techniques.  The effect of
              channel sinuosity on aquatic and riparian habitat, habitat quality,
              and biotic potential were also evaluated.  The tractive force theory
              (Chow) was used for the channel cross-section geometry.  Results
              indicated a greater overbank sediment deposition in the meandering
              channel than in the straight channel which is important for the
              establishment of riparian vegetation, and the in-stream biotic
              potential was higher in the meandering section.  A set of control
              gates at the southern end of the pond was proposed to divert high
              flows into Birch creek which could result in erosive flows.  The
              author was concerned that lack of fine sediment deposition would
              delay biological productivity throughout certain areas of the
              meandering channel.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       926

AUTHOR:       Virginia Institute of Marine Science

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations, Windmill Point Marsh
              development site, James River, Virginia. Appendix D:
              environmental impacts of marsh development with dredged
              material: botany, soils, aquatic biology, and wildlife

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-23. 510 pp.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: R1-UB., R1-US2, R1-US3, R.-EM2, PO-FO1, R2-US2, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes marsh island habitat constructed in the
              James River, VA, from fine-grained dredged material.  Compared
              with nearby natural marshes, the artificial marsh produced:
              1) a less diverse benthos (with greater biomass); and 2) a similar
              abundance and biomass of a less diverse fish community.
              Differences in soil and physical characteristics were pronounced;
              the artificial area was comprised of a higher percentage of sand,
              which was highly susceptible to erosion.  Reference site soils
              were higher in percent volatiles, organic carbon, soil nitrogen,
              and cation exchange capacity.  Plant distribution at the
              artificial site appeared to be controlled by elevation and
              inundation period rather than by differences in soil
              characteristics.  Extensive species lists are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       927

AUTHOR:       Voigts, D.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Aquatic invertebrate abundance in relation to changing marsh
              vegetation

SOURCE:       Am. Midl. Nat. 95:312-322.

STATE:        IA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       CAREX, TYPHA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, LEMNA, UTRICULARIA, CERATOPHYLLUM,
              POTAMOGETON, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents results of a study of aquatic invertebrates in
              relation to vegetative cover in 4 prairie marshes in northwestern
              IA near Ruthven.  Invertebrates were sampled in various marsh
              habitats during June, the peak of laying and incubation for many
              waterbird species.  Total invertebrate abundance increased as the
              emergent vegetation was replaced by submerged vegetation, but
              maximum numbers occurred where beds of submerged vegetation were
              interspersed with stands of emergent vegetation.  Abundance of
              major groups of invertebrates (Isopoda, Amphipoda, Chironomidae,
              Physidae, and zooplankton) in: 1) emergent vegetation at drawdown
              stage; and 2) in open water with few submergents is described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1578

AUTHOR:       Vrhovsek, D. and T. Bulc

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Development of constructed wetlands in Slovenia

SOURCE:       Aquaphyte 14(2):1,14-15.

STATE:        SLOVENIA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SCHOENOPLECTUS, PHRAGMITES, CARES, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the opportunity for the treatment of wastewater
              using constructed wetlands in Sovenia.  The large amount of
              unutilized land and the low population on the country provide
              optimal conditions for success.  Seven pilot wetland were constructed
              to treat various types of wastewater from conventional wastewater
              to landfill leachate.  A variety of plant species were used and
              depths, bed systems, surface and depth water flow were experimented
              with to obtain the most efficient systems.  Success rates of BOD5
              and COD removal ranged from 91% to 45% and ortho-phosphate removal
              from 96% to 52%.  Further developement and monitoring of constructed
              wetlands is recommended.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       928

AUTHOR:       Wadsworth, F.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1959

TITLE:        Growth and regeneration of white mangrove in Puerto Rico

SOURCE:       Caribbean For. 20(July-December):59-71.

STATE:        PUERTO RICO

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       CUT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, E2-SS3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       LAGUNCULARIA, RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA, CONOCARPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses silviculture of mangroves in Puerto Rico,
              including 3 studies on growth and regeneration of white mangrove
              (Laguncularia racemosa) on the Atlantic and Caribbean Coasts
              of Puerto Rico.  Annual growth of mangroves was greater in
              thinned plots versus unthinned plots.  Growth rates of
              white and black (Avicennia germinans) mangroves were similar
              within plots.  No serious wind throw losses were suffered as
              a result of thinnings.  Thinnings did not induce effective
              natural regeneration of any tree or shrub species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       929

AUTHOR:       Wakefield, R.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1966

TITLE:        The distribution of riparian vegetation in relation to water
              level

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, Washington St. Univ., Pullman. 35 pp.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R.-US2, PO-SS1, PO-EM1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       SALIX, AGROPYRON, SPOROBOLUS, ERIOGONUM, RHUS, CELTIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study examines the effects of water level fluctuation on the
              distribution of riparian vegetation of the Snake River near
              Clarkston, WA.  Water level and stream discharge records were
              examined for the 17 year period preceding this study to determine
              daily means.  Frequencies of plant species on plot strips are
              correlated with contour intervals and the period the substrate is
              exposed during the growing season.  The lower terminus of a
              plant's distribution is the most significant frequency of
              occurrence for finding a correlation between plant distribution
              and water level.  Effects of hydrological events on the
              distribution of streamside perennials vary with the species and
              should be evaluated in terms of the plants' life cycle and growing
              season.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       930

AUTHOR:       Wakeman, N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Development of regional wetland restoration goals: San
              Francisco Bay

SOURCE:       Pages 32-37 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll.
              Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-EM1, E2-US3

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides a summary overview of San Francisco Bay
              wetlands in terms of present status and restoration goals.
              According to the bay conservation and development commission, the
              creation or restoration of freshwater marsh, brackish water
              marsh, habitat for rare or endangered species, and tidal marsh
              would enhance the bay's wildlife resources.  Restoration of tidal
              flow to diked areas should increase the productivity of the bay.
              Careful planning, implementing, and monitoring (for at least 10
              years) are essential for the achievement of restoration goals and
              objectives.  A suggested project checklist is provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       932

AUTHOR:       Walker, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Corporate wetland creation effort (North Carolina)

SOURCE:       Restoration & Management Notes 4:29-30

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HARVEST, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This experiment was conducted to create a salt marsh/open water
              fish nursery in creeks of the Pamlico Estuary, NC.  An
              intensive monitoring program of natural and man-initiated
              creeks included studying benthic invertebrates, fish, and
              phytoplankton use.  Approximately 60,000 Spartina seedlings were
              planted along with Juncus on 6 acres of marsh.  Abundance and
              diversity of the fish community in the created marsh were about
              equal to those in natural adjacent areas.
 
KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands creation/North Carolina/fishes/marshes/soils/
              creation/man-initiated/soil/salinity/sediment/biomass/vegetative
              cover/monitoring/benthic organisms/fish utilization/diversity

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       931

AUTHOR:       Walker, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Phosphate mining and wetlands creation: a company perspective

SOURCE:       Pages 37-40 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing
              our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl.
              Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        FL, NC

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-..., PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses Agrico's program of on-site and in-kind
              wetlands restoration on phosphate-mined lands in FL and NC.
              Restoration has involved excavation of ponds, planting wetland
              soils, and elevation grading.  Overall, productivity of the created
              wetlands is nearly equivalent to that of natural systems.  High pH
              of the marshes is declining and wildlife use of the wetlands is
              encouraging.  Agrico is continuing their research on productivity,
              water quality, and wildlife use of the nearly 900 acres of
              created wetlands.  Agrico also has developed high flotation
              equipment to ditch and consolidate clays in waste ponds, which
              speeds reclamation of these areas.
KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       933

AUTHOR:       Warburton, D.B., W.D. Klimstra, and J.R. Nawrot

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Aquatic macrophyte propagation and planting practices for
              wetland development

SOURCE:       Pages 139-152 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Proceedings wetlands and water management on mined lands
              conference. Pennsylvania St. Univ., University Park.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3, PO-EM1, PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, SPARTINA, SECALE, TRITICUM, ECHINOCHLOA, CYPERUS,
              POLYGONUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of the development of coal mine
              slurry impoundments as wetland habitats through research
              demonstration efforts in IL.  Site assessment, planting stock
              selection, planting methods, and monitoring strategies are
              discussed.  Plants that occur naturally on slurry ponds near the
              intended restoration site were found to be the most successful
              planting stock.  Tables depict plant longevity, use as food and
              cover for waterfowl, recommended propagules, and physico-chemical
              conditions of natural habitat.  Survival, stem height, cluster
              diameter, and stem diameter are compared between 2 sources of
              hardstem bulrush stock: locally collected and commercial nursery.
              Hardstem bulrush is compared to river bulrush in terms of the same
              parameters, with and without fertilizer treatments.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       934

AUTHOR:       Ward, E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1942

TITLE:        Phragmites management

SOURCE:       Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 7:294-298.

STATE:        MANITOBA, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       CUT, FIRE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, TYPHA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper contains the author's observations of the growth and
              wildlife use of Phragmites over a 14 year period on the Delta
              Marsh, Manitoba, Canada.  Phragmites is an aggressive plant that
              often crowds out more valuable wildlife food and cover plants.
              Dense stands of Phragmites are seldom used by nesting ducks;
              however, Phragmites edges and new thin growths are heavily used.
              Phragmites has the benefit of providing an effective barrier
              between farmland and wilderness marsh--preventing the intrusion of
              both man and cattle.  The author discusses 2 methods of controlling
              Phragmites that have had some success on the Delta Marsh: 1) a
              3 year mowing program; and 2) a spring or fall burning program.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       935

AUTHOR:       Ward, G.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Marsh enhancement by freshwater diversion

SOURCE:       J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage. 3(1):1-23.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., R1-..., R1-EM2, PO-EM.

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the hydrological characteristics of the Nueces
              Delta, TX, as part of a larger study to determine the feasibility
              of improving the ecological value of this coastal marsh area by
              construction of diversion works to increase marsh inundation by the
              river.  A numerical hydrodynamic model of the delta system is
              described; it predicts time evolution of flow and water level
              throughout the delta, simulating inundation and dewatering of
              floodplain and activation of intermittent channels.  The response
              of the marsh to various flood events was computed for existing
              conditions as well as proposed combinations of weirs and diversion
              channels.  The method described here, which combines statistical
              hydrology with a numerical hydrodynamic delta model, may be applied
              to other locations and situations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       936

AUTHOR:       Warner, G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1965

TITLE:        Relocating a river and rebuilding a fishery

SOURCE:       Outdoor California 26(12):14-15.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: R3-UB1, R3-..., PO-FO., RIPAR

RESPONSE:     FISH

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses habitat improvements on 2.5 miles of
              relocated sections of the South Fork Yuba River, Placer County,
              CA.  Relocated sections were meandered as much as possible within
              the limited area available.  Stream banks were sloped and
              stabilized with riprap.  Deflectors were installed in the stream
              to create pool and riffle areas.  The deflectors have withstood 2
              torrential rainfalls that caused flood conditions and flows of
              6,000 and 18,000 cfs in the river.  Pools and riffles were created
              and the vast accumulation of silt was flushed out during these
              high-water periods.  Trees have been planted along streambanks to
              provide shade for fish and anglers.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       937

AUTHOR:       Warner, K., and I.R. Porter

PUBL. YEAR:   1960

TITLE:        Experimental improvement of a bulldozed trout stream in
              northern Maine

SOURCE:       Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 89(1):59-63.

STATE:        ME

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R3-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes an experiment to improve brook trout habitat
              in Hudson Brook, northern ME; the brook had been bulldozed in 1950
              for pulpwood stacking.  Shade trees, bank cover, aquatic
              vegetation, and pools were destroyed.  The brook was improved by
              installing single-wing deflectors, rock dams, and spring holes.
              Deflectors, constructed from bottom material, constricted the
              stream channel and created pools.  Rock dams, built to impound
              pools and spring holes, were excavated and improved to increase
              their effectiveness in cooling stream water.  After 2 years, most
              deflectors were still in place and working effectively.  None of
              the rock dams remained after wash-outs and 3 spring holes created
              6-30 inch deep pools where young-of-the-year trout were
              moderately abundant.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1094

AUTHOR:       Water Resources Engineers

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Hayward Marsh restoration project: hydraulic, soils, and cost
              considerations

SOURCE:       Water Resour. Eng., San Francisco, CA. 32 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report summarizes hydrologic information and construction
              design for the Hayward Marsh Restoration Project, San Francisco,
              CA.  Levee specification, sedimentation, channel networks, and
              tidal fluctuations are described in detail.  Recommended grading
              specifications are included, along with descriptions of fill
              material.  Costs are provided, along with several cross-section
              illustrations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       938

AUTHOR:       Waters, T.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1964

TITLE:        Recolonization of denuded stream bottom areas by drift

SOURCE:       Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 93(3):311-315.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB3, R.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses stream invertebrate recolonization of an
              experimental substrate sampler placed in Valley Creek,
              east-central MN.  Drift rate, accumulated drift, and rate of
              recolonization were measured each season.  The dominant organisms,
              a mayfly (Baetis) and an amphipod (Gammarus), exhibited high
              drift rates.  During autumn and winter, repopulation generally took
              longer, up to 10 days for baetis in winter.  The failure of an
              organism to recolonize quickly may (temporarily) permit another
              organism to recolonize above original levels.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1498

AUTHOR:       Watson, J.T. and A.J. Danzig

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Pilot-scale nitrification studies using vertical-flow and
              shallow horizontal-flow constructed wetland cells

SOURCE:       Pages 301-313 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        KY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Pilot studies for vertical-flow and shallow (12 inch) horizontal-flow
              constructed wetlands with various substrate types were compared to
              determine hydraulic loading rates and drying cycles needed to produce
              an ammonia nitrogen concentration effluent less than 4 mg/l.  Four out
              of five vertical cells failed when exposed to loading rates of 30 to
              70 gpd/ft2 which was done to determine the clogging potential of
              wastewater.  All cells but one recovered with the reduction of loading
              rates.  Vertical-flow cells tended to meet the 4 mg/l requirement at
              low flows but had problems maintaining the ammonia nitrogen level after
              flows increased due to the low amounts of DO.  The one horizontal-flow
              cell also met the 4 mg/l level at HLRs below 4 gpd/ft2, however; once
              HLRs increased it was forced out of compliance even after rates were
              lowered.  Considerations are listed for future projects based on the
              results of this study.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       939

AUTHOR:       Watson, J.T., F.D. Diodato, and M. Lauch

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Design and performance of the artificial wetlands wastewater
              treatment plant at Iselin, Pennsylvania

SOURCE:       Pages 263-270 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic
              plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia
              Publ., Orlando, FL.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, PHALARIS, LEMNA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses a low cost marsh/pond/meadow system
              for treatment of municipal wastewater at Iselin, PA.  The Iselin
              wetlands system consists of 4 key components: an aerated pond; a
              cattail marsh; a stabilization pond; and a reed canary grass
              meadow.  Data from 31 months of operation indicated that the system
              is effective in meeting the national pollutant discharge
              elimination systems' discharge limitations for BOD, ammonia,
              nitrogen, and fecal coliforms.  The system meets the U.S.
              Environmental Protection Agency's secondary treatment standards
              for total suspended solids more than 90% of the time.  Reduction
              of phosphorus is higher during summer (90%) than winter (68%) due
              to plant dormancy and decay.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1307

AUTHOR:       Watson, J.T. and J.A. Hobson

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Hydraulic design considerations and constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment

SOURCE:       Pages 379-391 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       HYDRO, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM.

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes design structures for controlling the hydrologic
              regime of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment.  Different
              design structures are described for surface flow and subsurface flow
              systems.  Control structures include flow splitters, inlet and  outlet
              structures, and dikes.  Also included in the paper is a discussion of
              hydraulic residence parameters and related factors based on cell
              dimensions, substrate porosity, submergence depth, flow, and bed
              slopes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1308

AUTHOR:       Watson, J.T., S.C. Reed, R.H. Kadlec, R.L. Knight, and A.E.
              Whitehouse

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Performance expectations and loading rate for constructed
              wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 319-351 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM.

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCRIRPUS, SPHAGNUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes performance expectations and loading rates
              derived from existing man-made wetlands for the treatment of
              wastewater.  Surface flow and subsurface flow designs are compared.
              Mechanisms of contaminant removal for BOD, suspended solids, nitrogen,
              phosphorous, trace metals, trace organics, and pathogens are also
              discussed as well as information on reaction kinetics.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       940

AUTHOR:       Weaver, J.E., and L.F. Holloway

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Community structure of fishes and macrocrustaceans in ponds of
              a Louisiana tidal marsh influenced by weirs

SOURCE:       Contrib. Mar. Sci. 18:57-69.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, HARVEST

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, SHELLF, CHEM, WQUAL, VEG

PGENUS:       RUPPIA, POTAMOGETON

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study was initiated to determine responses of fish,
              macrocrustaceans, and tidal marsh vegetation to weirs constructed
              in the 1950's in the Marsh Island Wildlife Refuge near
              Vermillion Bay, LA.  Three pond sites were analyzed: weired
              nonvegetated; weired vegetated; and unweired.  Relatively high
              light transmittance and stable water levels contributed to the
              growth of extensive vegetation in the weired ponds.  Shrimp and
              fish data were gathered using surface and otter trawls.  Ingested
              food materials in several fish species were examined.  Organic
              detritus, benthos, and zooplankton were major food sources in
              open-water areas, whereas vascular plant matter and associated
              fauna were more important in vegetated communities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       941

AUTHOR:       Webb, J.W., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Establishment of vegetation for shoreline stabilization in
              Galveston Bay, Texas

SOURCE:       PhD. Diss., Texas A&M Univ., College Station. 136 pp.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS3, E2-US3, E2-US.

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, ARUNDO, AVICENNIA, DISTICHLIS, JUNCUS, PHRAGMITES,
              SCIRPUS, TAMARIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This thesis compares the use of 13 salt marsh plant species for
              shoreline stabilization along the north shore of East Bay,
              Galveston, TX.  Wave-stilling devices constructed of hay bales
              and 14-gauge welded mesh wire or chicken wire did not withstand
              high-wave energies.  Tires on cables attached to posts lost their
              effectiveness as they sank into the bay bottom.  Giant reed, gulf
              cordgrass, and marsh hay cordgrass were best adapted for areas
              above high tide.  Smooth cordgrass was best adapted to areas
              exposed to tidal action; survival was significantly greater behind
              wave-stilling areas.  Black mangrove, bulrushes, salt grass,
              salt cedar, needlegrass, and common reed generally exhibited poor
              survival.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       942

AUTHOR:       Webb, J.W., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Salt marshes of the western Gulf of Mexico

SOURCE:       Pages 89-109 in R.R. Lewis, ed. Creation and restoration of
              coastal plant communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

STATE:        LA, TX

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3, PO-EM1, PO-EM2, R1-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, SCIRPUS, PHRAGMITES, ROSA, BATIS,
              SALICORNIA, JUNCUS, ARUNDO, AVICENNIA, TAMARIX, ELEOCHARIS,
              ZIZANIOPSIS, COLOCASIA, SAGITTARIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes wetland restoration and creation efforts
              along the western Gulf of Mexico.  Productivity, habitat values,
              and habitat loss or modification are described along with a review
              of 11 specific restoration/creation projects.  These include:
              Galveston Island--habitat rehabilitation; Galveston Bay--shoreline
              stabilization; Bolivar Peninsula--habitat development; Corpus
              Christi--stabilization of dredged material; LA and TX--pipeline
              revegetation; Texas City--dike marsh establishment, clear
              lake--marsh mitigation for habitat loss; and Lake Pontchartrain--
              shoreline erosion demonstration project.  Natural revegetation of
              dredged material also is discussed.  Recommended techniques for
              species selection and wave protection are described.  Research
              needs are identified.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       943

AUTHOR:       Webb, J.W., H.H. Allen, and S.O. Shirley

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Marsh transplant establishment analysis along the northwest
              shoreline of Theodore Disposal Island, Mobile Bay, Alabama

SOURCE:       Pages 184-200 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh
              annual conference on wetland restoration and creation.
              Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study examines factors correlated with the establishment of
              Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus planted on a spoil
              disposal island dike in Mobile Bay.  Establishment was most
              successful in coves with less wave action.  Plant cover
              establishment was affected by elevation, percent shoreline slope,
              direction and degree of wave exposure, fetch, and sand depth on
              straight shorelines.  Greater plant cover was present in protected
              areas where sand depth was over 50 mm.  Apparently, roots do not
              penetrate the underlying clay, but do require deeper sand for
              anchoring.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       945

AUTHOR:       Webb, J.W., and J.D. Dodd

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Vegetation establishment and shoreline stabilization:
              Galveston Bay, Texas

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir,
              VA, Tech. Pap. No. 76-13. 74 pp.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, FERT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, AVICENNIA, JUNCUS, PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS,
              TAMARIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The East Bay of Galveston Bay, TX, was the site of a revegetation
              project to stabilize an eroding shoreline.  This area experiences
              high-energy wave action and requires structures to reduce wave
              impacts and encourage vegetative growth.  Wave-stilling devices of
              pipe, wire, netting, cable, and baled hay were used as well as
              tire and pipe structures.  Spartina planted at 0.3 m intervals
              produced solid stands after 2 years.  Avicennia was initially
              successful, but all plants died during the winter.  Fertilizer
              applications did not produce significant growth results.  Detailed
              soil and bay water analyses are provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       944

AUTHOR:       Webb, J.W., and J.D. Dodd

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Shoreline plant establishment and use of a wave-stilling
              device

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir,
              VA, Misc. Rep. 78-1. 28 pp.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS, ARUNDO, TAMARIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge in Galveston Bay, TX, was the site
              for a 2 year study to determine plant suitability for shoreline
              stabilization.  Objectives included field testing plants, refining
              knowledge on germination and planting technology, and compiling
              time requirements for specific operations.  Six of 10 study blocks
              were fenced to keep rabbits out.  Tiered tires on cables were
              initially used to protect the planting area, which had a 2% slope.
              Survival of Spartina was 56.7% in the fenced area and 40.5% in the
              unfenced area, probably due to rabbit damage.  Survival was lowest
              in the lower elevations, apparently due to wave action.  Total
              cost for construction, sloping, and planting was  15.90/linear m.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1179

AUTHOR:       Webb, J.W., and J.D. Dodd

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Spartina alterniflora response to fertilizer, planting dates,
              and elevation in Galveston Bay, Texas

SOURCE:       Wetlands 9(1):61-72.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:       SPOIL, FERT, PLANT, LFORM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study of factors affecting Spartina
              alterniflora establishment on Bolivar Peninsula, Galveston Bay, TX.
              Objectives were to determine effects of various fertilizer
              treatments and different elevations, and to evaluate effects
              of 2 transplant dates (February and May). Warm weather planting
              produced better survival and growth, faster shoot production, but
              winter plantings produced a denser stand of stems despite lower
              initial survival.  The use of fertilizers did not produce any
              significant differences in height or density of Spartina.  Survival
              and growth at different elevations varied with the season.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       946

AUTHOR:       Webb, J.W., J.D. Dodd, B.W. Cain, W.R. Leavens, L.R. Hossner,
              C. Lindau, R.R. Stickney, and H. Williamson

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations: Bolivar Peninsula
              Marsh and upland habitat development site, Galveston Bay,
              Texas. Appendix D: propagation of vascular plants and post
              propagation monitoring of botanical, soil, aquatic biota, and
              wildlife resources

SOURCE:        U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-15. 772 pp.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-..., E2-SS.

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, QUERCUS, MYRICA, RHUS, PANICUM, CYNODON

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the establishment of marsh and upland
              communities on a dredged material disposal area on Bolivar
              Peninsula, Galveston Bay, TX.  Spartina alterniflora and S. patens
              were planted at various elevations with various fertilizer
              treatments; results are discussed.  Plants thrived only where
              protected from waves by a sandbag dike.  Bird species composition
              at the marsh changed as the marsh developed; censuses were
              conducted biweekly.  Mammals, fish, and benthic invertebrates
              were also described in the experimental area.  Physical and
              chemical characteristics of the substrate and water quality data
              are provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       947

AUTHOR:       Webb, J.W., B.H. Koerth, J.D. Dodd, and A.T. Weichert

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Seedling establishment of Spartina alterniflora and Spartina
              patens on dredged material in Texas

SOURCE:       Gulf Res. Rep. 7(4):325-329.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study of seedling establishment of Spartina
              alterniflora and S. patens at a dredge-material site on Bolivar
              Peninsula, Galveston Bay, TX.  Effects of fertilization, elevation,
              and tidal inundation were evaluated.  Based on study results,
              establishment of Spartina alterniflora by seed is feasible at low
              elevations only during low winter tides.  Survival and growth of
              seedlings did not increase as a result of fertilization.
KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       948

AUTHOR:       Webb, J.W., M.C. Landin, and H.H. Allen

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Approaches and techniques for wetlands development and
              restoration of dredged material disposal sites

SOURCE:       Pages 132-134 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of
              impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        TX, AL, MS

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper summarizes approaches and techniques for wetlands
              development and restoration of dredged material disposal sites
              at Bolivar Peninsula, TX; Gaillard Island, AL; and Pass Christian,
              MS.  The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has tested a variety of
              wetland establishment techniques, including planting without wave
              protection and wave protection provided by permanent breakwaters,
              temporary fixed and floating breakwaters, plant rolls, erosion
              control mats, and plant bundles.  Wetlands can be established with
              careful planning and implementation on a site-specific basis using
              one or more of these techniques.  Where costs are a high priority
              consideration, erosion control matting and plant rolls have been
              found to be much less expensive protection measures than riprap
              and permanent breakwaters.
KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       949

AUTHOR:       Webb, J.W., and C.J. Newling

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Comparison of natural and man-made salt marshes in Galveston
              Bay complex, Texas

SOURCE:       Wetlands 4:75-86.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, BATIS, SPOROBOLUS, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes and compares the vegetation characteristics
              of 3 natural marshes and 1 artificial marsh (Bolivar) established
              on dredged material.  The marshes are located at Pepper Grove,
              Jamaica Beach, and Eight-Mile Road in Galveston Bay.  After 2
              years, plantings established at bolivar were compared with
              vegetation of the 3 sites.  Spartina alterniflora was dominant at
              lower intertidal elevations below mean high water.  Biomass of S.
              alterniflora declined with increasing elevation, as Salicornia
              bigelovii, Spartina patens, Batis maritima, Sporobolus virginicus,
              and Distichlis spicata became dominant.  All marshes were similar
              in species composition.  Bolivar had higher productivity in terms
              of biomass, probably due to available nutrients in the
              accumulating silt layer.  The experimental marsh exhibited
              characteristics typical of natural marshes.

KEYWORDS:     comparison/salt marshes/Texas/vegetation/marshes/dredge spoil/
              biomass/man-made wetlands/natural marshes/Galveston Bay,Texas/
              Bolivar Peninsula/man-made salt marshes/dredged material/
              artificial

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1095

AUTHOR:       Wein, G.R., S. Kroeger, and G.J. Pierce

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Lacustrine vegetation establishment within a cooling reservoir

SOURCE:       Pages 206-218 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the
              fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and
              creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL.

STATE:        GA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., L2-AB., L2-EM2, PO-EM1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       POLYGONUM, ELEOCHARIS, JUNCUS, TYPHA, NYMPHAEA, VALLISNERIA,
              BRASENIA, NELUMBO, POTAMOGETON, PANICUM, PONTEDERIA,
              SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, NYSSA, ELEOCHARIS, CAREX, LYCOPUS,
              LEERSIA, GLYCERIA, SALIX, ALNUS, TAXODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes large-scale mitigation involving a reactor
              cooling Reservoir (L-Lake) at the Savannah River Plant, SC.
              Approximately 100,000 wetland plants of 27 species were planted
              along 472 m of shoreline in 1987.  Species were representative
              of submergent, floating-leaved, emergent, and woody zones found
              in regional SC lakes and reservoirs.  Initial observations
              indicate that plants have become established and are reproducing.
              Project success will be determined after the first year of growth.
              Hydrological, biological, and logistical problems encountered
              during planting and early establishment are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       950

AUTHOR:       Wein, G.R., and W.D. McCort

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Sources of complexity in wetland mitigation

SOURCE:       Pages 41-50 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing
              our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl.
              Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., L.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       ANABAENA, MICROCYSTIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper uses the example of the restart of a nuclear reactor
              at the Savannah River Plant, Aiken, SC, to illustrate how 3
              factors can increase wetland mitigation complexity: 1) scale;
              2) multiple regulatory agencies; and 3) conflicting goals and
              objectives.  One component of the reactor restart, the
              establishment of a balanced biological community in l-lake, had
              large-scale impacts, nebulous goals and objectives, and involved
              several regulatory agencies.  In contrast, replacement of lost
              foraging habitat for the endangered wood stork at Kathwood Lake
              had small-scale impacts that could be managed; a singular,
              well-defined goal; and clear guidance from 1 regulatory agency.
              The l-lake project has yet to succeed, whereas kathwood lake was
              immediately successful.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       951

AUTHOR:       Weiner, A.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Restoration of American crocodile habitat (Florida)

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 4(2):78.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-...

RESPONSE:     REPT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:    This note discusses restoration of 2 ha of saltwater wetlands in
               Key Largo, FL, to provide habitat for the federally endangered
               American crocodile.  Crocodile habitat was created in an abandoned
               limerock quarry.  Large piles of limerock were removed from the
               site and a sloping ramp was created adjacent to a 1 ha, 18 m deep
               pit to allow crocodiles to "haul out" onto the land.  Fill material
               was graded to provide protection from wind.  A shallow trench was
               dug between the quarry and adjacent state road to prevent
               vehicular access.  A mound of soft soil was placed in a remote
               corner of the site as a potential nesting area.  Crocodiles have
               been regularly observed using the area for the last 2 years.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       953

AUTHOR:       Weller, M.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Studies of cattail in relation to management for marsh
              wildlife

SOURCE:       Iowa St. J. Res. 49(4):383-412.

STATE:        IA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, HYDRO, BIOCIDE, CUT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses experimental studies on the common cattail
              (Typha latifolia) and a robust hybrid (T. latifolia x
              T. angustifolia) conducted in the laboratory and in marshes of
              northwestern IA.  Germination rates generally were inverse to
              water depth, with maximum germination in 1 inch of water.  Hybrids
              grew taller than common cattail, but had stems of smaller average
              diameter.  Rhizome shoot production was inverse to water depths.
              Flooding of cut stems for 1 year killed the plants.  Maximum bird
              production required maintenance of a 50:50 cover-water ratio with
              interconnected and well-interspersed pools larger than 30 ft in
              diameter.  Water-level manipulation and management of muskrat
              populations were considered the most natural, effective, and
              inexpensive means of providing such cover.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       952

AUTHOR:       Weller, M.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Management of freshwater marshes for wildlife

SOURCE:       Pages 267-284 in R. Good, D. Whigham, and R. Simpson, eds.
              Freshwater wetlands. Academic Press, New York.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, BIOCIDE, CUT, FIRE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB., PO-AB4, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, CAREX, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of freshwater marsh management
              for wildlife.  Topics include: 1) structure of marshes and their
              use by wildlife; 2) marsh succession; 3) influences of water
              depth and muskrats on vegetation; 4) the use of natural processes
              in marsh management (e.g., water-level manipulation, system
              management, grazing, burning, modification of water salinity);
              5) artificial procedures for modifying marshes (e.g., cutting,
              herbicides, artificial nest sites); 6) sociological aspects of
              marsh management.  The author also discusses the need to gather
              experimental data to advance marsh management theory and practice.
              Over 75 references are cited in this overview of freshwater marsh
              management.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       954

AUTHOR:       Weller, M.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Freshwater marshes: ecology and wildlife management

SOURCE:       Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 146 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, CUT, FERT, CONTAM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., M.-..., PO-...

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Management, restoration, and evaluation of freshwater marshes are
              the topics of 2 chapters from this book.  Water level regulation
              for revegetation includes discussion of complete and partial
              drawdowns.  Complete drawdowns are used when major restoration is
              essential.  Partial drawdowns are useful when vegetation needs to
              be encouraged and herbivores discouraged.  Water level
              modification, management of herbivores, seeding and planting of
              vegetation, invasion by exotic species (e.g., carp), and other
              restoration and creation considerations are discussed.  Water level
              modification and stability and various marsh functions are
              described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1174

AUTHOR:       Weller, M.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Waterfowl management techniques for wetland enhancement,
              restoration and creation useful in mitigation procedures

SOURCE:       Pages 105-116 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II.
              Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       FIRE, HYDRO, SOIL, SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM2, PO-EM1, E2-EM1, PO-FO1, R1-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes some general concepts based on waterfowl
              management strategies for restoring, enhancing, or creating
              wetlands.  For mitigation purposes.  It includes: a review of goals
              and objectives; production, succession, and vegetation structure;
              and preconstruction considerations.  Techniques and procedures for
              the following are discussed: managing the seed bank; managing
              plant succession through water level manipulation; modifying water
              depth; regulating vegetative growth by using fire and herbivores;
              seeding and transplanting; and controlling weeds.  Management
              strategies and objectives are discussed for 4 wetland types:
              palustrine emergent; moist soil impoundments for nonpersistent
              emergents; tidal estuarine wetlands; and green-tree reservoirs.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1178

AUTHOR:       Weller, M.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Plant and water-level dynamics in an east Texas shrub/hardwood
              bottomland wetland

SOURCE:       Wetlands 9(1):73-88.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       LIQUIDAMBAR, NYSSA, BETULA, ULMUS, SALIX, OSTRYA, DIOSPYROS,
              POLYGONUM, ILEX, ACER, JUNCUS, LEMNA, CAREX, PANICUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes a study of water regimes and plant
              assemblages at Gum Pond on the Engeling Wildlife Management Area
              near Tennessee Colony, Anderson County, TN.  The objectives of the
              study included: record seasonal patterns of water depth; relate
              plant species composition to hydrologic information; and evaluate
              management strategies for other wetlands with similar vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1618

AUTHOR:       Weller, M. L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Freshwater marshes: ecology and wildlife management. Third
              edition

SOURCE:       University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 154 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, WFOWL, AMPHIB, REPT, INVERTS, FISH, VEG, HUSE, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This new edition overviews wetland functions and values as well as
              various wetland types and structure.  The interaction of wetland
              inhabitors with their habitat and other dominant species is also
              discussed.  Weller reviews restoration and management using natural
              and artifical methods, restoration directed towards the management
              of a target species, and management of exotic species.  The importance
              of incorporating public support and education in wetland management
              is emphasized for successful conservation, management, and restoration
              goals.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       955

AUTHOR:       Weller, M.W., and L.H. Fredrickson

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Avian ecology of a managed glacial marsh

SOURCE:       Living Bird 12:269-291.

STATE:        IA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, CYPERUS, SAGITTARIA, LEERSIA, POLYGONUM,
              IMPATIENS, BIDENS, POTAMOGETON, CERATOPHYLLUM, ELODEA, NAJAS,
              CHARA, UTRICULARIA, HYDRODICTYON, LEMNA, SPIRODELA, RICCIA,
              RICCIOCARPUS, WOLFFIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses dominant emergent and submergent vegetation
              and wildlife populations of Rush Lake, a 400 acre semipermanent
              glacial marsh in Palo Alto County, IA, which was drawn down and
              then reflooded.  Initial drawdown vegetation consisted of moist
              soil annuals as well as aquatic perennials.  All but cattail were
              eliminated within 3 years; cattail density increased steadily
              during that time.  Diversity and numbers of avian species were
              greatest when 50-70% of the open water was well interspersed with
              emergent vegetation.  After 6 years of flooding, emergent
              vegetation was eliminated in the central marsh by muskrats and
              water levels and bird populations were reduced to species using
              the marsh edge (e.g., red-winged blackbirds).

KEYWORDS:     avian ecology/marshes/northern Iowa/succession/habitat/
              wildlife/function/natural ecosystems/birds/emergent vegetation/
              vegetation/germination/edge/managed glacial marsh/ecology/Iowa/
              diversity/management/bird population/species diversity

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1139

AUTHOR:       Welling, C.H., R.L. Pederson, and A.G. Van der Valk

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Temporal patterns in recruitment from the seed bank during
              drawdowns in a prairie wetland

SOURCE:       J. Appl. Ecol. 25:999-1007.

STATE:        CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L2-UB3, PO-UB3

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, SCOLOCHLOA, TYPHA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes seasonal patterns of seedling recruitment
              assesses the impact of drawdowns on recruitment, and compares
              vegetation produced by drawdowns of 1 and 2 years' duration.  The
              study site is the 15,000 acre Delta Marsh, a series of
              interconnected bays on the south shore of Lake Manitoba, Canada.
              In a series of 10 contiguous marshes, water depth was maintained
              at desired levels by use of electric pumps.  Soil temperature and
              moisture were regularly monitored.  High soil moisture, moderate to
              high temperatures, and low soil conductivity favored recruitment.
              A 1 year drawdown was sufficient for establishment of maximum
              numbers of emergent species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       956

AUTHOR:       Wells, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Engineering considerations in the building and management of
              dredge islands

SOURCE:       Pages 63-74 in J.F. Parnell and R.F. Soots, eds. Proceedings
              of a conference on management of dredge islands in North
              Carolina estuaries. Univ. North Carolina, Sea Grant Program,
              Raleigh, Publ. UNC-SG-75-01.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-..., E2-US.

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wilmington
              District's role in construction and management of dredge material
              islands along the coast of NC.  The author discusses several cases
              that illustrate procedures used to create or protect habitat:
              1) Shallow Bag Bay--timing of disposal to avoid nesting seasons;
              and 2) Cape Fear River--control of effluent by diking to protect
              shrimp.  The author urges good communication between biologists
              and The Corps so that both sides will be aware of natural resources
              and alterations of those resources.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       957

AUTHOR:       Wesche, T.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Stream channel modifications and reclamation structures to
              enhance fish habitat

SOURCE:       Pages 105-163 in J.A. Gore, ed. The restoration of rivers and
              streams. Butterworth Publ., Boston, MA.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: R1-..., R2-...

RESPONSE:     FISH, INVERT, HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This chapter provides an overview of techniques for modification
              of stream channels to improve fish habitat.  Stream parameters
              such as substrate, depth, and drift are discussed in terms of
              habitat needs (spawning and egg incubation areas and cover).  A
              major objective of aquatic habitat reclamation is the addition of
              some degree of roughness back into a modified channel.  Various
              habitat reclamation treatments and planning procedures are
              discussed.  Current deflectors (made of logs and/or boulders), dams
              (boulder or log), and other in-channel treatments such as boulder
              placement are described in detail.  Substrate modification and
              bank cover treatments (riprap, log overhangs, tree retards,
              artificial overhangs) also are discussed and diagrammed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       958

AUTHOR:       Westree, B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Biological criteria for the selection of cleanup techniques in
              salt marshes

SOURCE:       Pages 231-235 in Proceedings, 1977 oil spill conference, March
              8-10, New Orleans, Louisiana. Am. Petroleum Inst., Washington,
              DC.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2, E2-FO3, E2-SS3

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes distribution and cleanup of oil spills in salt
              marshes.  Physical characteristics of marshes are compared to
              biological features and state-of-the art cleanup techniques are
              identified.  Effects of different types of oils are described.
              Cleanup techniques are related to behavior of uncontained oil in
              marshes; least damaging cleanup strategies are selected.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1311

AUTHOR:       Whalen, K.J., P.S. Lombardo, D.B. Wile, and T.H. Neel

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Constructed wetlands: design, construction, and costs

SOURCE:       Pages 590-596 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        MD, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, VEG, ECON

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article summarizes the process design, process control features,
              storm impact, construction, and costs of constructing a wetland for
              the treatment of domestic wastewater.  The information is based on a
              case study in Anne Arundel County, MD.  The authors suggest
              construction of wetlands for the treatment of wastewater is similar to
              constructing a lined pond.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1602

AUTHOR:       Whitaker, G. and C.R. Terrell

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Federal Programs for wetland restoration and use of wetlands
              for nonpoint source pollution control

SOURCE:       Pages 201-216 in R.K. Olson, editor. Created and natural
              wetlands for controlling nonpoint source pollution. C.K.
              Smoley, CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL, USA. 216 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, WQUALITY

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews federal programs and agencies involved in wetland
              enhancement, restoration, creation, and construction projects which
              aid in the control of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution among other
              objectives.  A summary of federal wetland programs is divided into
              federal land management agencies, federal adencies with private
              lands programs, and interagency USDA activities to control NPS
              pollution.  Basic design and landscape considerations as part of the
              Soil Conservation Service constructed wetlands program are discussed
              as well as their ongoing activities to enhance or restore existing
              wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1515

AUTHOR:       Whitaker, G. and C.R. Terrell

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Federal programs for wetland restoration and use of wetlands
              for nonpoint source pollution control

SOURCE:       Ecological Engineering 1:157-170.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    MANY

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides a summary of the goals and objectives for various
              wetland restoration projects undertaken by federal agencies.  Agencies
              involved include the Department of Defense, US Army Corps of
              Engineers, USDA Forest Service, DOI Bureau of Reclamation, DOI
              National Park Service, DOI Bureau of Land Management, and DOI Fish and
              Wildlife Service.  Major programs to protect, enhance and restore
              wetlands on private lands by government agencies are also discussed.
              Basic design considerations including construction, water, plants, and
              water quality and landscape consideration are reviewed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1096

AUTHOR:       White, J.M., and L.R. Sinclair

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Effect of plant spacing on growth and yield of transplanted
              cattails

SOURCE:       Proc. Soil Crop Soc. Florida 38:18-20.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses effect of plant spacing on growth and
              yield of cattails transplanted to Lauderhill Muck, FL.  Cattails
              were transplanted 98 days after seeding and set 7.6, 15.2, 30.5,
              45.7, and 61.0 cm apart with rows 61.0 cm on center. Plant height
              was greater at close spacings at the end of the first growing
              season.  Close spacings of cattails produced more fresh and dry
              weight per unit area during the first season, but by the second
              season, spacing effect was not significant. If cattails are to
              be grown for longer than 1 year, spacing can be increased to at
              least 61 cm, thereby reducing the number of seedlings needed and
              labor required for transplanting.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1575

AUTHOR:       White, M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Paradise restored? Replanting the "Great Swamp" of Arkansas

SOURCE:       Living Bird 12(1):10-15.

STATE:        AR

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, SEED

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO2, PO-AB4, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG, WFOWL

PGENUS:       QUERCUS, TAXODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses restoration efforts on the Cache River National
              Wildlife Refuge.  Bottomland hardwood swamps cleared for agriculture
              and channelization has destroyed much of what used to be the "Great
              Swamp".  Waterfowl and wildlife has also declined due to loss of
              habitat.  Restoration efforts include buying former cropland along
              the Cache river and planting it with acorns to create hardwood
              forests.  The importance of bottomland hardwood forests to wintering
              waterfowl and wildlife is also discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       959

AUTHOR:       White, T.R., and R.C. Fox

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Recolonization of streams by aquatic insects following
              channelization

SOURCE:       Clemson Univ., Water Resour. Res. Inst., Clemson, NC, Rep. No.
              87. Vol. I. 120 pp.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     INVERT, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SALIX, ALNUS, IMPATIENS, CORNUS, POLYGONUM, PANICUM, PLATANUS,
              TAXODIUM, NYSSA, RUMEX, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report compares species composition and diversity of aquatic
              insects in 5 channelized and 2 natural streams in the Piedmont and
              Coastal Plain Regions of SC.  Aquatic insect fauna of channelized
              streams were composed primarily of tolerant pond-inhabiting
              species.  Taxa preferring fast currents, vegetation, and low
              turbidity were found rarely in the channelized stream, but were
              present in natural streams.  Aquatic insect fauna did not recover
              even after 21 years of channelization.  The most stream-like fauna
              were present in streams channelized in S-bends, compared to the
              typical straight-ditch.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       960

AUTHOR:       Whitlow, T.H., and C.J. Bahre

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Plant succession on Merced River dredge spoils

SOURCE:       Pages 68-74 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California
              riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive
              management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water
              Resour. Rep. No. 55.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-EM1, R2-EM2, PO-SS1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       POPULUS, SALIX, BROMUS, LOTUS, TYPHA, JUNCUS, ALNUS, QUERCUS,
              RUBUS, OXALIS, GERANIUM, RUMEX, ELEOCHARIS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study investigates plant succession on 5 sites of 2,800 ha on
              Merced River dredge spoils in central CA.  The spoils were
              deposited in 1907 from gold mining operations and consisted of
              intervening swales of fine-textured soils and standing water.
              A floristic inventory of vegetation on mound tops, high swales,
              and low swales was conducted.  Data were analyzed using the plant
              association program of Ceska and Roemer.  Tables are included
              comparing the study sites with a control site.  The analysis
              program correlated spoil topography with moisture availability.
              The control site had 12 plant species present, whereas spoil
              sites had 29-57 species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       961

AUTHOR:       Whitlow, T.H., and R.W. Harris

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Flood tolerance in plants: a state-of-the-art review

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. E-79-2. 257 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L2-..., PO-FO1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       QUERCUS, ACER, LIQUIDAMBAR, SALIX, PLATANUS, CELTIS,
              CEPHALANTHUS, NYSSA, FRAXINUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report summarizes experimental studies of flood tolerance in
              plants and discusses factors and applications for revegetating
              Reservoirs and canals throughout the U.S.  Changes in soil pH and
              oxygen depletion result from flooding and stress vegetation.
              Plants have the ability, in varying degrees, to compensate for
              these stresses.  A detailed summary of research and techniques
              relating to reservoir revegetation is provided.  Specific
              construction of reservoir drawdown zones is outlined.  Information
              regarding forested wetland species includes lists of species
              tolerant, moderately tolerant, or intolerant to flooding.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1369

AUTHOR:       Wieder, R.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        A survey of constructed wetlands for acid coal mine drainage
              treatment in the eastern United States

SOURCE:       Wetlands, 9(2):299-315.

STATE:        VA, WV, TN, AL, MA, OH, PN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article surveys the use and efficiency of wetlands constructed
              for acid coal mine drainage(AMD) treatment in the eastern United
              States.  Surveys were received from information on 159 field sites.
              The information indicated 142 wetlands had been created for AMD
              treatment between 1985 and 1987 with the majority located in
              Pennsylvania.  Eighty percent of the sites were used to treat low flows
              of AMD (100 l/min or less).  Constructed wetlands were used to treat
              AMD with concentrations of Fe, Mn, Al, sulfate, and pH.  Various
              approaches for wetland construction were utilized including the use of
              organic substrate, vegetation, and fertilizer.  Treatment efficiency
              was correlated with the inflow and outflow concentrations.  Over half
              of the wetlands surveyed had either chemical treatment utilized or
              treatment available in addition to the wetland.  There were no
              indications that wetland size or the number of cells increased the
              overall efficiency.  The author concludes that constructed wetlands are
              extremely variable and unpredictable in the treatment of AMD.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       962

AUTHOR:       Wieder, R.K., G.E. Lang, and A.E. Whitehouse

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Metal removal in Sphagnum-dominated wetlands: experience with
              a man-made wetland system

SOURCE:       Pages 353-364 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds.
              Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a
              workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour.,
              University Park.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-ML1, PO-SS1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       CAREX, JUNCUS, POLYTRICHUM, ACER, BETULA, VACCINIUM,
              ELEOCHARIS, DENNSTAEDTIA, PYRUS, RUBUS, SPHAGNUM, AGROSTIS,
              RHYNCHOSPORA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study of an artificial wetland constructed
              to remove iron from a series of springs and seeps emanating from
              within the permit area of an active surface coal mine near McHenry,
              MD.  The 10 x 60 m wetland was constructed by partially filling
              the discharge end of a pond and adding about 180 m3 of surface
              peat, which was predominantly Sphagnum-derived organic substrate.
              Water samples were taken from 18 stations.  Because iron
              concentrations remained high throughout the study, it was
              concluded that the wetland was too small for effective treatment
              of the input water.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1310

AUTHOR:       Wieder, R.K., G. Tchobanoglous, and R.W. Tuttle

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Preliminary considerations regarding constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment

SOURCE:       Pages 297-305 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, VEG, SOIL, FIRE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM2

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, ECON, INVERTS, CHEM

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, CAREX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides preliminary design factors to consider before
              construction of wetlands for treating municipal wastewater and
              coalmine drainage.  Two wetland types for the treatment of municipal
              wastewater, surface flow and subsurface flow systems, are discussed.
              Desired influent and effluent wastewater characteristics should be
              considered.  Other factors to be considered include odor, mosquito
              control, aesthetics, and plant harvesting.  Characteristics to
              consider before constructing wetlands for mine drainage treatment
              include area and cost relative to conventional chemical treatment.
              Guidelines for determining the proper area of the constructed wetland
              are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1612

AUTHOR:       Wilcher, L.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Wetlands and the constitutional balance

SOURCE:       National Wetlands Newsletter 17(2):1,14-17.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       NONE

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses proposed changes in the 404 Clean Water Act
              pertaining to wetlands regulation and private property by the 104th
              Congress.  Several House and Senate bills have been proposed ranging
              from compensation to property owners for loss of value to their land
              to reduction of CWA wetlands regulatory power.  Advantages and
              drawbacks to the realization of such actions are discussed.  Finally,
              the potential effects of the possible outcomes on wetlands are analyzed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       963

AUTHOR:       Wilcox, C.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Comparison of shorebird and waterfowl densities on restored
              and natural intertidal mudflats at Upper Newport Bay,
              California

SOURCE:       Colonial Waterbirds 9(2):218-226.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., E2-US3, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, SHOREB

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study of effects of wetland restoration
              at Upper Newport Bay, Orange County, CA, on shorebirds and
              dabbling duck populations.  Populations of birds using restored
              areas were compared to those using nearby natural mud flats.
              After 3 years, more dabbling ducks were using the restored area
              than the natural area.  However, total population within the study
              area did not increase; the population was redistributed over the
              area.  Shorebirds did not respond as quickly to use the restored
              areas.  This probably corresponded to benthic community
              development.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1112

AUTHOR:       Wilcox, D.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Using "living mat" transplants to restore a salt-impacted bog

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 7(1):39.

STATE:        IN

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, CUT, LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-UB4

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPHAGNUM, VACCINIUM, SARRACENIA, DROSERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes the restoration of a portion of Pinhook Bog
              in La Porte County, IN.  The bog was contaminated by road salt.
              Preplanting treatments included cutting invasive cattails,
              removing dead tamaracks, and rototilling the peat mat to cut up
              cattail rhizomes.  More than 100 20 x 30 cm.  Living mats (3-5 cm
              thick) were cut from the unimpacted portion of the bog and
              transplanted to the impacted site.  Artificial shading was used to
              prevent drying of the transplants.  Resprouting cattails were cut
              regularly.  Native species growth is being monitored.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       964

AUTHOR:       Wilcox, D.A., and R.W. Buchholz

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wegetation restoration in a road salt impacted bog (Indiana)

SOURCE:       Restor. Manage. Notes 4(1):28.

STATE:        IN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT, CUT, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       TYPHA, PYRUS, SCIRPUS, PANICUM, LARIX, SPHAGNUM, ONOCLEA,
              DROSERA, VACCINIUM, CHAMAEDAPHNE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes techniques used to revegetate 2 ha of Pinhook
              Bog, LaPorte County, IN, after the removal of a salt pile that had
              contaminated the area.  Contiguous plots were established in Typha
              and Pyrus.  The Typha/Pyrus canopy was cut to determine the effect
              of canopy removal on soil pH.  Transplants of 8 common bog plants
              were then placed in the cleared areas.  Data on soil pH and water
              chemistry were collected every 3 weeks.  The following species
              survived transplanting: Larix, Chamaedaphne, and Sphagnum.  Panicum
              implicatum showed the greatest increase in growth.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1260

AUTHOR:       Wildeman, T.R., and L.S. Laudon

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Use of wetlands for treatment of environmental problems in
              mining: non-coal-mining applications

SOURCE:       Pages 221-231 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural.
              Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        CO, MO, NY, MN, MT, ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB1, PO-FO4

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA, THUJA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Discusses the use of constructed and natural wetlands for treating
              acid drainage from metal mining in Ontario, MO, NY, MN, MT, and
              CO.  Metal mine drainage often contains constituents lethal in
              small doses to plants and wildlife (e.g., Cu, Cd, Se, Pb, Zn,
              and As).  Wetlands used to treat these types of acid mine
              drainage must effectively remove and retain high percentages of
              these constituents.  The Big Five Tunnel site, Idaho Springs, CO
              tested the removal efficiency of 3 substrates: mushroom compost;
              peat/manure/decomposed wood chips; and limestone rock covered
              with peat/manure/decomposed wood chips.  The mushroom compost
              cell removed the highest percentage of metals and showed the
              highest increase in pH.  Removal efficiencies remained high
              even during the winter months when the plants in the cells were
              dormant.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1370

AUTHOR:       Wildeman, T.R., S.D. Machemer, R.W. Klusman, R.R.H. Cohen, and
              P. Lemke

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Metal removal efficiencies from acid mine drainage in the big
              five constructed wetland

SOURCE:       Presentation at the 1990 Mining and Reclamation Conference and
              Exhibition, Charleston, West Virginia. 8 pp.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-ML1

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the efficiency of a three-celled experimental
              wetland constructed in Idaho Springs, Colorado in decreasing the metal
              concentrations of the mine drainage, determining a maximum loading
              rate for optimum metal removal, and determining if bacterially
              mediated sulfate reduction is occurring.  Metal concentrations range
              from little to no decrease of Mn to almost complete removal of Cu
              and a decrease in Fe, Zn, and Su was observed.  Cell A, which was
              filled with mushroom compost, showed a greater capacity to remove
              metal and raise pH than the other cells filled with a peat mixture and
              limestone and peat.  Maximum removal efficiency of Cu was at or below
              1.5, although the Cu removal process was not consistent.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1449

AUTHOR:       Wilhelm G., and L. Wetstein

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Vegetational monitoring of a wetland restoration in northern
              Illinois

SOURCE:       Pages 755-765 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the
              13th annual conference, Society of Wetland Scientists. New
              Orleans, LA, USA. 990 pp.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FIRE

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A restored wetland was monitored to determine the quantitative and
              qualitative aspects of vegetational succession.  The original 7-acre
              degraded natural wetland was expanded to 20 acres as part of a
              mitigation effort.  A topsoil layer with seed bank material containing
              at least 91 native species was taken from the original wetland and
              planted with native species of sedge meadows and wet prairies.  The
              eastern half of the wetland was planted in the summer and the western
              half was planted in the fall.  The eastern unit vegetation has been
              more mesophytic due to the drier and topographically higher gradient
              than the western unit.  Three years after planting the restoration has
              recruited 46% of the native planted species and is expected to develop
              into a diverse wetland system.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       965

AUTHOR:       Wilhelm, M., S.R. Lawry, and D.D. Hardy

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Creation and management of wetlands using municipal wastewater
              in northern Arizona: a status report

SOURCE:       Pages 154-159 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        AZ

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HARVEST, WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO4, PO-...

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, HUSE, WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       TAMARIX, XANTHIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the Apache-Sitgraeves National Forest Wetlands
              Management Program by which secondarily treated effluent has been
              used to create wetlands in northern AZ.  Since 1979, 113 ha of
              marsh have been developed in pinyon-juniper wetlands.  The
              wetlands include dikes for water control, 68 nesting islands, and
              123 ha of uplands fenced for protection from livestock grazing.
              Management practices on the wetlands have included wildlife food
              plant/cover plantings, predator control, and water level
              manipulations.  The created marshes have provided: 1) economical
              disposal of municipal wastewater for local communities; and
              2) highly productive marsh ecosystems heavily used by hunting and
              viewing publics.  Systems used for the cities of Show Low and
              Pinetop-Lakeside are presented in more detail.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1256

AUTHOR:       Wilhelm, M., S.R. Sawry, and D.D. Hardy

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Creation and management of wetlands using municipal wastewater
              in northern Arizona: a status report

SOURCE:       Pages 179-185 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural.
              Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        AZ

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, RIPAR

RESPONSE:     ECON, WFOWL, MAMMALS, HUSE, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The cities of Show Low, Pinetop, Lakeside and Springerville, AZ
              in cooperation with the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest
              constructed wetlands in the National Forest to treat municipal
              sewage and improve wildlife habitat (primarily waterfowl).
              Initial construction designs for 2 projects are briefly described
              and include cost figures.  Sites were seeded with 16 hydrophytes.
              Species were not listed.  The areas were fenced to exclude
              livestock.  Post-construction waterfowl use on these sites was
              studied.  Results show a large increase in the number of active
              nests.  Modifications made in response to specific design
              problems are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1162

AUTHOR:       Willard, D.E., V.M. Finn, D.A. Levine, and J.E. Klarquist

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Creation and restoration of riparian wetlands in the
              agricultural Midwest

SOURCE:       Pages 333-358 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency
              EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        IL, IN, WI, MO, MI, IA, KY, OH

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, WQUAL, EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SEED, STABIL, HYDRO, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: RIPARIAN, PO-EM1, PO-EM2, R2-..., PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS, FISH, WQUAL, HUSE, WFOWL, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       POTAMOGETON, SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, PONTEDERIA, CORNUS,
              SAMBUCUS, QUERCUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, FRAXINUS, PHRAGMITES, TYPHA,
              PLATANUS, ACER, SALIX, SPARTINA, SPARGANIUM, ACORUS,
              POLYGONUM, NYMPHAEA, VALLISNERIA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report provides information on the creation and restoration of
              wetlands in upper midwestern states associated with major river
              systems, and includes extent of creation and restoration in this
              region, success in achieving project goals, design considerations,
              critical aspects of project plans, plant occurrences and
              tolerances, monitoring, and a bibliography.  The appendix contains
              profiles of 38 projects; information on each includes mitigation,
              wetlands created, procedure, status, source and comments.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1169

AUTHOR:       Willard, D.E., and A.K. Hiller

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Wetland dynamics: considerations for restored and created
              wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 47-54 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II.
              Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., R.-..., PO-..., E.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses created or restored wetland planning and
              management in terms of dealing with successional changes and
              perturbations (changes caused by extrinsic forces).  These elements
              are illustrated through examples of local wetland change in a
              regional context.  Restoration and creation considerations and
              recommendations include persistence vs constancy, buffers and
              corridors, spatial and temporal heterogeneity and size, and the
              management of uncertainty.  Design ideas to counter the potential
              for adverse impacts, change, and unpredictable occurrences are
              provided.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       966

AUTHOR:       Willard, D.E., and R.B. Reed

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        The use of native species to restore and create wetland
              habitat for mitigation

SOURCE:       Pages 340-342 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of
              impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of native plant species in wetland
              restoration or creation projects.  A brief literature review is
              followed by a discussion of costs.  Project cost analyses
              reflect land preparation, labor and equipment, planting, and
              hydrological manipulation.  The most important component of a
              successful project appears to be the establishment of a
              favorable water regime.  Research needs are identified.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       967

AUTHOR:       Williams, D.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Movement of benthos during the recolonization of temporary
              streams

SOURCE:       Oikos 29:306-312.

STATE:        ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB3, R4-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the relative importance of 4 main sources of
              recolonizing benthic invertebrates during the annual repopulation
              of 2 temporary streams (Mosher Creek and Kirkland Creek) of the
              Grand River Drainage Basin, Ontario, Canada.  Drift and upstream
              migration from pools, migration from within substrate, and aerial
              sources were examined.  Invertebrates that spent the summer
              drought as dormant forms buried in the substrate were the most
              important recolonizers, although isolated pools also may have
              acted as faunal refuges.  Drift provided an effective means of
              dispersing clumped individuals at the start of each lotic phase;
              upstream migration also was prevalent at that time.  Aerial
              sources contributed only minimally to the recolonization of the
              streams.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       968

AUTHOR:       Williams, D.D., and H.B.N. Hynes

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        The recolonization mechanisms of stream benthos

SOURCE:       Oikos 27:265-272.

STATE:        ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: R2-UB1, R.-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses invertebrate recolonization of experimental
              substrates in a tributary of Nith River, Wilmot Township, Ontario,
              Canada.  Drift was the most important source of recolonizing
              animals, contributing 41% of the total number.  Aerial sources
              contributed 28%, whereas upstream migration and movement up from
              within the substrate contributed about equally (18-19%).  Many
              groups of organisms were found to have preferred sources from
              which they recolonize.  Therefore, separate and distinct faunal
              assemblages may result if one or more sources of recolonization
              are excluded from the stream section undergoing recolonization.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       969

AUTHOR:       Williams, D.D., and H.B.N. Hynes

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Benthic community development in a new stream

SOURCE:       Can. J. Zool. 55(7):1071-1076.

STATE:        ONTARIO, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R2-UB3, R2-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG

PGENUS:       NITZSCHIA, NAVICULA, STAURONEIS, CHLAMYDOMONAS, CARTERIA,
              SPIROGYRA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses development of invertebrate fauna in a
              manmade, permanent stream that replaced a natural, temporary
              stream (Moser Creek) in Waterloo County, Ontario, Canada.  Species
              colonized the new stream through drift, upstream migration,
              migration from a nearby underground field drainage system, and
              aerial migration from neighboring bodies of water.  Although
              stability was approached after 109 days of flow when thick algal
              growths were appearing, the natural colonization process was
              altered when a nearby septic tank overflowed and the stream had
              characteristics of sewage pollution.  In some sections,
              invertebrate diversity decreased by 50%.  At the end of 1 year,
              colonization rate exceeded extinction rate by 5 times, possibly
              reflecting continued instability.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       970

AUTHOR:       Williams, P.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Hydrology in coastal wetland restoration design

SOURCE:       Pages 329-336 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks,
              eds. Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of
              impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        WA, OR, CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E1-..., E2-..., M1-..., M2-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the design of restoration projects
              (specifically along the Pacific Coast) in terms of: 1) description
              of wetland functions in a natural, undisturbed state; 2) evaluation
              of impacts to that system as a result of human actions (e.g.,
              filling, levees, freshwater discharges); and 3) analysis of
              hydrology and hydrodynamics of restored wetland systems, including
              freshwater marsh, seasonal wetlands, tidal salt/brackish marsh,
              mud flats, and lagoons.  Methods for accomplishing hydrological
              goals in restoration projects are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       971

AUTHOR:       Williams, P.B., and H.T. Harvey

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Examples of marsh restoration design practice in San
              Francisco Bay: a controlled level marsh in Corte Madera

SOURCE:       Pages 102-103 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, California Sea
              Grant Coll. Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The design and planning for the restoration of 35 acres of salt
              marsh on a diked wetland area near Muzzi Marsh, San Francisco Bay,
              are described.  This marsh creation effort is required mitigation
              for the filling of 20 acres.  The marsh is designed for flood
              control, water quality improvement, and enhancement of wildlife
              habitat.  The restoration plan also includes implementation,
              scheduling, and costs.  The project is expected to begin in 1982.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       972

AUTHOR:       Williams, P.B., and H.T. Harvey

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Examples of marsh restoration design and practice in San
              Francisco Bay: a brackish marsh on Coyote Creek Slough

SOURCE:       Page 103 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll.
              Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, MAMMALS

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This description of a marsh restoration design and conceptual plan
              focuses on 265 acres of former marshland at the southern end of
              San Francisco Bay.  This action is mitigation for the development
              of 552 adjacent acres.  Located upstream of Artesian Slough, the
              site offers the opportunity to create a large area of tidal
              alkali bulrush marsh.  About 200 acres will be open to unrestricted
              tidal action after initial excavation and grading.  High siltation
              rates would eventually establish mud flats, which will be
              revegetated with alkali bulrush.  Sixty-five acres will be
              excavated as a flood retention basin and 25 acres will be an
              undisturbed pickelweed area for use as potential habitat for the
              endangered salt marsh harvest mouse.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       973

AUTHOR:       Wilm, B.W., and J.R. Nawrot

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Metallic ion relationships of aquatic macrophytes established
              on slurry wetland substrates

SOURCE:       Pages 65-70 in Proceedings 1987 national symposium on mining,
              hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation. Univ. Kentucky,
              Lexington.

STATE:        IL, IN

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the relationship between metallic ion uptake
              by plants growing in coal slurry impoundments and potential
              bioaccumulation of these ions.  Vegetation and soils from 4
              inactive slurry wetland sites and 2 nonmine wetlands were
              analyzed for iron, aluminum, manganese, boron, copper, zinc,
              cadmium, and nickel.  No toxicity problems were detected in
              slurry wetland vegetation during the study; however,
              generalizations concerning metal toxicity cannot be made due
              to the large variability of slurry wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       974

AUTHOR:       Wilson, J.A., and R.Q. Landers

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Plant species as wildlife cover and erosion control on
              "mudflats" in Iowa's large reservoir systems

SOURCE:       Iowa St. Water Resour. Res. Inst., Ames, Annu. Rep.
              72/73/77/78. 10 pp.

STATE:        IA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L2-US3, L2-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       CAREX, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, POLYGONUM, PHRAGMITES, SPARGANIUM,
              SAGITTARIA, ACNIDA, AMBROSIA, CONYZA, SETARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study summarizes observations of reestablished vegetation on
              the mudflats of 2 reservoirs and 1 natural marsh in central IA.
              Comparisons between the 2 systems were made to determine the
              relationship between marsh plant survival and seasonal water
              fluctuations.  The natural marsh vegetation was comprised of Carex
              atherodes, C. lacustris, Scirpus acutus, S. fluviatilis,
              Phragmites communis, Sparganium eurycarpum, and Typha spp.
              Survival of vegetation to maturity was near zero at the reservoirs
              due to 3 inundations during the summer.  Principal component
              analysis revealed that marsh vegetation in reservoir areas exists
              in dynamic equilibrium as opposed to 1 species replacing another.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1097

AUTHOR:       Winchester, B.H., J.S. Bays, and J.C. Higman

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Inundation characteristics of wet prairie and marsh wetlands
              in southwestern Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 243-252 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings
              of the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept.
              16-18 1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne,
              NY.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB.

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       HYPERICUM, PANICUM, RHYNCHOSPORA, PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA,
              CLADIUM, FRAXINUS, SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study of hydrologic characteristics of
              marsh and prairie wetlands on the Ringling MacArthur Reserve in
              southwestern peninsular Florida.  Water levels at 26 wetlands were
              measured monthly for one year.  Analysis focused on water level
              hydrographs, average water depth, maximum flooding depth, maximum
              drydown depth, and hydroperiod or duration of flooding.  Similar
              patterns of water fluctuation were exhibited by the study wetlands
              although they differed in size, basin, physiography, and
              hydrologic continuity.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       975

AUTHOR:       Winget, R.N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Methods for determining successful reclamation of stream
              ecosystems

SOURCE:       Pages 165-192 in J.A. Gore, ed. The restoration of rivers and
              streams. Butterworth Publ., Boston, MA.

STATE:        UT, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-UB.

RESPONSE:     INVERT, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes several methods for the biological
              evaluation of stream habitat and water quality reclamation.  One
              such method is the biotic condition index for evaluating the
              condition of actual stream macroinvertebrate communities based on
              their biological potential.  Evaluations are based on water
              quality, physical habitat, and aquatic biota.  Management success
              is determined by physical habitat data and restoration of the
              macroinvertebrate community.  Tolerance quotients of various
              aquatic macroinvertebrates are based on tolerance to low stream
              gradients, substrate materials, total alkalinity, and sulfate.
              Application examples are given based on data from the Provo
              River, UT.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1353

AUTHOR:       Winning, G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Design guidelines to enhance wildlife habitat attributes of
              artificial wetlands

SOURCE:       Shortland Wetlands Centre, Shortland, Newcastle, New South
              Wales, Australia. 4pp.

STATE:        AUSTRALIA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This brief memorandum outlines designs for artificial wetlands to
              attract wildlife displaced by development.  Secondary attributes of
              this system include, a sediment and nutrient sink for runoff and
              retention areas for large volume runoff.  Considerations for
              artificial systems are physiography, islands, litter, water quality,
              and plantings.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1283

AUTHOR:       Winning, G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Design guidelines to enhance wildlife habitat attributes of
              artificial wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 1-5 in Shortland Wetlands Centre Technical Memorandum
              No. 3.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-..., E.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, MAMMALS, AMPHIB, INVERTS, HUSE

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides guidelines for designing urban wetlands to
              increase wildlife diversity and aesthetic appeal.  Suggested
              guidelines include physiography, islands, litter, water quality, and
              plantings.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       976

AUTHOR:       Winters, G.R., and J.L. Gidley

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Evaluation of stream channel relocation impacts and
              mitigation measures on aquatic biota

SOURCE:       California Dept. Transport., Sacramento, Rep. No.
              FHWA/CA/TL-81-01. 268 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB3, R3-UB1, R.-..., R.-UB1, PO-FO., R.-AB.

RESPONSE:     INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SALIX, POPULUS, PINUS, CERCOCARPUS, ARTEMISIA, ACER, ABIES,
              ALNUS, RUBUS, ARCTOSTAPHYLOS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report investigates 4 CA highway and bridge construction
              projects requiring significant relocation of adjacent streams to
              determine the impacts on aquatic biota, principally
              macroinvertebrate populations.  The sites were located at Hedge
              Creek, Siskiyou County; Trinity River, Trinity County; Millberry
              Creek, Alpine County; and Rock Creek, Inyo County.  For best
              recovery of aquatic biota, new channels should replicate the
              original channel as closely as possible in terms of length,
              meander pattern, slope, velocity, substrate, habitat diversity,
              percent shade, pools, riffles, and shelter.  Erosion control
              should begin before construction and continue throughout the
              project.  Lowered macroinvertebrate populations in the streams
              resulted from sediment deposition from bank erosion and runoff,
              improper pool: riffle ratios, and improper stream gradients.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       977

AUTHOR:       Wise, D.H., and M.C. Molles, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Colonization of artificial substrates by stream insects:
              influence of substrate size and diversity

SOURCE:       Hydrobiologia 65(1):69-74.

STATE:        NM

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       STOCK

WETLAND TYPE: R2-UB1, R3-UB1, R2-UB., R3-UB.

RESPONSE:     INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a study of colonization of artificial
              substrates by stream insects in a riffle area of Rio San Antonio,
              Jemez Mountains, northern NM.  Experimental substrates consisted of
              small gravel (10-25 mm), large gravel (>75 mm), or a 1:1 mixture of
              the two.  Results suggested that drift is a major source of insects
              for recolonization.  More individuals and more species were present
              in the small gravel substrate.  Results are compared to those of
              other studies.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1492

AUTHOR:       Witthar, S.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Wetland water treatment systems

SOURCE:        Pages 147-155 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
              632 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     FISH, WFOWL, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper introduces the use of free-water surface systems to treat
              acid mine drainage in two constructed wetlands.  Design considerations
              including area requirements, water depth, number of cells, cell shape,
              flow velocity, wastewater retention time, flora, substrate, and
              maintenance are discussed.  The Roberts wetland was developed and
              seeded with cattails along creek bottomlands to treat flow from
              abandoned mines.  One year after construction pH and iron levels
              entering the wetland had increased while iron levels decreased and
              pH levels increased to a neutral range leaving the wetland.  The
              Indian Creek wetland was developed to improve downstream water
              quality, create a wildlife refuge, and reduce on site safety hazards
              from an abandoned mine site and slurry pond.  Spoil areas were sealed
              and vegetated and a slurry pond was developed into five wetland
              cells.  All cells except one which accepts acid seep has had an
              increase in pH and a steady decrease in iron content.  Four of the
              cells support fish populations as well as nesting waterfowl.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       978

AUTHOR:       Wolf, P.L., J.L. Gallagher, and C.H. Pennington

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Field bioassay test for detecting contaminant uptake from
              dredged material by marsh plants

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab.,
              Vicksburg, MS, Misc. Pap. D-78-6. 32 pp.

STATE:        GA, OR

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA, SPARTINA, CAREX, DESCHAMPSIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes a series of tests in which bioassay
              experiment test (BET) units were used to determine uptake of
              potentially toxic materials from contaminated dredged material by
              marsh plants on Sapelo Island, GA, and in Siletz Bay, OR.  The BET
              units consisted of inexpensive and easily constructed plastic
              buckets, which were easily implanted and removed in the field.
              A large number of plant species can be tested at one time under
              natural conditions.  Uptake of chlorinated pesticides and PCB's
              could not be demonstrated in these experiments, due to low
              concentrations in sediments or inadequate sampling.  Translocation
              of some heavy metal ions did occur.  The authors caution that
              additional procedural refinements are necessary prior to general
              application of the BET units.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       980

AUTHOR:       Wolverton, B.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Engineering design data for small vascular aquatic plant
              wastewater treatment systems

SOURCE:       Pages 179-192 in R.K. Bastian and S.C. Reed, eds. Aquaculture
              systems for wastewater treatment: seminar proceedings and
              engineering assessment. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency,
              Washington, DC.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, CONTAM, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       EICHHORNIA, LEMNA, SPIRODELA, WOLFFIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents a summary of research findings of the National
              Aeronautics and Space Administration's vascular aquatic plant
              program using water hyacinth and duckweeds to treat domestic
              wastewater in lagoon systems of various communities in southern
              ms.  Additional reduction of BOD5 was attributed to the plants.
              An average total bod removal rate of 4.0 mg BOD5/g (wet weight)
              was achieved in a 7 day retention time.  Results were used to
              develop design criteria for small, domestic wastewater treatment
              systems servicing a maximum of 3,000 people.  Problems of BOD5
              reduction, total suspended solids reduction, odor control, and
              sludge accumulation in these systems are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       979

AUTHOR:       Wolverton, B.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Artificial marshes for wastewater treatment

SOURCE:       Pages 141-151 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic
              plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia
              Publ., Orlando, FL.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, FIRE, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB4, PO-UB1

RESPONSE:     CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, TYPHA, CANNA, SAGITTARIA, PELTANDRA, PONTEDERIA,
              COLOCASIA, EICHHORNIA, LEMNA, SPIRODELA, WOLFFIA, HYDROCOTYLE,
              JUNCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of the use of artificial marshes
              for wastewater treatment and discusses biotechnology developed by
              the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in southern MS
              for natural treatment of wastewater.  The technique involves the
              use of marsh plants, microorganisms, and high surface area support
              media such as rocks.  Several plant species (e.g., cattail, common
              reed, arrowhead), have been planted in rock filters and been shown
              to reduce bod levels and toxic organic chemicals in addition to
              removing toxic heavy metals and radioactive elements from
              contaminated waters.  Designs for single home, domestic sewage,
              and industrial wastewater treatment are described briefly.
              Advantages and disadvantages of using artificial marshes for
              wastewater treatment and plant management requirements for these
              systems are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1255

AUTHOR:       Wolverton, B.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Aquatic plant/microbial filters for treating septic tank
              effluent

SOURCE:       Pages 173-178 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for
              wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural.
              Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        MS, WI, WA, AK, CANADA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, ZANTEDESCHIA, CANNA, COLOCASIA, IRIS,
              HEDYCHIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Discusses the use of artificial marsh systems to treat sewage
              discharged from single-home or small community septic tank systems.
              The article focuses on systems in Picayne, Hattiesburg, and
              Philadelphia, MS but includes information for systems used in
              cold climates (WI, WA, AK, Canada).  Studies in MS indicate that
              for single family (2-3 people) homes a filter system should be
              4 ft wide x 100 ft long and planted with elephant ears, calla
              lilies, canna lilies, yellow iris and/or ginger lilies to
              effectively improve water quality to the tertiary treatment
              level.  Data for cold climate systems dominated by cattails
              or bulrush indicate they perform effectively even during the
              winter months.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1300

AUTHOR:       Wood, A. and L.C. Hensman

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Research to develop engineering guidelines for implementation
              of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in southern
              Africa

SOURCE:       Pages 581-589 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for
              Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural.
              Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

STATE:        SOUTH AFRICA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: PO.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL

PGENUS:       PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, ARUNDO, TYPHA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of several research projects dealing
              with using construction of wetlands for a cost effective, low
              technological method of wastewater treatment in South Africa.  The
              report includes first and second stage pilot studies which involves
              controlling factors for efficient operations, such as, substrata,
              macrophytes, and effluent characteristics.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       981

AUTHOR:       Woodhouse, W.W., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Building salt marshes along the coasts of the continental
              United States

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir,
              VA, Spec. Rep. No. 4. 96 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, WQUAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3, E2-SS3, PO-EM1, PO-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       CAREX, SPARTINA, JUNCUS, SALICORNIA, SCIRPUS, DISTICHLIS,
              AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, CALAMAGROSTIS,
              TRIGLOCHIN, PANICUM, IVA, JAUMEA, DESCHAMPSIA, PHRAGMITES,
              MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This is a comprehensive report on coastal marsh creation in the
              U.S.  Analysis and interpretation of available information on
              elevation, slope, exposure, and salinity pertaining to marsh
              creation are discussed.  Adaptations of marsh plants for the
              following 6 coastal regions are listed: 1) Atlantic Coast;
              2) peninsular FL; 3) Gulf Coast; 4) north Pacific Coast; 5) south
              Pacific Coast; 6) the Great Lakes.  Suitable regional
              culture and planting techniques for selected marsh plants are
              discussed in detail.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       983

AUTHOR:       Woodhouse, W.W., Jr., E.D. Seneca, and S.W. Broome

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Propagation of Spartina alterniflora for Substrate
              Stabilization and Salt Marsh Development

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research 
              Center, Fort Belvoir, VA. Technical Memorandum No. 46. 155 pp.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study describes methods of establishing Spartina alterniflora
              on dredged material to stabilize eroding shoreline.  The study
              site was along the coast of central NC.  Primary emphasis was
              placed on vegetative responses to soil type, fertilizer
              treatments, site preparation methods, and planting techniques.
              Conditions that enhanced Spartina propagation were sandy
              substrates; applications of nitrogen and phosphorus; planting in
              March, April, and May in the upper half of the tide range;
              planting transplants at 10-15 cm deep and 0.5-0.3 m apart; and
              broadcasting seeds at 100 viable seeds/m2.  The relationship
              between Spartina productivity and mineral nutrition is discussed.

KEYWORDS:     Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/stabilization/marsh development/
              technique/smooth cordgrass/cordgrass/intertidal/dredge spoil/
              spoil/transplanting/primary production/established marsh/
              phosphorus/soil

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       982

AUTHOR:       Woodhouse, W.W., Jr., E.D. Seneca, and S.W. Broome

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Ten years of development of man-initiated coastal barrier
              dunes in North Carolina

SOURCE:       North Carolina Agric. Exp. Stn., Raleigh, Bull. No. 453. 53
              pp.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       AMMOPHILA, UNIOLA, SPARTINA, PANICUM, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses the 10 year development of experimental
              coastal barrier dunes at Ocracoke and Portsmouth Islands, NC.
              American beachgrass was found to be suitable for early
              stabilization and dune development, being easy to propagate and
              quick to establish.  However, this species is susceptible to
              several pests, short-lived in the region, and eventually replaced
              by sea oats.  Sea oats are difficult to propagate and slow to
              establish and are not very satisfactory for initial stabilization.
              Mixed species plantings are suggested for most situations on the
              NC coast.  Results indicate that where sand supplies and climate
              permit, the "growing" of foredunes through the use of suitable
              plantings, supplemented by sand fences, is feasible and practical.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       984

AUTHOR:       Woodhouse, W.W., Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Coastal sand dunes of the U.S.

SOURCE:       Pages 1-44 in R.R. Lewis, ed. Creation and restoration of
              coastal plant communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, M2-US2, E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       AMMOPHILA, PANICUM, ELYMUS, ARTEMISIA, CARPOBROTUS, AMBROSIA,
              ABRONIA, CALAMOVILFA, SPARTINA, UNIOLA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes beach and dune communities of the coastal
              U.S.  Vegetation zones, plant types and sources, productivity, and
              habitat values are described.  Restoration techniques are discussed
              in detail for each of 6 plant species: American beachgrass, bitter
              panicum, sea oats, saltmeadow cordgrass, European beachgrass, and
              American dunegrass.  Soil moisture, salinity, fertilization, and
              planting are discussed.  A brief manpower analysis is provided,
              along with some general costs of restoration.  Factors controlling
              success or failure of restoration projects include sand burial,
              blow-outs, washouts, weak planting stock, inadequate nutrients,
              poor planting procedures, improper handling/storage of plants, and
              location and placement of barrier dunes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       985

AUTHOR:       Woodhouse, W.W., and R.E. Hanes

PUBL. YEAR:   1967

TITLE:        Dune stabilization with vegetation on the outer banks of North
              Carolina

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir, VA,
              Tech. Memo. No. 22. 45 pp.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       AMMOPHILA, UNIOLA, PANICUM, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes results of several years of experimentation
              on revegetation of dunes and beaches along the outer banks of NC
              using American beachgrass, sea oats, dune panic grass, and
              saltmeadow cordgrass.  Methods to: 1) produce nursery stock;
              2) transplant at the shore; and 3) plant and fertilize vegetation
              are compared.  Guidelines for planting American beachgrass and
              optimal planting times and locations are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       986

AUTHOR:       Woodhouse, W.W., Jr., and P.L. Knutson

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Atlantic coastal marshes

SOURCE:       Pages 45-70 in R.R. Lewis, ed. Creation and restoration of
              coastal plant communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

STATE:        ME, NH, RI, CT, MA, NY, NJ, DE, MD, VA, NC, SC, GA, FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R1-EM2, E2-EM., E2-FO3

RESPONSE:     VEG, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SCIRPUS, DISTICHLIS, JUNCUS, SALICORNIA, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes plant materials, planting methods, and
              costs for restoration of marshes along the Atlantic Coast.
              Detailed plant descriptions and cultural techniques are provided
              for smooth cordgrass, saltmeadow cordgrass, blackneedle rush,
              saltgrass, big cordgrass, and common reed.  Site preparation,
              fertilization, planting season, spacing, maintenance, and costs
              are described.  Factors that influence planting success are
              elevation, soil types, soil salinity, and wave severity.  One
              method for evaluating wave climate relates fetch, shoreline
              configuration, and sediment grain size to determine the probable
              success rate of vegetative stabilization.  Marsh habitat values
              also are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       988

AUTHOR:       Woodhouse, W.W., Jr., E.D. Seneca, and S.W. Broome

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        Marsh building with dredge spoil in North Carolina

SOURCE:       North Carolina St. Univ., Raleigh, Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 445.
              28 pp.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, PLANT, SEED, FERT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, PANICUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report documents a study of the stabilization of sandy dredge
              spoil by Spartina alterniflora plantings.  Experimental sites were
              located along the NC coast: Oregon Inlet, Pamlico Sound, Hatteras
              Inlet, Harker's Island, and Snow's Cut Dredge Island in the Cape
              Fear River.  Complete cover by S. alterniflora was achieved in 2
              growing seasons in some areas.  Establishment was by seeds or
              transplants.  Direct seeding was less expensive; however,
              transplants were more adaptable to a variety of conditions.
              Spartina cover appears to provide considerable protection from
              storm-induced erosion.  Elevation limits are identified for plant
              survival and optimum growth.  Transplants flourished on a range of
              substrates, but dieback occurred where soil solution salinity
              exceeded 45 ppt.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       989

AUTHOR:       Woodhouse, W.W., Jr., E.D. Seneca, and S.W. Broome

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Salt marsh established on spoil

SOURCE:       World Dredging Mar. Construct. 9:60-62.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses the feasibility of propagating Spartina
              alterniflora for dredge spoil stabilization.  Study sites at Snow's
              Cut and Beaufort, NC, consist of sandy dredge material.  A sand
              fence was erected to prevent wind blown material from covering
              Spartina seeds.  At about 17 months, Spartina produced in
              aboveground standing crop was 65% of the crop measured in
              nearby long-established marshes.  Seeding is inexpensive; however,
              it provides complete vegetative cover in about 3 months on
              sheltered sites in the upper half of the tide range.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       987

AUTHOR:       Woodhouse, W.W., Jr., E.D. Seneca, and S.W. Broome

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Propagation and use of Spartina alterniflora for shoreline
              erosion abatement

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir,
              VA, Tech. Rep. 76-2. 72 pp.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes the planting of Spartina alterniflora to
              stabilize eroding shoreline at Pine Knoll Shores, Bogue Sound,
              near Moorehead City, NC.  All plants were germinated from seed
              collected at Oregon Inlet, NC.  Planting specifications for
              S. alterniflora are based on results from several experiments at
              various locations along the NC coast.  Rhizomes without attached
              culms did not survive in the intertidal zone.  Soils optimal for
              growth were characterized by the ammonium form of nitrogen and
              low ambient oxygen.  S. alterniflora was unable to use nitrate
              effectively.  Responses to fertilization are included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       990

AUTHOR:       Woods, L.C., III, and B.L. Griswold

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Channelization and mitigation: their effects on
              macroinvertebrate communities of the Olentangy River,
              Columbus, Ohio

SOURCE:       Pages 113-118 in L.A. Krumholz, ed. The warmwater stream
              symposium. Allen Press, Lawrence, KS.

STATE:        OH

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: R.-UB., R2-...

RESPONSE:     INVERT

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares macroinvertebrate communities of natural and
              channelized sections of the Olentangy River, Columbus, OH.
              Artificial riffles (cobbles and boulders placed over earthen fill)
              and banks were installed on a mitigated channelized section.  Both
              the natural area and the mitigated channelized section had
              significantly greater diversity, numbers, and biomass of
              macroinvertebrates than the unmitigated channelized section.  No
              difference was found between the natural and mitigated section.
              Mitigation allowed for a quicker return to preimpact conditions
              within a relatively short time and reduced the possibility for
              long-term harmful effects at the mitigated site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1564

AUTHOR:       World Wildlife Fund

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Statewide wetlands strategies: a guide to protecting and
              managing the resource

SOURCE:       Island Press, Washington, D.C. 268 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This book presents guidelines for organizing and implementing a
              statewide wetland strategy plan based on a wide array of goals and
              objectives.  Several examples are illustrated of cases involved with
              strategic wetland planning and policy.  Steps in developing a wetland
              strategy include:  1) identifying the problem, 2) establishing goals
              and objectives, 3) making use of federal, state, local, and private
              mechanisms, seeking funding from diverse sources, 4) taking advatage
              of opportunities to strengthen wetland protection efforts, and
              5) developing monitoring and evaluation plans.  Current policies and
              regulations on federal, state, local, and private levels are reviewed.
              Wetland information sources and evaluation methods are also reviewed
              in detail.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1506

AUTHOR:       Wright, S.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Three case studies of successful wetland rehabilitation in
              Alaska using newly developed wetland cultivars

SOURCE:       Pages 151-159 in T. Younos, P Diplas and S. Mostaghimi, eds.
              Land reclamation: advances in research and
              technology-proceedings of the international symposium. St.
              Joseph, MI. 381 pp.

STATE:        AK

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, LFORM, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-US5

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the restoration of three damaged wetlands using
              cultivated native plants.  Cultivar plants used for the projects are
              described and listed according to their wetland status.  Seeds were
              mixed in various percents in relation to soil conditions and moisture
              available at each site.  Evaluation results indicate a mix of Egan
              American Sloughgrass at 60% by weight, Norcoast Bering Hairgrass at
              35%, and Sourdough Bluejoint at 5% with a fertilization rate for 500
              to 560 kg ha-1 of 20-20-10 are ideal for restoring Alaska's wetland
              disturbances.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       991

AUTHOR:       Yocum, S.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Trough Creek limestone barrier installation and evaluation

SOURCE:       U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, Indus. Environ. Res. Lab.,
              Cincinnati, OH, Rep. No. EPA-600/2-76-114. 93 pp.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R3-..., R2-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report discusses installation of crushed limestone barriers
              to reduce acidity of Trough Creek, southcentral PA, which was
              polluted with acid mine drainage in the upper reaches of the
              watershed.  Limestone barriers were effective in reducing acidity
              and raising pH of the water during low streamflow, marginally
              effective at design or average streamflow, and ineffective during
              high runoffs.  Progressive accumulations of sediment also reduces
              reactivity of the limestone.  Washing and rehandling the crushed
              materials restores performance of limestone barriers.  Watershed
              improvements such as backfilling stripmined areas, replanting,
              and mine sealing, in addition to limestone barriers, appear to
              be necessary for mine drainage pollution abatement in most streams.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       992

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetland restoration: trials and errors or ecotechnology?

SOURCE:       Pages 11-16 in R. Strickland, ed. Wetland functions,
              rehabilitation, and creation in the Pacific Northwest: the
              state of our understanding. Washington St. Univ., Dept. Ecol.,
              Olympia, Publ. No. 86-14.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E.-...

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of the problems and pitfalls
              encountered by wetland restoration projects.  Using specific
              examples from California's coastal wetlands, trial and error
              processes and results are illustrated.  Development of a science
              of wetland restoration is proposed ("ecotechnology").  Major
              points include: 1) wetland restoration requires careful control of
              hydrology - each different wetland community requires slightly
              different conditions; 2) restoration is still experimental;
              and 3) findings should always be documented so results can be
              evaluated in relation to original project goals.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       993

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J., M. Josselyn, and C. Onuf

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Restoration techniques, research, and monitoring: vegetation

SOURCE:       Pages 63-74 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll.
              Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E1-AB3, M1-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, ZOSTERA, RUPPIA, SCIRPUS, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses marsh restoration in terms of vegetative
              establishment.  Objectives include high biological productivity,
              wildlife habitat, dredge spoil disposal, substrate stabilization,
              and water quality improvement.  Marsh enhancement techniques
              include restoration of tidal flow through removal of manmade
              dikes and levees, establishment of optimal substrate elevations,
              and planting.  Characteristics, values, and restoration of
              submerged seagrass systems (e.g., eelgrass) are described.  Plant
              establishment and project monitoring procedures are outlined.
              Factors limiting vegetation establishment success are listed for
              each coastal region of CA.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       994

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Salt marsh restoration: the experimental approach

SOURCE:       Pages 2578-2586 in O.T. Magoon and H. Converse, eds. Coastal
              Zone 83: proceedings of the third symposium on coastal and
              ocean management. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., New York.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes experimental procedures and results
              associated with the reestablishment of salt marsh cordgrass,
              Spartina foliosa, in southern CA.  Herbivory, hypersaline soils,
              competition, and wave action reduced S. foliosa survival and
              growth.  Transplants in highly saline soils (50-60 ppt) died.  They
              were invaded (and sometimes out-competed) by freshwater marsh
              species in low salinity areas (0-20 ppt).  Once established,
              cordgrass can tolerate high salinity.  Proposed objectives for
              restoration of coastal marshes in this area are discussed and
              recommendations are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       995

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Salt marsh restoration, a guidebook for southern California

SOURCE:       Univ. California, Sea Grant Program, Inst. Mar. Resour., La
              Jolla., Rep. No. T-CSGCP-009. 45 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUAL, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, STABIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SCIRPUS, SALICORNIA, CORDYLANTHUS, DISTICHLIS,
              BATIS, SUAEDA, MONANTHOCHLOE, LIMONIUM, FRANKENIA, TRIGLOCHIN,
              JAUMEA, TYPHA, AVICENNIA, ZOSTERA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This guidebook focuses on restoration goals, techniques, and
              recommendations for salt marshes in coastal southern CA.
              Restoration and enhancement experiments were carried out in
              Mission BAy, Mugu Lagoon, Tijuana Estuary, Los Cerritos wetlands,
              and the San Diego River Marsh.  Planting guidelines discuss sources
              of seeds, planting information from local scientists, fertilizer
              treatments, and salinity effects on plants.  Holding cordgrass in
              low-salinity solutions can improve survival, height, growth, and
              rate of flowering.  Techniques for growing seedlings and
              successful transplanting also are included.  Some information on
              project monitoring to assess restoration success is incorporated.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1313

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Restoring diversity in salt marshes. Can We do it?

SOURCE:       Pages 317-325 in E.O. Wilson, ed. Biodiversity. National
              Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

STATE:        CA, MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: E.-...

RESPONSE:     SHOREB, VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       CORDYLANTHUS, SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, SUAEDA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses decline in biodiversity as a result of the loss
              of coastal wetlands.  Despite creation and restoration projects, loss
              of habitat and biodiversity continues to occur.  Some mitigation
              projects involve changing one type of wetland into another, rather
              than creating the same type of wetland from upland habitat. This paper
              describes several examples that occurred along the California coast.
              Three federally endangered species are effected by the development of
              coastal wetlands: California least tern, light-footed clapper rail,
              and salt marsh bird's beak, in addition to other state and regional
              species.  The author suggests that creation and restoration projects,
              as well as measurements of restoration success, should be concerned
              with spatial scales that relate to whole ecosystems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1270

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Salt marsh restoration: Lessons from California

SOURCE:       Rehabilitating Damaged Ecosystems. Vol 1. pp 123-138.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT, HYDRO

ACTION:       HYDRO, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4

RESPONSE:     VEG, INVERTS, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SALICORNIA, SPARTINA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article explores a range of guidelines concerned with the
              restoration of salt marshes in southern California.  These guidelines
              have been derived from years of research and literature.  It includes
              such guidelines as defining restoration goals, hydrological planning,
              experimentation, and assessment of restoration success or failure.  It
              also includes some brief examples of salt marsh restoration projects
              in the southern California area as well as some problems with
              hydrological plans.  The author introduces the concept of
              "ecotechnology" as method of manipulating ecosystems to acquire
              particular characteristics.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1518

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Restoring cordgrass marshes in Southern California

SOURCE:       Pages 7-51 in G.W. Thayer, editor. Restoring the nation's
              marine environment. Maryland Sea Grant College, College Park,
              MD. 716 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, FERT

WETLAND TYPE: M2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SHELLF, FISH, SHOREB, INVERTS, CHEM

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper provides an overview of Californian coastal Spartina
              marshes.  The history, functions, and importance of Spartina marshes
              in regards to dependence of invertebrates, shellfish, and the
              endangered light-footed clapper rail on this particular habitat is
              discussed.  Impacts of dredging and filling, altered hydrology,
              contamination, and human disturbances is reviewed as well as the
              responses of Southern California marshes to these impacts.
              Difficulties in restoring marshes are grouped as hydrologic and
              topographic, chemical, and biological including:  cordgrass
              transplanting, exotic species invasion, disrupted food-chain support
              functions, and disconnected habitats and transitional habitats.
              Ecotechnology is suggested as a new approach for advancing research
              options and approaches for restoration.  Results from long-term
              restoration research currently being collected will also be beneficial
              in determining functional equivalency of constructed marshes to
              natural marshes and finding ways to compensate for the inadequacies.
              Research funding, and information needs are also briefly addressed.

KEYWORDS:     salt marshes/southern California/restoration/Spartina foliosa/
              cordgrass/intertidal/revegetation/Spartina/restoration site/
              marine environment/marshes/California/coastal/functional
              equivalency

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1098

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J.B., and P.A. Beare

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Temporal variability of salt marsh vegetation: the role of
              low-salinity gaps and environmental stress

SOURCE:       Pages 295-306 in D. Wolfe, ed. Estuarine variability. Academic
              Press, New York.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, HYDRO, MODEL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R1-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, TYPHA, JAUMEA, JUNCUS, MONANTHOCHLOE,
              ECLIPTA, TRIGLOCHIN, COTULA, SCIRPUS, ANEMOPSIS, RUMEX, SUAEDA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses changes in growth and distribution of salt
              marsh plants from 1979-1985 at Tijuana Estuary and San Diego
              River Salt Marsh in CA.  At Tijuana, winter floods of 1980
              reduced channel and soil salinities.  Spartina foliosa expanded
              until 1984 when a drought resulted in blocking of the estuary
              and a nearly 7-fold increase in soil salinity.  Populations of
              short-lived marsh plants crashed during the hypersaline drought
              while Salicornia virginica increased.  At San Diego, prolonged
              flooding eliminated halophytes and allowed fresh-to-brackish
              species to invade in 1980.  Causes of these vegetation dynamics
              are summarized in a conceptual model of community composition.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1099

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J.B., J. Covin, C. Nordby, P. Williams, and J. Boland

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Catastrophic events reveal the dynamic nature of salt- marsh
              vegetation in southern California

SOURCE:       Estuaries 9(1):75-80.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R1-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses hydrological disturbances, including
              flooding, dry-season streamflow, and drought, that greatly
              altered coastal wetland habitats at Tijuana Estuary in southern
              CA.  Poorest growing conditions for cordgrass occurred when both
              river and tidal flows were lacking, resulting in low soil
              moisture and extreme salinities.  Plant mortality was 62%
              higher and height 19% lower than the previous year with summer
              freshwater influxes.  A carbon allocation model is proposed to
              explain the varied responses.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1132

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J.B., R. Langis, J. Cantilli, M. Zalejko, K. Swift,
              and S. Rutherford

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Assessing the functions of mitigation marshes in southern
              California

SOURCE:       Pages 323-330 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds.
              Urban wetlands: proceedings of the national wetland symposium,
              Oakland, California. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, SHOREB, VEG, FISH, INVERT, NGBIRDS

PGENUS:       CORDYLANTHUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes specific criteria by which mitigation
              success for wetlands of coastal southern CA can be determined.
              Natural ecosystem (salt marsh) functions that are especially
              important are listed.  Emphasis is on habitat for endangered
              species: light-footed clapper rail; California brown pelican;
              California least tern; and salt marsh bird's beak.  Research is
              centered around Caltrans Mitigation Site in San Diego Bay.
              Recommendations for assessment protocol consider reference
              wetlands, spatial and temporal variability, and determination of
              mitigation success.  Good resource.

KEYWORDS:     function/wetlands mitigation/southern California/California/
              wetlands/natural wetlands/habitat/assessment/constructed wetlands/
              standards/marshes/created wetlands/proceedings/symposium/wetland
              functions/mitigation/mitigation marshes/mitigation policies/
              policies/food chain support/urban wetlands

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1166

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J.B., and M.W. Weller

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Overview and future directions

SOURCE:       Pages 465-473 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland
              creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I.
              Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency U.S. Environ.
              Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-..., E.-..., R.-..., M.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article discusses restoration or construction of wetlands,
              setting goals and evaluating success, and information needs.
              Similarities and differences among geographical regions are
              compared.  Research strategies include: 1) National Wetland
              Ecosystem Research Program; 2) landscape-level comparisons;
              3) wetland restoration demonstration sites; 4) setting priorities
              for funding.  The distinction is made between constructed wetlands
              that look like natural wetlands, and constructed wetlands that
              behave like natural wetlands.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands creation/restoration/overview and future
              directions/function/constructed wetlands/natural wetlands/
              enhancement/management/wetlands restoration/creation/status

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1116

AUTHOR:       Zedler, P.H., and C. Black

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Species preservation in artificially constructed habitats:
              preliminary evaluation based on a case study of vernal pools
              at Del Mar Mesa, San Diego County

SOURCE:       Pages 367-373 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds.
              Urban wetlands: proceedings of the national wetland symposium,
              Oakland, CA, June, 1988. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne,
              NY.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARATIVE, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, LFORM, SEED

WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM.

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS, HYDRO

PGENUS:       POGOGYNE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes the creation of vernal pools, and evaluates
              project success after 2 years.  The pools are located at Del Mar
              Mesa, San Diego County, CA.  Artificial pools were compared to
              natural pools in terms of the endangered plant Pogogyne abramsii,
              water depth, duration of inundation, species occurrence, % cover.
              It was concluded that 2 years is not enough time to judge the long
              term success of the project.  Other vernal pool creation projects
              are discussed.  The creation of artificial habitat as a solution to
              preservation problems raises issues such as: 1) if construction of
              artificial habitat is to be successful, "it must be robust against
              the inexperience and range of competence of its practitioners"; and
              2) it cannot be assumed that habitat creation is easy or cheaper in
              the long run than preserving the existing natural habitat.

KEYWORDS:

================================================================================
NUMBER:       996

AUTHOR:       Zembal, R., and B.W. Massey

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Habitat considerations for light-footed clapper rails in marsh
              design

SOURCE:       Pages 103-104 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll.
              Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1

RESPONSE:     SHOREB

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article provides an overview of wetland conditions necessary
              to sustain populations of the endangered light-footed clapper
              rail.  In 1982, 173 pairs of rails were found in 15 marshes from
              Carpenteria to the Tijuana Estuary.  More intensive habitat studies
              were conducted at Upper Newport Bay and Anaheim Bay.  Rails prefer
              cordgrass marshes, followed by pickelweed dominated marshes and
              brackish/freshwater marshes dominated by emergents (Scirpus and
              Typha spp.).  The most productive areas for these birds are large
              wetlands comprised of a variety of habitats.  Free-water foraging
              areas must be available regularly; rails do not survive in areas
              periodically flooded for a prolonged time.  Feeding requirements
              and preferred nesting sites are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1409

AUTHOR:       Zetner, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Wetland restoration in urbanized areas: examples from coastal
              California

SOURCE:       Pages 310-312 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds.
              Urban Wetlands. Oakland, California.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This brief article describes restoration activities occurring in the
              San Francisco Bay Area.  Problems with wetland restoration in urban
              areas including:  pedestrian intrusion, uncontrolled vehicle access,
              recycling former industrial areas, relocation of old infrastructure,
              and rising land prices are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       997

AUTHOR:       Zentner, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Development of regional wetland restoration goals: coastal
              wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 23-31 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and
              enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll.
              Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3, M2-..., E2-AB1

RESPONSE:     FISH, SHELLF, HUSE, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, MAMMALS, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, ULVA, ENTEROMORPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This overview of regional wetland restoration goals focuses on
              coastal wetlands of CA.  The relevance and merits of citing
              wetland values as restoration goals are examined.  Values include
              primary productivity, shoreline protection, wildlife habitat,
              endangered species, water quality improvement, groundwater
              recharge, flood protection, production of commercially valuable
              fish and shellfish, and cultural values.  Of these, wildlife
              habitat and human use (e.g., recreation), which depends on quality
              habitat, are the most important restoration goals for the coastal
              CA region.  Restoration goals should be specific to ensure
              successful implementation.  Regional goals for wetland restoration
              are examined for northern, central, and southern coastal CA.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1127

AUTHOR:       Zentner, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Wetland restoration in urbanized areas: examples from coastal
              California

SOURCE:       Pages 310-312 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds.
              Urban wetlands: proceedings of the national wetland symposium,
              Oakland, California. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., M.-..., E.-...

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes urban wetland restoration in coastal CA in
              terms of success evaluation.  Many examples are cited.  Where soil
              and water quality issues arise, it is especially important to
              conduct pre-project analyses and post-project monitoring.  Some
              reasons for restoration failure include inadequate buffers,
              inappropriate loading rates, and poor engineering.  Distinctions
              between wetland restoration and restoration science are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1605

AUTHOR:       Zentner, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Enhancement, restoration, and creation of freshwater wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 127-166 in D.M. Kent, editor. Applied wetlands science
              and technology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 436 pp.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       MANY

WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...)

RESPONSE:     MANY

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SCIRPUS, SALIX, ACER, FAXINUS, PLATANUS, QUERCUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Freshwater wetlands are divided into freshwater marshes and riparian
              woodlands.  These are further described in three categories according
              to different hydrologic regimes.  Methodology is discussed in great
              detail on the inherent steps to constructing freshwater wetlands
              which include site analysis, goal setting, construction design,
              implementation, and maintenance.  The author stresses a primary
              goal be setting a target vegetation association (TVA) for
              success of the system.  Also, the importance of obtaining an
              experienced ecological monitor, especially during the implementation,
              maintanence, and monitoring phases is emphasized.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       998

AUTHOR:       Zentner, J.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Wetland restoration success in coastal California

SOURCE:       Pages 216-219 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds.
              Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference.
              Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM., E2-...

RESPONSE:     ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews 63 wetland restoration projects in coastal CA
              to determine the success of wetland restoration.  A project was
              judged successful if wetland functions were similar to those of
              nearby natural wetlands.  In addition, scientists involved in the
              planning of the project were interviewed to determine if they
              believed the project successfully carried out project goals.
              Sixty-five percent of the projects were judged completely
              successful, 25% were partially successful, and 10% were completely
              unsuccessful.  Monitoring of wetlands increased success by alerting
              appropriate agencies when problems arose.  Local government
              agencies and local special purpose districts achieved higher
              success (90%) than state or federal agencies (40-50%).  Five
              minimum requirements for success are presented.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1440

AUTHOR:       Zentner, J.J., and S.S. Talley

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Flood channel design and wetland restoration: mitigation and
              maintenance considerations

SOURCE:       Pages 251-258 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the
              13th annual conference society of wetland scientists. New
              Orleans, LA. 990 pp.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       POPULUS, SALIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses efforts to avoid flow reduction or blockage by
              riparian woodland species while continuing to provide wetland
              mitigation in flood channel bottoms.  The emphasis of this study
              involves low terrace association as it is almost always delineated as
              a wetland.  Due to the overlap of seed dispersal periods with the
              spring drying cycle as well as the aggressive propagation nature of
              Salicaceae species there is no solution to construct channels within
              the low terrace riparian zone without areas of shrubs.  Design
              considerations, however, may prevent flow blockage by 1) designing
              wide low terraces to accommodate water flow and dense brush and 2)
              restricting low terrace zones by increasing the amount of high terrace
              zones to low terrace zones.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1268

AUTHOR:       Zimmerman, C.F., T.D. French, and J.R. Montgomery

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Transplanting and survival of the seagrass Halodule wrightii
              under controlled conditions

SOURCE:       Northeast Gulf Science 4(2):131-136.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       HALODULE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report describes an experimental transplanting of seagrass
              Halodule wrightii.  Seagrass and sediment was collected along the
              Indian River (FL).  The roots were treated with four different
              concentrations of a commercial growth hormone, naphthalene acetic acid
              (NAPH).  The transplants were grown in aquaria that are described and
              diagrammed in the report.  To verify that the growth cycle was not
              altered by the hormones, comparisons were made to the growth cycle of
              the same species in the field.  Seagrass treated with 0.5% NAPH
              produced the most biomass and had a high survival rate.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       999

AUTHOR:       Zimmerman, J.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        The revegetation of a small Yahara Valley prairie fen.

SOURCE:       Wisconsin Acad. Sci. Arts Letters 71(2):87-102.

STATE:        WI

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       CUT

WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM1, PO-UB4

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, TRIGLOCHIN, GENTIANA, SARRACENIA, ANDROPOGON, CAREX,
              BETULA, CORNUS, POPULUS, RUBUS, SALIX, BIDENS, TYPHA, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper compares the revegetation of exposed dredged peat to
              an undisturbed portion of a 3 ha prairie fen near the Yahara
              River in Cherokee Marsh City Park, Madison, WI.  In the absence of
              alien plant species and hydrologic alteration, and with manual
              removal of the initial invasion of willows and cottonwoods,
              full plant cover was restored in 2 seasons; 49 of the 71 enduring
              vascular plant species had returned at reasonable to full
              frequency in 8 years.  Lists of plant species include frequency
              of occurrence at 3 year intervals for both disturbed and
              undisturbed sites for competition-tolerant perennials,
              competition-intolerant herbs, and woody species.  Life stages and
              life forms also are described.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1100

AUTHOR:       Zimmerman, J.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        A multipurpose wetland characterization procedure featuring
              the hydroperiod

SOURCE:       Pages 31-48 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings of
              the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept. 16-18
              1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-...

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article describes wetland characterization (biogeoclimate
              type, local site, successional phase and degree of stress).
              Vegetative physiological adaptations to varying degrees of
              wetlands are described in detail.  An environmental screen model
              serves to successively eliminate plant species from potential
              establishment after catastrophic devegetation, according to
              their requirements and tolerances.  Plant responses to different
              hydroperiods, resistance to change, and tolerance to
              waterlogging and drought are described.  Hydroperiods and
              hydrologic classifications of wetlands are discussed in detail.
              A 3-dimensional wetland continuum is developed, based on
              hydroperiod and soil chemistry.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1000

AUTHOR:       Zurbuch, P.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Neutralization of acidified streams in West Virginia

SOURCE:       Fisheries 9(1):42-47.

STATE:        WV

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., L.-...

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper describes various methods of neutralizing streams
              affected by acid precipitation in WV.  The rotating drum system
              for continual dispensing of limestone was improved to include a
              pretreated filter bed of limestone to remove metals such as Al and
              Fe.  Experimental self-feeding rotary drum limestone neutralization
              stations are described in detail.  Related studies involving lake
              neutralization in WV are included.  Additional data are required to
              determine the long-term effectiveness of neutralization efforts.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1431

AUTHOR:       Bertolotti, A. and J.R. Crumpley

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        New wetlands in southern California

SOURCE:       Pages 181-193 in H. S. Bolton and O. T. Magoon, eds. Coastal
              wetlands. American Society of Civil Engineers. New York, N.Y.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO, MODEL, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: L.-...

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SUCCESS, ECON

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report examines the creation of four wetland sites as mitigation
              for impacts of a 147-acre landfill.  A Memorandum of Understanding was
              written to identify the location of the new wetlands as well as
              provide specific habitat distribution information defined by tidal
              elevations.  A Hydrodynamic Circulation Model (HCM) was used to
              establish a hydraulic design with considerations for tide elevations
              and flow velocities at specified time step intervals.  Grading designs
              and culvert designs were also estimated for the creation of the
              wetlands.  Total construction cost for the creation of 116 acres was
              5.1 million dollars at $44,000 per acre.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1442

AUTHOR:       Dardeau, E.A., Jr., and J.J. Ingram

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Using environmental engineering to create riparian wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 296-300 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the
              13th annual conference society of wetland scientists. New
              Orleans, LA. 990 pp.

STATE:        CA, MS

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, HABITAT

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:       NONE

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The authors describe riparian wetlands and discuss the importance of
              understanding their distinct features in a team approach to
              environmental engineering.  The team approach incorporates various
              individuals with expertise in the components  of flood control
              working together to apply engineering principles.  Two case studies
              illustrating the success of environmental engineering to create
              riparian wetlands are provided.  Techniques for achieving successful
              flood control projects while maintaining or even enhancing the
              surrounding riparian wetlands include, water control structures,
              selective clearing and snagging, planting wetland vegetation to
              protect raw banks, single-bank modification, low-flow channels, and
              the creation of slackwater habitats.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1488

AUTHOR:       Seidensticker, E.L., R.W. Nailon, and R. Score

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Shoreline erosion and estuary enhancement

SOURCE:       Texas Water Commision, Austin, TX. In Press.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the use of Spartina alterniflora to re-create
              eroded shoreline and emergent wetlands.  Six sites along Galveston
              and Trinity Bay were chosen based on various physical and erosional
              characteristics.  Wave barrier structures of plastic break fencing
              or double rows of cargo paracutes were used on all sites.  Single
              stemed Spartina was collected from nearby stands and transplanted
              in rows parallel to the shoreline.  Transplant survival rate varied
              from 20% to 94% of the original transplants, although the site with
              the low survival rate was replanted with a 90% survival rate.  The
              amount of result of wetlands created by this enhancment ranged from
              0.2 to 1.7 acres.  Recommendations, cost involved and considerations
              are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2012

AUTHOR:       W.J. Streever

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Trends in Australian wetland rehabilitation

SOURCE:       Wetlands Ecology and Management 5(1):5-18

STATE:        New South Wales, Australia

STUDY TYPE:   review

OBJECTIVE:    summarize information about wetland restoration/creation in
              Australia

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: salt marsh, freshwater marsh, swamp, mangrove, other

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Bill Streever (streevw@ex1.wes.army.mil)
                   on 1:04 pm on Thursday, November 5, 1998


ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews wetland restoration and creation in
              Australia based on a questionnaire survey and the published
              literature. Topics addressed include costs of rehabilitation,
              funding sources for projects, research undertaken as part of
              rehabilitation, and methods used for rehabilitation. Data from
              69 projects are summarized.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2013

AUTHOR:       Streever, W.J., A.J. Genders, and M.A. Cole

PUBL. YEAR:   1998

TITLE:        A closed chamber CO2 flux method for estimating marsh
              productivity

SOURCE:       Aquatic Botany 62 (1998):33-44

STATE:        New South Wales, Australia

STUDY TYPE:   Technique

OBJECTIVE:    General

ACTION:       Lab

WETLAND TYPE: salt marsh, natural marsh, created marsh, other

RESPONSE:     Veg, Chem

PGENUS:       Sporobolus, Sarcocornia, Stenataphrum

CONTRIBUTOR:  Bill Streever (streevw@ex1.wes.army.mil)
                   on 12:05 pm on Wednesday, June 2, 1999


ANNOTATION:   This paper describes a closed-chamber method of measuring CO2
              flux in marshes which, in conjunction with appropriate
              sampling strategies, can be used to estimate marsh net
              productivity, to compare productivity of two or more marshes,
              to assess factors that influence productivity, or to compare
              productivity in created and natural marshes. The method
              involves placing an environmental chamber over the marsh
              followed by no more than six minutes of measurement with an
              infrared gas analyzer. The method was assessed by undertaking
              three laboratory trials and one field trial. Laboratory trials
              included: (1) ensuring that measurements could show a
              relationship between CO2 concentration and CO2 flux, (2)
              regression of CO2 flux against biomass for Sporobolus
              virginicus, and (3) comparison of CO2 flux for three plant
              species found in salt marshes to ensure that the method could
              detect differences among species. Precision was assessed by by
              comparing pairs of CO2 flux measurements from 14 field plots.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2014

AUTHOR:       Finlayson, C.M., M.J. Storrs, and G. Lindner

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Degradation and rehabilitation of wetlands in the Alligator
              Rivers Region of northern Australia

SOURCE:       Wetlands Ecology and Management 5(1): 19-36; Editor: W.J.
              Streever

STATE:        Northern Territory, Australia

STUDY TYPE:   overview, program

OBJECTIVE:    general

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: freshwater

RESPONSE:     mammals, veg

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 3:25 pm on Monday, June 7, 1999


ANNOTATION:   The wetlands of the Alligator Rivers Region of northern
              Australia have been recognized for their high conservation
              value. The diversity and productivity of these habitats is
              under threat from invasive feral animals (Asian water buffalo
              and pigs) and naturalized alien plants (mimosa, salvinia, and
              para grass) and also from climate change and sea level rise.
              Some habitats have already suffered severe degradation and
              require rehabilitation. In response, feral animal management
              has centered on eradicating the buffalo population and
              introducing measures to control pigs. Weed management has
              focused on control of mimosa and salvinia with an emphasis on
              integrated control measures. Although the exact nature of
              environmental change has not been determined, the
              vulnerability of the freshwater wetlands to climate change and
              sea level rise is considerable. Rehabilitation of the degraded
              wetlands has centered on controlling the cause of the problem
              and allowing subsequent natural succession to occur. Further
              monitoring and assessment of successional change is
              recommended. An integrated monitoring program for detecting
              the extent and rate of ecological change is also proposed.
              Specific management and research tasks for each of the major
              broad causes of wetland degradation are made. It is
              recommended that all rehabilitation and monitoring activities
              are conducted within a holistic management framework that
              takes into account different land jurisdictions within the
              region and also within the broader landscape context. The
              utilization of existing management and research structures and
              processes is stressed as one means of achieving an integrated
              approach.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2015

AUTHOR:       Finlay-Jones, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Aspects of wetland law and policy in Australia

SOURCE:       Wetlands Ecology and Management 5(1):37-54, Editor: W.J.
              Streever

STATE:        Australia

STUDY TYPE:   program

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 3:41 pm on Monday, June 7, 1999


ANNOTATION:   The existence of laws and policies in Australia that affect
              wetland protection and rehabilitation has been ascertained.
              There is a diverse range of environmental legislation,
              primarily at the state level, that potentially affects
              wetlands. There are environmental planning instruments made
              under legislation in New South Wales and Western Australia,
              which are specifically directed to the protection of wetlands.
              While there is no national policy on wetlands, a draft
              Commonwealth policy has been circulated and is expected to be
              released in final form in February 1997. New South Wales is
              the only State with a current wetlands policy, while some
              other states have draft policies. Any national policy will
              probably be an implementation framework for the policies of
              individual governments. It is suggested that a commonwealth
              policy, while useful in providing consistency in commonwealth
              government decision making affecting wetlands, does not go far
              enough. Given that only one state in Australia has a wetland
              policy, it may take the formulation of a national policy to
              get the remaining states and territories in Australia to
              finalize their own policies.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2016

AUTHOR:       White, I., M.D. Melville, B.P. Wilson, and J. Sammut

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Reducing acidic discharges from coastal wetlands in eastern
              Australia

SOURCE:       Wetlands Ecology and Management 5(1):55-72, Editor: W.J.
              Streever

STATE:        New South Wales, Australia

STUDY TYPE:   overview

OBJECTIVE:    wquality

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: coastal

RESPONSE:     wqual, chem

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 11:54 am on Tuesday, June 8, 1999


ANNOTATION:   Much of eastern Australia's coastal lowlands are underlain by
              Holocene sulfidic sediments. Large areas have been drained for
              agriculture. Drained, sulfidic sediments oxidize and produce
              highly acidic discharge with significant impacts on estuarine
              ecosystems. Generation and export of acidity is controlled by
              the water balance of the floodplain, the characteristics of
              the drainage system, and the distribution of sulfides.
              Evapotranspiration by native plants and crops plays a dominant
              role in the oxidation of sediments in dry periods. In wet
              periods, upland discharges to floodplains dominate the water
              balance. Drain spacing and drain depth are critical factors in
              the export of acidity into coastal streams. Amelioration of
              acidic outflows requires an understanding of the interaction
              between chemical and hydrological processes in sulfidic
              landscapes. Redesign of drainage systems to manage surface
              waters and reduce drain density with the treatment of drains
              with lime offer promise for treating acidic discharge and
              reducing impacts. Reflooding of drained, partially oxidized
              floodplains with freshwater may not be a panacea because of
              the large volume of acid stored in the soil, a lack of labile
              organic matter in the sediments needed to reduce sulfate, and
              irreversible changes to the soil due to oxidation. Tidal
              brackish water reflooding of unproductive acidified lowlands
              offers promise for rehabilitating wetlands. Sulfidic wetlands
              which are still undrained should remain so unless all acidic
              discharge can be treated.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2017

AUTHOR:       Froend, R.H., S.A. Halse, and A.W. Storey

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Planning for the recovery of Lake Toolibin, Western Australia

SOURCE:       Wetlands Ecology and Management 5(1):73-85, Editor: W.J.
              Streever

STATE:        Western Australia

STUDY TYPE:   overview

OBJECTIVE:    general

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: freshwater

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 4:11 pm on Tuesday, June 8, 1999


ANNOTATION:   Lake Toolibin, an intermittently flooded freshwater wetland in
              the southwest of Western Australia, is threatened by
              salinization due to extensive clearing within its catchment.
              The lake is a Wetland of International Importance under the
              Ramsar Convention because of the extensive stands of trees on
              the lake bed and its significance as a waterbird breeding
              site. Past research and monitoring have identified the causes
              of wetland vegetation and water quality decline, and this
              information has been used to design a Recovery Plan for the
              lake. The plan is currently in the early stages of
              implementation and includes both short-term engineering
              measures to reduce salinity within the lake and long-term
              rehabilitation measures within the catchment. Community
              involvement in the recovery process is an integral part of the
              plan and ensures that recovery of the lake remains as the
              focus for ongoing catchment rehabilitation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2018

AUTHOR:       Williams, R.J. and F.A. Watford

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Identification of structures restricting tidal flow in New
              South Wales, Australia

SOURCE:       Wetlands Ecology and Management 5(1):87-97; Editor: W.J.
              Streever

STATE:        New South Wales, Australia

STUDY TYPE:   overview

OBJECTIVE:    general

ACTION:       stabil

WETLAND TYPE: coastal

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:49 am on Thursday, June 10, 1999


ANNOTATION:   New South Wales is the most populous state in Australia with
              80% of its people living 100 km or less from the coast. One
              legacy of settlement has been the construction of structures
              that interrupt tidal flow to coastal wetlands. This study
              involves a four-phase operation to locate these structures. In
              the first phase, 148 1:25,000 scale topographic maps were
              examined for six types of structure with the potential to
              reduce tidal flow: bridges, causeways, culverts, floodgates,
              fords, and weirs. In the second phase, anecdotal information
              on the presence, impact and suitability for modification of
              these structures was sought from commercial fishers, oyster
              farmers, and district fisheries officers. In the third phase,
              field investigations were carried out to confirm the presence
              of the structures, gain a first-hand impression of
              rehabilitation potential, and gather site-specific information
              not available from the maps, such as the diameter of the
              culverts. The fourth phase was a review of the anecdotal and
              field data by the commercial fishers and conservation managers
              working for NSW Fisheries. A database was constructed with
              catchment and sub-catchment data, type of habitat problem,
              rehabilitation potential and other relevant comments. Over
              5,300 structures between mean sea level and the 10-m contour
              were located on the topographic maps; approximately 2,000
              structures were not inspected (1,000 were above tidal limit
              and another 1,000 were inaccessible within the constraints of
              the project). Field inspections identified 500 structures that
              were incorrectly labeled. Another 1,000 structures were
              identified from sources other than the topographic maps,
              giving rise to a total of over 4,200 structures with potential
              for structural modification to rehabilitate estuarine habitat.
              Of these, 1,388, including 1,035 floodgates, 185 culverts, 91
              weirs, 46 causeways, 26 bridges, and 5 fords, were considered
              modifiable. Investigations are continuing to set up a ranking
              system by which to initiate rehabilitation activities. The
              results have relevance to habitat managers along the eastern
              seaboard and elsewhere in Australia, and the method by which
              the results were obtained may have application elsewhere.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2019

AUTHOR:       Streever, W.J., M. Callaghan-Perry, A. Searles, T. Stevens,
              and P. Svoboda

PUBL. YEAR:   1998

TITLE:        Public attitudes and values for wetland conservation in New
              South Wales, Australia

SOURCE:       Journal of Environmental Management (1998) 54: 1-14

STATE:        New South Wales, Australia

STUDY TYPE:   overview

OBJECTIVE:    general

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 12:12 pm on Thursday, June 10, 1999


ANNOTATION:   This study, modeled after a study conducted in the New England
              region of the United States, estimates a willingness-to-pay
              value and examines attitudes about wetland conservation in New
              South Wales, Australia. No significant difference in
              willingness-to-pay values could be linked to use of
              questionnaires asking about wetland restoration versus other
              forms of conservation. Respondents to a questionnaire survey
              indicated a median willingness-to-pay of A$100 per household
              per year for 5 years and a mean of A$124.37. A conservative
              estimate of the aggregate value of wetlands in New South
              Wales, based on willingness-to-pay values reported by
              respondents and assuming that respondents are not willing to
              pay for wetland conservation, is A$38 million per year for the
              next 5 years. In absolute terms, willingness-to-pay in New
              South Wales was somewhat lower than that of New England, but
              when compared as a fraction of the gross domestic product for
              Australia and the United States, willingness-to-pay was
              slightly higher in New South Wales. Over 90% of respondents
              considered the intrinsic value of wetlands and the importance
              of conserving wetlands for future generations when anwering
              questions about willingness-to-pay.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2020

AUTHOR:       Day, S., W.J. Streever, and J.J. Watts

PUBL. YEAR:   1999

TITLE:        An experimental assessment of slag as a substrate for mangrove
              rehabilitation

SOURCE:       Restoration Ecology 7(2):1-6

STATE:        Australia

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:    experiment

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: mangrove

RESPONSE:     veg

PGENUS:       Avicennia

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 4:02 pm on Thursday, June 10, 1999


ANNOTATION:   Rehabilitation of mangrove habitat has become common practice,
              but few studies have investigated the growth and survival of
              mangrove on artificial substrates. Managers attempting to
              plant mangrove in sites containing artificial substrates must
              remove substrates or risk poor performance of rehabilitation
              efforts. This study compared propagule retention, early
              survival, growth, flowering success, and nutrient
              concentrations of Avicennia marina (grey mangrove) grown on
              sand, naturally occurring substrate, and rock blast furnace
              slag over two growing seasons at an experimental site near
              Newcastle, Australia. Nutrient concentrations of experimental
              plants were also compared to those of naturally occurring
              plants. Experimental results showed significant differences (p
              < .05) in short-term survival, growth over the two growing
              seasons, and carbon and nitrogen concentrations between plants
              grown on different substrates. Comparison of plants grown in
              slag and plants from reference sites suggests, however, that
              slag does not lead to anomalies in nutrient concentrations of
              young mangroves. Although the results identified some
              differences between plants grown on river sand, naturally
              occurring substrate, and slag substrate, the absence of
              consistent differences suggests that mangroves planted in slag
              are under no greater risk of future failure than mangroves
              planted in naturally occurring substrate.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2021

AUTHOR:       Saucier, R.T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Geologic processes and history of wetlands of the Mississippi
              River system

SOURCE:       Pages 26-30 in M.C. Landin (ed.),  Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        None

STUDY TYPE:   Overview

OBJECTIVE:    General

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Riverine

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   This paper focuses on wetlands of the Mississippi River system
              in a three-dimensional sense as geologic units or landforms.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2022

AUTHOR:       Kleiss, B.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        An ecosystem study of bottomland hardwood wetlands associated
              with the Cache River, Eastern Arkansas

SOURCE:       Pages 31-37 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        Arkansas

STUDY TYPE:   Overview

OBJECTIVE:    General

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Bottomland hardwood

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   In the early 1980s the USAE Waterways Experiment Station
              conducted a survey of Corps employees that indicated that the
              bottomland hardwood wetlands of the lower Mississippi River
              valley were highly controversial from a regulatory perspective,
              under significant development pressure and poorly represented
              in the technical literature.  In response to these findings, a
              long-term, multi-disciplinary, interagency study was initiated
              in 1987 at the Cache River in eastern Arkansas.  The study
              includes fisheries, hydrology, sedimentation, spatial
              information, vegetation, water quality and wildlife
              investigations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2023

AUTHOR:       Ashworth, S.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Quantitative relationship between physical factors and plant
              distribution in wetlands restored for mitigation

SOURCE:       Pages 55-58 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientist, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        Wisconsin

STUDY TYPE:   Case

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   Eighteen acres of former wetland were restored as mitigation
              for the construction of the South Beltline highway near
              Madison, WI.  Changes in the vegetative structure of a
              restored and natural wetland and the hydrologic and soil
              factors that contribute to these changes are examined.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2024

AUTHOR:       Teels, B.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        The role of the USDA Soil Conservation Service in the
              stewardship of wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 45-50 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        None

STUDY TYPE:   Overview

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   This paper is an overview of USDA programs designed to help
              wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2025

AUTHOR:       Smith, D.A. and M.W. Tome

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Wetlands restoration:  will we make a difference?

SOURCE:       Pages 61-69 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        None

STUDY TYPE:   Overview

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   This paper is an overview of major national wetland restoration
              programs

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2026

AUTHOR:       McCarthy, E.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Effects of forest management on forest hydrology

SOURCE:       Pages 80-87 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        None

STUDY TYPE:   Overview

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Forest

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   The effects of forest management practices on the hydrology of
              a managed pine plantation in flat poorly drained soils are
              evaluated.  Commonly applied forest practices such as water
              management, site preparation, planting, thinning, fertilization
              and clearcutting are considered.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2027

AUTHOR:       Shepard, J.P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Effects of forest management on water quality in wetland
              forests

SOURCE:       Pages 88-92 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        None

STUDY TYPE:   Overview

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Forest

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   Assessments of the effects of management practices such as
              drainage, fertilization, and harvesting on water quality in
              wetland forests are summarized from available literature and
              ongoing research.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2028

AUTHOR:       Leventhal, J., L.L. Jackson, and K.S. Smith

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Biogeochemistry along an estuarine salinity gradient:  a proxy
              for sea level rise due to global change

SOURCE:       Pages 95-99 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        Louisiana

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Estuary

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   Global warming is expected to have a dramatic influence on
              coastal wetlands due to a projected sea level rise of 0.3 to 1
              meter during the next 100 years.  Sea level rise will create
              some new coastal wetlands, but it will also cause the loss of
              larger areas of existing wetlands.  Differences in
              biogeochemical processes along a salinity gradient, such as
              the decrease in methanogenesis as salinity increases, are
              representative of the changes that will occur in coastal
              marshes due to sea level rise.  This paper studies the natural
              flux of methane and the chemistry of the associated sediment
              and porewater system along a salinity gradient in Louisiana
              coastal marshes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2029

AUTHOR:       Phillips, J.D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Deterministic chaos in wetland response to rising sea level

SOURCE:       Pages 101-105 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        None

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Salt marsh

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   Deterministic chaos is complex, apparently random behavior
              arising from nonlinear determinstic systems, and has been
              detected in several geomorphic and hydrologic phenomena.  The
              complex patterns of salt marsh morphology and dynamics in
              submerging coastal areas have been reinterpreted in this
              light, and have been found to be possible manifestations of
              chaos.  In this paper the response of alluvial swamps in the
              fluvial-estuarine transition zone of Coastal Plain rivers is
              analyzed.  The system of interactions linking base (sea) level
              rise, organic and inorganic deposition rates, fluvial sediment
              input, and hydroperiod is shown to be unstable and potentially
              chaotic.  This implies that spatial and temporal complexities
              in erosion and accretion rates could arise from the nonlinear
              system dynamics, independently of any stochastic forcings.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2030

AUTHOR:       Hester, M.W. and I.A. Mendelssohn

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Restoration of an oil access canal on Timbalier Island,
              Louisiana, in a dune/swale plant community

SOURCE:       Pages 108-111 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        Louisiana

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Swale

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, HELIOTROPIUM, BACCHARIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   In January 1988 a 900 m long section of an existing (shore
              parallel) oil access canal on Timbalier Island was filled with
              sediment from Timbalier Bay to reduce the risk of island
              breaching during an overwash event.  In the filled area 120
              permanent 1 m plots were established along 20 shore-
              perpendicular transects (10 transect pairs, one for each pair
              fertilized) for a seasonal collection of soil and vegetation
              data.  Of the six pots per transect, the middle two plots were
              located in a planted zone that was mechanically planted with
              over 21,000 Spartina patens seedlings in April 1989.  The two
              gulfward and two bayward plots on each transect were allowed to
              colonize naturally.  At the time of planting only two plots had
              naturally colonized, and the vegetative cover in these was less
              than 5%.  Spartina patens survival was near 80% after the first
              year and resulted in approximately 20% plant cover in the
              planted plots.  Heliotropium curassavicum tended to be the
              earliest colonizer in unplanted plots.  Establishment of
              Baccharis halimifolia appeared to have been facilitated in
              plots planted with Spartina patens.  Soil conductivity and
              cation concentrations remained highest in the gulf zone.
              Fertilized plots had greater vegetative cover than unfertilized
              plots, and the effect of fertilization was greatest in the
              planted and bay zones.  Fertilization also tended to accelerate
              the rate of colonization in the bay zone, but not in the gulf
              zone.  Overall, the gulf plots did not exhibit a strong
              fertilizer response and had lower vegetative cover values than
              the bay plots, which were more protected from salt spray and
              storm inundation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2031

AUTHOR:       Trepagnier, C.M., B. Good, G.D. Steyer, W.B. Sutton, and M.
              Windham

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Evaluation of three crevasse splay marsh creation projects at
              the Mississippi River Delta

SOURCE:       Pages 115-119 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        Louisiana

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Crevasse splay marsh

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   It is imperative that crevasse splay formation processes be
              used effectively if the tremendous land loss problem in the
              Mississippi River delta is to be reduced.  One method of
              combating this loss is the construction of artificial
              crevasses.  Observations of natural breaches and delta splay
              formations by the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and
              Fisheries in the late 1970s led to the concept of artificial
              crevasses on the Pass a Loutre Wildlife Management Area.
              These crevasses facilitate the introduction of sediment-laden
              water into shallow bays where emergent marsh may be created.
              In 1986 three artificial crevasses were constructed at Pass a
              Loutre, South Pass, and Loomis Pass within the Pass a Loutre
              Wildlife Management Area.  These sites were chosen to
              represent an array of crevasse splay project locations.  The
              extent of splay formation in relation to various parameters
              will be used to evaluate and compare these three crevasse
              locations.  Topographic surveys of the splay development areas
              were conducted in 1986, 1988, and 1991 and net sediment gain
              from 1988 to 1991 calculated.  The calculations determined a
              net gain of 22,258; 951; and 12,024 cubic meters of sediment
              within the survey plots at Pass a Loutre, South Pass, and
              Loomis Pass, respectively.  This pilot project illustrates
              several important processes such as basin relief and basin
              geometry that should be considered when similar marsh creation
              efforts are planned.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2032

AUTHOR:       Taylor, K.L. and J.B. Grace

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Effects of nutria herbivory on three coastal marsh communities
              along a salinity gradient

SOURCE:       Pages 125-129 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        Louisiana, Mississippi

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Freshwater marsh, saltwater marsh

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       PANICUM, SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   The purpose of this paper was to describe how general the
              effects of nutria on early successional marshes are.  Three
              marsh communities were selected as study areas.  These marsh
              communities were located along a geographic gradient in the
              Pearl River Wildlife Management Area, on the border between
              Louisiana and Mississippi.  These ranged from upriver
              freshwater marshes, to oligohaline marshes, to mesohaline
              marshes at the river marsh.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2033

AUTHOR:       Conner, W.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Cypress regeneration in coastal Louisiana and the impact of
              nutria upon seedling survival

SOURCE:       Pages 130-136 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        Louisiana

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Cypress swamp

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
              on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   With increased logging activity occurring in cypress swamps,
              there is a definite need for long-term management plans to
              ensure that this natural resource will not disappear.
              Although cypress lands did regenerate after the intensive
              logging of 1890-1925, recent studies show that natural
              regeneration from seed and coppice will not be adequate to
              ensure the proper stocking of newly logged lands.  Increased
              flooding (due to subsidence and sea level rise) and herbivory
              are major factors in the lack of natural regeneration.  One
              way to insure the proper stocking of these cutover lands is to
              plant cypress seedlings.  Nutria, however, often clip or
              uproot newly planted seedlings before the root systems have
              time to become established.  Cypress plantings by the Soil
              Conservation Service and this author found that nutria
              destroyed 86-100% of planted seedlings.  Seedling protectors
              like those used in the Pacific Northwest do not work since
              nutria just chew through the protectors to reach the
              seedlings.  Chicken wire fencing has been shown to be an
              effective deterrent to nutria, but this is costly and time
              consuming to install.  Different planting times seem to
              indicate that fall-planted cypress seedlings may be less
              susceptible to damage.  If the seedling can be protected from
              animal damage, survival rates increase dramatically.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2034

AUTHOR:       Good, B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Managing coastal Louisianas renewable base

SOURCE:       Pages 140-148 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        Louisiana

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Coastal wetland

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   Louisiana loses an estimated twenty-five square miles of
              coastal wetlands each year as a result of many factors
              including:  hydrological modifications, salt-water intrusion,
              sediment deprivation, and relative sea-level rise.  Act 6 of
              the Second Extraordinary Session of the 1989 Louisiana
              legislation (R.S. 49:213 & 214) mandated that an aggressive,
              action-oriented coastal conservation and restoration program
              be implemented.  The Coastal Restoration Division of the
              Office of Coastal Restoration and Management within the
              Department of Natural Resources was mandated with this task.
              In the two years subsequent to the passage of this
              legislation, a tremendous amount of progress has been made in
              our efforts to conserve, create, restore, and enhance the
              wetlands of Louisianas fragile coastal zone.  Subsequently,
              congressional legislation (P.L. 101-646) was signed that has
              added federal dollars to assist the fight against coastal
              wetland loss.  The restoration programs are discussed in this
              paper.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2035

AUTHOR:       Cole, C.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Conflict at Cape Hatteras: coastal wetland water quality in a
              resort environment

SOURCE:       Pages 154-159 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        North Carolina

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Coastal wetland

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   Water quality in wetlands of the Cape Hatteras National
              Seashore (CAHA) was studied for 3 years to determine if
              development in adjacent Nags Head was impacting upon the
              wetlands.  Water quality was found to be mildly degraded,
              with drainage waters from Nags Head significantly different in
              quality than waters within the marshes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2036

AUTHOR:       McCormick, J.W., J.E. Davis, and T.N. McLellan

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Erosion control with dredged material at West Bay, Texas

SOURCE:       Pages 160-165 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        Texas

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   Erosion of the bay barrier islands in northern West Bay
              exposed the sheltered shoreline to local wind-generated waves.
              Resulting erosion threatens to breach the isthmus separating
              Halls Lake from the GIWW, and reduce the lakes value as
              habitat for wintering birds and developing juvenile fish.
              Dredged material is being used to augment and extend the
              existing island approximately 5000 ft, sheltering the exposed
              shoreline and restoring valuable wetland habitat.  Protective
              structures consisting of a geotextile tube and several levee
              configurations of various crest elevation, exterior slope, and
              slope protection are being demonstrated to assess erosion
              control effectiveness and potential incorporation into normal
              dredging operations to create or restore wetland habitat.
              Further monitoring will determine which alternatives are most
              applicable to the West Bay environment and similar areas along
              the GIWW.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2037

AUTHOR:       Nyman, J.A.; R.D. DeLaune; W.H. Patrick, Jr.; and H.H. Roberts

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Relationships among vegetation, mineral sediments, and vertical
              accretion in coastal marshes

SOURCE:       Pages 166-169 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        Louisiana, New England

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Coastal marshes

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   Understanding vertical accretion processes in Louisianas
              rapidly subsiding coastal marshes may provide insight
              relevant to other coastal marshes if the rate of global sea
              level rise increases as expected.  Mineral matter accumulation
              enhances organic matter accumulation, and vice versa.
              Emergent vegetation promotes mineral sedimentation and
              contributes to soil structure.  Soil mineral matter provides
              plant nutrients and soil iron, which buffers toxic sulfides;
              thus aboveground biomass of Spartina patens and S.
              alterniflora is related to soil bulk density.  Detailed study
              of a sediment poor Louisiana marsh experiencing rapid marsh
              loss indicates that these processes can interact to form a
              positive feedback loop of inadequate plant growth and
              inadequate vertical accretion.  Vertical accretion rates were
              determined by organic matter accumulation rates, thus low
              plant growth limited vertical accretion, which further
              promoted increasing flooding and decreasing plant production.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2038

AUTHOR:       Marcus, M.J. and W.W. Smith

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Creation of vernal pools within wetland mitigation areas

SOURCE:       Pages 170-174 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        Massachusetts

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Vernal pools

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   Four temporary open water areas were created in four separate
              Massachusetts wetland replacement areas to determine if the
              constructed basins would attract breeding populations of wood
              frog (Rana sylvatica) and mole salamanders (Ambystoma spp.).
              These species are considered as obligate vernal pool organisms
              by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection,
              since they require the fish-free environment provided by vernal
              pools during their juvenile stages.  Although none of the
              created temporary open water areas was located near any known
              breeding sites for these amphibians, all areas were found to
              contain wood frog egg masses and juveniles within two years,
              and three of the areas contained Ambystoma salamander egg
              masses and juveniles within that period.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2039

AUTHOR:       McCleary, E.C. and D.A. Kepler

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        The utilization of constructed wetlands in watershed
              restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 175-179 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        Pennsylvania

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Constructed wetlands

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   Constructed wetlands have been utilized by industry for
              roughly ten years for the abatement of acid mine drainage.
              Recent literature suggests that constructed wetlands are
              inefficient and not suitable alternatives to conventional
              treatment; unfortunately inefficient and not suitable are
              based on arbitrary concepts.  Recently constructed wetlands,
              utilizing a combination of designs, have produced effluent
              capable of supporting a wide range of aquatic vertebrates.
              However, with a negative wetland paradigm permeating the
              literature, little attention has been given to the use of
              constructed wetlands; especially as a means of restoring once
              productive watersheds.  Efforts have begun which incorporate
              current wetland design into mining devastated watersheds,
              producing a cumulative impact designed to restore the
              watershed.  Results indicate that a 70% or greater reduction
              in metals and up to a 1,000-fold increase in pH can be
              expected.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2040

AUTHOR:       Zimmerman, R.E., G.D. Van Dyke, L.M. Shem, C.T. Hackney, and
              M.J. Gowdy

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Comparison of the prevalence index and average wetland values
              for identification of wetland vegetation

SOURCE:       Pages 182-187 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        New York, Louisiana, New Jersey

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   Prevalence index values and average wetland values for all
              species present were compared for three wetland gas pipeline
              rights-of-way and adjacent natural areas.  The similarities in
              results using these two indicator values suggest that an
              average wetland value may offer a simpler, less time-consuming
              method of evaluating the vegetation of a study site as an
              indication of wetness.  Both PIVs and AMWs, are presented for
              the ROWs and the adjacent natural area at each site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2041

AUTHOR:       Patterson, S.C. and I.A. Mendelssohn

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Factors controlling the distribution of Avicennia germinans in
              a Louisiana mangal/salt marsh community

SOURCE:       Pages 190-193 in M.C. Landin (ed.), Wetlands: Proceedings of
              the 13th Annual Conference, Society of Wetland Scientists, New
              Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        Louisiana

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Mangrove, salt marsh

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)
                   on 8:45 am on Wednesday, January 19, 2000


ANNOTATION:   To determine the underlying factors contributing to the
              observed plants species zonation at Bay Champagne, Louisiana,
              and specifically, to determine why Avicennia germinans is not
              found in certain areas of this Louisiana mangal/salt marsh
              ecotone, the authors conducted research to determine zone
              differences in (1) selected soil physicochemical variables,
              (2) differential ability of A. germinans seedlings to survive
              and grow, and (3) establishment and predation of A. germinans
              propagules.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1621

AUTHOR:       Niswander, S. F. and Mitsch, W. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Functional analysis of a two-year-old created in-stream wetland:
              Hydrology, phosphorus retention, and vegetation survival and growth

SOURCE:       Wetlands 15:212-225

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Simulation models were developed to predict hydrology, phosphorus
              retention, and tree growth.  Lower water levels in the wetland
              would favor the development of the woody vegetation over
              herbaceous vegetation.

KEYWORDS:     riparian wetland/Franklin County,Ohio/phosphorus/in-stream
              wetland/wetlands mitigation/wetlands creation/freshwater wetlands/
              hydrology/forested wetlands/tree survival/ecological model/wetland
              modelling/functional goals/functional analysis/vegetation/survival
              and growth/simulation model/model

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1622

AUTHOR:       Rheinhardt, R. D., Brinson, M. M., and Farley, P. M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Applying wetland reference data to functional assessment,
              mitigation, and restoration

SOURCE:       Wetlands 17:195-215

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study demonstrates an approach for rapidly collecting
              quantitive field data on reference wetland sites and using
              those data to assess functions (ecological processes) in
              wetlands.  We demonstrate the hydrogeomorphic (HGM) assessment
              procedure.  We also illustrate now HGM assessment can be used
              to determine the minimum area over which restoration should be
              applied to achieve a no-net-loss in function objective.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands mitigation/mineral soil wet flats/southeastern North
              Carolina/compensatory wetland mitigation/ecosystem restoration/
              fire/functional assessment/hydrogeomorphic assessment/impact
              assessment/longleaf pine/Pinus palustris/wet pine flats/reference
              standards/reference wetlands/regional subclass/function/wetlands/
              assessment/restoration/no-net-loss/mitigation

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1623

AUTHOR:       Scatolini, S. R. and Zedler, J. B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Epibenthic invertebrates of natural and constructed marshes of
              San Diego Bay

SOURCE:       Wetlands 16:24-37

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   We conducted a one-year study of epibenthic invertebrates.
              Natural, fully vegetated marsh had 2-3 times as many individuals
              as the sparsely-vegetated, 4-year-old constructed marsh. The
              invertebrate assemblage in the 4-year-old marsh was not equivalent
              to that of the natural marsh. Both marshes had 37 species, but
              species lists were 46% similar for all sites and dates combined,
              and relative abundances were 67% similar. Coarser sediment, lower
              organic matter, and sparse vegetative cover were potential causes of
              significantly lower abundances in the constructed marsh.

KEYWORDS:     San Diego Bay/constructed wetlands/adjacent natural wetlands/
              cordgrass marsh/epibenthos/functional equivalency/intertidal/
              invertebrates/restoration/salt marshes/Spartina foliosa/organic
              matter/constructed marshes/marshes/San Diego,California/sediment/
              vegetative cover

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1624

AUTHOR:       Stauffer, A. L. and Brooks, R. P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Plant and soil responses to salvaged marsh surface and organic
              matter amendments at a created wetland in central Pennsylvania

SOURCE:       Wetlands 17:90-105

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Salvaged marsh surface (SMS) from a donor wetland; SMS can be
              used as a method to successfully revegetate created wetlands.
              The addition of leaf litter compost to experimental plots helped
              to retain soil moisture and provide nutrients that enhanced
              survivorship of hand-planted Carex.

KEYWORDS:     central Pennsylvania/palustrine wetland/created wetlands/salvaged
              marsh surface/wetlands mitigation/soil amendments/site conditions/
              wetlands/soils/soil/organic matter/Pennsylvania

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1625

AUTHOR:       Streever, W. J., Evans, D. L., Keenan, C. M., and Crisman, T. L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Chironomidae (Diptera) and vegetation in a created wetland and
              implications for sampling

SOURCE:       Wetlands 15:285-289

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Invertebrate distributions are generally associated with plant
              community distribution in natural aquatic ecosystems. Samples
              from an area of open water and an area with over 80% cover by
              Pontederia cordata showed significant differences in abundances
              of all common chironomid genera.  Sampling designs for studies
              comparing benthic invertebrate communities from natural and
              created wetlands should consider the possible associations between
              vegetation and invertebrate communities.

KEYWORDS:     created wetlands/invertebrates/freshwater wetlands/central Florida/
              Chironomidae/emergent vegetation/invertebrate sampling/chironomids/
              sampling design/wetlands/vegetation/diptera/plant communities/
              Pontederia cordata


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1626

AUTHOR:       Streever, W. J., Portier, K. M., and Crisman, T. L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        A comparison of dipterans from ten created and ten natural wetlands

SOURCE:       Wetlands 16:416-428

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study compares densities of common larval dipterans collected
              from areas dominated by Pontederia cordata in 10 natural and 10
              created freshwater herbaceous wetlands.  Despite a large sampling
              effort, there were no significant differences in densities of 20
              commonly occurring taxa found in created and natural wetlands after
              considering the effect of multiple univariate tests.

KEYWORDS:     natural wetlands/freshwater wetlands/herbaceous wetlands/central
              Florida/created wetlands/conductivity/diptera/wetlands/comparison

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1627

AUTHOR:       VanRees-Siewert, K. L. and Dinsmore, J. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Influence of wetland age on bird use of restored wetlands in Iowa

SOURCE:       Wetlands 16:577-582

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The mean number of breeding bird species was significantly greater
              in older restored wetlands. The mean number of all bird species,
              waterfowl species, and breeding waterfowl species did not change
              with wetland age. If the goal of restoration is simply to provide
              a breeding site for waterfowl, our data suggest that this can be
              done in a few years. However, we favor longterm restorations.
              Such restorations are more likely to have a more diverse bird
              community that more closely resembles those found in natural
              wetlands.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/natural wetlands/Iowa/restored wetlands/bird use/habitat
              use/prairie wetlands/restoration ecology/waterfowl/wetland birds/
              wetlands restoration/wetlands

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1628

AUTHOR:       Vivian-Smith, G. and Handel, S. N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Freshwater wetland restoration of an abandoned sand mine: Seed
              bank recruitment dynamics and plant colonization

SOURCE:       Wetlands 16:185-196

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Plant recruitment from two soil seed banks used in the freshwater
              wetland restoration of an abandoned sand mine.  One seed bank was
              already present at the mine prior to restoration; the other was
              imported from a nearby wetland to be destroyed by road development.
              The imported wetland seed bank was the major contributor to species
              richness and plant density, indicating that the use of imported
              soils as an amendment may enhance success of wetland restoration
              projects.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands restoration/restoration/South Brunswick,New Jersey/seed
              banks/recruitment/colonization/wetlands creation/freshwater
              wetlands/natural ecosystems/soils/wetlands/abandoned/soil/species
              richness

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1629

AUTHOR:       Weiher, E., Wisheu, I. C., Keddy, P. A., and Moore, D. R. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Establishment, persistence, and management implications of
              experimental wetland plant communities

SOURCE:       Wetlands 16:208-218

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   After 5 years, flooding and fertility remained the main factors
              affecting species composition in the microcosms. High diversity,
              low biomass wetlands will be difficult to create; therefore,
              protection of such wetlands may deserve a higher priority.

KEYWORDS:     wetland plants/lacustrine wetlands/cattails/fertility/Lythrum/
              water level fluctuation/wetlands/Ottawa River/eastern Ontario/
              Canada/seed banks/management/plant communities/diversity/biomass/
              protection

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1630

AUTHOR:       Wilson, R. F. and Mitsch, W. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Functional assessment of five wetlands constructed to mitigate
              wetland loss in Ohio, USA

SOURCE:       Wetlands 16:436-451

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   For the four wetlands, a replacement ratio of 1.4:1 was achieved
              for area, and depressional wetlands were generally replaced with
              depressional wetlands.

KEYWORDS:     functional assessment/wetlands/Ohio/hydrology/soils/vegetation/
              wildlife/water quality/depression wetlands/wetlands mitigation/
              wetlands creation/freshwater wetlands/forested wetlands/created
              wetlands/restored wetlands/assessment/wetland losses/losses


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1631

AUTHOR:       Ashworth, S. M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Comparison between restored and reference sedge meadow wetlands
              in south-central Wisconsin

SOURCE:       Wetlands 17:518-527

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Two restored wetlands and one reference wetland; correlations between
              the measured environmental parameters and the presence and abundance
              of twelve wetland plant species; strongest correlations between
              average water level, minimum water level, and depth of peat and
              the presence and abundance of the twelve wetland plant taxa.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/reference wetlands/wetland plants/south central Wisconsin/
              sedge meadow/restoration/salvaged marsh surface/comparison/meadow/
              Wisconsin/restored wetlands

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1632  

AUTHOR:       Bishel-Machung, L., Brooks, R. P., Yates, S. S., and Hoover, K. L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Soil properties of reference wetlands and wetland creation
              projects in Pennsylvania

SOURCE:       Wetlands 16:532-541

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Reference wetlands were higher in organic matter at 5 cm than at
              20 cm, while wetland creation projects were uniform between the
              two depths. Reference wetlands had lower pH, bulk density, and
              matrix chroma and were higher in total nitrogen than wetland
              creation projects. Wetland creation projects contained more
              sand and less clay than reference wetlands at 20 cm, and
              reference wetlands were siltier at 5 cm.

KEYWORDS:     soils/reference wetlands/wetlands/wetlands creation/Pennsylvania/
              soil samples/bulk density/matrix chroma/organic matter/pH/soil
              texture/total nitrogen/soil/creation/nitrogen

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1633

AUTHOR:       Brown, S. C. and Bedford, B. L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Restoration of wetland vegetation with transplanted wetland
              soil: An experimental study

SOURCE:       Wetlands 17:424-437

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The results of two experiments are reported, including a
              small-scale study of transplantation techniques using small plots
              with treatments and controls established by hand, and a large-scale
              application of soil transplantation and site-preparation techniques
              using heavy equipment to establish large plots across entire
              wetland basins.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/wetlands/vegetation/soils/northern New York/wetlands
              restoration/wetland plants/soil amendments/soil transplantation/
              soil/technique


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1634

AUTHOR:       Collins, B. and Wein, G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Seed bank and vegetation of a constructed reservoir

SOURCE:       Wetlands 15:374-385

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Water depth was the primary influence on seed bank composition.
              Of all taxa reported, 56% were only in the seed bank, 22% were
              only in the vegetation, and 13% were in both the seed bank and
              the vegetation.

KEYWORDS:     seed banks/vegetation/Savannah River Site,South Carolina/
              constructed reservoir/constructed wetlands/water depths/
              wetlands management/hydroperiod

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1635

AUTHOR:       Cooper, C. B. and Anderson, S. H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Significance of invertebrate abundance to dabbling duck brood
              use of created wetlands

SOURCE:       Wetlands 16:557-563

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Dabbling duck (Anas spp.) brood densities; Invertebrate density;
              Vertical migrations in the water column make most invertebrates
              accessible to dabbler hens and broods.

KEYWORDS:     invertebrates/created wetlands/wetlands/National Elk Refuge/
              western Wyoming/dabbling ducks/Anas spp./feeding

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1636

AUTHOR:       Creighton, J. H., Sayler, R. D., Tabor, J. E., and Monda, M. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Effects of wetland excavation on avian communities in eastern
              Washington

SOURCE:       Wetlands 17:216-227

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Managers may design constructed wetland basins to improve population
              management of diverse wetland bird species by creating an
              appropriate mix of wetland habitats at the landscape level.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetland birds/eastern Washington/aquatic invertebrates/
              Anas spp./dabbling ducks/diving ducks/wetland excavation/
              vegetation/Washington/management/wetland habitat/habitat/landscape

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1637


AUTHOR:       De Steven, D. and Sharitz, R. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Differential recovery of a deepwater swamp forest across a
              gradient of disturbance intensity

SOURCE:       Wetlands 17:476-484

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In one floodplain area, four years after thermal discharges ended,
              we analyzed the pattern of forest recovery across a disturbance
              gradient spanning from a site of chronic thermal impact and
              extensive sediment deposition to sites of intermittent thermal
              impact and little substrate change. Compared with undisturbed
              forest, canopy tree density was lower in all disturbed sites
              and decreased progressively with greater site disturbance.
              Regeneration was particularly low in the site of chronic impact.

KEYWORDS:     deepwater swamp forest/Savannah River Site,South Carolina/forest
              disturbance/forest succession/Nyssa aquatica/deepwater swamp/
              Taxodium distichum/wetlands restoration/plant community ecology/
              disturbance/floodplain/sediment/regeneration

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1638

AUTHOR:       Galatowitsch, S. M. and van der Valk, A. G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Characteristics of recently restored wetlands in the prairie
              pothole region

SOURCE:       Wetlands 16:75-83

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center


ANNOTATION:   Wetlands with an ephemeral/temporary water regime are
              under-represented compared to their pre-drainage extent. Most
              restored wetlands had developed emergent and submersed aquatic
              vegetation zones, but only a few had developed wet prairie and
              sedge meadow vegetation zones.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/vegetation/sedge meadow/northern Iowa/southern
              Minnesota/southeastern South Dakota/wetlands restoration/prairie
              potholes/vegetation zonation/ecological function/hydric soils/
              wetland hydrology/water regime/restored wetlands/meadow

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1639

AUTHOR:       King, S. L. and Allen, J. A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Plant succession and greentree reservoir management: Implications
              for management and restoration of bottomland hardwood wetlands

SOURCE:       Wetlands 16:503-511

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center


ANNOTATION:   We conducted a literature review and synthesis to determine the
              potential impacts of greentree reservoir management on plant
              succession within bottomland hardwood wetlands.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/wetlands/central and eastern United States/Southeast/
              bottomland hardwoods/forested wetlands/greentree reservoir/
              hydroperiod/succession/wetlands restoration/plant species
              composition/management/bottomland hardwood wetlands/impacts


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1640

AUTHOR:       Melvin, S. L. and Webb, J. W. Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1998

TITLE:        Differences in the avian communities of natural and created
              Spartina alterniflora salt marshes

SOURCE:       Wetlands 18:59-69

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Birds were surveyed in seven created and seven natural salt marshes.
              Species richness and species diversity were calculated. Species
              richness and diversity were greater in natural salt marshes.
              Created salt marshes provided bird habitat, however not
              necessarily for the same species assemblage as natural salt marshes.

KEYWORDS:     Spartina alterniflora/salt marshes/lower Galveston Bay/avian
              ecology/birds/created wetlands/smooth cordgrass/Spartina/marshes/
              natural salt marshes/species richness/species diversity/diversity/
              created salt marshes/habitat


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1641

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J. B., Williams, G. D., and Desmond, J. S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Wetland mitigation: Can fishes distinguish between natural and
              constructed wetlands?

SOURCE:       Fisheries 22:26-28

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   "Out-of-kind" mitigation seeks to benefit coastal fishes in
              general, rather than replace exactly the species that are being
              entrained. Our findings support an emerging view that fish
              readily use such excavated habitats. In the seven-year database,
              we failed to find evidence of greater use of constructed channels
              by exotic fishes. Southern California native fishes do not appear
              to discriminate between natural and constructed wetland channels
              per se. However, functions are difficult to measure, and we have
              not yet explored residence times, growth rates, or specific
              feeding processes.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands mitigation/constructed wetlands/fishes/feeding/
              natural wetlands/southern California/San Diego Bay/Sweetwater
              National Wildlife Refuge/foraging habitat/California least tern/
              Sterna antillarum browni/habitat/wetland mitigation/mitigation/
              coastal/channels/California/function

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1642

AUTHOR:       Malakoff, D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1998

TITLE:        Restored wetlands flunk real-world test

SOURCE:       Science 280:371-372

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   New marshes should be "functionally equivalent" to natural
              systems, meaning they should be as good as undisturbed wetlands
              at processing nutrients, storing floodwaters, and sheltering
              wildlife. Using 11 criteria the researchers concluded in 1990
              that the created wetland was at best less than 60% equivalent
              to a natural marsh.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wildlife/roadside salt marsh/San Diego,California/
              Sweetwater National Wildlife Refuge/J.B.Zedler/ten-year study/
              restored wetlands/marshes

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1643

AUTHOR:       Simenstad, C. A. and Thom, R. M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Functional equivalency trajectories of the restored Gog-Le-Hi-Te
              Estuarine Wetland

SOURCE:       Ecological Applications 6:38-56

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   To test our ability to predict long-term trends and patterns in
              the development of a restored wetland based on the first 7 yr of
              its development, we analyzed 16 ecosystem functional attributes
              of the Gog-Le-Hi-Te Wetland, in the Puyallup River estuary, Puget
              Sound, Washington, USA. Only a few of the 16 ecosystem attributes
              analyzed showed functional trajectories toward equivalency with
              natural wetlands. Selection of wetland attributes that can predict
              long-term trends in the development of the restored/created system.
              We are hampered by a basic lack of long-term data sets describing
              the patterns, trends, and variability in natural wetland responses
              to disturbance, as well as natural variability in wetland
              attributes in presumably mature wetland communities.

KEYWORDS:     functional equivalency/wetlands/natural wetlands/Gog-Le-Hi-Te
              Wetland/PugetSound/fish and wildlife habitat/food web support/
              functional assessment/long-term equivalency/wetlands restoration/
              Puyallup River/estuaries/Washington/disturbance

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1644

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J. B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Coastal mitigation in southern California: The need for a
              regional restoration strategy

SOURCE:       Ecological Applications 6:84-93

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   I briefly summarize what is known of the historic functioning
              of southern California wetlands, and describe four specific
              mitigation case studies to document problems and concerns.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands mitigation/southern California/restoration/wetlands/
              biodiversity/coastal wetlands/estuaries/habitat management/
              landscape/no-net-loss/salt marshes/nontidal lagoons/coastal/
              mitigation/California

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1645

AUTHOR:       Packard, G. C. and Stiverson, R. K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Abundance and production of macroinvertebrates from natural and
              artificially established salt marshes in North Carolina

SOURCE:       American Midland Naturalist 96:487-493

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   For the past 5 years attempts have been under way in North
              Carolina to establish salt marsh on dredge spoil by planting
              Spartina alterniflora. After only 2 years the artificially
              established marshes resembled natural marsh in both appearance
              and dry matter production. However, the creation of a
              monospecific stand of Spartina does not necessarily imply the
              creation of a functioning marsh.

KEYWORDS:     salt marshes/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/abundance and
              production of macroinvertebrates/artificially established salt
              marshes/dredge spoil/Drum Inlet,North Carolina/Snow's Cut,North
              Carolina/natural salt marshes/macroinvertebrates/marshes/North
              Carolina/spoil/creation

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1646

AUTHOR:       Parsons, L. S. and Zedler, J. B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Factors affecting reestablishment of an endangered annual plant
              at a California salt marsh

SOURCE:       Ecological Applications 7:253-267

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Abundance of pollinators appeared to be less important than the
              relative abundance of particular genera.  Where pollen supply was
              sufficient, nitrogen availability seemed to limit capsule set.
              Plant growth rates of the transplanted population compared
              favorably with those of the donor population. Opportunities for
              seed germination and seedling establishment may be more limiting
              than reproductive capacity.

KEYWORDS:     salt marshes/Sweetwater Marsh (San Diego Bay)/coastal salt marsh/
              Cordylanthus maritimus/endangered plant/nitrogen/pollinators/rare
              plant/reestablishment/reintroduction/southern California/wetlands
              management/California/plant growth/germination

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1647

AUTHOR:       Delehanty, D. J. and Svedarsky, W. D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Black tern colonization of a restored prairie wetland in
              northwestern Minnesota

SOURCE:       Prairie Naturalist 25:213-218

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   We report black terns colonizing a natural prairie wetland
              restored five years after being drained.

KEYWORDS:     colonization/restored wetlands/prairie wetlands/wetlands/
              northwestern Minnesota/black tern/Chlidonias niger/
              restoration/breeding habitat/tern/Minnesota


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1648

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J. B. and Langis, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Comparisons of constructed and natural salt marshes of San
              Diego Bay

SOURCE:       Restoration & Management Notes 9:21-25

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Five years after restoration began, this wetland lags behind a
              nearby reference system in 10 of 11 factors studied. Measurements
              related to three functions that are the most pertinent to the goal
              of providing habitat for the light-footed clapper rail: cordgrass
              productivity, nutrient dynamics, and food chain support.
              Summarized eleven data sets from the constructed island and the
              natural salt marsh and calculated a simple average of these
              comparisons. The average (less than 60 percent) is best
              interpreted as a maximum functional equvialency value for
              Connector Marsh, since areas in the constructed marsh that had
              little or no cordgrass present were not included in our study.
              At five years of age, the constructed islands are, at best, less
              than 60 percent functionally equivalent to the natural marsh.
              Functional losses won't necessarily be compensated by mitigation
              ratios that exceed 1:1.

KEYWORDS:     salt marshes/San Diego,California/restoration/wetlands/wetlands
              mitigation/constructed wetlands/natural wetlands/San Diego Bay/
              Sweetwater National Wildlife Refuge/habitat/light-footed clapper
              rail/Rallus longirostris levipes/intertidal salt marsh habitat/
              comparison/natural salt marshes/marshes/function/clapper rail/
              cordgrass/food chain support/losses/mitigation

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1649

AUTHOR:       Jarman, N. M., Dobberteen, R. A., Windmiller, B., and Lelito, P. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Evaluation of created freshwater wetlands in Massachusetts

SOURCE:       Restoration & Management Notes 9:26-29

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Despite the abundance of these small, created wetlands, there is,
              unfortunately, little data concerning the performance of these
              systems. "Success" of a created wetlands project is defined under
              the Massachusetts regulations by establishment of 75 percent cover
              of indigenous wetland vegetation within two growing seasons. No
              functional analysis of the created wetlands is required. Five of
              the six replacement wetlands studied were created to compensate
              for loss of forested wetlands. The remaining site (Site C) was
              designed to replace a wetland dominated by a wet meadow plant
              community. Our objective, however, was to determine the degree
              of similarity of the created wetland to the surrounding natural
              wetlands in terms of plant community composition and structure,
              soils, and hydrologic characteristics. Though vegetation
              establishment was successful on all six sites, both the
              composition and structure of the vegetation differed
              considerably from that of adjacent reference wetlands. All of
              the constructed wetlands we surveyed, were supporting
              predominantly herbaceous wetland plant communities one to two
              years after creation. None of the dominant colonizing herbs in
              the replacement areas was observed to dominate the adjacent
              reference wetlands. Although the total numbers of species present
              in the created wetlands and adjacent, unaltered wetland areas
              were similar, the species composition was somewhat different.
              The percent of species common to both was 52 percent. Dense
              herbaceous cover is considered desirable to promote soil
              stabilization, reduce erosion, and discourage invasion of the
              replacement sites by opportunistic exotic species. Only about 64
              percent of the herbaceous species found in the replacement areas
              were also present within their reference wetland, and in only a
              few instances were the cover values for these species similar on
              replacement and reference sites. A primary goal in creation of
              forested wetlands is the establishment of a tree canopy. We found
              red maple seedlings on half of our sites. These observations
              suggest that a red maple canopy could develop at these sites over
              time. Survival rates of transplanted shrubs were generally poor,
              while the survivorship of nursery-grown shrubs was high.

KEYWORDS:     freshwater wetlands/wetlands/created wetlands/vegetation/forested
              wetlands/natural wetlands/soils/reference wetlands/wetland
              plants/Massachusetts/wet meadow plant community/plant community
              structure/hydrologic characteristics/creation techniques/
              regulation/functional analysis/losses/meadow/plant communities/
              soil/vegetation establishment/constructed wetlands/creation/
              stabilization/erosion/values/shrubs

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1650

AUTHOR:       Mitsch, W. J. and Wilson, R. F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Improving the success of wetland creation and restoration with
              know-how, time, and self-design

SOURCE:       Ecological Applications 6:77-83

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Fundamental requirements for achieving success of wetland
              creation and restoration projects are: understanding wetland
              function; giving the system time; and allowing for the
              self-designing capacity of nature. Mitigation projects involving
              freshwater marshes should require enough time, closer to 15-20 yr
              rather than 5 yr, to judge the success or lack thereof.
              Restoration and creation of forested wetlands, coastal wetlands,
              or peatlands may require even more time

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands creation/restoration/wetlands mitigation/
              forested wetlands/coastal wetlands/created wetlands/ecological
              engineering/ecological modeling/freshwater wetlands/functional
              analysis/mitigation of wetland loss/Olentangy River Wetland
              Research Park/wetland succession/creation/self-design/function/
              mitigation/marshes/coastal


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1651

AUTHOR:       Perry, M. C., Sibrel, C. B., and Gough, G. A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Wetlands mitigation: Partnership between an electric power
              company and a federal wildlife refuge

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 20:933-939

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Nine hectares (23 acres) of a degraded section of Patuxent
              Research Refuge in Laurel, Maryland, USA, were converted to
              wetland habitat by the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company in 1994.
              The area consists of a created forested wetland of 5.5 ha
              (13.5 acres), a seasonally inundated green-tree reservoir of 7.6 ha
              (6.5 acres), and an impounded pond wetland of 1.2 ha (3 acres).
              Part of the site has been studied since completion and survival of
              trees and shrubs after two years was 88%. Grasses and other
              herbaceous vegetation were dominant plants in the meter- square
              plots in the first two years of sampling of the created forested
              wetland. Wildlife surveys represent species consistent with open
              habitat; more typical forest species should colonize the area as
              it undergoes succession.  The mitigation site has a diverse group
              of birds and amphibians that have quickly colonized these new
              habitats.  With the exception of the meadow vole, however, mammals
              were seldom encountered on the created sites

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands mitigation/wildlife/habitat/forested wetlands/
              greentree reservoir/vegetation/succession/Patuxent Research
              Refuge/Laurel,Maryland/partnership/biodiversity/birds/amphibians/
              mitigation/Maryland/wetland habitat/Baltimore/trees/shrubs/plants/
              meadow/mammals


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1652

AUTHOR:       Brinson, M. M. and Rheinhardt, R. D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        The role of reference wetlands in functional assessment and
              mitigation

SOURCE:       Ecological Applications 6:69-76

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   We argue that reference wetlands should be central to the
              development of standards against which impacts to wetlands and
              restoration efforts are evaluated. Ecosystem functions can be
              defined as the activities or processes that characterize an
              ecosystem. Four general categories have been used for wetlands:
              hydrologic, biogeochemical, plant community maintenance, and
              animal community maintenance (Brinson et al. 1994). We provide
              a brief treatment of wet pine flats on the coastal plain of
              North Carolina to illustrate how impact assessment can apply
              reference standards to measure loss in functions, to measure
              gain toward established mitigation goals, and to determine
              replacement ratios based on losses and gains in functioning.
              Wet pine flats occur on predominantly mineral soils and are
              dependent on frequent fire to maintain their characteristic
              species composition. Wet pine flats receive only precipitation.
              Consequently, wet conditions result from their poor drainage
              rather than from supplementary water sources.  Three broad
              options dominate the execution of compensatory mitigation for
              damages to wetlands.  One is in-kind vs. out-of-kind compensation
              in which the former restores or creates the same class of wetland
              (and corresponding functions) that are lost by impacts, and the
              latter restores or creates alternative wetland classes.  A
              reference wetland approach to functional assessment cannot
              compare functions across wetland classes because each class has
              different reference standards.  A second option is on-site vs.
              off-site compensation, the former requiring that compensation
              activities occur adjacent to the permitted project, or at least
              located within the same embayment, stream reach, or local
              watershed.  Off-site compensation implies that restoration or
              creation can take place in a different and perhaps distant
              watershed.  If a reference wetland approach is used, on-site
              restoration within the same local watershed seems justified,
              especially for wetlands that are physically or functionally
              connected to one another in the landscape.  A third option is
              to vary the credit given to restored vs. created wetlands by
              adjusting replacement ratios (restored or created area divided
              by area impacted by a project).  Use of reference forces one to
              constantly revisit and calibrate on reference standards.  In so
              doing, reference standards and reference wetlands take the lead
              in guiding mitigation, and all parties involved in mitigation are
              fully informed of the process.  This potentially leads to greater
              consistancy and efficiency in achieving goals of Clean Water
              Act 404.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/functional assessment/wetlands mitigation/reference
              wetlands/restoration/wet pine flats/North Carolina/impact
              assessment/soils/fire/assessment/compensatory wetland mitigation/
              wetlands creation/function/hydrogeomorphic classification of
              wetlands/reference standards/standards/impacts/losses/landscape/
              created wetlands/mitigation/plant communities/animal community/
              coastal/gains/soil/compensatory mitigation/compensation/creation/
              Clean Water Act


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1653

AUTHOR:       LaGrange, T. G. and Dinsmore, J. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Plant and animal community responses to restored Iowa wetlands

SOURCE:       Prairie Naturalist 21:39-48

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The plant and animal communities of four formerly drained wetland
              basins in central Iowa were inventoried several years after the
              basins had reflooded. This study demonstrates that a high-quality
              wetland, with a plant and animal community very similar to
              unaltered Iowa wetlands, can be restored by removing or blocking
              tile lines. Generally, the species we found most frequently or
              with the greatest coverage were in the same genera as those found
              most commonly by Clambey (1975) in unaltered wetlands. Planting
              seeds or propagules and stocking animals seems unnecessary to
              restore drained wetlands

KEYWORDS:     Iowa/wetlands/restored wetlands/plant community response/animal
              community response/row-crop agriculture/animal community/drained
              wetlands

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1654

AUTHOR:       Hemesath, L. M. and Dinsmore, J. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Factors affecting bird colonization of restored wetlands

SOURCE:       Prairie Naturalist 25:1-11

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The number of breeding marsh birds per restored wetland in
              northern Iowa was fewer during 1989 (x=4.8) than in 1990
              (x=8.2). There was a significant positive relationship between
              species richness and wetland size, but the age of the restored
              wetland had no effect on species richness in either year. Birds
              rapidly colonized restored wetlands, usually within the first
              year of restoration. Duration of drainage was not related to
              species richness but did affect the development of marsh
              vegetation. Relative coverage of emergents, floating plants, open
              water, and bare ground affected bird species richness.
              Restoration efforts should concentrate on large wetland basins
              that have been recently drained or have a tendency to reflood
              frequently. Restored wetlands in the Midwest are "habitat
              islands" in a sea of cropland.  The objectives of this study
              were to determine the effect of (1) wetland area and age on bird
              species richness (i.e., number of breeding bird species), (2)
              relative vegetative cover on bird species richness, and (3)
              duration of drainage (i.e., time elapsed from drainage to
              restoration) on bird species richness. Bird use was monitored
              on 16 and 17 restored wetlands in northwestern and north central
              Iowa in 1989 and 1990. Three age categories (1, 2, and 3 years
              post-restoration) of wetlands were studied. Evidence of breeding
              included active nests, flightless young, or the presence of adults
              on three of five visits to the marsh. The average number of bird
              species on a restored wetland in 1989 was half of what was found
              in 1990. The relative cover of each vegetation type may affect bird
              species richness. Marsh area has a great effect on bird species
              richness. The area effect is probably the result of size-dependent
              species that may inhabit only the larger marshes. Birds rapidly
              colonized the restored wetlands as soon as one year after
              restoration. Both plant species richness and seed density in
              prairie pothole seed banks decreased with time since drainage.
              The potential for successful restoration decreases for marshes
              drained more than 20 years ago. The rapid dispersal of some
              wetland plant species from extant wetlands to newly restored
              marshes may compensate for the effect of long-term drainage.
              Relative cover of the emergent zone affected bird species richness
              in 1989. Wetlands drained more than 30 years had less relative
              cover of emergents and more open water in 1989. But time can
              compensate for the lack of vegetation on newly restored marshes.
              The response of the birds will depend on the vegetation,
              location, and size of the marsh

KEYWORDS:     birds/colonization/restored wetlands/wetlands/northern Iowa/
              Iowa/species richness/restoration/vegetation/bird use/prairie
              potholes/seed banks/wetland plants/prairie wetlands/island
              biogeography/number of breeding marsh birds/marshes/habitat/
              plants/vegetative cover/dispersal/emergent zone

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1655

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J. B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Adaptive management of coastal ecosystems designed to support
              endangered species

SOURCE:       Ecology Law Quarterly 24:735-743

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The created wetlands should provide the following ecosystem
              functions: 1. For the tern: Tidal channels with seventy-five
              percent of the fish species and seventy-five percent of the
              number of fishes found in natural channels for two years. 2.
              For the bird's-beak: A re-introduced population of at least
              five patches, each with at least twenty plants, increasing or
              stable for three years. 3. For the clapper rail: Seven home
              ranges, each at least two to four acres in size and each having
              tidal channels with forage species for rail feeding, high marsh
              as a high-tide refuge, and low marsh for nesting, with tall
              cordgrass (Spartina foliosa) that is self-sustaining for three
              years. Rail forage was to include seventy-five percent of the
              invertebrate species and seventy-five percent of the number of
              invertebrates found in natural channels for two years. A. Tern
              Forage: Fish use of the constructed channels rapidly met the
              standards for tern forage. FWS judged the fish portion of the
              mitigation project to be in compliance with requirements. B.
              Bird's-Beak Reintroduction: Because the plant is an annual,
              it must grow from seed each year, so seed production is
              essential to long-term sustainability. We suspected that there
              might be an inadequate number of pollinators on the isolated
              island, and recommended that future seeding trials take place
              in Sweetwater Marsh proper, a large natural marsh with adjacent
              upland. We recommended that the reintroduction be judged in
              compliance. We knew there were nearly 14,000 plants overall--well
              over the 100 required--and that high interannual variability in
              population density was normal. C. Clapper Rail Habitat: Bringing
              the constructed salt marsh into compliance for clapper rail
              nesting habitat has proven more difficult. Early on, we recognized
              some shortcomings of the site. The coarse soils were unable to
              retain nitrogen, and there were problems with scale insects.
              Biweekly additions of nitrogen throughout the growing season could
              produce tall, robust cordgrass plants that resisted scale insects.
              We had a tool for actively managing the cordgrass vegetation, but
              no mechanism for making the tall cordgrass sustain itself. The San
              Diego Bay site still had to provide tall cordgrass for three
              years and to show that it was self-sustaining--not requiring
              fertilizers--to be in compliance. Recommendations: Marshes need
              fine-textured soil, and such substrates should be salvaged and
              reused in the restoration or creation project. But it is also
              critical to provide the proper topography. Conclusions: Adaptive
              management has allowed us to document the shortcomings of the
              site and recommend alternatives for mitigation compliance. By
              incorporating science into the project, we helped the mitigators
              and regulatory staff in four ways: (1) determining which
              shortcomings of the site were probably responsible for its
              inability to achieve mitigation standards; (2) establishing
              corrective measures for improving the quality of potential nest
              sites; (3) determining that the vegetation could not meet the
              requirement of self-sustainability within a reasonable time frame;
              and (4) identifying alternative actions to terminate the
              mitigation program in year twelve (1997). We recommend that
              experiments be built into future plans so that new methods and
              cause-effect relationships can be tested

KEYWORDS:     created wetlands/wetlands/function/fishes/feeding/Spartina/
              Spartina foliosa/invertebrates/standards/wetlands mitigation/
              reintroduction/pollinators/habitat/salt marshes/soils/nitrogen/
              vegetation/San Diego,California/San Diego Bay/restoration/
              wetlands creation/tidal wetlands/tern/bird's-beak/clapper rail/
              wetlands restoration/endangered species/marshes/cordgrass/
              management/coastal/coastal ecosystems/channels/plants/tall
              cordgrass/mitigation/soil/scale insects/insects/creation

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1656

AUTHOR:       Hashisaki, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Functional wetland restoration: An ecosystem approach

SOURCE:       Northwest Science 70:348-351

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents a brief history of wetland mitigation and
              discusses the evolution of functional wetland restoration in the
              context of a regulatory framework. Functions such as flood
              storage, detention time, and water quality improvement were
              selected, and mitigation designs often produced systems that
              looked like naturalized stormwater detention or water quality
              treatment ponds. Wetland plant community establishment was often
              a matter of commerical availability, or even sometimes more a
              horticultural proposition reflecting what the site could support
              rather than a natural assemblage of species. Created wetlands
              often suffered from lack of appropriate hydrology, soils, and
              plantings, and also lacked connections to large, functioning
              ecosystems. Restoration has several advantages over wetland
              creation because some of the elements of a functioning wetland
              (for example, soils or hydrology) are already in place, and the
              restoration site is often part of a larger system. Restoration
              is fundamentally an intervention in the projected recovery rate
              of a given site. A landscape-level analysis focuses on the
              conditions in the landscape surrounding the impact, mitigation,
              and reference sites, and considers the effect of historic,
              current, and proposed land management practices on the individual
              functional indicators. The combination of site-level, landscape,
              and ecosystem assessments comprises a broad ecosystem approach
              with direct applicability to functional restoration. Functional
              restoration results from evaluating interactions between the
              parts of a basin, and identifying prescriptive actions to protect
              or restore the integrity of the basin as a whole

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/wetlands mitigation/
              function/water quality/wetland plants/created wetlands/hydrology/
              soils/wetlands creation/landscape/impacts/assessment/
              hydrogeomorphic wetland classification system (HGM)/ecosystem
              approach/restoration site/wetland mitigation/mitigation/plant
              communities/soil/creation/management

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1657

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J. B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Canopy architecture of natural and planted cordgrass marshes:
              Selecting habitat evaluation criteria

SOURCE:       Ecological Applications 3:123-138

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In order to set standards for restoration or mitigation "success"
              of salt marsh habitat designed for an endangered southern
              California bird, I explored the bird's nesting requirements,
              compared constructed habitats that lack the bird with natural
              habitats that support it, and selected habitat assessment
              criteria that best distinguish suitable and unsuitable nesting
              habitats. Cordgrass that is >60 cm tall appears necessary for
              birds to weave a canopy that allows the nest to float upward,
              but not away, as the tide rises. Cordgrass height distributions
              and density data describe attributes of canopy architecture that
              assess clapper rail habitat value better than previously used
              measures (i.e., cover, biomass, mean height, maximum height).
              Height histograms differ for planted marshes (which do not
              support clapper rails) and natural marshes. High interannual
              and spatial variability indicates the need for several (e.g., 20)
              years of data for assessment purposes and a large data base for
              reference wetlands

KEYWORDS:     habitat/standards/restoration/wetlands mitigation/salt marshes/
              southern California/birds/assessment/clapper rail/reference
              wetlands/wetlands/cordgrass/endangered species/marshes/natural
              wetlands/planted wetlands/Rallus longirostris levipes/Spartina
              foliosa/restoration site/habitat evaluation/mitigation/California/
              habitat value/biomass/natural marshes


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1658

AUTHOR:       Gibson, K. D., Zedler, J. B., and Langis, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Limited response of cordgrass (Spartina foliosa) to soil
              amendments in a constructed marsh

SOURCE:       Ecological Applications 4:757-767

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   With N-poor soil and high nutrient-loss rates, the experimental
              plots developed less than half the aboveground biomass found
              in reference natural cordgrass marshes. Amending soils prior
              to transplantation did not achieve the goal of functional
              equivalency with natural marshes, and after 2 yr there was no
              indication that nutrient pools or plant growth rates would
              achieve natural levels

KEYWORDS:     cordgrass/Spartina/Spartina foliosa/soils/soil amendments/
              marshes/constructed wetlands/field experiment/land use
              management/nitrogen fertilization/salt marshes/southern
              California/soil/biomass/functional equivalency/natural
              marshes/plant growth

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1659


AUTHOR:       Chovanec, A. and Raab, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Dragonflies (Insecta, Odonata) and the ecological status of newly
              created wetlands examples for long-term bioindication programmes

SOURCE:       Limnologica 27:381-392

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The paper discusses the role of dragonflies as bioindicators in
              wetland creation programmes. In both projects counts of
              dragonflies (as well as of amphibians and birds) are used for
              long-term monitoring purposes. Results of the first six years
              (Tritonwasser Project) and five years (Marshfeld Canal Project)
              of investigations reveal a conclusive relationship between the
              development of the dragonfly fauna and structural components of
              the waters (especially vegetation structures) as well as
              hydrologic conditions. Ecologically valuable wetlands can be
              created even in intensively used areas. Artificial wetlands
              created along ecological principles may serve as refugia for
              endangered species

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands creation/amphibians/birds/vegetation/endangered
              species/dragonflies/bioidentification/artificial wetlands/Vienna/
              Austria/Europe/status/created wetlands/bioindicators/creation/
              long-term monitoring/monitoring/fauna/artificial

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1660

AUTHOR:       Brown, S. C., Smith, K., and Batzer, D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Macroinvertebrate responses to wetland restoration in northern
              New York

SOURCE:       Environmental Entomology 26:1016-1024

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   We studied the macroinvertebrate communities that developed in
              wetlands restored by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
              compared them to those occurring at natural wetlands in the
              same area. During the 3 yr of the study, most taxa found at
              the natural sites could also be found in similar numbers at the
              restored sites. Insects with aerial dispersal capability
              rapidly colonized the restored habitats, but some less mobile
              forms (non- insects and some hemipterans) either colonized more
              slowly or not at all. Transplantation of remnant wetland soil,
              which resulted in faster and more prolific plant growth,
              significantly increased overall macroinvertebrate numbers, and
              significantly increased the abundance of 10 specific taxonomic
              groups. The use of this technique, along with possible inoculation
              of some less mobile taxa, could improve efforts to reestablish
              natural macroinvertebrate communities to newly restored wetland
              habitats

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/northern New York/
              fishes/wildlife/habitat/soils/restoredwetlands/
              macroinvertebrates/insects/annelids/crustaceans/mollusks/U.S.Fish
              and Wildlife Service/New York/natural wetlands/dispersal/soil/
              technique/wetland habitat


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1661

AUTHOR:       Noon, K. F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        A model of created wetland primary succession

SOURCE:       Landscape and Urban Planning 34:97-123

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A descriptive model of primary succession processes on hydric
              soils is described. The processes of wetland primary succession
              and temporal change were examined through comparison of eight
              created wetland sites of different ages (spanning 11 years).
              The following conclusions were made: (1) primary succession is
              the underlying process effecting the evolution of newly created
              wetland conditions; (2) wetland design strategies should be
              derived from wetland primary succession theory; (3) existing
              succession theory can serve to guide the development of wetland
              primary succession theory; (4) primary succession on created
              wetlands can be analyzed within the context of complex natural
              systems. A review of these results suggests that there are two
              distinct phases in early wetland primary succession. The initial
              phase is called the Arrival and Establishment Phase, which included
              processes and changes that occurred within the first 3 years of
              wetland creation. The Autogenic Dominance Phase occurred after the
              first 3 years. The distinction between phases reflects an
              interpretation of the findings where the conditions of plant
              succession appear to have changed from being dependent on chance
              elements and physical forces (allogenic forces) to being dependent
              on plant community related processes (autogenic forces). In the
              very early stages of wetland primary succession the initial
              floristic composition and percent vegetation cover is a result
              of random conditions. Once species cover or dominance approaches
              90% (after the first three growing seasons), the ability of the
              individual plant species to capture and utilize energy and
              resources dictates its ability to dominate

KEYWORDS:     created wetlands/wetlands/succession/hydric soils/soils/
              comparison/wetlands creation/vegetation/wetland primary
              succession/Grimes County,Texas/depression wetlands/model/
              soil/creation/plant communities

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1662


AUTHOR:       Weinstein, M. P., Balletto, J. H., Teal, J. M., and Ludwig, D. F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Success criteria and adaptive management for a large-scale
              wetland project

SOURCE:       Special Issue: Hydrologic Restoration of Coastal Wetlands,
              Wetlands Ecology and Management 4:111-127

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   We are using a 20+ year photographic history of relatively
              undisturbed and formerly diked sites to predict the restoration
              trajectories and equilibrium size of a 4,050 ha salt marsh on
              Delaware Bay, New Jersey (USA). The project was initiated to
              offset the loss of finfishes from once-through cooling at a local
              power plant. We used a simple food chain model to estimate the
              required restoration size. The restoration planning focused on
              both vegetational and hydrogeomorphological parameters.
              Recolonization by Spartina spp. and other desirable taxa will be
              promoted by returning a natural hydroperiod and drainage
              configuration. Measurements to be made are macrophyte production,
              vegetation composition, benthic algal production, and drainage
              features including stream order, drainage density, channel length,
              bifurcation ratios and sinuosity. A method for combining these
              individual parameters into a single success index is also
              presented. In our case, the objective is to enhance fisheries
              production in the Delaware Bay by restoring degraded marshes with
              as many aspects as possible of a natural system. The bounds we
              refer to are defined in terms of structural and functional
              characteristics of salt marshes that promote the production of
              finfishes. An asymptote is expected to be reached in about twelve
              to fifteen years. Restoring functional salt marshes that promotes
              quality fish habitat and secondary production requires
              re-establishing desirable vegetation on the marsh plain,
              restoring a natural hydroperiod, and reproducing to the extent
              possible the entire mosaic of interactive structural elements of
              marsh habitat: tidal creeks, flats, vegetated areas, and ponds/
              pannes. There are few restoration projects where the rate and
              areal extent of plant recolonization have been measured. The
              available data suggest that where land elevation and tidal
              indundation are appropriate, recolonization of the marsh plain
              occurs at a rate of about 4%- 12% per year. If a one or two year
              lag before vegetation is reestablished is included, then we
              estimate that 16% to 48% of the total marsh will be capable of
              supporting Spartina spp. and other desirable vegetation within
              5 to 6 growing seasons

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/restoration/coastal wetlands/salt marshes/marshes/
              Delaware Bay,New Jersey/losses/Spartina/hydroperiod/vegetation/
              fishes/habitat/success criteria/New Jersey/management/hydrologic
              restoration/coastal/Delaware/model/restoration planning/
              recolonization/fisheries/fish habitat/elevation


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1663

AUTHOR:       Burger, J., Shisler, J. K., and Lesser, F. H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Avian utilisation on six salt marshes in New Jersey

SOURCE:       Biological Conservation 23:187-212

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Bird use was measured on six salt marshes in New Jersey from
              18 April to 18 July 1977 (2 impoundments, 2 ditched marshes and
              2 natural salt marshes) in terms of species diversity, numbers of
              individuals and biomass. Seventy-eight species of birds were
              recorded in all six marshes although not all species occurred
              on each marsh. Species diversity was highest on the impoundments,
              intermediate on the ditched marshes, and lowest in the natural
              marshes. Species diversity and the number of individuals directly
              related to the amount of open surface area. The traditional species
              typical of salt marshes on the East Coast of North America
              (clapper rails Rallus longirostris, seaside and sharp- tailed
              sparrows Ammospiza spp.) occurred primarily in the natural salt
              marshes and were absent from the impoundments. The impoundments
              had over five times as many individuals as the natural marshes.
              This study suggests that conservationists should encourage the
              maintenance of natural salt marshes because they are necessary
              habitats for some species even though the diversity and avian
              biomass is less on natural salt marsh areas than it is on managed
              areas.

KEYWORDS:     New Jersey/birds/bird use/salt marshes/marshes/clapper rail/
              habitat/avian utilization/impoundments/ditched marshes/natural
              salt marshes/conservationists/species diversity/diversity/
              biomass/natural marshes

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1664

AUTHOR:       Slavin, P. and Shisler, J. K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Avian utilisation of a tidally restored salt hay farm

SOURCE:       Biological Conservation 26:271-285

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A salt marsh near Heislerville, NJ, USA, formerly diked and
              drained for the production of salt hay Spartina patens, was
              restored to tidal inundation following breaching of the dikes.
              More frequent tidal flooding resulted in an 88% reduction in
              S. patens but a 98% increase in tall S. alterniflora and a 97%
              increase in surface water. Waders, waterfowl, shorebirds and
              gulls increased in both number of species and number of
              individuals while the number of individuals and species of
              passerines declined significantly when compared with a nearby
              salt hay farm in which tides were severely restricted. Total
              bird biomass was far greater on the tidally restored marsh

KEYWORDS:     avian utilization/salt marshes/marshes/Spartina/waterfowl/birds/
              Heislerville,New Jersey/Spartina patens/Spartina alterniflora/
              restored wetlands/passerines/tidal inundation/inundation/dike/
              waders/shorebirds/biomass

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1665

AUTHOR:       Wienhold, C. E. and van der Valk, A. G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        The impact of duration of drainage on the seed banks of northern
              prairie wetlands

SOURCE:       Canadian Journal of Botany 67:1878-1884

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   To determine the potential role of seed banks in the restoration
              of drained wetlands, the seed banke of 30 extant and 52 drained
              and cultivated prairie potholes were sampled in Iowa, Minnesota
              and North Dakota; the potholes had been drained between 5 and 70
              years ago. The midsummer vegetation of most of these potholes
              was also sampled. The number of species in the seed bank of a
              pothole declined from a mean of 12.3 in extant potholes to 7.5,
              5.4, 5.0, 7.4, 3.2, and 2.1 in potholes drained up to 5, 10, 20,
              30, 40, and 70 years ago, respectively. About 60% of the species
              present in the seed banks of extant or recently drained wetlands
              were not detected in wetlands that had been drained for more
              than 20 years. Vegetation surveys of extant and drained wetlands
              indicated that as many or more wetland species not detected in
              the seed bank were present in the vegetation, as there were
              wetland species in the seed bank

KEYWORDS:     impacts/seed banks/northern prairie wetlands/wetlands/restoration/
              prairie potholes/Iowa/Minnesota/vegetation/North Dakota/drained
              wetlands/vegetation surveys/prairie wetlands


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1666

AUTHOR:       Posey, M. H., Alphin, T. D., and Powell, C. M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Plant and infaunal communities associated with a created marsh

SOURCE:       Estuaries 20:42-47

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   While natural stands of vegetation have been successfully
              duplicated, less is understood about the establishment of faunal
              communities in created or restored tidal marshes. Infauna, which
              may form an important link between detrital production and
              commercially important finfish and decapods, have received
              limited attention in vegetated marsh habitats. We examined the
              infauna, changes in vegetation composition, and selected
              physical parameters in created marshes of different ages.
              Vegetation plots indicated ongoing replacement of Spartina
              alterniflora by Schoenoplectus robustus, a pattern supported by
              comparisons of vegetation at one of the sites to that reported
              in a previous study. Infauna exhibited significant differences
              between sites of different ages, with the intermediate-age site
              having intermediate densities for several taxa. These results
              suggest that both infauna and vegetation in created marshes
              undergo long- term change (ongoing after 10-20 yr), with both
              the plant and infaunal communities having qualitatively similar
              overall species composition to natural marsh areas. Benthic
              invertebrates form the base of the consumer food chain supporting
              transient crab, fish, and bird users of a tidal marsh. We
              examined the marsh community formed after the deposition of
              dredged material onto a shallow subtidal area of Winyah Bay,
              South Carolina. This marsh has been created in stages over a
              period of 50 yr through repeated deposition of dredge material
              on shallow flats around an existing island. Because of the
              pattern of deposition, the marsh presents a variety of
              different-age stands, ranging from over 50 yr old to newly
              created, unvegetated flats only 1-2 yr in age. We concentrated
              on specific patches of different ages to 1) compare the benthic
              macro-infaunal community between different-age marsh areas
              and 2) compare vegetation patterns at different-age sites and
              determine the dynamics of vegetation change within a site. The
              results of the present study suggest that there is a relationship
              between vegetation development and the development of the
              infaunal benthic community. In Western Channel Island marsh, we
              observe a vegetational gradient from dominance by S. alterniflora
              in the most recently created areas to increasing dominance by
              Schoenoplectus in the oldest sites, possibly reflecting the
              influence of increased consolidation of sediments and decreased
              water flow (or retention) over the marsh with increased time since
              establishment. This vegetational pattern is associated with a
              change in the infaunal benthic community, with greater abundances
              of certain polychaetes in the new sites and greater abundance of
              certain oligochaetes and amphipodes in the older sites

KEYWORDS:     marshes/vegetation/habitat/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/
              comparison/invertebrates/fishes/birds/vegetation development/
              plant and infaunal communities/created wetlands/Schoenoplectus
              robustus/Winyah Bay,South Carolina/infaunal community/tidal
              marshes/infauna/finfish/created marshes/benthic invertebrates/
              tidal marsh/dredged material/South Carolina/vegetation change/
              sediment/polychaetes/oligochaetes


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1667

AUTHOR:       LaSalle, M. W., Landin, M. C., and Sims, J. G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Evaluation of the flora and fauna of a Spartina alterniflora
              marsh established on dredged material in Winyah Bay, South Carolina

SOURCE:       Wetlands 11:191-208

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Approximately 35 hectares of Spartina alterniflora marsh has,
              over a 14-year period, developed naturally on unconfined dredged
              material placed within the intertidal zone of Winyah Bay, South
              Carolina. The above- and below-ground vegetative structure,
              benthic macrofauna, and resident fish and shellfish assemblages
              of two varying-aged zones (4 and 8 years) of this marsh were
              evaluated and compared in September 1988. Vegetative structure
              (stem height, density, percent cover, and biomass) in both zones
              was within the range reported for natural sites, with a trend
              toward greater below-ground development with age. The macrofaunal
              assemblages of both zones were similar in both species
              composition and numbers of species (17-21 species), with
              oligochaetes and polychaetes dominating both assemblages.
              Overall density of macrofauna in the 8-year-old zone (19,943
              individuals per m2) was significantly greater than that in the
              4-year-old zone (4,628 individuals per m2). Differences between
              zones (particularly the presence of large-bodied molluscs in the
              older site) seemed to reflect age. The fish and shellfish
              assemblage collected from the younger site was dominated by
              Fundulus heteroclitus and Palaemonetes pugio. Gut contents of F.
              heteroclitus included a variety of marsh-surface prey, similar to
              that reported elsewhere. Overall, both zones seemed to represent
              well established, viable, low intertidal marsh habitat.

KEYWORDS:     Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/marshes/dredge spoil/intertidal/
              fishes/habitat/man-made wetlands/above/below-ground vegetation/
              macrofauna/shellfishes/Winyah Bay,South Carolina/U.S.Army Corps
              of Engineers/South Carolina/fauna/dredged material/biomass/
              oligochaetes/polychaetes/Fundulus heteroclitus


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       702

AUTHOR:       Pitre, R. L. and Anthamatten, F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Successful restoration of filled wetlands at four locations
              along the Texas Gulf Coast

SOURCE:       Wetlands 1:171-178

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Earthen fill material was deposited into coastal wetlands at
              four locations, without prior authorization from the U.S. Army
              Corps of Engineers. The filled wetland areas were located
              adjacent to the Hayes Ridge Lake, Redfish Bay, Port Bay, and the
              Gulf Intracoastal Waterway of the Texas Gulf Coast. The fill
              material was removed by construction machinery, and the impacted
              areas were restored to the previous contour elevation. The
              previous hydrodynamic regime was established when the contour
              elevations were restored. The restored areas were allowed to
              revegetate through natural processes. Revegetation of the
              restored areas was satisfactory, and the previously filled areas
              provide viable habitat for wildlife. Revegetation of wetland area
              A was complete and provides viable habitat for organisms. The
              most successful revegetation through natural processes observed
              was at area A which was characterized by possessing natural ground
              contour elevations which received daily flooding from tidal waters.
              Revegetation of the other areas was successful, but periods of low
              rainfall influence the rate and degree of revegetation possible in
              a 1 to 2 year period. Therefore, sprigging or seeding may be
              applicable to revegetating areas that do not possess natural ground
              elevations that are periodically flooded where the soils are
              predominantly saturated.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/wetlands/coastal wetlands/habitat/wildlife/soils/
              Texas Gulf Coast/revegetation/Texas/coastal/elevation/soil


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1668

AUTHOR:       Forbes, B. C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Small-scale wetland restoration in the high arctic: A
              long-term perspective

SOURCE:       Restoration Ecology 1:59-68

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Results are presented using vegetative shoots and bryophyte
              sods to restore floristically impoverished high arctic wet
              sedge-moss meadows that had suffered intense damage from
              vehicle activity during the period 1960-1967. Clonal
              transplants of Carex aquatilis var. stans, a native sedge,
              were planted with and without bryophyte sods in vehicle ruts
              in 1972. After nearly two decades, there was less Carex cover
              in the planted ruts with flowing water than in the contiguous
              controls. This pattern was slightly reversed in planted plots
              with standing water. Reinvasion of Eriophorum angustifolium
              occurred in treated ruts, but cover was less in both treatments
              than in controls in 1990. The unexpected recruitment of
              Eriophorum scheuchzeri from the seed bank in moss-sodded plots
              is discussed in terms of its local and regional importance.
              Total plant cover in restored ruts was nearly equal to that of
              controls, but biomass was somewhat less than that in control
              plots. Plots with bryophytes were environmentally distinct, due
              primarily to increases in organic mat depth relative to
              controls. After 18 years, restoration efforts resulted in
              increased plant cover in treated ruts compared to naturally
              recovering ruts.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/transplanting/
              recruitment/seed banks/small-scale wetland restoration/high
              arctic wet sedge-moss meadows/Carex aquatilis var.stans/
              Eriophorum angustifolium/bryophytes/Devon Island,Canada/
              International Biological Programme/meadow/biomass

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1669

AUTHOR:       Shreffler, D. K., Simenstad, C. A., and Thom, R. M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Foraging by juvenile salmon in a restored estuarine wetland

SOURCE:       Estuaries 15:204-213

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The functional value of a restored estuarine wetland as a
              foraging area for juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and
              fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) was evaluated during the
              spring seaward migrations of each species in 1987 and 1988.
              During both years, fish foraged selectively. While temporarily
              residing in the restored wetland, both salmon selected primarily
              chironomid insects (midge larvae, pupae, and adults) over all
              other organisms considered available prey. A detritus-based food
              chain (detritus-chironomids-juvenile chum salmon or chinook
              salmon) suggests that the restored wetland provides productive
              foraging habitat for migrating juvenile chum and fall chinook
              salmon during their early residency in the estuary. However, the
              equivalency of foraging in restored or created estuarine
              wetlands compared to foraging in altered riverine or natural
              habitats remains untested. Our principal objective in this study
              was to access the extent of foraging within a restored wetland
              in Tacoma, Washington as a measure of the functional value (or
              lack of value) of the wetland to juvenile salmon. The Lincoln
              Avenue wetland system, located in the Puyallup River estuary,
              was created in 1985-1986 to compensate for the loss of another
              wetland. 50% of the habitat area was designed to support juvenile
              salmon, 20% waterfowl, 10% shorebirds, 10% raptors, and 10% small
              mammals.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/values/fishes/restored wetlands/chironomids/
              insects/foraging habitat/habitat/estuaries/losses/waterfowl/
              foraging/juvenile salmon/Tacoma,Washington/Puyallup River/
              shorebirds/mammals/chironomid insects/estuarine wetlands/
              Washington/raptors

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1670

AUTHOR:       Vose, F. E. and Bell, S. S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Resident fishes and macrobenthos in mangrove-rimmed habitats:
              Evaluation of habitat restoration by hydrologic modification

SOURCE:       Estuaries 17:585-596

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   An impounded area (Cabbagehead Bayou) in Upper Tampa Bay,
              Florida, was studied for 13 mo prior to and 22 mo after berm
              removal. Sampling for small fish and macrobenthos was conducted
              both at Cabbagehead Bayou and at a nearby control site, Double
              Branch Bay. Before and After Control and Impact (BACI) analyses,
              as well as similarity indices, were used to evaluate faunal
              characteristics in control versus impacted areas. Berm removal
              drastically changed periodicity of water cover in the impacted
              site, with the previously impounded site becoming almost
              entirely exposed during low tide. Fish abundances, biomass,
              and mean monthly number of species decreased in Cabbagehead
              Bayou after tidal flow was established as compared to when it
              was impounded. Responses of macrofauna varied among taxa, but
              total amphipod and polychaete abundance displayed a relative
              increase in the impacted site after berm removal. Community
              similarity of fish, amphipod, and polychaete assemblages
              increased during the last year of the post-breach sampling but
              remained generally very low. These findings suggest that
              distinct faunal responses to alteration of tidal periodicity
              can be detected within less than 2 yr after reestablishment of
              tidal flow. However, attainment of close correspondence to
              control conditions for certain fauna may require more than 22 mo.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/restoration/fishes/impacts/macrofauna/reestablishment/
              macrobenthos/mangroves/Florida/Before and After Control and
              Impact (BACI) analyses/extended duration/Tampa Bay,Florida/
              biomass/fauna

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1671

AUTHOR:       Metzker, K. D. and Mitsch, W. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Modeling self-design of the aquatic community in a newly
              created freshwater wetland

SOURCE:       Ecological Modelling 100:61-86

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A dynamic simulation model was constructed to predict the natural
              development of a fish community in a recently constructed,
              freshwater marsh in the midwestern USA, and to determine which
              forces are significant in shaping the self-design trajectory of
              the fish community. The model allowed immigration of five species
              of fishes from a nearby river into the constructed wetland system
              and allowed them to interact with each other as well as with the
              other biotic components of the wetland. Imported fishes included
              Micropterus salmoides, Lepomis macrochirus, Lepomis cyanellus,
              Cyprinus carpio and Ameirus natalis. The fish community underwent
              several major changes in structure during the first 4 years of
              its simulated existence, before establishing a stable structure.
              These results indicate that the fish community in wetlands has a
              strong self-design trajectory, tending toward almost complete
              dominance by Cyprinus carpio unless typical wetland environmental
              conditions were significantly ameliorated.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/freshwater wetlands/wetlands/fishes/marshes/constructed
              wetlands/wetlands creation/modelling/self-design/Cyprinus
              carpio/carp/Olentangy River Wetland Research Park/midwestern
              USA/simulation model/model/fish communities


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1672

AUTHOR:       Wallace, P. M., Kent, D. M., and Rich, D. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Responses of wetland tree species to hydrology and soils

SOURCE:       Restoration Ecology 4:33-41

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   If the results of this experiment are transferable to the field,
              then Acer rubrum, Fraxinus caroliniana, Pinus serotina, Taxodium
              ascendens, and Taxodium distichum seedlings can be reasonably
              expected to survive at least one year under a broad range of
              hydrological and edaphic conditions. With the exception of
              Taxodium spp., first-year growth for the species of this study
              can be facilitated by maintaining moist but not inundated
              conditions. These findings suggest that transfer of organic soils
              will benefit restoration and creation efforts, and that
              layering organic soil over mineral soil is more effective than
              using mineral soils or stockpiled topsoil.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/hydrology/soils/Taxodium distichum/restoration/
              wetlands creation/flood tolerance/wetland tree species/soil
              types/organic soils/tree species/soil/creation


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1673

AUTHOR:       Trepagnier, C. M., Kogas, M. A., and Turner, R. E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Evaluation of wetland gain and loss of abandoned impoundments
              in south Louisiana, 1978-1988

SOURCE:       Restoration Ecology 3:299-303

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Ten failed or abandoned coastal agricultural impoundments
              (22,680 ha) were examined to determine recent wetland restoration
              or regression rates from 1978 to 1988. Wetland area and levee
              length were determined from aerial photography for 1978, 1983,
              1985, and 1988. The results from a multiple regression model
              indicate that restoration is inversely related to impoundment
              size and directly related to levee reduction. Results from a
              multiple regression model indicate that active levee removal
              will probably enhance wetland restoration rates at a very
              favorable cost (< $1/ha) and will be sustainable with little
              additional management.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/losses/impoundments/wetlands restoration/restoration/
              gains/abandoned/agricultural/south Louisiana/Louisiana/coastal/
              model/cost/management

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1674

AUTHOR:       Koebel, J. W. Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        An historical perspective on the Kissimmee River Restoration
              Project

SOURCE:       Restoration Ecology 3:149-159

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Channelization and transformation of the Kissimmee River system
              into a series of impoundments resulted in the loss of
              12,000-14,000 ha of wetland habitat, eliminated historic water
              level fluctuations, and greatly modified flow characteristics.
              As a result, the biological communities of the river and
              floodplain system (vegetation, invertebrate, fish, wading bird,
              and waterfowl) were severely damaged. The recommended plan calls
              for the backfilling of over 35 km of C-38, recarving of 14 km of
              river channel, and removal of two water-control structures and
              associated levees. Restoration of the Kissimmee River ecosystem
              will result in the reestablishment of 104 km2 of river-floodplain
              ecosystem, including 70 km of river channel and 11,000 ha of
              wetland habitat, which is expected to benefit over 320 species of
              fish and wildlife. This issue of Restoration Ecology presents
              conceptual models for vegetation, aquatic invertebrate, fish, and
              waterbirds of the Kissimmee River. Emphasis is placed throughout
              on predicting the responses of these various biological
              communities to restoration.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/impoundments/losses/wetlands/habitat/vegetation/
              invertebrates/fishes/birds/waterfowl/ reestablishment/wildlife/
              aquatic invertebrates/Kissimmee River Restoration Project/central
              Florida/wetland habitat/Kissimmee River/water level fluctuation/
              floodplain/backfilling/ecology/model/waterbirds

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1675

AUTHOR:       Mitsch, W. J., van der Valk, A. G., and Jaworski, E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Wetland restoration at a former Nike missile base in the Great
              Lakes Basin

SOURCE:       Restoration Ecology 2:31-42

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Restoration of an abandoned 16-ha Nike missile base site located
              on a former wetland in the lower Detroit River (Michigan, U.S.A.)
              was investigated with an emphasis on wetland restoration.
              Construction of a wetland resembling conditions before
              construction of the base was recommended for its low
              maintenance and opportunity for research on nondiked wetland
              design and construction in protected bays in the Laurentian
              Great Lakes.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/abandoned/former Nike
              missile base/lower Detroit River/Michigan


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1676

AUTHOR:       Lee, L. C. and Gosselink, J. G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Cumulative impacts on wetlands: Linking scientific assessments
              and regulatory alternatives

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 12:591-602

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The most important cumulative impacts in bottomland hardwood (BLH)
              forests result from incremental forest loss (nibbling) and from
              synergisms resulting from this nibbling. Present regulatory
              procedures are ineffective in preventing incremental forest loss
              because of the focus on permit site evaluation, rather than on
              large landscapes. Three examples are given to illustrate the need
              for a landscape focus. Spatial and temporal scales are of
              particular concern for landscape impact assessment. Natural
              drainage basins of about 106 ha appear to be appropriate spatial
              units: they have fairly natural boundaries, are of sufficient
              size to support populations of large, wide-ranging mammals, and are
              compatible with existing maps and databases. We suggest that
              reference data sets must be developed, relating BLH function to
              structure (forest area). The crucial steps in establishing a
              successful program appear to be (1) establish study unit
              boundaries, (2) assess the condition of study unit landscape
              integrity, (3) set goals, and (4) consider the impacts of permit
              proposals with both goals and the existing condition of the study
              unit landscape in mind. Although BLH forests require a minimum of
              100 years of development of mature functions, historic data on
              hydrology, water quality, and life support functions seldom go back
              more than 50, 30, and less than 20 yr, respectively.

KEYWORDS:     impacts/wetlands/assessment/losses/landscape/impact assessment/
              mammals/function/hydrology/water quality/bottomland hardwood
              forests/cumulative impacts/goal-setting/regulation/southeastern
              United States

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1677


AUTHOR:       Turner, R. E., Swenson, E. M., and Lee, J. M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        A rationale for coastal wetland restoration through spoil bank
              management in Louisiana, USA

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 18:271-282

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The rationale and outline of an implementation plan for
              restoring coastal wetlands in Louisiana is presented. The
              rationale for the plan is based on reversing the consequences
              of documented cause-and-effect relationships between wetland
              loss and hydrologic change. The main feature is to modify
              the extensive interlocking network of dredged spoil deposits,
              or spoil banks, by reestablishing a more natural water flow at
              moderate flow velocity. We used an exploratory hydrologic
              model to guide determination of the amount of spoil bank to be
              removed. The results from an economic model indicated a very
              effective cost-benefit ratio. Both models and practical
              experience with other types of restoration plans, in Louisiana
              and elsewhere, exhibit an economy of scale, wherein larger
              projects are more cost effective than smaller projects. However,
              in contrast to these other projects, spoil bank management may
              be 100 to 1000 times more cost effective and useful in wetland
              tracts <1000 ha in size. Modest spoil bank management at
              numerous small wetland sites appears to offer substantial
              positive attributes compared to alternative and more intensive
              management at a few larger wetland sites.

KEYWORDS:     coastal wetlands/wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/
              losses/economics/dredging/spoil/Louisiana/coastal/management/
              wetland losses/model/cost

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1678

AUTHOR:       Tsihrintzis, V. A., Vasarhelyi, G. M., and Lipa, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Ballona wetland: A multi-objective salt marsh restoration plan

SOURCE:       Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Water, Marit.&
              Energy 118:131-144

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Significant loss of coastal wetlands, up to 90% of those
              originally existent, has occurred in southern California under
              the pressure of urbanization. Efforts are currently being
              undertaken to restore some of the remaining wetlands. The case
              study of Ballona Wetland restoration, one of the most
              significant wetlands in southern California, is presented here.
              The three main objectives in this restoration are: (1) biotic
              habitat development, in an effort to restore tidal flushing and
              provide habitat for fish and wildlife; (2) flood control, and
              (3) cleansing of stormwater runoff. Additional objectives are
              also part of the restoration. Descriptions include details of
              restoration objectives and goals, existing wetland conditions,
              biological, flood control and water quality design and function,
              hydrodynamic and constituent transport modelling, monitoring and
              management, and required environmental and construction permits.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/salt marshes/marshes/wetlands restoration/restoration/
              losses/coastal wetlands/southern California/California/habitat/
              habitat development/fishes/wildlife/water quality/function/tidal
              flushing/modelling/marsh restoration/coastal/monitoring/
              management

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1679

AUTHOR:       van der Valk, A. G. and Davis, C. B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Changes in the composition, structure, and production of plant
              communities along a perturbed wetland coenocline

SOURCE:       Vegetatio 32:87-96

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Composition of plant communities changes more or less continously
              along environmental gradients. Such a continuum of plant
              communities is termed a coenocline. The purpose of this study was
              to examine temporal changes in a coenocline produced by a drop
              and subsequent rise in water level in a prairie pothole marsh.
              Two detailed transects of a wetland coenocline in a glacial,
              prairie marsh had been sampled in 1973. In 1974, a summer drought
              caused this wetland to go dry until the spring of 1975. To examine
              the effects of this perturbation on the species and communities
              along this coenocline, we resampled the vegetation along the 1973
              transects during the summer of 1975. Specifically we wanted to (1)
              determine if species adjusted their position alone the coenocline
              independently in response to changes in water level, and (2)
              examine community characteristics (standing crop, species richness
              and dominance structure or distribution of biomass among the
              species) of various zones along the coenocline before and after
              the drop in water level. Two water level changes had occurred
              between the 1973 and 1975 sampling periods: the drawdown in 1974
              and the refilling of the basin in the spring of 1975 to a level
              higher than in 1973. These events resulted in a redistribution of
              species along both transects. Carex spp., Potamogeton and
              Sagittaria had all moved closer to shore in response to these
              water level changes. The Potamogeton shift was a response to the
              higher level in 1975. The most radical change in the distribution
              and abundance of species along the transects resulted from the
              drawdown of 1974. This event uncovered areas of normally submersed
              substrate allowing the germination of seeds of emergent and weedy
              species. Water level fluctuations have had no appreciable effect
              on the standing crop and, by implication, productivity of the three
              vegetation zones along the coenocline. This indicates that these
              communities as a whole are more resilient, and able to recover from
              a perturbation more quickly than are individual species.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/prairie potholes/marshes/vegetation/species richness/
              drawdown/germination/water level fluctuation/coenocline/emergent
              zone/Iowa/meadow zone/perturbation/primary production/Simpson's
              index/submersed zone/zonation/plant communities/biomass


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1680  

AUTHOR:       Wenner, E. L. and Beatty, H. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Macrobenthic communities from wetland impoundments and adjacent
              open marsh habitats in South Carolina

SOURCE:       Estuaries 11:29-44

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Forty-eight core and grab samples were taken from two
              impoundments and an adjacent tidal creek and salt marsh during
              each of six sampling periods (January, June and November 1983;
              and January, April and July 1984). Habitats sampled within the
              impoundments included the perimeter ditch and shallow vegetated
              areas dominated by Ruppia maritima, Spartina alterniflora, and
              Scirpus robustus. The adjacent tidal creek bottom and low marsh
              of S. alterniflora were sampled for comparison with the
              impoundment sites. Major differences in faunal composition and
              density of macrobenthic invertebrates were observed between
              habitats in this study. The total number of taxa was highest
              for the open marsh and tidal creek sites. The impoundments
              contained vegetated sites which were inhabited by fewer species
              than nonimpounded sites, while the perimeter ditch sites were
              comparatively depauperate. Cluster and nodal analyses identified
              four broad assemblages based on habitat: 1) an open marsh
              assemblage, 2) a creek assemblage, 3) a eurytopic assemblage,
              and 4) an impoundment assemblage. The separation of faunal
              assemblages by sampling site rather than sampling period
              suggests that physical differences between habitats were
              important factors determining distribution patterns. The most
              obvious differences between major habitats were related to
              sediment composition, type and density of vegetation, amount
              of flooding and hydroperiod, and water circulation.
              Interestingly, the faunal assemblages of the natural marsh are
              more similar to those from the creek than those from the
              impoundments.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/impoundments/marshes/habitat/South Carolina/salt
              marshes/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/comparison/invertebrates/
              sediment/vegetation/hydroperiod/macrobenthic communities


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1681

AUTHOR:       Kuhn, N. L. and Zedler, J. B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Differential effects of salinity and soil saturation on native
              and exotic plants of a coastal salt marsh

SOURCE:       Estuaries 20:391-403

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In many southern California salt marshes, increased freshwater
              inflows have promoted the establishment of exotic plant species.
              A comparative study showed that a native, perennial, high marsh
              dominant, Salicornia subterminalis, and an invasive, exotic
              annual grass, Polypogon monspeliensis, responded differently to
              soil salinity and saturation. Salicornia subterminalis seeds and
              young plants were more salt tolerant, and the native grew best
              at high salinities in greenhouse experiments. In contrast, the
              exotic had reduced growth at high salinities relative to
              nonsaline controls. The native, S. subterminalis, grew poorly
              as the duration of soil saturation increased from 2 wk to 32 wk,
              but P. monspeliensis grew equally well for all durations tested.
              The response of S. subterminalis and P. monspeliensis to
              increased salinity indicated that salt applications might be
              used to protect native vegetation in salt marshes where
              salt-sensitive exotics are a problem. A field experiment
              verified that a salt application of 850 g m-2 mo-1 for 3 mo was
              sufficient to control the exotic, while not noticeably affecting
              the native. Thus, salt applications may be a practical method for
              controlling P. monspeliensis invasions in areas receiving urban
              runoff or other unwanted freshwater inflows.

KEYWORDS:     soils/coastal salt marsh/salt marshes/marshes/southern
              California/California/vegetation/field experiment/salinity/soil
              saturation/native and exotic plants/Salicornia subterminalis/
              Polypogon monspeliensis/soil/plants/coastal/Salicornia/urban
              runoff

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1682

AUTHOR:       Lacki, M. J., Hummer, J. W., and Webster, H. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Effect of reclamation technique on mammal communities inhabiting
              wetlands on mined lands in east-central Ohio

SOURCE:       Ohio Journal of Science 91:154-158

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Mammal communities were studied from May through August, 1988 to
              1990, at four wetland sites in Coshocton and Muskingum counties,
              OH. Sites represented varying degrees of disturbance from mining
              activity and subsequent reclamation techniques, including a
              wetland constructed to treat mine water drainage. Mammal
              diversity and richness were highest at the constructed wetland
              and lowest at the site established with traditional reclamation
              procedures. Predictable patterns of land use disturbance for
              species presence/absence were observed with some alpha diversity
              (habitat specific) species being absent (i.e., tree squirrels)
              and gamma diversity (wide-ranging) species such as mustelids
              occurring rarely. Beta diversity species (habitat generalists)
              like woodchucks (Marmota monax) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus
              virginianus) were common at all sites. The white-footed mouse
              (Peromyscus leucopus) was the small mammal captured most
              frequently, being the most abundant small mammal at the
              constructed wetland and the undisturbed site, with meadow voles
              (Microtus pennsylvanicus) most prevalent at the remaining sites.
              These results suggest that a wetland constructed for the treatment
              of mine water drainage can provide secondary benefits as habitat
              for a variety of mammal species.

KEYWORDS:     technique/mammals/wetlands/Ohio/habitat/constructed wetlands/
              reclamation technique/mammal communities/mined lands/reclamation/
              disturbance/diversity/meadow

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1683

AUTHOR:       Davis, R. C. and Short, F. T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Restoring eelgrass, Zostera marina L., habitat using a new
              transplanting technique: The horizontal rhizome method

SOURCE:       Aquatic Botany 59:1-15

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Using a technique we call the 'horizontal rhizome method', we
              recently transplanted 2.52 ha of eelgrass in the Great Bay
              Estuary, New Hampshire, to mitigate for port expansion impacts
              to an existing eelgrass population. The project represents the
              largest, most northerly eelgrass transplanting ever attempted
              on the east coast of the United States. The horizontal rhizome
              method is a successful, minimum-impact technique for large scale
              eelgrass transplanting efforts in a northern New England cold
              water environment.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/habitat/technique/estuaries/impacts/New England/
              eelgrass/wetlands mitigation/seagrasses/ transplanting/Zostera
              marina/Great Bay Estuary,New Hampshire/New Hampshire

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1684

AUTHOR:       Howington, T. M., Brown, M. T., and Wiggington, M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Effect of hydrologic subsidy on self-organization of a
              constructed wetland in Central Florida

SOURCE:       Ecological Engineering 9:137-156

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study examined the self-organizational influences that an
              external subsidy had on a constructed wetland between 1991 and
              1993. This wetland, a freshwater marsh, received a subsidy of
              continuously pumped hypereutrophic lake water. For comparison,
              an adjacent unsubsidized marsh served as a reference. As a
              result of the subsidies of water and nutrients from the pump
              system, community parameters including vegetative percent cover
              dominance, animal density and overall biomass were higher in
              the subsidized marsh, but at a cost of lowered richness and
              diversity. Model results suggested that the rate of
              successional processes in a constructed marsh could be
              manipulated by the control of hydrology subsidies.

KEYWORDS:     constructed wetlands/wetlands/central Florida/Florida/freshwater
              wetlands/marshes/comparison/hydrology/ emergy/simulation model/
              subsidy/succession/vegetation/birds/fishes/biomass/cost/
              diversity/model

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1685

AUTHOR:       Henry, C. P. and Amoros, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Restoration ecology of riverine wetlands. III. Vegetation survey
              and monitoring optimization

SOURCE:       Ecological Engineering 7:35-58

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

ANNOTATION:   A restoration experiment was carried out in a former channel of
              the Rhne River, France. To evaluate restoration success or
              failure, aquatic vegetation was surveyed monthly from March to
              October, one year prior to and 2 years following restoration.
              This was done in both the channel restored by the dredging of
              fine organic nutrient-rich sediments and in a similar reference
              channel. Whereas both species richness and total vegetational
              cover per transect of aquatic vegetation showed the same temporal
              pattern each year in each zone, these two variables exhibited a
              different pattern in the restored channel after restoration.
              Species richness generally increased continously during the
              first year following restoration, then followed a seasonal
              pattern during the second year.  Total vegetational cover was
              very low the first year following restoration and remained low
              afterwards, except in the upstream zone of the restored channel,
              which was fully colonized by aquatic vegetation the second year.
              Whereas vegetation composition was quite stable in the reference
              channel, eutrophic species were replaced by mesotrophic species
              in the restored channel.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/restoration ecology/wetlands/vegetation/France/
              sediment/species richness/riverine wetlands/Rhne River,France/
              biodiversity/former river channel/macrophytes/multivariate data
              analysis/reduction of monitoring effort/restoration assessment/
              dredging/ecology/monitoring


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1686

AUTHOR:       Perison, D., Phelps, J., Pavel, C., and Kellison, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        The effects of timber harvest in a South Carolina blackwater
              bottomland

SOURCE:       Forest Ecology and Management 90:171-185

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study was initiated on the South Fork Edisto River in South
              Carolina to investigate and compare the impacts of two different
              harvest methods (helicopter and rubber-tired skidder) on the
              ecological structure and function of a blackwater forested
              wetland. Following harvest in 1991, functional responses in
              vegetative productivity, herpetofaunal populations, and soil and
              water quality were evaluated in 1992 and 1993. The vegetative
              survey indicates that the system is poised to reestablish an
              overstory community similar to that of the previous stand.
              Revegetation of the site is crucial because it ensures the return
              of soil processes to preharvest conditions, mainly through the
              amelioration of extremes in soil temperature. Revegetation of
              the site is also crucial to some herpetofaunal species,
              especially salamanders, while it is less important to reptiles,
              which tend to prefer the elevated temperatures of the clearcut.

KEYWORDS:     South Carolina/impacts/function/forested wetlands/wetlands/soils/
              water quality/revegetation/reptiles/blackwater/bottomland
              hardwoods/herpetofauna/harvest/biomass/biogeochemistry/amphibians/
              timber/soil

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1687

AUTHOR:       Boyer, K. E. and Zedler, J. B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Damage to cordgrass by scale insects in a constructed salt marsh:
              Effects of nitrogen additions

SOURCE:       Estuaries 19:1-12

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Because tall cordgrass (Spartina foliosa) is needed for nesting by
              the endangered light-footed clapper rail, managers of constructed
              salt marshes in southern California are proposing large-scale
              nitrogen fertilization to improve cordgrass growth. We explored
              the effects of timing and duration of fertilization on Haliaspis
              damage to cordgrass, as well as the timing of Haliaspis dispersal,
              in a constructed marsh at Sweetwater Marsh National Wildlife
              Refuge in San Diego Bay, California. Fertilization did not result
              in increased Haliaspis abundance. Haliaspis was never abundant in
              the fertilized or control plots in the adjacent natural marsh.

KEYWORDS:     tall cordgrass/insects/constructed wetlands/salt marshes/marshes/
              nitrogen/Spartina/Spartina foliosa/light-footed clapper rail/
              clapper rail/southern California/California/nitrogen fertilization/
              wildlife/San Diego,California/San Diego Bay/adjacent natural
              wetlands/scale insects/Haliaspis spartina/cordgrass/fertilization/
              dispersal

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1688

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J. B. and Powell, A. N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Managing coastal wetlands: Complexities, compromises, and concerns

SOURCE:       Oceanus 36(2):19-28

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Beetles fed voraciously on the scales in the lab, but, when
              introduced in the field, they lacked sufficient high-tide
              refuges, because the short cordgrass was inundated at high tide.
              Tall plants were necessary not only for rail nesting, but also
              for beetles that keep herbivorous insect populations in check.

KEYWORDS:     coastal wetlands/wetlands/cordgrass/coastal salt marsh/southern
              California/Spartina foliosa/light-footed clapper rail/Rallus
              longirostris levipes/scale insects/Haliaspis spartina/native
              beetle/Coleomegila fuscilabris/coastal/plants

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1689

AUTHOR:       Shisler, J. K. and Charette, D. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Mitigated marshes and the creation of potential mosquito habitat

SOURCE:       Proceedings of the Seventy-First Annual Meeting of the New Jersey
              Mosquito Control Association, Inc. 71:78-87

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Artificial marshes can create potential mosquito larval habitats.
              In New Jersey we have examined a series of artificial marshes and
              found that many of them have created mosquito habitats. Factors
              contributing to the mosquito problems are construction, sediment,
              tide range, and topography of the artificial marshes. In this
              paper we examine selected case studies of artificial marsh
              projects and discuss some common factors related to the creation
              of a potential mosquito habitat.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands creation/habitat/New Jersey/sediment/marshes/mitigation
              marshes/mosquito habitat/creation/artificial


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1690

AUTHOR:       Mason, C. O. and Slocum, D. A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Wetland replacement - does it work?

SOURCE:       Coastal Zone '87:1183-1197

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The consulting firm of CE Maguire, Inc. was contracted by the
              U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to evaluate the success of 32
              wetlands created to replace wetlands destroyed by filling or
              dredging. The authors' evaluation of these replacement wetlands
              focused on compliance with permit specifications and the success
              of the construction in establishing a functional wetland. The
              wetlands evaluated lie in Virginia's coastal zone. The
              evaluation found that most of the replacement wetlands have been
              successfully established. A number of replacement wetlands failed
              to meet the permit requirements. The two most common causes of
              failure were inappropriate grading and failure to provide adequate
              erosion controls. The keys to attaining functionally equivalent
              mitigation appear to be: proper evaluation of the functional
              roles of the wetland to be replaced, selection of a mitigation
              site which can provide the functions lost in the wetland being
              replaced, provision of skilled and experienced design of
              replacement wetlands, management of the construction, and
              monitoring of the mitigation over a period of years.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/coastal zone/wetlands mitigation/function/created
              wetlands/Virginia/dredging/coastal/erosion/mitigation/management/
              monitoring

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1691

AUTHOR:       Nicholas, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        The war over wetlands

SOURCE:       Issues in Science and Technology 8:35-41

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   #148 contains replies to Sara Nicholas (The war over wetlands)

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/restoration/wetlands creation/mitigation banking/public
              policy/Sara Nicholas

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1692

AUTHOR:       Aust, W. M., Schoenholtz, S. H., Zaebst, T. W., and Szabo, B. A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Recovery status of a tupelo-cypress wetland seven years after
              disturbance: Silvicultural implications

SOURCE:       Forest Ecology and Management 90:161-169

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Three disturbance treatments were imposed on a palustrine
              forested wetland (Nyssa aquatica-Taxodium distichum) located in
              southwestern Alabama in 1986: (i) clearcutting with helicopter
              log removal (HELI), (ii) HELI followed by rubber-tired skidder
              traffic simulation (SKID) and (iii) HELI followed by removal of
              all vegetation during the first two growing seasons via
              glyphosate herbicide application (GLYPH). Measurements at stand
              age seven years indicate that SKID actually has greater total
              aboveground biomass than HELI and SKID plots have a higher
              proportion of the most desirable timber species (Nyssa aquatica).
              GLYPH areas resemble freshwater marshes, although the areas are
              being invaded by Salix nigra seedlings. Our observations suggest
              that this wetland system is rapidly recovering from logging
              disturbance seven years ago.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/forested wetlands/vegetation/biomass/Nyssa aquatica/
              Taxodium distichum/tupelo-cypress wetland/southwestern Alabama/
              timber harvesting/seven-year study/status/disturbance/timber/
              marshes

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1693

AUTHOR:       Galatowitsch, S. M. and van der Valk, A. G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Vegetation and environmental conditions in recently restored
              wetlands in the prairie pothole region of the USA

SOURCE:       Vegetatio 126:89-99

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Three years after reflooding, we examined the vegetation
              composition, water level fluctuations, soil organic carbon
              content, and soil bulk density as well as surface water pH,
              alkalinity, conductivity, and calcium and magnesium
              concentrations of 10 restored and 10 natural wetlands. Our
              results suggest that for submersed aquatics, dispersal of
              propagules to restored wetlands is rapid and environmental
              conditions in restored wetlands are very suitable for their
              establishment. For other guilds of wetland species, e.g., sedges
              and other wet meadow species, dispersal to restored wetlands is
              likely much slower and may pose a serious problem for the
              re-establishment of these species in restored wetlands. Even if
              dispersal is not limiting, low surface organic carbon and high
              bulk density may prevent the establishment of these species in
              restored wetlands.

KEYWORDS:     vegetation/restored wetlands/wetlands/water level fluctuation/
              soils/bulk density/pH/conductivity/natural wetlands/
              reestablishment/prairie potholes/restoration/revegetation/water
              chemistry/Iowa/organic carbon/dispersal/soil/meadow

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1694

AUTHOR:       Duffield, J. M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Waterbird use of an urban stormwater wetland system in central
              California, USA

SOURCE:       Colonial Waterbirds 9:227-235

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   I determined the abundance, diversity and relative abundance of
              waterbirds at a 16 hectare wetland complex designed to control
              urban stormwater runoff from the city of Fremont, California,
              USA. This demonstration project for an urban stormwater treatment
              (DUST) wetland complex consisted of three adjacent marshes, which
              differed in size, shape, water depth and amount of vegetation.
              For comparative purposes the waterbird population at DUST Marsh
              was compared to Main Marsh, a nearly natural marsh. Winter
              abundance was greater at Main Marsh; DUST Marsh had greater
              species numbers during spring and summer. Dabbling and diving
              ducks preferred Main Marsh, whereas shorebirds, gulls and terns
              preferred the stormwater control marsh. Percentage of open water,
              emergent vegetation and water depth accounted for differences in
              marsh utilization. Of the three DUST marshes, the moist mudflats
              of the overland flow received the greatest waterbird utilization.
              For multipurpose functions future stormwater treatment wetlands
              should include an overland flow area, small mudbars or islands,
              gently sloped shorelines, close proximity to additional wetlands,
              various water depths, and a hemi-marsh design of open
              water-emergent vegetation.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/California/waterbirds/vegetation/marshes/diving ducks/
              shorebirds/tern/emergent vegetation/function/treatment wetlands/
              water depths/central California/stormwater wetland/urban runoff/
              waterfowl/natural marshes/diversity

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1695

AUTHOR:       Fonseca, M. S., Kenworthy, W. J., Colby, D. R., Rittmaster, K. A.,
              and Thayer, G.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Comparisons of fauna among natural and transplanted eelgrass
              Zostera marina meadows: Criteria for mitigation

SOURCE:       Marine Ecology Progress Series 65:251-264

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Numerical abundance, species composition and size of fish and
              shirmp were compared among (1) unvegetated, (2) transplanted,
              (3) recently seed-colonized, and (4) mature, natural eelgrass
              habitats to determine the equivalence of transplanted eelgrass
              beds to their natural counterparts. In general, fish and shrimp
              were most abundant in mature natural eelgrass habitats and least
              abundant in unvegetated habitats. Our data indicate that
              recruitment of fish and shrimp to eelgrass habitats established
              through transplantation can occur in time, though not as rapidly
              as with naturally-seeded beds. Restored seagrass habitats have
              the potential to make substantial contributions to fish and
              shrimp production provided the habitats persist. Given that
              under present management applications there has not been any
              seagrass transplant that has returned acreage even equal to that
              which was lost, and that faunal abundance is closely tied to
              plant abundance, eelgrass transplanting as a mitigative
              trade-off for existing beds may be resulting in a net loss of
              faunal abundance, including economically valuable species.

KEYWORDS:     comparison/wetlands mitigation/fishes/habitat/shrimp/recruitment/
              transplanting/losses/eelgrass/Zostera marina/NorthCarolina/
              restoration/epibenthic faunal abundance/fauna/meadow/mitigation/
              seagrasses/management

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1696

AUTHOR:       Havens, K. J., Varnell, L. M., and Bradshaw, J. G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        An assessment of ecological conditions in a constructed tidal
              marsh and two natural reference tidal marshes in coastal
              Virginia

SOURCE:       Ecological Engineering 4:117-141

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A comparison of a constructed tidal marsh with two adjacent
              natural tidal marshes was conducted. The proximity of study sites
              permitted simultaneous sampling to test for marsh preference by
              fish and shellfish. Seasonal differences were observed for fish
              and shellfish abundance between the constructed and natural
              marshes. Certain attributes of the constructed marsh resembled
              the natural marshes, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, bird
              visitation, benthic infauna and fish diversity. However, data
              from this study revealed some important differences between the
              constructed marsh and the natural marshes. The reference marshes
              had salinity patterns and levels of subsurface organic carbon and
              vegetation density more similar to each other than to the
              constructed marsh. Other categories for which differences were
              observed included zooplankton abundance, marsh surface
              utilization, bird nesting sites, and use of the marshes by total
              fish, commercial fish and blue crabs. Some of these observed
              differences were seasonal.

KEYWORDS:     assessment/tidal wetlands/marshes/Virginia/comparison/natural
              tidal marshes/fishes/reference wetlands/salinity/vegetation/
              constructed wetlands/blue crabs/compensation/fish utilization/
              infauna/wetlands mitigation/organic carbon/Spartina stem density/
              zooplankton/birds/tidal marsh/tidal marshes/coastal/natural
              marshes/diversity/crabs


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1697

AUTHOR:       Miller, J. A. and Simenstad, C. A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        A comparative assessment of a natural and created estuarine
              slough as rearing habitat for juvenile chinook and coho salmon

SOURCE:       Estuaries 20:792-806

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Short-term otolith growth rates, residence times, and forage of
              two species of juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) were compared
              in a created and natural estuarine slough on the Chehalis River
              in Washington to assess the functional equivalency of the created
              slough in providing suitable rearing habitat. No significant
              differences in the number or width of coho daily otolith
              increments were detected between the sloughs. Juvenile chinook
              residence and emigration times were also comparable. Aquatic and
              terrestrial insects composed the majority of all chinook and coho
              diets; however, the order of importance of main prey items did
              differ between sloughs, and salmon in the created slough had
              emptier stomachs, possibly because of reduced prey availability
              and/or foraging efficiency.

KEYWORDS:     assessment/created wetlands/habitat/juvenile salmon/functional
              equivalency/insects/foraging/natural estuarine slough/created
              estuarine slough/chinook and coho salmon/Chehalis River/Washington

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1698

AUTHOR:       Levings, C. D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Strategies for restoring and developing fish habitats in the
              Strait of Georgia-Puget Sound Inland Sea, northeast Pacific Ocean

SOURCE:       Marine Pollution Bulletin 23:417-422

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Rehabilitation and development of fish habitats are potential
              techniques for achieving sustainable development in coastal seas.
              Recent projects in the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound to
              examine this possibility have conducted trials or experiments
              with sedge marshes (Carex lyngbyei) (26 sites) and eelgrass beds
              (Zostera marina) (14 sites). Some studies have been appropriate
              for examining the potential compensation of wetland losses from
              industrial developments, but many were experimental and small
              scale. Larger scale projects and longer term monitoring are
              needed to confirm that the policy goals of no net loss or net
              gain in fish habitat can be met using these techniques.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/fishes/habitat/eelgrass/Zostera marina/compensation/
              wetlands/losses/no-net-loss/gains/sedge marshes/strip mine
              wetlands/Strait of Georgia/Puget Sound/northeast Pacific Ocean/
              fish habitat/rehabilitation/technique/coastal/Georgia/marshes/
              wetland losses/monitoring/policies

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1699

AUTHOR:       Minello, T. J. and Zimmerman, R. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Utilization of natural and transplanted Texas salt marshes by
              fish and decapod crustaceans

SOURCE:       Marine Ecology Progress Series 90:273-285

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Habitat utilization by fish and decapod crustaceans was compared
              among 3 transplanted and 3 natural Spartina alterniflora marshes
              on the Texas (USA) coast during spring 1986. Created marshes
              were approximately 2 to 5 yr old at the time of sampling.
              Transplanted marshes had significantly lower densities of decapod
              crustacea compared with natural marshes. This reduced utilization
              may have been a response to low densities of benthic food
              organisms, and densities of decapods were positively correlated
              with densities of prey in sediment cores. In contrast to the
              utilization pattern of decapods, densities of fish were similar
              between natural and transplanted marshes. These small fish may
              rely on salt marshes more for protective cover than for enhanced
              food resources. Comparisons of functional equivalency between
              natural and transplanted salt marshes require adequate
              information on how salt marshes actually function for fish and
              decapod crustaceans. For some marsh functions, such as protection
              from predators, transplanted marshes may reach equivalency with
              natural marshes after 1 or 2 growing seasons, when the amount of
              above-ground structure is comparable. The development of the
              feeding function of marshes is probably slower, and may be
              related in part to the buildup of organic matter in marsh
              sediments. Densities of decapod crustaceans in the transplanted
              marshes we examined appeared to be linked to densities of
              infaunal prey and the amount of sediment macro-organic matter.
              The development rate for this function probably varies with
              specific local conditions, but the oldest marsh in our study
              (5 yr) did not appear to have reached equivalency in providing
              food.

KEYWORDS:     salt marshes/fishes/crustaceans/habitat/Spartina/Spartina
              alterniflora/created wetlands/sediment/comparison/functional
              equivalency/function/marshes/feeding/organic matter/natural salt
              marshes/transplanted salt marshes/Texas/decapod crustaceans/
              natural marshes/created marshes/protection

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1700

AUTHOR:       Minello, T. J. and Webb, J. W. Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Use of natural and created Spartina alterniflora salt marshes by
              fishery species and other aquatic fauna in Galveston Bay, Texas,
              USA

SOURCE:       Marine Ecology Progress Series 151:165-179

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   We compared densities of nekton and infauna among 5 natural and
              10 created (3 to 15 yr in age) salt marshes in the Galveston Bay
              system of Texas to test whether these marshes were functionally
              equivalent. Densities of 3 commercially-important crustaceans
              were significantly lower in created marshes than in natural
              marshes. Natural and created marshes, however, did not differ
              in species richness of nekton. Sediment macro-organic matter and
              density and species richness of macroinfauna (mainly polychaete
              worms) were all significantly lower in created marshes than
              natural marshes. There was a positive relationship in created
              marshes between marsh age and sediment macro-organic matter, but
              marsh age was not related to nekton densities. Natural marshes
              were similar in having low elevations and flooding durations
              between 74 and 80% of the year, while created marshes were
              flooded from 43 to 91% of the time. In contrast to marsh age,
              tidal flooding was often related to nekton densities in marsh
              habitats. We conclude that marsh elevation and tidal flooding are
              key characteristics affecting use by nekton and should be
              considered in marsh construction projects. Created salt marshes
              are generally similar to natural marshes in physical appearance.
              Indeed, these marshes often appear more productive than natural
              marshes on the basis of above-ground plant biomass. However,
              accumulating evidence suggests that natural and created marshes
              are not functionally equivalent for nekton and other estuarine
              organisms. Therefore, replacement of natural marshes with created
              marshes may result in losses of estuarine and fishery productivity.
              In association with nekton densities, we measured sediment
              macro-organic matter and the abundance of benthic infaunal
              organisms available as prey to nektonic predators. In general,
              densities of both fishes and decapod crustaceans were lower in
              created marshes than in natural marshes. These data may indicate
              that the time required to reach functional equivalency is very
              long, and trends cannot be observed within 15 yr. Or the data
              may indicate that some created salt marshes never reach
              functional equivalence with natural marshes.

KEYWORDS:     created wetlands/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/salt marshes/
              Texas/infauna/crustaceans/species richness/sediment/marshes/
              elevation/habitat/biomass/losses/fishes/decapod crustaceans/
              functional equivalency/natural salt marshes/created salt marshes/
              Galveston Bay,Texas/habitat value/habitat creation/restoration/
              nekton/fishery species/fisheries/fauna/created marshes/natural
              marshes/plant biomass

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1701

AUTHOR:       Levin, L. A., Talley, D., and Thayer, G. W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Succession of macrobenthos in a created salt marsh

SOURCE:       Marine Ecology Progress Series 141:67-82

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Early succession of macrofauna was examined over several years in
              a created Spartina alterniflora marsh located on the Newport
              River Estuary, North Carolina, USA. Epifauna and infaunal
              community structure were compared at 2 elevations in plots
              planted with S. alterniflora, plots left bare of vegetation and
              vegetated plots in a nearby natural S. alterniflora marsh. No
              significant successional differences were observed between
              vegetated and unvegetated sediments in the created marsh. After
              4 yr, species richness increased and dominance by the early
              colonists diminished. Infaunal recovery appears to be more rapid
              in lower than upper marsh elevations. Although macrofaunal
              densities and species richness of sediments in the lower created
              marsh came to resemble those of the natural marsh within 6 mo,
              species composition and faunal feeding modes did not. These
              observations suggest there may be significant functional
              differences between young artifical marshes and older natural
              marshes.

KEYWORDS:     succession/macrobenthos/created wetlands/salt marshes/marshes/
              macrofauna/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/estuaries/North
              Carolina/elevation/vegetation/sediment/species richness/feeding/
              artificial wetlands/restoration/colonization/wetlands mitigation/
              community structure/life history/epifauna/dispersal/oligochaetes/
              polychaetes/Capitella spp./infaunal community/natural marshes

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1702

AUTHOR:       Caiazza, N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Ecological functions of a created freshwater tidal wetland

SOURCE:       Transportation Research Record 1224:34-39

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A 3.1-acre freshwater tidal wetland was created in 1986 along
              Rancocas Creek in Burlington County, New Jersey, to partially
              compensate for wetland losses associated with a nearby bridge
              construction project. The created marsh exhibits an ecosystem
              structure consistent with a developing freshwater tidal wetland
              in which the following functions are being performed: primary
              productivity and food chain support, fish and wildlife habitat,
              sediment trapping, nutrient transformation, and flood storage.

KEYWORDS:     ecological function/function/created wetlands/freshwater
              wetlands/tidal wetlands/wetlands/New Jersey/losses/marshes/
              fishes/fish and wildlife habitat/wildlife/wildlife habitat/
              habitat/sediment/Burlington County,New Jersey/vegetation/benthic
              invertebrates/wetland losses/food chain support

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1703

AUTHOR:       Reaves, R. P. and Croteau-Hartman, M. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Biological aspects of restored and created wetlands

SOURCE:       Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 103:179-194

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The hydrology of created and restored wetlands frequently differs
              from that of natural systems, and the resulting floral and faunal
              composition of the wetland may also differ. In general, restored
              wetlands are more similar to natural wetlands than are created
              wetlands, and the biota of restored wetlands will more closely
              resemble that of natural wetlands. Following restoration of the
              hydrologic regime, native aquatic plants return to restored
              wetlands within one year. Wildlife and avian use of constructed
              wetlands are directly related to the size of the facility.
              Large systems attract a greater diversity of birds. Large waste
              treatment wetlands also harbor significant numbers of amphibians,
              reptiles, and wetland-utilizing mammals.

KEYWORDS:     created wetlands/wetlands/hydrology/restored wetlands/natural
              wetlands/restoration/wildlife/constructed wetlands/birds/
              amphibians/reptiles/mammals/aquatic plant/plants/diversity/
              treatment wetlands

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1704

AUTHOR:       Feigenbaum, D., Swift, D., and Blair, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Environmental comparison of natural and man-made saltmarsh in
              Norfolk, VA.

SOURCE:       The Virginia Journal of Science 40:-79

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In 1983-4 a wetland on Willoughby Bay was filled and a new marsh
              (Monkey Bottom) created about 1000 meters north. In 1988 we
              compared certain characteristics of the new Monkey Bottom marsh
              with those of existing natural marshes in the Lafayette River.
              Marsh plants at Monkey Bottom were slightly more productive and
              denser than at the Lafayette. Excluding nematodes (the most
              numerous organisms at the Lafayette site), Monkey Bottom samplings
              contained more benthic invertebrates than Lafayette. Menhaden,
              silversides, and mummichogs were taken in net samples at both
              locations. There was little significant difference in bird
              population densities and species assemblages. The new marsh had
              accumulated an average of 4 cm of sandy sediment resting on
              compacted, finer grained old marsh deposits. We concluded that in
              four years Monkey Bottom, because of its design, location, and
              construction, had roughly compensated for the loss of the old marsh.

KEYWORDS:     comparison/salt marshes/wetlands/marshes/created wetlands/benthic
              invertebrates/invertebrates/sediment/losses/natural salt marshes/
              man-made salt marshes/Norfolk,Virginia/plants/bird population/
              vegetation/fishes/birds/marsh plants

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1705

AUTHOR:       Sacco, J. N., Seneca, E. D., and Wentworth, T. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Infaunal community development of artifically established salt
              marshes in North Carolina

SOURCE:       Estuaries 17:489-500

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study was undertaken to investigate the infaunal community
              of artificially established salt marshes. Infauna were sampled
              from pairs of artificially established (AE) salt marshes and
              nearby natural marshes at six sites along the North Carolina
              coast. The AE marshes ranged in age from 1 yr to 17 yr. Overall,
              the two marsh types had similar component organisms and
              proportions of trophic groups, but total density and densities
              within trophic groupings were lower in the AE marshes. Soil
              organic matter content of the natural marshes was nearly twice
              that of the AE marshes, and is a possible cause for the higher
              infaunal densities observed in the natural marshes. Similarity
              of each AE marsh to its natural marsh control appeared to be
              influenced by differences in environmental factors between
              locations more than by AE marsh age. Functional infaunal
              habitat convergence of an AE marsh with a natural marsh
              somewhere within its biogeographical region is probable, but
              success in duplicating the infaunal community of a particular
              natural marsh is contingent upon the developmental age of the
              natural marsh and the presence and interaction of site-specific
              factors.

KEYWORDS:     North Carolina/salt marshes/infauna/marshes/soils/organic matter/
              habitat/infaunal community/artificial wetlands/natural marshes/
              infaunal community development/artificially established salt
              marshes/soil

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1706

AUTHOR:       Odland, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Development of vegetation in created wetlands in western Norway

SOURCE:       Aquatic Botany 59:45-62

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The Myrkdalen lake, western Norway, was subjected to a permanent
              1.4 m drawdown in June 1987. After the drawdown, channels and
              artificial islands were constructed within the exposed floodplain
              system. Two permanent transects were established within this
              man-made environment, and these have been analyzed annually until
              1995. This paper describes vegetation development on these newly
              created islands. The investigation shows major vegetational
              changes during the eight year period. Two main processes have
              taken place, vegetation zonation and primary succession. The
              first year after the construction, most of the created sites
              had a similar floristic composition, regardless of elevation.
              Major dominants during the first three years were gradually
              replaced by species which were climax species in the wetland
              communities before the drawdown. The main vegetational change
              occurred between the third and the fourth year. After three
              years characteristic vegetation zones were differentiated,
              with aquatic plants and helophytes in the lowermost parts, and
              willow shrubs in the uppermost parts of the islands.

KEYWORDS:     vegetation/created wetlands/wetlands/drawdown/constructed wetlands/
              vegetation zonation/zonation/succession/elevation/plants/willow/
              ordination/modelling/channels/artificial/floodplain/aquatic
              plant/shrubs

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1707

AUTHOR:       Cronk, J. K. and Mitsch, W. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Periphyton productivity on artificial and natural surfaces in
              constructed freshwater wetlands under different hydrologic
              regimes

SOURCE:       Aquatic Botany 48:325-341

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Four constructed freshwater marshes in midwestern USA were
              subjected to two hydrologic regimes of turbid river water.
              Two wetlands (high flow) received 41 cm of water depth per week
              and the other two wetlands (low flow) received 6-9 cm week.
              Periphyton samplers near the inflow and outflow of all four
              wetlands measured dry weight, organic dry weight and chlorophyll
              a every 2 weeks for one growing season. We also estimated
              periphyton growth on the dominant macrophytes three times in all
              four wetlands. Epiphyte chlorophyll a, dry weight and organic dry
              weight were highest on Polygonum spp. and lowest on Typha spp..
              Net epiphyte productivity ranged from 2 to 85 g carbon m-2 per
              year and was highest in a high flow wetland. Higher productivity
              in high flow wetlands and near the inflow was attributed to higher
              nutrient availability.

KEYWORDS:     constructed wetlands/freshwater wetlands/wetlands/midwestern USA/
              macrophytes/Typha/periphyton productivity/hydrologic regimes/
              marshes/artificial

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1708

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J. B., Paling, E., and McComb, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Differential responses to salinity help explain the replacement
              of native Juncus kraussii by Typha orientalis in Western
              Australian salt marshes

SOURCE:       Australian Journal of Ecology 15:57-72

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The influence of salinity on Typha orientalis and Juncus
              kraussii was documented in experiments on germination of seeds
              and on growth of seedlings and adult, rhizome-bearing plants.
              Juncus was more salt-tolerant than Typha at all three
              life-history stages, but salt tolerance increased with plant
              age for both species. Extrapolating findings to the field
              situation, it appears that Typha has a narrow regeneration niche.
              The indication is that Typha could invade Juncus stands only
              following salinity reduction (allowing seed germination and early
              seedling growth) and after disturbance disrupts the native
              vegetation. The combined conditions of prolonged low salinity and
              open habitat occur where street drains are cut through the salt
              marsh. The probability of Typha becoming established would be
              highest in such areas. Vegetative expansion would follow with
              continued freshwater influx, as rhizome-bearing plants gain an
              interspecific advantage. The experimental work leads to several
              recommendations for achieving two goals: reducing chances for
              invasion by exotics and restoring native plant cover to areas
              of decline.

KEYWORDS:     salinity/Typha/salt marshes/germination/plants/life history/
              regeneration/vegetation/habitat/marshes/gains/restoration/Juncus
              kraussii/Typha orientalis/western Australia/disturbance

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1709

AUTHOR:       Goodwin, P. and Williams, P. B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Restoring coastal wetlands: The Californian experience

SOURCE:       Journal of the Institution of Water and Environmental
              Management 6:709-719

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Coastal wetlands are an important natural resource, providing
              habitat for fish and wildlife, particularly many rare or
              endangered species. The importance of wetlands in the ecosystem
              has only begun to be understood during the past two decades, and
              there has been a major legislative effort to preserve, protect,
              and enhance existing coastal wetlands. The productivity of tidal
              wetlands is related directly to the hydrologic characteristics
              of the system, and some considerations for the hydrologic design
              for the enhancement or construction of tidal wetlands are
              outlined. Recent attention has been focused on the use of
              dredged spoil materials from harbours or shipping channels to
              restore historic tidal wetlands. The hydrologic design criteria
              are illustrated through a series of case studies in California.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/coastal wetlands/wetlands/habitat/fishes/wildlife/
              endangered species/hydrologic characteristics/enhancement/
              California/channels/coastal engineering/computer applications/
              environmental impacts/erosion rates/estuaries/tidal hydraulics/
              water pollution/waterways/coastal/tidal wetlands/spoil


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1710

AUTHOR:       Frenkel, R. E. and Morlan, J. C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Can we restore our salt marshes?  Lessons from the Salmon
              River, Oregon

SOURCE:       Northwest Environmental Journal 7:119-135

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In 1978, a dike enclosing a 52-acre pasture along the north shore
              of the Salmon River estuary was removed by the Forest Service.
              The objective of dike removal was to replace the pasture with
              salt marsh. Restoration was monitored for ten years after dike
              removal in 1978. After dike breaching in 1978, upland pasture
              communities began to change and were rapidly replaced in 1979 by
              salt marsh communities and much bare ground. By 1984, salt marsh
              communities began to develop, displacing bare ground and stressed
              residual species. Ten years after dike removal, the marsh was
              dominated by four important communities with greater than 90%
              occurrence in restored plots. Prominent plant communities
              included two intertidal communities and two mid-tidal
              communities. The two intertidal communities characterized over
              80% of the restored area. The restored marsh surface was building
              up by a combination of sedimentation and soil swelling. This
              recovery from subsidence is expected to take five decades or
              more, based on the rate of recovery over the first ten years;
              this assumes some decline in accretion rate as the marsh surface
              elevates. The goal was met in the limited sense that the restored
              salt marsh now consists of typical Pacific Northwest salt marsh
              communities. The more rigorous restoration intent - of returning
              diked pasture to its original high salt marsh condition - was not
              achieved. The following six points summarize what we discovered
              from this project. 1. hydrological connections should be
              reinstated; 2. pre-restoration surface elevation must be
              determined; 3. salinities and soil texture should be known;
              4. planting may be unnecessary; 5. monitor at least for ten years;
              and 6. establish explicit, realistic goals.

KEYWORDS:     salt marshes/Oregon/estuaries/marshes/restoration/intertidal/
              soils/restored wetlands/elevation/salinity/soil texture/Pacific
              Northwest/wetlands/Salmon River/subsidence/dike/plant communities/
              soil


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1711

AUTHOR:       Kwak, T. J. and Zedler, J. B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Food web analysis of southern California coastal wetlands
              using multiple stable isotopes

SOURCE:       Oecologia 110:262-277

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The demonstration of a salt marsh-channel linkage in these
              systems affirms that these habitats should be managed as a
              single ecosystem and that the restoration of intertidal
              marshes for endangered birds and other biota is compatible
              with enhancement of coastal fish populations; heretofore, these
              have been considered to be competing objectives.

KEYWORDS:     southern California/California/coastal wetlands/wetlands/habitat/
              restoration/intertidal/birds/enhancement/fishes/fish populations/
              food web/salt marshes/stable isotopes/coastal/marshes

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1712

AUTHOR:       Worrall, P., Peberdy, K. J., and Millett, M. C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Constructed wetlands and nature conservation

SOURCE:       Water Science and Technology 35:205-213

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   By reference to examples in the UK this paper examines the wildlife
              potential of reedbed treatment systems, both in their ability to act
              as pollutant buffers to protect or create downstream wetlands of
              conservation importance and as wildlife resources in their own right.
              As a case study example, the paper examines in detail the South Finger
              Reedbed developed by The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust. In terms of
              wildlife performance the system rapidly evolved to support a broad
              range of vertebrate and invertebrate species. Constructed
              wetlands for wastewater treatment can be designed and managed to
              achieve optimal wildlife potential if approached from an
              ecological perspective as opposed to a strictly engineering
              viewpoint.

KEYWORDS:     constructed wetlands/wetlands/wildlife/invertebrates/wastewater/
              pollutant buffers/wildlife conservation/birds/conservation value/
              reedbeds/water quality


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1713

AUTHOR:       Turner, K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Economics and wetland management

SOURCE:       Ambio 20:59-63

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   There is an urgent need for a balance to be struck between
              wetland conservation, sustainable utilization and wetland
              conversion. Extended cost benefit analysis can play an important
              role in the formulation of a sustainable management strategy for
              wetlands.

KEYWORDS:     economics/wetlands/wetlands management/public policy/cost
              benefit analysis/management/cost

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1714

AUTHOR:       Loftus, W. F., Chapman, J. D., and Conrow, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Hydroperiod effects on Everglades marsh food webs, with relation
              to marsh restoration efforts

SOURCE:       Fisheries and Coastal Wetlands Research 6:1-22

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   To evaluate the long-term effects of the hydroperiod shift, we
              began a study in October 1985 that quantitatively compares
              aquatic animal communities among ENP and NESS marshes. We are
              testing the hypothesis that the hydroperiod characteristics of
              a marsh determine the extent of development of aquatic animal
              communities. Animal abundance and biomass should be higher in
              long-hydroperiod marshes (ENP) where an abundant detritus pool
              exists. Preliminary data presented here support this hypothesis.
              Recently, plans have been enacted to restore water flow to NESS.
              As the hydroperiod is lengthened, animal abundance should also
              increase. This study will document the results of marsh
              restoration and will provide information to assist park managers
              in evaluating water management issues.

KEYWORDS:     hydroperiod/marshes/food web/wetlands restoration/restoration/
              biomass/Everglades/wildlife/fishes/invertebrates/animal
              abundance/Florida/marsh restoration/animal community/management

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1715

AUTHOR:       Hickman, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Improvement of habitat quality for nesting and migrating birds at
              the Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration Project

SOURCE:       Ecological Engineering 3:485-494

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration Project includes a
              series of man-made marshes on degraded habitat (abandoned
              agricultural land, gravel quarrying pits, etc.) within the
              floodplain of the Des Plaines River in northeastern Illinois,
              USA. Avian use of the site was measured before wetland
              construction in 1985 and after construction from spring 1990 to
              summer 1991. Pre-construction censusing indicated that no
              endangered or  threatened species nested within the project
              site, and that use of the site by migratory waterfowl was
              minimal. Post-construction censuses revealed that wetland
              construction resulted in the arrival of two state endangered
              species, Least Bittern and Yellow-headed Blackbird, which nested
              on site, and in three state endangered species, Pied-billed
              Grebe, Great Egret, and Black-crowned Night-Heron, which visited
              the site during the breeding season. Similarly,
              post-construction censusing indicated that the number of
              individuals and species of waterfowl using the site increased
              about 4000% and 400%, respectively. These results demonstrate
              that the Des Plaines River Wetlands Project has improved habitat
              quality for nesting and migrating birds.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/birds/wetlands/man-made marshes/abandoned/agricultural/
              waterfowl/endangered species/Illinois/cattail marsh/habitat
              quality/wetland birds/wetlands restoration/Des Plaines River/
              marshes/floodplain

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1716

AUTHOR:       Fennessy, M. S., Cronk, J. K., and Mitsch, W. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Macrophyte productivity and community development in created
              freshwater wetlands under experimental hydrological conditions

SOURCE:       Ecological Engineering 3:469-484

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Macrophyte biomass production and species richness were monitored
              from 1988 through 1991 in four created freshwater wetlands
              constructed on the floodplain of the Des Plaines River,
              Lake County, Illinois, USA. The wetlands were constructed in
              1988 and pumping of river water began in 1989 under two different
              hydrologic regimes: two wetlands received high water inflow and
              two received low flow. Biomass production showed no relationship
              to the hydrologic inflows after two years of experimentation,
              with both the highest and lowest production occurring in low
              flow wetlands. Rates of primary production increased between
              1990 and 1991 under low flow conditions and decreased under high
              flow conditions, primarily as a result of the initial composition
              of the plant community. The change from dry conditions in 1988 to
              flooded conditions in 1989 altered the species composition in
              each wetland to include almost 100% wetland-adapted species.
              Similarity in species composition among the four wetlands
              diverged from 1988 to 1989 as the plant community adjusted to
              flooded conditions and then converged in both 1990 and 1991 as
              the wetlands developed.

KEYWORDS:     macrophytes/created wetlands/freshwater wetlands/wetlands/
              biomass/species richness/constructed wetlands/Illinois/primary
              production/aquatic plant/hydrology/Phalaris arundinacea/Typha/
              wetlands creation/floodplain/Des Plaines River/hydrologic
              regimes/plant communities

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1717

AUTHOR:       Fleischer, S., Stibe, L., and Leonardson, L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Restoration of wetlands as a means of reducing nitrogen transport
              to coastal waters

SOURCE:       Ambio 20:271-272

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In the Laholm Bay, a comprehensive marine ecological study has
              indicated nitrogen as the key external nutrient that must be
              reduced by at least half if eutrophication is to be controlled.
              Wetland restoration was identified as a necessary component of
              a comprehensive nitrogen reduction program for the Swedish west
              coast. A five-year, full-scale wetland restoration study is
              underway.  The hydrology of lakes/wetlands favors sedimentation
              and formation of an organogenic sediment that, in contrast to
              running water, is beneficial to denitrification.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/wetlands/nitrogen/wetlands restoration/hydrology/
              sediment/coastal/denitrification/Sweden

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1718

AUTHOR:       Barnard, W. D., Ansell, C. K., Harn, J. G., and Kevin, D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Establishing priorities for wetland management

SOURCE:       Water Resources Bulletin 21:1049-1054

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Coastal wetlands are reasonably well protected. Inland,
              freshwater wetlands are generally poorly protected. Efforts to
              protect wetlands, given a set level of resources, could be
              improved by categorizing wetlands according to their relative
              importance and focusing existing wetland programs on high value
              wetlands.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands management/coastal/coastal wetlands/freshwater
              wetlands/federal programs/Section 404/wetland losses/
              public policy/management


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1719

AUTHOR:       Brockmeyer, R. E. Jr., Rey, J. R., Virnstein, R. W., Gilmore,
              R. G., and Earnest, L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Rehabilitation of impounded estuarine wetlands by hydrologic
              reconnection to the Indian River Lagoon, Florida (USA)

SOURCE:       Wetlands Ecology and Management 4:93-109

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Salt marshes of the Indian River Lagoon, Florida (USA) were once
              prolific producers of mosquitoes. To control mosquito production,
              most of the salt marshes (over 16,200 ha) were impounded by the
              early 1970s. However, impounding had a profoundly negative impact
              on the wetland plant, fish, and invertebrate communities. When
              tidal exchange is restored through hydrologic connection, usually
              by culverts installed through the perimeter dike, recovery to
              more natural conditions is often rapid. Overall, reconnection
              enhances natural productivity and diversity, although water
              quality in the perimeter ditch, an artifact of dike construction,
              remains problematic. Flooding only during the summer mosquito
              breeding season provided as effective mosquito control as
              year-round flooding. Impoundment reconnection is being
              implemented. The total reconnected area is 60% of the impounded
              wetlands in the entire IRL system.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/Florida/salt marshes/fishes/invertebrates/water
              quality/impounded wetlands/Indian River Lagoon,Florida/
              fisheries/impoundments/mangroves/mosquito control/reconnection/
              rehabilitation/sulfides/restoration/estuarine wetlands/marshes/
              dike/diversity

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1720

AUTHOR:       Burdick, D. M., Dionne, M., Bourmans, R. M., and Short, F. T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Ecological responses to tidal restorations of two northern New
              England salt marshes

SOURCE:       Wetlands Ecology and Management 4:129-144

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Efforts are underway to restore tidal flow in New England salt
              marshes that were negatively impacted by tidal restrictions. We
              evaluated a planned tidal restoration at Mill Brook Marsh
              (New Hampshire) and at Drakes Island Marsh (Maine) where partial
              tidal restoration inadvertently occurred. Common impacts from
              tidal restrictions at both sites were: loss of tidal flooding,
              declines in surface elevation, reduced soil salinity, replacement
              of salt marsh vegetation by fresh and brackish plants, and loss
              of fish use of the marsh. Water levels, soil salinities and fish
              use increased immediately following tidal restoration.
              Salt-intolerant vegetation was killed within months. After two
              years, mildly salt-tolerant vegetation had been largely replaced
              in Mill Brook Marsh by several species characteristic of both high
              and low salt marshes. Eight years after the unplanned, partial
              tidal restoration at Drakes Island Marsh, the vegetation was
              dominated by Spartina alterniflora, a characteristic species of
              low marsh habitat. Hydrologic restoration that allowed for
              unrestricted saltwater exchange at Mill Brook restored salt marsh
              functions relatively quickly in comparison to the partial tidal
              restoration at Drakes Island, where full tidal exchange was not
              achieved. The irregular tidal regime at Drakes Island resulted in
              vegetation cover and patterns dissimilar to those of the high
              marsh used as a reference. Our analysis of these indicators
              suggests that the restoration at Mill Brook will support full
              habitat function soon (perhaps by its fourth year), while the
              tidal regime at Drakes Island will not.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/New England/salt marshes/marshes/impacts/losses/
              elevation/soils/salinity/vegetation/plants/fishes/Spartina/
              Spartina alterniflora/habitat/restored wetlands/function/
              comparison/functional assessment/hydrologic restoration/tidal
              restriction/New Hampshire/Maine/soil


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1721

AUTHOR:       Josephson, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Status of wetlands

SOURCE:       Environmental Science & Technology 26:-422

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, the United States sustained
              a net loss of more than 2.6 million acres (1.05 million ha) of
              wetlands. By the mid-1980s, an estimated 103.3 million acres
              (41.8 ha) of wetlands remained of which 97 million acres
              (39.3 million ha) were freshwater wetlands and 5.5 million acres
              (2.5 million ha) were coastal wetlands. Freshwater wetlands
              suffered 98% of the losses. Compare these remainders with the
              total of 220 million acres (89.1 million ha) of wetlands
              estimated to have covered what is now the contiguous United
              States in 1780. Conversion to agricultural use accounted for
              about 54% of wetland losses during the study period. The report's
              authors believe that since the mid-1980s, "indications are that
              wetland losses are slowing."

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/losses/freshwater wetlands/coastal/coastal wetlands/
              agricultural/gains/wetland losses/status

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1722

AUTHOR:       Hodges, J. D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Development and ecology of bottomland hardwood sites

SOURCE:       Forest Ecology and Management 90:117-125

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents an overview of the geologic origin and
              development of hardwood sites, species-site relationships and the
              natural patterns of ecological succession on those sites, and the
              implications of that information for forest management.
              Bottomland hardwoods occur on floodplain sites primarily in the
              Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. Natural patterns of ecological
              succession on floodplain sites are influenced by autogenic and
              allogenic processes in that the sites may undergo constant change
              because of deposition. Three natural patterns of succession are
              recognized for floodplain sites of major river bottoms--those
              occurring on permanently flooded sites, those on low elevation wet
              sites, and those on higher elevation, better drained sites. Three
              general patterns of succession can be recognized in major bottoms.
              One pattern occurs on permanently flooded sites where very little
              deposition occurs, such as cypress-tupelo (Taxodium
              distichum-Nyssa aquatica) swamps. The cypress-tupelo type
              represents the oldest type (oldest trees) on the floodplain.
              Stands can be 200-300 years old before breakup occurs. A second
              pattern of succession occurs on poorly drained sites at low
              elevations. The pioneer tree species on these low sites with heavy
              soils is usually black widow (Salix nigra). Breakup of most
              stands may begin as early as age 30 and few remnants survive
              beyond age 60. On these low sites the successional pattern
              depends on the rate of sediment deposition and sometimes on the
              texture of the sediment. A third pattern of succession occurs on
              the higher elevation, better drained ridge and front sites.
              Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) is the principal pioneer species.
              Breakup of cottonwood stands may begin as early as age 45 and
              very few remnants survive to age 80-100. Restoration of hardwood
              communities on floodplain sites is currently receiving a lot of
              emphasis. Successes have occurred, but failures are common.
              Future restoration efforts can be improved by more attention to
              the sites, especially their hydrology, and matching the species
              to the site conditions.

KEYWORDS:     succession/bottomland hardwoods/elevation/soils/sediment/
              cottonwood/restoration/hydrology/site conditions/floodplain
              geology/species-site relationships/ecology/management/
              floodplain/coastal/trees/tree species/soil/Populus deltoides

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1723

AUTHOR:       Haltiner, J., Zedler, J. B., Boyer, K. E., Williams, G. D., and
              Callaway, J. C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Influence of physical processes on the design, functioning and
              evolution of restored tidal wetlands in California (USA)

SOURCE:       Wetlands Ecology and Management 4:73-91

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The performance of two intertidal wetland mitigation projects
              constructed by the California Department of Transportation
              (Caltrans) in the Sweetwater Marsh National Wildlife Refuge
              (SMNWR) in San Diego Bay was evaluated over 5 years. The
              mitigation project goals included a range of functional criteria
              intended to support two endangered bird species (light-footed
              clapper rail and California least tern) and one endangered plant
              (salt marsh bird's-beak). While the mitigation projects have
              achieved some of the performance criteria established in the
              regulatory permits (particularly, those related to fish),
              vegetation criteria for one of the bird species have not been met.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/California/intertidal/intertidal wetland/constructed
              wetlands/marshes/wildlife/San Diego,California/San Diego Bay/
              birds/light-footed clapper rail/clapper rail/California least
              tern/tern/endangered plant/salt marshes/bird's-beak/fishes/
              vegetation/wetland hydrology/wetlands restoration/tidal
              wetlands/wetlands mitigation/wetland mitigation/mitigation/
              salt marsh bird's-beak


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1724

AUTHOR:       Landin, M. C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Point Mouillee: Site for long-term studies on wetland restoration,
              habitat development, and management

SOURCE:       Wetlands Research Program Bulletin 3:1-4

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the restoration of a wetland severely
              altered by erosion, flooding, lake level fluctuations, and loss
              of protection from a now eroded barrier island. Since completion
              of the project, willows, dogwoods, shrubs, and herbaceous species
              have colonized the area. With the success of the barrier island
              replacement, habitat at the Pointe Mouillee has regenerated and
              large numbers of waterfowl, mammals, and fish have been observed.
              Development of Pointe Mouillee is being monitored for larval and
              adult fish, wildlife abundance and diversity, vegetation
              community patterns and diversity, and wet soils by comparing it
              with a pristine natural wetland at Pointe Pelee National Park in
              Ontario.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/wetlands/habitat/habitat development/losses/willow/
              waterfowl/mammals/wildlife/vegetation/soils/natural wetlands/
              Pointe Mouillee/Lake Erie/Michigan/management/erosion/protection/
              shrubs/diversity/soil

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1725

AUTHOR:       Lacki, M. J., Hummer, J. W., and Webster, H. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Avian diversity patterns at a constructed wetland: Use of
              ecological theory in the evaluation of a mine land
              reclamation technique

SOURCE:       International Journal of Surface Mining and Reclamation
              5:101-105

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Birds were surveyed at a constructed cattail (Typha latifolia)
              wetland near Coshocton, Ohio, during May and June of 1988, 1989,
              and 1990. Comparison surveys were also completed at three nearby
              natural wetland sites. The constructed wetland was established
              in November 1985. Results demonstrated the constructed wetland
              exhibited the fewest number of bird feeding guilds per survey
              and an intermediate level of bird abundance relative to all
              sites examined. The constructed wetland supported a bird
              community with a significantly lower species evenness index,
              suggesting a more harsh and variable habitat relative to the
              natural wetlands. Our data suggest that the availability of
              adequate nesting habitat strongly influenced the patterns for
              avian diversity observed.

KEYWORDS:     reclamation technique/birds/Typha/Typha latifolia/Ohio/
              comparison/natural wetlands/feeding/habitat/wetlands/ cattails/
              mine reclamation/constructed wetlands/diversity/reclamation/
              technique

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1726

AUTHOR:       van Vuuren, W. and Roy, P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        The returns from wetland preservation versus reclamation for
              agriculture

SOURCE:       Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 38:-1028

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The availability of waterfowl for hunting outside the marshes
              is dependent on the marshes. Angling takes place on Lake St.
              Clair, but is dependent on the marshes for fish spawning and
              rearing. From society's point of view preservation is the best
              option, while from the owner's point of view reclamation for
              agriculture gives the highest returns.

KEYWORDS:     waterfowl/marshes/wetland preservation/agricultural reclamation/
              Lake St.Clair/southwestern Ontario/fishes/reclamation

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1727

AUTHOR:       Dunn, C. P. and Sharitz, R. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Revegetation of a Taxodium-Nyssa forested wetland following
              complete vegetation destruction

SOURCE:       Vegetatio 72:151-157

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Revegetation is described for a portion of a Taxodium
              distichum-Nyssa aquatica (bald cypress-water tupelo) forested
              wetland in South Carolina. Thermal effluent from nuclear
              production reactors from 1954 to 1968 eliminated most of the
              original vegetation from the study area. Vegetation in
              disturbed and adjacent undisturbed areas was sampled in 1981 and
              1985 using permanent plots. Herbs invaded rapidly throughout
              the disturbed portion of the wetland after thermal discharge
              ceased. Shrubs (Salix spp. and Cephalanthus occidentalis)
              followed soon thereafter, and have gradually occupied more of
              the area. Taxodium and Nyssa regeneration is rare because of
              the inability of seedlings of these species to compete with the
              dense cover of herbs and shrubs. 17 years of revegetation data
              were used. This research examines the rate of vegetation change
              and gives evidence for predicting whether such an area is likely
              to return to the original Taxodium-Nyssa community structure. It
              is unlikely that Steel Creek delta will return to a relatively
              homogeneous Taxodium-Nyssa forest.

KEYWORDS:     revegetation/forested wetlands/vegetation/South Carolina/
              regeneration/vegetation change/community structure/disturbance/
              floodplain/substrate diversity/succession/thermal pollution/
              Taxodium distichum/Nyssa aquatica/bald cypress/water tupelo/
              bottomland hardwood forests/shrubs

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1728

AUTHOR:       Hughes, J. W. and Cass, W. B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Pattern and process of a floodplain forest, Vermont, USA: Predicted
              responses of vegetation to perturbation

SOURCE:       Journal of Applied Ecology 34:594-612

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   We evaluated the potential diversity of vegetation in a lowland
              floodplain forest as a way of predicting the range of possible
              communities that might develop when a natural system is subjected
              to flood control or other common perturbations. The composition
              and distribution of the standing vegetation at different distances
              from the stream appeared to be defined mainly by the flooding
              regime, but selective disturbance agents such as beaver activity
              and Dutch elm disease probably also affected the spatial
              distribution of species within the forest. Collectively, these
              factors generated a highly diverse mosaic of possible floras.
              Flood control can be expected to homogenize this mosaic and
              reduce the forest's potential diversity, thereby compromising the
              value of floodplain forests as storage banks of biotic diversity.

KEYWORDS:     vegetation/perturbation/floodplain forest/Vermont/stream corridor/
              riparian/regeneration/seed banks/flood debris/floodplain/diversity/
              disturbance

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       481

AUTHOR:       Knight, R. L., Winchester, B. H., and Higman, J. C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Ecology, hydrology, and advanced wastewater treatment potential of
              an artificial marsh/pond wetland in north-central Florida

SOURCE:       Estuaries 8:-111A

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Two artificial marsh/pond systems with a combined area of 52 acres
              were extensively studied during a one-year period. Since their
              original construction in 1979, volunteer plant colonization has
              resulted in a shifting mosaic of cattails (Typha spp.), water
              pennywort (Hydrocotlye umbellata), frog's-bit (Limnobium spongia),
              duckweed (Lemna spp.), and other less abundant species. At least
              45 bird species were observed to use the wetlands during this
              study with very dense populations noted for several
              wetland-dependent species. Alligators, fish, turtles and snakes are
              abundant in the ponds.

KEYWORDS:     hydrology/wastewater/Florida/colonization/cattails/Typha/wetlands/
              ecology/artificial wetlands/north-central Florida/vegetation/
              fishes/reptiles/birds/artificial/alligators

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1729

AUTHOR:       Kaminski, R. M. and Prince, H. H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Dabbling duck and aquatic macroinvertebrate responses to
              manipulated wetland habitat

SOURCE:       Journal of Wildlife Management 45:1-15

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Responses of breeding dabbling ducks (Anatini) and aquatic
              macroinvertebrates to experimental modifications of cover:water
              ratio and basin surface were investigated in 1977 and 1978 within
              an impounded whitetop rivergrass (Scolochloa festucacea) meadow
              on the Delta Marsh, south-central Manitoba. Three areal
              percentage ratios of emergent hydrophytes to open water (30:70,
              50:50, or 70:30) and 2 basin treatments (mowing of existing
              emergents or scarification by rototilling) were tested. The
              greatest density and species diversity of dabbling duck pairs
              occurred occurred on 50:50 plots in both years. Within years,
              species diversity of dabbling ducks was unaffected by mowing or
              rototilling. Composition and resource levels (abundance,
              biomass, and number of families) of aquatic macroinvertebrate
              communities varied within and between years in response to basin
              treatments.

KEYWORDS:     wetland habitat/habitat/dabbling ducks/macroinvertebrates/
              biomass/breeding dabbling ducks/aquatic macroinvertebrates/
              impounded whitetop rivergrass meadow/Scolochloa festucacea/
              south-central Manitoba/emergent hydrophytes/meadow/
              hydrophytes/species diversity/diversity

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1730

AUTHOR:       Liebesman, L., Shaw, R., Meagher, J., Moyer, S., Dickey, G. E.,
              Goldstein, E., and Wendel, D. P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Protecting wetlands

SOURCE:       Journal of the American Water Works Association 84:26-35

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Roundtable discussion to discuss wetlands--their value and their
              place in the broad spectrum of environmental, societal, and
              economic concerns. The private sector is frustrated by mitigation.
              Many developers favor it, yet regulators say it doesn't work and
              environmentalists usually insist on preservation.
              Conservationists think of mitigation as being unreliable. Our
              philosophy is to do the research and development to improve
              restoration, creation, and mitigation; to try experimental
              mitigation banks and work out the kinks.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/conservationists/restoration/public policy/protection/
              Section 404/mitigation/creation


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1731

AUTHOR:       Hefner, J. M. and Brown, J. D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Wetland trends in the southeastern United States

SOURCE:       Wetlands 4:1-11

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recently completed a survey
              designed to develop wetland acreage estimates for the
              conterminous United States during the 1950's and the 1970's.
              Nearly 50 percent (46.5 million acres) of the Nation's wetland
              resources are found in the southeastern states. For the study
              period, wetland losses in the Southeast accounted for 84
              percent of the losses nationwide. Nearly all losses of
              freshwater wetlands can be attributed to agricultural
              development. Losses of coastal wetlands have been less
              severe, except for Louisiana.

KEYWORDS:     southeastern United States/fishes/wildlife/wetland losses/losses/
              Southeast/freshwater wetlands/wetlands/agricultural/coastal/
              coastal wetlands/Louisiana

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1732

AUTHOR:       Harris, S. C., Martin, T. H., and Cummins, K. W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        A model for aquatic invertebrate response to Kissimmee River
              restoration

SOURCE:       Restoration Ecology 3:181-194

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A relinkage of the Kissimmee River with the floodplain following
              restoration will result in numerous changes to such ecologically
              important factors as streamflow, substrate composition, food
              quality and quantity, and water quality, all of which will
              influence invertebrate communities. These factors and their
              function in the ecosystem as the fauna shifts from predominantly
              lacustrine back to riverine are presented in a conceptual model.

KEYWORDS:     aquatic invertebrates/Kissimmee River/restoration/floodplain/water
              quality/function/fauna/model/lacustrine

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1733

AUTHOR:       Bedford, B. L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        The need to define hydrologic equivalence at the landscape scale
              for freshwater wetland mitigation

SOURCE:       Ecological Applications 6:57-68

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The landscape approach to defining hydrologic equivalence that I
              advocate is based on the concept of templates for wetland
              development. Hydrologic equivalence then can be defined at the
              scale of landscapes in terms of the kinds, numbers, relative
              abundances, and spatial distribution of wetland templates. The
              profiles would catalog and map the diversity of wetland templates
              and the diversity of existing wetland types within a given
              landscape, focusing the attention of decision-makers on
              broad-scale patterns of loss in wetland types and providing a
              context within which individual mitigation projects could be
              evaluated.

KEYWORDS:     landscape/mitigation/wetland development/losses/hydrologic
              equivalence/wetland mitigation/diversity/hydrology/regulation/
              vegetation/wetlands/technique

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1734

AUTHOR:       Abernathy, Y. and Turner, R. E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        US forested wetlands: 1940-1980

SOURCE:       BioScience 37:721-727

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The primary purpose of this article is to assess the magnitude
              of forested wetlands  changes by summarizing the US Forest
              Service (USFS) field-data surveys from 1940 to 1980. We estimate
              that there has been a selective loss of forested wetlands, up
              to five times higher than nonwetland forests, in the last 40
              years. The total loss (2.74 million ha) is mostly in the
              Mississippi River valley floodplain where the majority of
              forested wetlands are. Forested wetlands comprise the bulk of
              the noncoastal wetlands. Successful conservation of forested
              wetland resources will require more attention in the South, in
              particular, and in states with small percentages of the original
              area remaining.

KEYWORDS:     forested wetlands/wetlands/losses/Mississippi/floodplain

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       381(a)

AUTHOR:       Harvey, H. T. and Josselyn, M. N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetlands restoration and mitigation policies: Comment

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 10:567-569

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Race (1985) addresses the question of the use of restored
              marshland as mitigation for disrupted or destroyed wetlands.
              She specifically attempts to evaluate the success of past
              restoration and/or experimental plantings. Her major
              conclusion is that wetland restoration has been substantially
              unsuccessful in San Francisco Bay. We disagree with this
              conclusion for several reasons.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/mitigation/San
              Francisco Bay/policies/M.S.Race/mitigation policies

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       381(b)

AUTHOR:       Race, M. S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetlands restoration and mitigation policies: Reply

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 10:571-572

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   I think the differences of opinion between Harvey, Josselyn and
              myself can be explained, in part, by perspective. I do not share
              the same degree of confidence as Harvey and Josselyn about the
              reliability or predictability of technology used to restore
              wetland areas.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/mitigation/
              mitigation policies/policies

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1735

AUTHOR:       Galatowitsch, S. M. and van der Valk, A. G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        The vegetation of restored and natural prairie wetlands

SOURCE:       Ecological Applications 6:102-112

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The floristic composition of the vegetation and seed banks
              of 10 restored wetlands in northern Iowa were compared to
              those of 10 adjacent natural wetlands to test the hypothesis
              that communities rapidly develop through natural recolonization.
              Three years after restoration, natural wetlands had a mean of
              46 species compared to 27 species for restored wetlands. The
              distribution and abundance of most species at different
              elevations were significantly different in natural and
              restored wetlands. The seed banks of restored wetlands contained
              fewer species and fewer seeds than those of natural wetlands.
              Emergent species richness in restored wetlands was generally
              similar to that in natural wetlands. Patterns of recolonization
              seem related to dispersal ability.

KEYWORDS:     vegetation/prairie wetlands/wetlands/seed banks/restored
              wetlands/northern Iowa/Iowa/natural wetlands/restoration/
              elevation/species richness/dispersal/colonization/life
              history strategies/plant communities/prairie potholes/
              revegetation/succession/wetlands restoration/zonation/
              recolonization

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1736

AUTHOR:       Cable, T. T., Brack, V. Jr., and Holmes, V. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Simplified method for wetland habitat assessment

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 13:207-213

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This article presents a wetland habitat assessment technique
              (HAT) using birds as indicators of habitat quality. The
              technique is quick, simple, inexpensive, and lends itself to
              screening large numbers of wetlands. Results of field testing
              HAT on 11 tidally influenced wetlands are presented to
              illustrate HAT's utility. Eleven wetlands in Delaware were
              assessed using HAT. Two of these were predominantly forested
              palustrine, six were predominantly emergent estuarine, and three
              had significant proportions of both types. All were tidally influenced.

KEYWORDS:     wetland habitat/habitat/assessment/technique/birds/habitat
              quality/wetlands/Delaware/environmental impacts/habitat
              evaluation/forested palustrine/emergent estuarine/assessment
              technique

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1737

AUTHOR:       Bradshaw, A. D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Underlying principles of restoration

SOURCE:       Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53:3-9

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   If we do not understand the processes at work in an ecosystem
              we are unlikely to be able to reconstruct it so that it works.
              Any attempt to reconstruct an ecosystem is a test of our
              knowledge of the ecosystem and will reveal any deficiencies in
              our theoretical knowledge. We can learn from our failures. When
              restoration is apparently taking place because of the efforts
              expended, there is the possibility that it could actually be due
              to the self-restoring properties of the ecosystem. It should be
              an essential part of every restoration programme that
              experimental testing of different aspects of the intervention are
              carried out. It is essential that results are published in
              journals or reports that are readily available to everyone
              working in the field. Reviews, including failures as well as
              successes, are particularly important.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/underlying principles

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1738

AUTHOR:       Smith, I., Fonseca, M. S., Rivera, J. A., and Rittmaster, K. A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Habitat value of natural versus recently transplanted eelgrass,
              Zostera marina, for the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians

SOURCE:       Fishery Bulletin 87:189-196

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Bay scallops, Argopecten irradians, were used in a mark and
              recapture experiment to determine the habitat value of recently
              transplanted eelgrass, Zostera marina, meadows for fishery
              restoration and enhancement through stocking. The two surveys
              showed that recently transplanted eelgrass meadows do not
              provide the same habitat functions as natural meadows for bay
              scallops. Stocking of adult scallops in early stage eelgrass
              transplants to enhance or restore that fishery does not appear
              to be feasible. A protracted period of time may pass before
              habitat function is returned for the bay scallops in transplanted
              eelgrass meadows. Results from these surveys also illustrate
              the need for careful consideration in the placement of dredge
              material in the coastal environment.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/habitat value/eelgrass/Zostera marina/meadow/fisheries/
              restoration/enhancement/function/transplanting/coastal/bay
              scallop/Argopecten irradians/eelgrass meadows

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1739

AUTHOR:       van der Valk, A. G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Seed banks and wetland vegetation management and restoration:
              Some exemplary and cautionary tales

SOURCE:       American Journal of Botany 74:638-639

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A knowledge of the distribution and density, longevity, and
              germination syndrome of seed of each species found in the seed
              bank provides a basis for determining the potential use that can
              be made of the seed bank for management and restoration.

KEYWORDS:     seed banks/vegetation/restoration/germination/wetlands/management

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1740   

AUTHOR:       Dobberteen, R. A. and Nickerson, N. H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Use of created cattail (Typha) wetlands in mitigation strategies

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 15:797-808

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   It is unclear whether or not created systems actually compensate
              for lost wetland resources. Comparisons of plant growth
              measurements for two years from the artificial systems with
              published values for natural cattail marshes revealed similar
              structure and growth patterns. Experiments are now in progress to
              investigate the ability of created marshes to remove and
              accumulate heavy metals from polluted landfill leachate.

KEYWORDS:     cattails/Typha/wetlands/mitigation/comparison/plant growth/
              artificial/values/marshes/created cattail wetlands/fly ash/
              pollution abatement/landfills/eastern Massachusetts/artificial
              freshwater wetlands/created marshes

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1741

AUTHOR:       Twedt, D. J. and Portwood, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Bottomland hardwood reforestation for Neotropical migratory
              birds: Are we missing the forest for the trees?

SOURCE:       Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:647-652

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Thirty-six avian species held breeding territories in cottonwood
              plantings aged 5-7 years (n=12). Conversely, on oak plantings
              aged 4-6 years (n=3), only 9 bird species held breeding
              territories and most were grassland species. Thus, fast-growing
              species act as catalysts for the colonization of these emerging
              forests by Neotropical migratory birds. When reforesting
              agricultural sites, planting fast-growing tree species, alone or
              in concert with heavy-seeded species, represents a superior
              alternative to monotypic plantings of oaks. Fast-growing trees
              can rapidly provide habitat for forest-breeding, Neotropical
              migratory birds and enhance forest diversity. Reforestation
              using fast-growing species on private lands provides quick
              financial return through harvest of pulpwood.

KEYWORDS:     reforestation/birds/cottonwood/colonization/agricultural/
              habitat/diversity/harvest/bottomland hardwood forests/
              economics/Neotropical migratory birds/Populus deltoides/
              Quercus/southeastern United States/trees/oaks/tree species

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1742

AUTHOR:       Meslard, F., Grillas, P., and Lepart, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Plant community succession in a coastal wetland after
              abandonment of cultivation: The example of the Rhone delta

SOURCE:       Vegetatio 94:35-45

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A synchronous study was carried out of plant succession in land
              abandoned after cultivation in the Camargue (southern France).
              Water level management (flooding in winter, or in summer,
              irrigation) creates and maintains communities suitable for
              grazing. In the absence of water level management, the soils
              become saline and stable plant communities similar to those
              present under natural conditions quickly develop. The salt
              generally limits the installation of woody plants. It appears
              that the forest stage can only be reached in the proximity of
              riverine gallery forest and irrigation canals where Populus alba
              is dominant.

KEYWORDS:     plant communities/succession/coastal wetlands/abandoned/France/
              management/soils/plants/Camargue/abandoned land/water regime/
              salinity/stability/southern France/coastal/soil


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1743

AUTHOR:       Lyon, J. G. and Greene, R. G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Use of aerial photographs to measure the historical areal extent
              of Lake Erie coastal wetlands

SOURCE:       Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 58:1355-1360

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Aerial photographs were used to measure historical areas of
              wetlands at Point Mouillee in Monroe County, Michigan, and
              these results were compared with Lake Erie water levels.
              Measurements indicated a decrease of 836.4 hectares in total
              wetlands between 1935 and 1980. This was a reduction of 80
              percent in the total area of wetlands that existed previous
              to the 1940 period.

KEYWORDS:     coastal/coastal wetlands/wetlands/Michigan/Lake Erie/aerial
              photographs/historical areas/wetland losses

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1744

AUTHOR:       Luckenbach, M. W., Diaz, R. J., Zobrist, E. C., and Hutton,
              C. H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Evaluation of the benthic resource value of impounded and
              non-impounded tidal creeks in Virginia, USA

SOURCE:       Ocean & Shoreline Management 14:35-50

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Potential effects of impounding tidal creeks include alterations
              in the resource value of downstream wetland habitats. Comparisons
              of macrobenthic invertebrate biomass available to higher levels
              were made between two impounded and non-impounded creek pairs in
              coastal Virginia. The results indicate that neither the total
              amount nor the distribution of this resource varied between
              impounded and non-impounded creeks. The implication is that
              impounding the headwater regions of a tidal creek does not
              severely reduce the resource value of downstream habitats to
              higher trophic levels, but several factors necessitate tempering
              this conclusion.

KEYWORDS:     Virginia/wetland habitat/habitat/comparison/biomass/coastal/
              benthic invertebrates/impounded tidal creeks

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1745

AUTHOR:       Neill, C. and Turner, R. E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Backfilling canals to mitigate wetland dredging in Louisiana
              coastal marshes

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 11:823-836

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Returning canal spoil banks into canals, or backfilling, is used
              in Louisiana marshes to mitigate damage caused by dredging for
              oil and gas extraction. We evaluated 33 canals backfilled
              through July 1984 to assess the success of habitat restoration.
              We determined restoration success by examining canal depth,
              vegetation recolonization, and regraded spoil bank soils after
              backfilling. Restoration success depended on: marsh type, canal
              location, canal age, marsh soil characteristics, the presence or
              absence of a plug at the canal mouth, whether mitigation was
              on- or off-site, and dredge operator performance. Median
              percentage of cover of marsh vegetation on the canal spoil banks
              was 51.6%. Median percentage of cover in the canal was 0.7%.
              The average percentage of cover of marsh vegetation on
              backfilled spoil banks was highest in intermediate marshes
              (68.6%) and lowest in fresh (34.7%) and salt marshes (33.9%).
              Complete reestablishment of the vegetation was not a necessary
              condition for successful restoration. In addition to providing
              vegetation reestablishment, backfilling canals resulted in
              shallow water areas with higher habitat value for benthos, fish,
              and waterfowl than unfilled canals.

KEYWORDS:     dredging/Louisiana/coastal/coastal marshes/marshes/spoil/habitat/
              restoration/vegetation/soils/mitigation/salt marshes/
              reestablishment/habitat value/benthos/fishes/waterfowl/vegetation
              recolonization/backfilling/wetlands/recolonization/soil


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       181

AUTHOR:       Cooper, J. W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        An overview of estuarine habitat mitigation projects in
              Washington State

SOURCE:       Northwest Environmental Journal 3:113-127

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper analyzes mitigation projects that have been designed
              to offset or compensate for estuarine habitat losses within the
              past four years. Three general criteria governed selection of
              the ensemble of mitigation projects reviewed in this paper.
              First, projects were limited to nearshore estuarine habitat.
              Second, the proposed mitigation has been developed either to
              fulfill anticipated resource agency permit stipulations, or to
              accompany a Seattle District Corps of Engineers public notice
              application. Finally, a reasonably complete USFWS administrative
              record was available for review. There have been 36 recent
              mitigation projects designed to offset wetland habitat losses
              in Washington State. Of these, 22 have been proposed in estuarine
              wetland systems in coastal Washington State. Four techniques have
              been most frequently applied in the 22 estuarine habitat
              mitigation projects: 1) substrate modification,  2) shoreline
              creation, 3) eelgrass transplantation, and 4) marsh complex.
              Post-project assessments are often incomplete or inconclusive.
              It is difficult to verify and ensure the success of habitat
              mitigation projects. The primary reason is the lack of clear
              goals and performance standards, and the inconclusive results
              that are often derived from monitoring.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/mitigation/Washington/Washington State/losses/wetland
              habitat/coastal/technique/creation/eelgrass/assessment/
              standards/estuarine wetlands/habitat mitigation/monitoring

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1746

AUTHOR:       Wenner, C. A., Beatty, H. R., and Roumillat, W. A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Comparison of the ichthyofauna in South Carolina coastal wetland
              impoundments and adjacent tidal creeks

SOURCE:       Estuaries 8:-41A

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The ichthyofauna of experimental wetland impoundments in coastal
              South Carolina is described and compared to the fish community of
              an adjacent tidal creek from March 1983 to December 1984. Species
              diversity and richness were higher in rotenone collections in the
              creek system than in seine hauls within the impoundments. These
              structures interfere with the normal life history patterns of
              many species that utilize tidal creeks as nursery grounds by
              preventing the movement of individuals to the lower reaches of
              estuaries with increasing size.

KEYWORDS:     comparison/South Carolina/coastal/impoundments/fishes/diversity/
              life history/estuaries/ichthyofauna/coastal wetland impoundments/
              fish communities/species diversity


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1747

AUTHOR:       Rosenberg, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Benthic faunal dynamics during succession following pollution
              abatement in a Swedish estuary

SOURCE:       Oikos 27:414-427

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The recovery of benthic communities has been studied continuously
              since the closure of a sulphite pulp mill in 1966. The previous,
              increasing organic enrichment in the estuary had deteriorated the
              marine environment and reduced the fauna over large areas. The
              succession of the macrobenthic communities to a level where the
              recovery process was indistinguishable from annual fluctuations
              took about eight years. By then the composition of the community
              was similar to that recorded forty years earlier.

KEYWORDS:     succession/pollution abatement/estuaries/marine environment/fauna/
              macrobenthic communities/Sweden

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1748

AUTHOR:       Roman, C. T., Niering, W. A., and Warren, R. S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Salt marsh vegetation change in response to tidal restriction

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 8:141-150

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Vegetation change in response to restriction of the normal tidal
              prism of six Connecticut salt marshes is documented. The data
              indicate that with tidal restriction there is a substantial
              reduction in soil water salinity, lowering of the water table
              level, as well as a relative drop in the marsh surface elevation.
              These factors are considered to favor the establishment and
              spread of Phragmites australis (common reed grass) and other less
              salt-tolerant species, with an attendant loss of
              Spartina-dominated marsh. At several sites dominated by
              Phragmites, tidal flow was reintroduced after two decades of
              continuous restriction, resulting in a marked reduction in
              Phragmites height and the reestablishment of typical salt marsh
              vegetation along creek-banks. In most Atlantic coast systems, the
              competitive Phragmites is considered a weed species that alters
              both the structure and wildlife support function of typical
              Spartina marshes. The Fairfield Conservation Commission has
              initiated a comprehensive restoration effort at the Pine Creek
              study site. After only one year of reintroduced flow, Phragmites
              was reduced from a height of 2-3 m to 1 m or less, while the
              density of Phragmites declined by at least 50%.

KEYWORDS:     salt marshes/vegetation/vegetation change/tidal restriction/
              Connecticut/marshes/salinity/elevation/losses/reestablishment/
              wildlife/function/Spartina/Spartina marshes/restoration/
              Phragmites australis/vegetation dynamics/wetland impact/marsh
              restoration/soil

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1749

AUTHOR:       Rey, J. R., Crossman, R. A., and Kain, T. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Vegetation dynamics in impounded marshes along the Indian
              River Lagoon, Florida, USA

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 14:397-409

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Data are presented on the vegetation dynamics of two impounded
              marshes along the Indian River Lagoon, in east-central Florida,
              USA. Vegetation in one of the marshes (IRC 12) was totally
              eliminated by overflooding and by hypersaline conditions. Over
              20% recovery of the herbaceous halophytes was observed at that
              site after the culvert was reopened in 1982, but total cover in
              the marsh remains well below the original 75%. The second site
              (SLC 24) did not suffer the complete elimination of vegetation.
              At this location, mangroves increased in cover and frequency
              with a concomitant decrease in herbaceous halophytes. Storms
              and hurricanes may be important in promoting a replacement of
              black mangroves by red mangroves in closed impoundments
              because the former cannot tolerate pneumatophore submergence
              for long periods of time. From a management standpoint, it is
              obvious that management of an impoundment should never be
              abandoned without first establishing a tidal connection, either
              through open culverts or by breaching the dike. Both extent and
              duration of flooding are important and must be monitored and
              adjusted frequently if vegetation damage is to be avoided.

KEYWORDS:     vegetation/vegetation dynamics/marshes/Florida/east-central
              Florida/mangroves/black mangroves/impoundments/submergence/
              management/abandoned/Indian River Lagoon,Florida/Batis/
              Salicornia/salt marshes/red mangroves/dike

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1750

AUTHOR:       Race, M. S. and Fonseca, M. S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Fixing compensatory mitigation: What will it take?

SOURCE:       Ecological Applications 6:94-101

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Based on reviews of both published literature and agency reports,
              our survey of past mitigation projects nationwide indicates that
              the success rate of permit-linked mitigation projects remains low
              overall. To prevent continued loss of wetlands under compensatory
              mitigation, decisive action must be taken by placing emphasis on
              improving compliance, generating desired acreages, and maintaining
              a true baseline.

KEYWORDS:     mitigation/losses/wetlands/compensatory mitigation/habitat
              mitigation/habitat replacement/man-made wetlands/mitigation
              failures/mitigation policies/permit compliance/restoration of
              aquatic ecosystems/wetlands management/wetlands restoration

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1751

AUTHOR:       Pastorok, R. A., MacDonald, A., Sampson, J. R., Wilber, P.,
              Yozzo, D. J., and Titre, J. P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        An ecological decision framework for environmental restoration
              projects

SOURCE:       Ecological Engineering 9:89-107

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Ecosystem restoration projects require planning and monitoring
              to maximize project success relative to costs, yet many projects
              completed thus far have been planned on an ad hoc, consensus basis
              and are virtually ignored after revegetation at the site is
              complete. We describe a formalized planning process geared
              specifically to the needs of ecological restoration projects.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/ecosystem restoration/cost/revegetation/technique/
              monitoring

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1752

AUTHOR:       Nichols, A. B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Constructed wetlands: A key to riparian restoration

SOURCE:       Water Environment & Technology 3:-6, 9, 11

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A multi-year wetlands research project that began in 1988 shows
              that constructed wetlands can play a major role in the restoration
              of riparian systems. The Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration
              Project is being conducted in the Des Plaines River floodplain
              some 56 km (35 mi) north of Chicago, Ill. The Des Plaines project
              involves restoring an area of the river that was degraded from
              agricultural runoff and urban development. The wetlands and the
              prairies, upland riverine areas that are also being restored as
              part of the project, have begun to attract migratory waterfowl
              including species that are not native to this area.

KEYWORDS:     constructed wetlands/wetlands/riparian/restoration/floodplain/
              agricultural/waterfowl/Illinois/Des Plaines River

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1753

AUTHOR:       Langston, M. A. and Kent, D. M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Fish recruitment to a constructed wetland

SOURCE:       Journal of Freshwater Ecology 12:123-129

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A 31.6 ha isolated, constructed wetland in east central Florida
              was sampled for fish over a two year period. A rich and abundant
              fish community rapidly developed. This fish community was similar
              to natural fish communities of the region. Compared to the fish
              community of the adjacent canal and Lake Tohopekaliga the study
              site fish community is less rich. But, both the canal and lake
              are parts of large natural, waterway/waterbody complexes. Study
              site richness compares favorably with richness of the
              constructed Iron Bridge and Sand Lake Road wetlands, even
              though these wetlands are hydrologically connected to natural
              wetlands.

KEYWORDS:     fishes/recruitment/constructed wetlands/central Florida/Florida/
              wetlands/natural wetlands/east-central Florida/two-year study/
              fish recruitment/fish communities

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1754

AUTHOR:       Kentula, M. E., Sifneos, J. C., Good, J. W., Rylko, M., and
              Kunz, K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Trends and patterns in Section 404 permitting requiring
              compensatory mitigation in Oregon and Washington, USA

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 16:109-119

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The effects of permitting decisions made under Section 404 of the
              Clean Water Act for which compensatory mitigation was required
              were examined. Information was compiled on permits issued in Oregon
              (January 1977-January 1987) and Washington (1980-1986). The 58
              permits issued during the years of concern in Oregon document
              impacts to 82 wetlands and the creation of 80. The total area of
              wetland impacted was 74 ha while 42 ha were created, resulting in
              a net loss of 32 ha or 43%. The 35 permits issued in Washington
              document impacts to 72 wetlands and the creation of 52. The total
              area of wetland impacted was 61 ha while 45 ha were created,
              resulting in a net loss of 16 ha or 26%. The wetland types created
              most often were not always the same as those impacted; therefore,
              local gains and losses of certain types occurred. In both states
              the greatest net loss in area was in freshwater marshes. The data
              readily available were either incomplete or of poor quality.

KEYWORDS:     Section 404/compensatory mitigation/mitigation/Oregon/Washington/
              impacts/wetlands/creation/losses/gains/marshes/Clean Water Act/
              wetlands creation/Pacific Northwest

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1755

AUTHOR:       Turner, R. E. and Lewis, R. R. III

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Hydrologic restoration of coastal wetlands

SOURCE:       Wetlands Ecology and Management 4:65-72

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Hydrologic modification of coastal wetlands is pervasive,
              continuing and longstanding in the US. Appreciation for the
              subtleties of the direct and indirect effects of hydrologic
              changes on emergent vegetation, soils and co-dependent flora
              and fauna is contributing to restoration efforts. Science is
              contributing to the management interest by providing
              documentation of the past and present failures and successes,
              and, unveiling the fundamental understanding necessary to move
              from one wetland to another in an informed and adaptable manner.

KEYWORDS:     hydrologic restoration/restoration/coastal/coastal wetlands/
              wetlands/emergent vegetation/vegetation/soils/fauna/management/
              wetlands restoration/hydrology/coastal ecosystems/science and
              management/soil

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1756

AUTHOR:       Trexler, J. C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Restoration of the Kissimmee River: A conceptual model of past and
              present fish communities and its consequences for evaluating
              restoration success

SOURCE:       Restoration Ecology 3:195-210

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Most studies of recovery of disturbed lentic ecosystems indicate
              rapid responses by macroinvertebrate and fish communities, requiring
              between one and three years (Niemi et al. 1990). The review by
              Niemi et al. (1990) indicated less than one year for zooplankton
              to return to pre-disturbance density after short-duration stress
              and up to 3.5 years after habitat disturbance of long duration.
              Macroinvertebrates also recover relatively rapidly from
              short-duration stresses, generally regaining predisturbance density
              in less than 18 months, while recovery from longer-duration stress
              takes longer, in some instances many years. Fish responses
              generally lag behind plant and invertebrate recovery. All fish
              species necessary for community recovery are already present in
              the Kissimmee River, so recovery of community composition should
              be limited solely by habitat restoration and plant and
              invertebrate recovery processes. Fish size and age structure
              should return over the life span of the longest-lived species
              in the community.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/Kissimmee River/model/fishes/zooplankton/habitat/
              disturbance/macroinvertebrates/fish communities/central Florida

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1757

AUTHOR:       Wayne, L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        How do you know when you've made a marsh? Evaluating wetland
              restoration based on vegetation and sedimentation patterns

SOURCE:       Restoration & Management Notes 15:-88

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Since 1990, a variety of ecological factors including vegetation
              patterns and sedimentation were monitored at the San Leandro salt
              marsh restoration area. After four years, the vegetative cover at
              the restoration area measures from 60 to 75 percent, which is
              near that of a natural marsh. Species diversity, however, is 40
              percent lower than a natural marsh. Pickleweed (Salicornia
              virginica) is the dominant plant species.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands restoration/restoration/vegetation/salt marshes/marsh
              restoration/natural marshes/diversity/vegetative cover/species
              diversity/four-year study/Salicornia

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1758

AUTHOR:       Thorson, R. M. and Harris, S. L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        How "natural" are inland wetlands? An example from the Trail
              Wood Audubon Sanctuary in Connecticut, USA

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 15:675-687

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Artificial wetlands can be naturally mitigated in less than a
              century of healing, even in the absence of deliberate management.
              Our objectives are to show how geological methods may be used
              to reconstruct the sequence of events, to document the
              postglacial stratigraphy at this site, and to illustrate how
              rapidly this wetland revegetated and "recovered" after an
              apparently unrecognized disturbance. The Teal sancturary is an
              artificial wetland, mitigated so completely by natural
              processes that it gave the illusion of wilderness in less than
              a century. We must base our strategies for management of small
              inland wetlands on what we can learn of their ecological values.
              They must be preserved for the right reasons.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/Connecticut/artificial/artificial wetlands/management/
              disturbance/inland wetlands/values/naturally mitigated/small
              inland wetlands/northeastern Connecticut/wetland history/human
              impact/wilderness/geology


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1759

AUTHOR:       Thibodeau, F. R. and Nickerson, N. H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Changes in a wetland plant association induced by impoundment
              and draining

SOURCE:       Biological Conservation 33:269-279

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The results from both treatments suggest that draining has a
              more immediate and longer lasting effect than short-term
              flooding. One year of draining allowed the establishment of
              plants that appear to be able to persist as adults once a more
              normal flooding pattern has been reestablished. In contrast,
              several years of flooding were necessary before the vegetation
              shifted in response. Even short-term alterations in the
              flooding cycle caused by construction and similar activities
              should be expected to have an impact on the plant association
              of wetlands.

KEYWORDS:     impoundments/plants/vegetation/wetlands/wetland plant
              association/draining/shrub swamp/Massachusetts


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1760

AUTHOR:       Wilen, B. O. and Frayer, W. E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Status and trends of U.S. wetlands and deepwater habitats

SOURCE:       Forest Ecology and Management 33/34:181-192

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Approximately 215 million acres of wetlands existed in the
              conterminous U.S. at the time of the nations' settlement. By the
              mid-1970's, 99 million acres remained. Half of these wetlands
              are forested. Annual wetland losses averaged 458 000 acres. Of
              these losses, 66% are forested wetlands. Agricultural
              development was responsible for 87% of wetland losses and 90%
              of the losses of forested wetlands.The greatest single net loss
              was in palustrine vegetated wetlands. Nearly all the net loss
              was due to agriculture.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/habitat/wetland losses/losses/forested wetlands/
              agricultural/status/U.S.wetlands

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1761

AUTHOR:       Weller, M. W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Use of two waterbird guilds as evaluation tools for the
              Kissimmee River restoration

SOURCE:       Restoration Ecology 3:211-224

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Two groups of waterbirds have been chosen to assist in measuring
              the success of restoration of the traditional channel
              configuration, hydrologic regimes, and floodplain wetlands of the
              Kissimmee River: waterfowl (Anseriformes) and waders
              (Ciconiiformes). Both can be censused by well-established air
              and ground techniques, and both can be used to compare
              post-restoration with channelized or pre-channelization
              population data (waterfowl) or bird use of channelized versus
              restored wetlands (waders). In addition to use of population
              data, species richness and regularity of occurrence should
              provide a basis for assessing restoration of biological
              integrity. Predicted responses to restoration suggest an
              increase in species richness and number of individuals of many
              species.

KEYWORDS:     Kissimmee River/restoration/waterbirds/hydrologic regimes/
              floodplain/wetlands/waterfowl/technique/bird use/species richness/
              Anseriformes/waders/Ciconiiformes/regularity of occurrence/
              population data/Florida

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1762

AUTHOR:       Weller, J. D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Restoration of a south Florida forested wetland

SOURCE:       Ecological Engineering 5:143-151

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A rewatering project conducted at Fern Forest Nature Center
              in Pompano Beach, Florida, USA, has rejuvenated and restored
              an area of south Florida forested wetland to its pre-drainage
              condition in three years, assured the survival of the park's
              34 rare and endangered fern species and encouraged the
              natural return of 16 wetland bird species, 8 fish species, 6
              species of turtles, 6 species of snakes, 5 snails, 2 frog
              species, and even the American alligator.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/Florida/forested wetlands/cypress/maple swamp/
              groundwater recharge/rewatering project/south Florida/birds/
              fishes/herpetofauna/snails


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1763

AUTHOR:       Young, P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        The "new science" of wetland restoration

SOURCE:       Environmental Science & Technology 30:292A-296A

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The largest wetlands restoration project ever attempted is being
              planned for the Florida Everglades over the next two decades to
              try to reestablish the Everglades' unique wetland landscape.
              The realization of the importance of wetlands, which ecologists
              often refer to as "nature's kidneys" for their water-cleansing
              powers, has grown since the 1960's.  A surge in wetlands
              construction occurred in the early 1980's, and many such efforts
              proved wasted and wasteful.  Projects often failed to provide
              the proper conditions for wetlands to thrive.  Constructed
              wetlands demand an inter disciplinary approach.  The thrust is
              to better understand the importance of each individual wetland
              component -- water, soil, plants -- their interactions, and how
              best to integrate this knowledge to closely match natural
              wetlands.  By far, water is the most important of the three.
              Despite their great diversity, wetlands share a common feature:
              fluctuating water levels.  A key requirement for any successful
              wetlands construction is getting the correct hydroperiod, the
              length of time and the time of year when the land is inundated
              or saturated with water.  Constructed wetlands have succeeded
              when targeted to a specific function such as waste-water
              treatment, wildlife habitat, sediment retention, erosion
              prevention, or reduction of acidity in mine runoff.  Joy B.
              Zedler and her colleagues are working with two constructed marsh
              areas in the Sweetwater Marsh National Wildlife Refuge in San
              Diego Bay.  A decade after construction of the first marsh, the
              project still falls short of some of the criteria.  The project
              quickly met its goals for the least tern and in November 1995
              the Fish and Wildlife Service judged that the salt marsh bird's
              beak had reached an acceptable level of growth.  The clapper
              rail, however, has not found the constructed marshes an acceptable
              habitat.  The Everglades restoration project was created by the
              Everglades Forever Act.  The act envisions a comprehensive cleanup
              and restoration designed to reestablish the Everglades landscape
              to the extent practicable.  A key feature in this effort involves
              the construction of some 43,000 acres of wetlands.  In recent
              decades, runoff waters enriched in phosphorus have disrupted the
              flora and fauna that have thrived in the Everglades.  Scientists
              have turned to constructed wetlands to help remove the phosphorus.
              And so far, results are promising.  However, reliance on
              constructed wetlands in such a long-term project may be outpacing
              the scientific knowledge. Wetlands' long-term nutrient removal
              rate has yet to be demonstrated, and concerns related to "wetland
              aging" and decreased removal rates have to be addressed.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands restoration/restoration/wetlands/Florida/Everglades/
              landscape/wetlands construction/constructed wetlands/plants/
              natural wetlands/diversity/hydroperiod/function/wastewater/
              wildlife/wildlife habitat/habitat/San Diego,California/San
              Diego Bay/California least tern/salt marsh bird's-beak/
              light-footed clapper rail/marshes/phosphorus/fauna/endangered
              species/southern California/Sweetwater National Wildlife
              Refuge/soil/sediment/erosion/tern/bird's-beak/clapper rail/
              constructed marshes

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1764

AUTHOR:       Glubiak, P. G., Nowka, R. H., and Mitsch, W. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Federal and state management of inland wetlands: Are states
              ready to assume control?

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 10:145-156

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   As inland wetlands face increasing pressure for development,
              both the federal government and individual states have begun
              reevaluating their respective wetland regulatory schemes.  This
              article focuses first on the effectiveness of the past, present,
              and proposed federal regulations, most notably the Section 404,
              Dredge and Fill Permit Program, in dealing with shrinking
              wetland resources.  The article then addresses the status of
              state involvement in this largely federal area, as well as
              state preparedness to assume primacy should federal priorities
              change.  Finally, the subject of comprehensive legislation for
              wetland protection is investigated, and the article concludes
              with some procedural suggestions for developing a model law.

KEYWORDS:     management/inland wetlands/wetlands/regulation/Section 404/
              status/protection/dredge and fill permit/state wetland laws/
              wetland protection/U.S.Army Corps of Engineers/Clean Water Act/
              public policy/dredge and fill/model

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1765

AUTHOR:       Tsihrintzis, V. A., Vasarhelyi, G. M., and Lipa, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Multiobjective approaches in freshwater wetland restoration and
              design

SOURCE:       Water International 20:98-105

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Wetland protection laws, regulations, and management plans only
              started appearing in the 1970s.  It is believed that more than 35
              per cent of wetlands in the U.S.A. were lost between historic
              times and 1950, and a significant additional percentage between
              1950 and the present.  Today, the federal government of the U.S.A.
              protects wetlands as "waters of the United States", through a
              dredge and fill permit, regulated by the U.S. Army Corps of
              Engineers and mandated by Section 404 of the 1977 Clean Water
              Act Amendments.  Other federal agencies including the U.S. Fish
              and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
              (EPA) also protect wetlands.  At the State level, regulation is
              through state Fish and Game or Conservation agencies.  The trend
              is not only to protect existing wetlands from further destruction
              by development activities, but in addition, to encourage
              restoration of historic wetlands and creation of new constructed
              wetlands.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands restoration/restoration/wetland protection/protection/
              regulation/management/wetlands/dredge and fill permit/Section 404/
              Clean Water Act/wildlife/EPA/creation/constructed wetlands/
              freshwater wetlands/dredge and fill

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1766

AUTHOR:       Woodhouse, W. W. Jr., Seneca, E. D., and Broome, S. W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Building tidal marsh with dredge spoil

SOURCE:       North Carolina State Research and Farming 32:8-9

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The value of tidal marsh for shoreline protection is well known.
              Such marsh also provides a nursery ground and source of energy
              for many of our commercial and sports fishery species.  The
              acreage of this valuable habitat has been shrinking rapidly.
              Steps are being taken by State and Federal agencies to protect
              such areas.  One step involves the use of dredge spoil to
              establish new marsh.  Our studies were designed to combine two
              objectives -- stabilize dredge spoil while establishing new tidal
              marsh.  The past two years have been devoted to examining a number
              of aspects.  Establishment of new Spartina alterniflora marsh on
              some spoil areas is feasible with complete cover to be expected
              in two growing seasons.

KEYWORDS:     dredge spoil/spoil/protection/fisheries/fishery species/habitat/
              Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/tidal marshes/smooth cordgrass/
              North Carolina/created wetlands/tidal marsh

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1767
AUTHOR:       Zedler, J. B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Ecological issues in wetland mitigation: An introduction to the
              forum

SOURCE:       Ecological Applications 6:33-37

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Wetland mitigation projects are changing the nation's landscapes,
              with habitat in one area being created or restored to compensate
              for damages in another.  Ecologists are beginning to document
              substantial differences between what is lost and gained in the
              process, and the balance sheet often comes up short.  Of great
              concern is whether either wetland area or wetland functions are
              sustained by such trades.  The following papers comprise a
              forum of responses to mitigation policies and projects.

KEYWORDS:     wetland mitigation/mitigation/landscape/habitat/wetland functions/
              function/mitigation policies/policies/compensatory mitigation/
              constructed vs.natural wetlands/ecological issues/ecosystem
              development/functional equivalency/restoration planning/southern
              California habitat management/status of wetland resource

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1768

AUTHOR:       Wolf, R. B., Lee, L. C., and Sharitz, R. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetland Creation and Restoration in the United States from 1970
              to 1985: An Annotated Bibliography.  Special Issue

SOURCE:       Wetlands 6:-88 pp

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This bibliography deals with the creation of new and restoration
              of disturbed salt and freshwater wetlands in the United States
              since 1970.  In selecting publications we emphasized site
              engineering and plant propagation.  Reports of wetland
              restoration and creation projects from more than 30 states are
              cited.  Most artificial wetlands have been developed either by
              the Federal government or by private contractors in response to
              Federal mitigation regulations.  Thus the majority of the
              documents cited here are not from the refereed scientific
              literature.

KEYWORDS:     creation/restoration/wetlands/freshwater wetlands/artificial/
              artificial wetlands/mitigation/regulation/plants/coastal
              wetlands

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1769

AUTHOR:       Lee, J. G., Nishijima, W., Mukai, T., Takimoto, K., Seiki, T.,
              Hiraoka, K., and Okada, M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1998

TITLE:        Factors to determine the functions and structures in natural
              and constructed tidal flats

SOURCE:       Water Research 32:2601-2606

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of design
              criteria and environmental conditions of the site of created
              tidal flats on the structure and fucntion of the man-made
              ecosystem.  Seven constructed tidal flats and three natural
              tidal flats were studied.  The bacterial population in the soil
              of the constructed tidal flats were one to two orders of
              magnitude lower than that in the natural ones.  Biomass of
              macrobenthos and microbial respiration rate, however, were not
              significantly different between the natural and the constructed
              tidal flats.  To make man-made tidal flats with the same
              characteristics as those in natural ones, man-made tidal flats
              should be designed and/or located to enhance the accumulation of
              silt on the tidal flat.  It is important to select a place having
              low water motion and to construct a flat with small slope.

KEYWORDS:     function/biomass/macrobenthos/natural tidal flats/constructed
              tidal flats/silt/benthic organisms/respiration/Hiroshima,Japan/
              Japan/soil


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1770

AUTHOR:       West, T. L. and Rulifson, R. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Structure and function of man-made and natural wetlands in the
              Pamlico River estuary, North Carolina

SOURCE:       American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting 117:-94

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Structure of an eleven acre man-made marsh, and of three nearby
              control creeks, was compared by determining temporal changes in
              species composition and abundance of the resident finfish and
              benthic invertebrate communities.  The finfish communities of
              the nam-made marsh and the control creeks were similar with
              respect to both species composition and seasonal changes in
              species abundance.  The benthic invertebrate communities of
              both man-made and natural areas were also similar.

KEYWORDS:     function/natural wetlands/wetlands/estuaries/North Carolina/
              species abundance/finfish/benthic invertebrates/man-made
              wetlands/Pamlico River

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1771

AUTHOR:       Nuttle, T. and Burger, L. W. Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Response of breeding bird communities to restoration of
              hardwood bottomlands

SOURCE:       Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Fish
              and Wildlife Agencies 50:228-236

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Much of the original hardwood bottomland in the Mississippi Alluvial
              Valley is converted to crop lands.  Land management agencies began
              restoring hardwood bottomland because of its importance to wildlife.
              To provide an initial evaluation of progress toward restoration,
              we used point counts to compare bird communities among plantations
              of 0 to 4, 7 to 15, and 21 to 27 years in age with natural sawtimber
              stands (>50 years in age) in the southern Delta region of Mississippi
              in 1994 and 1995.  Mean number of species per point (species richness)
              increased with stand age (P < 0.05).  Mean total abundance did not
              differ among age classes.  Relative to bird communities of natural
              sawtimber forest at Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge and Delta National
              Forest, respectively, Morisita's index of similarity was 85.4% and
              74.3% for 21- to 27-year-old plantations, 41.9% and 35.0% for 7- to
              15-year-old plantations and 4.6% and 2.6% for 0- to 4-year-old
              plantations.  Plantations in the 21- to 27- and 7- to 15-year-old
              age classes supported a substantial portion of the potential forest
              bird community, but still lacked area-sensitive and certain
              late-successional species.  Plantations in the youngest age class
              were dominated by 2 abundant species, red-winged blackbird (Agelaius
              phoeniceus) and dickcissel (Spiza americana).  Nevertheless, young
              plantations provide temporary habitat for regionally declining
              grassland bird species.  Management prescriptions that mimic
              natural succession such as mixed plantings or thinning might
              enhance the restoration effort and promote earlier colonization
              by mature forest birds.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/Mississippi/management/wildlife/species richness/
              habitat/succession/colonization/birds/bottomland hardwood forests

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1772

AUTHOR:       Dowd, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Effect of development on bird species composition of two urban
              forested wetlands in Staten Island, New York

SOURCE:       Journal of Field Ornithology 63:455-461

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Urban development often results in removal, fragmentation and
              degradation of woodland habitat.  A 2-yr breeding bird census
              was conducted at two urban, forested wetlands in Staten Island,
              Richmond County, New York, to evaluate the influence of
              development on bird species composition.  Bird species
              composition at the Richmond Creek site, a habitat fragment
              surrounded by development, was dominated by non-forest,
              urban-resident and human-attracted species.  The Latourette Park
              site, located within a wooded parcel in the Staten Island
              Greenbelt, supported significantly more forest-interior and
              human-intolerant species.  The two sites did not differ
              significantly in the number of migrant or resident bird species.
              The study indicates that forest islands in New York City can
              provide nesting habitat for area-sensitive bird species, but
              development that encroaches upon or degrades these habitats
              promotes the urbanization of the forest bird community.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/forested wetlands/wetlands/New York/birds/species
              diversity

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1773

AUTHOR:       Delphey, P. J. and Dinsmore, J. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Breeding bird communities of recently restored and natural
              prairie potholes

SOURCE:       Wetlands 13:200-206

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   We compared the breeding bird communities of natural and
              recently restored prairie potholes in northern Iowa in 1989
              and 1990.  Species richness of breeding birds was higher
              (P < 0.05) at natural wetlands, although duck pair counts and
              species richness were not significantly different between
              wetland types (P < 0.1).  Common yellowthroat (Geothlypis
              trichas), red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), marsh
              wren (Cistothorus palustris), and swamp sparrow (Melospiza
              georgiana) were each more abundant at natural than at restored
              wetlands during at least one year (P < 0.05).  Full recovery
              of breeding bird communities at restored prairie potholes will
              likely not occur without establishment of wet-meadow and low
              prairie habitat for these species.  Brown-headed cowbirds
              (Molothrus ater) parasitized a significantly greater
              proportion of red-winged blackbird nests at natural than at
              restored wetlands, probably due to lack of tree perches in the
              latter from which to search for nests to parasitize.
              Incomplete development of typical vegetation structure evidently
              depresses breeding bird species richness at recently restored
              prairie potholes.    Drought the year before and during the
              first year of our study undoubtedly affected our results.
              Similar studies should be conducted during periods of
              relatively high precipitation to complement our results.

KEYWORDS:     prairie pothole/wetland restoration/Iowa/breeding bird
              communities/ducks/drought/brown-headed cowbirds/brood
              parasitism/prairie potholes/species richness/birds/wetlands/
              habitat/northern Iowa/natural wetlands/restored wetlands/
              vegetation/breeding bird species richness

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1774

AUTHOR:       Shear, T. H., Lent, T. J., and Fraver, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Comparison of restored and mature bottomland hardwood forests
              of southwestern Kentucky

SOURCE:       Restoration Ecology 4:111-123

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   We evaluated 50-year-old bottomland forests in southwestern
              Kentucky restored from agriculture by planting and natural
              regeneration in terms of their development toward mature forests.
              We described and compared the structure and composition of the
              plant communities of three stands of each type (planted,
              naturally regenerated, and mature).  Increment cores were
              analyzed to reconstruct developmental trends.  Future trends
              were predicted from analyses of the midstory and understory
              composition.  Both planting and natural regeneration adequately
              replaced the structural attributes of the historical bottomland
              forest.  The existing structural differences are expected to
              diminish over time.  Neither regeneration method replaced the
              wildlife value of the mature bottomland forests due to
              insufficient establishment and subsequent ingrowth of heavy mast
              species (particularly oaks and hickories).  There was evidence
              that the understory species compositions of the restored forest
              types were similar to that of the mature stand type.  All
              forests, including the mature stands, appeared to be succeeding
              from hydric to mesic species compositions as a result of
              human-altered hydrology and natural floodplain processes.  We
              speculate that the historical bottomland species composition
              will probably not persist on any of the study sites in the long
              term.

KEYWORDS:     bottomland hardwood forests/wildlife/comparison/southwestern
              Kentucky/regeneration/plant communities/oaks/hydrology/
              floodplain/restoration/forested wetlands/natural regeneration/
              planted wetlands/plant species composition/tree species/
              long-term effects/plant community development

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1775

AUTHOR:       Shy, E., Beckerman, S., Oron, T., and Frankenberg, E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1998

TITLE:        Repopulation and colonization by birds in the Agmon wetland,
              Israel

SOURCE:       Wetlands Ecology and Management 6:159-167

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Lake Hula and its surrounding wetland in northern Israel were
              drained in the late 1950s and the dried wetlands were transformed
              into a diverse agricultural region with a 0.3 km2 nature reserve.
              A portion of the extinct Hula wetland was re-flooded in April
              1994 by constructing a small lake, Agmon, and 90 km of canals.
              The purposes of this study were (a) to document the re-population
              and colonization of the new Agmon wetland by birds after its
              flooding, (b) to evaluate bird species richness in this new
              wetland in comparison to that in a nearby mature Hula Nature
              Reserve, and, (c) to investigate if the species originally
              present in the Hula Valley before the drainage had been
              re-established.  The new lake has succeeded in attracting a
              large variety of water birds to the newly formed habitats,
              especially ducks, egrets and herons, plovers, waders and snipes.
              The distribution of bird species among the different habitats
              was not random.  The northern section of the lake, which is
              shallow and has an open shore, had the largest number of species
              during 1995 and 1996 and was preferred by plovers, waders and
              snipes.  A large roosting and breeding colony of thousands of
              egrets and herons was formed in the dense cattails (Typha
              domingensis) in the southern section of the lake.  Unlike the
              nearby Hula Nature Reserve, the new wetland lacks a large
              seasonally flooded area without vegetation and attracts few
              of the species that regularly feed in this habitat in the
              reserve.  The new wetland enlarges the area of only a few of
              the habitats found in the nearby reserve and therefore
              attracts fewer speciess than it might otherwise.
              Recommendations for management of the new wetland include
              increased diversity of habitats, restriction of human
              activities and optimization of conflicts that have arisen
              between the needs of the wetland and those of nearby
              agriculture.

KEYWORDS:     birds/flooding/Hula/waterfowl/wetlands/colonization/species
              richness/comparison/habitat/ducks/vegetation/management/
              agricultural/egrets/herons/waders/cattails/Typha/diversity/
              Israel/restoration

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1776

AUTHOR:       Parker, G. R., Petrie, M. J., and Sears, D. T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Waterfowl distribution relative to wetland acidity

SOURCE:       Journal of Wildlife Management 56:268-274

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   We measured the influence of water acidity on the presence
              of fish and abundance of aquatic invertebrates to better
              understand how those variables influence the distribution
              of waterfowl broods on unmanaged freshwater wetlands in
              southern New Brunswick.  Broods of piscivorous waterfowl
              were most common on wetlands with pH  5.5; whereas
              wetland selection by broods of insectivores was unaffected
              by acidity.  Wetlands with the most invertebrates and
              most broods and ducklings of insectivores contained no
              fish.  Abundance of aquatic invertebrates was most
              important in influencing use of wetlands by insectivorous
              waterfowl, especially American black duck (Anas rubripes).
              Biomass (dried mass) and diversity of aquatic invertebrates
              were greater (P < 0.005) on wetlands where black duck
              broods 1-36 days old were observed than on wetlands where
              broods of those ages were not seen.  There were no
              (p > 0.10) differences in invertebrate mass or diversity
              between wetlands with and without black duck broods 37-55
              days old.  It appears that the presence of fish and/or high
              acidity affect wetland selection by broods of black ducks
              when they are young, but broods may choose wetlands based
              on criteria other than invertebrate abundance as they age
              and plants become more important in their diets.

KEYWORDS:     waterfowl/invertebrates/brood/freshwater wetlands/wetlands/
              ducklings/aquatic invertebrates/diversity/ducks/foraging/
              fishes/black ducks/Anas rubripes/piscivorous/insectivorous/
              Canada/acidity/species distribution/plants/pH/biomass

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1777

AUTHOR:       Brown, S. C. and Smith, C. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1998

TITLE:        Breeding season bird use of recently restored versus natural
              wetlands in New York

SOURCE:       Journal of Wildlife Management 62:1480-1491

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Restoration of drained wetlands may contribute significantly to
              conservation of habitats for wetland birds, and state and
              federal agencies throughout the country rely on restoration
              and creation of wetlands to mitigate habitat losses to
              development.  However, it is unclear if restored systems
              replace the habitat functions of natural wetlands, and few
              direct comparisons of multiple sites have been made.  Three
              years after restoration, we compared relative abundance and
              density of birds using 18 restored wetlands and 8 natural
              wetlands located in northern New York.  Birds were classified
              as wetland dependent, wetland associated, or nonwetland.
              Abundances of species and of individuals in all 3 groups did
              not differ (P > 0.05) between restored and natural wetlands
              in any year.  Densities of species in all 3 groups were
              consistently but not significantly lower at restored sites.
              Densities of individuals in the wetland-associated category
              and nonwetland category were significantly lower at restored
              sites for the first 2 years following restoration.  Bird
              communities were significantly less similar between restored
              and natural sites than among restored sites.  However, many
              of these differences may not persist following natural
              successional development of the restored sites.  The
              long-term persistence of appropriate plant communities will
              determine whether or not restored sites provide bird habitat
              comparable to natural wetlands.  The restoration program
              successfully increased the amount of bird habitat available
              in the region.  However, hectare-for-hectare, the restored
              wetland sites did not replace the habitat functions of natural
              wetlands during the time period of this study.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/bird habitat/birds/restoration/New York/natural
              wetlands/habitat/comparison/restored wetland/plant communities/
              freshwater wetlands/palustrine wetland/bird use/drained
              wetlands/wetland birds/creation/losses/function/northern
              New York/emergent wetlands/restored wetlands/shrub wetlands

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1778

AUTHOR:       Lillie, R. A. and Evrand, J. O.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Influence of macroinvertebrates and macrophytes on waterfowl
              utilization of wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of
              northwestern Wisconsin

SOURCE:       Hydrobiologia 279/280:235-246

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Waterfowl and limnological data were monitored on Waterfowl
              Production Area (WPA) wetlands in northwestern Wisconsin
              over a 6-yr period (1983-88) to determine the impact of
              macroinvertebrates and macrophytes on waterfowl utilization.
              Interrelationships between limnological conditions and Waterfowl
              Breeding Pair Densities (BPDs reported as pairs/ha water surface)
              were analyzed using correlation and general linear model
              analysis techniques.  Annual changes in waterfowl BPDs
              differed between wetlands according to differences in the
              structure of macrophyte communities and basin morphometry.
              The strength of associations differed between the two
              dominant waterfowl species.  In a wetland dominated by dense
              stands of submersed vegetation, annual fluctuations in
              blue-winged teal (Anas discors) BPDs corresponded directly with
              changes in macrophyte biomass, but not with changes in
              macroinvertebrate density.  In a nearby less densely vegetated
              wetland of similar water chemistry and trophic status,
              fluctuations in teal BPDs corresponded directly with changes
              in macroinvertebrate density, but not with changes in macrophyte
              biomass.  These associations occurred despite a significant
              positive correlation between macroinvertebrates and macrophyte
              biomass in the latter habitat.  Annual fluctuations in mallard
              (Anas platyrhynchos) BPDs were not correlated significantly
              with either macrophyte biomass or macroinvertebrate density
              in either wetland.

KEYWORDS:     macroinvertebrates/waterfowl/wetlands/prairie pothole/
              vegetation/biomass/habitat/mallard/Anas platyrhynchos/
              macrophytes/Wisconsin/water chemistry/status/Anas discors/
              blue-winged teal/breeding bird communities/breeding
              habitat/breeding pair densities (BPDs)/long-term
              monitoring

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1779

AUTHOR:       Benoit, L. K. and Askins, R. A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1999

TITLE:        Impact of the spread of Phragmites on the distribution of
              birds in Connecticut tidal marshes

SOURCE:       Wetlands 19:194-208

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Dense monocultures of Phragmites australis (common reed) have
              been rapidly expanding in Connecticut's tidal wetlands at the
              expense of cordgrass (Spartina spp.) and cattail (Typha spp.).
              Bird and vegetation surveys in 40 salt and brackish marshes
              showed that there were significantly fewer species of birds
              and state-listed species in Phragmites-dominated wetlands
              than in short-grass marshes.  Seaside Sparrow, Saltmarsh
              Sharp-tailed Sparrow, and Willet, three marsh specialists
              adapted to nesting in short graminoids, had low frequencies
              in plots dominated by Phragmites.  Marsh Wren and Swamp
              Sparrow, however, are marsh specialists that prefer tall,
              reedy vegetation, and both species had significantly greater
              densities at sites with more Phragmites or cattail.  Although
              the bird communities of cattail sites and Phragmites sites
              were similar, the abundance of Virginia Rails was positively
              correlated with percent cover of cattail but not Phragmites.
              The extent of pools was positively related to bird species
              richness in short-grass meadows but not in Phragmites plots.
              In Phragmites-dominated wetlands, the height and density of
              reed stands may inhibit bird use of any pools that are
              present.  Muskrats create pools that may enhance bird species
              richness, but populations of this mammal have dwindled during
              the same period that Phragmites increased in Connecticut's
              marshes.  Although a few species may benefit from reed invasion,
              it has a negative impact on some marsh bird species that have
              already declined.  These findings support the continued need
              for marsh restoration and the control of common reed.  The
              distinctly different habitat requirements of different
              species of marsh birds argues for the need to conserve large
              marsh complexes with a diversity of habitat types.

KEYWORDS:     birds/marshes/wetlands/Typha/vegetation/species richness/bird
              use/restoration/habitat/diversity/Phragmites australis/common
              reed/cattails/tidal marshes/Seaside Sparrow/Saltmarsh
              Sharp-tailed Sparrow/Willet/Virginia Rail/muskrats/salt
              marshes/Connecticut/tidal wetlands/cordgrass/Spartina/
              vegetation surveys/brackish marshes/meadow/marsh restoration

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1780

AUTHOR:       Buffington, J. M., Kilgo, J. C., Sargent, R. A.,
              Miller, K.V., and Chapman, B. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Comparison of breeding bird communities in bottomland
              hardwood forests of different successional stages

SOURCE:       Wilson Bulletin 109:314-319

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RESPONSE:

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CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   We compared avian abundance, species richness, and species
              diversity among bottomland hardwood forests of three
              successional stages in South Carolina.  The early-successional
              creek had greater avian abundance than the other creeks,
              significantly greater than the mid-successional bottomlands.
              Richness and diversity generally were greater in the two
              later successional bottomlands.  The late-seral stage
              contained a greater abundance of Neotropical migratory
              species and forest interior birds than the other two sites.
              Results of this study emphasize the importance of mature
              bottomlands as habitat for a number of interior and Neotropical
              migrant species.  Maintenance of these habitats is important
              because the populations of many interior species and
              Neotropical migrants likely are declining.  These results
              also demonstrate the changes in the avian community along a
              successional gradient.  Maximizing avian species composition
              may require proper design and management of forested
              bottomlands to secure the future for species currently
              losing habitat.

KEYWORDS:     comparison/breeding bird communities/bottomland hardwood
              forests/species richness/species diversity/diversity/birds/
              habitat/management/South Carolina/species composition/
              abundance/recovery/succession/thermal pollution

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1781

AUTHOR:       Hanowski, J. M., Niemi, G. J., Lima, A. R., and Regal, R. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1997

TITLE:        Response of breeding birds to mosquito control treatments of
              wetlands

SOURCE:       Wetlands 17:485-492

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CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   We examined the possible effects of mosquito control
              treatments of wetlands with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
              (Bti, applied as Vectobac-G granules) and methoprene
              (applied as Altosid sand granules) on wetland breeding bird
              communities.  Data collected two years before (1988 and 1990)
              were compared to data collected three years after (1991-1993)
              treatments were applied.  Total numbers of species and
              individuals observed remained relatively constant throughout
              the study period, but several individual species varied
              annually, most likely due to changes in water levels and
              habitat available.  We found no effect of Bti or methoprene
              treatments on the bird community or on 19 individual bird
              species.  The few differences that were observed between
              control and treatment were inconsistent over time and were
              likely due to chance because of the large number of
              comparisons that were completed.  Despite relatively large
              reductions of aquatic insects (including mosquitoes) in
              mid- to late summer following both treatment types, it is
              unlikely that food available to bird species in these
              wetlands was depressed during the breeding season.  Effects
              of weather and predation were probably more important
              influences on species and community parameters than was
              mosquito control treatment during the study period.
              Because of lower aquatic insect densities in mid- to late
              summer, other parts of the avian life cycle such as late
              summer survival, dispersal of young birds, or migrating
              birds may be more affected by mosquito control treatments.

KEYWORDS:     birds/wetlands/breeding bird communities/habitat/comparison/
              survival/mosquito control/Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis/
              methoprene/Minnesota/freshwater wetlands/insects/dispersal/
              abundance/species richness/foraging

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1782

AUTHOR:       Hanowski, J. M., Christian, D. P., and Nelson, M. C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1999

TITLE:        Response of breeding birds to shearing and burning in
              wetland brush ecosystems

SOURCE:       Wetlands 19:584-593

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CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   In the absence of wildfire, emergent wetlands in the American
              Midwest often succeed to a shrub/scrub wetland type.  Management
              activities, including shearing and burning, are typically used
              to remove shrub, resulting in a more open emergent wetland
              condition.  We surveyed breeding birds in managed and unmanaged
              shrub/scrub wetlands in northeast Minnesota, USA, in 1996 and
              1997 to examine breeding bird response to management type
              (burning and shearing) and time elapsed since management.  In a
              comparison of 58 managed sites and 58 unmanaged sites in 1996,
              unmanaged sites had more (P < 0.05) species and individuals than
              managed sites.  In addition, 12 of 20 individual species tested
              differed significantly (P < 0.05) in abundance between the
              groups.  Species associated with emergent wetland type, like
              the Sedge Wren (Cistothorus platensis) and LeConte's Sparrow
              (Ammodramus leconteii) were more abundant (P < 0.05) in managed
              sites, and species that require shrubs, such as the Alder
              Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) and Golden-winged Warbler
              (Vermivora chrysoptera) were more abundant (P < 0.05) in
              unmanaged sites.  Examination of the effects of management type
              on breeding birds by either burning, shearing, or both
              treatments on sites surveyed in 1997 revealed results similar
              to comparisons of managed and unmanaged sites completed in 1996.
              In addition, breeding bird composition was not different on sites
              that varied in time elapsed since management.  In these latter
              comparisons, breeding bird species and community composition were
              similar among all managed sites but differed from the unmanaged
              sites.

KEYWORDS:     birds/emergent wetlands/wetlands/management/Minnesota/
              comparison/abundance/breeding bird communities/shrub/scrub
              wetlands/burning/shearing/shrubs/species composition

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1783

AUTHOR:       Cairns, J. Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        The status of the theoretical and applied science of
              restoration ecology

SOURCE:       The Environmental Professional 13:186-194

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PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Restoration means recreating both the structural and functional
              attributes of a damaged ecosystem.  This requires a reconstruction
              of complexity based on synthesis.  Restoration cannot be perfect,
              and predisturbance condition frequently may not be a viable option,
              because all ecosystems are the product of climatological and
              biogeochemical sequences that probably are unique.  As a consequence,
              all restoration efforts are exercises in approximation and in the
              reconstruction of naturalistic, rather than natural, assemblages of
              organisms and their predisturbance chemical/physical environments.
              Ecosystems are not isolated, but are interconnected subsystems of a
              larger landscape.  The status of theoretical science for restoration
              ecology at the landscape level is far from robust.  However, it is
              difficult to visualize a self-sustaining restoration if
              closely-linked ecosystems are not involved.  No criteria are
              accepted generally for determining success or failure of
              restoration efforts.  Until predictive models have been developed
              and validated using criteria acceptable to the majority of
              professionals in the field, the theoretical science will remain
              weak.  The status of applied science in restoration ecology,
              however, is more definitive, primarily because the goals are more
              restricted and the criteria for success more charitable.
              Strip-mined lands can be revegetated, damaged fisheries restored,
              water quality in major rivers such as the Ohio improved, and the
              like.  However, conflicts can arise when subsystems are restored
              at the expense of connected subsystems.  For example, stabilization
              of lake levels or stream flows may affect adjacent wetlands that
              depend on variable water levels.  Restoration ecology is evolving
              rapidly, but the field is still experimental activity.  At this
              stage, every restoration project should be sufficiently flexible
              to incorporate changes as a result of the feedback of scientific
              and societal information.  Unfortunately, experiments on large
              systems such as the Kissimmee River are not amenable to replication.
              Nevertheless, simultaneous measurements in a nonmanipulated
              reference system provide information about large-scale trends that
              otherwise may confound evaluation.  Finally, the resilience of
              natural systems is so impressive that even a beginning field can
              make major contributions to the condition of the planet's ecosystem.

KEYWORDS:     status/restoration/wetlands/review paper/restoration ecology/
              ecology/landscape/model/fisheries/water quality/stabilization/
              Kissimmee River/disturbance

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1784

AUTHOR:       Hambright, K. D. and Zohary, T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1998

TITLE:        Lakes Hula and Agmon: Destruction and creation of wetland
              ecosystems in northern Israel

SOURCE:       Wetlands Ecology and Management 6:83-89

STATE:

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RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A portion of the former Lake Hula wetland (northern Israel)
              was re-flooded in spring 1994 and the physical, chemical and
              biological developments within the resulting new lake and
              wetland complex (Agmon) was followed closely by a
              multi-disciplinary scientific team.  The first three years of
              study relating to Lake Agmon are reported.  We provide in this
              paper a general background on the Lake Hula Draining Project in
              the 1950s and the recent re-flooding and creation of the Agmon
              wetland.  Other papers in this issue of the journal provide
              scientific descriptions of the first three years of development
              of various aspects of Agmon, ranging from biogeochemistry to fish
              and bird populations.

KEYWORDS:     Lake Hula/creation/Israel/wetlands/draining/Agmon wetland/
              three-year study

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1785

AUTHOR:       Degani, G., Yehuda, Y., Jackson, J., and Gophen, M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1998

TITLE:        Temporal variation in fish community structure in a newly created
              wetland lake (Lake Agmon) in Israel

SOURCE:       Wetlands Ecology and Management 6:151-157

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CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Lake Agmon was constructed in summer 1994 in the northern part
              of the drained Lake Hula swamp, as part of the Hula Reclamation
              Project.  One of the main goals of the project was to attract
              aquatic and semi-aquatic birds to the area as a basis for
              planned "eco-tourism" and one of the main concerns of the project
              was the potential for increased proliferation of mosquitoes
              (including vector species of malarial parasites).  There was a
              perceived need, therefore, to establish and maintain a suitable
              fish community.  This present study documents the developments
              in the fish community in Lake Agmon between May 1995 and December
              1996.  The lake was initially stocked with two fish species,
              Tilapia zillii and Gambusia affinis, to control mosquitoes and
              to provide suitable small-bodied forage species for piscivorous
              birds.  Subsequent stocking also included Oreochromis aureus and
              Cyprinus carpio.  Additional species were established by
              immigration from the Jordan River.  Relatively large species (e.g.,
              Clarias gariepinus and C. carpio) flowed into the lake as eggs
              or juveniles, whereas the smaller species (e.g.,
              Hemigrammocapoeta nana, Pseudophoxinus kervillei and Aphanius
              mento) entered the lake as adults.  In the first year, eight fish
              species were found in Lake Agmon: T. zillii, G. affinis, C.
              gariepinus, C. carpio, Capoeta damascina, P. kervillei,
              Acanthobrama lissneri and H. nana.  Of these, T. zillii, G.
              affinis and H. nana were dominant, though the relative abundance
              of H. nana was very low in spring, and increased during summer.
              In the second year, O. aureus, A. mento and Anguilla anguilla
              also occurred in the lake.  The density of P. kervillei increased
              in comparison with the previous year.  The relative proportions
              of juvenile and adult fish also changed in the second year.
              A high percentage of young T. zillii was found during the first
              spring, decreasing in the summer and autumn.  The proportion of
              juveniles of both G. affinis and H. nana was very low during the
              first year, but increased during the second.  These results
              indicate that the fish community of Lake Agmon had not stabilized
              by the end of 1996 and that further changes in relative abundances,
              and species, age and sex compositions should be expected.

KEYWORDS:     Israel/Lake Hula/Hula/birds/piscivorous/abundance/comparison/
              wetland lake/immigration/mosquito control/stocking/Jordan River/
              forage/fish communities/community structure/reclamation/fishes/
              Agmon/Lake Agmon

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1786

AUTHOR:       Jorgensen, E. E. and Nauman, L. E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Bird distribution in wetlands associated with commercial
              cranberry production

SOURCE:       The Passenger Pigeon 55:289-298

STATE:

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ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Bird distribution in wetlands associated with commercial cranberry
              (Vaccinium macrocarpon) production in Wisconsin is documented.
              Of 77 species observed, 7 were more frequently observed in cranberry
              beds than adjacent unmodified wetlands and 12 species were observed
              equally in both areas.  This contrasts with 58 species which were
              absent from or infrequently observed in cranberry beds.  These
              distributions were significantly different (P < 0.05, Spearman's
              rank correlation) when the most prevalent species were compared.
              Wetland bird distributions are significantly affected by activities
              associated with commercial cranberry production.  These activities
              may also attract brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater).

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/Wisconsin/brown-headed cowbirds/cranberry production/
              species composition/species diversity/palustrine wetland/created
              wetlands/impoundments

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1787

AUTHOR:       Kaplan, D., Oron, T., and Gutman, M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1998

TITLE:        Development of macrophytic vegetation in the Agmon wetland of
              Israel by spontaneous colonization and reintroduction

SOURCE:       Wetlands Ecology and Management 6:143-150

STATE:

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CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The draining of the Lake Hula and swamps, northern Israel,
              during the late 1950s resulted in the loss of a very diverse and
              rare ecosystem.  Oxidation of the peat soil resulted in ground
              surface subsidence, while heavy autumn winds have eroded the dry
              peat.  Moreover, agriculture on the peat soils is restricted,
              because of a nitrate surplus.  Predictions that the sinking would
              continue and that more areas would go out of agricultural
              production led authorities to re-flood a portion of the Hula
              Valley in 1994.  The aim of the present study was to monitor the
              spontaneous establishment of vegetation in the re-flooded area,
              the Agmon wetlands, and to reestablish some of the major plant
              species lost from the valley when Lake Hula was drained.  Within
              the first two years, 74 plant species colonized the wetland
              spontaneously.  Five out of 11 species designated for
              reintroduction were successfully established.  Cyperus papyrus
              and Cynodon dactylon demonstrated sustainable potential for
              lake-shore stabilization.  Cyperus papyrus was reintroduced
              from seedlings and rapidly became the dominant riparian species,
              while Cynodon dactylon established spontaneously.
              Re-introduced Nymphaea alba clones were established only in
              enclosures protected from grazing by the semi-aquatic mammal
              Myocaster coypu.  Nuphar lutea and Iris pseudacorus showed
              better resistance to grazing.  These results demonstrate a high
              potential for successful re-establishment of much of the
              original Hula swamp macrophytic vegetation by either spontaneous
              colonization by extant species from the surrounding areas or
              by introduction of locally extinct species.  As such, there is
              a good chance that the associated faunal components of the
              former Lake Hula and swamps that have returned to the region
              since the Hula rehabilitation project commenced will continue to
              flourish.

KEYWORDS:     vegetation/Agmon/Agmon wetland/Israel/colonization/draining/
              Lake Hula/Hula/losses/agricultural/wetlands/stabilization/
              reintroduction/soil/subsidence/soils/riparian/re establishment/
              rehabilitation/restored wetland/restoration/Cyperus papyrus/Iris
              pseudacorus/Nuphar lutea/Nymphaea alba

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1788

AUTHOR:       Murkin, H. R. and Batt, B. D. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        The interactions of vertebrates and invertebrates in peatlands
              and marshes

SOURCE:       Memoires of the Entomological Society of Canada 140:15-30

STATE:

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CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews the interactions of vertebrates and
              invertebrates in peatlands and marshes to assess current
              knowledge and future research needs.  Living organisms may
              interact through a number of direct trophic and nutrient
              pathways and a variety of non-trophic, habitat-dependent
              relationships.  Freshwater marshes and peatlands are dynamic
              aquatic environments and organisms that occupy these areas
              must be adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions.
              The avian community illustrates the main interactions of
              invertebrates and vertebrates in peatlands and marshes.
              Waterfowl, along with fish and furbearers, are the most
              economically important vertebrates using these habitats.
              Each of these groups has important trophic and habitat links
              to the invertebrates within wetlands.  The most common
              interaction between vertebrates and invertebrates is the use
              of invertebrates as food by vertebrates.  Few studies,
              however, have dealt with trophic dynamics or secondary
              production within wetlands.  Waterfowl, fish, and many
              other wetland vertebrates, during all or part of their
              life cycles, regularly feed on invertebrates.  Some
              invertebrates are vectors of disease and parasites to
              vertebrates.  Vertebrates can directly affect the
              structural substrate that invertebrates depend on as
              habitat through consumption of macrophytes or through the
              use of living and dead plant material in the construction
              of houses and nests.  Conversely, herbivorous invertebrates
              may directly affect the survival and distribution of
              macrophytes in wetlands.  Macrophyte distribution, in
              turn, is an important factor in determining vertebrate use
              of wetlands.  The general lack of both taxonomic and
              ecological information on invertebrates in wetlands is
              the main hindrance to future elucidation of
              vertebrate-invertebrate interactions in these environments.
              Development of invertebrate sampling techniques suitable for
              wetland habitats also is necessary.  More specific research
              needs must be met to develop a better understanding of the
              structure and function of these dynamic systems.

KEYWORDS:     invertebrates/marshes/waterfowl/habitat/wetlands/macrophytes/
              survival/technique/function/fishes/ vertebrates/review paper/
              peatlands/Canada/freshwater wetlands/bogs/fens/trophic
              interactions/habitat structure/invertebrate sampling/wetland
              habitat

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1789

AUTHOR:       Brawley, A. H., Warren, R. S., and Askins, R. A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1998

TITLE:        Use of restoration and reference marshes within the Barn Island
              Wildlife Managemen Area, Stonington, Connecticut, USA

SOURCE:       Environmental Management 22:625-633

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RESPONSE:

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CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Tidal marshes have been actively restored in Connecticut for
              nearly 20 years, but evaluations of these projects are typically
              based solely on observations of vegetation change.  A formerly
              impounded valley marsh at the Barn Island Wildlife Management
              Area is a notable exception; previous research at this site has
              also included assessments of primary productivity,
              macroinvertebrates, and use by fishes.  To determine the effects
              of marsh restoration on higher trophic levels, we monitored
              bird use at five sites within the Barn Island complex,
              including both restoration and reference marshes.  Use by
              summer bird populations within fixed plots was monitored over
              two years at all sites.  Our principal focus was Impoundment
              One, a previously impounded valley marsh reopened to full tidal
              exchange in 1982.  This restoration site supported a greater
              abundance of wetland birds than our other sites, indicating that
              it is at least equivalent to reference marshes within the same
              system for this ecological function.  Moreover, the species
              richness of birds and their frequency of occurrence at
              Impoundment One was greater than at 11 other estuarine marshes
              in southeastern Connecticut surveyed in a related investigation.
              A second marsh, under restoration for approximately ten years,
              appears to be developing in a similar fashion.  These results
              complement previous studies on vegetation, macroinvertebrates,
              and fish use in this system to show that, over time, the
              reintroduction of tidal flooding can effectively restore
              important ecological functions to previously impounded tidal
              marshes.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/marshes/wildlife/management/Connecticut/tidal
              marshes/vegetation/macroinvertebrates/fishes/marsh restoration/
              bird use/abundance/wetland birds/birds/function/species
              richness/reintroduction/flooding/vegetation change/assessment/
              restoration site/ecological function/endangered species/Seaside
              Sparrow/Sharp-tailed Sparrow/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/
              Phragmites australis/Typha angustifolia/salt marshes/estuaries

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1790

AUTHOR:       Giles, N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) habitat use and brood survival
              increases after fish removal from gravel pit lakes

SOURCE:       Hydrobiologia 279/280:387-392

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STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

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RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper reviews research results on food competition between
              a freshwater fish community and a breeding tufted duck
              population.  After the experimental removal of fish from the
              Main Lake, the following effects were observed: (1) Invertebrate
              (chironomid and gastropod) food for ducklings and adult Tufted
              ducks increased substantially. (2) Tufted duckling brood use of
              the lake increased greatly and Tufted duckling survival appears
              to have increased. (3) Shoveler and Pochard nested successfully
              for the first time. (4) Submerged aquatic macrophytes grew
              profusely over the lake bed for the first time leading directly
              to large increases in use of the Lake by wintering herbivorous
              waterfowl. (5) When fish were re-introduced to the Main Lake
              sampling bay the increases in invertebrate abundance and, to a
              lesser extent, macrophyte abundance were reversed.  Fish removal
              is advocated as a potentially potent form of habitat management
              for waterfowl conservation areas.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/brood/survival/fish communities/ducklings/ducks/
              macrophytes/waterfowl/abundance/management/habitat use/habitat
              management/United Kingdom/invertebrates/chironomids/gastropods/
              food competition/breeding bird communities/tufted ducks/Aythya
              fuligula

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1791

AUTHOR:       Hill, D., Wright, R., and Street, M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Survival of Mallard ducklings Anas platyrhynchos and
              competition with fish for invertebrates on a flooded gravel
              quarry in England

SOURCE:       Ibis 129:159-167

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RESPONSE:

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CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The survival of Mallard Anas platyrhynchos ducklings was studied
              on a complex of flooded gravel quarries in England and their
              weight changes in response to invertebrate predation by fish
              were studied by experiment.  The majority of duckling loss
              occurred during the first 12 days after hatching but those
              feeding on the river where fish were scarce survived better
              than those feeding on lakes where fish density was high.
              Duckling mortality was higher in broods with large home ranges.
              In the experimental trials an increase in fish density was
              related to a reduction in both the number of emerging
              invertebrates and the biomass of aquatic macrophytes.
              Ducklings feeding in these ponds travelled farther and gained
              less weight than on the pond with a low fish density where the
              number of emerging invertebrates was higher.

KEYWORDS:     mallard/invertebrates/survival/ducklings/Anas/Anas platyrhynchos/
              losses/feeding/brood/biomass/macrophytes/ponds/England/duckling
              survival/gravel quarries/fishes/competition


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1792

AUTHOR:       Westman, W. E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Ecological restoration projects: Measuring their performance

SOURCE:       The Environmental Professional 13:207-215

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CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A protocol is described for measuring the performance of
              ecological restoration projects.  The procedure involves defining
              restoration goals, selecting appropriate criteria (ecological and
              social parameters) for monitoring goal achievement, identifying
              performance standards, and measuring and mapping levels of
              achievement of these standards.  Several methods are proposed to
              measure performance quantitatively, including use of resemblance
              functions and applications of remote sensing and geographic
              information systems to create maps indicating levels of
              performance achievement across a study site.  Markov models
              and ecosystem resilience indices may be used to evaluate and
              predict the extent to which current performance will lead to
              ultimate recovery.  Three components of resilience --
              elasticity, hysteresis, and damping -- are of particular interest
              in evaluating restoration performance.  To the extent that
              restoration ecologists employ similar quantitative measures of
              site performance, an intercomparable body of information on
              techniques for successful restoration will be developed more
              quickly.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/function/model/recovery/technique/monitoring/standards/
              restoration performance/modelling/quantitative success measures/
              resilience

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1793

AUTHOR:       Hunter, M. L. Jr., Jones, J. J., Gibbs, K. E., and Moring,
              J. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Duckling responses to lake acidification: Do black ducks and
              fish compete?

SOURCE:       Oikos 47:26-32

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PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study focused on two pairs of ponds in Maine, USA, that
              were physically similar but which had markedly different
              acidities.  Salmon Pond (pH 6.3) had fish, while 120 m away,
              Mud Pond (pH 4.5) was fishless.  The second pair, Killman
              Pond (pH 6.5) ahd Unnamed Pond (pH 4.8), 14 km distant, were
              also physically similar but again the circumneutral pond had
              fish and the acidic pond was fishless.  Imprinted black duck
              ducklings, Anas rubripes, kept on the acidic ponds grew
              faster than those on the circumneutral ponds.  Differences
              in behavior also indicated that the acidic ponds were better
              duckling habitat.  Ducklings on the acidic ponds spent less
              time searching and moving, and more time feeding and resting,
              than ducklings on the circumneutral ponds.  There was
              substantial overlap in the diets of trout and ducks; two of
              the three indices calculated indicated that ducklings
              sharing a circumneutral pond with fish had diets that were
              more similar to the fish's diets than to the diets of
              ducklings on acidic ponds.  Sweep-net samples of invertebrate
              abundance and comparisons of benthic invertebrate abundance
              inside and outside fish exclosure cages indicated that the
              presence of fish decreased invertebrate abundance.  These
              results support the idea that ducklings and fish compete for
              invertebrates and that, under certain circumstances, the
              negative effect of acidification on fish may produce a
              beneficial effect for ducklings.

KEYWORDS:     ponds/Maine/acidity/pH/ducklings/Anas/Anas rubripes/habitat/
              feeding/ducks/abundance/comparison/invertebrates/fishes/black
              ducks/circumneutral/lakes/growth


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1794

AUTHOR:       Fehring, W. K., Giovenco, C., and Hoffman, W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        An analysis of three marsh-creation projects in Tampa Bay
              resulting from regulatory requirements for mitigation

SOURCE:       p. 191-206. In Cole, D. P. editor(s), Proceedings of the Sixth
              Annual Conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation,
              May 19, 1979. Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, FL

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

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RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Increasing environmental concern and governmental regulations
              over projects which impact wetlands have resulted in a sharp
              increase in situations where such impact is supposed to be
              mitigated through the creation of new wetlands. Three such
              projects in the Tampa area are examined: 1. The planting of red
              mangrove seedlings in front of residential seawalls in Apollo
              Beach. 2. The transplanting of Spartina plugs to create a small
              marsh in Neptune Lagoon. 3. The transplanting of black mangroves
              and Spartina to create some two hectares of marsh on spoil
              islands in Hillsborough Bay. The probable success of each of
              these projects is discussed in terms of the nature of the
              responsible organization, ownership of the project site, social
              acceptance of the project, technique used in planting, and
              physical factors such as wave energy, elevation, and
              temperature.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands mitigation/proceedings/wetlands/wetlands restoration/
              restoration/wetlands creation/impacts/mangroves/Spartina/
              marshes/technique/marsh creation/Tampa Bay,Florida/red mangroves/
              black mangroves/Florida/elevation/mitigation/regulation/creation/
              transplanting/spoil

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1795

AUTHOR:       Sharitz, R. R., Schneider, R. L., and Lee, L. C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Composition and regeneration of a disturbed river floodplain
              forest in South Carolina

SOURCE:       p. 195-218. In Gosselink, J. G., Lee, L. C., and Muir, T. A.
              editor(s), Ecological Processes and Cumulative Impacts:
              Illustrated by Bottomland Hardwood Forests. Lewis Publishers,
              Inc., Chelsea, MI

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Studies examining plant community structure and regeneration
              processes related to community structure within a differentially
              disturbed palustrine wetland in South Carolina are summarized.
              Based on remote sensing techniques, the vegetation of a 3800 ha
              floodplain of the Savannah River is identified as chiefly mixed
              deciduous swamp forest (47%), mixed deciduous bottomland forest
              (40%), a shrub-scrub community (4%), and two herbaceous
              associations (5%). Ordination analyses of vegetation data
              indicate that the community structure is actually more complex,
              with gradients in species distributions that may be controlled
              by gradients in hydrology and perturbation. Seed availability,
              seedling distribution, and seedling survivorship of Taxodium
              distichum and Nyssa aquatica, codominants of the mixed deciduous
              swamp forest, are being examined to determine how regeneration
              processes may influence species composition. The hydrologic
              regime strongly affects regeneration by restricting seed
              distribution, seedling establishment, and seedling growth to
              specific microsites within the swamp. Hydrologic events,
              especially the desynchronization of flooding events, directly
              influence forested wetland regeneration and may affect
              community structure.

KEYWORDS:     impacts/bottomland hardwoods/palustrine wetland/wetlands/
              technique/vegetation/hydrology/Taxodium distichum/Nyssa aquatica/
              forested wetlands/regeneration/river floodplain forest/plant
              community structure/disturbed palustrine wetland/South Carolina/
              seedling survivorship/cumulative impacts/floodplain/floodplain
              forest/plant communities/community structure/ordination/
              perturbation


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1796

AUTHOR:       Brinson, M. M., Kruczynski, W. L., Lee, L. C., Nutter, W. L.,
              Smith, R. D., and Whigham, D. F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Developing an approach for assessing the functions of wetlands

SOURCE:       p. 615-624. In Mitsch, W. J. editor(s), Global Wetlands: Old
              World and New. Elsevier Science B.V., New York

STATE:

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PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   We present a five-step proposal for developing an approach to
              assess the functions of wetland ecosystems. Reference wetlands
              are critical to the setting of goals for compensatory mitigation.
              The task of goal-setting is greatly simplified because reference
              wetlands become a standard for which goals can be chosen and
              success can be measured.

KEYWORDS:     function/wetlands/reference wetlands/compensatory wetland
              mitigation/wetlands mitigation/goal-setting/technique/
              compensatory mitigation/mitigation

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1797

AUTHOR:       Wullschleger, J. G., Miller, S. J., and Davis, L. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        An evaluation of the effects of the Restoration Demonstration
              Project on Kissimmee River fishes

SOURCE:       p. 67-81. In Loftin, M. K., Toth, L. A., and Obeysekera, J. T.
              B. editor(s), Proceedings of the Kissimmee River Restoration
              Symposium, October 1988, Orlando, Florida. South Florida Water
              Management District, West Palm Beach, FL

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Effects of the Restoration Demonstration Project on fish
              community structure, abundance, and spatial distribution were
              evaluated. In general, game species constituted a higher
              percentage of the total catch (both numbers and biomass) in
              revitalized runs in Pool B than in a stagnant run in Pool E.
              However, game fish abundance in revitalized runs decreased from
              March through September in response to declining dissolved oxygen
              concentrations. Knowledge of dissolved oxygen/flow relationships
              suggests that minimum flows during late summer are important to
              maintain habitat quality in revitalized runs. Channelization
              dramatically altered both riverine and wetlands habitat in the
              lower Kissimmee River basin. An estimated ninety percent of the
              original fish and wildlife habitat in the lower basin was lost
              as a consequence of channelization. In this paper we evaluate
              fish community structure, abundance and spatial distribution in
              Kissimmee River Pools B and E three years after implementation
              of the Demonstration Project.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/fishes/biomass/habitat/wetlands/fish and wildlife
              habitat/wildlife/wildlife habitat/Kissimmee River/Florida/
              community structure/Kissimmee River Basin/proceedings/symposium/
              fish communities/habitat quality


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       495

AUTHOR:       Kraus, D. B. and Kraus, M. L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        The establishment of a fiddler crab (Uca minax) colony on a
              manmade Spartina mitigation marsh, and its effect on
              invertebrate colonization

SOURCE:       p. 343-348. In Kusler, J. A., Quammen, M. L., and Brooks, G.
              editor(s), Proceedings:National Wetland Symposium, Mitigation
              of Impacts and Losses, October 8-10, 1986. New Orleans, LA.
              ASWM Technical Report 3.

STATE:

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RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The present study is one of the first attempts to establish an
              invertebrate species, the red-jointed fiddler crab (Uca minax),
              at a mitigation site, and to determine what effect this may have
              on microinvertebrate colonization. In general, the fiddler crabs
              appeared to reduce the number of soil invertebrates present in
              the vicinity of the colony. This study has demonstrated that
              macroinvertebrates such as Uca minax can be successfully
              established on mitigation marshes. It has also shown that in
              degraded wetlands, mitigation projects can contribute positively
              to the environment. This is demonstrated, in part, by the fact
              that mitigated wetlands support a greater diversity of
              microinvertebrates than do adjacent Phragmites (non-mitigated)
              marsh.

KEYWORDS:     Spartina/wetlands mitigation/marshes/invertebrates/colonization/
              soils/macroinvertebrates/mitigation marshes/wetlands/fiddler
              crab/Uca minax/New Jersey/man-made wetlands/Mill Creek/
              proceedings/symposium/impacts/losses/mitigated wetlands/
              mitigation/crabs/soil/diversity

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1798

AUTHOR:       Inouye, D. W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Variation in undisturbed plant and animal populations and its
              implications for studies of recovering ecosystems

SOURCE:       p. 357-371. In Cairns, J. Jr. editor(s), Rehabilitating Damaged
              Ecosystems. Volume II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

STATE:

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ACTION:

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RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   There appear to be a number of reasons why attempts to determine
              the status or  stability of recovering ecosystems may be
              difficult, or even impossible. Such attempts would be confounded
              by the dual problems posed by the natural variability of many
              natural populations, even in undisturbed ecosystems, and the
              further complication that recovering ecosystems may be
              undergoing relatively rapid changes along a successional
              transition. The variation observed in long-term studies, such as
              the examples described above, seems to imply that only
              relatively long-term studies can generate reliable estimates of
              population parameters, such as the mean or range of abundance.

KEYWORDS:     recovering ecosystems/status/stability

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1799

AUTHOR:       Perrin, L. S., Rowse, L. A., Allen, M. J., Montalbano, F. III,
              and Olinde, M. W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Kissimmee River Basin fish and wildlife investigations

SOURCE:       p. 43-50. In McCaffery, P. M., Beemer, T., and Gatewood, S. E.
              editor(s), Progress in Wetlands Utilization and Management,
              Proceedings of a Symposium, June 9-12, 1981, Orlando, Florida.
              Coordinating Council on the Restoration of the Kissimmee River
              Valley, Tallahassee, Florida

STATE:

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ACTION:

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RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission (GFC) was
              authorized by the 1977 Florida Legislature to initiate fish and
              wildlife investigations within the Kissimmee River Basin.
              Studies were designed to assess the impacts on fish and
              wildlife populations, habitat, and proposed restoration
              alternatives associated with channelization of the Kissimmee
              River. Recommendations based on these results indicate that
              increased marshland area and reestablishment of natural
              hydrological conditions are fundamental in restoring habitat
              in the floodplain that would be most beneficial to indigenous
              fish and wildlife populations. Seasonal fluctuations in water
              levels and flow were the key to maintaining the biological
              productivity of the Kissimmee River Basin prior to
              channelization. During high water periods the flooded
              marshlands supported large numbers of wintering waterfowl.
              The wetland areas also were vital in the production of aquatic
              invertebrates and forage fish, and served as a nursery ground
              for game fish. As water levels receded during the drier season,
              germination of a wide variety of vegetation was stimulated.
              Conditions more suitable for game fish spawning, growth of fish
              food organisms, and growth of emergent rooted vegetation were
              created. Reduced water levels concentrated forage organisms
              which provided a source of food to many wetland species.
              Documentation of fish and wildlife population losses was
              provided primarily by waterfowl surveys and fishery
              investigations which included data from both pre- and
              post-construction periods. Aerial survey data reveal a 93 percent
              reduction in post-channelization waterfowl occurrences within
              the river floodplain. An excellent bass fishery occurred within
              the Kissimmee River floodplain prior to construction of C-38.
              Results from recent creel investigations suggest a decline in
              the bass fishery and a shift in angler effort directed toward
              other species. Vegetative communities of the remnant marsh
              areas in the Kissimmee River floodplain presently consist of a
              few dominant plant species adapted to permanent inundation.
              These alterations within the remaining wetland communities have
              resulted in a reduction in fish and wildlife benefits in terms
              of food, cover, and reproductive requirements. Preliminary
              results from our vegetation study within the Kissimmee River
              floodplain suggest that the return of water level fluctuation
              was beneficial to fish and wildlife habitat primarily due to
              increased abundance of annuals and waterfowl plants.

KEYWORDS:     Kissimmee River/fishes/wildlife/Florida/impacts/habitat/
              restoration/reestablishment/waterfowl/wetlands/aquatic
              invertebrates/invertebrates/germination/vegetation/losses/
              marshes/inundation/water level fluctuation/fish and wildlife
              habitat/wildlife habitat/plants/Kissimmee River Basin/
              proceedings/symposium/created wetlands/fisheries/floodplain/
              management

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1800

AUTHOR:       Brenner, F. J. and Hofius, D. L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Wildlife use of mitigated wetlands on surface mined lands in
              western Pennsylvania

SOURCE:       p. 373-382. In Skousen, J., Sencindiver, J., and Samuel, D.
              editor(s), Proceedings of the 1990 Mining and Reclamation
              Conference and Exhibition, April 23-26, 1990, Charleston, West
              Virginia. 2 vols. West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Twelve wetlands totaling 22.4 ha were constructed on 2 mine sites
              in western Pennsylvania to mitigate 6.6 ha destroyed by mining.
              Sixty species of birds, including 7 species of special concern in
              Pennsylvania, were observed using these wetlands during the first
              2 years. 17 species of mammals and 8 and 7 species of amphibians
              and reptiles, respectively, were observed using these wetlands.
              Based on these results, functional wetlands may be established on
              mined lands without added cost to the mine operator. The rapid
              establishment of vegetation on these sites as well as the
              multiple use by wildlife indicates that the construction of
              wetlands on mine sites should be given increased consideration
              by both the coal industry and the regulatory agencies alike.

KEYWORDS:     wildlife/wetlands/mined lands/Pennsylvania/constructed wetlands/
              birds/mammals/amphibians/reptiles/vegetation/mitigated wetlands/
              surface mined lands/wetlands construction/cost/vegetation
              establishment/wildlife utilization/proceedings/Virginia/
              reclamation

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1801

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J. B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Restoring biodiversity in salt marshes: Can we do it?

SOURCE:       p. 317-325. In Wilson, E. O. editor(s), Biodiversity. National
              Academy Press, Washington, DC

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

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RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Several observations on the status of restoration plans can be
              made: Many large projects result in a loss of wetland acreage.
              Mitigation measures for lost habitat often involve changing one
              type of wetland habitat into another, rather than creating
              wetland from upland habitat. Proposed projects are planned and
              reviewed individually rather than with a regional perspective.
              There is no single source of information on restoration projects,
              no center that keeps records on changes in biodiversity to ensure
              that resource agencies are aware of changes in individual
              wetlands, no comprehensive monitoring programs to assess changes
              in biodiversity, and no mechanism to require suitable and
              comparable methods for the few monitoring programs that have been
              planned. Four observations on the status of wetland habitat
              restoration in southern California can be made: Selected plant
              species (e.g., cordgrass) can be transplanted successfully. No
              plant or animal populations have been taken off the endangered
              list as a result of restoration projects. Wetland restoration
              assessments have not been made for entire ecosystems but have
              been limited to one or a few target species. No studies have
              been conducted to determine the minimum wetland area or
              configuration of multiple wetlands required to maintain regional
              biodiversity.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/biodiversity/salt marshes/losses/wetlands/wetlands
              mitigation/habitat/wetland habitat/southern California/
              California/cordgrass/wetlands restoration/assessment/coastal
              wetlands/wetlands creation/marshes/status/mitigation/
              monitoring/restoration assessment


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1802

AUTHOR:       Turner, R. E. and Neill, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Revisiting impounded wetlands after 70 years

SOURCE:       p. 309-321. In Varnell, L. M. editor(s), Proceedings of the Water
              Quality and Wetland Management Conference, New Orleans,
              August 4-5, 1983. Louisiana Environmental Professionals
              Association, New Orleans, LA

STATE:

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RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Several results of this analysis apply to present marsh
              management practices and to efforts to reduce the present high
              rates of coastal erosion. First, most impoundments abandoned
              since Okey's original survey have not revegetated. There are
              thousands of impoundments, not all of which were drained
              intentionally. It is likely that these modern impoundments
              will become open water rather than marsh when the spoil banks
              eventually erode. The life span of a spoil bank may be as
              short as 30 years. In some cases, it may be desirable to promote
              levee breakdown in order to encourage early, rather than later,
              reestablishment of conditions suitable for marsh plant growth.
              The longer an area is impounded and drained, the greater the
              deficit between subsidence and accretion that must be overcome
              to reestablish wetland vegetation.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/marshes/impoundments/abandoned/reestablishment/
              vegetation/impounded wetlands/Louisiana/subsidence/proceedings/
              water quality/coastal/spoil/plant growth/wetlands management/
              management/erosion


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1803

AUTHOR:       DeWeese, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        An evaluation of selected wetland creation projects authorized
              through the Corps of Engineers Section 404 program

SOURCE:       p. 58-63. In Kent, D. M., Zentner, J. J., and Whitney, K. D.
              editor(s), Western Wetlands: Selected Proceedings of the 1994
              Conference of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Western
              Chapter. Society of Wetland Scientists, Western Chapter,
              Berkeley, CA

STATE:

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OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The purpose of this report is to: 1) determine the degree of
              compliance to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' (Corps) permits
              issued with mitigation requirements, and 2) evaluate the degree
              of success for created wetlands and riparian habitats. Thirty
              projects were randomly selected for on-site evaluation. The
              combined projects totalled 600 acres of proposed mitigation. The
              wetland type most frequently impacted (41%) and proposed as
              compensation (38%) was riparian habitat. The greatest number of
              compensatory wetland projects (22) were between three and five
              years old. Our study determined that 50 percent of the projects
              (15) received a compliance rating of eight or above. The
              wetlands that were created as permanently inundated, tidal
              marsh (7) and freshwater marsh/open waters (6), received the
              highest value ratings. When comparing the impacted acreage
              against the created average, it appears as if we are meeting or
              exceeding our goal of "no net loss of acreage." However, it
              does not appear that we are replacing "in-kind habitat values."
              We expected the average value ratings to be much higher,
              considering that 53% of the projects were over 5 years old. It
              is presumed that the goal of a self-sustaining project will be
              met by the fifth year. The largest category of mitigated
              acreage in this study, riparian habitat (195.5 acres), received
              an average value rating of 3. Another interpretation of this
              rating is that we have mitigated the impacted habitat with one
              worth only 30 percent of what previously existed. Because some
              habitats may not reach their full value for 25 years or more,
              we included a section on the evaluation form to predict success
              beyond the monitoring period required. Eight projects were
              predicted to be fully successful and 14 partially successful.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands creation/Section 404/wetlands mitigation/
              created wetlands/riparian habitats/habitat/compensation/tidal
              marsh/marshes/losses/California/proceedings/creation/mitigation/
              riparian/monitoring

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1804

AUTHOR:       Kent, D. M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Fundamental considerations in wetlands monitoring

SOURCE:       p. 30-35. In Kent, D. M., Zentner, J. J., and Whitney, K. D.
              editor(s), Western Wetlands: Selected Proceedings of the 1994
              Conference of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Western
              Chapter. Society of Wetland Scientists, Western Chapter,
              Berkeley, CA

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Wetlands monitoring requires consideration of three
              interdependent issues: what is to be monitored? why is
              monitoring to occur? and how will monitoring occur? Wetlands
              are monitored to map habitats and analyze trends, to evaluate
              the effectiveness of wetlands mitigation, to determine the
              response of wetlands to impacts, and to determine the
              effectiveness of wetlands for treating discharges.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/habitat/wetlands mitigation/impacts/wetlands
              monitoring/technique/proceedings/California/monitoring/
              mitigation

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1805

AUTHOR:       Lacki, M. J., Hummer, J. W., and Webster, H. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Diversity patterns of invertebrate fauna in cattail wetlands
              receiving acid mine drainage

SOURCE:       p. 365-371.Proceedings of the 1990 Mining and Reclamation
              Conference and Exhibition, 2 vols. West Virginia University,
              Morgantown, WV

STATE:

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OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Invertebrate diversity patterns at a cattail wetland, constructed
              in 1985 to receive mine drainage, were surveyed during May and
              June in 1988 and 1989. Three nearby sites were also examined.
              Benthic invertebrates were collected. Substrates from the
              constructed wetland contained significantly few taxonomic
              families and total numbers of invertebrates than the other sites.
              However, the number of invertebrate families in the constructed
              wetland increased from three in 1988 to eight in 1989. The
              constructed wetland supported significantly higher numbers of
              volant insects than the other sites.

KEYWORDS:     fauna/wetlands/benthic invertebrates/invertebrates/insects/
              cattails/constructed wetlands/aquatic invertebrates/diversity
              indices/surface mine wetlands/food chain support/Typha latifolia/
              Ohio/diversity/proceedings/reclamation


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1806

AUTHOR:       Meyer, D. L., Fonseca, M. S., Colby, D. R., Kenworthy, W. J.,
              and Thayer, G. W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        An examination of created marsh and seagrass utilization by
              living marine resources

SOURCE:       p. 1858-1863. In Magoon, O., Wilson, W. S., Converse, H., and
              Tobin, L. T. editor(s), Coastal Zone '93, Vol. 2. Proceedings
              of the 8th Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. American
              Society of Civil Engineers, New York

STATE:

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OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

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RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   To this point the determination of wetland restoration success
              has been the prolonged persistence of vegetation at the
              restoration site. Generally, follow-up and success have been
              limited to or defined by vegetation parameters. Little
              information is available on how living marine resources (LMR)
              utilize restored marsh and seagrass sites and how this
              utilization may change during the development of the site. Those
              studies that have monitored utilization by fishery organisms
              have been of short duration, typically 1-3 years.
              Additionally, little is known about the effect heterogeneity
              has on LMR utilization within created habitats. The abundance
              of fish, as a whole, utilizing created marsh treatments was
              significantly lower than natural marsh after two years of
              development. The abundance of both crabs and shrimp utilizing
              created marsh treatments, as a whole, were not significantly
              different from natural marsh treatments after two years of
              development. Utilization of created seagrass beds and
              submerged bare substrate were significantly lower than natural
              seagrass beds after two years of development in terms of the
              abundance of fish and crabs as a whole. There was, however,
              no significant difference in the abundance of shrimp as a
              whole among the three treatments. Substantial oyster spat
              settlement and growth was noted. It is evident that the time
              scale required for equivalent functioning of created marsh,
              seagrass and oyster habitats in terms of LMR utilization is
              on the scale of years. Even after two years of created marsh
              and seagrass development these habitats have still not taken
              on many of the characteristics of their natural counterparts
              in terms of LMR utilization.

KEYWORDS:     living marine resources (LMR)/seagrasses/wetlands restoration/
              restoration/vegetation/restoration site/fisheries/habitat/
              fishes/natural marshes/shrimp/seagrass beds/Spartina marshes/
              LMR abundance/fisheries function/North Carolina/Spartina
              alterniflora/Halodule wrightii/Zostera marina/oyster/
              Crassostrea virginica/crabs/coastal/coastal zone/proceedings/
              symposium/management/wetland restoration success

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1807

AUTHOR:       Zentner, J. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Wetland restoration success in coastal California: 1975 to 1985

SOURCE:       p. 122-124. In Mutz, K. M. and Lee, L. C. editor(s), Wetland and
              Riparian Ecosystems of the American West: Eighth Annual Meeting
              of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Society of Wetland
              Scientists, Wilmington, NC

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   63 restoration projects completed between 1975 and 1985 were
              examined over 3 years. 41 projects were successful; 16
              additional projects functioned like undisturbed wetlands but
              did not create the planned wetland type. Unsuccessful projects
              typically had inappropriate substrate elevations and no
              monitoring.  Of 63 projects only 23 projects (36%) had
              monitoring. For the fully successful projects some generalities
              follow: 1. The rate of vegetation growth correlates with
              salinity levels. Freshwater marshes achieved natural cover
              frequencies within 1 to 2 years while hypersaline sites often
              did not achieve natural cover in the study period. 2. Plankton
              populations and species abundance resembled natural wetlands
              rapidly, often within 2 to 3 weeks after restoration. 3. Benthic
              invertebrate populations increased rapidly after restoration but
              often resulted in very different species assemblages than in
              similar wetlands. 4. Fish populations and species abundance
              resembled natural wetlands within 1 to 3 years. 5. Avifauna
              populations and diversity varied so greatly among the
              restoration projects and between natural and restored wetlands
              that it was not possible to make any generalizations.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands restoration/restoration/coastal/California/riparian/
              wetlands/vegetation/salinity/marshes/natural wetlands/fishes/
              fish populations/diversity/restored wetlands/coastal wetlands/
              mitigation/elevation/monitoring/wetland restoration success/
              plankton/species abundance

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1808

AUTHOR:       Seneca, E. D., Woodhouse, W. W. Jr., and Broome, S. W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1975

TITLE:        Salt-water marsh creation

SOURCE:       p. 427-437. In Cronin, L. E. editor(s), Estuarine Research,
              Vol. II, Geology and Engineering. Academic Press, Inc., New York

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Studies were designed and conducted to determine procedures and
              techniques for constructing salt marsh on sandy dredge spoil in
              North Carolina by seeding and transplanting Spartina alterniflora
              Loisel. After three years, other flowering plants have invaded
              the upper parts of the intertidal zone of an S. alterniflora
              planting on a low-salinity spoil island. Both length of tidal
              inundation and salinity must be considered when constructing the
              elevational gradient over which a S. alterniflora-dominated
              marsh is desired. Both seed for direct seeding and plants for
              transplanting should be obtained from sources as close as
              possible to the prospective marsh construction sites.

KEYWORDS:     marsh creation/creation/technique/salt marshes/dredge spoil/
              spoil/North Carolina/transplanting/Spartina/Spartina
              alterniflora/plants/intertidal/inundation/salinity/geology

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1809

AUTHOR:       Shreffler, D. K., Simenstad, C. A., Thom, R. M., Cordell, J. R.,
              and Salo, E. O.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Juvenile salmon foraging in a restored wetland

SOURCE:       p. 504-514.Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting on Puget
              Sound Research. Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, Seattle,
              Washington

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A 9.6 acre wetland system was constructed in 1985-1986 in the
              Puyallup River estuary to mitigate the filling of a proximal,
              similarly-sized wetland. The Lincoln Avenue wetland system is a
              habitat mosaic of tidal channels, mudflats, a sedge marsh, a
              cattail marsh, a swamp, riparian hardwoods, and a grassland.
              Monitoring since March 1986 has shown that the wetland system
              is utilized in the spring by outmigrating juvenile salmon.
              Chironomid insects were the dominant prey in chum salmon
              (Oncorhynchus keta) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) stomachs.
              There was essentially no overlap between epibenthic prey
              potentially available and the prey consumed. Comparable data
              from a "natural" wetland in southern Puget Sound would be
              invaluable in assessing the success or failure of the
              restoration project, but is not available in the forseeable
              future.

KEYWORDS:     juvenile salmon/foraging/Puyallup River/estuaries/habitat/
              channels/cattails/cattail marsh/riparian/insects/Puget Sound/
              restoration/Washington/chironomid insects/restored wetlands/
              monitoring/proceedings


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1810

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R. R. III

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Coastal habitat restoration as a fishery management tool

SOURCE:       p. 169-173. In Stroud, R. H. editor(s), Stemming the Tide of
              Coastal Fish Habitat Loss. Proceedings of a Symposium on
              Conservation of Coastal Fish Habitat, Baltimore, Maryland,
              March 7-9, 1991. Marine Recreational Fish., No. 14,

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Gilmore et al. (1982) domonstrated that restoring previously
              impounded marsh-mangrove wetlands provides habitat that is used
              by juvenile snook, tarpon, and ladyfish (Elops saurus), and
              juvenile and adult forage fish species (Fundulus, Cyprinodon,
              Poecilia) important as food for larger fish and wading birds.
              While the published data are sparse, the data discussed for four
              studies in three states indicate that rapid (3-5 years)
              establishment of comparable fish communities in created and
              restored coastal wetlands, when compared with natural wetlands,
              is a generally documented observation. Coastal wetland
              restoration is an underutilized fishery management tool,
              particularly for those estuarine-dependent species whose life
              histories include a resident period in shallow low-salinity
              marine habitats.

KEYWORDS:     coastal/habitat/restoration/fisheries/management/wetlands/
              fishes/birds/coastal wetlands/natural wetlands/wetlands
              restoration/life history/fishery species/fishery management/
              fish habitat/creation/proceedings/symposium/losses/wading birds/
              Baltimore/Maryland


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1811

AUTHOR:       Whitney, K. D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Perspectives on vernal pool monitoring and vernal pool
              performance standards

SOURCE:       p. 36-44. In Kent, D. M., Zentner, J. J., and Whitney, K. D.
              editor(s), Selected Proceedings of a Society of Wetland
              Scientists, Western Chapter, Conference Held at the University
              of California at Berkeley 18-20 September, 1994. Society of
              Wetland Scientists, Western Chapter,

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Vernal pools constructed to mitigate for wetland fills under the
              Clean Water Act require a period of monitoring to demonstrate
              that appropriate wetland functions have been established.
              Typical performance standards for vernal pools are based on the
              development of a wetland flora and usually set thresholds for
              such measures as species richness, vegetative cover, native
              species richness, various floristic indices, relative cover of
              wetland and/or native species, and similar measures. Monitoring
              that is oriented toward problem identification and resolution,
              and performance standards that are based on direct or indirect
              measures that reflect whole-system function, are most likely to
              achieve a satisfactory solution for the pratical assessment of
              vernal pool resources.

KEYWORDS:     standards/Clean Water Act/wetland functions/function/species
              richness/vegetative cover/assessment/vernal pools/constructed
              vernal pools/technique/monitoring/proceedings/California



===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1812

AUTHOR:       Swanson, G. A., Krapu, G. L., and Serie, J. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Food of laying female dabbling ducks on the breeding grounds

SOURCE:       p. 47-55. In Bookhout, A. editor(s), Waterfowl and Wetlands
              -- an Integrated View.  Proceedings of the 1977 Symposium,
              Madison, WI. The Wildlife Society, Washington, DC

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Food of laying hens of five species of dabbling ducks collected
              in the glaciated prairie pothole region of south central North
              Dakota consisted largely of invertebrates: 99% in blue-winged
              teals (Anas discors) and shovelers (A. clypeata); 70% in mallards
              (A, platyrhynchos); 77% in pintails (A. acuta); and 72% in
              gadwalls (A. strepera).  Snails and aquatic insects dominated
              the diet of blue-winged teals, snails and crustacea the diet of
              shovelers, and insects and crustacea the diet of gadwalls.
              Earthworms were an important food of female mallards and pintails
              during wet years.  Dominant plant components consumed were
              filamentous algae by gadwalls and plant fruits by mallards and
              pintails.  Factors that influenced the selection of food items
              were nesting chronology and food availability.  Food availability
              was determined primarily by the life cycle and behavior of
              invertebrates and current hydrological conditions within the
              wetland complexes.  During years of adequate precipitation,
              temporary, seasonal, and semipermanent wetlands provided abundant
              and highly available plant and animal foods successively
              throughout the breeding season.  A single hen may lay up to five
              clutches of eggs before a successful hatch is achieved or she
              terminates her nesting efforts for the year.  It is important,
              therefore, that abundant high quality food be available on the
              breeding grounds throughout the nesting period.  The ability of
              female anatids to obtain food items depends largely on the types
              of aquatic habitats that are available; thus, prairie wetland
              complexes provide an important habitat component in the ecology
              of prairie dabbling ducks.  Adequate preservation of waterfowl
              production habitat requires that the importance of the wetland
              complex be stressed.  Land-use practices on the prairies have
              favored drainage of shallow, non-permanent wetlands into drainage
              systems or into wetlands located at lower elevations.  This
              practice is altering the natural wetland complex of the prairies,
              creating larger and more permanent lakes that are less attractive
              to breeding dabbling ducks.

KEYWORDS:     waterfowl/wetlands/ducks/prairie pothole/North Dakota/
              invertebrates/blue-winged teal/Anas/Anas discors/mallard/
              insects/habitat/ecology/prairie wetland complexes/freshwater
              wetlands/snails/crustaceans/plants/algae/earthworms/dabbling
              ducks/breeding dabbling ducks/proceedings/symposium/Anas
              platyrhynchos/shoveler/Anas clypeata/pintail/Anas acuta/
              gadwall/Anas strepera

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1813

AUTHOR:       Josselyn, M. N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Wetland Restoration and Enhancement in California

SOURCE:       California Sea Grant College Program, Institute of Marine
              Resources, University of California, La Jolla, CA. Report No.
              T-CSGCP-007

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A proceedings of a workshop held in February 1982 at the
              California State University, Hayward.  Destruction of wetlands
              has not been isolated to California, but in no other state has
              the loss been as great, amounting to 95 percent in some regions.
              The purpose of the workshop was two-fold: 1) to summarize the
              existing knowledge on wetland restoration and enhancement in
              California and, 2) to address current problems and constraints
              which limit our abilities to successfully restore such systems.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/California/enhancement/
              technique/proceedings/losses

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1814

AUTHOR:       Kusler, J. A. and Kentula, M. E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status of the Science.
              2 vols.

SOURCE:       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research
              Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. EPA 600/3-89/038

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Attempts to compensate for wetland losses by creating new
              wetlands or restoring degraded ones have greatly increased in
              recent years in federal, state, and local wetland protection
              efforts.  This report describes current scientific knowledge
              involved with wetland creation and restoration from a regional
              perspective and from the perspective of selected common
              denominator topics.The report focuses on scientific issues,
              not policy issues.  The authors of the papers attempted to
              infer broad similarities and general mitigation "truths", both
              positive and negative, with respect to potential success of
              wetland creation and restoration projects.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands creation/restoration/EPA/creation/status/
              wetland losses/losses/wetland protection/protection/policies/
              mitigation


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1815

AUTHOR:       Smith, R. D., Ammann, A., Bartoldus, C., and Brinson, M. M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        An Approach for Assessing Wetland Functions Using
              Hydrogeomorphic Classification, Reference Wetlands, and
              Functional Indices

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
              Technical Report WRP-DE-9

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The objective of this research is to develop an approach for
              assessing the functions of wetlands in the context of the 404
              Regulatory Program. This report outlines an approach for
              assessing wetland functions in the 404 Regulatory Program as
              well as other regulatory, planning, and management situations.
              The approach includes a development and application phase. In
              the development phase, wetlands are classified into regional
              subclasses based on hydrogeomorphic factors. A functional
              profile is developed to describe the characteristics of the
              regional subclass, identify the functions that are most likely
              to be performed, and discuss the characteristics that influence
              how those functions are performed. Reference wetlands are
              selected to represent the range of variability exhibited by the
              regional subclass in a reference domain, and assessment models
              are constructed and calibrated by an interdisciplinary team
              based on reference standards and data from reference wetlands.
              Reference standards are the conditions exhibited by the
              undisturbed, or least disturbed, wetlands and landscapes in the
              reference domain. The functional indices resulting from the
              assessment models provide a measure of the capacity of a wetland
              to perform functions relative to other wetlands in the regional
              subclass. The application phase of the approach, or assessment
              procedure, includes the characterization of the wetland,
              assessing its functions, analyzing the results of the assessment,
              and applying them to a specific project. The assessment procedure
              can be used to compare project alternatives, determine the
              impacts of a proposed project, avoid and minimize impacts,
              determine mitigation requirements or success, as well as other
              applications requiring the assessment of wetland functions.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/function/reference wetlands/regional subclass/
              assessment/reference standards/standards/landscape/impacts/
              wetlands mitigation/hydrogeomorphic classification of wetlands/
              functional indices/wetland functions/management/model/mitigation

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1816

AUTHOR:       Allen, H. H., Clairain, E. J. Jr., Diaz, R. J., Ford, A. W.,
              Hunt, L. J., and Wells, B. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat Development Field Investigations, Bolivar Peninsula,
              Marsh and Upland Habitat Development Site, Galveston Bay, Texas;
              Summary Report

SOURCE:       Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
              Station, Vicksburg, MS. Technical Report D-78-15

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A 2-1/2-year field investigation was conducted at Bolivar
              Peninsula, Galveston Bay, Texas, to test the feasibility and
              impact of developing marsh and upland habitats on dredged
              material.  Marsh grasses surviving and performing well included
              smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) and saltmeadow cordgrass
              (Spartina patens).  As the plants developed, the numbers of shore
              insects, mainly dipterans and beetles, increased greatly in the
              intertidal study area.  Shorebirds associated with marshes
              moved onto the site and increased in density.  The abundance of
              the benthos was 1.5 times greater inside the diked area than
              outside; within the diked area, the benthos in planted areas was
              1.5 times as abundant as the benthos in bare areas.  After less
              than a year of development, the site provided heterogeneous
              habitats which tended to support greater use by fish and benthos
              than is generally associated with sandy shores along Bolivar
              Peninsula. Pages: 1-75

KEYWORDS:     habitat/habitat development/Bolivar Peninsula/Texas/smooth
              cordgrass/cordgrass/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/Spartina
              patens/plants/insects/intertidal/shorebirds/marshes/benthos/
              fishes/dredged material/field investigations

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1817

AUTHOR:       Lewis, J. C. and Bunce, E. W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Rehabilitation and Creation of Selected Coastal Habitats:
              Proceedings of a Workshop

SOURCE:       Office of Biological Services, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S.
              Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. FWS/OBS-80/27

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The papers in these Proceedings were presented at a workshop
              held at Sapelo Island, Georgia, 16-20 May 1976.  The papers
              contain useful information which may be applied in the
              rehabilitaion and creation of coastal habitats. Pages: 1-162

KEYWORDS:     rehabilitation/creation/coastal/habitat/proceedings/technique/
              Georgia

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1818

AUTHOR:       Clark, J. R. and Benforado, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Report on a Bottomland Hardwood Wetlands Workshop, Lake Lanier,
              Georgia, June 1-5, 1980

SOURCE:       National Wetlands Technical Council, Washington, DC. Contract
              No. WR17741462

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report is the final product of the Bottomland Hardwood
              Wetlands Workshop.  The workshop was sponsored by six federal
              agencies and designed to assist them in their management of
              bottomland hardwood (BLH) wetlands (BLH forests are found in
              river-bottom lands throughout the southeast United States).
              This volume contains the reports of five interdisciplinary
              workshops drafted at the meeting (Transition, Characterization,
              Impact, Management, and Optimaization).  The Transition and
              Characterization Workgroups porposed six distinct zones that
              can be recognized on the basis of interaction of hydrology,
              soils and forest tree species.  The general consensus of both
              the Management and Optimization Workgroups was that BLH is
              suitable habitat for multiple use management.  As brought out
              by the Impact Workgroup, modification of hydrology has a more
              serious and lasting impact than does timber harvest or other
              uses of the natural, intact system.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/management/Southeast/hydrology/soils/habitat/harvest/
              bottomland hardwood wetlands/tree species/timber/Georgia/soil

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1819

AUTHOR:       Gosselink, J. G. and Lee, L. C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Cumulative Impact Assessment in Bottomland Hardwood
              Forests

SOURCE:       Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University,
              Baton Rouge, LA. LSU-CEI-86-09

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Bottomland hardwood forest (BLH) ecosystems of the south central
              and southeastern United States include extensive areas of
              palustrine forested wetlands.  We describe a methodology for
              cumulative impact assessment and management in the bottomland
              hardwood wetlands that uses the landscape approach  of island
              biogeography.  Goals for this approach are to conserve unique
              bottomland forest functions (water-dependent terrestrial and
              wetland-dependent aquatic organisms, subsidized production,
              water quality, and flood water desynchronization) and to
              conserve landscape pattern (large blocks of bottomland/upland
              forest appropriately interspersed with smaller tracts,
              continuity among forest patches, and contiguity between
              bottomland forest and stream, and between bottomland and upland
              forest).  Generally the unique BLH functions are preserved by
              conserving landscape integrity. Pages: 1-113

KEYWORDS:     impact assessment/assessment/bottomland hardwood forests/
              southeastern United States/forested wetlands/wetlands/management/
              bottomland hardwood wetlands/landscape/island biogeography/
              function/water quality

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1820

AUTHOR:       Loftin, M. K., Toth, L. A., and Obeysekera, J. T. B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Proceedings: Kissimmee River Restoration Symposium, October 1988,
              Orlando, Florida

SOURCE:       South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, FL.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Between 1961 and 1971, a federal flood-control project
              transformed the meandering Kissimmee River into an essentially
              straight canal.  With this channelization, about 40,000 acres of
              environmentally sensitive floodplain wetlands along the original
              river vanished.  The South Florida Water Management District, in
              cooperation with other state and federal agencies, has been
              working to restore the lost environmental values.  In the
              mid-1980's, a restoration field test was completed.  Information
              gathered from that project and other studies needed to be
              assessed before additional restoration decisions could be made.
              This symposium provided a forum for experts in various fields
              associated with the restoration to offer their findings on
              ecological and engineering research and to address policy/
              institutional issues and concerns as they relate to options for
              restoration. Pages: 1-326

KEYWORDS:     proceedings/Kissimmee River/restoration/symposium/Florida/
              floodplain/wetlands/south Florida/management/values


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1821

AUTHOR:       Lefor, M. W. and Kennard, W. C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Proceedings of the Fourth Wetlands Conference: Wetlands
              Creation and Restoration, held at the University of Connecticut,
              Storrs, November 15, 1986

SOURCE:       Connecticut Institute of Water Resources, University of
              Connecticut, Storrs, CT. Report Number 34

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   As Connecticut and the nation become ever more urbanized, the
              pressure to fill in, drain, or otherwise modify our wetlands
              continues to mount.  While efforts must continue to prevent or
              reduce the destruction or modification of these important
              natural areas, steps can also be taken to restore those that
              have been degraded, or, in fact, create replacements for those
              that have been lost.  This conference was convened for such a
              purpose -- to report, to discuss, to evaluate, to plan, to
              recommend how these important tasks can be accomplished.  Eight
              papers were selected for presentation.  In the first, tidal
              wetland restoration projects were concluded to be successful
              when carefully designed and implemented.  The fourth paper
              describes two successful cases of wetland creation/mitigation
              in Massachusetts.  Growth of vegetation typical of healthy
              wetlands was found to be encouraged when suitable soil and
              hydrologic conditions are created.

KEYWORDS:     proceedings/wetlands/wetlands creation/creation/
              restoration/Connecticut/Massachusetts/vegetation/soils/hydrology/
              soil

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1822

AUTHOR:       Tiner, R. W. Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Wetlands of the United States: Current Status and Recent Trends

SOURCE:       National Wetlands Inventory, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S.
              Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This report identifies the current status of U.S. wetlands and
              major areas where wetlands are in greatest jeopardy from the
              national standpoint.  It also presents existing regional and
              national information on wetland trends.  Approximately 215
              million acres of wetlands existed in the conterminous U.S.
              (i.e., lower 48 states) at the time of the Nation's settlement.
              In the mid-1970's, only 99 million acres remained, leaving just
              46% of the original wetland acreage.  Between the mid-1950's
              and the mid-1970's, about 11 million acres of wetland were
              lost, while 2 million acres of new wetland were created.
              Thus, in that 20-year interval, a net loss of 9 million acres
              of wetland occurred.  Annual wetland losses averaged 458,000
              acres: 440,000 acres of palustrine losses and 18,000 acres of
              estuarine wetland losses.  Agricultural development was
              responsible for 87% of recent natinal wetland losses.  Urban
              development and other development caused only 8% and 5% of
              the losses, respectively.  The most extensive wetland losses
              occurred in Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, North Carolina,
              North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Florida, and Texas.
              Greatest losses of forested wetlands took place in the lower
              Mississippi Valley with the conversion of bottomland hardwood
              forests to farmland.  Shrub wetlands were hardest hit in
              North Carolina where pocosin wetlands are being converted to
              cropland or pine plantations or mined for peat.  Inland marsh
              drainage for agriculture was most significant in the Prairie
              Pothole Region of the Dakotas and Minnesota, Nebraska's
              Sandhills and Rainwater Basin and Florida's Everglades.
              Estuarine wetland losses were heaviest in the Gulf states,
              i.e., Louisiana, Florida, and Texas.  Dredge and fill
              residential development in coastal areas was most significant
              in Florida, Texas, New Jersey, New York, and California.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/status/losses/wetland losses/agricultural/Louisiana/
              Mississippi/North Carolina/North Dakota/Florida/Texas/forested
              wetlands/lower Mississippi Valley/bottomland hardwood forests/
              Minnesota/Everglades/coastal/New Jersey/New York/California/
              dredge and fill/shrub wetlands/inland marshes/estuarine
              wetlands/coastal marshes/coastal wetlands

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1823

AUTHOR:       Toth, L. A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Environmental Responses to the Kissimmee River Demonstration
              Project

SOURCE:       South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, FL.
              Technical Publication 91-02

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Channelization of the Kissimmee River between 1962 and 1970
              caused numerous environmental impacts in its ecosystem.  The
              South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) designed a
              Demonstration Project to provide the necessary information to
              implement dechannelization.  Environmental monitoring data were
              collected between July 1984 and November 1988.  Plant community
              responses to Demonstration Project components showed that
              restoration of wetland communities on the Kissimmee River
              floodplain is feasible.  In general, hydrologic modifications
              produced by the Demonstration Project led to expanded
              distributions of hydrophytic species and decreased frequencies
              of mesophytic and xerophytic species.  The Demonstration
              Project also provided evidence of the feasibility of restoring
              several components of floodplain function, including waterfowl
              and wading bird utilization, small fish and invertebrate
              productivity, and processes that could enhance water quality.
              However, because key hydrologic characteristics were not
              adequately reestablished, most functional aspects of floodplain
              ecosystem integrity were affected temporarily and/or only
              partially restored.  For example, water levels in the marsh
              apparently did not get deep enough, or were not deep long
              enough, to accommodate utilization of the marsh by larger,
              riverine fish species.

KEYWORDS:     Kissimmee River/environmental impacts/impacts/south Florida/
              Florida/management/monitoring/plant communities/plant community
              response/restoration/floodplain/function/waterfowl/water quality/
              hydrologic characteristics/fishes/wading birds/invertebrates

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1824

AUTHOR:       U.S.Army Corps of Engineers

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Central and Southern Florida Project, Environmental Restoration
              of the Kissimmee River, Florida, Final Integrated Feasibility
              Report and Environmental Impact Statement

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District, South
              Atlantic Division, Jacksonville, FL.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Alteration of the Kissimmee River's physical form and natural
              hydrologic characteristics by channelization had negative impacts
              on the fishery, waterfowl, wading birds and othe natural
              resources.  Wetlands were eliminated or degraded, and water
              quality declined.  Two restoration plans were developed which,
              when implemented together, will restore environmental values
              throughout the Kissimmee River Basin.  These plans are the
              Headwaters Revitalization Project in the Upper Basin, and the
              Modified Level II Backfilling Plan in the Lower Basin; the
              Modified Level II Backfilling Plan is dependent upon the
              Headwaters Project being in place to function successfully.
              Alternatives for the Lower Basin, including the Level II
              Backfilling Plan, are ready for decision making, and therfore
              were developed and evaluated in detail during this study.
              This integrated feasibility report and environmental impact
              statement addresses the Lower Basin in site-specific detail,
              and the Upper Basin programmatically in general.  Evaluation
              of all alternatives led to the conclusion that the Modified
              Level II Backfilling Plan is the best plan to accomplish
              restoration of the Kissimmee River's ecological integrity,
              and its choice as the Recommended Plan.  The Recommended
              Plan will restore the essential physical and hydrologic
              characteristics of the Lower Kissimmee River Basin, which
              will provide the conditions necessary for natural
              reestablishment of an ecosystem similar to that which
              existed and functioned prior to construction of the basin's
              flood control project.  The restored ecosystem will include
              56 miles of restored river, about 29,000 acres of restored
              wetlands, improved water quality, and restored conditions for
              over 300 fish and wildlife species, including waterfowl,
              wading birds, alligators, and three endangered species.

KEYWORDS:     Florida/restoration/Kissimmee River/hydrologic characteristics/
              impacts/fisheries/waterfowl/wading birds/birds/wetlands/water
              quality/values/Kissimmee River Basin/backfilling/function/
              reestablishment/restored wetlands/wildlife/endangered species/
              alligators

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1825

AUTHOR:       U.S.Environmental Protection Agency

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Technical Report: Literature Review of Wetland Evaluation
              Methodologies

SOURCE:       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, Chicago, IL.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   During the course of the development of a wastewater treatment
              facilities plan, potentially valuable wetlands may not be
              objectively evaluated, depending on who is conducting the review,
              which can lead to adverse effects on these wetlands.  A method
              is therefore needed which can be employed by Federal and State
              and/or their consultants agency personnel who are not
              necessarily trained in wetland ecology to objectively screen
              wetland values and potential adverse effects of individual
              projects on wetlands.  The objectives of this report are to
              review and summarize: (1) direct and cumulative impacts that may
              result from implementation of a facilities plan; (2) the
              available literature concerning methodologies that have been
              developed to evaluate wetland ecosystem baseline conditions;
              and (3) methodologies that assess impacts of various human
              activities on wetlands.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/technique/ecology/values/impacts/wastewater/protection/
              regulation/cumulative impacts

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1826

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J. B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Tidal Wetland Restoration: A Scientific Perspective and Southern
              California Focus

SOURCE:       California Sea Grant College System, University of California, La
              Jolla, CA. Report No. T-038

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This book is an effort to synthesize knowledge and make
              scientifically based recommendations for improved wetland
              management.  Adaptive management is a useful approach to
              restoration because it offers a mechanism for making decisions
              when it is uncertain what management actions will bring about the
              desired goals.  Initial attempts have suggested the use of
              decision trees to organize major management options, for which
              decisions must be based on monitoring data or experimental results.
              Perhaps the most important element of a successful adaptive
              management program is the interaction between the technical
              advisors and the project manager.  Appropriate personnel on both
              the technical and managerial sides are critical to the success of
              adaptive management.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/southern California/California/management/trees/
              monitoring

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1827

AUTHOR:       Landin, M. C. and Smith, H. K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material; Proceedings of the First
              Interagency Workshop, 7-9 October 1986, Pensacola, Florida

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
              Technical Report D-78-1

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Basic workshop objectives were to improve awareness and
              acceptability of beneficial use options for dredged material
              disposal; to discuss past, current, and future beneficial use
              applications; to identify innovative and untested beneficial
              uses; and to contribute to the development of a logical
              beneficial use strategy reflected in long-term planning and
              management.  Workshop participants arrived at several important
              conclusions: (a) beneficial uses already made have been
              significant; (b) the CE could do more with the beneficial uses
              concept if it had greater authority to do so; (c) in some areas
              such as marine fisheries, there are still needs for baseline
              data on beneficial use sites; (d) every effort to continue
              seeking beneficial uses should be made; (e) every effort to
              continue close communication, cooperation, and coordination
              with other agencies, offices, and concerns must be made; and
              (f) another interagency workshop should be held in 12 to 18
              months.

KEYWORDS:     proceedings/dredged material/management/fisheries/Florida/
              dredged material disposal

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1828

AUTHOR:       Schneller-McDonald, K., Ischinger, L. S., and Auble, G. T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Wetland Creation and Restoration: Description and Summary of
              the Literature

SOURCE:       U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
              Washington, DC. Biological Report 90(3)

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This Wetland Creation/Restoration (WCR) data base was developed
              to compile information concerning the creation and restoration
              of wetlands and to provide a state-of-the-knowledge resource
              based on the published literature.  We attempted to focus on
              literature dealing with restoration and creation of wetland
              functions, primarily through case studies, and on literature
              dealing with the evaluation of restoration or creation success.
              The WCR dat base comprises 1,100 records, each representing one
              article, report, or other publication.  The majority of these
              sources are from published literature.

KEYWORDS:     creation/restoration/wetlands/wetland functions/function

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1382

AUTHOR:       Frenkel, R. E. and Morlan, J. C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Restoration of the Salmon River Salt Marshes: Retrospect and
              Prospect

SOURCE:       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, WA. EPA
              910/9-92-012

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   We assessed restoration of  a 21 ha diked pasture in the Salmon
              River estuary to a naturally functioning estuarine salt marsh in
              1988, eleven years after partial dike removal in 1978.  Species
              composition changed over the restoration period.  Pasture species
              were mostly killed upon intrusion of salt water.  Ephemeral
              colonizers established in the first and second year after
              breaching, but by 1984 were negligible.  Carex lyngbyei,
              Salicornia virginica, Distichlis spicata, and Juncus balticus
              were important colonizers that, by 1988, characterize many of
              the developing salt marsh communities.  Pasture communities were
              replaced in the restoration area by five salt marsh communities.
              Estimates of above ground net primary productivity were about the
              same in the flanking controls as in the pre-restoration diked
              pasture and comparable to other northwest high salt marshes.
              Eleven years after dike removal, primary productivity almost
              doubled in the restored marsh.  Although a functioning restored
              salt marsh ecosystem is presently fully integrated into the lower
              Salmon River estuary, it is not comparable to the original salt
              marsh that was diked in 1961.  Our research demonstrates a
              successful restoration of a diked pasture to a functioning
              natural salt marsh.  The long-term prospects for complete
              restoration to pristine conditions, however, are less clear.  A
              more realistic restoration goal is the reestablishment of
              functioning natural salt marsh communities and ecosystems, not
              pristine conditions.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/Salmon River/salt marshes/marshes/estuaries/
              Salicornia/Distichlis spicata/reestablishment/Carex lyngbyei
              Hornem./Juncus balticus/vegetation/dike/Pacific Northwest/
              Oregon

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1829

AUTHOR:       Priest, W. I. III

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Wetlands Mitigation Evaluation Vegetation Studies: Monkey Bottom
              Disposal Area Final Report

SOURCE:       Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary,
              Gloucester Point, VA.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Considerable variability was found in the three marshes studied in
              this report.  Monkey Bottom had the highest standing crop but the
              lowest percent cover.  Willoughby Bay had the highest percent
              cover but the lowest density.  Larchmont Pond had the highest
              density but the lowest standing crop.  Despite this variability
              in cover, density and standing crop there were no statistically
              significant differences in these parameters among the three
              marshes.  When compared with literature values for similar types
              of natural marshes, all were near the lower ends of published
              ranges for density and standing crop but still within the range
              of natural variability.  While not necessarily as productive as
              some other marshes, the Monkey Bottom plant community appears to
              be a viable and productive component of the estuarine system.
              The design criteria of planting Spartina alterniflora between MTL
              and MHW in mesohaline areas to successfully compete with Phragmites
              australis appears to be confirmed.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/wetlands mitigation/mitigation/vegetation/marshes/
              values/natural marshes/plant communities/Spartina alterniflora/
              Phragmites australis/Virginia/Spartina


===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1830

AUTHOR:       Webb, J. W. Jr., Dodd, J. D., Cain, B. W., Leavens, W. R.,
              Hossner, L. R., Lindau, C., Stickney, R. R., and
              Williamson, H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat Development Field Investigations, Bolivar Peninsula
              Marsh and Upland Habitat Development Site, Galveston Bay, Texas.
              Appendix D: Propagation of Vascular Plants and Postpropagation
              Monitoring of Botanical Soil, Aquatic Biota, and Wildlife
              Resources

SOURCE:       Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
              Station, Vicksburg, MS. Technical Report D-78-15

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A 2-1/2-year field investigation was conducted at Bolivar
              Peninsula, Galveston Bay, Texas, to test the feasibility and
              impact of developing marsh and upland habitat on dredged
              material.  This report summarizes baseline information derived
              before habitat development operations and results of
              post-development operation.  Plantings were successful in both
              the marsh and upland.  Marsh grasses surviving and performing
              well included smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) and
              saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens).  As the plants developed,
              the numbers of shore insects, mainly dipterans and beetles,
              increased greatly in the intertidal study area.  Shorebirds
              associated with marshes moved onto the site and increased in
              density.  The abundance of benthos was 1.5 times greater inside
              the diked area than outside, and within the diked area, the
              benthos in planted areas was 1.5 times as abundant as the
              benthos in bare areas.  After less than a year of development,
              the site provided heterogeneous habitats which tended to support
              greater use by fish and benthos than is generally associated
              with sandy shores along Bolivar Peninsula.

KEYWORDS:     habitat/habitat development/Bolivar Peninsula/Texas/plants/
              monitoring/wildlife/dredged material/smooth cordgrass/cordgrass/
              Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/Spartina patens/insects/
              intertidal/shorebirds/marshes/benthos/fishes/field
              investigations/soil/aquatic biota

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1831

AUTHOR:       Cammen, L. M., Seneca, E. D., and Copeland, B. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Animal Colonization of Man-Initiated Salt Marshes on Dredge
              Spoil

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research
              Center, Fort Belvoir, VA. Technical Paper No. 76-7

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Dredge spoil (sand and mud scooped from the bottom of
              navigation routes and piled high on channel edges) has been
              successfully stabilized with plantings of North Carolina's
              dominant marsh grass, Spartina alterniflora.  Benefits of
              stabilizing spoil with Spartina, commonly known as smooth
              cordgrass, appear to be twofold.  In the short term, marsh
              grass slows erosion.  In the long term, areas covered with
              Spartina come to look like natural marshlands, which are
              important to fishery resources (fish and shellfish).  The
              purpose of this researsh was to answer the general question:
              Does spoil covered with smooth cordgrass function similarly
              to natural marsh?  Specifically, the research was aimed at
              determining differences in animal life (fauna) in spoil
              areas and natural marsh.  Two locations, one at Drum Inlet
              (Carteret County, North Carolina) and one at Snow's Cut
              (New Hanover County, North Carolina) were chosen for the
              study because of the difference in age of the spoil marsh
              and the range of environmental conditions.  Sampling of the
              areas, both of which included bare spoil, artificial marsh,
              and natural marsh, continued over a 9-month period, March to
              November 1973.  Two patterns of faunal development were found
              to occur at the sites.  Fauna found in bare and planted plots
              at Drum Inlet were generally much alike.  But a marked
              difference was found between fauna from these plots and that
              from Drum Inlet's natural marsh.  In contrast, at Snow's Cut,
              bare and planted plots differed greatly in faunal development.
              There, bare, more than planted marsh fauna, resembled that of
              the natural marsh.  Elevation was suggested as a major factor
              affecting faunal development.  The research indicates that
              planted spoil fauna at Drum Inlet will more quickly resemble
              the natural marsh than at Snow's Cut, even though the Drum
              Inlet area has been developing for a shorter time.  One
              indication of how long it will take spoil marsh to resemble
              natural marsh is the organic carbon content of the sediment.
              Using organic carbon content as an indicator, estimates are
              that Drum Inlet spoil will resemble that of natural marsh in
              approximately 4 years from the time spoil was last deposited.
              But at Snow's Cut, the process may take as much as 25 years.
              In conclusion, the research shows that planting Spartina on
              dredge spoil can lead to the creation of salt marsh that
              resembles marsh built by nature.  How long this takes depends
              on how closely spoil resembles the natural marsh sediment,
              the natural sedimentation rate of the area, the elevation and
              the marturity of the natural marsh compared to the area of
              spoil deposition.

KEYWORDS:     colonization/man-initiated/salt marshes/marshes/dredge spoil/
              spoil/edge/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/smooth cordgrass/
              cordgrass/erosion/fisheries/function/fauna/North Carolina/
              artificial/elevation/organic carbon/sediment/creation/
              macrofauna/invertebrates/animal colonization/stabilization/
              Drum Inlet,North Carolina/Snow's Cut,North Carolina

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1832

AUTHOR:       Matthews, G. A. and Minello, T. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Technology and Success in Restoration, Creation, and Enhancement
              of Spartina alterniflora Marshes in the United States.  Vol.
              I -- Executive Summary and Annotated Bibliography

SOURCE:       NOAA Coastal Ocean Office, Silver Spring, MD. NOAA Coastal Ocean
              Program Decision Analysis Series No. 2

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This annotated bibliography is intended to summarize the
              literature on created Spartina alterniflora salt marshes.
              Although papers that deal with planting techniques and the
              establishment of the vegetation itself are included in the
              collection, special emphasis is placed on publications that
              assess habitat value and investigate the replacement of natural
              salt marsh functions.  Some papers that involve other species of
              Spartina such as S. foliosa have been included in the
              bibliography if the papers relate to functional values.  We tried
              to include all studies involving nutrients, sediment organics,and
              infaunal populations and studies that examined utilization of
              created Spartina marshes by fishery species or other aquatic or
              terrestrial fauna.  The annotations include some interpretation
              on our part.  This is especially true in relation to the use of
              created salt marshes by fishery or related aquatic organisms.
              The executive summary includes a conclusions and recommendations
              section which summarizes information from the papers on Spartina
              marsh fauna.

KEYWORDS:     restoration/enhancement/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/marshes/
              creation/salt marshes/technique/vegetation/habitat/habitat value/
              function/values/sediment/Spartina marshes/fisheries/fishery
              species/fauna/created salt marshes

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1833

AUTHOR:       U.S.Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Research Program

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        National Summary of Ongoing Wetlands Research by Federal Agencies

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station,
              Vicksburg, MS.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This document contains a partial listing of ongoing wetlands
              research by Federal agencies.  The purpose of this document is
              to provide a reference source for Federal and State agencies,
              academia, and private organizations of current wetlands research
              being conducted by Federal agencies.  This edition consists of
              information provided by eight Federal agencies.  The committee's
              goal is to continue to update this document and to publish an
              updated version annually in January.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1834

AUTHOR:       Barnard, T. A. Jr. and Mason, P. A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        A Survey of Compensatory Mitigation Within the Tidal Wetlands
              of Virginia

SOURCE:       Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and
              Mary, Williamsburg, VA.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study has as its principal purpose an examination of how
              compensatory mitigation has worked as a wetlands management
              tool to date in Virginia.  Our approach was to look at the
              overall use of compensation in coastal Virginia based on
              regulatory records and to examine as many existing created
              wetlands as possible within the tidal area of the state to
              determine now closely these projects have come, collectively,
              to fulfilling the compensatory goal of wetland replacement.
              Secondary objectives include an examination of the literature
              regarding wetland compensation concept evaluation and to
              construct a comprehensive list of wetland compensation sites
              in Virginia.  Our survey results support the continued use of
              wetland compensation by the regulatory community, but only on
              a highly limited basis (i.e., generally as a last resort).
              The study documents problems with implementation of the
              concept in both wetland establishment success and regulatory
              decision-making.  Our study indicates that, in general, state
              regulators are using compensation on a conservatiove basis.
              There is much information that is apparently not available
              due to the fact that there are no standard record-keeping
              practices for compensation projects.  In addition, there is
              some indication that monitoring and follow-up are being
              employed on a limited basis, although this effort appears to
              have little consistency.

KEYWORDS:     compensatory mitigation/mitigation/tidal wetlands/wetlands/
              Virginia/wetlands management/management/compensation/coastal/
              created wetlands/monitoring

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1835

AUTHOR:       Devoe, M. R. and Baughman, D. S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        South Carolina Wetland Impoundments: Ecological Characterization,
              Management, Status, and Use.  Vol. II: Technical Synthesis

SOURCE:       South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium, Charleston, SC. Technical
              Report #SC-SG-TR-86-2

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The Coastal Wetland Impoundment Project (CWIP) was designed to
              generate the first comprehensive characterization of a coastal
              impoundment system in South Carolina.  The purpose of this
              investigation was to develop an information base which could be
              used by policy-makers and regulatory agencies to address the
              complex questions surrounding this valuable state resource.  The
              CWIP, a multi-institutional effort, was conducted at the Tom
              Yawkey Wildlife Center, near Georgetown, SC, from summer 1982 to
              spring 1985.  The results of the CWIP are presented in three
              volumes: Volume I - Executive Summary; Volume II - Technical
              Synthesis; Volume III - Technical Appendix.  Volume II contains
              the detailed results of the CWIP and has been organized into
              nine sections.  Section IV describes primary productivity
              (macrophytes, algae), Section V the planktonic community,
              Section VI the benthic community, Section VII the nektonic
              community (crustaceans, fishes), and Section VIII the wildlife
              community (waterbirds, alligators).

KEYWORDS:     South Carolina/impoundments/management/status/coastal/wildlife/
              crustaceans/fishes/wildlife communities/waterbirds/
              alligators/macrophytes/algae/vegetation/plankton/nekton/benthos

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1836

AUTHOR:       Haynes, R. J., Allen, J. A., and Pendleton, E. C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Reestablishment of Bottomland Hardwood Forests on Disturbed
              Sites: An Annotated Bibliography

SOURCE:       Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior,
              Washington, DC. Biological Report 88(42)

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This bibliography was prepared to assist persons interested in
              the reestablishment of bottomland hardwood forests on previously
              disturbed sites, such as abandoned farm land or surface-mined
              areas.  Only those references that were thought to contain
              information of direct value to persons involved in bottomland
              hardwood restoration were selected for annotation.  The
              bibliography also contains non-annotated entries grouped under
              specific subjects.  These entries may be of value to persons
              requiring more in-depth treatments of specific species or
              silvicultural methods.  An attempt was made to include all
              appropriate citations through May 1988.

KEYWORDS:     reestablishment/bottomland hardwood forests/abandoned/bottomland
              hardwood restoration/restoration

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1837

AUTHOR:       Conners, D. H., Riesenberg, F. IV, Charney, R. D., McEwen,
              M. A., Krone, R. B., and Tchobanoglous, G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Research Needs: Salt Marsh Restoration, Rehabilitation, and
              Creation Techniques for Caltrans Construction Projects

SOURCE:       Department of Civil Engineering, University of California,
              Davis, CA.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The purpose of this report is to identify information and data
              needs that are necessary to develop more effective methods and
              techniques for the enhancement, restoration, or creation of
              saltwater wetlands and marshes.  The objective is to define
              those research needs that will allow Caltrans to carry out its
              mission more effectively, and not to identify all of the
              research needs associated with salt marsh restoration.  The
              study described in this report involved: 1) the conduct of an
              extensive literature search, 2) site visits to several marshes
              in northern and southern California, and 3) discussions with
              workers in the field of marsh restoration.  The principal focus
              of the study was to identify research needs.  Chapter 5 deals with
              vegetation establishment, describing techniques used and listing
              research needs.

KEYWORDS:     marsh restoration/restoration/rehabilitation/creation/creation
              techniques/technique/enhancement/wetlands/marshes/southern
              California/California/vegetation/vegetation establishment

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1838

AUTHOR:       Kusler, J. A., Quammen, M. L., and Brooks, G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Proceedings of the National Wetland Symposium: Mitigation of
              Impacts and Losses, New Orleans, Louisiana, October 8-10, 1986

SOURCE:       Association of State Wetland Managers,  Berne, NY

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The papers in this proceedings are the first comprehensive
              attempts to examine "mitigation" since an initial mitigation
              symposium was held in Colorado in 1977.  The speakers in this
              symposium were asked to focus upon two principal questions:
              What has been learned concerning the effectiveness of various
              impact reduction and restoration/creation techniques?  How
              could these techniques be strengthened or improved and what
              are the research needs? Chapters 8-17 discuss various aspects
              of wetlands creation and restoration.

KEYWORDS:     proceedings/wetlands/wetlands mitigation/symposium/
              impacts/losses/mitigation/technique/creation/restoration/
              Louisiana

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1839

AUTHOR:       Larson, J. S. and Neill, C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Mitigating Freshwater Wetland Alterations in the Glaciated
              Northeastern United States: An Assessment of the Science Base.
              Proceedings of a Workshop held at the University of Massachusetts,
              Amherst, September 29-30, 1986.  Publication No. 87-1

SOURCE:       The Environmental Institute, University of Massachusetts,
              Amherst, MA

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The Workshop focused on three key bio-physical elements of
              freshwater wetlands in the Northeastern United States: hydrology,
              soils, and vegetation.  All three are the critical elements that
              give rise to the publicly valuable functions of wetlands and are
              the basic elements in design of an artificial replacement.  The
              list of functions that follows formed the framework for the
              Workshop and this report: (1) Groundwater recharge and discharge,
              (2) Flood storage and desynchronization, (3) Shoreline anchoring
              and dissipation of erosive forces, (4) Sediment trapping, (5)
              Nutrient retention and removal, (6) Food chain support, (7) Habitat
              for fisheries, (8) Habitat for wildlife, (9) Active recreation,
              (10) Passive recreation and heritage value.  Each group report
              takes the form of a list of parameters that can be measured to
              determine specific wetland functions.  Each parameter is related
              to given functions of freshwater wetlands, along with an
              indication of the ease of obtaining the measurements.  The
              overview papers present the state of wetland science in the
              Northeast with respect to hydrology, soils and vegetation.
              Pages: 1-143

KEYWORDS:     freshwater wetlands/wetlands/assessment/northeastern United
              States/proceedings/hydrology/soils/vegetation/function/artificial/
              groundwater recharge/sediment/food chain support/habitat/
              fisheries/wildlife/wetland functions/Massachusetts/soil

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1840

AUTHOR:       Lewis, R. R. III

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Creation and Restoration of Coastal Plant Communities

SOURCE:       CRC Press,  Boca Raton, FL

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This book brings together all available information on creation
              and restoration of coastal plant communities in the form of
              synthesis papers and other appropriate information.  The papers
              and their associated literature reviews were intended to provide
              the reader with a single source volume from which to draw all
              literature sources available on this subject.  The chapters cover
              U.S. coastal sand dunes, Atlantic and Pacific coastal marshes,
              Gulf of Mexico salt marshes, low marshes of China and peninsular
              Florida, mangrove forests, and seagrass meadows.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands creation/restoration/coastal plant communities/creation/
              coastal/plant communities/coastal marshes/marshes/Florida/
              seagrasses/meadow/salt marshes/mangroves

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1841

AUTHOR:       Strickland, R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetland Functions, Rehabilitation, and Creation in the Pacific
              Northwest:The State of Our Understanding.

SOURCE:       Washington State Department of Ecology,  Olympia, WA

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This volume presents the proceedings of a conference held on
              April 30-May 2, 1986, at Fort Worden State Park Conference Center
              in Port Townsend, Washington.  The subject of the conference was
              the state of wetlands science in the Pacific Northwest, including
              the states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, and the Canadian
              province of British Columbia.  The goals of the conference were
              to document our present state of knowledge about how Northwest
              wetlands function, and to assess our ability to create or restore
              them.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/function/wetlands creation/Pacific Northwest/wetland
              functions/rehabilitation/creation/proceedings/Washington/
              Oregon/Idaho/British Columbia

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1842

AUTHOR:       Zelazny, J. and Feierabend, J. S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Proceedings of a Conference: Increasing Our Wetland Resources,
              October 4-7, 1987

SOURCE:       National Wildlife Federation,  Washington, DC

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Proceedings of a conference held by the National Wildlife
              Federation Corporate Conservation Council to discuss ways
              to deal with the problem of wetlands loss.

KEYWORDS:     wetlands/proceedings/losses/wildlife


===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1843

AUTHOR:       Greeson, P. E., Clark, J. R., and Clark, J. E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Wetland Functions and Values: The State of Our
              Understanding

SOURCE:       American Water Resources Association,  Minneapolis, MN

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Proceedings of the National Symposium on Wetlands held in Lake
              Buena Vista, Florida, November 7-10, 1978.  This Symposium
              intensely examines the ecological values of wetlands,
              particularly such functions as nutrient cycling, decomposition,
              hydrology and productivity, and the extent to which they
              translate into social, health, welfare, and safety issues, like
              flood control, water supply and quality, wildlife habitat, and
              basic life support.

KEYWORDS:     wetland functions/function/values/proceedings/symposium/wetlands/
              hydrology/wildlife/wildlife habitat/habitat/Florida

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1404

AUTHOR:       Hammer, D. A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Creating Freshwater Wetlands

SOURCE:       Lewis Publishers, Inc.,  Baton Rouge, LA

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Many of our "natural" wetlands today were in fact restored or
              even created.  To conclude that we lack the information to restore
              or create many types of wetlands is to ignore or negate a
              considerable body of information gathered by scientists and
              managers over many years.  Marshes are precursors, early
              successional stages for many other wetland ecosystems.  A healthy
              created marsh can progress to another wetland type if the
              disturbance factor critical to maintaining the site in the early
              marsh stage is not supplied.  Designing and constructing a
              wetlands that will attract and support representative vertebrate
              species will likely support many other important functional values.
              This book is an attempt to organize and present some ot the
              information on methods to create or restore freshwater wetlands
              Pages: 1-298

KEYWORDS:     freshwater wetlands/wetlands/marshes/disturbance/values/restored
              wetlands/created wetlands/technique

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1844

AUTHOR:       Kusler, J. A., Daly, S., and Brooks, G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Proceedings of the National Wetland Symposium, Urban Wetlands,
              June 26-29, 1988, Oakland, California

SOURCE:       Association of Wetland Managers,  Berne, NY

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This volume of papers addresses the special problems of
              protecting and managing wetlands in urban and urbanizing
              environments where wetland hydrology is often substantially
              altered by such urbanization, land values are very high,
              wetlands are not of great value for waterfowl (although they
              may be for other purposes), and wetland protection and
              management is primarily in the hands of local government.
              The proceedings were primarily designed for a semi-technical
              or technical audience of individuals who must assess and manage
              urban wetlands and urban riparian habitats.  Unlike rural areas
              where the states and federal agencies often play the most
              important wetland protection role, urban wetland protection and
              management is primarily a local government responsibility.  Chapter
              12 addresses restoration and creation of urban wetlands.

KEYWORDS:     proceedings/symposium/wetlands/wetland hydrology/hydrology/
              values/wetland protection/protection/management/riparian/
              riparian habitats/habitat/urban wetlands/restoration/creation/
              California/waterfowl

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1845

AUTHOR:       Mutz, K. M. and Lee, L. C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems of the American West: Eighth
              Annual Meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists, May 26-29,
              1987, Seattle, Washington.  Section VII.  Wetland Creation and
              Restoration

SOURCE:       Society of Wetland Scientists,  Wilmington, NC

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Proceedings from the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Society of
              Wetland Scientists.  Section VII contains papers which discuss
              various aspects of wetlands creation and restoration.

KEYWORDS:     riparian/wetlands creation/creation/restoration/proceedings/
              wetlands/Washington

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1846

AUTHOR:       Thayer, G. W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Restoring the Nation's Marine Environment

SOURCE:       Maryland Sea Grant College,  College Park, MD

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Natural environmental change and human development have impacted
              coastal habitats, habitats that are critical for marine living
              resources.  If the productivity of these resources is to have any
              chance of recovery, it will be necessary, at a minimum, to
              functionally restore their supporting habitats.  Critical to succes
              are restoration programs based on sound scientific principles.
              This book provides examples of how researchers and managers have
              undertaken such tasks for different environments.

KEYWORDS:     marine environment/coastal/habitat/restoration

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1847

AUTHOR:       Perry, M. C., Deller, A. S., Pugh, S. B., and Banker, M. E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Survival and growth of nursery-stock woody plants in constructed
              forested wetlands in central Maryland

SOURCE:       In Landin, M. C., editor. National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, 5-7 April
              1995, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
              Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Available from
              http://www.wes.army.mil/el/workshop/RE15-5.html via the Internet.
              Accessed on 19 October 1998.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The survival and growth of 1841 nursery-stock woody plants that were
              planted in three constructed forested wetlands in fall 1992 were
              evaluated during 1993 and 1994. After 2 years, 582 of the 1240
              tagged tree transplants from the 3 mitigation sites had died. Of
              the 601 tagged shrubs, 367 were dead after 2 years. During the
              2-year period most of the mortality was attributed to excessive
              water conditions during the growing season. Wildlife damage may
              also have been a major factor in the mortality of the woody plants.
              Growth measurements of the woody plants at the 3 sites indicated
              that most of the live transplants decreased in height due to
              dieback of the mainstem.

KEYWORDS:     plants/forested wetlands/wetlands/transplanting/mitigation/
              wildlife/survival and growth/nursery-stock woody plants/constructed
              forested wetlands/trees/shrubs/central Maryland/Maryland

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1848

AUTHOR:       Ladd, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Effects of hydric versus loam backfill on survivorship and
              community composition in a mitigation site in central
              Connecticut

SOURCE:       In Landin, M. C., editor. National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, 5-7 April
              1995, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
              Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Available from
              http://www.wes.army.mil/el/workshop/RE1-4.html via the Internet.
              Accessed on 19 October 1998.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Annual mitigation monitoring was conducted in July 1993 and July
              1994.  Data collected included survivorship and reproduction for
              each of the 407 plantings in basin 6HE.  The over-all survivorship
              of propagules was high, exceeding 90% for trees and shrubs in basin
              6HE since 1992.  After two years of monitoring, hydric soil
              backfill resulted in slightly higher survivorship of shrubs, and
              minor influences on community composition of herbaceous vegetation.

KEYWORDS:     mitigation/Connecticut/monitoring/trees/shrubs/vegetation/central
              Connecticut/constructed wetlands/palustrine wetland/vegetative
              monitoring/soil

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1849

AUTHOR:       Long, M. W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Considerations for creation of Spartina salt marsh in the
              Northeast

SOURCE:       In Landin, M. C., editor. National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, 5-7 April
              1995, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
              Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Available from
              http://www.wes.army.mil/el/workshop/RE1-5.html via the Internet.
              Accessed on 19 October 1998.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A five year monitoring plan is evaluating plant species
              composition, plant density, stem height, biomass production,
              growth of plant shoots from rhizomes, soil development and
              colonization of shellfish.  Results from the first year of
              monitoring indicate several trends in the marsh.  Populations of
              mud dog whelk, mummichog, and three spine sticklebacks were found
              in the channels and palles even before construction completion.
              Shore birds such as snowy egrets and greater yellowlegs
              immediately began feeding on the snails and fish.  A soft shell
              clam population was found throughout the marsh in the fall.
              No live ribbed mussels have been found.  Approximately 97% of the
              S. alterniflora donor and nursery plugs were successfully
              transplanted.  The S. patens did not transplant well.

KEYWORDS:     creation/Spartina/monitoring/plant species composition/biomass/
              colonization/channels/birds/feeding/snails/transplanting/Spartina
              salt marsh/Massachusetts/shellfish colonization/ribbed mussels/
              juvenile finfish habitat/Phragmites australis/Spartina
              alterniflora/Spartina patens/created marshes/soil/egrets

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1850

AUTHOR:       Hanlin, H. G., Dietsch, B. M., and McLendon, J. P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Amphibian and reptile recolonization of Lost Lake, a restored
              Carolina bay

SOURCE:       In Landin, M. C., editor. National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, 5-7
              April 1995, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
              Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Available from
              http://www.wes.army.mil/el/workshop/RE3-3.html via the Internet.
              Accessed on 19 October 1998.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Carolina bays are shallow wetland interstream depressions found
              only on the Atlantic Coastal Plain.  Lost Lake restoration
              activities were complete by mid-1991.  Lost Lake is the first
              known project designed for the restoration and recovery of a
              Carolina bay.  A total of 47 species of amphibians and reptiles
              was collected or observed since May, 1993.  Successful
              reproduction was documented for fifteen species.  However, many
              of the species encountered inhabit a wide variety of wetland
              habitats, including areas that have been heavily disturbed.  Bennett
              conducted a similar study of Lost Lake herpetofauna in the
              summers of 1978 and 1979 prior to restoration.  He documented only
              27 species, but those included two species not encountered in
              the present study.  Schalles et al. (1989) and Gibbons and
              Semlitsch (1991) list amphibian and reptile species collected or
              observed in other Carolina bays on the Savannah River Site.  A
              comparison with our results reveals 28 species not encountered at
              Lost Lake.  The absence of many of these species is not surprising
              since the bay is in a very early successional stage.

KEYWORDS:     coastal/restoration/amphibians/reptiles/wetland habitat/habitat/
              herpetofauna/comparison/South Carolina/Carolina bay/
              recolonization

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1851

AUTHOR:       Mullen, E., Weinstein, M. N., Pope, K., and Mulroy, T. W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Wildlife monitoring of created dune swale wetlands on the San
              Antonio Terrace, Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA

SOURCE:       In Landin, M. C., editor. National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, 5-7 April
              1995, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
              Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Available from
              http://www.wes.army.mil/el/workshop/RE6-3.html via the Internet.
              Accessed on 19 October 1998.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This paper presents the results of four years of wildlife
              monitoring of dune swale wetlands created to mitigate impacts
              of Air Force test facilities constructed on the San Antonio
              Terrace.  The program involves 5 years of seasonal wildlife
              monitoring at the two created wetland sites and six natural
              "reference wetlands."  The reference wetlands were chosen to
              represent the range of wetland types found on the terrace.
              The high plant productivity and abundant invertebrate
              population at the new wetlands support a high diversity of
              birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians.  In the fourth
              year of existence, the created wetlands surpass or fit within
              the range of species abundances, numbers, and diversities
              found at the reference wetlands.

KEYWORDS:     wildlife/monitoring/wetlands/impacts/reference wetlands/
              diversity/birds/mammals/reptiles/amphibians/created wetlands/
              created dune swale wetlands/California/species abundance

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1895

AUTHOR:       Parikh, A. and Gale, N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Vegetation monitoring of created wetland sites on the San
              Antonio Terrace, Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

SOURCE:       In Landin, M. C., editor. National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, 5-7 April
              1995, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
              Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Available from
              http://www.wes.army.mil/el/workshop/RE6-4.html via the Internet.
              Accessed on 19 October 1998.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   An ongoing mitigation program on the San Antonio Terrace at
              Vandenberg AFB includes the creation of two wetlands followed by
              five years of monitoring to compare vegetation development at the
              created wetland sites and six mature representative wetlands.
              Three species measures were computed: species richness, species
              cover, and species frequency.  Species richness values are much
              higher at the created wetland sites than in the reference wetlands.
              The species cover data initially showed and continue to
              demonstrate the highest degree of similarity between the created
              and reference sites.  Species frequencies were distinctly
              different in 1991 between the created and reference wetlands.
              During the four years of monitoring, frequencies of the same
              species have become more similar between the created and reference
              wetlands.

KEYWORDS:     vegetation/monitoring/California/mitigation/creation/wetlands/
              vegetation development/species richness/values/reference wetlands/
              created wetlands

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1896

AUTHOR:       Shear, T., Lent, T., and Fraver, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Comparisons of plant community attributes among restored and mature
              bottomland hardwood forests of southwestern Kentucky

SOURCE:       In Landin, M. C., editor. National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, 5-7 April
              1995, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
              Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Available from
              http://www.wes.army.mil/el/workshop/RE7-1.html via the Internet.
              Accessed on 19 October 1998.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Our objective was to evaluate the development of mature
              characteristics in restored stands.  The number of overstory
              species was greater in the mature type (19) than in the restored
              types (12).  Oaks and hickories accounted for most of the
              overstory composition differences between restored and mature
              stands.  Natural regeneration will replace light-seeded species,
              but heavy-seeded species must be replanted.  Mean tree height and
              diameter were larger and stem density was lower in the mature
              type than in the restored types.  There were no differences among
              thestand type midstories.  We believe that the understory was
              adequately restored after fifty years.  This is contrary to the
              prevailing opinion that understories take much longer, perhaps
              centuries, to recover from disturbances less severe than
              agriculture.

KEYWORDS:     comparison/plant communities/bottomland hardwood forests/oaks/
              regeneration/disturbance/southwestern Kentucky/restoration

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1897

AUTHOR:       Morgan, K. L., Roberts, T. H., Klimas, C. V., and Williams,
              H. M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Vegetation and wildlife communities associated with early
              successional bottomland hardwood restoration

SOURCE:       In Landin, M. C., editor. National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, 5-7
              April 1995, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. Army Corps of
              Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
              Available from http://www.wes.army.mil/el/workshop/RE7-4.html
              via the Internet. Accessed on 19 October 1998.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   We studied the relationships between vegetation and selected
              wildlife communities at the Lake George Reforestation Project
              (LGRP) in the Delta region of Mississippi from spring 1991
              through summer 1992.  Herbaceous species colonized the site
              during the first year.  Total canopy cover approached 100
              percent over most of the area; a few of the wetter swales were
              sparsely vegetated.  Line-transect surveys in winter, spring,
              and summer yielded a total of 47 bird species.  The most
              abundant breeding birds were the red-winged blackbird and
              dickcissel.  The winter community was dominated by the
              red-winged blackbird, song sparrow, swamp sparrow, and
              savannah sparrow.  Wading birds were abundant in areas that
              ponded water.  A total of 18 mammal species was identified.
              In summer 1991, only three small mammals were captured during
              500 trap nights.  One year later, populations had increased
              markedly and 183 individuals were captured in 880 trap nights.
              The cotton rat was the most abundant species.  The mosiac of
              plant communities resulting from the site's variable topography,
              and presence of open water contributed to the LGRP supporting
              numerous species of wildlife associated with early successional
              and aquatic habitats.  Decision makers should consider managing
              portions of the LGRP for herbaceous and shrub communities for
              the maintenance of regional biodiversity.

KEYWORDS:     vegetation/wildlife/restoration/reforestation/Mississippi/
              birds/mammals/plant communities/habitat/biodiversity/bottomland
              hardwood restoration/wildlife communities/wading birds

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1898

AUTHOR:       DuBowy, P. J., Hartman, M. R., and Mulyani, Y. A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Avian utilization of restored and created wetlands in Indiana

SOURCE:       In Landin, M. C., editor. National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, 5-7 April
              1995, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
              Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Available from
              http://www.wes.army.mil/el/workshop/RE9-4.html via the Internet.
              Accessed on 19 October 1998.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   There is no significant difference between species diversity at
              restored and natural wetlands.  In contrast, created wetlands
              in previously strip-mined areas in southern Indiana with similar
              habitat characteristics do not necessarily show similarities in
              bird assemblages.

KEYWORDS:     avian utilization/created wetlands/wetlands/species diversity/
              diversity/natural wetlands/habitat/restored wetlands/Indiana/
              breeding bird species richness

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1899

AUTHOR:       Harris, J. O.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Status report on the crevasse program at Delta National Wildlife
              Refuge

SOURCE:       In Landin, M. C., editor. National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, 5-7 April
              1995, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
              Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Available from
              http://www.wes.army.mil/el/workshop/RE12-2.html via the
              Internet. Accessed on 19 October 1998.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Delta National Wildlife Refuge crevasses have resulted in the
              creation of hundreds of acres of emergent marsh, mud flats and
              shallow water areas.  A number of management studies have been
              initiated over the past 3 years.  Results from these studies are
              still preliminary but crevasses appear to provide positive
              benefits for a wide range of species.  Deltaic splays accrete
              sufficiently to produce emergent vegetation in just a few years.
              Developing splays provide suitable habitat for a wide range of
              shorebirds and wading birds while non-splay areas are usually of
              sufficient depth to preclude use by most birds in these groups.
              Construction of crevasses appears to have little effect on fish
              assemblages.

KEYWORDS:     status/wildlife/creation/emergent marsh/management/emergent
              vegetation/vegetation/habitat/shorebirds/birds/crevasses/deltaic
              splays/waterfowl use/fish assemblages/wading birds

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1900

AUTHOR:       Faulkner, S. and Visser, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1996

TITLE:        Sediment and vegetation characteristics of similar-aged created
              and natural wetlands in the Louisiana Atchafalaya Delta

SOURCE:       In Landin, M. C., editor. National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, 5-7 April
              1995, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
              Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Available from
              http://www.wes.army.mil/el/workshop/RE12-3.html via the Internet.
              Accessed on 19 October 1998.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   A unique feature of the Atchafalaya Delta in southwestern
              Louisiana is the availability of naturally created wetlands in
              the Atchafalaya Delta as appropriately aged analogs for
              wetlands created through dredge disposal operations.  Natural
              and created wetlands were selected within each of the following
              age groups: 0-3, 5-10, and 15-20 years old.  Vegetative cover
              showed no differences between natural and created marshes of
              similar age and elevation.  Differences in vegetation species
              composition between natural and created islands as well as
              young and old wetlands were found.  The 0-3 year old created
              wetlands had distinctly different species composition than the
              other wetland types.

KEYWORDS:     Louisiana/created wetlands/wetlands/vegetative cover/marshes/
              elevation/vegetation/sediment/natural wetlands/Atchafalaya Delta/
              southwestern Louisiana/vegetation species composition/created
              marshes

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1901

AUTHOR:       Wheeler, T. L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Patterns of Early Succession on a Dredged Material Marsh Island
              in Winyah Bay, South Carolina

SOURCE:       M.S. thesis, University of North Carolina, Wilmington

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Field and laboratory methods were used to asses changes in
              vegetational composition and fungal concentrations on a
              dredged-material island in Winyah Bay, South Caolina.  Spartina
              alterniflora became established on bare substrate and reached
              a maximum biomass 5 years after initial colonization.  Species
              diversity increased significantly 9 years after establishment
              of vegetation.  Fungi were present in belwoground tissues at
              the 1-year-old site, and fungal concentrations increased until
              age 9.  Fungal biomass was positively correlated with
              aboveground plant biomass.  Six sites of different ages were
              selected (1, 5, 8, 9, 11, and 50+ years).

KEYWORDS:     succession/South Carolina/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/plant
              biomass/colonization/species diversity/diversity/vegetation/
              vegetational composition/fungal concentration/dredged material
              wetland/dredged material/biomass

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1902

AUTHOR:       Sacco, J. N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Infaunal Community Development of Artificially Established Salt
              Marshes in North Carolina

SOURCE:       M.S. thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   This study was undertaken to investigate the infaunal community
              of artificially established salt marshes.  Infauna were sampled
              from an artificially established (AE) salt marsh and a nearby
              natural marsh at six sites along the North Carolina coast.  The
              AE marshes ranged in age from 1 to 17 yr.  Overall, the two marsh
              types had similar component organisms and proportions of trophic
              groups, but total density and densities within trophic groupings
              were lower in the AE marshes.  AE marshes are capable of
              supporting infaunal communities similarly to those of natural
              marshes, but possibly because of lower organic matter content
              they are unable to support as great an infaunal density.

KEYWORDS:     infaunal community development/artificially established salt
              marshes/marshes/North Carolina/infauna/natural marshes/organic
              matter/infaunal community/salt marshes

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1903

AUTHOR:       Sewell, R. W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Floral and Faunal Colonization of Restored Wetlands in
              West-Central Minnesota and Northeastern South Dakota

SOURCE:       M.S. thesis, South Dakota State University, Brookings

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The objective of this study was to determine trends in species
              abundance and richness of waterfowl, aquatic macroinvertebrates,
              fish and hydrophytes in restored wetlands of differing ages
              since restoration.  One hundred fifty-six seasonal and
              semi-permanent restored basins of 12 age strata were surveyed
              in 3 counties of northeast South Dakota and 6 counties of
              west-central Minnesota.  A large diversity of flora and fauna
              colonized restored wetlands as early as 1 year following
              inundation.  Twelve species of waterfowl common to the region
              were found in all age classes of restorations.  Thirty-one taxa
              of macroinvertebrates occurred in restored basins, 12 of which
              occurred in first year inundations.  Four species of fish
              inhabited restored basins of all age classes.  An average of
              over 16 taxa of aquatic hydrophytes had coverage values
              of  5% of the total wetland area in restored basins.  This
              study demonstrates that wetland managers can expect extensive
              floral and faunal colonization of prairie wetlands even in th
              first year following inundation.  However, use of these
              wetlands in mitigation trade-offs should be used cautiously
              because of their unknown quality equivalency to natural
              wetland basins in some instances.

KEYWORDS:     floral colonization/restored wetlands/wetlands/Minnesota/
              waterfowl/aquatic macroinvertebrates/macroinvertebrates/
              restoration/diversity/faunal colonization/inundation/values/
              prairie wetlands/mitigation/west-central Minnesota/northeastern
              South Dakota/species abundance/species richness/fishes/
              hydrophytes/colonization/fauna

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1904

AUTHOR:       Rutherford, S. E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Detritus Production and Epibenthic Communities of Natural
              Versus Constructed Salt Marshes

SOURCE:       M.S. thesis, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   The natural marsh contained significantly more individual
              invertebrates (2-3x) than the 4-year-old constructed marsh.
              However, decompostion rates in the constructed and natural
              marshes were similar.  The constructed marsh has not yet
              attained the necessary complement of invertebrates that
              will allow it to support the food chain that is associated
              with the habitat.  The low invertebrate densities may not
              provide enough food for the fish and birds that forage in
              the marsh.  The prey base of the constructed marsh should
              increase as the marsh matures and plant cover increases,
              allowing the constructed marsh to function naturally.

KEYWORDS:     salt marshes/marshes/invertebrates/natural marshes/
              habitat/birds/function/fishes/detritus production/
              epibenthic communities

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1905

AUTHOR:       Wolfe, R. and Carter, D.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Saving Broad Dyke marsh

SOURCE:       Delaware Conservationist 32(3):8-11

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   With proper water level management many goals can be achieved.
              Mosquito populations have been reduced by keeping water levels
              elevated.  Increased water levels allow killifish to consume
              mosquito larvae.  Following the Phragmites control program,
              vegetative diversity has increased tremendously.  Wildlife
              use has shown an increase as well.

KEYWORDS:     marshes/wetlands/waterfowl habitat/restoration/Delaware/
              wildlife/wildlife utilization/management/diversity

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1906

AUTHOR:       Crossley, A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        A marsh reborn

SOURCE:       Wisconsin Natural Resources 19(5):22-28

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Patrick Marsh became Wisconsin's first "wetland mitigation
              bank site," a means of offsetting damage as wetlands are
              developed elsewhere. For nearly three decades the marsh ceased
              to exist. A tile and pump system kept the soil dry. The
              restoration project began in the winter of 1991, when DOT removed
              the drainage tile and pumping system. The marsh began to fill
              with water; by April 1992, about 100 acres of water covered the
              marsh. More than 5,000 ducks and 200 tundra swans were observed
              on the marsh during the 1992 spring migration. Survey results
              that year identified 13 species of breeding birds using the
              marsh itself. Twenty-eight different species of aquatic plants
              were found in the marsh just six months after it began to fill
              with water. A survey of frogs and toads found only the American
              Toad present in the marsh. With abundant rainfall in the spring of
              1993, the marsh filled to its normal level of about 160 acres of
              water. Sixteen species of breeding birds were found using the
              marsh. The variety and number of aquatic plants decreased
              slightly in 1993, probably as a result of the deepening water
              levels. Six species of frogs in addition to the American toad
              were heard that year. In 1994, water in the marsh stabilized at
              the maximum level established by natural land contours and an
              overflow tube. Although there seemed to be fewer bird nests,
              those nests that birds started were far more likely to
              successfully produce young. At least two pairs of yellow-headed
              blackbirds likely nested on the marsh. Tiger salamanders were
              also caught there for the first time. This spring (1995), water
              levels were again high and individual numbers of each species
              seem to have declined, probably due to a lack of emergent
              aquatic plants. Painted turtles were sighted here for the
              first time, and minnows, bullheads and muskrats are thriving
              in the marsh.

KEYWORDS:     mitigation/wetlands/restoration/birds/aquatic plant/plants/
              vegetation/wildlife/reptiles/amphibians/fishes/Wisconsin/
              wetland mitigation bank site/soil

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1907

AUTHOR:       Volkert, B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Horicon Marsh is wild again

SOURCE:       Wisconsin Natural Resources 14(2):4-8

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

ANNOTATION:   Once the dam gates were closed in 1934, the peat fires were
              doused and original water levels were restored.  Marsh
              supporters hoped that native wetland plants would grow again and
              the area might function enough like a natural wetland to lure
              back wildlife.  It seemed like a long shot since no one had
              restored wetland on such a grand scale.  Fortunately, nature is
              resilient.  In only a few short years, the water, aquatic plants
              and brushy shore began to repair itself.  Altogether, we have
              restored the original 13.5-mile long, three- to 5.5-mile wide
              basin, covering 32,000 acres.  It is the largest freshwater
              cattail marsh in the U.S.  More redhead ducks are raised here
              than on any wetland east of the Mississippi.  The marsh is
              managed primarily for waterfowl, but habitat created for ducks
              and geese also lures other wildlife.  Every year, more than 200
              species of birds are sighted on this marsh.  Over the years, a
              total of 265 species have been seen here; among the sights are
              a spectacular heron and egret rookery and several rare and
              endangered species.  In addition, Horicon is home to many
              mammals, frogs, turtles and fish.

KEYWORDS:     fire/wetland plants/plants/function/wildlife/aquatic
              plant/cattail marsh/Wisconsin/waterfowl/habitat/birds/endangered
              species/mammals/restored wetlands/redhead ducks/herons/egrets/
              Mississippi

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1908

AUTHOR:       Ponzio, K.J., S.J. Miller, and M.A. Lee

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Germination of sawgrass, Cladium jamaicense Crantz, under varying
              hydrologic conditions

SOURCE:       Pages 115-120 in Aquatic Botany 51

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, HYDRO, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: Shallow floodplain marsh

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       CLADIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The objective of this study was to determine the effects of three
              hydrologic treatments (saturated, shallowly inundated, and deeply
              inundated) on sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense Crantz) germination.
              In addition, germination of sawgrass was evaluated under two
              different sowing treatments.  There was a significant difference
              (P < 0.05) in germination of sawgrass seeds between the three
              hydrologic treatments.  However, there was no significant
              difference in germination between different sowing treatments.
              Germination was highest in saturated samples (average 30.2%),
              intermediate in shallowly inundated samples (average 16.3%), and
              lowest in deeply inundated samples (average 9.3%).  Faster
              growth and higher survival of sawgrass seedlings occurred under
              saturated conditions than under inundated conditions.  There was
              also a distinct seasonal germination pattern in all samples,
              showing a surge of germination in mid-October to early-November.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1479

AUTHOR:       Peck, M.A., P.E. Fell, E.A. Allen, J.A. Gieg, C.R. Guthke, and
              M.D. Newkirk

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Evaluation of tidal marsh restoration:  comparison of selected
              macroinvertebrate populations on a restored impounded valley
              marsh and an unimpounded valley marsh within the same salt
              marsh system in Connecticut, USA

SOURCE:       Pages 283-293 in Environmental Management 18 (2)

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: Salt marsh

RESPONSE:     Inverts

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Macroinvertebrates were examined on an impounded valley marsh
              in Stonington, Connecticut, that has changed from a
              Typha-dominated system to one with typical salt-marsh vegetation
              during 13 years following the reintroduction of tidal exchange.
              Animal populations on this restored impounded marsh were
              evaluated by comparing them with populations on a nearby
              unimpounded valley marsh of roughly the same size.  Populations
              of the high marsh snail, Melampus bidentatus Say, were
              quantitatively sampled along transects that extended from the
              water-marsh edge to the upland; those of the ribbed mussel,
              Geukensia demissa Dillwyn, were sampled in low marsh areas on
              transects along the banks of creeks and mosquito ditches.  The
              occurrence of other marsh invertebrates also was documented,
              but their abundance was not measured.  The mean density of
              Melampus was 332  39.6 SE/m on the restored impounded marsh
              and 712  56.0 SE/m on the unimpounded marsh.  However, since
              snails were larger on the restored impounded marsh, the
              difference in snail biomass was less pronounced than the
              difference in snail density.  Mean Melampus biomass was
              4.96  0.52 SE g dry wt/m on the restored impounded marsh and
              6.96  0.52 SE g dry wt/m on the unimpounded marsh.  On the
              two marshes, snail density and biomass varied in relation to
              plant cover and other factors.  The density and biomass of
              Geukensia at the edge of the marsh were comparable on the
              restored impounded and unimpounded marshes.  Mean mussel
              densities ranged from 80 to 240/m and mean mussel biomass
              varied from 24.8-64.8 g dry wt/m in different low marsh areas.
              In contrast, below the impoundment dike, mean Geukensia density
              was 1100  96.4 SE/m and mean Geukensia biomass was
              303.6  33.28 SE g dry wt/m.  A consideration of all
              available evidence leads to the conclusion that the impounded
              marsh is in an advanced phase of restoration.
              
KEYWORDS:              

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1909

AUTHOR:       Orth, R.J., M. Luckenbach, and K.A. Moore

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Seed dispersal in a marine macrophyte:  implications for
              colonization and restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 1927 - 1939 in Ecology 75 (7)

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: Marine

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Seagrasses rely on both vegetative (rhizome elongation) and
              sexual (seeds) propagation for maintenance of existing beds
              and colonization of new areas.  Yet mechanisms of seed dispersal
              and survival in new areas remain poorly described.  Seed
              dispersal experiments were conducted in the field and laboratory
              to better describe seed dispersal characteristics in one species,
              Zostera marina L. (eelgrass), the dominant seagrass species in
              the temperate zone of the United States, Japan, and Europe.
              Seeds were broadcast by hand into unvegetated 5 m diameter plots
              at three locations over 3 yr (1989-1991) in the York River,
              Virginia (Chesapeake Bay).  These sites had been previously
              vegetated but were devoid of any vegetation prior to
              (since 1972) and during the course of the experiments.
              Resultant seedling distributions closely matched broadcast
              patterns, with 80% of all seedlings found within the 5 m
              diameter plots, despite the fact that geophysical processes
              would appear sufficient to transport seeds greater distances.
              Wind records for the 2-mo period between seed broadcasting and
              germination revealed time-averaged wind speeds in excess of
              40 km/h on  12 d in each of the 3 yr and galeforce winds
              (72 km/h) in 2 of 3 yr.  A three-dimensional hydrographic
              computer simulation model of the York River provided
              instantaneous current velocity estimates from which maximum
              bottom shear velocities (u) in the study area were approximated
              (flood tide: 1.26 cm/s, ebb tide: 1.20 cm/s).  These estimates
              exceeded the critical erosion threshold (ucrit=0.7 cm/s) for
              Z. marina seeds determined from laboratory flume experiments.
              The authors postulate that small-scale topographic features on
              the bottom (burrows, pits, mounds, ripples) shield the seeds
              from the flow.  The results suggest that seeds settle rapidly,
              dispersing only up to a few meters under the influence of
              currents and become rapidly incorporated into the sediment.
              The limited dispersal capabilities of seeds underscore the need
              to address restoration goals and questions of seagrass ecology
              in the context of landscape-scale distribution patterns and
              metapopulation analyses.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1910

AUTHOR:       Orson, R.A., R.S. Warren, and W.A. Niering

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Development of a tidal marsh in a New England river valley

SOURCE:       Pages 20-27 in Estuaries 10 (1)

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: River valley tidal marsh

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS, DISTICHLIS, JUNCUS, PHRAGMITES

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   A model for the geomorphic and vegetation development of
              a river valley tidal marsh in southern New England (Connecticut)
              is based on both the species composition of roots and rhizomes
              and on the mineralogic sediments preserved in peat.  The maximum
              depth of salt marsh peat is 3.8 m and in the deepest areas this
              can overlie up to 1.9 m of fresh to brackish water peat.  Based
              on a radiocarbon date of 3670  140 yr before the present
              (B.P.) for basal peat at a depth of 4.0 m, vertical accretion
              rates have averaged ca. 1.1 mm yr ^ -1.  Salt marsh formation
              began in response to rising sea level 3800-4000 yr B.P., as
              brackish marshes, dominated by bulrush (Scirpus sp.), replaced
              freshwater wetlands along stream and river channels.  Gradually
              salt marsh vegetation developed over submerging brackish marshes,
              adjacent uplands, and accreting tidal flats.  By 3000 yr B.P.
              the lower estuary was tidal, with sufficient salinity for salt
              marsh to dominate most wetlands.  Spikegrass (Distichlis
              spicata) was an important early colonizer in salt marsh
              formation and its role in marsh development has not been
              documented previously.  Blackgrass (Juncus gerardi), currently
              a typical upper border species, appears in the peat record
              relatively recently, perhaps within the last few centuries.
              In contrast, reed (Phragmites australis) has been present
              for at least 3500 yr.  The dominance of reed along the upper
              border today, however, appears to be a relatively recent
              phenomenon.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1621

AUTHOR:       Niswander, S.F. and W.J. Mitsch

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Functional analysis of a two-year-old created in-stream
              wetland:  hydrology, phosphorus retention, and vegetation
              survival and growth

SOURCE:       Pages 212-225 in Wetlands 15 (3)

STATE:        OH

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: Riparian

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:       TYPHA, LIQUIDAMBAR, BETULA, QUERCUS, FRAXINUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Planted vegetation survival and growth, hydrology, and
              phosphorus dynamics were monitored for the first two
              years of wetland development at a 6-ha created riparian
              wetland, in Franklin County, Ohio, USA.  Herbaceous
              vegetation developed clear zonation and appeared to
              reduce the invasion of Typha spp.  Of the 17 species
              introduced, 8 were among the 18 most commonly encountered
              species approximately 2 years after the wetland was
              constructed.  Planted saplings generally survived except
              where they were found in standing water; Liquidambar
              styraciflua and Betula nigra were less successful because
              the site is close to their northern range.  Simulation
              models were developed to predict hydrology, phosphorus
              retention, and tree growth.  The site has a rapidly
              pulsing hydroperiod driven by runoff from storm events.
              Annual simulated phosphorus loading was 17.8 gP m ^-2 yr ^ -1
              and retention was 2.9 gP m ^ -2 yr ^ -1 (16% of inflow).
              Fifty years of tree growth simulated for each planted tree
              species indicated that the site will develop into a forested
              wetland dominated by Quercus palustris and Fraxinus
              pennsylvanica with basal area comparable to riparian forests
              but with lower stem density unless seedlings germinate from
              the planted trees.  Lower water levels in the wetland would
              favor the development of the woody vegetation over herbaceous
              vegetation and would also favor higher retention of phosphorus.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1745

AUTHOR:       Neill, C. and R.E. Turner

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Backfilling canals to mitigate wetland dredging in
              Louisiana coastal marshes

SOURCE:       Pages 823-826 in Environmental Management 11 (6)

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: Intermediate, fresh, and salt marshes

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Returning canal spoil banks into canals, or backfilling, is
              used in Louisiana marshes to mitigated damage caused by dredging
              for oil and gas extraction.  Thirty-three canals backfilled
              through July 1984 were evaluated to assess the success of
              habitat restoration.  Restoration success was determined by
              examining canal depth, vegetation recolonization, and regraded
              spoil banks after backfilling.  Restoration success depended on:
              marsh type, canal location, canal age, marsh soil characteristics,
              the presence or absence of a plug at the canal mouth, whether
              mitigation was on- or off-site, and dredge operator performance.
              Complete reestablishment of the vegetation was not a necessary
              condition for successful restoration.  In addition to providing
              vegetation reestablishment, backfilling canals resulted in
              shallow water areas with higher habitat value for benthos, fish,
              and waterfowl than unfilled canals.  Spoil bank removal also may
              help restore water flow patterns over the marsh surface.
              Increased backfilling for wetland mitigation and restoration is
              recommended.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1911

AUTHOR:       Myers, R.S., G.P. Shaffer, and D.W. Llewellyn

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) restoration in
              southeast Louisiana: the relative effects of herbivory, flooding,
              competition, and macronutrients

SOURCE:       Pages 141-148 in Wetlands 15 (2)

STATE:        Louisiana

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, FERT, CUT, LAB, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: Swamp

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TAXODIUM, SAGITTARIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   In the early 1900s, old-growth baldcypress (Taxodium distichum)
              was completely logged out of what is now the Manchac Wildlife
              Management Area, located in the Lake Pontchartrain Basin,
              Louisiana.  Natural regeneration of swamp did not occur; the
              area is currently dominated by bulltongue (Sagittaria lancifolia)
              marsh.  This study was conducted to isolate the major factors
              prohibiting cypress restoration.  Specifically, four hundred
              baldcypress seedlings were planted in a three-way factorial
              treatment arrangement that included nutrient augmentation
              (fertilized vs. unfertilized), management of entangling
              vegetation (managed vs. unmanaged), herbivore protection
              (Tubex tree shelters, PVC sleeves, Tanglefoot), and elevation
              (included as a covariable).  Highly significant differences
              in diameter growth were found for all main effects.  For the
              herbivore protection treatment, relatively inexpensive PVC
              sleeves were as effective as Tubex Tree Shelters; unprotected
              trees experienced 100% mortality.  Seedlings that received
              Osmocote 18-6-12 fertilizer showed nearly a two-fold increase
              in diameter growth.  Similarly, seedlings that managed grew
              nearly two times greater in diameter than unmanaged seedlings.
              However, seedlings that were unmanaged grew nearly two times
              greater in height than managed seedlings.  This study indicates
              that biotic factors are primarily responsible for the lack of
              cypress regeneration in southeastern Louisiana, not the
              prevalent, but largely untested, hypothesis of salt-water
              intrusion.  Moreover, it is likely that, with a combination
              of management techniques, it is possible to restore swamp
              habitat in this area.  Though labor intensive in the short run
              (i.e., first few years), once established, these trees may
              survive for hundreds of years.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1912

AUTHOR:       Kroll, R.W. and R.L. Meeks

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Muskrat population recovery following habitat re-establishment
              near southwestern Lake Erie

SOURCE:       Pages 483-486 in Wildlife Society Bulletin 13 (4)

STATE:        OH

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: Marsh

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   No data are available concerning muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus )
              population changes that occur in response to artificial
              re-establishment of native habitat.  This lack of information
              gains significance as marsh restoration programs become more
              common.  Positive aspects of muskrat habitation (i.e., fur
              harvest income, use as management tools, aesthetic values) can
              be incorporated into project proposals only when population
              parameters such as immigration rate, reproduction, and harvest
              on restored habitats have been documented.  Marshes on
              southwestern Lake Erie have been maintained by systems of
              dikes and pumps since 1903.  In 1972 and 1973, severe storms
              and record high water levels in Lake Erie destroyed many dikes
              protecting shoreline marshes.  Uncontrolled high water
              eliminated most herbaceous vegetation by 1975.  Dike
              reconstruction, which began in 1975, has again enabled
              water-level control, and aquatic vegetation has recolonized
              most marshes.  This study monitored harvest, reproduction, sex
              ratios, and house density of muskrats during these periods of
              radical habitat change.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1754

AUTHOR:       Kentula, M.E., J.C. Sifneos, J.W. Good, M. Rylko, and K. Kunz

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Trends and patterns in Section 404 permitting requiring
              compensatory mitigation in Oregon and Washington, USA

SOURCE:       Pages 109-119 in Environmental Management 16 (1)

STATE:        OR, WA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: All

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The effects of permitting decisions made under Section 404 of
              the Clean Water Act for which compensatory mitigation was
              required were examined.  Information was compiled on permits
              issued in Oregon (January 1977-January 1987) and Washington
              (1980-1986).  Data on the type of project permitted, wetland
              impacted, and mitigation project were collected and analyzed.
              The records of the Portland and Seattle District Offices of the
              US Army Corps of Engineers and of Environmental Protection
              Agency Region X were the primary sources of information.  The
              58 permits issued during the years of concern in Oregon document
              impacts to 82 wetlands and the creation of 80.  The total area
              of wetland impacted was 74 ha while 42 ha were created,
              resulting in a net loss of 32 ha or 43%.  The 35 permits issued
              in Washington document impacts to 72 wetlands and the creation
              of 52.  The total area of wetland impacted was 61 ha while 45
              ha were created, resulting in a net loss of 16 ha or 26%.  In
              both states, the number of permits requiring compensation
              increased with time.  The area of the impacted and created
              wetlands tended to be  0.40 ha.  Permitted activity occurred
              primarily west of the Cascade Mountains and in the vicinity of
              urban centers.  Estuarine and palustrine wetlands were
              impacted and created most frequently.  The wetland types
              created most often were not always the same as those impacted;
              therefore, local gains and losses of certain types occurred.
              In both states the greatest net loss in area was in freshwater
              marshes.  This study illustrates how Section 404 permit data
              might be used in managing a regional wetland resource.
              However, because the data readily available were either
              incomplete or of poor quality, the process of gathering
              information was very labor intensive.  Since similar analyses
              would be useful to resource managers and scientists from other
              areas, development of an up-to-date standardized data base is
              recommended.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1913

AUTHOR:       Jones, R.H., R.R. Sharitz, P.M. Dixon, D.S. Segal, and
              R.L. Schneider

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Woody plant regeneration in four floodplain forests

SOURCE:       Pages 345-367 in Ecological Monographs 64 (3)

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE: Bottomland hardwood

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       ACER, LIQUIDAMBAR, NYSSA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Between 1987 and 1990, the authors estimated seedfall and recorded
              age, growth, and survival of 10 933 tree and vine seedlings growing
              in the understories of four bottomland hardwood forests in South
              Carolina.  The forests differed in flood frequency, soils, and
              vegetation structure but had a number of woody plant species in
              common.  Several demographic processes were consistent for all
              four forests as well  as for floodplain forests described in
              other published studies.  Smaller seeded species had larger
              numbers of seeds dispersed, germinants, and established
              seedlings.  Seed size, however, was not clearly related to
              seedling survival.  Published rankings of shade and flood
              tolerance were also unrelated to survival, at least during the
              first growing season after germination.  Seedling survival rates
              were least during the first growing season and greater in
              subsequent years.  Within a growing season, early germinants had
              greater survival.  For some species, survival was negatively
              related to basal area of neighboring conspecific adult trees.
              Some aspects of the regeneration process were more site
              specific.  Within species, seedfall densities relative to adult
              tree abundance differed across forests by an order of magnitude.
              First-year seedling mortality rates were significantly affected
              by site and site x species interactions.  Mortality in
              subsequent years was also significantly affected by site.
              Although the role of flooding in site-specific mortality was not
              clear, small elevation changes within flooded sites were
              correlated with changes in germination and survival for some
              species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1914

AUTHOR:       Howorth, L.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Highway construction and wetland loss:  mitigation banking
              programs in the southeastern United States

SOURCE:       Pages 139-144 in The Environmental Professional 13 (2)

STATE:        NC, VA, MS

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: General

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The term "mitigation banking" refers to a method of habitat
              protection or improvement actions that are taken expressly for
              the purpose of compensating necessary, unavoidable habitat losses
              from specific future development projects.  The concept is
              similar to maintaining a bank account; developers may be issued
              credits by taking measures to create, protect, or improve
              wildlife habitat in advance of planned development that will
              have adverse impacts upon similar habitats.  Because highway
              construction projects often affect wetland areas, several states
              have begun to show interest in mitigation banking as a method of
              reducing the adverse consequences of unavoidable, yet necessary,
              habitat losses.  The manner in which these plans are organized
              varies from state to state, and some controversy has arisen as
              to how they should be operated and exactly how they fit into the
              wetland regulatory framework under Sections 10 and 404 of the
              Clean Water Act.  Case studies of several southeastern states
              may be useful to illustrate the potential benefits and problems
              associated with establishing these programs.  For example, North
              Carolina has implemented a bank that, by most accounts, is
              operating effectively.  Under its program, each project is
              evaluated individually, and decisions as to whether to use
              offsite mitigation measures are made on a case-by-case basis.
              Permit review under the Corps of Engineers Section 404 program
              is a completely separate issue and not contingent upon use of
              the bank.  The State of Virginia has developed a similar plan.
              Mississippi also has proposed a highway mitigation banking plan,
              but with major differences from the North Carolina and Virginia
              plans.  The Mississippi State Highway Department has applied for,
              and was granted, a general permit under Section 404, on the
              basis that by maintaining a mitigation bank it will be able to
              offset all future adverse impacts that may result from any of
              its projects.  However, the proposal submitted by the highway
              department contained very few details about how the bank will be
              established or maintained.  This article examines these state
              programs and highlights their strengths and weaknesses.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1915

AUTHOR:       Holland, C.C., J. Honea, S.E. Gwin, and M.E. Kentula

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Wetland degradation and loss in the rapidly urbanizing area
              of Portland, Oregon

SOURCE:       Pages 336-345 in Wetlands 15 (4)

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: Freshwater (open water and emergent marsh)

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   An inventory was conducted of small (2 ha) freshwater wetlands
              composed of some combination of open water and emergent marsh in
              the metropolitan area of Portland, Oregon to (1) document
              changes in the wetland resource since the National Wetlands
              Inventory (NWI) was conducted (1981/1982 aerial photograph dates)
              and (2) identify patterns in wetland loss and degradation over a
              10-year period in a rapidly urbanizing area.  Wetlands
              identified on NWI maps were visited during summer 1992, and data
              on the location, wetland type, and surrounding land use or the
              cause of loss were collected.  Of the 233 wetlands identified
              by NWI in 1981/1982, approximately 40% had been destroyed by
              human activities or were missing due to drought.  Although
              conversion to urban land uses was the predominant cause of
              wetland loss from human activities, agricultural conversion
              accounted for about 31%.  Drier-end wetlands (e.g., seasonally
              flooded) were missing from the landscape most frequently.  Of
              the 141 wetlands still existing, 25% were severely degraded by
              human activities.  Approximately half of those wetlands not
              severely degraded were affected by noise, and about 40% were
              disturbed, primarily by grazing and littering.  The authors
              suggest that because land uses change quickly in rapidly
              urbanizing areas, leading to increased pressures to convert
              wetlands, resource agencies and urban planners should conduct
              similar inventories in other metropolitan areas.  Then,
              demographic projections could be used in conjunction with
              information on patterns in wetland loss to identify and
              prioritize areas for wetland protection before development
              takes place.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1916

AUTHOR:       Hensel, B.R., and M.V. Miller

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Effects of wetlands creation on groundwater flow

SOURCE:       Pages 293-314 in Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam) 126 (3-4)

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       HYDRO, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: Created

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Changes in groundwater flow were observed near four Experimental
              Wetland Areas (EWAs) constructed along a reach of the Des Plaines
              River in northeastern Illinois.  These changes were observed
              during monthly monitoring of groundwater elevation in nested
              piezometers and shallow observation wells before and after the
              wetlands were filled with water.  A numerical model was
              calibrated with observed data and used to estimate seepage from
              the wetlands into the Des Plaines River.  After the wetlands
              became operational, groundwater levels in adjacent wells increased
              by about 0.5 m, while water levels in wells distant from the
              wetlands decreased.  The increase in groundwater levels near the
              wetlands is a result of seepage from the wetlands.  Numerical
              predictions of seepage from the wetlands are 60-150 m^3 day^-1 for
              two wetlands situated over sand and gravel and less than 1 m^3
              day-1 for two wetlands situated over clayey till.  The difference
              in seepage rates is attributed to two factors.  First, the
              hydraulic conductivity of the sand and gravel unit is greater than
              that of the till, and thus there is less mounding and a greater
              capacity for transmitting water beneath the wetlands overlying
              this deposit.  Secondly, the wetlands located over till are
              groundwater flow-through ponds, whereas the wetlands over the sand
              and gravel are primarily groundwater recharge areas.  The model
              was used to estimate that seepage from the wetlands will double
              groundwater discharge into the Des Plaines River and a tributary
              relative to pre-operational discharge from the study area.
              Overall, the wetlands have acted as a constant head boundary,
              stabilizing groundwater flow patterns.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1917

AUTHOR:       Henry, C.P., and C. Amoros

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Restoration ecology of riverine wetlands: II.  An example in
              a former channel of the Rhne River

SOURCE:       Pages 903-913 in Environmental Management 19 (6)

STATE:        France

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: Riverine

RESPONSE:     SOIL

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Riverine wetlands, which provide numerous valuable functions,
              are disappearing in floodplains of a channelized European river.
              A restoration project has been proposed by scientists to restore
              a former braided channel of the Rhne River by the removal of
              fine organic sediments in order to enhance groundwater supply.
              A precise and intensive prerestoration monitoring program during
              one year (including comparison with a reference channel) has
              taken into account several variables and ecological performance
              indicators measured at various spatial and temporal scales.
              Three restoration techniques were then suggested, taking into
              account two characteristics of ecosystem functions for
              increasing restoration success and self-sustainability: (1) the
              riparian forest as well as the shores must be preserved or
              disturbed as little as possible; and (2) the upstream alluvial
              plug must be preserved to prevent direct supply of nutrient-rich
              water from the Rhne River.  Among the three restoration
              options proposed, it was not possible to carry out the less
              ecologically disturbing one as it was considered too expensive,
              time consuming, and difficult to realize.  A precise and
              intensive postrestoration monitoring program, conducted over
              two years, demonstrated restoration success but also
              unpredicted problems, such as a locally thick layer of fine
              organic sediment.  As long as a self-sustainable state is not
              achieved, this monitoring should be continued.  Afterwards,
              a less precise and less intensive long-term monitoring should
              enable the detection of future events that may influence
              ecosystem changes.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1918

AUTHOR:       Guardo, M., L. Fink, T.D. Fontaine, S. Newman, M. Chimney,
              R. Bearzotti, and G. Goforth

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Large-scale constructed wetlands for nutrient removal from
              stormwater runoff: an Everglades restoration project

SOURCE:       Pages 879-889 in Environmental Management 19 (6)

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Constructed

RESPONSE:     WQUAL

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) constructed
              a wetland south of Lake Okeechobee to begin the process of
              removing nutrients (especially phosphorus) from agricultural
              stormwater runoff entering the Everglades.  The project, called
              the Everglades Nutrient Removal (ENR) project, is a prototype
              for larger, similarly constructed wetlands that the SFWMD will
              build as part of the Everglades restoration program.  This
              innovative project is believed to be one of the largest
              agricultural stormwater cleanup projects in the United States,
              if not in the world.  This publications describes the ENR
              projects design, construction, and proposed operation, as
              well as the proposed research program to be implemented over
              the next few years.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1919

AUTHOR:       Galatowitcsh, S.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Factors influencing revegetation of recently restored prairie
              wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 243-244 in Bulletin of Ecological Society of America 74 (2)

STATE:        IA, MN, SD

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Nearly 2000 wetlands were restored in northern Iowa, southern
              Minnesota, and southeastern South Dakota between 1987 and 1991.
              Revegetation relies on remnant seedbanks and dispersal.  Plant
              colonization of 65 newly restored wetlands was followed for three
              years to how revegetation varies with environmental, historical,
              and geographic differences.  A similarity matrix was constructed
              from vegetation data for each year and compared to distance
              matrices of environmental, historical, and location data using
              the Mantel test.  Environmental factors, basin size, water
              regime, and soil organic matter, are minimal between basins and
              do not explain the differences in revegetation.  Historic factors
              (drainage duration, agricultural drainage, and past land use)
              affect the extent of the remnant seedbank and relate to
              vegetation composition only in the first year.  Distances between
              basins explain a significant portion of the variation in
              vegetation composition for all three years.  These data suggest
              dispersal may be at least as important as seedbanks as a source
              for revegetation of restored wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1920

AUTHOR:       Fell, P.E., K.A. Murphy, M.A. Peck, and M.L. Recchia

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Re-establishment of Melampus bidentatus (Say) and other
              macroinvertebrates on a restored impounded tidal marsh:
              comparison of populations above and below the impoundment dike

SOURCE:       Pages 33-48 in Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and
              Ecology 152 (1991)

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: Tidal marsh

RESPONSE:     INVERTS

PGENUS:       SPARTINA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Macroinvertebrates were studied on an impounded marsh in Stonington,
              Connecticut, that has converted from a Typha-dominated system to one
              with typical tidal marsh vegetation during the 12 yr following the
              re-introduction of tidal flushing.  Regions of marsh above and
              below the impoundment dike were compared in order to assess the
              extent to which tidal marsh invertebrates have recolonized the
              restored region.  Marshes below the impoundment dike consist of
              two types:  marshes that are dominated by Spartina patens (Ait)
              Muhl and have remained relatively stable for several decades and
              marshes in which large areas have changed from nearly pure stands
              of S. patens to stunted Spartina alterniflora Loisel and forbs
              during the last 40 yr coincident with an increase in sea level
              relative to the marsh surface.  In most of the areas occupied
              by S. alterniflora, varying amounts of S. patens persist.
              Melampus bidentatus Say and other tidal marsh invertebrates have
              become established on the restored impounded marsh and occur at
              moderate densities on the stable bayfront marshes and in some
              areas of the bayfront marshes that have exhibited dramatic
              vegetational change.  The mean density of Melampus on the
              restored marsh was 83 * 0.25 m^-2, that on the S.
              patens-dominated bayfront marshes was 98 * 0.25 m^-2 and that
              on the changing bayfront marshes was 117 * 0.25 m^-2.  Within
              each marsh region, snail density varied in relation to plant
              cover and elevation.  The size structure of the Melampus
              populations in different marsh regions differed.  On the restored
              marsh 83% of the snails exceeded 8 mm in shell length, while on
              the S. patens-dominated marshes 95% of the snails were  8 mm.
              Because of these differences in snail size, the mean shell-free
              biomass of Melampus was 2 x greater on the restored marsh
              (1.24 g dry wt* 0.25 m^-2) than on the S. patens-dominated
              marshes (0.63 g dry wt * 0.25 m^-2).  The mean biomass of Melampus
              on the changing bayfront marshes was 1.01 g dry wt * 0.25 m^-2.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1740

AUTHOR:       Dobberteen, R.A., and N.H. Nickerson

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Use of created cattail (Typha) wetlands in mitigation strategies

SOURCE:       Pages 797-808 in Environmental Management 15 (6)

STATE:        MA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: Marsh

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   In order to balance pressures for land-use development with
              protection of wetland resources, artificial wetlands have been
              constructed in an effort to replace lost ecosystems.  Despite
              its regulatory appeal and prominent role in current mitigation
              strategies, it is unclear whether or not created systems
              actually compensate for lost wetland resources.  Mitigation
              predictions that rely on artificial wetlands must be analyzed
              critically in terms of their efficacy.  Destruction of wetlands
              due to burial by coal fly ash at a municipal landfill in Danvers,
              Massachusetts, USA, provided an opportunity to compare resulting
              growth of created cattail (Typha) marshes with natural wetland
              areas.  Once the appropriate cattail species was identified for
              growth under disturbed landfill conditions, two types of
              artificial wetlands were constructed.  The two systems differed
              in their hydrologic attributes: while one had a surface water
              flow characteristic if most cattail wetlands, the second system
              mimicked soil and water conditions found in naturally occurring
              floating cattail marshes.  Comparison of plant growth
              measurements for two years from the artificial systems with
              published values for natural cattail marshes revealed similar
              structure and growth patterns.  Experiments are now in progress
              to investigate the ability of created cattail marshes to remove
              and accumulate heavy metals from polluted landfill leachate.
              Research of the type reported here must be pursued aggressively
              in order to document the performance of artificial wetlands in
              terms of plant structure and wetland functions.  Such research
              should allow us to start to evaluate whether artificial systems
              actually compensate for lost wetlands by performing similar
              functions and providing the concomitant public benefits.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1773

AUTHOR:       Delphey, P.J., and J.J. Dinsmore

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Breeding bird communities of recently restored and natural
              prairie potholes

SOURCE:       Pages 200-206 in Wetlands 13 (3)

STATE:        IA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Prairie potholes

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   This study compares the breeding bird communities of natural and
              recently restored prairie potholes in northern Iowa in 1989 and
              1990.  Species richness of breeding birds was higher (P < 0.05) at
              natural wetlands, although duck pair counts and species richness
              were not significantly different between wetland types (P > 0.1).
              Common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), red-winged blackbird
              (Agelaius phoeniceus), marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris), and
              swamp sparrow (Melospiza georgiana) were each more abundant at
              natural than at restored wetlands during at least one year
              (P < 0.05).  Brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) parasitized a
              significantly greater proportion of red-winged blackbird nests at
              natural than at restored wetlands.  Incomplete development of
              typical vegetation structure evidently depresses bird species
              richness at recently restored prairie potholes.  Drought the year
              before and during the first year of our study undoubtedly
              affected the results.  Similar studies should be conducted during
              periods of relatively high precipitation to complement the results.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1921

AUTHOR:       Craft, C.B., S.W. Broome, E.D. Seneca, and W.J. Showers

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Estimating sources of soil organic matter in natural and
              transplanted estuarine marshes using stable isotopes of
              carbon and nitrogen

SOURCE:       Pages 633-641 in Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 26

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: Estuarine marshes

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM

PGENUS:       JUNCUS, SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Stable isotopes of carbon (13C) and nitrogen (15N) were used
              to determine the origin of soil organic matter in irregularly
              flooded natural and transplanted estuarine marshes.
              A(x)=[R(sample)-R(standard)]/R(standard) x 1000 where x is 13C
              or 15N and R is 13C/12C or 15N/14N of the sample and the
              international standards Pee Dee Belemnite (CO2) and atmospheric
              nitrogen (N2).  Emergent and aquatic plants, soils, detritus
              and adjacent forest vegetation were collected from one natural
              and two transplanted marshes and the 13C and 15N values were
              measured.  The isotopic composition of natural and
              transplanted marsh soils was similar to emergent vegetation.
              The 15N of marsh soils fell within the range of emergent
              macrophytes (+1 to +4 0/00), while soil 13C ranged from -18
              to -26 0/00.  The 13C of natural marsh soil (-20 to -24 0/00)
              reflected mixing between C3 (Juncus) and C4 (Spartina,
              Distichlis) marsh plants while the soil 13C (-24 to -26 0/00)
              of one transplanted marsh was attributed to top soil applied
              prior to establishment of the marsh.  The 13C (-25 0/00) and
              15N (+5 0/00) of estuarine detritus suggested mixing between
              terrestrial material and phytoplankton.  Marsh emergent
              vegetation appears to be the principal source of organic matter
              in soils of both natural and transplanted marshes.  However,
              the young transplanted marsh soils also reflect external inputs
              of C (terrestrial material) contributed during marsh establishment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1922

AUTHOR:       Cooke, J.C., and M.W. Lefor

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Comparison of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in plants from
              disturbed and adjacent upland regions of a coastal salt marsh in
              Clinton, Connecticut, USA

SOURCE:       Page 131-137 in Environmental Management 14 (1)

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: Salt marsh

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Roots of salt marsh plant species Spartina alterniflora, S. patens,
              Distichlis spicata, and others were examined for the presence of
              vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi.  Samples were taken
              from introduced planted material in a salt marsh restoration
              project and from native material in adjacent marsh areas along the
              Indian River, Clinton, Connecticut, USA.  After ten years the
              replanted area still has sites devoid of vegetation.  The salt
              marsh plants introduced there were devoid of VAM fungi, while
              high marsh species from the adjacent undisturbed region showed
              consistent infection, leading the authors to suggest that VAM
              fungal infection of planting stocks may be a factor in success of
              marsh restoration.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1634

AUTHOR:       Collins, B., and G. Wein

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Seed bank and vegetation of a constructed reservoir

SOURCE:       Pages 374-385 in Wetlands 15 (4)

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED

WETLAND TYPE: Constructed reservoir

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Vegetation development in constructed wetlands may be accelerated
              by planting aquatic and emergent species, especially when wetland
              seed banks are not initially present.  Environmental patchiness
              of convoluted shorelines may enhance or retard establishment of
              planted or natural vegetation.  Development of the seed bank may
              be influenced both by planting patterns and by shoreline
              convolutions.  To determine if seed bank composition differed
              among locations, sediment cores were removed from coves, points,
              and straights, and from planted and unplanted regions of the
              shoreline of L-Lake, on the Savannah River Site near Aiken,
              South Carolina.  This reservoir was built in 1985; portions of
              the shoreline were planted in 1987; and samples were taken in
              1992.  Sets of cores were taken from areas with water depths up
              to 1 m, the permanent waterline, and 1 m above water on the shore
              to determine the effects of hydrology on seed bank composition.
              Of the 136 seed bank taxa, only 33% were well represented and
              35-46% occurred only once.  Water depth was the primary influence
              on seed bank composition.  Points, coves, and straights differed
              in species richness over water depths but did not differ in
              number of germinable seeds over depths, nor did locations differ
              in species richness or number of plants at the waterline.
              Planting vegetation in L-Lake did not significantly influence
              the seed bank; only 10% of taxa in the seed bank were planted
              in 1987.  Of all taxa recorded, 56% were only in the seed bank,
              22% were only in the vegetation, and 13% were in both the seed
              bank and the vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1316

AUTHOR:       Coats, R., M. Swanson, and P. Williams

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Hydrologic analysis for coastal wetland restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 715-727 in Environmental Management 13 (6)

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE: Tidal

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Increasing recognition of the value of tidal wetlands has led to
              interest in how to restore and enhance areas that have been
              modified by human activity.  The policy of recognizing
              restoration or enhancement as mitigation for destruction of other
              wetlands is controversial.  Once policy questions are separated
              from technical questions, the steps in a successful project are
              straightforward.  A key element in the design of a successful
              project is quantitative hydraulic and hydrologic analysis of
              alternatives.  Restoration projects at two sites in California
              used a combination of empirical geomorphic relationships,
              numerical modeling, and verification with field observations.
              Experience with these and other wetland restoration projects
              indicates the importance of long-term postproject monitoring,
              inspection, and maintenance.
KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1923

AUTHOR:       Brown, M., and J.J. Dinsmore

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Implications of marsh size and isolation for marsh bird management

SOURCE:       Pages 392-397 in Journal of Wildlife Management 50 (3)

STATE:        IA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: Prairie marsh

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, WFOWL

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The number of breeding bird species in 30 Iowa prairie marshes
              ranged from 2 to 17 per marsh during 1983 and 1984.  All
              marshes were similar in physical characteristics, except for
              size and isolation from other marshes.  A 2-variable regression
              model containing size and isolation accounted for 75% of the
              variation in species richness.  Ten of 25 species did not occur
              in marshes < 5 ha.  Species richness often was greater in
              wetland complexes than in larger isolated marshes.  Marsh size
              and isolation are important management considerations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1924

AUTHOR:       Brooks, R.P., and J.B. Hill

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Status and trends of freshwater wetlands in the coal-mining region
              of Pennsylvania, USA

SOURCE:       Pages 29-34 in Environmental Management 11 (1)

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Freshwater, palustrine, and riverine wetlands

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The impact of surface mining for coal on the nature and extent of
              freshwater wetlands was assessed on 73,200 ha in western
              Pennsylvania.  The influence of mining on wetlands was not uniform
              across physiographic regions, varying with regional differences in
              hydrology and soils.  Overall, mined lands supported 18% more
              palustrine wetlands than unmined lands, primarily because of a
              270% gain in permanent, open-water wetlands on mined lands in the
              glaciated region.  Open-water wetlands declined on mined lands
              in unglaciated regions owing to unfavorable hydrologic conditions.
              The number and size of emergent wetlands declined as a result of
              mining.  Mined lands supported 81% fewer riverine wetlands than
              unmined lands.  This was caused primarily by avoidance of lands
              containing streams, and secondarily by a 10% reduction in
              replacement of riverine wetlands during reclamation.  Land
              managers need to develop land policies that maximize the
              ecological and social benefits that can be derived from
              developing diverse wetland communities on mined lands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1925

AUTHOR:       Breininger, D.R., and R.B. Smit

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Waterbird use of coastal impoundments and management implications
              in east-central Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 223-241 in Wetlands 10 (2)

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       STABIL

WETLAND TYPE: Salt marsh

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHORED

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Monthly surveys were conducted on Kennedy Space Center for one
              year to determine densities of waterbirds within impounded salt
              marshes that were predominantly open water with little emergent
              vegetation.  The objective was to assess the importance of these
              impoundments to waterbirds, particularly wading birds, which are
              species of special conservation concern.  Water-level management
              for mosquito control and waterfowl provided habitat for an
              abundance of ducks, shorebirds, coots, and wading birds.  Average
              densities throughout the year for these groups were 5.26, 4.12,
              2.80, and 2.20 birds/ha, respectively.  The majority of
              waterfowl were present during the winter.  Shorebirds were most
              common during spring migration.  Wading bird densities increased
              with declining water level.  Due to the extensive alteration and
              development of coastal wetlands in central Florida, properly
              managed impoundments may provide important feeding areas for
              maintaining certain waterbird populations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1926

AUTHOR:       Bijlmakers, L.L., and E.O.A.M. de Swart

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Large-scale wetland-restoration of the Ronde Venen, the
              Netherlands

SOURCE:       Pages 197-205 in Water Science and Technology 31 (8)

STATE:        The Netherlands

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: Constructed

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, CHEM

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   For the area of the Ronde Venen a plan for large-scale
              wetland-restoration and improvement of the water quality was
              developed.  Major elements of the developed spatial strategy are
              the optimal use of the specific hydrological and ecological
              characteristics of the area.  Based on regional hydrological
              characteristics within the study area hydrological sub-units were
              distinguished by connecting discharge and recharge areas.  In
              this way the intake of polluted surface water from outside the
              area could be minimized, with an optimal use of specific local
              differences in water quality.  Two scenarios were developed and
              evaluated using hydrological, hydrochemical and ecological models.
              The scenarios differed in spatial composition and the way the
              water level was manipulated.  In order to optimize water quality,
              natural and artificial pollution control mechanisms were
              implemented as well.  An important criterion for the evaluation
              was the extent to which the scenarios succeeded in optimizing
              conditions for the realization of the ecological goals.  The
              most promising and acceptable scenario has been worked out in
              further detail.
KEYWORDS:
===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1927

AUTHOR:       Barendregt, A., S.M.E. Stam, and M.J. Wassen

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Restoration of fen ecosystems in the Vecht River plain:
              cost-benefit analysis of hydrological alternatives

SOURCE:       Pages 247-258 in Hydrobiologia 233

STATE:        The Netherlands

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: Fen

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, ECON

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   In the Vecht river plain, the vegetation diversity has been
              diminished during recent decades, due to hydrological changes
              and resulting eutrophication.  Different options are
              discussed for hydrological management aimed at abating the
              eutrophication and at stimulating the characteristic
              mesotraphent succession phases of the fen vegetation.  The
              ecological impact of the management plans are estimated with
              the hydro-ecological model ICHORS; this model takes into
              account the relations between the non-biotic environment and
              the presence of hydrophytes and phreatophytes.  The impact of
              the hydrological options is assessed, after rearrangement of
              the predicted values of the species to values of the
              required fen vegetation.  These results are incorporated in
              the management options with the water balances of the polders.
              Information on the costs of the options is used as a basis
              for a cost-benefit analysis.  Technical hydrological solutions
              such as purification of the supplied water might contribute
              to the eutrophication abatement, but they are on their own
              unlikely to restore the ecosystems.  Contrastingly, options
              involving the restoration of the original hydrology would
              probably lead to the characteristic mesotraphent fen
              vegetation once more, and the financial implications of this
              are likely to be the more favorable in the long-term.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1928

AUTHOR:       Atekwana, E.A., P.L. Agendia, E.A. Atekwana, and T.H. Fonkou

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Wetland vegetation colonization and expansion in small
              impoundments in Yaounde, Cameroon, West Africa

SOURCE:       Pages 354-364 in Wetlands 15 (4)

STATE:        Cameroon

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, MODEL

WETLAND TYPE: Impoundments

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Temporal changes in the pattern and distribution of tropical
              wetland vegetation in four small impoundments over a 28-year
              period were documented for a wetland ecosystem in the Olezoa
              drainage basin in Yaounde, Cameroon, West Africa.  These
              impoundments were constructed along the Olezoa stream for the
              purpose of aquaculture and ranged in size from 1.4 to 3.0 ha,
              had depths between 200 to 400 cm, and were devoid of
              vegetation.  Evaluation of the impoundments and the
              surrounding catchment was accomplished using low altitude aerial
              photographs for the years 1964, 1974, and 1986 and field surveys
              for the periods 1985 through 1992.  The results reveal a
              progressive decline in open water surface area of the
              impoundments ranging from 70 to 100% due to plant colonization
              and expansion.  Measured impoundment depths along profiles show
              more than 50% reduction from original depths of 300-400 cm to
              less than 150-200 cm in 1992.  We suggest that vegetation
              colonization and expansion in the impoundments is a function of
              the reduction of water depth due to a siltation accompanying
              increasing urbanization.  During the period of evaluation,
              urbanization in the surrounding catchment tripled.  Siltation
              in the impoundments resulted mainly from the accumulation of
              soil eroded from the upland accompanying devegetation and
              construction activities.  The shallowing of the impoundments
              by siltation provided a favorable water-depth regime and
              substrate for colonization by aquatic and emergent wetland
              vegetation.  Continued shallowing resulted in development of
              vegetation zones along a water-depth gradient, and the migration
              of these zones toward the interior of the impoundments.  The
              history of degradation of the catchment area and siltation of the
              impoundments is thus recorded by temporal changes in vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1929

AUTHOR:       Clark, W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        North Carolinas mitigation policy:  a new challenge

SOURCE:       Pages 13-16 in National Wetlands Newsletter Nov.-Dec.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Since the passage of North Carolinas Coastal Area Management
              Act in 1974, state officials have found the usual frustrations
              associated with implementation of a new regulatory program,
              including that of developing a mitigation policy.  The evolution
              and recent adoption by the Coastal Resources Commission (CRC)
              of a mitigation policy represents an ongoing effort to bring to
              fruition a program that will adequately and equitably protect
              the states coastal resources.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       381(a)

AUTHOR:       Harvey, H.T., and M.N. Josselyn

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Wetlands restoration and mitigation policies:  comment

SOURCE:       Pages 567-569 in Environmental Management 10 (5)

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Wetlands throughout the United States are threatened with
              disruption by developments of various kinds.  In certain
              projects, development is permitted if either on-site
              enhancement or off-site preservation or enhancement of
              wetlands is provided as mitigation.  In a 1985 article,
              Race addresses the question of the use of restored
              marshland as mitigation for disrupted or destroyed wetlands.
              She specifically attempts to evaluate the success of past
              restoration and/or experimental plantings.  Her major
              conclusion is that wetland restoration has been
              substantially unsuccessful in San Francisco Bay.  The authors
              disagree with this conclusion for several reasons.  Race
              provides no definition of the evaluation procedures or
              terminology on which she bases her conclusions of success
              or failure.  Furthermore, it is not clear in the article
              as to the distinction being made between experimental
              planting and marsh restoration.  Finally, the authors
              disagree with her analysis of the long-term longevity of
              man-made marshes.  This article presents detailed discussions
              of these limitations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1930

AUTHOR:       De Laney, T.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Benefits to downstream flood attenuation and water quality as
              a result of constructed wetlands in agricultural landscapes

SOURCE:       Pages 620-626 in Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, WQUALITY

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Constructed

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The evolution of agricultural practices in America has a direct
              correlation with improvements in the mechanization of farm
              equipment and the development of transportation routes.  As
              artificially constructed systems evolved, they were rigorously
              imposed on the natural landscape with little thought to their
              effect on the hydrologic system.  Soggy fields and drowned crops
              were viewed as problems needing remediation.  Flat, forested,
              fertile, bottomland was assumed to be unproductive and needed to
              "pay its way."  Deforestation, stream channelization, levees,
              field terracing, and drainage systems (drain tiles) have become
              testaments to our corrective actions.  The cumulative effect of
              these corrective measures has been to significantly reduce the
              ability of most watersheds to absorb water, detain sediments, and
              remove nutrients.  This command and control approach to watershed
              management cannot necessarily be viewed as a success as evidenced
              by the flood of 1993 and 1995 in the Midwest and the fact that
              today, 30 percent of assessed U.S. surface waters do not fully
              support their designated uses.  Because of inadequate watershed
              management, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and
              other agencies have hinted that Americas flood and water quality
              policies must change.  The purchase of flood-prone property and
              the rebuilding of flood-prone property and the rebuilding of
              levees away from the immediate river bank are signals that
              nontraditional approaches are being considered.  Although these
              alternative strategies have occurred only on a small scale, this
              new philosophy in floodplain management is encouraged by the
              federal governments report "Sharing the Challenge:  Floodplain
              Management into the 21st Century."  It recommends that
              nonstructural measures be incorporated into Americas flood
              management policies.  Although many of the nonstructural measures
              may take the shape of property purchases, new agricultural
              practices, and incentive payments, the net effect will be the
              reinstatement of biological and hydraulic processes that reduce
              flooding and improve water quality.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1931

AUTHOR:       Bowers, J.K.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Innovations in tidal marsh restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 155-161 in Restoration and Management Notes 13 (2)

STATE:        DC

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUALITY

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: Marsh

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Biohabitats Inc. was given the chance to experiment with
              innovative restoration techniques on the Kenilworth Marsh, a
              28-hectare freshwater tidal marsh along the borders of the
              Anacostia River near the National Arboretum in the District
              of Columbia.  Part of the National Park System, the
              Kenilworth Marsh is adjacent to the Kenilworth Aquatic
              Gardens.  In 1989, a coalition of federal and local agencies,
              led by the Washington Metropolitan Council of Governments
              (COG) chose the marsh for restoration as part of a long-term
              plan to restore water quality and habitat within the
              Anacostia River watershed.  In 1989, COG retained Biohabitats,
              Inc. to perform the following activities:  conduct a
              historical study of the marsh spanning the past 100 years;
              assess current conditions; and develop a plan to restore
              mid-marsh vegetation over 30 to 50 percent of the existing
              mudflats, an area totaling 12 hectares.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1932

AUTHOR:       Chow-Fraser, P., and L. Lukasik

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Cootes Paradise Marsh:  community participation in the
              restoration of a Great Lakes coastal wetland

SOURCE:       Restoration and Management Notes 13 (2)

STATE:        Ontario, Canada

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO, WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: Coastal marsh

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       TYPHA, SPARGANIUM, ZIZANIA, GLYCERIA, NYMPHAEA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Cootes Paradise Marsh is a 250-hectare marsh located in the
              city of Hamilton, Ontario, and situated at the extreme western
              end of L. Ontario.  The surrounding watershed currently
              supports a population of over 500,000 and includes portions of
              the cities of Burlington and Hamilton in Ontario, Canada.  The
              marsh once supported a diverse plant community including cattail,
              burreed, and wild rice as well as many species of floating and
              submersed aquatic plants, which provided excellent spawning and
              nursery habitat for both warmwater and coldwater fish and
              supported large populations of waterfowl and a variety of small
              mammals.  This article summarizes community efforts to restore
              this wetland.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1933

AUTHOR:       Zedler, J.B.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        The challenge of protecting endangered species habitat along
              the southern California coast

SOURCE:       Pages 35-53 in Coastal Management 19

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Constructed

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHORED

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The southern California coast is rich in species that are
              habitat-dependent.  Three endangered birds and one plant species
              depend on coastal wetlands that cover less than 25% of their
              historic area and are far from pristine.  Despite laws that
              protect wetlands and endangered species, regulatory agencies still
              permit habitat alterations if mitigation plans promise
              compensation.  Lost habitat is usually replaced by restoring
              disturbed wetlands, with a net loss of wetland acreage and often
              a decline in habitat quality.  Although the emerging policy of
              no net loss seeks to maintain both habitat area and functioning,
              even mitigation projects with the highest standards do not
              fulfill such goals.  One five-year-old salt marsh adjacent to San
              Diego Bay was constructed as habitat for an endangered bird, but
              it lacks that species and is deficient in food chain support,
              plant productivity, and nutrient supply functions.  It should be
              possible to accelerate development of these ecosystem processes,
              using scientific knowledge and experimentation at existing
              mitigation projects.  Meanwhile, if biodiversity is to be
              protected, mitigation policies must be put on hold until
              constructed wetlands are proved capable of attracting and
              sustaining the full complement of native species.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1934

AUTHOR:       Wyant, J.G., R.A. Meganck, and S.H. Ham

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        A planning and decision-making framework for ecological
              restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 789-796 in Environmental Management 19 (6)

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   A broad and objective perspective of ecological and
              socioeconomic knowledge is required to underlie a scientific
              approach to the problems of terrestrial restoration ecology.
              Uncertainty associated with limited scientific knowledge
              highlights the crucial importance of the interaction between
              science and policy in weighing ecological restoration
              alternatives in relation to other management options.  In this
              paper, the authors provide a pragmatic definition for
              restoration ecology that is suitable for extensive terrestrial
              applications and present a decision framework to help organize
              and clarify different phases of the decision process as it is
              related to ecological restoration.  They argue that restoration
              planning should include a wider spectrum of participants and
              decisions than have traditionally been employed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1935

AUTHOR:       Vellidis, G., R. Lowrance, and M.C. Smith

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        A quantitative approach for measuring N and P concentration
              changes in surface runoff from a restored riparian forest wetland

SOURCE:       Pages 73-81 in Wetlands 14 (2)

STATE:        GA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Riparian

RESPONSE:     CHEM

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   A recently restored riparian wetland is being evaluated as a
              bioremediation site for nutrients moving downslope from an
              animal waste application site.  In question is the short-term
              effectiveness of the restored wetland in enhancing the quality
              of the water leaving the site.  Networks of shallow ground-water
              wells and surface runoff collectors are being used to monitor
              nutrient concentrations and nutrient assimilation as surface and
              ground water moves through the wetland.  A 450-mm H-flume at the
              wetland outlet measures the quantity and quality of
              surface-water discharged from the wetland.  Runoff is sampled at
              two locations entering the wetland and at two locations near the
              stream flow.  At each location, the runoff is collected in a
              gutter, passed through a flume, and redistributed through a
              slotted gutter.  Composite samples from each runoff event are
              collected with a low-cost automated sampler and analyzed for
              N03-N, NH4-N, TKN, PO4-P, Total P, and Cl.  Recorded hydrographs
              are used to determine total runoff volume and peak runoff rates of
              each runoff event.  The runoff collectors have operated reliably
              and seem to be quantifying both hydrologic characteristics of
              runoff events and nutrient concentration changes in surface runoff
              as it migrates through the wetland.  The simple design, low cost,
              and dependability of the runoff collection and automated sampling
              system make it suitable for a variety of research and industrial
              applications.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1936

AUTHOR:       Weller, M.W., G.W. Kaufmann, and P.A. Vohs, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Evaluation of wetland development and waterbird response at
              Elk Creek Wildlife Management Area, Lake Mills, Iowa, 1961 to 1990

SOURCE:       Pages 245-262 in Wetlands 11 (2)

STATE:        IA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: Stream

RESPONSE:     WFOWL

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   A waterfowl habitat development project along 7.5 miles of stream
              was evaluated after 27 years.  There was a modest 12% net
              increase in wetlands in impounded areas, but much of the wetland
              vegetation changed from seasonally flooded, nonpersistent and
              persistent emergents to shallow, open-water areas.  An
              unimpounded, downstream reference area had drier plant
              communities, probably resulting from reduced flooding.  The loss
              of shallow vegetated wetlands could have significant impacts on
              both water quality functions and waterbird populations.  The
              overall project goal of increasing numbers and diversity of
              waterfowl was met, but waterfowl numbers and species composition
              changed more because of transplanting and nest-box programs than
              habitat modifications.  Although impacts on birds of shallow
              wetlands such as rails and songbirds were not quantitatively
              assessed, it is likely that the numbers of such birds were
              reduced because their preferred habitats were reduced markedly.
              Use of smaller, lateral impoundments and increased management
              for emergents would diversify waterbird populations and
              increase dabbling duck production.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1937

AUTHOR:       White, J.M., and L.A. Brake

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Description, history, and water chemistry of the recently
              restored watervalley wetlands in the southeast of South Australia

SOURCE:       Pages 247-257 in Wetlands 15 (3)

STATE:        South Australia

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Saline wetlands

RESPONSE:     CHEM

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The southeast of South Australia has a history of drainage of
              wetlands to increase the amount of land available for agriculture.
              Recently, some landowners have reversed this trend by restoring
              the wetlands on their land to provide habitat for wildlife.  The
              Watervalley Wetlands are the most extensive of these restored
              wetlands.  The water is high in nutrients, hard, alkaline, and
              variably saline.  The salinity of these wetlands varies in both
              time and space.  Seasonal variations in salinity within the
              wetlands is conducive to high productivity, and the variation
              between wetlands ensures diversity of habitat.  However, careful
              monitoring is required to determine whether the observed
              seasonal cycles of rising and falling salinities will continue
              or whether salinity will increase to undesirable levels at some
              time in the future.  Long-term monitoring is also necessary to
              determine whether the present high productivity will continue
              under the prevailing water regime or whether that productivity
              is an artifact of the recent restoration.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1938

AUTHOR:       Siegley, C.E., R.E.J. Boerner, and J.M. Reutter

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Role of the seed bank in the development of vegetation on a
              freshwater marsh created from dredge soil

SOURCE:       Pages 267-276 in Journal of Great Lakes Research 14 (3)

STATE:        OH

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED

WETLAND TYPE: Freshwater marsh

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The contribution of the seed bank to the early seral flora of a
              wetland created in Sandusky Bay, Ohio, using dredged spoil was
              evaluated by comparing results from greenhouse germination
              experiments with those from field surveys.  Germinable seeds
              were patchily distributed both among and within the three
              dredge spoil-filled marsh areas and the unfilled control area.
              The unfilled control had the most diverse seed bank (22 species),
              though not the densest (1,029 germinable seeds per square meter
              of marsh bottom down to 10 cm).  The seed banks of the
              spoil-filled areas averaged 13 species (range 7-15) and 980
              germinable seeds per square meter (range 300-1,711).  Total seed
              bank density was 1/6 to 1/20 of those of natural wetlands.
              Germination conditions were the most important factor governing
              seedling emergence, with more germination occurring in mudflat
              conditions than submerged conditions.  Approximately 18% of the
              total early seral flora and 28% of the early wetland species
              flora were represented in the seed bank, though again the
              proportions were higher in the unfilled control area than in the
              dredge-spoil filled cells.  The seed bank and early seral
              floras differed little from species lists in historical records
              of the area.  Many of the early seral species cited as important
              as wildlife or waterfowl food sources originated in the seed
              bank whereas the major pest species dispersed into the study
              site from outside the marsh.  The above findings are useful for
              predicting vegetation dynamics of dredge-spoil wetlands
              suitable for waterfowl and other wildlife.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1625

AUTHOR:       Streever, W.J., D.L. Evans, and C.M. Keenan

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Chironomidae (Diptera) and vegetation in a created wetland and
              implications for sampling

SOURCE:       Pages 285-289 in Wetlands 15 (3)

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Freshwater

RESPONSE:     INVERTS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Although invertebrate communities are used in the evaluation of
              created freshwater wetlands, spatial patterns of invertebrate
              community structure are frequently ignored.  Invertebrate
              distributions are generally associated with plant community
              distribution in natural aquatic ecosystems.  In this study, 180
              core samples were collected to examine associations between
              chironomid (Diptera) genera and emergent vegetation communities
              in a single created freshwater herbaceous wetland in central
              Florida.  Three of the five common genera were significantly more
              abundant (p < 0.05, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test) in areas with greater
              than 50% cover by emergent vegetation than in open water, but no
              differences were found between areas dominated by Pontederia
              cordata and areas dominated by mixed emergent vegetation.
              Samples from an area of open water and an area with over 80%
              cover by P. cordata showed significant differences in abundances
              of all common chironomid genera (p < 0.05, Wilcoxon Rank Sum
              Test).  Results suggest that sampling designs for studies
              comparing benthic invertebrate communities from natural and
              created wetlands should consider the possible associations
              between vegetation and invertebrate communities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1939

AUTHOR:       Thullen, J.S., and D.R. Eberts

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Effects of temperature, stratification, scarification, and seed
              origin on the germination of Scirpus acutus Muhl.  Seeds for use
              in constructed wetlands.

SOURCE:       Pages 298-304 in Wetlands 15 (3)

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SEED, LAB

WETLAND TYPE: Constructed wetlands; marshes

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       SCIRPUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Procedures to maximize seed germination of Scirpus acutus
              (hardstem bulrush) from two geographic locations were studied
              in the laboratory.  Pregermination conditions included
              scarification and stratification at 4  1 C for 0, 2, 4, 8, or
              12 weeks while submerged in water.  Following the treatments,
              seeds were placed in night/day temperature regimes of 10/25 C
              or 18/22 C under a 14-hour photoperiod ("200 mmol m^-2 s^-1
              PPFD).  A stratification period of at least 2 weeks significantly
              enhanced germination.  Germination was significantly greater at
              10/25 C than at 18/22 C.  Maximum germination percentages of
              97.5 and 92.5 were achieved for seed lots exposed to a 10/25 C
              temperature regime following a 12-week cold period.  Germination
              percentages of seeds from the two geographic locations did not
              differ significantly (P < 0.05).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1940

AUTHOR:       Thorhaug, A., B. Miller, B. Jupp, and F. Booker

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Effects of a variety of impacts on seagrass restoration in Jamaica

SOURCE:       Pages 355-360 in Marine Pollution Bulletin 16 (9)

STATE:        Jamaica

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, EROSION, HYDRO, WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE: Beach; industrial lagoon, saline lagoon

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL

PGENUS:       THALASSIA, HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM, RUPPIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   For the first time seagrass rehabilitation was attempted in a
              tropical nation, Jamaica.  Repairs to a variety of developmental
              impact types were attempted with test plots: dredge and fill,
              bauxite and oil spills, channelization, urban run-off, urban
              sewage, river bulkheading, jetty construction and artificial
              beach, industrial lagoons, saline lagoons,thermal effluents, and
              cement tailings.  Three species were routinely planted (Thalassia
              testudinum, Halodule wrightii, Syringodium filiforme) plus Ruppia
              Types of damage which were successfully attempted to be restored
              for the first time were from heated wastes, bauxite spills,
              jettied river mouths, small scale oil spills, and diluted urban
              wastes.  Types of pollution damage previously repaired in
              repaired in the tropics also were dredge and fill and urban run-
              off.  Erosion seagrass restoration repair was partially
              successful at some sites.  Attempts to repair high salinity
              lagoons (up to 160%L) and cement tailings were unsuccessful.
              Functional species were found which could tolerate ongoing

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1941

AUTHOR:       Frohlich, R.K., and W.R. Marion

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Mammal populations on phosphate-mined and natural areas of north
              Florida

SOURCE:       Pages 1398-1402 in Journal of Wildlife Management

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: Phosphate-mined

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Phosphate mining is Florida's third largest industry, and more
              than 74,000 ha of the state have been altered by mining.  The
              United States is the world's  leading phosphate producer, and five
              Forida counties contribute 80% of the country's supply.  Worldwide
              demands for phosphate products (e.g., fertilizer,industrial
              chemicals, and livestock feed supplements) are expected to increase
              well into the 21st century.  Florida's mining regulations are being
              revised, and the draft of the revised regulations places more
              emphasis on wildlife habitat restoration.  However, resistance to
              stricter reclamation regulations is substantial; the nature and
              rigor of future mining regulations are  uncertain.  Baseline
              information on the impact of phosphate mining on wildlife is
              needed if regulations and future policies are to adequately address
              wildlife resource issues.  This study was undertaken to assess
              mammalian populations and habitat use on phosphate-mined lands
              and nearby natural habitats.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1942

AUTHOR:       Tilton, D.L., and D.L. Denison

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        Colonization of restored wetlands by invertebrates, fish,
              amphibians and reptiles studied (Michigan)

SOURCE:       Page 187 in Restoration and Management Notes 10 (2)

STATE:        MI

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Restored or created wetlands

RESPONSE:     AMPHIB, REPT, INVERTS, FISH

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The authors have been monitoring 11 restored or created wetlands
              totaling 18.2 ha (average size of 1.5 ha) in southeastern
              Michigan for approximately five years.  This note reports some of
              the findings regarding the colonization and use of restored and
              created wetlands by invertebrates, fish, amphibians and reptiles.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1943

AUTHOR:       Richardson, S.G., and A.F. Clewell

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Plant competition effects on reforestation of reclaimed phosphate-
              mined lands (Florida)

SOURCE:       Page 179 in Restoration and Management Notes 11 (2)

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE: Phosphate-mined

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       LUDWIGIA, TAXODIUM, BACCHARIS, QUERCUS, SECALE, LOLIUM, MYRICA,
              ANDROPOGON, EUPATORIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   When reforesting phosphate surface-mined lands in Florida, an
              important issue is whether weeds will inhibit the growth of the
              newly planted trees.  In fact, state regulations require that
              "nuisance" plants, including the native primrose willow (Ludwigia
              peruviana), cannot account for more than 10 percent of the total
              cover on forested wetlands.  In order to comply with this
              requirement, the primrose willow and other weedy species must be
              controlled with repeated applications of herbicides or by
              mechanical or labor-intensive manual means.  A question that
              arises is whether these costly methods of weed control are
              necessary ecologically or are they merely a cosmetic comforter.
              A growing number of people are interested in this question and
              some now suspect that weed control is unwarranted because the
              desired tree species will eventually overtop the weeds and shade
              them out.  The authors began several experiments in early 1989 to
              test this hypothesis and to determine whether patience and plant
              succession might be the best way to deal with weeds on reforested
              sites.  This note emphasizes the effects of weed competition on
              the growth of trees.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1944

AUTHOR:       Abbruzzese, B., A.B. Allen, S. Henderson, and M.E. Kentula

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Selecting sites for comparison with created wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 291-297 in Proceedings of Symposium '87 - Wetlands/
              Peatlands, Compiled by C.D.A. Rubec and R.P. Overend.  Edmonton,
              Alberta, Canada

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   A pilot study was conducted in the state of Oregon for the US
              Environmental Protection Agency.  The purpose of the study was to
              evaluate the success of wetland creation and restoration required
              as compensation for wetland losses permitted under Section 404 of
              the Clean Water Act.  This paper describes the method used for
              selecting natural wetlands to compare with created wetlands.  The
              results of the selection process and the advantages and
              disadvantages of the method are discussed.  Fifty natural wetlands
              in the Portland urban area of the Willamette Valley Ecoregion,
              representative of the size, type and land use of created wetlands
              were randomly selected from US Fish and Wildlife Service National
              Wetland Inventory maps.  Field reconnaissance revealed that over
              50% of the sites had already been destroyed by agricultural
              conversions and urban-industrial development.  Land owners denied
              permission to sample 35% of the remaining sites.  Access for
              sampling was granted for 15 sites, which constituted the final set
              of comparison sites.  The random site selection method required
              extensive field work and may have yielded fewer sites with
              potential for long term comparison than a more subjective approach.
              However, valuable information was derived on trends in wetland
              loss and public attitudes toward government research.  Most
              important, the method provided a statistically defensible means of
              obtaining a set of sites.  The data from the pilot study will
              estimate the variability of natural wetlands within the ecoregion.
              Analysis of the variability between ecoregions will be possible
              with similar studies in other areas of the country.  These studies
              will give EPA a framework for setting standards for wetland
              creation and restoration.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1945

AUTHOR:       Berg, J.J. (ed.)

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Environmental restoration :  science and strategies for restoring
              the Earth.

SOURCE:       Island Press, Washington, D.C.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Environmental Restoration is the result of the ground-breaking
              Restoring the Earth conference held at the University of
              California at Berkeley.  It includes contributions on terrestrial
              restoration, aquatic restoration, law, planning, land
              acquisition, and conflict resolution by the foremost experts in
              the field.  Together they represent a major new source of
              information about the direction of research in environmental
              restoration, and the alternatives this new science offers.
              Included is the most current thinking on techniques and processes
              of restoration, and many examples of the complex and subtle
              biological interactions that must be understood for restoration
              to succeed.  The authors vividly document the need for and
              feasibility of restoring a wide variety of natural resources,
              from deserts and barrens to wetlands; from forests and mined
              land to lakes and streams.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1194

AUTHOR:       Anderson, B.W., W.C. Hunter, and R.D. Ohmart

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Status changes of bird species using revegetated riparian
              habitats on the lower Colorado River from 1977 to 1984.

SOURCE:       In D. Abell (Ed.), California Riparian Systems Conference:
              Protection, Management and Restoration for the 1990's.  September
              22-24, 1988.  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.

STATE:        AZ

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: Riparian

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHORED

PGENUS:       TAMARIX

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Two dredge-spoil sites were revegetated on the lower Colorado
              River with native riparian trees.  Another site was cleared of
              exotic saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) and revegetated with native
              shrubs.  Sites were censused for birds through all phases of
              revegetation.  Bird species were grouped by natural-history
              characteristics to determine changes in the types of species
              occurring during the development of revegetation sites.  Most
              species responded positively within 2 years after planting,
              including some sensitive species.  This study is the first of its
              kind to document changes in bird use of artificially established
              native riparian habitats.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1946

AUTHOR:       Ackerman, S.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Rating mitigation success:  a model which rates site specific
              woody vegetation associations planted to meet goals outlined in a
              HEP analysis

SOURCE:       Pages 213-216 in M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:  Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   On the Ice Harbor/Lower Monumental Project, in Southeastern
              Washington, approximately 1443.4 hectares have been designated as
              Habitat Management Units (HMUS) under the Lower Snake River Fish
              and Wildlife Compensation Plan. The majority of terrestrial
              wildlife habitat development has been performed on Big Flat, Lost
              Island, Hollebeke, Skookum, and 55 Mile HMUS. Approximately 249.1
              hectares are currently under irrigation within these units. Of
              these irrigated lands, about 123.7 hectares are designated as
              shrub and tree plantings. This investigation was conducted in the
              70 designated shrub and tree areas found within the five HMUS.
              Each of the mapped shrub and tree areas were surveyed by ocular
              estimation to determine species composition and relative species
              dominance. Each shrub and tree species was given cover
              percentages based on the total shrub and tree cover. An ocular
              estimation of shrub or tree species heights were also recorded
              for specimens over 3.8 meters in height. Field forms were
              compiled using Dbase III+ software on a personal computer.
              Approximately one-sixth of all hectares in the 70 shrub and tree
              areas were classified as fair or better for palustrine/riparian
              forest. About two-thirds of the total shrub and tree area
              classified out as fair or better for mesic shrubland.  When
              these results were compared with what is actually found on the
              ground the model provided a fairly accurate assessment of shrub
              and tree developments. These developments are only 12-15 years
              old at the most. There is an obvious lack of softwood trees
              planted on these habitat development areas. The model, with
              additional refinements, is quick and easy way to obtain some
              type of quantifiable assessment of mitigation plantings which can
              be used to plan for future habitat developments.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1947

AUTHOR:       Adrian, D.D., and Y. Zhang

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Sugarcane factory wastewater treatment in a diked wetland

SOURCE:       Pages 239-240 in M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:  Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Natural

RESPONSE:     WQUAL

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   This study is focused on a diked natural wetland in Louisiana
              which has been used as part of an inexpensive treatment system
              for sugarcane factory effluent. Louisiana sugar factories process
              sugarcane seasonally, producing wastewater from October through
              December. The heavy solids are removed by sedimentation, then the
              wastewater is discharged to the diked wetland where it is stored
              until it is discharged to a bayou by April. Damage to wetland
              trees may occur if flooding depth, duration and frequency exceed
              the tolerance limits of the vegetation. While it is difficult to
              quantify the flooding tolerance of the vegetation, early
              discharge of wetland water would decrease flooding damage. To
              enable discharge of treated effluent from the wetland at an early
              date an aeration station was built near a wetland outlet. An
              aerated effluent meets LADEQ discharge requirements and reduces
              impact of wetland discharge on receiving water. The aeration
              system was a simple and feasible engineering approach which
              increased the dissolved oxygen in the effluent and allowed early
              discharge from the wetland.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1948

AUTHOR:       Ambrose, R.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Performance standards for coastal wetland restoration

SOURCE:       Pages 395-397 in M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:  Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM,  CASE

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   With continued development and degradation of coastal wetlands,
              there are more and more opportunities, and pressures, to restore
              them. Along with the increased opportunities, there has been
              increased concern about the success of wetland restoration.
              Several studies have indicated that a substantial fraction of
              wetland restoration projects may not be.  One of the problems
              these studies have identified is that relatively few restoration
              projects have clearly defined goals, making it difficult to judge
              success. Performance standards, and follow-up monitoring to
              determine whether they have been met, are necessary to ensure
              that a restoration accomplishes what it is supposed to accomplish.
              In this paper, the authors uses two case studies from Southern
              California to examine some of the desirable features of wetland
              performance standards and some of the problems and issues
              associated with monitoring them.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1949

AUTHOR:       Artz, I.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        A multi-objective wetland creation study on the Los Angeles River
              at the Taylor Railroad Yard

SOURCE:       Pages 191-192 in M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National I
              nteragency Workshop on Wetlands:  Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, HYDRO

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, HYDRO

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The Los Angeles River continues to be a topic of interest for
              flood control planners, engineers, and environmental scientists.
              The 51-mile-long concrete channel that provides flood protection
              to many of the 8 million residents of Los Angeles County has
              recently been at the center of controversy in an effort to
              environmentally retrofit the river with wetlands, riparian
              corridors, recreational development, and water conservation and
              water quality features. Efforts by local interest groups to
              return the Los Angeles River to a natural floodplain with wetland
              functions and values typify a new federal emphasis on non-
              structural solutions to flood control problems.  This study was
              conducted for the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Los Angeles
              County Department of Public Works, and the Department of Water
              Resources to evaluate the feasibility of using the Taylor
              Railroad Yard, a 174-acres parcel currently being offered for
              sale, as a location along the Los Angeles River for a multi-
              purpose wetland creation project. The site offers the combined-
              potential for flood control detention, low flow diversions to
              create wetlands and riparian habitat, water quality improvement of
              lateral storm drain flow, and construction of passive and active
              recreation facilities. The opportunities and constraints of
              several alternative configurations are analyzed in terms of the
              hydrology, hydraulics, geomorphology, sediment transport, and
              groundwater that exists at the site.
              A recommended plan was developed that maximizes project
              opportunities and minimizes the effect of site constraints such
              as pre-existing storm drain alignments, power line towers,
              required railway rights-of-way, and localized soil toxicity.
              The primary project benefit includes removal of the 100-yr
              overflow area that currently exists along this section of the Los
              Angeles River. It would also provide water quality improvements
              to the surrounding urban run-off in compliance with the NPDES
              Program, and provide significant habitat value through riparian
              and wetland enhancement.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1950

AUTHOR:       Ballweber, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        An overview of legal and regulatory issues wetland mitigation
              banking

SOURCE:       Page 374 in M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:  Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Mitigation banking is a recognized part of the Clean Water Act in
              section 404 permit process. It offers a mechanism to ensure that
              the totality of environmental costs of activities detrimental to
              wetlands are offset. Basic public and private mitigation banking
              concepts have been developed and a few banks exist. While there
              are some difficulties in quantifying losses and in restoring or
              creating wetlands, if private mitigation banking is to become an
              accepted part of the 404 permit process then regulatory practices
              and interagency agreements must provide clear procedures for the
              concept. To avoid or minimize litigation, guidance is needed for
              prospective bankers in establishing a bank and for borrowers on
              how to utilize banks in the permit process. While flexibility is
              needed to accommodate local and regional issues, there must be
              some regulatory mandates to direct agencies and guide the
              development, permitting, and monitoring of private mitigation banks.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1951

AUTHOR:       Bays, J.S., K. Martin, and D.M. Gibb

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        ASTM Standard Guide for wetlands assessment, design, and construction

SOURCE:       Pages 47-49 in M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:  Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) is
              developing a Standard Guide for wetland functional assessment,
              terminology, and design and construction. The Guide is being
              prepared by volunteers from the E50.05 Subcommittee of ASTM
              Committee E50 on Pollution Prevention, with technical review and
              comment by nationally-recognized wetland experts.  The purpose of
              the Standard Guide will be several-fold: (1) to introduce
              standard definitions for common wetland terminology; (2) to
              develop standard descriptions of wetland ecological functions;
              (3) to provide an approach for assessment of existing and planned
              wetlands for any objective; (4) to provide standards for wetland
              planning, design, restoration, creation and enhancement; (5) to
              provide a general approach for monitoring planned wetlands.
              The Standard Guide is expected to be a valuable tool to wetland
              practitioners, development interests, and government regulatory
              and wetland management agencies because they will be educational,
              widely available, consensus-based, technically current, and a
              common ground for addressing wetland planning issues.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1952

AUTHOR:       Blama, R.N., M.C. Landin, S.T. Maynord, and J. Gill

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Eastern Neck National Wildlife Refuge Salt Marsh:  innovative
              structures and bioengineering

SOURCE:       Pages 382-384 in M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:  Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: Salt marsh

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The shorelines at Eastern Neck National Wildlife Refuge, on
              Chesapeake Bay's Eastern Shore, have been steadily eroding for
              many years. In an attempt to hold the line, the US Fish and
              Wildlife Service invested in armoring along the shore. Part of
              this riprap was used innovatively in combination with dredged
              material from the Chester River to (a) prevent future erosion,
              and (b) restore salt marsh and fish nursery areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1953

AUTHOR:       Blama, R.N., S.D. Garbarino, J. Gill, and M.C. Landin

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Shoreline stabilization and restoration at Barren Island and
              Historic Smith Island, Chesapeake Bay:  innovative geotextile
              tube technology.

SOURCE:       Pages 385-387 in M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:  Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Chesapeake Bay is undergoing extensive erosion along its
              shorelines, but especially, its islands are eroding and
              disappearing at an alarming rate. The US Army Corps of Engineers
              has undertaken protection and restoration of two such islands,
              one manmade and the other natural, in the Bay using innovative
              technology with a combination of geotextile tubes and aprons,
              use of sand dredged material, and restoring intertidal elevations
              for wetland restoration.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1954

AUTHOR:       Bledsoe, B.P., J.E. Wuenscher, and L.A. Sutter

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Using geographic information systems to identify and prioritize
              potential wetland restoration sites in coastal North Carolina

SOURCE:       Pages 49-51 in M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:  Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The North Carolina Division of Coastal Management (DCM) has
              developed an automated GIS methodology to locate high priority
              wetland restoration sites on the North Carolina Coastal Plain
              with the goal of increasing the ecological effectiveness of
              wetland restoration and compensatory mitigation. The procedure
              utilizes ARC Macro Language programs in ARC/INFO accessing data
              such as SCS digital soils, National Wetlands Inventory (NWI),
              USGS hydrography, and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite
              imagery to locate and prioritize potential wetland restoration
              sites. Areas identified as potential wetland restoration sites
              fall into three general categories: (1) areas with hydric soils
              and TM land cover identified as cleared agricultural or other
              disturbed areas (including areas identified as wetlands by the
              NWI); (2) areas with hydric soils and identified by the NWI as
              ditched, impounded, excavated, or spoil areas; and (3) NWI
              uplands with hydric soils and dense pine monoculture TM land
              cover. Using a systematic approach in compensatory mitigation
              site identification increases the probability of successfully
              replacing lost ecological functions. Compensating for lost
              functions outweighs availability concerns as the focus of the
              screening process when a large pool of potential wetland
              restoration sites are identified. Permit applicants with
              projects including unavoidable wetland impacts are guided to
              sites with the greatest functional potential and are relieved
              of a burdensome and often disorganized search for a satisfactory
              restoration site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1955

AUTHOR:       Brady, J.T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Beneficial use of dredged material from the Delaware River Main
              Channel Deepening Project to create, restore, and protect
              wetlands in the Delaware Bay

SOURCE:       Pages 49-51 in M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:  Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, CASE

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The Delaware River Comprehensive Navigation Study Main Channel
              Deepening Interim Feasibility Report and Environmental Impact
              Statement recommended from its feasibility study modification of
              the existing federal navigation channel from 40 feet at mean low
              water (MLW) to 45 feet. The proposed project, authorized as part
              of the Water Resources Development Act of 1992, provides for a
              full width channel that would follow the existing channel
              alignment from the Delaware Bay to the Philadelphia/Camden
              waterfront, a distance of approximately 102.5 miles, appropriate
              bend widening, and a 2-space anchorage at Marcus Hook.
              Approximately 50 million cubic yards (MCY) of dredged material
              will be removed for initial construction over a 5-yr period.
              Dredged material from the upper river will be confined. Material
              excavated from the lower river (Delaware Bay) is primarily sand,
              and will be used for several beneficial purposes, including
              wetland restoration and protection, underwater sand stockpiling
              for future shore protection, and possible beach nourishment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1956

AUTHOR:       Butts, M.P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Status of wetland creation/mitigation projects on state highway
              projects in Connecticut

SOURCE:       Pages 13-18 in M.W. Lefor and W.C. Kennard (Eds.), Proceedings
              of the 4th Connecticut, "Wetlands Creation and Restoration"
              November 15, 1986, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:    The Connecticut State Department of Transportation has been
              involved with wetland mitigation projects for the last several
              years as a statutorily regulated activity of The Connecticut
              State Department of Environmental Protection - Wetlands
              Management Programs.  Varying degrees of success have been met
              with in restoring and creating inland wetlands as a part of the
              design, permit and construction processes.  Areas for further
              research are suggested.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1957

AUTHOR:       Brostoff, W.N., D.N. Allen, M.H. Posey, C.M. Powell, T.D. Alphin,
              T.J. Minello, C.A. Simenstad, R.M. Thom, M.S. Fonseca, G.W.
              Thayer, D.L. Meyer, and V.G. Thayer

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Fishery utilization of established/restored wetlands

SOURCE:       Pages 289-290 in M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:  Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        NC, SC, TX

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Marsh

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Coastal wetlands are a critical habitat for many important
              fishery species and the fauna on which they prey. Although
              casual use of restored and established marshes by such species
              has been reported, many details, particularly such things as the
              temporal development of faunal utilization have yet to be
              examined in detail. As part of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
              Wetlands Research Program, fisheries communities of established
              and restored marshes were examined at 4 locations on the
              Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf Coasts of the US. This paper,
              reporting results for 3 of the sites, represents the
              collaborative effort of numerous wetland scientists working
              under contract to the Waterways Experiment Station.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1958

AUTHOR:       Brumbaugh, R.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        An overview of wetland mitigation banking:  national wetland
              mitigation study findings and ongoing studies

SOURCE:       Pages 289-290 in M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:  Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   The findings of the first phase of the National Wetland Mitigation
              Banking study being conducted by the US Army Corps of Engineers
              Institute for Water Resources (IWR) have been presented in a series
              of 6 reports. Wetland mitigation banking, although practiced for
              more than 15 years, is a concept still in its infancy. However,
              banking is very much in an exponential growth phase in terms of
              implementation. Most of the more than 40 banks in operation by
              summer 1992 were less than five years in existence. These banks
              represented a variety of institutional arrangements. For the most
              part, however, the banks were single-client banks (in which the
              user is also the client) sponsored by state agencies. Very few
              banks offered compensatory mitigation credits for general
              development use. Such general use banks have also been referred to
              as commercial banks (or credit ventures). In early 1992, all
              operating commercial banks were sponsored by public agencies.
              However, in the past three years numerous privately-sponsored
              commercial banks (also known as entrepreneurial banks) have been
              proposed and several implemented. Among the most critical issues
              that affect the financial success of banks, and thus the
              willingness on the part of the prospective banker to get involved
              in banking, is the timing of debiting versus accrual of credits in
              the bank. There is increasing recognition by regulatory and
              resource agencies and other experts that banking can best meet
              the nation's wetland goals if carried out within a context of
              recognized comprehensive or watershed based plans. The Clinton
              Administration's wetland policy statement supports wetland
              mitigation banking in the context of wetland planning as does the
              proposed Federal Guidance for the Establishment, Use and operation
              of Mitigation Banks. The national study is examining a number of
              watershed planning efforts that involve wetlands to identify
              success and barriers to success and applications to banking.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1959

AUTHOR:       Burton, T.M., and H.H. Prince

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Restoration of Saginaw Bay coastal wetlands in Michigan

SOURCE:       Pages 227-231 in M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:  Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        MI

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:       HYRDO

WETLAND TYPE: Coastal; wet meadow

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Wetland conversion in the United States resulted in loss of more
              than 50% of all wetlands with over 11 million acres of wetlands
              converted by the 1970's. Michigan has also lost 50% of its
              wetlands to development. Efforts to create new wetlands to
              offset some of these losses have rarely been successful due to
              insufficient knowledge about wetland structure and function. As
              experience builds, it has become apparent that efforts to
              restore areas that were originally wetlands are more likely to
              succeed than are efforts to create wetlands in upland areas.
              The Michigan Department of Natural Resources plans to restore
              several thousand ha of former coastal wetland with emphasis on
              the wet meadow zones in the former lakeplain prairie on land
              adjacent to Saginaw Bay within the 585 ft contour to lake level
              (currently at 579.2 ft) zone. The land to be restored is on
              drained, hydric soils that must be actively pumped to keep crops,
              primarily potatoes, sugar beets, beans, and corn, from flooding.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1960

AUTHOR:       Clar, M., R. Kort, H. Hopkins, N. Page, and C. Lee.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Restoration techniques for problem soils at Corps of Engineers
              construction sites.  EL-83-1, Final Report.

SOURCE:       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station,
              Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    SOIL

ACTION:       EROSION

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Information on vegetative restoration techniques was compiled,
              reviewed, and a comprehensive report developed.  Sources of
              information included U.S. EPA, USDA-ARS, USDA-SCS, USDA Forest
              Service, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Federal Highway
              Administration, U.S. DOE-Bureau of Land Management, state highway
              departments, universities, and private industry.  The report
              contains information on the planning and implementation of
              vegetative restoration for problem soils at Corps of Engineers
              construction sites.  Problem soils described include acid soils,
              saline and alkaline soils, excessively drained soils, poorly
              drained soils, dispersive clays, and wind-erodible soils.  Plant
              materials are listed for different regions of the United States
              as well as information on seeding and planting procedures.  The
              report should be a valuable resource document for planners and
              engineers that are required to control soil erosion and vegetate
              project sites that contain problem soils.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1961

AUTHOR:       Clewell, A.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Bottomland hardwood forest creation along new headwater streams

SOURCE:       Pages 404-407 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks (Eds.),
              National Wetland Symposium:  Mitigation of Impacts and Losses

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE: Bottomland hardwood

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   This paper is partially a check list of concerns for those
              preparing and reviewing plans for bottomland hardwood creation
              projects and partially a series of recommendations.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       174

AUTHOR:       Coastal Zone Resources Corporation

PUBL. YEAR:   1976

TITLE:        Identification of relevant criteria and survey of potential
              application sites for artificial habitat creation.  Volume I:
              relevant criteria for marsh-island site selection and their
              application & Volume II:   survey of potential application
              situations and selection and description of optimum project areas

SOURCE:       Contract Report D-76-2.  Waterways Experiment Station, U.S. Army
              Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE: Marsh

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   This report develops a process for the selection of areas
              appropriate for artificial marsh construction using dredged
              material.  By application of the methodology set forth, Engineer
              District personnel will be able to efficiently identify such
              areas.  In Volume I of the report, the biophysical and
              socioeconomic information needed to evaluate potential marsh
              creation sites is described and the rationale for the importance
              of such data is presented.  A two-scaled approach to analyzing
              the information base typically available to the Engineer District
              is detailed.  Specific kinds of problems that might arise and
              theoretical approaches to their solution are also discussed.
              The selection rationale is tested in Volume II by the choice and
              description of 50 prime candidate project areas, 10 within each
              of five major coastal geographical regions.  From this
              compilation, 10 optimum project areas, two in each geographical
              region, were selected and described further using data gathered
              in the project areas and from relevant Engineer Districts.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1962

AUTHOR:       Coats, R., C. Farrington, and P. Williams

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Enhancing diked wetlands in coastal California

SOURCE:       Pages 3688-3700 in Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Coastal
              and Ocean Management, American Society of Civil Engineers,
              Seattle, Washington

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ben Hodnett (blhodnett@excite.com)

ANNOTATION:   Significant areas of wetland in coastal California are diked off
              from full tidal action.  These areas retain considerable value as
              wetland, and their management and enhancement present unique
              opportunities and challenges.  Successful enhancement design is
              facilitated by:  (1) a clear statement of biological and
              hydrologic objectives; (2) site-specific information on
              topography, soils, runoff, tidal regime, and flow control
              structures; (3) judicious use of computer models.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1963

AUTHOR:       Lightcap, B.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        A strategy for monitoring the success of wetland mitigation:
              Portland district's experience.

SOURCE:       Pages 208-210. J In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   This paper is a review of actions taken by Portland District to
              evaluate the success of mitigation projects that required written
              monitoring reports; Two goals were established: The first goal
              was to was to receive direct feedback on permit projects with
              mitigation that were nearing completion in order to assure
              timely approval, and/or corrective measures.  The second goal
              was to develop a uniformly applied way to evaluate the actual
              versus intended success of permits and regulators in completing
              wetland mitigation projects as intended.  The basis of this
              effort was to focus internal action on ways to improve our permit
              description and follow-up evaluations of mitigation projects.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1964

AUTHOR:       Lipa, J., G. Vabarhelyi, E. Strecker, S. Lockhart, J. Rieger, and
              J. Stensby.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Designing a multi-functional freshwater wetland system at the
              Ballona wetlands, Los Angelas, CA.

SOURCE:       Page 98.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUALITY, GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The name of this project was Playa Vista, it is being planned by
              the Maguire Thomas Partners-Play Vista.  The purpose of this plan
              is to construct a 51.5-acre multi-functional freshwater wetland
              system in a highly urbanized area.  Not only will this freshwater
              wetland system create a new wetland mitigation habitat, but it
              will also provide for the passage of stormwater flow, for the
              cleansing of urban run-off, and for management of freshwater
              inflows into an adjoining area to be restored as salt marsh.  Two
              specific goals of this system is to make sure no net loss of
              wetlands and no increase of pollutants is flowing into the
              Ballona Channel and Santa Monica Bay.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1965

AUTHOR:       Lipa, J., G. Vararhelyi, and V.A. Tsihrintzis.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Modeling for wetland restoration and stormwater management at the
              Ballona wetlands.

SOURCE:       Page 97.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The Playa Vista Project is located near the Ballona Creek outlet
              to the Pacific Ocean in Los Angeles, Ca.  They are located at the
              western end of the project site and immediately adjacent to the
              south side of the channel.  These wetlands, which have been cut
              off from tidal flows since the 1930's, are the largest remaining
              coastal wetland in Los Angels County.  There are plans currently
              being prepared for the purpose of restoring the tidal influence
              over 191 acres of salt marsh and the creation of an 51-acre
              freshwater wetland system.  The wetlands currently provide
              stormwater management and detention functions, therefore it was
              necessary to incorporate these wetland functions into the design
              of the wetland restoration/creation project.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1966

AUTHOR:       Lloyd, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Wetland mitigation at Jordanelle wetlands and the Seedskadee
              National Wildlife Refuge.

SOURCE:       Pages 324-326.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        UT

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       SOIL, LFORM, and PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, CHEM, and ECON

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Located on the Provo River 5.5 miles north of Heber City in
              northern Utah, lies the Jordanelle Dam and Reservoir.  They were
              constructed recently by the Bureau of Reclamation as part of the
              Central Utah Project.  Under the Clean Water Act Section 404
              Permit, mitigation for the project requires new wetlands be
              established to compensate for the loss of wetlands which were
              located in and around the reservoir.  Riparian vegetation
              adjacent to the mitigation site, located at approximately 5,900
              feet in elevation is made up of narrowleaf cottonwood, box elder,
              dogwood, and a variety of willow.  The establishment of 92 acres
              of wet meadow vegetation; minimizing impacts to existing wetlands
              and reparian acres; creating and maintaining the maximum habitat
              diversity that is possible and practical within the operating
              limits and funding constraints; facilitating low-cost, long-term
              maintenance and management; enhancing western spotted frog
              habitat; and accommodating education and research uses of the
              wetlands are all part of the objectives for the mitigation
              process.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1967

AUTHOR:       Long, M.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Considerations for creation of a Spartina Salt Marsh.

SOURCE:       Pages 42-44.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        MA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SHELLF, FISH, HYDRO, WQUAL, VEG, CHEM, and SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport) was required by the
              FAA to construct a runway safety ramp on Logan International
              Airport which involved the filling of approximately 9,000sf of
              Spartina alterniflora salt marsh in the Wood Island Marsh area
              of Boston Harbor.   As a result, a 56,250 sf salt marsh was
              constructed near the safety ramp as part of the mitigation for
              the salt marsh fill.  The marsh design, created by Jason Cortell
              and Associates, The BSC Group and Great Meadow Farm, incorporated
              experimental techniques and procedures including the construction
              of pannes and channels at specific locations, elevations, and
              widths to support colonization of shellfish, with the greatest
              attention being focused creating the habitat of ribbed mussels
              (Geukensia demissa), which will contribute to a sustainable
              nitrogen cycle.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1968

AUTHOR:       Marburger, J.E. and W.F. Godwin

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Creating wetlands from farmland in central Florida.

SOURCE:       Pages 271-274.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUALITY, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     HUSE, FISH, WQUAL, and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The St. John's River Water Management District has acquired about
              8,000 acres of muck farms adjacent to the Ocklawaha River, Lake
              Griffin, and Lake Harris in central Florida since 1991.  Before
              agricultural development the area was mainly made up of shallow
              emergent marsh which was dominated by sawgrass and upland habitat.
              Water control and land clearing for farming was initiated in the
              early 1900's and extensive agricultural expansion began after
              World War II.  The muck farms were the main source for growing
              vegetables and to provide forage for cattle.  An increase in
              eutrophication of waters of the remaining wetlands, Lake Griffin,
              and minor creeks has occurred due to agricultural nutrient
              loading.  The main goals of restoration and management of the
              conservation area are the creation of wetland and aquatic habitat,
              improvement of water quality, and provision of recreational use.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1969

AUTHOR:       McCarten, N.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Development of monitoring programs for the purpose of evaluating
              natural and modified wetland systems.

SOURCE:       Pages 389-391.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana

STATE:        US

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAMS

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL, LAB

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   One aspect of environmental evaluation, which has always been
              extremely important, is monitoring.  However, the field and
              analytical methods used, and the ultimate use of information
              gathered is unclear or unsuited tot the situation at hand.   A
              common issue in the development of monitoring programs is whether
              the system under study is a natural environment or an
              experimental system such as a created or restored wetland.  The
              difference between natural and experimental conditions is
              significant in terms of they types of changes that occur among
              the two.  Natural systems may change over time as a result of
              natural environmental cycles such as seasonal precipitation and
              temperature effects, or tidal flux.  Experimental systems are
              ones such as created wetlands.  The other case would be natural
              wetland environments that are being modified over time due to a
              human-caused influence such as chemical spills or physical
              modifications to the habitat or hydrology such as diking.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1970

AUTHOR:       McGinnis, P.S., J.B. Cannon, C.H. Theiling and J.K. Tucker

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Wetland restoration and management at the Riverlands
              Environmental Demonstration Area, Pool 26-upper Mississippi
              River system.

SOURCE:       Page 306.  In  M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        MO

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The Riverlands Environmental Demonstration Area (EDA) is a 1200-
              acre restored prairie wetland located in St. Charles County, MO.
              It is immediately upstream from the new Melvin Price Lock and Dam
              in the Upper Mississippi River System.  Construction of the new
              dam resulted in river backwater and floodplain ponds.  By
              connecting the backwater and ponds, the wetland area was created.
              Since it was created in 1990, the Riverlands EDA has been the
              focus of several monitoring and research investigations.  Studies
              done on water level fluctuations, vegetation, mussels, fish, birds,
              and mammals have provided much information to help guide the EDA.
              Monitoring uncovered many factors important to wetland management
              in rivers regulated for navigation.   Future management of the
              area will focus on river-wetland interactions that support high
              productivity and species diversity.  Some rare or immobile
              species may require stocking to become re-established.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1971

AUTHOR:       McLeod, K.W., M.R. Reed, V.H. Parrish and T.G. Ciraavolo

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Bottomland restoration in the southeastern coastal plain.

SOURCE:       Pages 140-142.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, STOCK, and CUT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   One of the more difficult habitats for successful forest
              restoration is permanent, shallowly flooded sites.  Besides the
              inundation, the substrate in these sites may range from clay
              bottoms to deep mucks in backwater pools and semi-solid, erodible
              sands in the braided channels of small streams.  In order for the
              restoration to be successful, the actual plans must address the
              range of problems dealing with the physical difficulties of
              working in this habitat with the biological limitation of flood-
              tolerance.  There are very few species appropriate for this
              habitat and the method of planting and stock type will strongly
              influence survival.  Over the past 3 years, several experiments,
              attempting to identify appropriate forest restoration techniques,
              have been Conducted in the bottomland of a highly disturbed third
              order South Carolina coastal stream.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1972

AUTHOR:       Melchert, G., P. Eger, and S. Huerd.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Creating wetlands on lands disturbed by iron mining.

SOURCE:       Page 364.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SOIL, VEG, HYDRO, CHEM, and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The Mesabi Iron Range, located in northern Minnesota, produces
              about two thirds of the nation's iron ore.  The majority of the
              range is covered by shrub and forested wetland.  Since the iron
              mines usually disturb thousands of acres, it is unavoidable the
              large acres of wetlands are disturbed.  Legislation, both state
              and federal, replace and wetland that may be disturbed as a
              result of mining.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1973

AUTHOR:       Metz, J.J., Brumbaugh, R.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Statements on the proposed federal interagency guidance on
              mitigation banking.

SOURCE:       Pages 379-380.  IN M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        US

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Federal interagency guidance on mitigation banking was published
              in the Federal Register on March 6, 1995, to solicit public
              comment.  This guidance represents the consensus of five agencies
              which include-- Army/corps of Engineers, Environmental Protection
              Agency (EPA), Natural Resources Conservation service, Fish and
              Wildlife Service, and National Marine Fisheries Service-regarding
              policy for the establishment, use and operation of mitigation
              banks.  It represents an important accomplishment among these
              agencies endorsing mitigation banking in support of the
              Administration's Wetlands Policy Plan (August 1993).  The purpose
              of this effort was to provide guidance to the field operating
              activities of the involved agencies as a means to achieve
              consistency in relation to decisions on mitigation banking.
              The policy fully supports and encourages mitigation banking in
              the private sector.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1974

AUTHOR:       Miller, T.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Hydrological information, wetland site selection, and wetland design.

SOURCE:       Page391.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Hydrogeological information is essential in successful wetland
              restoration or creation site selection and design.  Information
              gathered from US Geological Survey 7.5-minute Quadrangles, US
              Department of Agriculture Soil Surveys, US fish and Wildlife
              Service National Wetland Inventory maps, geologic maps, planning
              maps and site-specific local sources generally provide sufficient
              data for a hydrogeological assessment in initial site selection.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1975

AUTHOR:       Ogburn, R.W. III, W. E. Olson, and D. R. Hubbs

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Wetland restoration and management in the city of West Palm
              Beach, Florida, and Water Resource Program.

SOURCE:       Pages 231-233. In National Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:
              Technology Advances for Wetlands Science.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       CONTAM, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     WQUALITY, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   West Palm Beach, Florida is the only large southeast Florida
              municipality that uses a surface source of potable water.
              Using a system which consist of a 19.3 square mile Water
              Catchment Area (WCA), which captures rainfall and stores water
              pumped from a major canal that flows from Lake Okeechobee; the
              M Canal, which conveys wat3er from the WCA to Lake Magnolia and
              Clear Lake; and a water treatment plant that withdraws water
              from Clear Lake.  In order to meet the goals of potable water
              supply and environmental preservation and restoration, the city
              has embarked on a long-range water resource program to be certain
              that the quantity and quality of water will be suitable.  The
              restoration and management of wetland elements include:
              restoring base flow in Loxahatchee Slough, which feeds the
              federally-designated wild and scenic Loxahatchee River; creation
              of a wetland buffer system around the WCA; use of reclaimed
              wastewater and stormwater to restore wetland hydroperiods in the
              buffer system; eradication of non-useful vegetation; and
              management of the WCA and buffer system to maintain wildlife
              habitat.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1895

AUTHOR:       Parikh, A., and N. Gale

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Vegetation monitoring of created wetland sites on the San Antonio
              Terrace, Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

SOURCE:       Pages 153-155. In National Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:
              Technology Advances for Wetlands Science.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Located on the San Antonio Terrace at the Vandenberg AFB is a
              continuous mitigation program which includes the creation of
              two wetlands followed by five years of monitoring to compare
              vegetation development at the created wetland sites and six
              mature representative wetlands on the Terrace.  The monitoring
              process has two primary objectives: 1) to document descriptively
              the development of the created sites over time, and 2) to assess
              analytically the similarities between the created wetlands and
              natural wetlands.  No absolute evaluation criteria have been
              established, rather the success of the project is being evaluated
              relative to its unique ecosystem context, based on the direct
              comparison of data collected in the created wetland sites and the
              reference wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1847

AUTHOR:       Perry, M.C., A.S. Deller, S.B. Pugh, and M.E. Banker

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Survival and growth of nursery-stock woody plants in constructed
              forested wetlands in central Mayrland

SOURCE:       Pages 387-388. In National Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:
              Technology Advances for Wetlands Science.

STATE:        ML

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The survival and growth of 1841 nursery-stock woody plants that
              were planted in 3 Constructed forested wetlands in the fall of
              1992 were evaluated during 1993 and 1994.  The mitigation areas
              were constructed to offset losses of natural wetlands due to
              highway construction.  The trees and shrubs planted were all 2-
              year old, balled-root stock and were tagged during the spring of
              1993.  Tagged transplants were measured in the fall 1993, spring
              1994 and fall 1994.  Signs of animal damage by deer rodents, or
              insects were recorded.   Moisture in the soil at the base of each
              transplant was determined in the fall of 1994 with a hand-held
              battery-operated moisture probe.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1976

AUTHOR:       Polasek, L.G., and M.W. Weller

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Management of shallow impoundment to provide emergent and
              submergent vegetation for waterfowl.

SOURCE:       Pages 245-246.  In National Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:
              Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans,
              Louisiana.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST, EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, WFOWL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   At the Lewisville Aquatic Ecosystem Research Facility in north-
              central Texas, the effects of partial drawdowns, drawdown timing,
              and tilling on vegetation and seed production for waterfowl were
              tested in ponds.  Four of the ponds were used to provide 3
              replicate ponds and 1 control pond for each treatment.
              Vegetation lists, percent cover, and above-ground biomass
              revealed that partial drawdowns produced a typical zonation of
              wetland plants:  submergent macrophytes in deep-flooded zones;
              cattail, black willow, and sedges in shallow-flooded zones; forbs
              in moist zones adjacent to water; and, grasses in upper, drier
              zones.  Reflected in the present vegetation is seed production
              of grasses, sedges, and forbs in each soil moisture zone.  Taxon
              richness of emergent plants was highest in dewatered zones.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1977

AUTHOR:       Strombert, L.P., PhD

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Proper vernal pool siting and construction practices.

SOURCE:       Page 192.  In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   State and federal resource agency personnel view vernal pool
              compensation very skeptically.  There are three reasons for
              skepticism: poor site selection, pool design, and construction
              practices.  Vernal pools have been constructed on steep slopes,
              on soils with no impervious subsoil; on fill and virtually
              abutting active channels.  They have been designed with
              insufficient topsoil, outcropping hardpans, no outlet barriers,
              leaky or completely sealed side slopes, adjacent spoil disposal,
              or in other ways that can prevent desired pool hydrologic
              function.  Construction, which has been unsupervised, also
              introduces opportunities for failure.  Harsh site investigations
              were undertaken at a site near Roseville, CA, to lessen the
              potential for failure.  Subsequent construction supervision
              allowed avoidance or modification of fatal site conditions
              unencountered during design.  This paper presents the design
              methods and construction practices and illustrates, by example,
              the conditions encountered during construction that may have
              caused failure were the contractors allowed to work unsupervised.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1978

AUTHOR:       Suttle, R., and S. Bedross

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Creating wetlands to enhance a golf course: Sowing seeds of
              success

SOURCE:       Pages 218-220.  In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop
              on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SOIL,

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     HUSE, HYDRO, and VEG

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The Park District of New Lenox, Illinois recently purchased 2130
              acres of land for a golf course.  Although, the site seemed
              perfect when chosen, surprises were in store for them.  The
              challenges they would soon face included: Significant
              archaeological findings (a burial and village site), a creek
              considered by agencies to be high quality and sensitive, over
              60% of the site in floodplain, with a creek that floods its banks
              frequently, groundwater within 2-3 feet of the surface in many
              areas, and several existing jurisdictional wetlands.  These
              challenges were overcome through creative design solutions,
              including the creation of 5+ acres of wetlands around a series
              of lakes designed for flood conveyance and storage.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1897

AUTHOR:       Morgan, K.L., T.H. Roberts, C.V. Klimas, and H.M. Williams

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Vegetation and wildlife communities associated with early
              successional bottomland hardwood restoration.

SOURCE:       Pages 181-182.  In Proceeding of National Interagency Workshop
              on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       CUT, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, MAMMALS, VEG, and SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The relationship between vegetation and selected wildlife
              communities was studied at Lake George Reforestation Project
              (LGRP) in the Delta region of Mississippi from spring 1991
              through summer 1992.  The 3,600 ha area which had been cleared
              for farming, is being taken out of production incrementally and
              planted with bottomland hardwood species, primarily oaks (Quercus
              spp.), green as (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), and baldcypress
              (Taxodium distichum).    The area is made up of ridge and swale
              topography and although subject to backwater flooding, higher
              areas seldom are inundated. Several large borrow pits pond water
              for much of the year.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1851

AUTHOR:       Mullen, E., M. N. Weinstein, K. Pope, and T. W. Mulroy.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Wildlife monitoring of created dune swale wetlands on the San
              Antonio Terrace, Vandenberg Airforce Base, CA.

SOURCE:       Pages 150-151.  In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop
              on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, MAMMALS, AMPHIBS, REPT, INVERTS, VEG, AND SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Presented in this paper are the results of four years of wildlife
              monitoring of dune swale wetlands created to mitigate effects of
              Air Force test facilities which were constructed on the San
              Antonio Terrace.  Included in this mitigation program are two 4-
              acre wetlands in a coastal dune ecosystem, which will be created
              and monitored.  The wildlife monitoring project, along with the
              vegetation monitoring and hydrologic monitoring, was designed to
              assess the "success" of the wetland creation project in terms of
              providing functional habitat values similar to natural dune swale
              wetlands on the San Antonio Terrace.  The program will be
              monitored for 5 years of seasonal wildlife at the two created
              wetland sites and six natural "reference wetlands." The reference
              wetlands were chosen to represent the range of wetland types
              found on the terrace.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1852

AUTHOR:       Mulroy, T.W., W.R. Ferren, A.M. Howald, and J.A. Gill.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Creation and biological monitoring of coastal dune swale wetlands
              at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California.

SOURCE:       Pages 145-146.  In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop
              on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS, NGBIRDS, AMPHIB, MAMMALS, REPT

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   By excavating to groundwater the two sites at San Antonio Terrace,
              Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA, eight acres of dune swale wetlands
              have been created as mitigation for impacts to wetlands caused by
              construction of the Peacekeeper in Rail Garrison missile test
              program.  The design of the wetlands and of the monitoring program
              was developed by biologists and managers from the USAF Ballistic
              Missile Organization and its contractors with the assistance and
              oversight of a biological mitigation committee composed of
              sciences from universities, from federal and state agencies, and
              from the environmental management office at VAFB.  The key
              aspects of the design include using salvaged topsoil and seedbank
              from nearby wetlands that had been filled during project
              construction, and preparation of separate mixed of seed for
              wetland bottoms, margins, and upland slopes from seed collected
              entirely from the local San Antonio Terrace sand dune area.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1853

AUTHOR:       Nelson, E.A., W.H. McKee Jr., and C.J. Culohery

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Restoration of a forested wetland ecosystem in a thermally
              impacted stream corridor.

SOURCE:       Pages 142-142.  In Proceedings of National Interagency Wetlands:
              Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans,
              Louisiana.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, HYDRO, VEG, and CHEM

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The Savannah River Swamp is a 3020 ha forested wetland on the
              floodplain of the Savannah River and is located on the Department
              of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS) near Aiken, SC.  Throughout
              history, the swamp consisted of approximately 50% bald cypress-
              water tupelo stands, 40% mixed bottomland hardwood stands, and
              10% shrub, marsh, and open water.  Creek corridors were usually
              found in the southeastern bottomland of hardwood forests.  The
              hydrology was controlled by flooding of the Savannah River and by
              flow from four creeks that drain into the swamp prior to flow
              into the Savannah River.  Upstream dams have caused some
              alteration of the water levels and timing of flooding within the
              floodplain.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1854

AUTHOR:       Nichols, R., M. Baumgratz, and Richard Meredith.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Vernal pool creation Petaluma Factory Outlet Village.

SOURCE:       Pages 187-188. Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SOIL, BIOCIDE, and LAB

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Replacement of a degraded seasonal wetland on a shopping mall
              site with higher value vernal pools on a parallel parcel are some
              requirement of the approved conditions for this project.  The
              present wetland on the project site was a swale on impermeable
              clay soils which ponded with rainwater in the winter and dried
              through evaporation by early summer. Due to a history of
              disturbance from disking and other agricultural practices, the
              existing wetland was overtaken by non-native vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1855

AUTHOR:       Nichols, R., R. Meredith, and A. Leiser, PhD.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Biotechnical Bank Stabilization and Habitat Restoration.

SOURCE:       Pages 103-104.  In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop
              on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, SOIL, and STABIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SOIL, VEG, HYDRO, CHEM, and SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   In Petaluma California, the site for a proposed factory outlet
              shopping mall, recreational bike trail, and associated riparian
              habitat restoration project, has been effected by undercutting
              and riverbank erosion caused by the Petaluma River.   High flows
              in the Petaluma River in February 1993 undercut the riverbank,
              causing a large willow tree to fall in the channel.  Subsequent
              flows were diverted by the obstruction toward the bank downstream,
              resulting in further undercutting and sloughing.  The outcome was
              a loss of several feet horizontally from the top of bank and a
              steep, barren and unstable slope (Figure 1).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1856

AUTHOR:       Olin, T.J., M.R. Palermo, and A.C. Gibson.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Innovative alternative for wetlands restoration: Transport and
              distribution of dredged material by large hovercraft.

SOURCE:       Pages 347-350.  In Proceedings of National interagency workshop
              on wetlands: Technology advances for wetlands science, 3-7, April
              1995, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The focus of this study address's the technical and economic
              feasibility of a conceptual "hoverbarge" as a transport mechanism
              for dredged material nourishment of wetlands.  Thin later
              placement of dredged material in wetlands has been proposed as a
              valuable disposal alternative that could address the need for
              sediment and nutrient resources for deteriorating wetlands.  The
              impacts and subsidence of anthropogenic activities has created a
              severe and ongoing loss in the wetlands.  Therefore, transport,
              and distribution of dredged material in coastal wetlands is in
              great need.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1857

AUTHOR:       Wein, G.R. and B.S. Collins

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Effect of shoreline topography on vegetation development in a
              planted cooling reservoir.

SOURCE:       Pages 93-96.  In Proceedings of National  Interagency Workshop
              on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, COMPARISON

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, CHEM, and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The topography of a shoreline can affect the environmental
              factors that may determine composition or structure of
              vegetation communities.  Coves might possibly accumulate
              sediments and propagules, whereas more exposed points may be at
              risk to greater wave energy and scouring (Keddy, 1982).  Such
              factors may alter vegetation.  Consequently, in planted wetlands
              shoreline position may lead to differential development of
              vegetation and in sediment chemistry.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1858

AUTHOR:       Wein, G.R., PhD, and B.S. Collins.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Seedbank composition of a constructed wetland.

SOURCE:       Pages 409-411. In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop
              on wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, STABIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SOIL,

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Sites, which have been previously unvegetated, can influence
              vegetation composition and dynamics when attempting to undergo
              seedbank development.  Sediment cores were removed from coves,
              points, and straights, and from planted and unplanted regions of
              those locations along the shoreline of L-Lake, a created and
              planted cooling reservoir, to determine whether their seedbank
              composition was different.   Sets of cores were taken from depths
              up to one meter, from the waterline, and from one meter above
              water to determine the effects of hydrology on seedbank
              composition.  Results indicate the Planting did not significantly
              influence the seedbank and only 6% of species in the seedbank
              were planted.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1859

AUTHOR:       Williams, H.M., PhD, B.A. Kleiss, M.N. Craft, and Young, G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Planning and planting considerations in the bottomland hardwood
              reforestation of flood-prone agricultural fields.

SOURCE:       Pages 180.  In MC Landin (Ed), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, STOCK

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SOIL, HYDRO

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The notable deterioration of bottomland hardwood wetlands (BLH)
              acreage, caused originally by agricultural activities, has
              resulted in the loss of important wildlife, water quality, and
              recreational functions. Unproductive, flood-prone agricultural
              fields are being returned back to BLH.  The results from the US
              Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Research Program studies
              conducted in the Mississippi Delta Region have provided
              information on key BLH restoration topics.  Proper planning and
              good planting techniques will enhance the chance of reforestation
              on flood-prone agricultural fields.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1860

AUTHOR:       Wike, L.D., H.E. Mackey Jr., V. A. Rogers, and J.B. Gladden

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Restoration of Lost Lake, recovery and an impacted Carolina Bay.

SOURCE:       Pages 88-89.  In MC Landin (Ed) Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Lost Lake is one of approximately 200 Carolina bays found on the
              Savannah River Site.  These bays are shallow, isolated
              interstream wetlands found only on the Atlantic Coastal Plain and
              are characterized by sandy margins, inconsistent water levels,
              and an elliptical shape.  In 1950, Lost Lake was ditched and
              drained for agricultural production.  The ditch filled and Lost
              Lake again began to function as a wetland.  Until 1984, Lost Lake
              was contaminated by heavy metals, solvents, and cleaning fluids
              leaching from the M-Area basin at SRS.  A plan for restoration
              was approved in 1987 and implemented in 1990 and 1991.  Extensive
              planning led to defined objectives, strategies, treatments, and
              monitoring programs allowing successful restoration of Lost Lake.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1861

AUTHOR:       Wright, S.J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Collecting and commercializing native wetland species for seed
              production.

SOURCE:       Pages 403-406.  In MC Landin (Ed), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HARVEST

ACTION:       PLANT, LAB

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   One of the most viable and proven methods of re-establishing
              specific plant communities, is the method of transplanting
              native species.  However, problems associated with handling
              living or actively growing plants and the perception of time-
              consuming technical work often relegates transplanting to a last
              resort option.  Developing wetland rehabilitation techniques,
              which have the same similarities as the standard upland
              practices, will elevate the rehabilitation and restoration of
              disturbed wetlands to an accepted standard practice.  Direct
              seeding will be the answer.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1862

AUTHOR:       Zentner, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Construction riparian landscapes: Soil considerations

SOURCE:       Pages 185-187.  In MC Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       SOIL, HYDRO, and STABIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, HYDRO, and SOIL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The author discusses the role of soils in constructing riparian
              landscapes, with examples primarily drawn from central California.
              Almost all soils within the riparian zone can be divided among
              the following categories: (1) recently deposited soils, (2)
              isolated soils, and (3) unrelated soils and (4) modified soils.
              Modified soils are somewhat different from unrelated soils in
              that soil conditions can change significantly both vertically
              and horizontally in short distances.  Loams have higher clay
              contents that sand and gravels with a corresponding reduction in
              erodability and permeability but an increase in transportability.
              Less permeable soils have less erodability and permeability but
              have a much higher rate of transport.   Soil conditions should
              strongly influence the selection of an appropriate channel form
              and plant palette for riparian construction projects.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1863

AUTHOR:       Knight, D.B., P.L. Knutson, and E.J. Pullen.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        An annotated bibliography of Seagrasses with emphasis on planting
              and propagation techniques.

SOURCE:       Miscellaneous Report 80-87.  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
              Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia.
              NTIS No.: AD-A046 547.


STATE:        VI

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL

PGENUS:       HALODULE, RUPPIA, THALASSIA AND ZOSTERA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   This bibliography includes abstracts on 145 historic and recently
              published research reports on seagrasses, with emphasis on
              Halodule, Ruppia, Thalassia and Zostera.  The compilation of
              reports emphasizes planting and propagation techniques for
              seagrasses and environmental parameters for proper transplanting.
              The are many purposes for the publishing of the bibliography,
              they are as follows: to aid coastal engineers and scientists in
              planning, designing, and transplanting seagrasses to rehabilitate
              areas affected by coastal engineering projects and to stabilize
              substrates adjacent to navigation channels.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1864

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C. and C.J. Newling.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Habitat Development Case Studies: Windmill Point wetland habitat
              development field site, James River, Virginia.

SOURCE:       Pages 76-84.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Beneficial Uses of Dredged
              Material: Proceedings of the North Atlantic Regional Conference,
              May 12-14, Baltimore, Maryland.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, COMPARISON

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, DIKE, and HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, CHEM, FISH, and SOIL

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   In 1974, Windmill Point was one of many wetland sites begun
              during the Dredged Material Research Program.  The site was
              completed in 1975.  It is a 20-acre dredged material island in
              the James River, Virginia, located down river from Hopewell, near
              Harrison's Bar.  It was the first wetland built by the CE for
              research purposes.  The site was chosen due to its very fine-
              textured dredged material.  The remainder of the CE wetlands that
              were built during the same time period were similarly selected
              based on their representative geographic and site conditions.
              These sites have been monitored for up to 13 years, including
              predisposal, during disposal, postdisposal, throughout habitat
              development work, and site follow-up phases.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1865

AUTHOR:       Dames and Moore.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Survey of wetland reclamation projects by the Central Florida
              phosphate industry.

SOURCE:       Final Report.  Florida Institute of Phosphate Research
              Publication No. 03-019-011.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Since 1976, Florida's phosphate mining industry has undertaken 35
              wetland reclamation projects and indicated in a recent survey
              taken.  The results of the survey provides information on the
              location, size, and specific reclamation techniques employed at
              each site.  It then documents revegetation success and plant
              survival, on -going monitoring studies, and techniques that
              proved particularly valuable for enhancing wetland regeneration.
              The individual reclamation projects covered in the survey include
              the entire spectrum of wetland habitats disturbed by surface
              mining for phosphate in Florida: seasonal wet prairies and
              flagponds, cypress and hardwood swamps, and riparian forest
              communities.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1866

AUTHOR:       LaRoe, E.T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Mitigation research needs: Summary.

SOURCE:       Pages 431-432.  In J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks
              (Eds.), Mitigaton of Impacts and Losses.  Association of State
              Wetland Managers Technical Report No. 3. Berne, New York.

STATE:        NY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAMS

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL, HABITAT, and HYDRO

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   In this bibliography, the research needs that were discussed
              during the Research Panel, other research needs that surfaced
              during other panel meetings, and a few ideas, suggestions, and
              comments of the authors will be discussed.  John Hall (NMFS)
              observed that we are operating too frequently on faith rather
              than on scientific fact. What we are trying to do is develop an
              agenda that will help us operate more on fact, and provide a
              little more predictability in the outcome for what we are
              suggesting.   The Research Panel provided a consensus that needs
              to be researched primarily on: 1) How to design and manage
              systems we are restoring or creating for mitigation.  2) How to
              assess the functions of both the natural system (which will be
              impacted) and the artificial system that will be restored or
              created.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1867

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C. and H.K. Smith (Eds.).

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Beneficial uses of dredged material.

SOURCE:       Proceeding of the First Interagency Workshop, October 7-9, 1986,
              Pensacola, Florida.  Technical Report D-87-1, Department of the
              Army, Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers,
              Vicksburg, Mississippi.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   This workshop, which was the first of its kind, brought together
              nearly 200 professionals from every part of the country.   The
              participants represented: numerous US Army Corps of Engineers
              (CE) Districts and division; personnel from the US environmental
              Protection Agency (EPA), the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS),
              and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS); various state
              agencies and local port authorities; academia, the dredging
              industry, and other commercial and user groups.  The meeting was
              sponsored by the CE Water Resources Support Center.   The agenda
              was organized by an interagency steering committee comprised of
              representatives from the CE, EPA, NMFS, and FWS.   The common
              problem that was confronted at this workshop was: what to do with
              massive and mounting quantities of dredged material resulting
              from essential port and waterway navigation projects in the face
              of a diminishing array of available and allowable disposal sites.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1868

AUTHOR:       Dahl, T.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Wetland losses in the United States 1970's to 1980's.

SOURCE:       Page 21.  U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife
              Service, Wash. D.C.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   In 1989, the Congress directed the Secretary of the Interior to
              assess the estimated total number of wetland acres as of the
              1780's and the 1980's in the areas that now compromise each state.
              Also required by congress, was an assessment of the estimated
              percentage of loss of wetlands in each state during this 200-year
              timespan.  The main purpose of this report is to fulfill those
              requirements.  In compiling the information in this report, the
              most reliable data on wetland acreage was attempted to be
              presented.  The user of this information should refer to the
              source materials presented documenting acreage estimates for the
              timeframes for each state.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1869

AUTHOR:       Illinois Department of Conservation.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Illinois plants for habitat restoration.

SOURCE:       Illinois Department of Conservation, Mining Program. Springfield,
              Illinois.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Each plant species listed is accompanied by a brief narrative.
              Included in the narrative are the scientific and colloquial
              names, plant growth form, utilization by wildlife, preferred
              habitat, the form in which available, and an Illinois
              distribution map.  Reported species locations are recorded on the
              map, demarked on a county-wide basis.  It is referred to as only
              a general guide to the plant's range, and should not be
              considered definitive.  Companies have been listed by index
              numbers under the availability section.  Complete mailing
              addresses may be found on pages 58-60.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1870

AUTHOR:       Hoffman, W.E. and J.A. Rodgers.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        A cost/benefit aspect of coastal plantings in Tampa Bay.

SOURCE:       Pages 265-278.  In D.P. Cole (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th Annual
              conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation.  Hillsborough
              Community College, Tampa Florida.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARISON

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   In Hillsborough Bay, Hillsborough County, Florida, between late
              1978 and mid-1979, two major coastal vegetation plantings were
              completed on dredge material.  On the dredge material extension
              of Sunken Island, 1.64 ha of smooth cordgrass (Spartina
              alterniflora) was planted via 12-cm plugs on 1-m centers, rows 2
              m apart.  After 14 months, this plants exhibited 93.4% survival.
              On dredge material island CDA-D, 0.52 ha of Avicennia germinans
              (63%) and Laguncularia racemosa  (37%) was planted via 0.3 -
              1.9-m transplants on 2-m centers.  After 13 months, this
              planting exhibited 73.3% survival.  A comparison of cost and
              manpower requirements was permitted due to the nature of these
              two plantings.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       384

AUTHOR:       Hasted, S.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Growth, sedimentation/erosion, water quality in two marsh
              restoration projects in Clinton and Stratford, CT.

SOURCE:       In D.P. Cole (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference
              on the Restoration and Creation of Wetlands.  Hillsborough
              Community College, Tampa, Florida.

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARISON

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, WQUALITY, and HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, and WQUALITY

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   During two growing seasons, restoration studies were conducted on
              a high marsh in Clinton and a low marsh in Stratford Connecticut.
              Different forms of stock and plant species were studied for growth
              response to elevation, substrate texture and nutrients,
              fertilizer, and water quality.   On the low marsh, erosion and
              sedimentation rates were studied in response to distance from
              shore, plant populations, and stock form.  Water quality was
              sampled at the two sites and upstream of the low marsh to detect
              variation over distance, changes in quality due to daily and
              lunar tidal fluctuations, and to determine whether quality
              differences could affect plant growth.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       318

AUTHOR:       Gatewood, S.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Marshland reflooding in the Kissimmee River Valley, Florida.

SOURCE:       Page 1-18.  In D.D. Cole (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th Annual
              Conference on the Restoration and Creation of Wetlands, May 16-17,
              Tampa, Florida.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, WQUALITY, and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The restoration of a channeled tributary marsh adjacent to the
              Kissimmee River flood-plain is part of an experimental upland
              detention/retention demonstration project which is designed to
              evaluate water quality and develop pollution control practices
              for managing agricultural runoff in the watershed of Lake
              Okeechobee.   The 75 ha site is located at the lower terminus of
              a 4800 ha watershed with land use dominated by improved pasture,
              citrus groves and limited native rangeland. Pre-chanelization
              flow conditions are also being devised by blocking the excavated
              channel and causing sheet-flow through the adjacent marsh.  The
              U.S. Army Corp of Engineers is currently evaluating restoration
              alternatives proposed by State entities ranging from de-
              channelization to creation of managed wetland impoundment.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       186

AUTHOR:       Courser, W.D. and R.R. Lewis, III.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        The use of marine revegetation for erosion control on the Palm
              River, Tampa, Florida.

SOURCE:       Pages 126-136.  In D.P. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th Annual
              Conference on the Restoration and Creation of Wetlands.
              Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, Florida.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARISON

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, EROSION

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT, and STABIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, SOIL, and ECON

PGENUS:       SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA and PASPALUM VEGINATUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Due to increasing erosion problems along the tidal portion of the
              Palm River in Tampa, Florida, an experimental program to control
              the erosion using marine revegetation was undertaken.  Sixty
              meters (200 feet) of riverbank were excavated to a gentle slope
              and cleared of all vegetation. Marine vegetation was planted
              including Spartina alterniflora and Paspalum vaginatum and the
              growth cycle was monitored.  After 6 months, the Paspalum had
              covered almost 100% of the formerly eroding shoreline.  Only
              about 20% of the Spartina survived, but those remaining were
              spreading rapidly.  A comparison was done between vegetation
              erosion control method with riprap erosion control construction
              just upstream revealed the vegetation method effective in
              controlling erosion.  The costs of both erosion control methods
              were also compared.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1871

AUTHOR:       Coultas, C.L

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        Transplanting needlerush (Juncus roemerianus).

SOURCE:       Pages 117-124.  In D.P. Cole (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th Annual
              Conference on the Restoration and Creation of Wetlands.
              Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, Florida.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:       CUT, PLANT, and LAB

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       JUNCUS ROEMERIANUS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Needlerush (Juncus roemerianus) was dug at monthly intervals from
              a mid-marsh zone in a north Florida tidal marsh.  Certain
              techniques were used in this process such as cutting shoots and
              rhizomes into approximately 20-cm lengths.   The following
              treatments were employed in a 2x2 factorial design: 1.  Bud on
              rhizome, 2.  No bud on rhizome, 3.  With "Rootone" (commercial
              growth regulator), 4.  Without "Rootone."  Selecting a propagule
              with a bud on the rhizome resulted in greater number of shoots
              and buds and greater height growth after a six-month period in
              the greenhouse.  Root one has a harmful affect on growth.   The
              month of transplanting did not affect the survival rate, but
              transplanting in February and March resulted in better growth.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1984  

AUTHOR:       Cole, D. (Ed.).

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:

SOURCE:       Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference on Wetlands Restoration
              and Creation.  Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, Florida.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1979

AUTHOR:       Erwin, K.L., C.M. Smith, W.R. Cox, and R.P. Rutter.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Successful construction of a freshwater herbaceous marsh in
              South Florida.

SOURCE:       Pages 493-508.  In W.J. Mitsch (Ed.), Global Wetlands: Old World
              and New. Elsevier Science.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       CUT, PLANT, and FERT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, SHORED, FISH, VEG

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   In Charlotte County, Florida, 23 ha of herbaceous marsh were
              created to provide compensation for an equal amount of marsh
              destroyed as a result of development.   Baseline monitoring
              proved that the developed marsh had been severely degraded due to
              hydrological alterations and cattle grazing.  Wetlands were
              designed to be constructed on abandoned agricultural land that
              integrated preserved natural features on site including oak
              hammocks and herbaceous marshes.    The topsoil containing the
              seed bank was graded, stripped and stockpiled, then spread in the
              constructed wetlands in May 1988.  From 1988 through 1990,
              rainfall, water levels, vegetation, aquatic macroinvertebrates,
              fish and wildlife were monitored within the constructed and
              preserved wetlands on-site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1980

AUTHOR:       Garbisch, E.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        The physical control of Narrow-leaved Cattail (Typha
              angustifolia).

SOURCE:       Pages 14-15.  In St. Michaels, Md.:  Environmental Concern Inc.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       TYPHA ANGUSTIFOLIA

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   During the past five years, the increasing interest regarding
              planned wetlands in the form of vegetated ponds has risen from
              0.25 to 5 acres in size, on single family residences in rural
              Maryland.  These types of wetlands have multiple functions
              including, wildlife habitats, fish, recreational areas,
              aesthetics, and stormwater management areas.  The majority of
              plant species that make up these wetlands are leading to species
              diversity and greater wetland quality.  The seeds which find their
              way to these wetlands generally float and wash alongshore.  These
              species then vegetively spread to lower water depths.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1981

AUTHOR:       Pfeifer, C.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Mitigation of Permitted Wetland Impacts in North Carolina.

SOURCE:       Pages 206-208.  In National Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:
              Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans,
              Louisiana.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil


ANNOTATION:   In North Carolina, wetland development is regulated under Section
              404 of the Clean Water Act.  The State's Coastal Area Management
              Act (CAMA) and Dredged and fill Act, Permits issued under these
              laws require developers to avoid, minimize and often compensate
              for wetland impacts.  This paper summarized the results of a study
              documenting the effects of management decisions on the state's
              remaining wetland resource and the adequacy of mitigation
              practices required in those permits.  During 1991-1993,
              information on 1,768 wetland development projects requesting
              Section 404/401 authorization was compiled from state
              environmental agencies and The Corps of Engineers, Wilmington
              District permitted files and databases, only the projects which
              included vegetated wetlands were included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1982

AUTHOR:       Poach, M., and S. Faulkner, PhD

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Phosphorus characteristics of created dredged material marshes as
              compared to similarly aged natural marshes.

SOURCE:       Pages 341-343.  In National Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:
              Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans,
              Louisiana.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT, GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, SOIL

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil


ANNOTATION:   Created wetlands are generally not similar to natural wetlands
              due to their relatively young age.  This has led to speculation
              on how long it will take a created wetland to function as a
              natural wetland.  However,there has been no research conducted
              that will determine if surface sediments of marshes created from
              dredged material have phosphorus concentrations similar to those
              of comparable aged natural marshes in the Atchafalaya River
              Delta.  Delta marshes were categorized into three age classes,
              young (1-3 yrs), intermediate (5-10 yrs), and old (15-20 yrs).
              When is it was possible, marshes were stratified by elevation.
              Three plots were established within each strata.  Soil phosphorus
              concentrations were determined by chemical extraction of sediment
              samples collected from each plot in November and December of 1993
              and in January, May and July of 1994.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1983

AUTHOR:       Reed, M.R., K.T. Barnett, and K.W. McLeod.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Is competition control necessary for bottomland restoration?

SOURCE:       Pages 138-140. In National Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:
              Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans,
              Louisiana.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CUT, BIOCIDE, and PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Early successional vegetation of disturbed wetlands provides
              cover and soil stabilization, but may limit the success of the
              establishment of woody species.  To lessen this competition,
              vegetation control methods may be necessary to provide planted
              saplings an advantage over the competing vegetation.  The
              survival and growth of the saplings may also be effected by the
              method of vegetation control used.  Physically clearing the
              competing vegetation may allow sufficient light penetration for
              the sapling, and may also eliminate root competition,the
              vegetation may need to be chemically treated.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1950

AUTHOR:       Ballweber, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        An overview of legal and regulatory issues in wetland mitigation
              banking.

SOURCE:       Page 374.  In National Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:
              Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans,
              Louisiana.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Mitigation banking is a recognized part of the Clean Water Act in
              section 404 of the permit process.  It offers itself as a tool to
              ensure that the totality of environmental costs of activities
              detrimental to wetlands is offset.  Basic public and private
              mitigation banking concepts have been developed and a few banks
              exist.  While there are some difficulties in quantifying losses
              and in restoring or creating wetlands, if private mitigation
              banking is to become an accepted part of the 404 permit process
              then regulatory practices and interagency agreements must provide
              clear procedures for the concept.  To actually avoid or minimize
              litigation, guidance is needed for prospective bankers in
              establishing a bank and for borrowers on how to appropriately use
              banks in the permit process. While flexibility is needed to
              accommodate local and regional issues, there must be some
              regulatory mandates to direct agencies and guide the development,
              permitting, and monitoring of private mitigation banks.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1848

AUTHOR:       Roberts, D.A., J.A. Weier, and Ladd, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Effects of hydric versus loam backfill on survivorship and
              community composition in a mitigation site in central Connecticut.

SOURCE:       Pages 39-42.  In National Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:
              Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans,
              Louisiana.

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOI, SOIL, and PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   In 1992, 5.1 acres of palustrine wetlands were designed and
              constructed by the Connecticut Department of Transportation and
              Metcalf & Eddy due to the unavoidable loss of wetlands resulting
              from the construction of Route 9, Central Connecticut Expressway.
              The compensatory wetlands were constructed as two basins each of
              which were divided into four study plots, with 2 plots backfilled
              with loam soil and two with hydric soils.    Vegetative monitoring
              results from 1993 and 1994 document the influence of soil type on
              propagule survivorship and herbaceous community composition.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1849

AUTHOR:       Tai, C.C. and C. Fang.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Hydrological restoration of wetlands by hydraulic modifications.

SOURCE:       Pages 45-47.  In National Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:
              Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans,
              Louisiana.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The St. Johns Marsh Conservation Area (SJMCA) is a 28,500-acre
              marshland located in the headwaters of the St. Johns River,
              Florida.  Since the early 1900's, this wetland has been infringed
              upon by agricultural activities, and drainage canals have been
              constructed for rapid conveyance of floodwaters.  The St. Johns
              River Water Management District (SJRWMD) is attempting to resotre
              historical hydrological functions within the SJMCA as a part of
              a $185 million federal flood control project.  The SJMCA is
              bounded by levees on the eastern and southern boundaries (Fig. 1).
              The western boundary, however, is made up of pieces of abandoned
              levees, and a drainage canal, where run-off from the St. Johns
              River tributaries enters the SJMCA without interruption.  These
              lateral inflows account for about 5% of the total discharge in
              the area.  The left over discharge enters the area from the south
              and flows north.  A large portion of the discharge used to be
              transported by the drainage canals along the eastern and western
              boundaries.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       1850

AUTHOR:       Wike, L.D., H.E. Mackey Jr., V.A. Rogers, and J.B. Gladden.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Restoration of Lost Lake, Recovery of an Impacted Carolina Bay.

SOURCE:       Pages 88-89.  In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     CHEM, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Lost Lake is one of approximately 200 Carolina bays found on the
              Savannah River Site.   It is a US Department of Energy (DOE)
              facility near Aiken, SC.   Carolina bays are shallow isolated
              interstream wetlands found only on the Atlantic Coastal Plain and
              they are made up of sandy margins, fluctuating water levels, and
              an elliptical shape.  Before the making of the Savannah River
              Site (SRS) in 1950, Lost Lake was ditched and drained for
              agricultural production.  After 1950, the ditch filled and Lost
              Lake began to function as a wetland once again.   Up until 1984,
              Lost Lake was contaminated by heavy metals, solvents, and
              cleaning fluids leaching from the M-Area settling basin at SRS.
              A closure plan for restoration was approved in 1987 and
              implemented in 1990 and 1991.  The restoration was a cooperative
              effort led by DOE and included representatives from Westinghouse
              Savannah River Company, the USDA Soil Conse4rvation Service, USDA
              Forest Service, and the University of Georgia Savannah River
              Ecology Laboratory.    Extensive planning led to defined
              objectives, strategies, treatments, and monitoring programs
              allowing successful restoration of Lost Lake.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1851

AUTHOR:       Talbot, W.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Shallow-water terrace construction requirements.

SOURCE:       Pages 51-55. In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HYDRO, and HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SOIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, CHEM, and HYDRO

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The definition of a shallow-water terrace system is a series of
              earthen embankments with planned openings constructed in shallow
              ponds, lakes, and bays.  The need for a low-cost, durable method
              to increase the functional wetland value of existing shallow-water
              areas has led to the development of this standard.  Two types of
              systems are addressed.  The first system is the parallel grid
              system and the second is the shoreline/contour system.  The
              standard is applicable to terraces constructed with bucket
              equipment or with a terrace plow.  South Louisiana's coastal
              marsh is dotted with small shallow open bodies of water.  Most
              of these areas are increasing in size due to tidal surge and wave
              action.  The need for a low-cost durable method to increase the
              functional wetland valve of these ponds, lakes, or bays, has led
              to the development of the new practice called "shallow-water
              terracing".

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1852

AUTHOR:       Saunders, C.L. III.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Restoration of forested hardwood wetlands following dredge mining
              for mineral sands on Relict Reach in Northeast Florida.

SOURCE:       Page 350.  In Proceedings for National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, and STOCK

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The Forested hardwood wetland reclamation site at RGC are
              regenerated following dredge mining for mineral sands on
              Relict Beach ridged in NE Florida.  Wetlands are replaced as
              "acre for acre"- "type for type" for wetland disturbed by our
              operation.  RGC utilizes extensive detailed surveying during
              critical stages in wetland site preparation to create appropriate
              gradients to insure proper hydrology within the site, delineation
              of appropriate wetland vegetation planting zones and to create
              microtopography including hammocks within these zones.
              Additionally, RGC Collects seeds from wetland species on-site,
              which are utilized to grow the three-gallon nursery, stock
              planting in our sites.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1853

AUTHOR:       Shear, T., T. Lent, S. Fraver.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Comparison of plant community attributes among restored and
              mature bottomland hardwood forests of southwestern Kentucky.

SOURCE:       Pages 175-178.  In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop
              on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        TN

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   In the last century, the agricultural productivity of bottomland
              soils has led to extensive forest clearing.  Today, there is
              considerable interest in restoring these forests.  Without
              adequate advance regeneration, heavy-seeded species (e.g., oaks)
              may not reclaim their historical prominence.    Ecological
              restoration aims to restore structural and functional attributes of
              damaged ecosystems to pre-disturbance conditions.  It is a
              relatively recent endeavor, with few opportunities to study long-
              term development.  During the 1940's, 400ha of bottomlands in
              agriculture near Kentucky Lake in the Tennessee Valley were
              reforested.  Bordering fields regenerated naturally.  A few
              stands (100+years old) were never converted to agriculture, and
              are the best representations of the original bottomland forest.
              These restored and mature stand types on similar soils in similar
              watersheds allows for comparison of plant community attributes.
              Our objective was to evaluate the development of mature
              characteristics in restored stands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1854

AUTHOR:       Siegley, C.E., and S.C. Doyle Ahern.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Structure and successes of the Ohio Wetlands Foundation's
              Consolidated Mitigation System.

SOURCE:       Pages 253-254.  In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop
              on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans.

STATE:        OH

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   In 1992, the Ohio Wetlands Foundation was created by the Ohio
              Home Builders Association, and a formal partnership agreement
              was established with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources,
              Division of Wildlife (DOW).    The goal of the Foundation is to
              create large, diverse wetland ecosystems through the pooling of
              resources of entities who are authorized to mitigate wetland
              impacts under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act.   This system
              provides an alternative route when on-site mitigation is not
              feasible.  The sites are selected by Envirotech and the DOW, and
              a preliminary plan is prepared for review by the agencies.  Upon
              its acceptance, the Foundation is authorized to reserve acreage
              for clients who are applying to fill wetlands and mitigate on a
              Foundation site.  The Foundation provides monitoring over a
              five-year period.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1855

AUTHOR:       Siemsen, T.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Planning for environmental restoration at Greenfield Bayou,
              Indiana.

SOURCE:       Page 217. In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        KY

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, SHORED, HUSE

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The US Army Corps of Engineers, Louisville, District, is
              preparing a feasibility report in a project in Vigo County,
              Indiana.  The proposal includes agricultural flood protection
              and environmental restoration as primary purposes for a major
              river bottom area along the Wabash River. The main objective of
              these two elements is to compliment the other feature.  This
              type of accomplishment would not have been possible until
              recently.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1856

AUTHOR:       Sikora, F.J., and L.L. Behrends

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Overview of wetland research at the Tennessee Valley Authority
              Constructed Wetlands Research Facility.

SOURCE:       Page 360.  In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     WQUALITY

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   In 1992, the Tennessee Valley Authority constructed a wetland
              research facility in Muscle Shoals, AL.  The facility holds a
              greenhouse, laboratory/office complex, and 32 outdoor
              mesocosm research cells.  Research over the last two years
              consisted of quantifying plant oxygen transport and nitrogen and
              phosphorus removal in domestic wastewater.  There is also research
              being conducted on the potential to improve nitrogen by
              reciprocating water from one wetland cell to another to improve
              oxygen transport.  Future research at the facility will involve
              remediation of acid mine drainage.  A greenhouse study had been
              initiated to quantify Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Ni removal in acid mine
              drainage in successive anaerobic and aerobic wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1857

AUTHOR:       Silva, S.I., Ph.D., P.A. Matthews, P.E., and R.C. Esenwein,
              C.E.P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Mitigation in detention basins in Harris County, Texas.

SOURCE:       Pages 276-278. In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop
              on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       PLANT,

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, HYDRO

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Harris County Flood Control District (HCDCD) is creating
              approximately 20 acres of wetlands and bottomland hardwood forest
              within stormwater detention basins at two separate project
              locations.  The Department of Army Permits required them to do
              this as a result of wetland losses during construction of channel
              improvements, stormwater detention basins, and a levee.  These
              projects were necessary to control water flow in the channels and
              to reduce flooding of adjacent homes and businesses.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1858

AUTHOR:       Smith, G.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Wetland restoration to benefit endangered fish habitat in the
              upper Colorado River Basin.

SOURCE:       Pages 274-276.  In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop
              on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       STOCK, MODEL, CONTAM,

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     FISH, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Implementation
              Program is a 15-year program combining Federal and State
              Agencies, environmental organizations and water development
              interests aimed at re-establishing self-sustaining populations of
              endangered Colorado River fish while providing for new water
              development.  The five major elements of the Recovery Program are:
              (1) managing habitat through provision of instream flows, (2) the
              development of habitat and maintenance through non-flow
              alternatives, (3) stocking of native fishes, (4) management of
              non-native species and the effects of sport fishing, and
              (5) research, monitoring, and data management.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1859

AUTHOR:       Steyer, G.D., D. Fuller, and J. Barras

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Monitoring wetland restoration by integrating GIS and Image
              Processing technology with continuous data collection.

SOURCE:       Pages 167-169.  In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop
              on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL, and HABITAT

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act
              (CWPPRA) was devised to approach the severe problem of wetland
              loss in Louisiana through constructing and managing coastal
              vegetated wetland enhancement projects.  The Coastal Restoration
              Division of the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources and the
              Southern Science Center of the National Biological Service
              monitors 57 projects under CWPPRA.  The monitoring of the
              projects has been goals it must live up to.  Such goals are being
              able to provide a scientific evaluation of the effectiveness of
              each coastal wetland restoration project in creating, restoring,
              protecting, and enhancing coastal wetlands in Louisiana and
              achieving long-term solutions to putting an end to coastal
              wetland loss in Louisiana.  In order for these goals to be
              achieved, a monitoring approach was developed that incorporated
              a level of spatial and temporal sampling sufficient to address
              project-specific goals and objectives.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1860

AUTHOR:       Stevens, M.L. and E. Rejmankova.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Monitoring of a wetland mitigation site in the Sacramento River
              Delta, CA.

SOURCE:       Pages 212-213.  In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop
              on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The evaluation of a tidally influenced freshwater wetland has
              been occurring since 1992 in order to establish the wetland's
              evolution and mitigation success.  An adjacent wetland reference
              site is also being evaluated.  The overall goal is to describe
              the long-term spatial pattern of marsh evolution.  Sediment
              accretion patterns and change of bathymetry and vegetation
              composition over time may allow prediction of long-term
              restoration trends.  Arranging a long-term database of sediment
              accretion rates, revegetation, soil and water chemistry, and
              other marsh building processes will contribute to prioritization
              of potential mitigation/restoration sites in the Sacramento-San
              Joaguin Delta.  Patterns in vegetation variation over time have
              been evaluated using Canonical Correspondence Analysis, which may
              lead to explanations of vegetation gradients in terms of
              environmental factors (Soil chemistry and elevation).

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1861

AUTHOR:       Harris, R.R. and R. Kattelmann,

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Watersheds '94.  Respect, rethink, restore.

SOURCE:       Pages 148.  Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial Watershed Management
              Conference, November 16-18, Ashland , Oregon.  University of California
              Water Resources Center Report No. 86.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, GENERAL

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     HYDRO, HUSE, WQUAL, CHEM

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The Fifth Biennial Conference of the Watershed Management Council
              was held during the first major storm of what became an
              extraordinarily damp water year in California.  Wet years, such
              as this one, are the best teachers of watershed processes.   Our
              stormy week in Ashland was instructive in different ways.  This
              meeting was the first conference held outside California, and it
              was intentionally aimed at increasing the geographic range of the
              membership.  That was accomplished.  Many speakers and organizers
              from Oregon, Washington, and other states helped to give the
              conference.  Ashland was clever in retrospect.  Snow on the Siskiyou
              Pass prevented people from escaping.  Unfortunately, it also
              prevented some Californians from arriving.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1862

AUTHOR:       Hammer, D.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment - municipal,
              industrial and agricultural.

SOURCE:       Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan.

STATE:        TN

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, COMPARITIVE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     HUSE

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   This volume presents general principles of wetlands ecology,
              hydrology, soil chemistry, vegetation, microbiology, and wildlife
              found in Chapters 1-7.  Also included are case histories of
              specific types of constructed wetlands and applications to
              municipal wastewater, home sites, coal and noncoal mining, coal-
              fired electric power plants, chemical and pulp industry,
              agriculture, landfill leachate, and urban stormwaters found in
              Chapters 8-21.  Chapters 22-36 provide construction and management
              policies and regulations through siting and construction and
              ending with operations and monitoring of constructed wetlands
              treatment systems.   Recent theoretical and empirical results
              from operating systems and research facilities, including new
              applications,  e.g., nutrient removal from eutrophic lakes and
              urban stormwater treatment within highway rights-of-way, are
              included in Chapters 37-42.  The general principles, applicable
              case histories, construction and operating guidelines should be
              beneficial to the reader with a specific application or interest.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1863

AUTHOR:       Ford, M.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Wetland structure and seed banks in a southeastern Michigan
              landscape.

SOURCE:       M.S. Thesis, Eastern Michigan University, Department of Biology.

STATE:        MI

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED and LAB

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SOIL and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Wetland structure and the role of seed bank soils in the germination
              of a wetland flora were studied in four wetland types in
              southeastern Michigan.  Four major wetland types were sampled:
              temporary palustrine marshes, a floodplain forest, a still-water
              hardwood swamp and willow/maple shrub thickets.  Graphic data on
              forest structure and community composition were collected from all
              sites and were compared with flora germinating from surface soils
              at the study sites.  Basil area was greatest at the hardwood swamp.
              At the Gooding  and Arkona Road Willow thickets basal areas were
              5.1 and 6.2 m2/ha, respectively.  Leaf litterfall amounts for the
              hardwood swamp at Gooding Road , the Sugar Creek floodplain forest
              and the Gooding Road willow/maple thicket were approximately 500
              g/m2 for the entire growing season.  Leaf Litterfall for the Arkona
              Road willows was only about 200g/m2.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1317

AUTHOR:       Garbisch, E.W.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Wetland enhancement, restoration, and construction.

SOURCE:       Pages 261-275.  In S.K. Majumdar, R.P. Brooks, F.J. Brenner, and
              R.W. Tiner, Jr. (Eds.), Wetlands Ecology and Conservation:
              Emphasis in Pennsylvania.  The Pennsylvania Academy of Science.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION and WQUALITY

ACTION:       SPOIL and STABIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     WFOWL and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Although the science of wetland enhancement, restoration, and
              construction is in its infancy, some of these wetland activities
              are not new.  They have been conducted, in the pursuit of managing
              waterfowl habitat.  Much of this work has not been published,
              however, that of Martin and Uhler (1939) is noteworthy.  In the
              late 1950's the USDA Soil Conservation Service became involved in
              the construction of wetlands for erosion control of tidal
              riverbanks (Sharp and Vaden 1970).  Although they were successful,
              the USDA did not stay involved in the wetland construction.
              Since 1970, wetland development work in the United States has
              increased.  Much of this early work was supported by the U.S. Army
              Corps of Engineers (1978) and dealt with the establishment of tidal
              salt, brackish, and freshwater marshes on dredged materials as
              well as on existing shorelines.  More recently, the establishment
              of saltmarsh for shore erosion control has continued and is
              being performed commercially throughout the Chesapeake Bay and
              inland bays of Delaware.  Regional District U.S. Army Corps of
              Engineers is pursuing large-scale wetland habitat development
              on dredged materials.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1864

AUTHOR:       Garbarino, S.D.,  R.N. Blama, M.C. Landin, S.R. Maynord, and
              T.R. Patin (M.ASCE)

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Environmental restoration and enhancement using dredged material
              in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland.

SOURCE:       Pages 384-385.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands
              Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT and EROSION

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     FISH, SOIL and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   For more than twenty years, the U.S. Army Engineer Baltimore
              District (CENAB) and the U.S. Army Engineer beneficial use concept
              in a variety of applications in Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries.
              Notable examples have resulted in over 1200 acres of new or
              improved natural resources locations which provide habitat for
              fish and wildlife, shoreline stabilization and erosion control,
              and beach nourishment.  In addition to using dredged material
              usefully, the CENAB/WES team is a leader in using innovative
              methods and materials to solve some of its more acute dredged
              material placement and protection problems.  Solutions have
              included the uses of geotextile tubes, water tubes, and straw
              bale dikes as transitory containment structures, as well as the
              use of plant mats for stabilization/erosion control.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1865

AUTHOR:       Wheeler, B.D., S.S. Shaw, W.J. Fojt and R.A. Robertson

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Natural revegetation during restoration of wetlands in the
              southern prairie pothole region of North America.

SOURCE:       Pages 129-142 in B.C. Wheeler, S.S. Shaw, W.J. Fojt, and R.A.
              Roberson  (Eds.)  Restoration of Temperate Wetlands, John Wiley,
              Chichester, UK.

STATE:        North America

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT and HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG and HYDRO

PGENUS:       SCRIPUS, POTAMOGETON, SAGITTARIA and SPARGANIUM

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Restoration of prairie wetlands is assumed to occur within a few
              years of reflooding, although, basins reflooded for three years
              only had half of the wetland plant species of comparable natural
              wetlands.  Wetlands drained with ditches held a refugium for
              wetland species.  When ditched basins reflooded they were rapidly
              recolonised by vegetatively-spreading emergent perennials.
              Tile-drained basis were more thoroughly drained and lacked a
              refugium for wetland plants during cultivation.  Upon reflooding,
              tiled basins are initially recolonised by mudflat annuals and
              submersed aquatics.  Regardless of drainage history  (ditched vs.
              tile), reflooded prairie wetlands lack the perimeter zones of wet
              prairie and sedge meadow vegetation.  Little evidence of
              recolonisation by these species was observed, suggesting they
              may need to be planted for complete restoration of prairie
              wetland vegetation.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       296

AUTHOR:       Frederickson, L.H., and T.S. Taylor

PUBL. YEAR:   1982

TITLE:        Management of seasonally flooded impoundments for wildlife.

SOURCE:       U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Research Publication 148.

STATE:        MO

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       HYDRO


WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     WFOWL and VEG

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The concepts and practices that make up moist-soil management
              were developed at Mingo National Wildlife Refuge in Southeast
              Missouri from 1968 to 1982.  Moist soil management offers
              opportunities to attract and hold a variety of wildlife on man-
              made impoundments.  There are many ecological and management
              principals that are important to moist-soil management.  Low
              sites where row crops are often lost to flooding are particularly
              well suited for moist-soil management.  Success requires good
              levees, control structures for precise water manipulations, and a
              pumping system to remove or add water.  On some southern sites
              where the annual rainfall is 100cm or more, management has been
              successful despite the lack of pumping potential.  Water
              manipulations provide food and cover for many kinds of wildlife,
              but costs and energy consumption are less than for row-cropping
              and native foods are more nutritionally complete.  Growth of
              woody and undesirable herbaceous plants are expected problems
              that require regular inspections and corrective measures if
              food production and wildlife use are to remain high.   A group of
              small impoundments provides more management flexibility than a
              single large one because control of vegetation or flooding to
              attract one group does not preclude options to attract other
              wildlife on adjacent areas.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1866

AUTHOR:       Gilbert, M.N.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Soil as a biological interface in wetland construction

SOURCE:       Pages 233-234.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     INVERTS and VEG

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The author points out the importance of the soil substrate as a
              critical component of a wetland ecosystem.  The geotechnical
              aspects of soils are critical to the success of wetland
              restoration and construction.  Substrate is critical to the
              success of the project and the potential functions that can be
              provided by the wetland system.  To reinforce this concept, the
              author suggests that practitioners of wetland science
              differentiate between soils as structural components of
              constructed wetlands and soils as biological activity sites.
              Two different yet parallel definitions of wetland soil components
              are offered.  Subgrade is the physical properties of the soils as
              they apply to site selection and construction.  Substrate is
              identified as the medium that performs biological functions in
              the wetland systems such as providing physical support and
              anchoring of plants, a medium for macro-and micro-invertebrates,
              support of microbial communities, and a source/gradient through
              which nutrients are supplied for plant growth.  Additional
              research is needed to expand our understanding of the complexity
              and importance of constructed wetland substrates and to help us
              establish "mileposts" by which we can gage our success in
              creating wetlands that readily assume a productive role in local
              ecosystems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1867

AUTHOR:       Garton, S., C.T. Pounders and T.G. Jensen

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Assessment of plant performance in constructed wetland modules:
              A new experimental approach.

SOURCE:       Page 411.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands
              Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SALIX NIGRA

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The experimental approach combined trickling filter technology
              with hydroponic methods for cultivation of terrestrial and
              aquatic plants.  A new tool was developed to study the application
              of constructed wetland technology in aquatic pollution control.
              The operation and application of this tool is given with reference
              to a specific study.  Modules were constructed from 35-gallon
              aquatic plant pots filled with pea gravel which were fitted with
              drainage ports to provide two water levels within the gravel
              (saturated and 50% saturated).  Nutrient solutions from 400-liter
              reservoirs were then pumped through 3 horticultural irrigation
              emitters, into each pot and returned to the reservoir.  Plants
              were grown from stem cuttings of the black willow (Salix nigra)
              and then planted into the gravel.  Nutrient Solutions were
              designed to simulate a "typical urban" storm water and a
              "typical" secondary treated municipal wastewater.  Complete
              plants were taken out of the pots after growing for 8 weeks.
              The nutrient concentrations and water level in the gravel
              influenced biomass accumulations in black willow cuttings.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1868

AUTHOR:       Garlo, A.S. , W.J. Barry, and C.A. Wood Normandeau Associates

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Creation of forested wetlands on gravel mine sites.

SOURCE:       Pages 35-36.  In M.C. Landin (Ed), Proceedings of National
              Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans,
              Louisiana.

STATE:        N.E. UNITED STATES

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM and SOIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG and SOIL

PGENUS:       ACER RUBRUM, LYTHRUM SALICARIA and PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Gravel pits are landscapes that often have a groundwater
              hydrology suitable for pond and marsh wetland creation.
              Techniques for developing these sites to pond-marsh wetlands
              are simple and might be considered routing in the northeastern
              region of the United States.  Wells are monitored for at least one
              year.  The excavation intersects the groundwater table to the
              desired depth, which is usually 6 feet or more.  Slopes along the
              pond edge are kept as gradual as possible, 1-10 slope, so that an
              emergent wetland edge can begin to develop in shallow water or
              marsh zone.  It is acceptable to plant the wetland, although,
              vegetation will develop primarily from natural seed germination
              present in the humus or blown onto the site (Garlo 1993; Podgett
              and Crow 1995).  The biggest problem is species that colonize
              disturbed sites such as purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
              and common reed ( Phragmites australis).  It is of great
              importance that no soil material, which may contain seeds of
              nuisance species, be brought onto the site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1869

AUTHOR:       Garskof, I. and S. Bason

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        The enhancement of capillary fringe moisture retention through
              soil modifications in a created wetland.

SOURCE:       Pages 37-39.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.) Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands
              Science, April 3-7, New Orleans Louisiana.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM and MODEL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SOIL

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Developing reliable hydrology within created wetlands is
              difficult in alluvial soils, and systems fed primarily by
              groundwater.  In-season water table fluctuations and seasonal
              depletion of soil moisture, can delay development of several
              different plant communities.   Excavation and outlet design can
              lower the amplitude of water table fluctuations (Garskif 1993),
              however; moisture available to plants can become critically low
              as water tables continue to drop during the summer.  This study
              proposes to increase plant moisture by increasing the capillary
              fringe above a water table, through subsoil alteration.  Two
              methods are proposed to accompany this study.  The first being
              the replacement of existing sandy and gravely subsoil with finer
              textured subsoil.  Soil texture can greatly affect the height of
              capillary fringe column above a water table  (Gerald 1992); and
              finer texture soils will generally contain more total and plant
              available moisture than coarser soils.   The second method is
              the compaction of the native and replacement subsoil to alter
              structural composition.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1870

AUTHOR:       Garrett, P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Results of Wetlands mitigation associated with highway projects.

SOURCE:       Pages 210-212.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              InteragencyWorkshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetland Science.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT and HYDRO

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Seventeen wetland compensatory mitigation projects established
              in 14 states under Section 404 requirements were analyzed by
              qualitative descriptions of procedures and site conditions, and
              comparisons with reference wetlands.  Restoration, creation, and
              enhancement projects were evaluated.  The projects evaluated were
              completed between dates 1981 and 1988.  The average site age was
              3.6 years.  A total of 444 acres were impacted.  The median
              impacted area was approximately 8 acres, the maximum, 273 acres,
              palustrine emergent, 70 acres.  All mitigation projects studied
              resulted in recognizable wetlands.  On four projects existing
              wetlands were concerted from one wetland type to another, for
              example from palustrine emergent, palustrine shrub/scrub, or
              palustrine forested to open water, submergent wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1871

AUTHOR:       Garbarino, S.D., R.N. Blama, M.C. Landin, R.S. Hammerschlag, and
              S.W. Syphax.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        A classic wetland restoration success story in the nation's capitol.

SOURCE:       Pages 384-385 in M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   HABITAT

OBJECTIVE:    LFORM, PLANT and SPOIL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG and SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   A 35-acre area located in the National Aquatic Gardens in
              Washington, DC called Kenilworth Marsh, was restored in 1992-1993.
              Involved in this restoration was a combination of engineering and
              environmental techniques, including (a)  temporarily placed,
              large water-filled geotextile tubes that were removed after
              dredged material had sorted and consolidated and marsh
              establishment had occurred, (b)  anchored hay bale structures that
              separated low marsh from high marsh planting areas, (c)
              compartmentalization of planting units within two large cells,
              (d)  bringing the substrate to an intertidal elevation with dredged
              material sediments, and (e)  planting of potted seedlings  were
              used to restore the wetland.  The marsh at age 2 is still very
              diverse, but the more aggressive species is beginning to dominate
              the area.  Using lessons learned at the restored wetland, a similar
              wetland will be built using dredged material at Kingman Marsh
              across the Anacostia River from Kenilworth Marsh.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1872

AUTHOR:       Flores, M. and M. Hacket

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Wildlife and vegetation monitoring of constructed wetlands at
              Ray Roberts Lake, Denton, Texas

SOURCE:       Page 305.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   GENERAL

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG AND SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Ray Roberts Lake, constructed by the Corps' Fort Worth District,
              is located in north central Texas, near the Dallas-Fort Worth
              Metroplex.  In an effort to further address environmental concerns
              in all phases of project planning, design construction, and
              operations and maintenance, the Fort Worth District has conducted
              pre-impoundment and two-year post impoundment studies at Ray
              Roberts.  A five-year post-impoundment study is currently underway
              by the District, including environmental studies of wetland cells
              that were constructed in 1992.  A portion of research has already
              taken place at the wetlands; however, there is a lack of detailed,
              long-term monitoring of vegetation and wildlife utilization of the
              area.  The University of North Texas Institute of Applied Science
              is conducting vegetation and wildlife research that fills this
              research gap.  This information and research will provide data
              needed for future studies of the Ray Roberts wetlands, and
              expand our understanding of created wetland systems.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1873

AUTHOR:       Francisco, R.A., C. Heisinger, and S. Stanich.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Technological advances in vernal pool design and construction
              techniques.

SOURCE:       Pages 183-185.  In M.C.  Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT, HYDRO and MODEL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Vernal pools are depressional wetlands that inundate during the
              winter rainy season, desiccate in the spring, and remain dry the
              remainder of the year.  Wetlands such as these are found among
              the grassland communities of California with the most
              concentrations occurring along the Central Valley's eastern
              terrace.  Endemic plant species usually dominate the pools.  Over
              900 vernal pools have been constructed as compensatory mitigation
              to comply with Section 404 of the Clean Water Act.  Sites that
              have supported vernal pools in the past offer the best probability
              of success for mitigation and restoration.  Aerial photographs,
              soil maps and databases, topographic maps, and field reconnaissance.
              Test pits permit a soil scientist to evaluate exposed soil profiles.
              Analysis of data regarding topographical variances, hydrologic
              regimes, and biological heterogeneity of historic pools is used to
              get the parameters of compensation pools.  Surveying equipment
              and digital terrain models are used to develop detailed one-inch
              micro-topical maps.  These maps aid in pool design by providing
              information on historic pool depth, slopes and bottom contours.
              Vernal Pool mitigation has advanced significantly in the past 6-8
              years.  Properly designed mitigation plans have shown that pools
              can function to meet hydrologic and biologic success criteria.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1874

AUTHOR:       Goelz, J.C.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Establishment of mixed-species plantations of bottomland hardwoods.

SOURCE:       Pages 178-179.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   There are three main objectives for establishing mixed-species
              plantations:  (1) produce a forest more diverse in composition
              and more natural in appearance than monocultures;  (2) provide a
              more diverse community of associated flora and fauna;
              (3) provide timber production close to that of monocultures.
              Types of Mixed-Species Plantations: Intercropping mixtures involve
              two or more species of greatly different initial growth rates or
              products.  Intercropping Mixtures: A species with a very fast
              initial growth rate would provide forest structure and forest
              products at a younger age than the majority of tree species.
              In contrast, commercial timber species could be intercropped
              with species of smaller stature that are beneficial to wildlife,
              produce showy flowers, or fix nitrogen.  Mixed Monotypes: A
              plantation is divided into patches containing a single species.
              True Mixtures: The most difficult type of plantation to maintain
              because success is unlikely unless species selection and planting
              arrangement are appropriate.  Augmenting the Mixture: Regardless
              of the type of mixture, it may be augmented by planting a
              different species in meandering rows or irregularly placed patches.
              Habitat Variability = Greater Diversity: Greater diversity may be
              obtained by identifying site differences and matching species to
              site.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1875

AUTHOR:       Holman, R. E. and W.S. Childres

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Wetland restoration and creation handbook.

SOURCE:       Pages 392-394.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.,), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        S. E. United States

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The Water Resources Research Institute has implemented a
              handbook that explains techniques for restoration and creation of
              wetlands.  This handbook was developed for the North Carolina
              Division of Coastal Management to provide them with guidance on
              how to restore and create wetlands in the southeastern part of
              the United States.  The greatest part of this handbook is on
              vegetative aspects of restoration and creation.   At an Army
              Corps of Engineers-Waterways Experiment Station workshop in 1993,
              a preliminary overview of this project discussing only the first
              section dealing with the literature review was presented for the
              first time.  During the workshop, there was also a survey
              conducted and the resulted are cited in one section of the
              handbook.

KEYWORDS:

================================================================================

NUMBER:       1876

AUTHOR:       Hawes, S. R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Construction of a marsh in the Labranche ponds of Louisiana.

SOURCE:       Pages 346-347

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL, HYDRO, WQUAL and SEED

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     WFOWL, FISH, AMPHIB, REPT and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   This paper contains information pertaining to a marsh that was
              created on 360 acres of ponds in southeastern Louisiana.  This
              project is the first to be funded under the Coastal Wetlands
              Planning, Protection and Restoration Act.  After one year,
              wildlife usage was high and fishery utilization began.  High
              numbers of Waterfowl use the site during the winter months.
              During the spring, natural ponds and bayous formed within the
              site and small fish were observed.  Wading birds, alligators,
              nutria and endangered species such as brown pelicans and bald
              eagles use this marsh.   This project is a true CWPPRA success
              story and certainly a site to see if traveling I-10 between Baton
              Rouge and New Orleans.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1877

AUTHOR:       Herlugson, C. J., J. D. McKendrick, and L.H. Fanter

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Long-term wetland rehabilitation research

SOURCE:       Pages 337-340.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        AK

STUDY TYPE:   CASE and PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   According to Federal and State, permits for North Slope Oil
              Development stipulate that sites used for exploration and
              production operations will have to, as some point, be returned
              to a condition that is acceptable to the regulating agencies and
              the landowner.  Rehabilitation of abandoned gravel pads and roads
              used for gas and oil production and exploration is being focused on
              as an important issue due to the fact that compliance standards have
              not yet been established; permits simply require each site to be
              rehabilitated to the satisfaction of the permitting agency.  Due
              to the fact that many of the gravel sites are being converted to
              overwintering habitat for fish, it may not be feasible to return
              gravel to the original mine sites.  BP Exploration  (Alaska)
              Inc.  (BPX) is researching and testing rehabilitation measures
              for arctic wetland sites in the North Slope oil fields.  They are
              in consultation with the Corps of Engineers and other Federal and
              State Agencies in Alaska.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1878

AUTHOR:       Hayes, D.C., R.C. Sundell, P.L. Wilkey, and K.A. Bailey

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Wetland mitigation banking: Solutions through consensus Building.

SOURCE:       Page 324.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   GENERAL

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   A mitigation banking workshop, sponsored by the Department of
              Energy, Metarie, LA, was held in Washington, DC in March of 1995
              and conducted by Argonne National Laboratory.  Attendees of this
              workshop included federal and state agencies that will be
              impacted by wetland backing regulations, legislative staffers who
              will be developing wetland banking legislation, industry
              representatives interested in using banking as a mitigation tool
              and environment groups.   The workshop's main purpose was to
              stimulate discussion of different issues of banking including the
              environmental, regulatory and economic aspects.  The results of
              the workshop should greatly help the legislative and natural
              resource agency staffs avoid pitfalls and deal effectively with
              industry and thus avoiding non-constructive controversies
              afterwards.  The National Interagency Workshop on Wetlands seems
              an ideal place to present the results of the ANL/DOE workshop by
              providing timely and pertinent information to other agencies.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1879

AUTHOR:       Harmon, R. and D. Huggett

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        An ecosystem approach to compensatory wetland mitigation.

SOURCE:       Pages 251-252.  I n M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency workshop on wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LFORM, HYDRO and MODEL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   In  1989, the North Carolina Highway Trust Fund was developed.
              In response to this, a portion of the Highway Trust Fund was
              allowed to be used for the construction of a North Carolina
              Intrastate System.  Environmental Systems, Inc. was retained by
              the NCDOT to develop a mitigation plan for wetlands that would be
              impacted by this intrastate construction.  Efforts to find suitable
              land for this mitigation project were concentrated within the Tar
              River Drainage Basin.  Six sites were evaluated for mitigation
              opportunities.  This mitigation plan provides for restoration,
              enhancement and preservation of contiguous natural wetlands,
              which will ensure the continuous maintenance of characteristic
              wetland functions in this region.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1850

AUTHOR:       Hanlin, J.G., L.D. Wike, B.M, Dietsch, and J.P. McLendon

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Amphibian and reptile recolonization of lost lake, a restored
              Carolina Bay.

SOURCE:       Pages 89-93.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE and CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT and WQUALITY

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO and CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     AMPHIB, REPT, VEG and CHEM

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Carolina Bays, found only on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, are
              shallow wetland interstream depressions.  Lost Lake was drained
              for the agricultural production before establishment of the
              Savannah River in 1950.   Sometime after the drainage occurred,
              it received overflow from a seepage basin that contained chemicals
              such as solvents and heavy metals.  In 1990 restoration of Lost
              Lake began and it was completed by mid-1991.  Lost Lake is the
              first known project designed for the restoration and recovery of
              a Carolina bay.  Eight soil treatment zones within the bay were
              each planted with eight species of native wetland plants.  Drift
              fences with pitfall traps and coverboard arrays in each of the
              treatment zones is being used to monitor the reconciliation of
              the bay by amphibians and reptiles.  Successful reproduction
              was documented for fifteen species.  There was also significant
              recolonization of amphibians and reptiles documented on Lost Lake.
              Many of these species inhabit a wide variety of wetland habitats,
              including areas that have been heavily disturbed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1880

AUTHOR:       Hughes, S. and V. Ross

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Wetlands restoration as an element of a multi-objective
              watershed restoration project.

SOURCE:       Pages 83-84.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        PA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE, PROGRAM and TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO and WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM and CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     ECON, CHEM and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The Lackawanna River Basin, located in northeastern Pennsylvania,
              has been exposed to anthracite mining, industrial development and
              transportation for nearly 150 years.   The constant exploitation
              to these activities has been the cause of many problems in the basin.
              These problems are as follows: Acid mine drainage, wastewater
              discharges, sewer overflows, environmental degradation the river
              and wetlands caused by existing flood control projects, mined
              lands, floodplain encroachment, and a misunderstanding of the
              benefits and importance of the river and its adjacent wetlands.
              A comprehensive river corridor greenway plan was developed in
              response to these problems.  This plan would alleviate existing
              water and environmental resource problems by relying on natural
              solutions such as constructed wetlands, stream channel restoration,
              and replacement of the natural flood carrying capacity of the
              floodplain and develop a linear corridor system to connect various
              resources within the basin.  Also highlighted in this article are
              lessons learned in developing partnerships among federal, state,
              and local agencies and private organizations to combine resources,
              achieve common goals, and ensure successful implementation of a
              watershed restoration project.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
NUMBER:       1881

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Pointe Mouillee: a 4600-acre multiple purpose habitat constructed
              and restored in western Lake Erie, USA.

SOURCE:       Pages 2705-2714.  In O.T. Magoon, W.S. Wilson, and L.T. Tobin
              (Eds.), Coastal Zone '93 Volume 3 Poceedings of the Eighth
              Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management.

STATE:        MI

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL and WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL and CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHORED, HUSE and MAMMALS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Pointe Mouillee, part of a Michigan Wildlife Management Area, is
              the site of a major restoration project constructed in the late
              1970's the Corps of Engineers and the State of Michigan.  The
              Corps of Engineers has been doing long-term environmental
              monitoring on the site since 1979.  A 900-acre confined disposal
              facility was built in the exact configuration and location of the
              eroded barrier island that had been protecting the 3700-acre
              management area.  This facility was designed to hold contaminated
              dredged material from the lake, protect the site, and provide
              upland and wetland habitats and recreational facilities.  The
              management plan includes wetland restoration, use of dredged
              material in a beneficial way, a marina, a visitors center,
              hiking and jogging trails, biking, fishing piers and many more
              recreational activities.  The diverse habitat is attracting
              large populations of birds and other animals.  The site proves to
              be a migratory point for raptors, songbirds, waterfowl,
              waterbirds, and shorebirds, and provides nesting for several
              waterbird colonies, numerous songbirds, mute swans, Canada geese
              and mallards.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1882

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Wetland creation and restoration on the US Pacific Coast

SOURCE:       Pages 2138-2146.  In O.T. Magoon, W.S. Wilson, and L.T. Tobin
              (Ed.), Coastal Zone '93 Volume 3 Proceedings of the Eighth
              Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Major wetland creation or restoration projects on the Pacific
              Coasts of the United States have regional characteristics and
              reasons for being built.  (1) They are all either in deep bays,
              estuaries, or the intertidal part of a major river.  (2) They
              all use dredged material beneficially, or are mitigation for
              dredge and fill activities, (3) The are all intertidal
              herbaceous marshes.  Projects are being monitored in the Columbia
              River, and the Puget Sound and its rivers, with infrequent large
              wetland projects in southern California.  The paper will identify
              and discuss major wetland restoration projects in various stages
              of completion and long-term monitoring built from 1972 to the
              present.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1883

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C. and T.R. Patin.

PUBL. YEAR:   1993

TITLE:        Innovative wetlands in urban settings using dredged material

SOURCE:       Pages 109-112.  In K. Hon (Ed.), Proceedings of the 20th
              Anniversary Conference Water Management in the 90's A Time for
              Innovation.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT and WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM and SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, FISH, ECON and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has restored or
              constructed wetlands using dredged material in a number of
              urban/suburban areas.  Habitat restoration, creation,
              enhancement, and protection that also offer recreational potential
              and human resource values within projects have been and are
              currently being used to help meet the demands of complex urban
              water resource planning and management.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1884

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C., J. Fowler, H.H. Allen.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        New application and practices for beneficial uses of dredged
              material.

SOURCE:       Pages 526-536.  In E.C. McNair, Jr. (Ed.), Dredging 94
              Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dredging
              and Dredged Material Placement, Volume 1.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Dredged material has been very beneficial for many years.
              Recently, an effort to apply beneficial uses to natural
              resources and environmental projects have been made.  A number
              of environmental and engineering field techniques have been
              identified, developed, tested, and /or modified to accomplish
              highly precise elevations, find best uses for very fine textured
              material, and provide multi-purpose habitats to encourage species
              abundance and diversity, and other technical requirements.  This
              is especially so for dredged material used for wetland
              restoration and creation purposed, where geotextiles,
              bioengineering, and special planting techniques have been used.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1885

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C., J.W. Webb, and P.L. Knutson

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Long-term monitoring of eleven Corps of Engineers habitat
              development field sites built of dredged material, 1974-1987.

SOURCE:       Technical Report D-89-1.  Department of the Army, Waterways
              Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION and HYDRO

ACTION:       SPOIL, STABIL, SOIL and LAB

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     NGBIRDS, FISH, SOIL and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The Dredged Material Research Program (DMRP), 1973-1978,
              accomplished a long-term study and monitoring of 11 habitat
              development field sites built by the US Army Corps of Engineers
              (CE) on dredged material in various locations throughout the
              United States.  Seven field sites were built and developed in
              conjunction with Corps of Engineers District Offices.  From 1979
              through 1987, four additional field sites were included in the
              long-term monitoring effort.  Because of the questions regarding
              the ecological contribution and longevity of the original seven
              field sites, a long-term monitoring effort was devised to select
              reference sites at each of the field sites for comparison.  Four
              new sites were added because they were each different from the
              original seven.  Study objectives were to document the long-term
              stability of each site, determine successional changes taking place,
              relate site functions and values to natural systems, and
              demonstrate that habitat development could be accomplished using
              dredge material.  LA summary chapter on each field site is
              presented in this report, and each is very briefly discussed.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1886

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C., T.R. Patin, and H.H. Allen.

PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Catch the magic!!  Dredged material beneficial uses in North
              America.

SOURCE:       Pages 822-831.  In R.L. Montgomery and J.W. Leach (Ed.), Dredging
              and Dredged Material Disposal Volume 2 Proceedings of the
              Conference Dredging '84, November 14-16, Clearwater Beach, Florida.

STATE:        United States

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM and TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, LFORM, HYDRO and CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   This is a manual that provides an inventory of the dredging
              equipment and disposal techniques used in the United States and
              provides guide lines for activities associated with new work and
              maintenance projects.  Also presented are the engineering and
              design guidelines for use on both new work and maintenance
              dredging projects; This is best used for projects that have been
              authorized and are in the preliminary design stages.  However,
              much of the information in this manual may also be helpful while
              still in the authorization phase of dredging projects.  Further
              provided is guidance on the evaluation and selection of equipment
              and evaluation of disposal alternatives

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1887

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C., T.R. Patin, and H.H. Allen.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992

TITLE:        An overview: Wetland restoration, protection, and establishment
              by beneficially using dredged material.

SOURCE:       Pages 114-118.  In, M. Karamouz (Ed.), Water Resources Planning
              and Management Saving a Threatened Resource - In Search of
              Solutions, Proceedings of the Water Resources Sessions at Water
              Forum '92.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL, HABITAT and GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM and SPOIL,

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     HUSE, VEG, WFOWL, SHELLF and FISH

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Mankind has been using dredged material very beneficially for many
              years.  In the last 2 decades, dredged material has become a
              primary source for restoring and protecting existing wetlands and
              in establishing new wetlands.  The technology used to accomplish
              these procedures was developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers
              and is available upon request to any private or public entity.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1888

AUTHOR:       Kentula, M.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Establishing quantitative performance criteria for wetland
              restoration and creation.

SOURCE:       Pages 111-116.  In Watersheds'94:  Proceedings of the Fifth
              Biennial Conference of the Watershed Management Council.
              University of California Water Resources Center Report NO. 86,
              Berkeley, California.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The comparison of wetland creation and restoration projects is
              becoming more valuable in that we can learn from the experience
              and use the information gathered to improve future projects.  For
              example, a comparison of 1987 and 1993 data from projects in
              Portland, Oregon shows that soil organic matter content in the
              surface soil only increased very slowly during the six year period,
              and did not increase at all at some locations.  These results
              suggest that it may take decades for soil organic matter to
              accumulate in projects to levels comparable to those in similar
              naturally occurring wetlands.  These studies will provide data
              for establishing quantitative performance criteria and will guide
              continuing research including the development of procedures for
              prioritizing sites for restoration.  Key words listed by the
              author for this article: restoration, wetlands, U.S. Environmental
              Protection Agency and Clean Water Act.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1889

AUTHOR:       Kensock, O.J. and P. Peyton.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        The coastal dune wetlands creation program at Vandenberg AFB.

SOURCE:       Pages 148-149.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands
              Science, April3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM, SPOIL and SEED

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   In 1990, after of five years drought conditions, eight acres of
              wetland habitat were created on Vandenberg Air Force Base,
              California by excavating to groundwater.  These wetlands were
              created due to the fact that the U.S. Air Force Base had
              construction of test facilities, (for the Small ICBM missile and
              the Peacekeeper Rail Garrison) taking place.  The U.S. Army Corps
              of Engineers issued a nationwide general permit under Section 404
              of the Clean Water Act to mitigate the filling of wetlands during
              the construction.
              Two wetland creation sites were selected on the San Antonio
              Terrace based on the shallow water table among them, a degree of
              biological degradation, the absence of significant plant
              communities, and accessibility.   Both prior to and after the
              creation of the wetlands, the hydrology of the San Antonio
              Terrace has been studied by analyzing precipitation, evaporation,
              and groundwater level.    Hydrologic monitoring will be continued
              throughout the 5-year biological monitoring period, which ends in
              December 1995.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1890

AUTHOR:       Jensen, K.C., G.L. Phillips, and K. Luttschwager.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Wildlife Habitat Functions in Created Wetlands.

SOURCE:       Pages 247-248.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        ND

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT and WQUALITY

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SHORED, NGBIRDS, VEG and CHEM

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   In the winter of 1991-92 the Spring Creek was diverted through a
              21-acre created wetland in an effort to improve the water
              quality entering Bowman-Haley Reservoir, ND.  The main purpose of
              the created wetland was to maximize shallow-water habitats for use
              by migratory and breeding waterbirds.  Wildlife use was documented
              through monthly surveys (May - August) during the 1992-93 field
              seasons.  Information was gathered on the waterbird's use of the
              Spring Creek and the created wetland in the spring of 1992.  Many
              different types of species were provided with habitat from the
              created wetland, as mentioned by the author.  As the wetland
              matures and permanent emergent vegetation is established, amore
              diverse wildlife community should appear.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1164

AUTHOR:       Jenson, S.E. and W.S. Platts.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Restoration of degraded riverine/riparian habitat in the Great
              Basin and Snake River regions.

SOURCE:       Pages 367-404.  In J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula (Eds.), Wetland
              Creation and Restoration, The status of the Science.  Island
              Press, Washington, D.C.

STATE:        WA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, EROSION and HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM and SOIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, SOIL, HUSE and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Fish and wildlife habitat, flood storage and desynchronization,
              nutrient cycling and water quality, recreation, and heritage
              values are all dependant on the valuable resources which are
              supplied by the riverine and riparian habitat (RRH).  There are
              several different types of RRH, each having its own structure,
              function and values.  Restoration commonly requires the following:
              Planning to identify preparatory goals and a general approach,
              baseline estimation and inventories, designs from which the
              feasibility of accomplishing goals can be assessed, evaluation to
              assure compliance with designs, and monitoring of variables
              important to goals and objectives.  Elements important to
              restoration of degraded RRH are: Establishment of hydrologic
              conditions compatible with project goals, efficient handling of
              soil and substrates in construction, selection and propagation
              of plants suited to the site and project goals, evaluation of
              features to enhance habitat for target species, maintenance and
              control of impacts, and scheduling construction to reflect site
              constraints and goals.  Remember, "Don't fight the river" but,
              rather, encourage it to work for you.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1891

AUTHOR:       Jones, D.H., R.B. Atkinson and J. Cairns, Jr.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Designing wetlands for species richness:  Macroinvertebrates
              requirements.

SOURCE:       Pages 68-71.  In M.C. Landin (Ed), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science. April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        VA

STUDY TYPE:

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The Appalachian Mountain's coal producing region is an area that
              has increasing wetland acreage.  Historic surface mining
              techniques often created basins that led to wetland formation.
              Current mine reclamation practices strive to eliminate all
              standing water.  However, wetland construction as a part of
              reclamation may provide ecological services, including wildlife
              habitat provision, erosion control and sediment retention, and
              water storage.  Macroinvertebrates inhabiting accidental wetlands
              on relic surface mine beaches is the focus of the research
              presented in this article.   These organisms play an integral
              role in the ecology and function of wetlands and are a
              significant component of food webs, forming the link between
              the primary production /detrital resources and higher order
              consumers.  Macroinvertebrates affect the nutrient pool of the
              wetland ecosystem and may regulate nutrient movements through
              translocation and transformation of nutrients.  This research
              seeks to determine structural characteristics macroinvertebrate
              communities in accidental wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1892

AUTHOR:       Kine, A.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Integration of wetland research and monitoring into the wetland
              mitigation design process: A case study.

SOURCE:       Pages 250-251.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        MI

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, HYDRO and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Extending runways, and construction of two new runways, a mid-
              field terminal and access roads were the cause of damaging over
              300 acres of wetlands at the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County
              Airport. Regulatory agencies required that 1.5 acres of wetland
              be created as compensation for each acre of wetland that was
              impacted.  Selected for mitigation was a 900-acre site
              approximately 8 miles southwest of the airport.  This site was
              selected based on criteria including presence of prior-converted
              farmlands, hydric soils, perennial watercourses and relatively
              low population density. 	The creation of over 450 acres of
              wetland mitigation area provided the opportunity to test a number
              of theories relation to hydrologic modeling, wetland hydrology,
              construction methods and revegetation techniques, This
              presentation will describe:  1) how many different hypotheses
              were incorporated into the wetland design and  2) the monitoring
              program that was developed regarding the success of different
              wetland creation techniques.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1893

AUTHOR:       Kindle, K.P.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Construction of a demonstration marsh using large scale cutter
              head dredging equipment in Galveston Bay, Texas.

SOURCE:       Pages 343-346.  In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National
              Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for
              Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM and SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   The Houston Ship Channel (HSC) Modernization Project and the
              Beneficial Use Disposal Plan (the BUG Plan) for the bay reach of
              the HSC will involve the removal and the disposal of 67,232,000
              cubic meters of dredged material over the 50-year life of the
              project.  Approximately 1,720 hectares (ha) of marsh habitat is
              proposed to be created from the dredged material.  To evaluate the
              technical feasibility of the plan, the Beneficial Uses Group
              recommended that a large-scale demonstration project be constructed
              using materials, equipment and techniques that would replicate
              those that are expected for the BUG plan.
              The purpose of the project is to identify the essential elements
              of environmental and engineering design practices and management
              requirements needed for the establishment, growth, and survival
              of created marsh.  These included identification of the key
              operating requirements for dredging equipment most likely to be
              utilized for the future placement of new work and maintenance
              dredged materials for beneficial uses.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1894

AUTHOR:       Landin, M.C., B. Walls, J. McKee, J. Griff, S. Brown, D. Bibbo,
              M. Hart, and J. Gill.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Hart-Miller and Poplar Islands: Restoration of lost fish and
              wildlife habitats in Chesapeake Bay, MD.

SOURCE:       Pages 150-155.  In K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee (Eds.), Proceedings of
              the Society of Wetland Scientists 8th Annual Meeting.  Seattle,
              Washington.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT and GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG and HUSE

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   Hart-Miller Island (HMI), an 1100-acre confined placement island
              for dredged material in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, was constructed
              in the early 1980's.  The destiny of HMI is to become a wildlife
              and wetland habitat, which is used for education and research as
              well as passive recreation such as bird watching.  The island is
              almost complete and with little remaining capacity; a draft design
              is in review for HMI's South Cell, which includes shallow aquatic,
              wetland, upland, and island habitats. As soon as it is completed,
              a design for the North Cell will also be completed.  The present
              operations and testing facility will be converted to a research,
              education, and museum visitor's center.  Other features will be
              added over time to make the facility be more user-friendly such
              as: hiking trails, a boardwalk into the wetlands, covered benches,
              observation towers and hills, and an additional boat dock near
              the visitors center.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       503

AUTHOR:       Krucynski, W.L., R.T. Huffman, and M.K. Vincent.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Habitat development field investigations, Apalachicola Bay marsh
              development site, Apalachicola Bay, Florida.

SOURCE:       Summary Report.  USArmy Corps of Engineers, Technical Report. D-78-32.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM and CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, PLANT, LFORM, HYDRO, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     CHEM

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Rhonda DuBois (duboisr@wes.army.com)

ANNOTATION:   In response to growing environmental awareness and the increasing
              problem of acceptable disposal of dredged material, Congress
              authorized the Dredged Material Research Program (DMRP) in 1970.
              The overall objectives of the DMRP were assigned to the U.S.
              Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES), Vicksburg,
              Mississippi; These objectives were as follows: To provide
              thorough research, definitive information on the environmental
              impact of dredging and dredged material disposal operations,
              and to develop technically satisfactory, environmentally
              compatible, and economically feasible dredging and disposal
              alternatives, including consideration of dredged material as
              a manageable resource.  One of the primary efforts of the DMRP
              was to assess the feasibility of developing habitat on dredged
              material substrate.  Several field studies were done by the
              DMRP in marsh, island, upland, and aquatic habitats to accomplish
              this.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1984

AUTHOR:       Melchert, G., P. Eger, and S. Huerd

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Creating wetlands on lands disturbed by iron mining.

SOURCE:       Page 364, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        MN

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    INCIDENTAL

ACTION:       LAB

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     HYDRO and VEG

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Twenty-seven incidental wetlands, created as a result of iron ore
              mining at the Mesabi Iron Range, were surveyed in order to develop
              an approach to replacing the disturbed wetland areas.  Over 50% of
              these wetlands were located on tailings (a waste product of the ore
              mining process), which have a pH of about 8.0 and are low in
              organic matter and nutrients.  Despite the fact that the soil was
              not optimal for wetland formation, wetlands did develop in these
              areas, although the vegetation density and diversity was less than
              neighboring natural wetlands.
              These characteristics improved during the first 10 years as the
              proximity to nearby natural wetlands decreased.  A series of small
              test plots (100 sq. ft.) as well as  acre demonstration plots were
              constructed on two tailing basins in Fall, 1994, to examine the
              following: (1) amount of watershed needed to support a wetland;
              (2) effect of soil amendments; (3) seed mix, and (4) the effect of
              water level on vegetation type, density and diversity.


KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1985

AUTHOR:       Mcleod, K.W., M.R. Reed, V.H. Parrish, and T.G. Ciravolo

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Bottomland restoration in the southeastern coastal plain.

SOURCE:       Pages 140-142, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT, GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, STABIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       Fraxinus, Taxodium, Nyssa

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Over the past three years, several experiments have been undertaken
              in order to determine successful restoration techniques for the
              bottomland of a highly disturbed third order South Carolina coastal
              plain stream.  This area is considered highly difficult to restore
              since it is permanently flooded and few tree species can survive in
              these conditions.  This paper discusses the problems associated with
              survival of plant species in this coastal stream area and the
              limitations and difficulties of working in this habitat.  It also
              cites general data gathered from the experiments including survival
              rates of the three plant species (Taxodium distichum, Fraxinus
              pennsylvanica, and Nyssa aquatica), which were based on water depth
              and establishment in muck soils and semi-solid sediments. One other
              concern mentioned in the paper is protecting the introduced
              vegetation from herbivores.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1986

AUTHOR:       Miller, M.V., J. Miner, and N. Rorick

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Hydrogeological information, wetland site selection, and wetland
              design.

SOURCE:       Page 39, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        IL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses the importance of utilizing hydrogeological
              information in order to successfully select and design a wetland
              creation or restoration site.  Data, derived from information from
              the U.S Geological Survey 7.5-minute Quadrangles, U.S. Fish and
              Wildlife Service National Wetland Inventory maps, U.S. Department
              of Agriculture soil surveys, site-specific local sources, and
              geologic and planning maps, is usually sufficient for a
              hydrogeological assessment in initial site selection.  Data from
              three Illinois mitigation sites demonstrate the function of
              hydrogeological information in the design of wetland projects.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1987

AUTHOR:       Siemsen, T.S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Restoration, protection, and creation: central U.S. wetland
              restoration and creation projects.

SOURCE:       In Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on Wetlands:
              Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans,
              Louisiana.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       HYDRO and  PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses a proposal made on a project in Vigo County,
              Indiana. It is a partnership between U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
              the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Indiana Department of
              Natural Resources, Vigo County, and the Indiana Michigan Power
              Company.  Ducks Unlimited is also considering joining the
              partnership. The project has a dual purpose: to provide
              agricultural flood protection and to restore a major river bottom
              area along the Wabash River.  The Greenfield Bayou project was
              originally conceptualized as an agricultural flood protection levee
              that would have significantly modified a major block of bottomland
              forest by isolating that resource from periodic flooding.  Current
              proposals include:  (1) protecting the forest block from being cut
              off from the river, (2) increasing the size and eliminating openings
              in the forest block with planting programs, (3) managing for
              wildlife, waterfowl and shorebirds, (4) providing activities for
              active and passive recreation, and (5) creating environmental
              education areas.  The restoration efforts considered include between
              4000 and 5000 acres.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1988

AUTHOR:       Sikora, F.J. and L.L. Behrends

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Overview of wetlands research at the Tennessee Valley Authority
              constructed wetlands research facility.

SOURCE:       Page 360, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        AL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The Tennessee Valley Authority constructed a wetlands research
              facility, which was completed in 1992, in Muscle Shoals, AL.  The
              facility is comprised of a greenhouse, a laboratory/office complex,
              and 32 outdoor mesocosm research cells.  Research undertaken here
              has included quantifying pant oxygen transport, nitrogen and
              phosphorus removal from domestic wastewater.  Research is also being
              conducted on the potential to improve nitrogen by reciprocating
              water from one wetland cell to another to improve oxygen transport.
              Future wetland research at the facility will involve remediation of
              acid mine drainage.  A greenhouse study has been initiated to
              quantify Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Ni removal in acid mine drainage in
              successive anaerobic and aerobic wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1989

AUTHOR:       Silva, S.I., P.A. Matthews, R.C. Esenwein, and S. Fitzgerald

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Mitigation in detention basins in Harris County, Texas.

SOURCE:       Pages 276-278, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, SUCCESS

PGENUS:       Cephalanthus, Myrica, Taxodium, Acer, Juniperus, Quercus, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Two created wetland project sites, which covered approximately 20
              acres of wetlands and bottomland hardwood forest within stormwater
              detention basins, were undertaken by the Harris County Flood Control
              District (HCFCD).  The Department of Army Permits required the
              project based on the wetland losses incurred through the
              construction of channel improvements, stormwater detention basins,
              and a levee.  These projects were necessary to control water flow
              in the channels and to reduce flooding of adjacent homes and
              businesses.  The Inverness Forest mitigation plan is comprised of
              4.1 acres within three excavated detention basins and also includes
              5 emergent marshes.  The White Oak Bayou mitigation plan is made up
              of a 12.7 acre excavated basin and an emergent marsh.  Information
              is included concerning the vegetation introduced into the area, the
              survival rates, vegetation density, and the requirements needed to
              meet the Department of Army's permit standards.  It also states
              likely causes of mortality and observations made on the wildlife use
              in the newly created wetlands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1990

AUTHOR:       Ogburn, R.W., III, W.E. Olson, and D.R. Hubbs

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Wetland restoration and management n the city of West Palm Beach,
              Florida, Water Resources Program.

SOURCE:       Pages 231-233, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    WQUAL, HABITAT

ACTION:       CUT, LFORM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, WQUAL, and HUSE

PGENUS:       Melaleuca

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The only large southeast Florida municipality to use a surface
              source of potable water is West Palm Beach.  The City's water
              supply system is made up of three parts: (1) a 19.3 square mile
              Water Catchment Area which captures rainfall and stores water and
              stores water pumped from a major canal that flows from Lake
              Okeechobee; (2) the M Canal, which transports water from the WCA
              to Lake Mangonia and Clear Lake; and (3) a water treatment plant
              that removes water from Clear Lake.  West Palm Beach has
              established a long-term program designed to meet the goals of
              potable water supply and environmental restoration and preservation.
              The parts of the program that are geared towards wetland
              restoration and management include: restoring base flow in
              Loxahatchee Slough; creation of a wetland buffer system around the
              WCA; use of reclaimed wastewater and stormwater to restore wetland
              hydroperiods in the buffer system; elimination of exotic vegetation,
              and management of the WCA and buffer system to amintain wildlife
              habitat.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1991

AUTHOR:       Parikh, A. and N. Gale

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Vegetation monitoring of created wetland sites on the San Antonio
              Terrace, Vandenburg Air Force Base, California.

SOURCE:       Pages 153-155, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LAB and  MODEL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG and SUCCESS

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Part of a long-term mitigation program located on the San Antonio
              Terrace at Vandenburg Air Force Base is the creation of two
              wetlands, followed by five years of monitoring to compare
              vegetation development at six created sites and six mature
              representational sites on the Terrace (U.S. Air Force, 1994).  The
              monitoring approach has two main goals: to accurately document the
              development of the created sites over a period of time, and to
              assess the similarities between the created and the natural
              wetlands.  No specific evaluation criteria has been established;
              instead the success of the project will be based on the individual
              ecosystem context and the direct comparison of data collected in
              both the created and reference wetlands.

KEYWORDS:     vegetation/monitoring/California/mitigation/creation/wetlands/
              vegetation development/species richness/values/reference wetlands/
              created wetlands

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1992

AUTHOR:       Perry, M.C., A.S. Deller, S.B. Pugh, and M.E. Banker

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Survival and growth of nursery-stock woody plants in constructed
              forested wetlands in central Maryland.

SOURCE:       Pages387-388, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7,
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        MD

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, INVERTS, VEG

PGENUS:       Lindera, Cephalanthus, Fraxinus, Pinus, Salix, and Physocarpus

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   This paper disusses the survival and growth rates of 1841 nursery-
              stock woody plants that were planted in 1992 in 3 constructed
              forested wetlands and monitored in 1993 and 1994.  These wetlands
              were constructed to mitigate for the damage incurred during
              highway construction.

KEYWORDS:     plants/forested wetlands/wetlands/transplanting/mitigation/
              wildlife/survival and growth/nursery-stock woody plants/constructed
              forested wetlands/trees/shrubs/central Maryland/Maryland

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1993

AUTHOR:       Metz, J.J. and R.W. Brumbaugh

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Statements on the proposed federal interagency guidance on mitigation
              banking.

SOURCE:       Pages 379-380, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        MANY

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     ECON and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Federal Interagency guidance on mitigation banking was published in
              the Federal Register on March 6, 1995, to solicit public comment.
              This guidance represents the consensus of five agencies which
              include: The Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Protection
              Agency, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Fish and Wildlife
              Service, and the National Marine Fisheries Service.  It regards
              policy for the establishment, use and operation of mitigation banks.
              It represents an important accomplishment among these agencies
              endorsing mitigation banking in support of the Administration's
              Wetlands Policy Plan (August 1993).  The purpose of this effort was
              to provide guidance to the field operating activities of the
              involved agencies as a means to achieve consistency in relation to
              decisions on mitigation banking.  The policy fully supports and
              encourages mitigation banking in the private sector.


KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1994

AUTHOR:       Pfeifer, C.E.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Mitigation of permitted wetland impacts in North Carolina.

SOURCE:       Pages 206-208, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        NC

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     ECON, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   In North Carolina, wetland development is regulated under Section
              404 of the Clean Water Act.  The state's Coastal Area Management
              Act (CAMA) and Dredge and Fill Act, Permits issued under these
              laws require developers to avoid, minimize and often compensate
              for wetland impacts.  This paper summarized the results of a
              study documenting the effects of management decisions on the
              state's remaining wetland resource and the adequacy of mitigation
              practices required in those permits.  During 1991-1993,
              information on 1,768 wetland development projects requesting
              Section 404/401 authorization was compiled from state environmental
              agencies and the Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District permitted
              files and databases, only the projects which included vegetated
              wetlands were included.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1995

AUTHOR:       Poach, M. and S. Faulkner

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Phosphorus characteristics of created dredged material marshes as
              compared to similarly aged natural marshes.

SOURCE:       Pages 341-343, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT and GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS and SOIL

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Created wetlands are generally not similar to natural wetlands due
              to their relatively young age.  This has led to speculation on how
              long it will take a created wetland to function as a natural
              wetland.  However, there has been no research conducted that will
              determine if surface sediments of marshes created from dredged
              material have phosphorus concentrations similar to those of
              comparable aged natural marshes in the Atchafalaya River Delta.
              Delta marshes were categorized into three age classes: Young (1-3
              years), Intermediate (5-10 years) and Old (15-20 years).  When
              possible, marshes were stratified by elevation.  Three plots were
              established within each strata.  Soil phosphorus concentrations
              were determined by chemical extraction of sediment samples
              collected from each plot in November and December, 1993, and in
              January, May and July, 1994.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1996

AUTHOR:       Polasek, L.G. and M.W. Weller

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Management of shallow impoundment to provide emergent and submergent
              vegetation for waterfowl.

SOURCE:       Pages 245-246, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        TX

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST and EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT and SOIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS and WFOWL

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   At the Lewisville Aquatic Ecosystem Research Facility in North
              Central Texas, the effects of partial drawdowns, drawdown timing,
              and tilling on vegetation and seed production for waterfowl were
              tested in ponds.  Four of the ponds were used to provide 3
              replicate ponds and 1 control pond for each treatment.  Vegetation
              lists, percent cover, and above-ground biomass revealed that
              partial drawdowns produced a typical zonation of wetland plants:
              submergent macrophytes in deep flooded zones; cattail, black
              willow, and sedges in shallow flooded zones; forbs in moist zones
              adjacent to water, and grasses in upper, drier zones.  Reflected
              in the present vegetation is seed production of grasses, sedges,
              and forbs in each soil moisture zone.  Taxon richness of emergent
              plants was highest in dewatered zones.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1997

AUTHOR:       Reed, M.R., .T. Barnett, and K.W. McLeod.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Is competition control necessary for bottomland restoration?

SOURCE:       Pages 138-140, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        SC

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE andz COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       CUT, BIOCIDE, and PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Early successional vegetation of disturbed wetlands provides cover
              and soil  stabilization, but may limit the success of the
              establishment of woody species.  To lessen this competition,
              vegetation control methods may be necessary to provide planted
              saplings an advantage over the competing vegetation.  The survival
              and growth of the saplings may also be affected by the method of
              vegetation control used.  Physically clearing the competing
              vegetation may allow sufficient light penetration for the saplings,
              and may also eliminate root competition. The vegetation may need to
              be chemically treated.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1998

AUTHOR:       Ballweber, J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        An overview of legal and regulatory issues in wetland mitigation
              banking.

SOURCE:       Page 374, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        MS

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     ECON

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   Mitigation banking is a recognized part of the Clean Water Act in
              Section 404 of the permit process.  It offers itself as a tool to
              ensure that the totality of environmental costs of activities
              detrimental to wetlands is offset.  Basic public and private
              mitigation banking concepts have been developed and a few banks
              exist.  While there are some difficulties in quantifying losses and
              in restoring or creating wetlands, if private mitigation banking is
              to become an accepted part of the 404 permit process then regulatory
              practices and interagency agreements must provide clear procedures
              for the concept.  To actually avoid or minimize litigation,
              guidance is needed for prospective bankers in establishing a bank,
              and for borrowers on how to appropriately use banks in the permit
              process.  While flexibility is needed to accommodate local and
              regional issues, there must be some regulatory mandates to direct
              agencies and guide the development, permitting, and monitoring of
              private mitigation banks.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       1999

AUTHOR:       Roberts, D.A., J.A. Weier, and S. Ladd

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Effects of hydric versus loam backfill on survivorship and 
              community composition in a mitigation site in central Connecticut.

SOURCE:       Pages 39-42, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, 
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        CT

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SPOIL, SOIL, and PLANT

WETLAND TYPE: PALUSTRINE

RESPONSE:     VEG, CHEM, and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   In 1992, 5.1 acres of palustrine wetlands were designed and
              constructed by the Connecticut Department of Transportation and
              Metcalf and Eddy due to the unavoidable loss of wetlands resulting
              from the construction of Route 9, Central Connecticut Expressway.
              The compensatory wetlands were constructed as two basins, each of
              which were divided into four study plots, with two plots backfilled
              with loam soil and two with hydirc soils.  Vegetative monitoring
              results from 1993 and 1994 document the influence of soil type on
              propagule survivorship and herbaceous community composition.

KEYWORDS:     mitigation/Connecticut/monitoring/trees/shrubs/vegetation/central
              Connecticut/constructed wetlands/palustrine wetland/vegetative
              monitoring/soil

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2000

AUTHOR:       Tai, C.C. and C. Fang

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Hydrological restoration of wetlands by hydrologic modifications.

SOURCE:       Pages 45-47, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     HYDRO

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The St. John's Marsh Conservation Area (SJMCA) is a 28,500 acre
              marshland located on the headwaters of St. John's River, Florida.
              Since the early 1900's, this wetland has been infringed upon by
              agricultural activities, and drainage canals have been constructed
              for rapid conveyance of floodwaters.  The St. John's River Water
              Management District (SJRWMD) is attempting to restore historical
              hydrological functions with the SJMCA as a part of a $185 million
              federal flood control project.  The SJMCA is bounded by levees on
              the eastern and southern boundaries; the western boundary, however,
              is composed of parts of abandoned levees, and a drainage canal,
              where runoff from the St. John's River tributaries enters the SJMCA
              without interruption.  These lateral inflows account for about 5%
              of the total discharge in the area.  The leftover discharge enters
              the area from the south and flows north.  A large portion of the
              discharge used to be transported by the drainage canals along the
              eastern and western boundaries.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2001

AUTHOR:       Talbot, W.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Shallow water terrace construction requirements.

SOURCE:       Pages 51-55, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        LA

STUDY TYPE:   CASE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION, HYDRO, and HABITAT

ACTION:       LFORM and SOIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     FISH, VEG, CHEM, and HYDRO

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The definition of a shallow water terrace system is a series of
              earthen embankments with planned openings constructed in shallow
              ponds, lakes, and bays.  The need for a low-cost, durable method
              to increase the functional wetland value of existing shallow-water
              areas has led to the development of this standard.  Two types of
              systems are addressed.  The first system is the parallel gird
              system, and the second is the shoreline/contour system.  The
              standard is applicable to terraces constructed with bucket
              equipment or with a terrace plow.  South Louisiana's coastal marsh
              is dotted with small shallow open bodies of water.  Most of these
              areas are increasing in size due to tidal surge and wave action.
              The need for an inexpensive method for these shallow water areas
              has led to the development practice called "shallow-water
              terracing."

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2002

AUTHOR:       Saunders, III, C.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Restoration of forested hardwood wetlands following dredge mining
              for mineral sands on Relict Beach in Northeast Florida.

SOURCE:       Page 350, in Proceedings of the National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, 
              New Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       SEED, PLANT, and STOCK

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The forested hardwood wetland reclamation site at RGC has been
              regenerated following dredge mining for mineral sands on Relict
              Beach in Northeast Florida.  Wetlands are replaced as "acre-for-
              acre" and "type-for-type" for wetlands disturbed by RGC's
              operation.  RGC utilizes extensive detailed surveying during
              critical stages in wetland site preparation to create appropriate
              gradients, which insures proper hydrology within the site,
              delineation of appropriate wetland vegetation planting zones and
              to create microtopography including hammocks within these zones.
              Additionally, RGC collects seeds from wetland species on-site,
              which are then used to grow the three-gallon nursery stock planting
              in our sites.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================
 
NUMBER:       2003

AUTHOR:       Shear, T., T. Lent, and S. Fraver

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Comparison of plant community attributes among restored and mature
              bottomland hardwood forests of Southwestern Kentucky.

SOURCE:       Pages 175-178, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        KY

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    HARVEST

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   In the last century, the agricultural productivity of bottomland
              soils has led to extensive forest clearing.  Today, there is
              considerable interest in restoring these forests.  Without adequate
              advance regeneration, heavy-seeded species (e.g., oaks) may not
              reclaim their historical prominence.  Ecological restoration aims
              to restore structural and functional attributes of damaged
              ecosystems to study long-term development.  During the 1940's,
              400ha of bottomlands in agriculture near Kentucky Lake in the
              Tennessee Valley were reforested.  Bordering fields regenerated
              naturally.  A few stands (100+ years old) were never converted to
              agriculture, and the best representations of the original
              bottomland forest.  These restored and mature stand types on similar
              soils in similar watersheds allows for comparison of plant community
              attributes.  The objective of the study was to evaluate the
              development of mature characteristics in restored stands.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2004

AUTHOR:       Smith, G.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1995

TITLE:        Wetland restoration to benefit endangered fish habitat in the Upper
              Colorado River Basin.

SOURCE:       Pages 274-276, in Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on
              Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New
              Orleans, Louisiana.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       STOCK, MODEL, CONTAM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     FISH, SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin, Streevw@wes.army.mil

ANNOTATION:   The Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Implementation Program
              is a 15-year program combining Federal and State agencies,
              environmental organizations, and water development interests aimed
              at re-establishing self-sustaining populations of endangered
              Colorado River fish while providing for new water development.  The
              five major elements of the Recovery Program are:  (1) managing
              habitat through provision of instream flows, (2) the development of
              habitat and maintenance through non-flow alternatives, (3) stocking
              of native fishes, (4) management of non-native species and the
              effects of sport fishing, and (5) research, monitoring and data
              management.

KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2005

AUTHOR:       Chambers, J.M. and A.J. McComb.

PUBL. YEAR:   1994

TITLE:        Establishment of wetland ecosystems in lakes created by mining in
              western Australia.

SOURCE:       Pages 431-441, in W.J. Mitsch (Ed.), Global Wetlands: Old World and
              New. Elsevier Science.

STATE:        Western Australia

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:       Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Typhaceae, MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin (Streevw@wes.army.mil)

ANNOTATION:   A 4-km chain of lakes created by sand-mining for rare metals near
              Cape, Western Australia, is being developed into a wetland
              ecosystem.  This paper describes the development of the wetlands
              and investigations into propagation and habitat preferences of
              emergent aquatic macrophytes.  Transplanted rhizome segments of
              nine species of Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, and Typhaceae showed a
              common preference for mean water depth at the sediment surface,
              but different species exhibited different survival characteristics
              at higher and lower mean water level.  Species were divided into
              two categories: those species which showed rapid seed germination
              but were difficult to propagate vegetatively and those in which
              seed dormancy was marked but which could be propagated by rhizome
              transplantation.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       2006

AUTHOR:       Haynes, R. J.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Surface mining and wetlands reclamation strategies.

SOURCE:       In Proceedings of the National Meeting of the American Society for
              Surface Mining and Reclamation, Princeton, West Virginia.

STATE:

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin (Streevw@wes.army.mil)

ANNOTATION:   Surface mining of wetlands to recover coal or other minerals may
              result in significant long-term environmental impacts unless
              adequate mitigation can be achieved through the reclamation
              process.  Mitigation of impacts includes: (1) avoidance, (2)
              minimization, (3) reduction or elimination over time, and (4)
              compensation.  Existing regulatory controls usually promote close
              scrutiny of potential environmental damages to wetlands.
              Development of a comprehensive wetland reclamation plan is
              essential, and should include an acceptable wetland evaluation
              system.  All known functions, and values of specific wetland types
              should be considered.  Initial emphasis should be on avoidance of
              non-essential or non-water dependent activities in wetlands.
              Non-wetland alternatives for activities for activities such as
              road construction and waste disposal are usually considered to be
              less damaging.  Reclamation strategies for replacing affected
              wetlands typically involve either replacement in-kind or
              out-of-kind, depending upon reclamation goals, wetland functions
              and values to be replaced, and an evaluation of the benefits and
              losses for each approach.  Guidance is needed regarding the
              technical and applied aspects of wetland determination and
              reestablishment.  Restoration of specific wetland types should be
              viewed as still in the applied experimental stage.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       2007

AUTHOR:       Erwin, K.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Selected bibliography: wetland creation and restoration.

SOURCE:       The Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin (Streevw@wes.army.mil)

ANNOTATION:   This bibliography deals with created and restored wetlands. The
              objective is to provide researchers, practitioners, and government
              agencies with an index for identifying and locating publications
              useful in designing, evaluating, and managing wetland creation
              and restoration projects.
              There are over 600 citations arranged in alphabetical order by
              senior author with National Technical Information Service (NTIS,
              Springfield, Virginia, 22161) order numbers provided for
              publications available through that office. This publication
              attempts to include as much of the pertinent "grey" literature as
              possible. Many practitioners will often publish a technical report
              in advance of having their results published in the refereed
              scientific literature. Much of the information contained in these
              technical reports is extremely useful and valuable and often is
              not widely circulated.


KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       2008

AUTHOR:       Hayden-Wing, L.D., S.A. Tessman, and R.G. Schreibeis.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        A wetland evaluation model for quantifying changes in habitat
              values on reclaimed abandoned mine lands in Wyoming.

SOURCE:       In Proceedings III: Issues and Technology in the Management of
              Impacted Wildlife.

STATE:        CO

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARISON

OBJECTIVE:    HABITAT

ACTION:       MODEL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     WFOWL

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin (Streevw@wes.army.mil)

ANNOTATION:   A wetland habitat evaluation model was developed for the purpose
              of comparing existing and post-reclamation conditions on bentonite
              reclamation sites in the Wyoming Abandoned Mine Lands Program.
              The model incorporates simple measures of relative habitat
              improvement or degradation, based on key wetland parameters, and
              provides a repeatable output upon which management decisions can
              be based. The model is sufficiently specific to be useful in
              guiding the development of breeding and migrating Anatidae species
              and include: wetland size, proportion of emergent vegetation,
              fraction drawdown exposure, water quality, permanence of water
              supply, sedimentation rate, sinuousity of shoreline, associated
              marsh zones, etc.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       342

AUTHOR:       Godley, J. S., and R. J. Callahan

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Creation of wetlands in a xeric community.

SOURCE:       Pg. 112-129, in F. J. Webb, Jr. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 10th 
              Annual Conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation, May 19-20,
              Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, Florida.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE, CASE

OBJECTIVE:    HYDRO, HABITAT

ACTION:       PLANT, SOIL, and LFORM

WETLAND TYPE: 

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, VEG, and HYDRO

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin (Streevw@wes.army.mil)

ANNOTATION:   A wetlands greenbelt suitable for stormwater retention was created 
              in the Beacon Woods development near Hudson, in Pasco County, 
              Florida.  The project was unique because the site was located in 
              exceedingly well-drained sandhill habitats.  Landscape design 
              included spreading a clay liner over the bottom of the designated 
              wetland depressions to insure water retention capabilities, and 
              covering this confining layer with organic soils to provide 
              substratum suitable for wetland species.  Both wetland and xeric-
              adapted, upland species were planted in beds simulating natural 
              community composition.  Only native species were used, many of 
              which had never been planted on a commercial scale.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       1224

AUTHOR:       Everett, S.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        The comparison of survival and growth of pond cypress and bald
              cypress in five different post-mining soils.

SOURCE:       Pg. 76-90, in F.J. Webb, Jr. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 15th Annual
              Conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation, May 19-20, 1988.
              Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, Florida.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       SOIL, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG and SOIL

PGENUS:       Taxodium

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin (Streevw@wes.army.mil)

ANNOTATION:   The growth and survival of pond cypress were compared to those of
              bald cypress, on five mined soils.  Sites were chosen on three
              abandoned phosphate clay settling ponds and two lime rock mines.
              Soils ranged from essentially pure clay to sand and gravel.  Early
              results from paired field plots revealed negligible growth
              differences between species but large differences in survival did
              occur with bald cypress outperforming pond cypress.  Large inter-
              site growth variations were noted for both species.  Early
              analyses indicate a correlation of growth with soil particle size
              and nitrogen availability.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       2009

AUTHOR:       Erwin, K.L.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        An evaluation of wetland mitigation in the South Florida Water
              Management District.

SOURCE:       South Florida Water Management District, Contract # C89-0082-A1.
              Volume I.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL

ACTION:       PLANT, HYDRO

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     WQUAL, HYDRO, and VEG

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin (Streevw@wes.army.mil)

ANNOTATION:   This study is a thorough evaluation of the effectiveness of the
              wetland mitigation efforts and needs of the District.  Wetland
              restoration, creation, and preservation has been required as
              compensatory mitigation for wetland impacts since the District
              adopted the Isolated Wetlands Rule in 1987.  Since 1987 when the
              rule was incorporated into Appendix 7 of the Basis of Review for
              Surface Water Management Permit Applications, the District has
              permitted approximately 4,439 acres of wetland impacts.
              Currently, over 570 projects have been permitted with wetland
              mitigation requirements.
              This study was designed as a programmatic review to evaluate the
              effectiveness of existing design and operational technology for
              the maintenance, creation, and restoration of wetlands permitted
              by the District.  Secondly, the study provides information and
              recommendations for improvements to the Districts wetland
              mitigation program by highlighting critical design features and
              a framework for recommended changes.


KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       1682

AUTHOR:       Lacki, M.J., J.W. Hummer, and H.J. Webster

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Effect of reclamation technique on mammal communities inhabiting
              wetlands on mined lands in east central Ohio

SOURCE:       Ohio Journal of Science 91 (4): 154-158.

STATE:        OH

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT and HABITAT

ACTION:       HYDRO, PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     MAMMALS, HYDRO

PGENUS:       Typha

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin (Streevw@wes.army.mil)

ANNOTATION:   Mammal communities were studied from May through August, 1988 to
              1990, at four wetland sites in Coshocton and Muskingum counties,
              OH.  Sites represented varying degrees of disturbance from mining
              activity and subsequent reclamation techniques, including a
              wetland constructed to treat mine water drainage.  Each site was
              composed of a series of three cattail (Typha latifolia) cells
              for a balanced experimental design.  Mammals were inventoried with
              snap trap removal grids and middays surveys for signs of activity.
              Mammal diversity and richness was highest at the constructed
              wetland and lowest at the site established with traditional
              reclamation procedures.  Predictable patterns of land use
              disturbance for species presence/ absence were observed with
              some alpha diversity (habitat specific) species being absent
              (i.e., tree squirrels) and gamma diversity (wide-ranging) species
              such as mustelids occurring rarely.  Beta diversity species
              (habitat generalists) like woodchucks (Marmota monax) and white-
              tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were common at all sites.
              The white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) was the smallest
              mammal captured most frequently, being the most abundant small
              mammal at the constructed wetland and the undisturbed site, with
              meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) most prevalent at the
              remaining sites.  These results suggest that a wetland constructed
              for the treatment of mine water drainage can provide secondary
              benefits as habitat for a variety of mammal species.

KEYWORDS:     technique/mammals/wetlands/Ohio/habitat/constructed wetlands/
              reclamation technique/mammal communities/mined lands/reclamation/
              disturbance/diversity/meadow

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2010

AUTHOR:       Odum, H.T., B.T. Rushton, M. Paulic, S. Everett, T. McClanahan,
              M. Munroe, and R.W. Wolfe

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Evaluation of alternatives for restoration of soil and vegetation
              on phosphate clay settling ponds.

SOURCE:       University of Florida, Center for Wetlands, Gainesville, Florida.
              Prepared for Florida Institute of Phosphate Research, Bartow,
              Florida.

STATE:        FL

STUDY TYPE:   TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       FERT, PLANT, and LAB

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     SUCCESS, ECON, SOIL, and VEG

PGENUS:       Taxodium, Fraxinus, Ulmaceae, Liquidambar, Acer

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin (Streevw@wes.army.mil)

ANNOTATION:   This study, funded for one year but spread out over three years,
              examined the longer range success of extensive plantings of
              seedlings six years previously.  The research identified species
              with six high rates of survival and growth that accelerate
              successional restoration of forested wetlands.  New experiments
              and the continued study of some of the 13,000 seedlings  planted
              earlier showed a 70% survival and rapid growth of wetland trees
              that were planted at the approximate time in succession and in
              place with hydroperiod normal to the successional sequence in
              Florida.  The severe limitations in natural importation of seeds
              which were previously shown to exist in post-mining landscapes of
              Florida were overcome by the plantings, even in dry years.
              Greenhouse experiments tested affects of soil age, fertilization,
              and seedling height on growth rates of wetland seedlings.
              Bald and pond cypress were compared.
              
              A new technique, measuring near infrared solar energy absorption,
              showed wide differences among the vegetation types and stages of
              succession, thus allowing quantitative inferences about the
              transpiration and water budgets for present and future mining
              landscapes.  Along with three previous reports on managing
              ecosystem succession for reclamation purposes (1983, 1986, 1988),
              guidelines are given for controlling vegetation type so as to
              control water budget.  Some vegetation such as pond cypress,
              conserves water by reflecting the sun's infrared insolation and
              reducing transpiration, whereas bottom land hardwoods absorb
              more infrared insolation and transpire more.


KEYWORDS:

===============================================================================

NUMBER:       2011

AUTHOR:       Fink, B.H. and J.B. Zedler

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Endangered plant recovery: experimental approaches with
              Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus.

SOURCE:       Pg. 460-468, in H.G. Hughes and T.M. Bonnickson (Eds.),
              Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference 1989.  Society of
              Ecological Restoration and Management, Madison, Wisconsin.

STATE:        CA

STUDY TYPE:   COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EXPERIMENT

ACTION:       PLANT

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG

PGENUS:       Cordylanthus, Distlichis, Salicornia, Jaumea, MANY.

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin (Streevw@wes.army.mil)

ANNOTATION:   Salt marsh bird's beak (Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus),
              a federally endangered annual plant of Southern California salt
              marshes, was successfully grown from seed under several controlled
              treatments.  This hemiparasite produced significantly more
              aboveground biomass when grown with the salt marsh grasses,
              Distlichis spicata and Monanthocloe littoralis (6-8x higher) than
              when grown without a host.  The presence of a host extended the
              growing season by at least four weeks.  Biomass and flowering were
              enhanced under 20-50 percent shade, but zero and 73 percent shade
              inhibited growth.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       1653

AUTHOR:       LaGrange, T.G. and J.J. Dinsmore

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Plant and animal community responses to restored Iowa wetlands.

SOURCE:       In Prairie Naturalist 21 (1): 39-48.

STATE:        IA

STUDY TYPE:   OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE:    GENERAL and HYDRO

ACTION:       LFORM

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     VEG, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, AMPHIB, REPT, INVERTS, FISH, and  HYDRO

PGENUS:       MANY

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin (Streevw@wes.army.mil)

ANNOTATION:   The plant and animal communities of four formerly drained wetland
              basins in central Iowa were inventoried several years after the
              basins had reflooded.  A total of 45 wetland plant species, 18
              wetland invertebrate taxa, 11 bird species, and other typical
              vertebrates were present.  This study demonstrates that a high
              quality wetland, with a plant and animal community very similar
              to unaltered Iowa wetlands, can be restored by removing or
              blocking tile lines.  This is an easy and cost-effective way to
              restore wetland complexes where there are none or to add wetlands
              to an existing wetland complex.

KEYWORDS:

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NUMBER:       502

AUTHOR:       La Roe, E.T., et al.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Mitigation: a concept for wetland restoration.

SOURCE:       In J.H. Montanari and J.H. Kusler (Eds.), National Wetlands
              Protection Symposium, Washington, D.C. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
              Service.

STATE:        OR

STUDY TYPE:   PROGRAM and TECHNIQUE

OBJECTIVE:    EROSION

ACTION:       SPOIL

WETLAND TYPE:

RESPONSE:     HUSE, ECON, and SUCCESS

PGENUS:

CONTRIBUTOR:  Ramsar, STRP Streever/Erwin (Streevw@wes.army.mil)

ANNOTATION:   This paper discusses wetland protection and rehabilitation from
              a slightly different point of view, from a legal as well as a
              practical or technical perspective, and in the context of what
              is, to the author's knowledge, a program and standards unique to
              Oregon.  That program establishes legal requirements for
              mitigation of dredge-and-fill in intertidal areas and tidal
              marshes, which lead to a reduction in the amount of wetland
              dredge and fill, as well as broad restoration efforts.

KEYWORDS:

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