WHP Cruise Summary Information

WOCE section designation
A08

Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)
06MT28_1

Chief Scientist(s) and their affiliation
Thomas Mller, IfMK

Dates
1994.03.29 - 1994.05.11

Ship
METEOR

Ports of call
Recife, Brazil to Walvisbay, Namibia

Number of stations
126

Geographic boundaries of the stations
	0816.31''S
0545.08''W	1332.42''E
	1140.50''S

Floats and drifters deployed
see 4.1

Moorings deployed or recovered
none

Contributing Authors
(in order of appearance)
U. Beckmann
P. Beining
C. Dieterich
U. Koy
P. Meyer
W.H. Pinaya
D.J. Hydes
S. Kohrs
R. Meyer
S. Mller
A. Putzka
K. Bulsiewicz
H. Dmann
W. Plep
J. Sltenfu
K. Johnson
K. Wills
D. Hydes
G. Siedler 
O. Boebel
C. Schmid
W. Zenk 
J. Ptzold
W. Krau 
T. Knutz 
C. Zelck
H.-Ch. John 
J. Brinkmann
G. Schebeske 
W. Emery
M. Suarez 
R. Cordes
J. Funk 
R. Rieger
M. Schneider
K. Ballschmiter 
K. Flechsenhar

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

	Abstract
	Zusammenfassung

1	Research Objectives

2	Participants

3	Research Programme
	3.1	WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP): Section A8
	3.2	WOCE Deep Basin Experiment (DBE)
	3.3	Near-Surface Circulation from Drifters
	3.4	GEK Observations
	3.5	Taxonomy and Distribution of Fish Larvae in the Tropical South 
		Atlantic
			3.5.1 Introduction
			3.5.2 Plankton Sampling
	3.6	Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry
	3.7	Radiative Physics - Skin Sea Surface Temperature Investigation
	3.8	Marine Geology
	3.9	Environmental Chemistry

4	Narrative of the Cruise
	4.1	Leg M 28/1 (T.J. Mller)
	4.2	Leg M 28/2 (W. Zenk)

5	Preliminary Results
	5.1	The WHP Section A8 along 1130'S
		5.1.1 Hydrography and Currents (T.J. Mller, U. Beckmann, P. 
		Beining, C. Dieterich, U. Koy, P. Meyer, W.H. Pinaya) 
		5.1.2 Dissolved Oxygen and Nutrients (D.J. Hydes, S. Kohrs, R. 
		Meyer, S. Mller) 
		5.1.3 Tracers (A. Putzka, K. Bulsiewicz, H. Dmann, W. Plep, 
		J. Sltenfu) 
		5.1.4 CO2 -Measurements (K. Johnson, K. Wills) 
		5.1.5 First Results from WHP A8 (T.J. Mller, P. Beining, D. 
		Hydes, K. Johnson, A. Putzka, G. Siedler) 
	5.2	Deep Basin Experiment
		5.2.1 Water Mass Distribution in the Subtropical South Atlantic 
		(O. Boebel, C. Schmid, W. Zenk)
		5.2.2 Water Exchange through Hunter Channel (T.J. Mller, J. 
		Ptzold, G. Siedler, C. Schmid, W. Zenk)
	5.3	Near Surface Circulation from Satilite Tracked Drifters (W. Krau)
	5.4	GEK Observations (T. Knutz)
	5.5	Biological Oceanography and Taxonomy along 1130'S (C. Zelck, H.-Ch. 
		John)
		5.5.1 Quantitative Data
			5.5.1.1 General
			5.5.1.2 Taxonomy
			5.5.1.3 Cross-slope Ecological Patterns
				5.5.1.3.1 Abundance Patterns
				5.5.1.3.2 Diversity and Species Composition
				5.5.1.3.3 Vertical Distribution and Implication for Cross - 
				slope Zonations
		5.5.2 The Plankton Material from the Central Atlantic to Angola: 
		Findings, Hints and Expectations 
			5.5.2.1 General
			5.5.2.2 Plankton Biomass Volumes and Micronekton Numbers
			5.5.2.3 The Juvenile Life Stage of Bathylagus argyrogaster
	5.6	Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry along 1130 S (J. Brinkmann, G. 
		Schebeske)
	5.7	Radiative Physics (W. Emery, M. Suarez)
	5.8	Marine Geology (R. Cordes, J. Funk)
		5.8.1 Sediment Sampling 
		5.8.2 Water Sampling 
	5.9	Environmental Chemistry (R. Rieger, M. Schneider, K. Ballschmiter)
		5.9.1 Compounds of Interest
		5.9.2 Sampling Methods
			5.9.2.1 Sampling of Surface Seawater
			5.9.2.2 Sampling of Surface Micro Layer
			5.9.2.3 High Volume Air Sampling
			5.9.2.4 Low Volume Sampling
		5.9.3 Analytical Methods
		5.9.4 Preliminary Results
			5.9.4.1 Chlorinated Paraffins
			5.9.4.2 Alkyl Nitrates in Air Samples
			5.9.4.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB)

6	Ship's Meteorological Station (K. Flechsenhar)
	6.1	Weather and Meteorological Conditions during Leg M 28/1
	6.2	Weather and Meteorological Conditions during Leg M 28/2

7	Lists
	7.1	Leg M 28/1
		7.1.1 List of Stations
		7.1.2 List of XBT Drops
		7.1.3 List of Drifter Launches
	7.2	Leg M 28/2
		7.2.1 CTD Stations
		7.2.2 List of XBT Drops
		7.2.3 List of Drifter Launches
		7.2.4 Mooring Activities
		7.2.5 List of RAFOS Float Launches and MAFOS Deployments
		7.2.6 List of Plankton Stations during M 28 and Respective Haul Numbers
		7.2.7 Sample List of Sediment- and Water Samples for Geological 
		Investigations
		7.2.8 List of Surface Seawater Samples (sampled on XAD-2)
		7.2.9 List of Surface Seawater Samples (sampled on XAD-7)
		7.2.10 List of Micro Layer Samples
		7.2.11 List of High Volume Air Samples
		7.2.12 List of Low Volume Air Samples

8	Concluding Remarks

9	References
	
	Tritium-Helium
	CFC
	CTD DQE Report
	Nutrients DQE Report
	Data Status Notes

ABSTRACT

From 29 March to 14 June 1994 the German research vessel METEOR performed its 28th 
cruise, a journey in the subtropical South Atlantic divided into two legs.  The main 
objectives were hydrographical and tracer observations in the frame work of the 
internationally coordinated World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE).  The cruise 
contributed to the WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP) and to the Deep Basin 
Experiment (DBE) in the Brazil Basin.  Physical observations were supplemented by 
biological, air and environmental chemical and geological components, including a 
contribution to the Joint Global Ocean Flux Studies (JGOFS).

The present cruise report contains a summary of the research objectives and 
comprises the research programme, a cruise narrative and preliminary observational 
results.  The report was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the 
Bundesministerium fr Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung and Technologie (BMBF).

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Vom 29. Mrz bis 14. Juni 1994 fand die 28. Reise des deutschen Forschungsschiffes 
METEOR statt. Die Reise fhrte in den subtropischen S0datlantik, und sie war in zwei 
Abschnitte unterteilt. Der Schwerpunkt lag bei hydrographischen und 
Spurenstoffbeobachtungen. Sie wurden im Rahmen des international koordinierten 
Programms "World Ocean Circulation Experiment" (WOCE) durchgefhrt. Die Expedition 
lieferte Beitrge zum "WOCE Hydrographic Programme" (WHP) und zum "Deep Basin 
Experiment" (DBE), einer Studie im Brasilianischen Becken. Die physikalischen 
Untersuchungen wurden ergnzt durch biologische, luft- und umweltchemische sowie 
geologische Beobachtungen, zu denen auch Beitrge zur "Joint Global Ocean Flux 
Study" (JGOFS) gehren.

Der vorliegende Expeditionsbericht enthlt eine Zusammenfassung der 
wissenschaftlichen Ziele und des Programms. Auerdem enthlt er die 
Fahrtbeschreibung sowie vorlufige Beobachtungsergebnisse. Der Bericht umfat ferner 
ausfhrliche Tabellen zu allen Stationsarbeiten. Die Reise wurde von der Deutschen 
Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), sowie vom Bundesministerium fr Bildung, Wissenschaft, 
Forschung und Technologie (BMBF) gefrdert.

1	Research Objectives

The German research vessel METEOR operated under the auspices of the World Ocean 
Experiment (WOCE) from March 29 - June 14, 1994 in the subtropical South Atlantic 
(Fig. 1, Tab. 1).  WOCE is a major component of the World Climate Research 
Programme, which was established in 1979 by the World Meteorological Organisation 
(WMO) and the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) in cooperation with 
the UNESCO and the Scientific Committee in Oceanic Research (SCOR).  WOCE 
encompasses planning, implementing and coordinating the global fieldwork and 
extensive modeling studies.  The information gained will allow to better understand 
the ocean's role in climate and its changes resulting from both natural and 
anthropogenic causes.

The WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP) includes a large set of sections in all 
oceans, with measurements of temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients and 
anthropogenic tracers.  Its aim is the determination of global water mass 
distribution and geostrophic mass and heat transports.  The zonal WHP section A8 on 
11S was selected for leg 1, Recife - Walvis Bay.  In the beginning and at the end 
of this transatlantic CTD-section additional measurements were conducted in the 
source region of the Brazil Current and in the Angola Dome.  The hydrographic 
investigations were supplemented by observations of the carbonate system as a 
contribution to the Joint Global Flux Study (JGOFS), by the biological sampling for 
the determination of near-surface plankton, and by measurements of aerosols and 
precipitation analyses.

During leg 2 studies of the Deep Basin Experiment (DBE), a subprogramme of WOCE was 
continued between Walvis Bay and Buenos Aires.  The main subject dealt with water 
mass distribution and spreading within the Brazil Basin.  The advection of Antarctic 
Intermediate Water on its west- and northward paths was investigated in combination 
with the southward transport of North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom 
Water.  Special attention was given to the overflow phenomenon across the Rio Grande 
Rise at the Hunter Channel.  Direct current observations by moored instruments and 
drifting buoys near the surface and at 1000 m depth were initiated.  Seven deep-sea 
current meter and thermistor chain moorings had been deployed by METEOR in December 
1992.  The programme included the recovery of this instrument array in the Hunter 
Channel region.

The investigation further included radiative measurements at the sea surface, an 
environmental chemistry component and sediment sampling in combination with CTD.

Tab. 1:	Legs and Chief Scientists of METEOR cruise no. 28

Leg M 28/1
	29 March - 12 May 1994,
	Recife/Brazil - Walvis Bay/South Africa
	Chief scientist: 	Dr. T.J. MlIer

Leg M 28/2
	15 May - 14 June 1994,
	Walvis Bay/South Africa - Buenos Aires/Argentina
	Chief scientist: 	Dr. W. Zenk

Coordination:
	Dr. W. Zenk

Master:
	Leg M 28/1: Captain H. Andresen
	Leg M 28/2: Captain H. Papenhagen

Fig.	1a:	Track and working area of METEOR cruise no. 28

Fig.	1b:	Detailed cruise track

Fig.	1c:	Detailed cruise track

2 	Participants

Tab. 2: 	Participants of METEOR cruise no. 28

Leg M 28/1

Name				Speciality		Institute
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Mller, Thomas J., Dr.		Marine Physics		IfMK
(Chief scientist)
Bassek, Dieter, T.A.		Meteorology		SWA
Beckmann, Uwe, T.A.		Marine Physics		IfMK
Beining, Peter, Dr.		Marine Physics		IfMK
Brinkmann, Jutta, Dipl.-Met.	Atmospheric Physics	UMZ
Bulsiewicz, Klaus, Dipl.-Phys.	Tracer Physics		IUOB
Campos, Ricardo, Cap. Ten.	Observer Brazil		DHN
Dieterich, Christian, student	Marine Physics		IfMK
Dmann, Heiko, student		Tracer Physics		IUOB
Flechsenhar, Kurt, Dipl.-Met.	Meteorology		SWA
Hydes, David, Dr.		Marine Chemistry	IOS
John, Hans-Chr., Dr.		Marine Taxonomy		BAH
Johnson, Kenneth M., M.Sc.	CO2-Group		BNL
Kohrs, Stephan, B.Sc.		Marine Chemistry	IfMK
Koy, Uwe, T.A.			Marine Physics		IfMK
Meyer, Peter, Dipl.-Ing.	Marine Physics		IfMK
Meyer, Ralf, student		Marine Chemistry	IfMK
Mller, Sabine, student		Marine Chemistry	IfMK
Neill, Craig, B.Sc.		CO2-Group		BNL
Pinaya, Walter H., student	Marine Physics		IOUSP
Plep, Wilfried, T.A.		Tracer Physics		IUOB
Putzka, Alfred, Dr.		Tracer Physics		IUOB
Schebeske, Gnther, Dipl.-Ing.	Atmospheric Physics	MPI
Schneider, Wilhelm, T.A.	Atmospheric Physics	UMZ
Sltenfu, Jrgen, Dipl.-Phys.	Tracer Physics		IUOB
Thomas, Rdiger, Dipl.-Ing.	Marine Physics		IAPK
Welter, Alexander, student	Marine Physics		IfMK
Wills, Kevin, B.Sc.		CO2-Group 		BNL
Zelck, Clementine, Dipl.-Biol.	Marine Taxonomy		BAH

Leg M 28/2

Name				Speciality		Institute
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Zenk, Walter, Dr.		Marine Physics		IfMK
(Chief scientist)
Bassek, Dieter, T.A.		Meteorologie		SWA
Berger, Ralf, T.A.		Marine Physics		IfMK
Boebel, Olaf, Dr.		Marine Physics		IfMK
Carlsen, Dieter, T.A.		Marine Physics		IfMK
Cordes, Rainer, student		Sedimentology		UBG
Emery, William, Prof.		Radiation Physics	CCAR
Flechsenhar, Kurt, Dipl.-Met.	Meteorology		SWA
Funk, Jens, student		Sedimentology		UBG
Hauser, Janko, student		Marine Physics		IfMK
Kipping, Antonius, T.A.		Marine Physics		IfMK
Mller, Karsten, student	Applied Physics		IAPK
Onken, Rainer, Dr.		Marine Physics		IfMK
Riger, Roland, Dipl.-Chem.	Environm. Chem.		UUM
Roese, Martin, B.Sc.		Marine Physics		IAA
Romaneeen, Ezard, Dipl.-Oz.	Marine Physics		IfMK
Schmid, Claudia, Dipl.-Oz.	Marine Physics		IfMK
Schneider, Manfred, Dipl.-Chem.	Environm. Chem.		UUM
Snarez, Manuel, B.Sc.		Radiation Physics	CCAR
Wehrend, Dirk, T.A.		Marine Physics		IfMK

Tab. 3:	Participating Institutions

BAH	Taxonomische Arbeitsgruppe der
	Biologischen Anstalt Helgoland (TAG)
	c/o Zoologisches Institut und Museum
	Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3
	20146 Hamburg
	Germany

BNL	Brookhaven National Laboratory
	Associated Universities, Inc.
	Upton, NY, 11973
	U.S.A.

CCAR	University of Colorado
	Box 431
	Boulder, CO, 80309
	U.S.A.

DHN	Diretoria Hidrografia e Navegacao
	Niteroi, RJ
	Brazil

IAA	Instituto Antarctico Argentino
	Cerrito 1248
	1010 Capital Federal
	Argentina

IAPK	Institut fr Angewandte Physik
	der Universitt Kiel
	Leibnitzstr. 11
	24118 Kiel
	Germany

IfMK	Institut fr Meereskunde
	an der Universitt Kiel
	Dsternbrooker Weg 20
	24105 Kiel
	Germany

IOS	Institute of Oceanographic Sciences
	Deacon Laboratory
	Wormley, Godalming
	Surrey, GU8 5UB
	UK

IOUSP	Universidade de Sao Paulo
	Instituto de Oceanogrfico
	Cidade Universitria
	CEP 055 08
	P.O. Box 9075
	Sao Paulo
	Brazil

IUOB	Universitt Bremen
	Institut fr Umweltphysik und Ozeanographie
	Postfach 33 04 40
	28334 Bremen
	Germany

MPI	Max-Planck-Institut fr Chemie
	Abt. Biogeochemie
	B.-B.-Becherweg 27
	55099 Mainz
	Germany

SWA	Deutscher Wetterdienst
	- Seewetteramt -
	Bernhard-Nocht-.Str. 76
	20359 Hamburg
	Germany

UBG	Universitt Bremen
	Fachbereich 5 - Geowissenschaften
	Postfach 33 04 40
	28334 Bremen
	Germany

UMZ	Institut fr Physik der Atmosphre
	Johannes -Gutenberg-Universitt
	Saarstr. 21
	55122 Mainz
	Germany

UUM	Universitt Ulm
	Abt. Analytische Chemie und Umweltchemie
	Albert-Einstein-Allee 11
	89069 Ulm
	Germany

3 	RESEARCH PROGRAMME

3.1	WOCE HYDROGRAPHIC PROGRAMME (WHP): SECTION A8

The main programme of leg M 28/1 was devoted to the World Ocean Circulation 
Experiment (WOCE) which is internationally coordinated by the World Meteorological 
Organisation (WMO) and the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU).  
Within the fieldwork of WOCE, for the first time in history the present state and 
dynamics of the ocean will be observed world wide within less than ten years.  
Closely related to WOCE is the Joint Ocean Global Flux Studies (JGOFS) within which 
sampling of CO2 components is requested on WOCE hydrographic sections.

One major component of WOCE is the Hydrographic Programme (WHP).  German institutes 
took responsibility to occupy three zonal transatlantic hydrographic sections in the 
South Atlantic: Sections A9 along 19S and A10 along 30S were obtained during 
METEOR cruises no. 15/3 in 1991 and no. 22/5 in 1993, respectively.  During the 
present METEOR cruise no. 28/1, section A8 along nominal 1120 S was occupied with a 
total of 110 hydrographic stations with CTD and up to 40 small (10 l) volume rosette 
samples per station.  The nominal station spacing was decreased down to 10 p.m. and 
5 n.m. over the shelf and continental breaks, to 24 n.m. over the Mid-Atlantic 
Ridge, and increased to 38 n.m. over the deep Pernambuco Basin and Angola Basin.  
Bottle samples to analyze for oxygen, nutrients and salinity were taken on each 
station, samples for anthropogenic tracers and CO2 on every other station.

In addition, four test stations and a survey with ADCP were performed off the 
Brazilian shelf before the WHP section began, and a box around the eastern tail of 
the section was occupied.

Underway measurements of currents down to 200 m with a ship borne Acoustic Doppler 
Current Profiler (ADCP) and with a Geomagnetic Electro Kinetograph (GEK), satellite 
tracked drifting buoys and expendable current profilers as well as near-surface 
temperature and salinity and meteorological parameters supplemented the station 
work.

As part of a long-term Atlantic wide survey on the distribution and ecology of fish 
larvae, biological stations with 69 plankton hauls from the surface and in 5 levels 
between the surface and 200 m depth were performed.

Aerosols determine the formation of clouds.  Over the South Atlantic several sources 
may be expected: Aerosols of sea salt and remainders of continental aerosols of 
mostly desertal origin as well as particles which result from decomposition of 
dimethylsulfide (DMS) formed by chlorophyll in the sea.  All types of these aerosols 
were filtered from air and are to be correlated to DMS concentrations in seawater 
and air.

3.2 	WOCE DEEP BASIN EXPERIMENT (DBE)

During leg M 28/2 earlier work, performed in the Brazil Basin by METEOR in 1991 and 
1992, was continued and extended towards a larger area.  These activities 
contributed to the Deep Basin Experiment of WOCE implemented by scientists from 
Brazil, France, Germany and the USA.  Certified knowledge of the regional water mass 
circulation as well as the distribution of horizontal divergence and convergence 
zones are essential for appropriate modelling, one of the research targets of WOCE.

Besides XBT, CTD and GEK measurements (chap. 3.4) circulation studies of the near-
surface Central Water were conducted on a quasi-meridional section through the 
Brazil Basin across the Rio Grande Rise towards the northern Argentine Basin.  Among 
other instrumentation satellite tracked drift buoys from Kiel were used for these 
observations (chapter 3.3).

Within the deeper levels (800 - 1000 m) of the Antarctic Intermediate Water 
Lagrangian current observation with RAFOS floats were performed.  Results from the 
previous METEOR cruise No. 22 have impressively confirmed the westward circulation 
pattern above the Rio Grande Rise.  However, we definitely still need more 
observations of the Intermediate Water in the central part of the Brazil Basin and 
near the Subtropical Convergence in the Argentine Basin.

The RAFOS sound array has been enlarged by two more sound sources moored at the 
northern rim of the Argentine Basin.  In fact, the whole array in the South Atlantic 
consists of nine American and six German sound sources (status: Nov. 1994).  We 
deployed 27 floats, built and ballasted by the Institut fr Meereskunde at Kiel.  
The recovery of seven current meter and thermistor chain moorings in the Hunter 
Channel was another research topic.  These Eulerian long-term observations began 
during METEOR cruise No. 22 in December 1992.  The obtained data supplement an 
existing set of observations monitoring the more westerly part of the water exchange 
between the Argentine and the Brazil Basin.

Near-bottom CTD casts were utilized for taking bottom samples by means of a 
minicorer of the University of Bremen (chapter 3.8).  Results are analyzed in terms 
of paleoceanographic objectives.

3.3 	NEAR-SURFACE CIRCULATION FROM DRIFTERS

Within the framework of WOCE about 135 satellite tracked drifting buoys (drogue 
depth 100 m) have been deployed in the South Atlantic by the Institut fr 
Meereskunde at Kiel since 1990.  The objective is to deduce near-surface circulation 
properties in the South Atlantic.  Analysis of the eddy statistics was already 
started in selected areas.  But up to now the data density is insufficient for a 
basin-wide determination of physical parameters like mean velocity and eddy kinetic 
energy.  Therefore the data set has been supplemented by deploying 80 new buoys - 30 
of them during M 28.

3.4	GEK OBSERVATIONS

During both legs GEK (Geomagnetic Electro Kinetograph) observations were taken (Fig. 
2).  Motion induced electrical potential difference is recorded, representing ocean 
currents perpendicular to the cruising ship.  Developments over the past five years 
have made the GEK set an easy to use instrument.  The new measurements supplement 
earlier records from RV RESEARCHER and RV POLARSTERN obtained in 1987.  Due to its 
simple handling the GEK set could be used without additional ship time.

GEK current registrations will be correlated with meteorological and hydrographical 
data sets.  We aimed the question, in how far it is possible to use a GEK system as 
an online aid for advanced planning of XBT drops and CTD stations.  The post-cruise 
analysis is expected to evaluate the effectiveness of a low cost and easy to handle 
GEK in terms of future XBT operations.

3.5	TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF FISH LARVAE IN THE TROPICAL SOUTH ATLANTIC

3.5.1	INTRODUCTION

The zonal transect surveyed during the M 28/1 is part of a long-term programme to 
describe fish larvae (taxonomy), investigate their distribution (ichthyogeography) 
and their environmental requirements (ecology) in the entire Atlantic Ocean.

Ichthyogeography can be studied more easily and more economically by larval catches 
(ichthyoplankton) than by fisheries on adult fish.  Larvae cover a vertically more 
restricted space, are much more abundant, are less capable of escape movements and 
can be stored more easily (e.g. LASKER, 1981).  Some potential disadvantages may be 
seasonality in occurrence (JOHN, 1979) and the still limited knowledge of larvae 
taxonomy.  World wide the knowledge is most restricted in tropical seas (AHLSTROM 
and MOSER, 1981).

Quantitative plankton samples can, even after coarse taxonomic analysis only, reveal 
large scale regional differences in biogeography (JOHN, 1976/77).  The spatial 
resolution increases with taxonomic precision.  Additionally such quantitative 
studies can indicate those environmental parameters limiting the specific 
distributions (JOHN, 1985).  The ranges of most vulnerable youngest stages generally 
conform with optimum conditions for reproduction, whilst gradients of abundance and 
age indicate the paths of dispersal and areas of decay (JOHN, 1984).  Combining 
results of other marine sciences, parameters of relevance can be revealed and 
quantified (e.g. HAMANN et al., 1981).  In spite of many uncertainties, fish are 
among the best investigated marine organisms and provide some regional comparative 
data covering decades.  Comparison of such data can allow an assessment of the 
effects of climatic changes (e.g. EHRICH et al., 1987).  Therefore, in light of the 
recent discussion concerning Global Change, such quantitative studies should be 
continued and intensified.

Fig.	2:	GEK current measurements by a cruising ship. E1, E2 are electrodes.
		- E1, E2: electrodes	- B: earth magnetic field, vertical component
		- U: induced potential	- v: velocity

3.5.2 	PLANKTON SAMPLING

Samples were taken on a total of 69 biological stations, strictly following the box 
or lines of the CTD stations shown in the reports above, which made the 
hydrographical parameters available.  However, distances between plankton tows in 
the biologically somewhat more uniform oceanic realm were wider than for CTD 
stations.  Nevertheless, at the continental slopes off Brazil and Angola smaller 
scale hydrographical features, particularly bottom depths and bottom types, were 
anticipated to cause small scale heterogeneities in species composition and 
abundance.  There a finer resolution of sometimes only 3 n.m. between stations could 
be achieved, neglecting likely diurnal differences in light-sensitive neustonic 
organisms.  In the open ocean daylight and nighttime stations were taken in similar 
numbers.

Samplers deployed were a David Neuston net NEU (modified, see HEMPEL and WEIKERT, 
1972) and a Multiple-opening-Closing Net (MCN) after B (for modifications see 
KLOPPMANN, 1990).  Both samplers had an identical mesh size of 300 m and were towed 
simultaneously at net speeds of 1.1 - 1.5 m/s for about 30 minutes.  While the NEU 
provided strictly two-dimensional samples 0 - 8 cm, the MCN yielded 5 strata 200 m - 
150 m (net no. 1), 150 - 100; 100 - 50; 50 - 25, and 25 - 0 m (net no. 5).  The 
entire catch was transferred to the laboratory immediately after the catch and 
preserved in buffered 4% formaldehyde seawater solution.

Technical problems early in the cruise caused a delayed availability of the MCN and 
a few malfunctions, resulting in inconsecutive haul numbers for both gears.  Chapter 
7.2.6 provides the respective station data and indicates MCN-haul quality.  The 
sample statistics are given in Table 4.

Tab. 4:	Volumes or areas filtered by NEU and MCN (successful tows only).

Sampler		NEU	MCN					MCN
			-net 1	net 2	net 3	net 4	net 5	total

Mean Vol. (m3)	-	226.9	208.8	207.9	128.2	90.5	173.0
SD (m3)		-	67.6	49.5	53.7	40.1	34.8	73.4
Mean Area (m2)	830.3	4.5	4.2	4.2	5.1	3.6	4.3
SD (m2)		58.6	1.4	1.0	1.0	1.6	1.4	1.4
N		68	61	59	59	58	59	296

SD - standard deviation
N - Numbers of samples

3.6	ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY

Aerosol particles over the subtropical South Atlantic are mainly influenced by two 
sources: The sea salt aerosol and aged continental background aerosol with a 
contribution of the Sahara or Namib desert.

During M 28/1 the size distribution of the marine aerosol particles ranged from 
0.005 m to about 50 m radius.

The ocean is an important source of biological aerosol particles.  These are able to 
contribute to cloud forming processes.  Thus particles of this type were determined 
in the radius range > 0.2 m.  Measurements during METEOR cruise no. 9/2-4 and 22/5 
showed discrepancies in the biological content.  Therefore dimethylsulfide (DMS) was 
measured additionally during M 28/1.

In presence of sun light marine phytoplancton is able to produce a compound which 
decomposes in seawater and enters the atmosphere as DMS.  This component in turn is 
unstable in the atmosphere and oxidizes to sulfate which forms particles and thus 
influences the cloud condensation nuclei density.

The DMS concentration will be correlated with the concentration of the biological 
aerosol particles on one hand and with the concentration of the aerosol particles on 
the other hand.  The latter were measured continuously during leg 1.

Additional information will be given by filter samples that were done 
simultaneously.  The filters will be analyzed in order to determine the carbonaceous 
part of the aerosol.

3.7	RADIATIVE PHYSICS - SKIN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE INVESTIGATION

The purpose of the measurements collected during M 28/2 in the South Atlantic ocean 
is to examine the radiative skin sea surface temperature (SST) and its relationship 
to simultaneous measurement of bulk SST.  It is the radiative skin SST that is 
viewed by satellite infrared radiometers and we wish to develop new calibration 
procedures for the satellite sensors.  We have used systems similar to that to be 
installed on METEOR for cruises in the North Atlantic (on the old METEOR in the fall 
of 1984), in the Arctic (from VALDIVIA in 1988) in the South Pacific (RV M BALDRIGE 
in 1990) and in the tropical Pacific (RV VICKERS in spring 1993).  Thus measurements 
from the South Atlantic compliment some of our other measurements of skin and bulk 
temperature.  We have yet to collect a set of skin, bulk SST measurements in the 
North Pacific.

The new radiometer (Fig. 3) has only been used once before in the tropical Pacific 
last year.  It is a unique system designed for this measurement and the radiometer 
has 6 different infrared channels for the measurement of skin SST.  Four of these 6 
channels are the same channels that are available from the satellite radiometer.  
The housing is cooled with seawater and there is a reference bucket system to 
continuously calibrate the radiometer every 2.3 minutes.  As the goal was to collect 
as many contributing measurements as possible we had also installed a pair of upward 
looking Eppley radiometers measuring solar input in the long and short wave lengths.  
We used the ship's systems to collect data on wind (speed and direction), air 
temperature, bulk temperature (at 2 m depth), and position.  In addition the 
meteorological data set is also very useful as it includes not only subjective 
observations of clouds it also has twice daily radiosonde profiles useful for our 
studies of the air-sea heat flux associated with the skin-bulk SST difference.  
Finally the shallow (upper 20 m) CTD profiles will be used to initialize our 
numerical model of the skin-bulk temperature differences.

Fig. 	3:	Apparatus for the continuous registration of the skin sea surface temperature 
		(a) and details of the new radiometer (b).

Using previous data we have been able to parameterize the night relationship between 
skin and bulk SSTs which at that time are strictly a function of the local wind 
speed driving the ocean turbulence.  During the day a more complex numerical model 
must be coupled to our paratermization to model conditions when solar insolation 
occurs along with the local wind stress.

3.8	MARINE GEOLOGY

During leg 2 sediment samples up to 20 cm depth as well as water samples were taken 
on the whole profile across the Atlantic.  A minicorer with four sampling tubes has 
been used to sample the sediment.

The aim of the geological sampling during the second leg is to obtain core material 
for paleoceanographic studies of the time span from the last glacial to recent 
times.  Furthermore the expressiveness of the proxy parameter should be improved.

On the water samples measurements of the stable oxygene-isotopes 18O/16O and of 
nutrients as well as measurements of the 13C/12C compositions of total-CO2 have been 
carried out.  These measurements will enlarge the Geochemical Ocean Section Study 
(GEOSECS) data set of the Atlantic.

3.9	ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

The Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry joined M 28/2 to 
investigate the global occurrence and distribution of organic xenobiotics.  These 
persistent compounds are mainly produced in the northern hemisphere and reach the 
environment, where they are transported and distributed in the atmosphere, 
hydrosphere and biosphere by the global mass flow of these compartments.  The inter-
hemispheric exchange however occurs very slowly resulting in very low concentrations 
of xenobiotics in the southern hemisphere.  Thus data of persistent organic 
compounds in the southern hemisphere reflect the global distribution of these 
compounds.  Level and pattern of multi-component mixtures of xenobiotics indicate 
formation or global translocation.

During M 28/2 samples from the surface seawater, micro layer and air from the lower 
troposphere were sampled for analysis of organic xenobiotics, namely chlorinated 
paraffins (PC) and alkyl nitrates.  Chlorinated paraffins were detected in all 
seawater samples and surface micro layer samples in ng/l concentrations, whereas in 
air samples CP were not detectable.  These data confirm the global occurrence and 
distribution of chlorinated paraffins.  High volatile as well as long-chain alkyl 
nitrates were detected in air samples of the lower troposphere.  Levels and patterns 
can be discussed in order to investigate the origin of these xenobiotics.

4 	NARRATIVE OF THE CRUISE

4.1	LEG M 28/1 (T.J. MLLER)

METEOR sailed from Recife on March 29, at 14:15 lt (19:15 UTC), T.J. Mller being 
chief scientist. Heading eastwards (see Fig. 1), outside the 12 n.m. zone of Brazil 
at position 817 S/3430 W the continuously re-coding systems were switched on: The 
integrated system DVS to acquire navigational data, the ship borne 150 KHz ADCP, and 
the towed GEK.  The first two days were designed to test both CTD systems, each 
equipped with a 24x10 I rosette sampler, on four deep water stations (Sta. 165 to 
168).  Also, the analyzing systems for oxygen, nutrients, freons and CO2 were set 
up.  At 1120 S/34W we began a section along A8 shore-wards with XBT and XCP 
thereby achieving a box with ADCP and GEK in the divergence zone of the western 
branch of the South Equatorial Current.

On April 1, WHP section A8 started on position 1003 S/3546 W on the 200 in depth 
contour outside the 12 n.m. zone of Brazil normal to the continental break with Sta. 
169.  On each of the following stations, together with the first CTD rosette, a 150 
kHz self-containing ADCP was lowered (LADCP) to maximal 1000 in depth.  The bottles 
were used to increase the number of samples up to 40, where the bulk came from the 
main CTD which always went down until 10 m above the bottom.  At 34W the nominal 
latitude 1120 S was reached again (Sta. 181), 13 stations at 5 n.m. to 20 n.m. 
spacing were obtained.  Station spacing now was increased to 30 n.m. until 32W 
(Sta. 185).

Here, outside the 200 n.m. economic zone of Brazil, measurements with the multi-beam 
echo-sounding system Hydrosweep, surface meteorological data, and sampling of 
aerosols began.  Over the Pernambuco Basin, station spacing was increased to 38 n.m. 
with XBTs of type T5 (nominal depth 1800 m at 6 kn) launched halfway in between.  
Until Sta. 190 at 2520 W, all stations were biological, too.  From then on, spacing 
for biological hauls was 70 to 90 n.m.  Four satellite tracked surface drifters 
which are drogued at 100 m depth were launched between 20W and 1545 W.  
Approaching the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, from 22W on (Sta. 200) spacing was decreased to 
30 n.m. until 17W (Sta. 210) and down to 24 n.m. over the ridge until 12W (Sta. 
222).

Spacing was increased again towards the Angola Basin to 28 n.m. until 1W where the 
section ran close to the Dampier Seamount.  Expecting higher hydrographic 
variability and different species of fish larvae, two extra CTD stations (Sta. 245, 
Sta. 247, no bottles) and plankton hauls were obtained.

From 0E on station spacing increased over the Angola Basin to 38 n.m. until we 
reached the African continental break at 8E (Sta. 260).  Again, on this wider 
spaced part of the section XBT T5 probes were launched halfway between stations.  
Also, four more satellite drifting buoys were launched between 120 E and 520 E.

With 28 n.m. station spacing we reached 10E (Sta. 264) where we entered the 200 
n.m. economic zone of Angola.  Since no clearance had been applied for plankton 
hauls, XBT, XCP, and GEK, we had to continue with CTD measurements only. Station 
spacing was reduced first to 25 n.m. and then to 10 n.m. until we reached the 50 
n.m. zone at 1257 E (Sta. 274).  Waiting for an extension of the clearance to 12 
n.m. and plankton hauls within 200 n.m. which was to be arranged by the German 
Embassy in Luanda, Angola, we surveyed the northern part of a box around the eastern 
tail of A8 using the CTD/LADCP system down to 1000 in depth (Sta. 275 to 281 along 
11S).  We completed this box in the south (Sta. 282 to Sta. 286 along 1140 S) 
after the extension of the clearance came with plankton hauls as well.  We joined A8 
again after two days interruption on 1120 S at 1305 E (Sta. 287) and completed it 
on the 200 m depth contour at 1333 E with Sta. 290 on May 07, 1994.

4.2	LEG M 28/2 (W. ZENK)

In Walfish Bay, Namibia, W. Zenk took over as chief scientist at midday of May 13, 
1994.  Previously Captain H. Papenhagen and both chief scientists had briefed the 
press on board the ship.  This meeting had been carefully arranged by H. Hoffmann 
from the German Embassy in Windhoek.  In addition to the Regional Governor of the 
Erongo Region, Mr. A. Kapere, we enjoyed the company of Mayor B. Edwards and Mayor 
D. Kambo, representing the cities of Walfish Bay and Swakopmund, respectively.

In his introductory remarks H. Hofmann remembered the days 68 years ago, when 
METEOR's predecessor, the old METEOR, made a port call in Walfish Bay during her 
famous cruise, the "Deutsche Atlantische Expedition".  W. Zenk welcomed the guests 
on behalf of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and T.J. Mller introduced some of 
the very first results of the WOCE section A8 that the METEOR had just completed.

Initiated by a press release issued by the coordinator's office in Kiel and the 
German Embassy in Windhoek, the arrival of the METEOR was well received in Namibia.  
The city and habour of Walfish Bay had been peacefully incorporated by the Republic 
of Namibia only 74 days earlier.  A respectable number of German speaking 
inhabitants visited METEOR informally.  Among them were a few elderly guests who 
enthusiastically reported their unforgotten impressions of the old METEOR they had 
visited as school kids.  Our port call at Walfish Bay exceeded everybody's 
expectation.  We highly recommend this efficient port for future needs of the German 
research fleet.

Early Sunday morning on May 15, METEOR left Namibia and sailed directly towards 
target point "A" at 21S/10W, situated on the eastern flank of the Mid-Atlantic 
Ridge.  Until early February 1994, we had planned to reach "A" coming from Pointe 
Noire, Republic of Congo, passing the island of St. Helena.  However, due to 
official travel warnings from the American Secretary of State and the German Foreign 
Ministry we were forced to reorganize the cruise track on short notice.

On May 21, METEOR crossed the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and occupied the first stations in 
the eastern Brazil Basin.  Until then, all continuously recording systems, i.e. 
Geomagnetic Electro Kinetograph (GEK), ADCP, radiation and environmental chemistry 
loggers, had become and remained fully operational for most of the expedition time.  
The first surface drifters and RAFOS floats were launched at the corner Sta. 295.  
All drifters were equipped with drogues at a depth of 100 m.  The course then 
changed to 223.

Further CTD/RO stations partly in combination with minicorer deployments, more float 
and drifter deployments and zodiac based chemical sampling followed till we reached 
mooring "R", at Sta. 305 on the eastern flank of the Rio Grande Rise on May 25.  
This as all other mooring had been deployed by METEOR in mid December 1992 as a 
component of the 'Deep Basin Experiment', a subprogramme of WOCE.

On May 27, we reached the western side of the 200 km wide zonal cross Hunter Channel 
array at moorings "H1-6", being 200 km wide.  Favoured by excellent weather 
conditions all moorings were recovered (Sta. 309-319, 27-30 May) after a 17 month 
deployment duration.  The remaining time in the region was utilized for Hydrosweep 
surveys and GEK tracks at night.  The systematic survey of the bottom topography of 
the Hunter Channel is a long-term project of the Alfred -Wegener-Institut, 
Bremerhaven, the University of Bremen and the Institut fr Meereskunde at Kiel.  
Selected CTD stations with minicorer deployments will allow more precise 
hydrographic and sedimentological descriptions of this important passage for 
Antarctic Bottom Water on its equatorward drift.

We expected serious problems with mooring "K0".  This sound source rig broke loose 
in mid February 1994, when signals from the watch dog top buoy were reported by 
Service ARGOS.  Upon several release commands no remainders showed up at the mooring 
site of "K0" in the Hunter Channel.  However, to our greatest surprise we were able 
to locate the sound source's shifted position at approximately 3522 S/2828 W by 
listening with two MAFOS monitors on the hydrographic wire.  The listening procedure 
was repeated five nights from different spots resulting in a search radius of < 8 
n.m.  Despite of a 36 hour intensive search METEOR was unable to find the lost 
mooring on the sea surface.

On June 1, the search was discontinued.  The ship returned to the Hunter Channel and 
set the replacement sound source mooring "K0 2" (Sta. 322).  After a final 
hydrosweep leg across the Hunter Channel a narrowly spaced deep CTD-section was 
occupied at the eastern and northern exits of the channel area (Sta. 323-332).  
Because of rough weather conditions we had to skip further minicorer deployments, 
which were otherwise performed regularly under the CTD probe on deep stations.  
Chemical samples from the surface (University of Ulm) were taken regularly from the 
zodiac during CTD operations whenever the weather conditions allowed.

On June 4, METEOR left the well measured Hunter region and headed for its 
southernmost position at 40S/35W.  Here sound source mooring "K4" was launched at 
Sta. 338.  Sound sources are an integral component of the RAFOS system.  Their 
signals are sensed by drifting floats.  Arrival times of the coded transmissions are 
recorded in the floats.  After the floats surface, typically after 10-15 months, the 
stored information is transmitted by a satellite link and converted in Kiel into a 
series of float positions.

The sound source "K4" was a brand-new instrument that had been shipped from the 
manufacturer WRC directly to METEOR in Hamburg.  It was only the qualified 
assistance of the ship's electronic technician B. James that we were able to solve a 
problem that remained undiscovered until we unpacked the instrument on board of 
METEOR.  The passage towards "K4" was combined with more float and drifter launches 
and GEK observations, resulting in a quasi -continuous section from the centre 
(21S) of the subtropical gyre to its southern extend north of the confluence region 
(35S).

On station 338 an extended CTD cast was taken.  Samples include, as in other 
selected cases, probes of helium, tritium, nutrients (University of Bremen) and 
sulfurhaxaflouride (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution).  After METEOR had 
occupied this southern corner station she cruised northwestward towards the outer 
Vema Channel.  Additional drifters and floats were launched between shallow CTD 
station 338 and 344.

After the last drifter and float were deployed on Sta. 342 and 343, respectively, 
the ship cruised to the final position at the 200 n.m.-zone off the Brazilian coast 
line.  Here, at Sta. 34S more water samples were taken in the western boundary 
current system before METEOR called at Buenos Aires on 14 June 1994.

When approaching the South American shelf METEOR had occupied 44 CTD stations, 23 of 
them included joint minicorer deployments.  89 XBT probes were dropped.  Seven 
moorings had been recovered, two were deployed.  27 RAFOS floats, two MAFOS monitors 
and 20 satellite tracked surface drifters with drogues at 100 m depth could be 
launched.  Quasi-continuous measurements of solar radiation and skin sea surface 
temperature as well as nearly uninterrupted GEK records were collected.

Fig.	4a:	Participants of M 28/1

Fig.	4b:	Participants of M 28/2

5 	PRELIMINARY RESULTS

In this chapter, methods of sampling and calibration, and preliminary results are 
discussed from the WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP) section A8 along 1120 S, from 
the Deep Basin Experiment (DBE), and other projects of the cruise.

5.1 	The WHP Section A8 along 1120'S

The backbone of the station work were two MKIIIB CTDs to measure continuous profiles 
of pressure, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen.  Attached to the main CTD 
was a General Oceanic rosette sampler with 24x10 l Niskin bottles.  With this main 
CTD, all stations were profiled down to 5 m to 10 m above the bottom to achieve a 
consistent set of high resolution hydrographic data along the section.

To take samples for chemical analysis, during the all upcasts the first two bottles 
were closed at nominally 10 m above the bottom, and the last two bottles were closed 
in the mixed layer at nominally 10 m depth.  This, together with the remaining 
bottles closed in between assured full depth calibration values for the CTD.  The 
remaining bottles in between were closed according to a sampling scheme that took 
into account that zonal variations along this zonal section were expected to be 
small: During two successive stations, bottles were closed at fixed depths, during 
the next two stations the closing depths were set midth between those of the 
preceeding two profiles.  Then the scheme was repeated. In order to fulfill the WHP 
requirements for high resolution sampling in the vertical, over the deep basins 
bottles from a second CTD/Rosette with up to 18x10 I bottles were added.

When on deck after a profile, samples were drawn in the following order: CFCs, 
helium, oxygen, CO2, nutrients, tritium, salinity.

The second CTD/Rosette system carried a self contained 150 kHz Acoustic Doppler 
Current Profiler (ADCP) that was lowered (LADCP) down to 1000 m on all but two 
stations to measure currents in the upper ocean.  These LADCP data together with 
data from a ship borne 150 kHz ADCP and 8 profiles taken with Expandable Current 
Profilers (XCP) in the western boundary, will provide estimates of absolute 
currents.

Due to reasons mentioned in chapter 4, underway measurements of near-surface 
temperature and salinity, the multibeam echo sounding system Hydrosweep, and 
continuously recorded meteorological parameters are available only outside the 200 
n.m. economic zone of Brazil.

Table 5 summarizes the most important events of the WHP section A8.  Chapters 5.1.1 
to 5.1.4 describe methods, calibrations and instruments used for analysis on board 
in more detail while in chapter 5.1.5 we present sections of hydrographic and tracer 
parameters as measured along A8.

Table 5:	Events on WHP section A8

Date	Time	Station	Latitude	Longitude	Remarks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1994	UTC-3				

29.03.	13.18						sail Recife, local time UTC-3
	17.30	164	0807.5S	3416.6W	start test stations with N132, NB3
							start GEK
							start ADCP
							start DVS (no Hydrosweep)
	23.00	165	0816.4S	3327.4W	start tests N132, NB3, MSN, NEU
30.03.	22.28		1114.1S	3408.3W	start XBT/XCP section normal to 
							Brazilian coast
01.04.	14.22	169	1003.6S	3545.1W	start WHP section A8
05.04.	22.45	185	1120.0S	3200.0W	leave 200 nm economic zone of Brazil
							start Hydrosweep
1994	UTC-2				
08.04.	01.05	190	1119.9S	2839.9W	local time UTC-2
	19.50	192	1120.0S	2720.0W	W03 broke, NB2 and NB3 on W02
09.04.	16.22	194	1120.0S	2600.0W	NB3 on W10/12, NB2 on W02
13.04.	14.53	204	1119.9S	2000.0W	W03 repaired, NB3 on W03
	UTC-1				
15.04.	01.31	208	1118.6S	1757.6W	local time UTC-1
	UTC 0				
22.04.	03.15	233	1120.0S	0630.0W	local time UTC 0
25.04.	20.18	245	1120.0S	0045.0W	extra station DAMPIER Seamount
26.04	08.59	247	1120.0S	0015.0W	extra station DAMPIER Seamount
	UTC+1	
29.04.	01.00	254	1120.0S	0400.0E	local time UTC+1
30.04.	10.55	258	1120.0S	0640.0E	test ICTD
02.05.	18.48	265	1120.0S	1025.0E	stop GEK, MSN, NEU
							enter 200 nm Angolan economic zone
04.05.	12.36	274	1120.0S	1257.0E	break WHP A8 at 50 nm Angolan zone, wait 
							for extension of Angolan clearance, 
							start eastern box with NB2
05.05.	19.50	282	1140.0S	1100.0E	continue with MSN and NEU, continue 
							eastern box
06.05.	17.40	287	1120.0S	1305.0E	continue WHP A8
07.05.	05.49	290	1120.0S	1332.4E	last station on WHP A8, calibration 
							course for ADCP
10.05	08.00						Walvis Bay

Notations:

ADCP	shipmounted 150 KHz acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, RDI
DVS	ship's online data acquiring system
GEK	towed Geomagnetic Electro Kinetograph
NB3	combined CTDO2, 24 x 10 l rosette
NB2	combined CTDO2, 20 x 10 l rosette, 150 KHz ADCP
MSN	towed multiple opening and closing net, maximum depth 200 m
NEU	Neuston plankton surface net
DR	satellite tracked surface drifter
W02/03  CTD winches 2 and 3
W10/12  winches 10 and 12

5.1.1	HYDROGRAPHY AND CURRENTS 
	(T.J. MLLER, U. BECKMANN, P. BEINING, C. DIETERICH, U. KOY, P. MEYER, W.H. PINAYA)

The measurements to be made and controlled were: Two CTD/Rosette systems and two 
salinometers; XBT and XCP drops; Lowered Acoustic Doppler Profiling (LADCP) for 
vertical profiling of currents deeper than 300 in.  Support came from the crew's 
electronic group running the ship borne ADCP and other underway measurements: Near-
surface temperature (T0) and salinity (S0) which were distributed by the ship's data 
collection and distribution system DVS along with data from the ship's navigation 
and echo sounding system and from the automatic weather station.

CTD/Rosette
Two MKIIIB CTDO2/Rosette systems were used with the sampling scheme described in 
chapter 5.1 above.  Both CTDs were made by Neil Brown Instruments (NBIS) (BROWN and 
MORRISON, 1978).  No technical changes were made, because the instruments were known 
to have relative smooth outputs.  Thus, precision and fast temperature have a 
combined output resulting in a priori weak salinity spiking, pressure is measured 
with a strain gauge sensor which is capsulated in steel and which is temperature 
compensated.  Attached to both CTDs were Clark type oxygen sensors.

The main CTD (IfMK code NB3) was used on all stations along with a 24x10 l bottle 
General Oceanics rosette down to the bottom.  The second CTD (IfMK code NB2) went 
down to 1000 in on almost each station to increase bottle samplings depths to WHP 
requirements.  Attached to this second system was a 150 kHz LADCP to measure 
vertical current profiles.

Pre-cruise calibrations of both CTDs were performed in November 1993 at IfMK's 
calibration laboratory before shipping the instruments (SAUNDERS et al., 1991; 
MOLLER et al., 1994, for details in the procedure).  First, the correction of the 
CTD's temperature output to the international temperature scale of 1990 (ITS90) was 
determined with a Rosemount Pt25 resistance as part of a high precision bridge made 
by 'Sensoren Instrumente Systeme' SIS in Kiel.  Two triple point cells of water and 
two melting point cells of gallium defined the fix-points of the reference bridge at 
0.01C and close to 28C.  The quadratic term for the Pt25 was taken from the 
original calibration certificate.  The drift between the two calibrations of the 
main CTD (N133) was less 1 mK (Fig. 5).  Comparisons made during the cruise with the 
main CTD (NB3) and three electronic reversing thermometers which have 1 mK 
resolution and were turned on the same frame (depth) on almost each station also 
showed no drift or jump.  Thus, the accuracy for A8 over the whole range is better 
than 2 mK.

For both CTDs, the pressure sensors static correction at three different 
temperatures (ca. 0.5C, 10C, and 25C) were determined over the whole range, 0 
dbar to 6000 dbar, in loading mode, and in unloading mode with three maximum 
pressures at 6000 dbar, 4000 dbar and 2000 dbar.  A Budenberg dead weight tester 
with certified masses corresponding to 500 dbar increments served as reference.  The 
drift for both sensors is less 1 dbar (Fig. 6), the accuracy for the static 
calibration is better than 1.5 dbar over the whole range.  For both sensors, fast 
temperature changes at fixed pressure result in sensor responses of order 0.3 dbar/K 
with time constants of the order of 1.5 h.  A simple model can reduce this error to 
less than 30% (MLLER et al., 1994).  Observing static and dynamic corrections, the 
overall accuracy of pressure measurements during A8 is better 2 dbar.

Fig.	5:	Pre-, post-cruise temperature calibrations of the main CTD (NB3).  
		The drift between pre- and post-cruise calibration is less 1 mK.

Fig.	6:	Pre-, post-cruise and cruise static calibrations at low temperatures 
		of the main CTD (NB3) pressure sensor.  The drift between pre- and 
		post-cruise calibration is less 1 dbar.

Conductivity is calibrated using the salinity of water samples taken during each 
cast and analyzed on an Guildline Autosal salinometer along with calibrated CTD 
temperature and pressure.  The salinometer was calibrated with standard seawater 
batch P120.  Double samples from two rosette bottles were taken 10 in above the 
bottom and within the mixed layer.  All other samples for calibration stem from weak 
gradient layers at 2000 m, 3000 m, 4000 m and 5000 in depth giving a total of 1000 
samples for CTD calibration.  At stations 165 and 166, the bottles of the main 
rosette were closed at same depths to achieve an estimate of 0.0005 as mean 
precision of reference salinities.  The drift of the Autosal was less 0.0005 over 
the whole cruise, if some obvious instabilities due to noise in the power supply and 
radio operations are ignored.  After full evaluation we expect an accuracy of better 
0.0015 in salinometer salinity and better 0.002 in CTD salinity.

Since the response of the oxygen sensor is known to be sensitive to uniform flow 
conditions, the calibration procedure at IfMK uses oxygen sensor and CTD values from 
the down cast and compares them to titrated values from the upcast on potential 
density surfaces in high gradient levels up to a pressure of 2000 dbar, and on 
pressure surface for higher pressures where oxygen gradients are weak.  The formula 
for conversion of the sensor output to physical units is essentially that of OWENS 
and MILLARD (1985).

Lowered ADCP
A 150 kHz self-contained ADCP made by RD Instruments was attached to the second 
CTD/Rosette system to measure the vertical distribution of currents down to 1000 m 
depth on stations.  The instrument worked on all stations except stations 181, 209, 
and 270.  Data processing follows the method described by FISCHER and VISBEK (1993).  
As a result, we hope to be able to adjust geostrophically calculated currents to 
directly measured currents below the Ekman layer.

Ship borne ADCP
Like the LADCP, the 150 kHz ship borne ADCP may serve to adjust geostrophically 
calculated currents to directly measured, at least in its deeper part.  After 
station 208 the transducer mounted on the ship's hull broke and had to be replaced 
by a spare transducer mounted in the moon poole.

Major problems to be solved with data processing, are to compensate for misalignment 
and scaling error of the transducers with respect to the ship's main axis (course) 
and to remove high frequency fluctuations from the measurements like semidiurnal and 
diurnal tides.  To determine the engineering constants, two calibration courses 
during the proceeding leg M 27/3 and at the end of M 28/1 were performed in bottom 
track mode over the shelves of Brazil and Angola (JOYCE, 1989; POLLARD and READ, 
1989).

XBT and XCP measurements
Both, 16 XBT probes T5 and Deep Blue (T7), and 8 XCP probes were used to measure the 
thermal and velocity structure on the continental break off Brazil westward along 
the western most part of WHP section AS before the section started on the shelf.  
While XBTs were dropped at full speed of the ship, during XCP measurements the 
ship's speed 30 s after dropping an XCP probe was dropped to 2 kn, in order to 
receive properly the radio transmitter's signal.  The XCP measurements will be 
merged with the hydrographic measurements.

Underway measurements (DVS)
Underway measurements consisted of several parts.  Common is that all these data are 
merged and distributed by the vessel's data distribution system DVS.  Sampled were 
in 2 minute recording intervals information on navigation (mostly GPS), the ship's 
echo sounding systems Hydrosweep and Parasound (outside the 200 n.m. economic zone 
of Brazil from station 185 on only, see section 3), near-surface (4 m depth) 
temperature at the ship's hull (T0), nearsurface salinity (4 m depth inlet, S0), and 
meteorological parameters from the ship's automatic meteorological station as 
measured on both sides of the ship, leeward and windward (also outside the Brazilian 
economic zone).

T0 and S0 are calibrated on CTD stations to better 0.05 K and 0.05 in salinity, 
respectively.  The multibeam echo-sounding system Hydrosweep which is mostly to 
record depth, is a self-calibrating system, and on METEOR provides water depths, and 
no soundings.  The meteorological station is operated during the cruise and checked 
on a pre-cruise basis by the German Maritime Weather Service (SWA).  No in-cruise 
calibrations are available.

5.1.2 	Dissolved Oxygen and Nutrients (D.J. Hydes, S. Kohrs, R. Meyer, S. Mller)

Samples to measure dissolved oxygen and the nutrients phosphate, nitrate and 
silicate were taken from each bottle closed on A8, and amount to more than analyzed 
3700 probes not including double probes to determine precision.  Whereas the 
measurements of oxygen, nitrate and silicate are of high quality, it was not 
possible to measure phosphate because of irreparable malfunction of the apparatus.

Dissolved oxygen
Bottle oxygen sub-samples were taken in calibrated clear glass bottles with ground 
glass stoppers from all WOCE section water samples collected on the cruise.  Samples 
were taken immediately after the rosette was on deck or following the drawing of 
tracer samples of CFCs and helium.  At the time of chemical fixation the temperature 
of the water was measured on a separate sample collected in the same manner as the 
oxygen samples themselves.  This information was used to correct the change in 
density of the sample between the closure of the rosette bottle and the fixing of 
the dissolved oxygen.  Duplicate samples were taken on every cast.  These were the 
first four bottles on the deep rosette, and the first two bottles on the shallow 
rosette.

Analysis followed the Winkler whole bottle method.  The thiosulphate titrations were 
carried out in an air conditioned laboratory, the temperature varied between 25C 
and 21C over the period of the cruise.  Potassium Iodate standards were determined 
in conjunction with most of the analytical runs.  A mean value of the standard 
measurement was used to calibrate the titration of oxygen.  The titration was 
controlled at the end point using a Metrohm Titrino (a combined automated burette 
and micro-processor unit).  The end point was determined amperometrically titrating 
to a dead stop (CULBERSON and HUANG, 1987).  The concentration of the thiosulphate 
was 25 g/l this gives a titration volume close to 1 ml for oxygen saturated water.  
The thiosulphate solution is dispensed from a 5 ml exchange unit on the Titrino.  
The calculation of oxygen concentration in the solutions followed the procedure 
outlined in the WOCE Manual of Operations and Methods (CULBERSON, 1991) committing 
the unnecessary intermediate conversion to volumetric units.  Appropriate 
corrections for density of samples and reagents and volumes of glass-ware were 
applied as well as for impurities in the reagents (as outlined in CULBERSON, 1991).

Bottle oxygen titrations are calibrated against a Potassium Iodate standard 
solution.  These were prepared on board by dissolving amounts of the dried salt 
weighed to a precision of 0.0001 g, in a calibrated volumetric flask.  Before 
weighing the salt was dried over night in an oven at 110C.  The dried salt was 
cooled over silica gel before weighing.  The accuracy of these solutions was checked 
against a Sagami Potassium Iodate standard which is certified to be a 0.0100 normal 
solution.  These comparisons agreed within the precision of the titrations.  The 
precision of the measurements as indicated by the determination of the difference 
between duplicate samples taken from the same Niskin bottle were calculated as the 
mean of the absolute difference between duplicate measurements for groups of ten 
stations.  The results are presented in Table 6, which includes the number of 
observations in each group of stations and the number and percent of the duplicate 
differences greater than 1 mol and greater than 2 mol.

Nutrients
Nutrient samples were drawn from all the Niskin bottles closed on the WOCE section 
stations.  Sampling followed that for oxygen and CO2 on those stations where CO2 
samples were taken.  Samples were collected into virgin polystyrene 30 ml Vials 
(Coulter Counter type).  These were rinsed three times before filling.  The samples 
were then stored in a refrigerator at 4C, until they were analyzed.  The tests 
carried out on WOCE leg A11 showed that samples from all depths stored for a week in 
a refrigerator at 4C were not detectably effected by storage.  Actual storage times 
on M 28/1 were up to 12 hours before being analyzed.

The nutrient analyses were performed on a Chemlab AAII type Auto Analyser, coupled 
to a Digital-Analysis Microstream data capture and reduction system.  Due to 
problems with noise in the ship's electricity, supply the Chemlab Colorimeter was 
modified at the start of the cruise so that the detectors and light source were 
driven from stabilized DC supplies.  For silicate, the standard AAII molybdate-
ascorbic acid method with the addition of a 37C heating bath was used (HYDES, 
1984), and for nitrate the standard AAII method using sulphanilamide and 
naphtylethylenediamine-dihydrochloride was applied (GRASSHOFF, 1976), with a 
Cadmium-Copper alloy reduction column (HYDES and HELL, 1985).

As for phosphate it was intended to use the standard AAII phosphate method (HYDES, 
1984) which follows the method of MURPHY and RILEY (1962).  However, when the 
apparatus was set up the sensitivity of the method was so low as to make 
measurements meaningless.

The calibration of all the volumetric flasks and pipettes used on the cruise were 
checked before packing and were rechecked on return to the laboratory.

Nutrient primary standards were prepared on board from weighed dry salts.  The salts 
were dried at 110C for two hours and cooled over silica gel in a desiccator before 
weighing.  Precision of the weighings was better than 1 part per thousand.  For 
nitrate 0.510 g of potassium nitrate was dissolved in 500 ml of distilled water in a 
calibrated glass volumetric flask.  Four different solutions were prepared in three 
different flasks.  No detectable difference could be found between these solutions. 
For silicate 0.960 g of sodium silica fluoride was dissolved in 500 ml of distilled 
water in a calibrated plastic (PMP) volumetric flask.  No detectable difference 
could be found between this solution and a standard solution which had been prepared 
on shore.

Table 6:	Precision of oxygen measurements on WHP section A8 from duplicate samples 
within groups of 10 stations.  N is the number of double samples within batches of 10 
stations.  D1 and D2 denote the number of pairs with differences greater 1 mol and 
greater 2 mol, respectively.

Station	mean	mean	D1	differences		N
	dif.			D1/%	D2	D2/%	
169-175	4.33	1.90	21	88	16	67	24
176-180	2	0.90	16	50	13	41	32
181-190	0.89	0.43	18	32	13	23	56
191-200	0.66	0.32	13	22	2	3	59
201-210	0.88	0.47	12	24	7	14	51
211-220	0.62	3.00	11	19	3	5	59
221-230	0.71	0.35	14	25	2	4	57
231-240	0.44	0.22	6	11	0	0	54
241-250	0.58	0.29	8	19	1	2	42
251-260	0.84	0.41	14	25	6	11	57
261-270	0.94	0.52	13	25	5	10	52
271-274	0.6	0.30	3	19	0	0	16

All analytical runs were calibrated on the basis of four mixed secondary standards 
measured in duplicate at the start of the run.  Drift samples and blanks were 
measured after the standards, halfway though the run and at the end of the run.  The 
concentrations of the standards were for silicate 125, 100, 50, 25 mol in the 
western basin, and 100, 75, 50, and 25 mol in the eastern basin; for nitrate the 
concentrations were 40, 30, 20, and 10 mol in both basins.  Calibration was on the 
basis of a linear fit by the least squares method forced though the origin.  The 
gains on the colorimeter channels were not altered after being established at the 
start of the cruise.  The apparent sensitivity of each run was recorded along with 
the standard error estimated from the least squares fit.  The secondary standards 
were prepared in 40 g/l Analar Sodium Chloride solution.  The blank in this solution 
was checked daily against OSI-Low Nutrient Seawater, and was undetectable throughout 
the cruise (less than 0.05 mol nitrate and less than 0.1 mol for silicate).  The 
apparent sensitivity of the methods used in Sodium Chloride solution were checked 
against standards prepared in OSILow Nutrient Seawater at the start of the cruise.  
There were no detectable differences.

Duplicate samples were collected from the first four bottles on the deep CTD-3 
rosette and the first two bottles on the shallow CTD-2 rosette.  All samples were 
then measured once by the analyzer. e results for the reproducabilty of measurements 
of the duplicates were assessed on the basis of the variation over groups of ten 
stations (see Table 7).

Table 7:	Precision of nutrient measurements on WHP section A8

Station		Silicate		Nitrate		
	mean	mean	mean	mean	mean	mean
	mol	dif.	dif. %	mol	dif.	dif.%
171-180	52.4	0.13	0.25	24.7	0.06	0.25
181-190	87.2	0.27	0.30	32.3	0.10	0.32
191-200	86.5	0.24	0.28	31.9	0.08	0.24
201-210	65.1	0.32	0.49	28.8	0.11	0.38
211-220	35.7	0.12	0.34	21.3	0.07	0.31
221-230	37.1	0.11	0.30	24.4	0.07	0.31
231-240	41.0	0.09	0.22	27.7	0.05	0.17
241-250	46.3	0.12	0.26	27.5	0.07	0.27
251-260	45.5	0.12	0.25	27.9	0.09	0.33
261-270	41.4	0.11	0.27	26.9	0.11	0.41
271-274	28.4	0.11	0.37	26.1	0.13	0.48
287-290	25.1	0.11	0.45	35.4	0.06	0.18

Overall the mean difference for silicate was 0.2 mol with a standard deviation of 
0.3 mol (N=594 duplicate samples) and for nitrate the mean difference was 0.1 mol 
(stdev 0.1 mol, N=594).  The standard deviations on the differences are similar to 
the means of the standard errors of the least squares calculation of the calibration 
equations Si-0.28 mol and NO3-0.097 mol.

The accuracy of measurements was monitored through the cruise by measurements of 
Sagami Chemical Co. Nutrient Standard Solutions.  New bottles of these solutions 
were opened each week.  The results were for: Nitrate in a nominally 10.0 mol 
Sagami Standard Solution, the mean value determined was 9.76 mol stdev 0.14 mol 
(N=36).  Silicate in a nominally 50.0 mol Sagami Standard Solution, the mean value 
determined was 49.70 mol stdev 0.40 mol (N=27).

5.1.3	TRACERS (A. PUTZKA, K. BULSIEWICZ, H. DMANN, W. PLEP, J. SLTENFU)

The investigated tracers are helium, tritium and the chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) F-11, 
F-12, F-113 and carbon tetrachloride CCl4.  The main part of tritium, the unstable 
hydrogen isotope which decays to 3He, and the CFCs are anthropogenic.  Their time 
dependent input at the ocean surface is known.  The tracer concentration is altered 
by mixing processes and as for tritium by radioactive decay while the water descends 
to deeper levels of the ocean.  Measuring the concentration of the tracers provides 
information about time scales of ventilation processes of subsurface water.

The atmospheric F-11 and F-12 contents increase monotonously with different rates 
since 1940, CCl4 increases since 1920 while F-113 began to increase 1970.  Hence the 
concentration ratios of different tracers vary over wide ranges and can be used to 
indicate the 'age' of water masses, i.e. the time since they had their last contact 
with the surface.  'Younger' water is tagged with higher CFC concentration compared 
with 'older' water.  Combining concentrations and concentration ratios in the ocean 
with corresponding input functions at the sea surface provides information about 
mixing processes in the ocean.

Sampling
Samples were taken according to the WOCE scheme.  About 1700 samples for CFC 
analysis were taken from all bottle depths of each other station over the deep ocean 
and of each station close to the continental margins.  Samples were stored in glass 
syringes and measured on board.

Helium samples were extracted on board from 630 glass pipets.  Another 520 helium 
samples in copper tubes and 645 tritium samples in glass tubes were taken for later 
shore based analysis.  Therefore, in chapter 5.1.5, only the CFC and CCl4 
measurements are discussed.

Onboard measurements of CFCs
The Bremen system measures the CFCs F-11, F-12, F-113 and carbon tetrachloride CCl4 
concentrations of seawater samples.  It consists of a gas chromatograph made by 
Hewlett Packard which is equipped with a capillary column and a special non 
commercial sample preparation unit.  The latter is to prepare gas aliquots for 
calibration purposes and to handle water samples, especially the stripping of 
essentially all gases from water samples of about 30 cc.

The gases are transferred to a trap which is cooled with liquid CO2 down to -40C. 
The trap is filled with a special packing material to accumulate the compounds we 
are interested in.  During the next step these compounds are released by heating the 
trap to about (100C) and transferred through the capillary column by a steady 
carrier gas flow to separate the compounds.

The gases are detected using an electron capture detector (ECD).  Temperature 
programming facilities of the gas chromatograph is applied to accelerate the whole 
analytic procedure.  All main parts of the system are controlled by a standard PC 
driven by self developed software while the acquisition and integration of the 
chromatograms is done using commercial software on the same PC.  The preparation 
unit is equipped with a multi sampler device which allows to analyze 7 water samples 
without further attendance together with one gas standard and two blanks within 
about 3 hour.  Within 24 hours, 50 water samples can be processed.  Every other day 
a calibration curve has to be measured, since the detector is non-linear and its 
sensitivity might change with time.  This has to be taken into account for the 
evaluation of the raw data.

The measurements for F-11, F-12 and CCl4 cover the range from the detection limit of 
0.002 pmol/kg to about 2 pmol/kg.  While the reproducibility of gas standards is 
below 0.5% standard deviation the values for the water measurements is slightly 
greater of about 0.8% or 0.003 pmol/kg whichever is greater.  The analytic 
resolution for F-113 was not as sufficient as for the other compounds, but further 
evaluation of the chromatograms will recover some reasonable figures for this 
parameter.

5.1.4	CO2-MEASUREMENTS (K. JOHNSON, K. WILLS)

Research cruise M 28/1 (WOCE section A8) continues a tradition whereby personnel 
from the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y., U.S.A., have made CO2 
measurements aboard METEOR.  This cruise is the fourth WOCE line involving the 
Brookhaven group and the Institut fr Meereskunde at Kiel.  The A8 section data join 
the results for WOCE sections A9 (M 15) and A10 (M 22) completed by the CO2 group, 
and with its completion Brookhaven is now in possession of data from three 
contiguous latitude lines 11S, 19S, and 30S, respectively.  This gives Brookhaven 
chemical oceanographers and oceanographic co-workers from Kiel, Warnemnde, and 
Wormley a unique opportunity to validate the calculation of CO2 transport in a 
manner analogous to that done for heat transport.

During M 28/1 two parameters of the carbonate system were measured.  The first, 
total carbon dioxide (CT), was measured by continuous gas extraction of acidified 
seawater with the resultant CO2 determined by coulometric titration.  The second, 
the discrete partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), was measured by equilibrating known 
volumes of a liquid phase (seawater) and a gas phase (air of known CO2 
concentration) by shaking for three hours at constant temperature.  Following 
equilibration, the CO2 in the gas phase was determined on a gas chromatograph 
equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) after the catalytic conversion of 
CO2 to CH4.  The pCO2, at the in situ temperature and the sample alkalinity were 
calculated from the ancillary nutrient and oxygen data and from the thermodynamic 
considerations and constants of the carbonate system.  Unlike previous cruises where 
continuous underway pCO2, was determined in the surface waters, the discrete method 
above was used to measure the pCO2 throughout the water column, and to our knowledge 
this is the first WOCE section for which a complete set of pCO2 data exits.

The precision of the total carbon dioxide duplicate analyses during the cruise was 
0.80 mol/kg (0.04%), while preliminary calculations indicate that the precision of 
the pCO2 determinations was 1.0%.  In addition, 76 samples of 'Certified Reference 
Materials' (CRM) were analyzed for total carbon dioxide as a check on accuracy.  The 
CRM, seawater samples spiked with sodium bicarbonate, were analyzed before the 
cruise for CT in the laboratory of Dr. C.D. Keeling at the Scripps Institution of 
Oceanography (SIO) by vacuum extraction and manometry.  The certified mean of 9 
samples was 1991.94 mol/kg.  For the 76 samples CRM analyzed by coulometry during M 
28/1, the mean was 1991.37 mol/kg with standard deviation 1.27 mol/kg.  As a further 
precaution, forty (40) samples were collected during the cruise and preserved for 
later analysis in the laboratory of Dr. Keeling at SIO.

During M 28/1 some 51 stations (nearly 50% of the WOCE stations) were sampled for 
the CO2 parameters.  Approximately, 1,588 individual total carbon dioxide samples 
and 1,549 individual pCO2 samples (duplicates not included) were drawn and analyzed.  
Counting the duplicates adds another 200 samples and analyses.  Because the data set 
is very large and there are still some uncertainties in the final depths and 
associated nutrient values, analysis of the data set in chapter 5.1.5 still is 
preliminary.

5.1.5	FIRST RESULTS FROM WHP A8
	(T.J. MLLER, P. BEINING, D. HYDES, K. JOHNSON, A. PUTZKA, G. SIEDLER)

We show zonal sections along 1120 S of preliminary WHP standard parameters: 
Potential temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, silicate, the CFCs F-11, 
F-12, and CCl4, and potential density (Figures 7 to 15, respectively).  Potential 
density is referred to the surface for the depth range 0 dbar to 1000 m, to 2000 
dbar for the 1000 m to 3000 in range, and to 4000 dbar for depths greater 3000 m.

Some parameters will not be or are not yet available: Phosphate was not measured 
because of the insensitivity of the apparatus used on board (see chapter 5.1.2).  
The measurements of the CFC F-113 did not provide high enough resolution and need 
special post cruise analysis of spectograms (see chapter 5.1.3).  Samples of the 
tracers tritium and helium are still to be analyzed ashore.  Also, the carbon 
measurements still need final adjustment.

Fig.	7:	WOCE Hydrographic Programme Section A8 along 1120'S, occupied with 
		METEOR during cruise M 28/1 from April 01 to May 07, 1994.  Distribution 
		of potential temperature.

Fig.	8:	As fig. 7, salinity (uncalibrated)

Fig.	9:	As fig. 7, dissolved oxygen

Fig.	10:	As fig. 7, nitrate

Fig.	11:	As fig. 7, silicate

Fig.	12:	As fig. 7, CCl4 

Fig.	13:	As fig. 7, F-11

Fig.	14:	As fig. 7, F-12

Fig.	15:	As fig. 7, potential density referred to the surface until 1000 m 
		depth, to 2000 dbar between 1000 and 3000 m depth, and to 4000 dbar 
		for depths greater 3000 m. Dots indicate the more than 3700 spots 
		where bottles were closed.

The sections in figures 7 to 15 are based on preliminary data from the more than 
3700 depths where bottles were closed (dots in the density section, Fig. 15).  
Temperature, salinity and density are from upcast CTD values at depths where bottles 
were closed.  For tracers and CO2 over deep ocean basins, each second station is 
sampled only.  Samples from some 10% of all bottles showed obvious misalignment to 
water mass structures due to malfunctions of the rosette.  They were rearranged 
subjectively to appropriate depths.  The contouring procedure uses a Kriging 
algorithm for smoothing, and the colours for contouring are chosen to appropriately 
resolve the main structures of water masses.

The different water masses below the warm and high saline surface water and the low 
oxygen South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) show up in minima and maxima of 
characteristic parameters.  These extrema usually are most pronounced at the western 
boundary current regime and they gradually decay and eventually vanish eastward.  
Especially the anthropogenic tracers show a sharp frontal structure over the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge with low values down to the detection limits in the eastern Angola 
Basin denoting weak ventilation in that basin.

Near the surface, both, temperature and salinity decrease in the well-known manner 
from west to east.  At 9E, we find the isohalines doming to the surface and bowling 
down to 250 m.  The SACW is characterized by low oxygen with lowest values in the 
east. In the eastern basin this minimum also is reflected in the highest pCO2 and CT 
values (not shown here) we have observed in the Atlantic. Commencing at 3E to 4E 
in the Angolan Basin, pCO2 and CT reached 2000 atm and 2263 mol/kg, respectively, 
at depths of 400 m to 600 m.

Below the SACW, two cores of waters of antarctic origin are identified: At 800 m 
depth the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) with its salinity minimum, and at 1000 
m depth the Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCPDW) with its temperature minimum and 
silicate maximum.  They can be traced throughout the section until the African shelf 
break.  While these water masses origin from the south, note that, both, the tongues 
of the AAIW and of the UCPDW are cut by the above mentioned fronts in anthropogenic 
tracers F-11 and CCl4 at about 5W which indicates their relatively weak renewal 
rates in the eastern basin as compared to that in the western basin.

Next, all three components of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) are identified: At 
1300 m depth the core of the Upper North Atlantic Deep Water (UNADW) with its 
temperature maximum, at 1900 m the Mid North Atlantic Deep Water (MNADW) with its 
salinity maximum and silicate minimum, and at 3200 m the oxygen rich Lower North 
Atlantic Deep Water (LNADW).  Note some lenses of NADW just east of the western 
boundary; they may indicate re-circulation cells discussed recently (De MADRON and 
WHEATHERLY, 1994).  In the west, the CFC values are relatively low within the UNADW 
because of its 'old' components of Mediterranean origin.  A maximum in CFCs is found 
in the MNADW, and they still have high values in the LNADW.  Again, a front in CFC 
values separates the NADWs in the western from those of the eastern basin.

Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCPDW) is formed when Weddell Sea Deep Water mixes 
with Circumpolar Deep Water on its way north.  Formerly denoted as Antarctic Bottom 
Water (AABW) (PETERSON and WHITWORTH, 1989), it carries low temperature and salinity 
bottom water along the western boundary northward.  Because of its Weddell Sea 
compound, it is also marked by relatively high CFC values.  A slight increase of the 
F-11 concentration at the western slope of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge seems to indicate 
a re-circulation cell of bottom water.  LCPDW also was clearly distinguishable in 
the CO2 parameters (not shown here).

Two further interesting result are found in the deep Angola Basin.  First, we 
observe an increase of, both, CCl4 and F-11 values at the bottom which is 
intensified at the western side of the basin.  Thus there is evidence that the 
bottom water of the Angola Basin is ventilated by a western boundary current (WARREN 
and SPEER, 1991) which carries compounds of bottom waters that have been at the 
surface within the last 30 years.  While other hydrographic and chemical parameters 
indicate a fairly homogenous water mass below 4000 m, F-11 and CCl4 outline a 
structure that indicates a circulation and slow upwelling of bottom waters within 
the basin.  Only very few samples measured at about 3000 m depth in the eastern part 
of the Angola Basin show CCl4 concentrations below their detection limit.

The second interesting feature in the Angola Basin is observed at 4000 m depth on 
the continental break: A low oxygen and high silicate water mass with a small 
increase of CCl4 and extremely slight increase only of F-11.  Whereas in the CFCs 
the signal is confined to only very few samples just above the bottom, it is broader 
and therefore significant in oxygen and silicate.  Maybe the idea of a Congo River 
turbidity plume is evident here (BENNEKOM and BERGER, 1984).

5.2 	DEEP BASIN EXPERIMENT

5.2.1	WATER MASS DISTRIBUTION IN THE SUBTROPICAL SOUTH ATLANTIC
	(O. BOEBEL, C. SCHMID, W. ZENK)

The data base for this paragraph consists of two quasi-meridional hydrographic 
sections (Fig. 16) occupied between 21 and 39S during M 28/2.  The longer section 
(Fig. 17) contains 21 CTD stations covering the east side of the Brazil Basin, 
crossing Hunter Channel, running right into the central Argentine Basin.  The 
supplementing shorter section (Fig. 18), featuring 7 CTD stations, connects the 
southern end of the long section between the Subtropical Convergence at roughly 40S 
with the southern extend of Vema Channel.  Thermosalinograph records also shown in 
Fig. 17 and 18, are reproduced without further corrections.  Comparisons with near-
surface CTD data revealed no systematic differences for temperature data.  However, 
a significant shift of 0.038  0.050 PSU between 35 salinity samples (taken during 
CTD stations) and the displayed continuous salinity record was determined.  The 
shown surface salinity needs to be reduced by the calculated offset for future 
analyses.

CTD stations were taken (a) for a detailed investigation of the vertical structure 
and zonal flow of the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) at approximately 900 m 
depth and (b) for the determination of in situ density at float launch sites (see 
chapter 7.2.5).  Due to ship time limitations both sections had to be compiled from 
CTD profiles not exceeding 1500 dbar.  Only selected stations cover tile whole water 
column.  Their complete data are processed in our theta/S-diagram (Fig. 19).  Nominally 
all deep stations were taken with a sediment sampler as described in chapter 5.8.

Both CTD-sections are shown jointly with continuous thermosaIinograph data and their 
belonging bottom profiles.  Gaps in these data (DVS) were linearly interpolated, or 
in case of bathymetry eliminated by soundings from CTD stations (Profile 36-33, 32-
16).  Fig. 16 shows the track lines of the long (Profile 37-2) and the short section 
(Profile 37-43) embedded in the local bathymetry.  Please note, station notation is 
given by CTD profile numbers.  An equivalence Stat. No. vs Profile contains chapter 
7.2.1.  The central box in Fig. 46 contains CTD stations at Hunter Channel as 
displayed in Fig. 20 and described further down.

Fig.	16:	During M 28/2 METEOR occupied two quasi-meridional hydrographic 
		sections in the Brazil Basin and in the Argentine Basin. Numbers 
		indicate CTD profiles, corresponding station numbers are listed in 
		chapter 7.2.1. Most of the CTD stations cover only the upper 1500 
		dbar, sufficiently deep enough for the investigation of the 
		Antarctic Intermediate Water. Stations in the box were taken in the 
		Hunter Channel region as described in chapter 5.2.2.

Fig.	17a-b:	CTD-sections (p  1500 dbar) through the southern subtropical 
		gyre of the western South Atlantic.  The long section (A2) was taken 
		en route to Hunter Channel and farther to the Subtropical Convergence.
		a)	Potential temperature (C),
		b)	Salinity (PSU),

Fig.	17c-f:	CTD-sections (p  1500 dbar) through the southern subtropical 
		gyre of the western South Atlantic.  The long section (A2) was taken 
		en route to Hunter Channel and farther to the Subtropical Convergence.
		c)	Density sigma-1 (kg m-3),
		d)	thermosalinograph records of temperature,
		e)	uncorrected salinity,
		f)	bathymetry recorded simultaneously by METEOR.

Fig.	18a-f:	CTD-sections (p  1500 dbar) through the southern subtropical 
		gyre of the western South Atlantic.  The short section (A3) was 
		taken on the north-westbound track towards the Vema Channel extention.
		a)	Potential temperature (C),
		b)	Salinity (PSU),
		c)	Density sigma-1 (kg m-3),
		d)	thermosalinograph records of temperature,
		e)	uncorrected salinity,
		f)	bathymetry recorded simultaneously by METEOR.

Fig. 	19:	Potential temperature (C) vs salinity (PSU) from all deep stations 
		of M 28/2 (chapter 7.2.1).  Lines of equal densities (kg m-3) are 
		referred to 1000 dbar (sigma-1).

The most pronounced structure of both sections shown in Figs. 17 and 18, is given by 
the Subtropical Convergence at their common southern end (<-38 = > 38S).  North of 
38S thermosalinograph records with their strong fluctuations (horizontal 
interleaving) confirm the abrupt transition between the southern rim of the 
subtropical gyre of the South Atlantic at 38S and the northern extend of the 
Southern Ocean (see Fig. 18e).  The deep reaching front at the convergence is most 
developed in the upper 500 dbar. Nevertheless, it can be traced down to the bottom 
of our sections (1500 dbar), though with reduced horizontal gradients.  Sloping 
isopygnals associated with the frontal region, represent the dynamical signature of 
the eastward flowing South Atlantic Current (STRAMMA and PETERSON, 1990).

Farther north we identify the well-known variety of water masses in the subtropical 
South Atlantic: In the centre of the subtropical gyre, i.e., north of 28S, we find 
the characteristic shallow salinity maximum at approximately 60 dbar.  The next 
deeper extremum on the theta/S-diagram (Fig. 19) occurs below the main thermocline.  It 
is marked by the salinity minimum of the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW).  The 
Smin core at approximately sigma-theta = 27.18 or sigma-1 = 31.75 kg m3 drops from < 600 dbar at the 
Subtropical Convergence to almost 1000 dbar between 36' and 37S, from where on we 
observe a slow decrease of the pressure level to 700 dbar at the northern end of the 
long section.  The core salinity is lowest in the frontal region (< 34.2 PSU).  It 
increases up to 34.4 PSU towards the north.  Temperatures range from 3-4C in the 
south , where 3.5-4C are more characteristic for the northern end.  In terms of 
potential density Intermediate Water ranges from 27.00 < sigma-theta < 7.35 kg m3 or 31.50 < 
sigma-1 < 31.90 kg m3.

Three different low temperature gradient regions were observed.  The first at 36S 
reaches down to 400 dbar at 14C.  It resembles Maderia Mode Water (SIEDLER et al., 
1987) found in the eastern North Atlantic.  This thermocline mode water is formed at 
the northern boundary of the subtropical gyre by deep wintertime convection and is 
degenerated during the course of the year.  Deeper down at ~38S (Fig. 17 and 18) we 
identify remainders of the upper Circumpolar Water (2.7C, 34.4 PSU) beneath the 
deep core of Antarctic Intermediate Water.  Unfortunately no oxygen data for further 
identification of this water mass are available from M 28/2.  The third and most 
extended thermostat (~3.4C) layer is found between 21 and 26S (Fig. 17a) at 
pressures >1000 dbar.  The concurrent increase of salinity from 34.40 to > 34.80 PSU 
indicates a mixture of upper Circumpolar Water with North Atlantic Deep Water 
(NADW).  While vertical mixing in this water mass cannot have much effect on the 
temperature since the vertical temperature gradient is small, strong fluxes of 
salinity presumably exist between layers (K. SPEER in SIEDLER and ZENK, 1992).  
Finally we point out two submesoscale pygnocline depressions (Profiles 11, 14) 
and/or three domes (Profiles 12, 13, 16, 34) which cannot be interpreted by the 
available CTD data (Fig. 17c) alone.  Perhaps RAFOS floats launched every degree of 
latitude concurrently with CTD stations along both sections, will allow a conclusive 
analysis of these dynamical signals.  Float deployment locations are summarized in 
chapter 7.2.5.

5.2.2	WATER EXCHANGE THROUGH HUNTER CHANNEL
	(T.J. MLLER, J. PTZOLD, G. SIEDLER, C. SCHMID, W. ZENK)

Under the auspices of the Deep Basin Experiment of WOCE a large fraction of 
observations has been focused on the bottom water exchange across the Rio Grande 
Ridge.  During two METEOR cruises (M 15 and M 22) we concentrated our efforts in 
close cooperation with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution primarily on the 
inflow of Weddell Sea Deep Water and of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) through Vema 
Channel (ZENK et al., 1993).  Cruise M 28/2 put special emphasis on the recovery of 
a moored current meter at the Hunter Channel, deployed in December 1992.  Logistical 
constrains (see chapter 4.2) allowed a modest extent of bathymetric work started 
jointly with the University of Bremen and the Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Bremerhaven, 
during M 15 in 1991 (K. HEIDLAND in SIEDLER and ZENK, 1992).  Fig. 20 shows the 
course of the 4000 m isobath according to a digitized chart of the South Atlantic 
(NGCD, 1993) together with CTD stations and mooring locations (H1-H6, R).  Fig. 21 
depicts a partial view of the sill region in the central Hunter Channel prepared 
from all available METEOR Hydrosweep data (M 15, M 22, M 28).

Hydrography
As in Fig. 16 CTD stations in Fig. 20 are labeled by their profile numbers (see 
chapter 7.2.1).  Fig. 22 and 23 display two hydrographic sections of deep and bottom 
water (p > 3000 dbar) distribution at Hunter Channel.  The quasi-zonal section (Fig. 
22) was obtained as a byproduct of the work on the moored current meter array.  
Unfortunately ship time did not allow for a higher spatial resolution of this 
section.  Nevertheless, previous results such as a significant through flow of 
Antarctic Bottom Water (SPEER et al., 1992) are impressively confirmed.  As in the 
survey in February 1991 (M 15) we recognize a queezing of property lines in the east 
near the bottom of Fig. 22.  Geostrophic speeds of 0 (+1 cm s-1) relative to the 
depth of the 2C (potential) temperature isoline were calculated.  Furthermore it is 
worth mentioning that in 1991 the lowest temperature above the sill at the same 
location was approximately 0.2C higher.  A similar trend towards higher bottom 
temperature at the entrance of the Brazil Basin was observed already between Lower 
Santos Plateau and Vema Channel farther to the west of Hunter Channel two years 
earlier (ZENK and HOGG, subm.).

Fig.	20:	Zoomed distributions of stations from the Hunter Channel region in the 
		center box of Fig. 16.  Isolines represent the 4000 m line as available 
		in digital form (NGDC, 1993).  Crosses denote deep CTD stations labeled 
		by their profile numbers.  Station numbers are listed in chapter 7.2.1.  
		H1-6 stands for a moored current meter array across Hunter Channel.  
		Mooring R was situated in the eastern flank of the Rio Grande Ridge.

Fig.	21:	3-dimensional representation of the Hunter Channel.  The synthesis of 
		the bathymetry was compiled according to three METEOR surveys (M 15, M 
		22, M 28) by Hydrosweep in cooperation with the University of Bremen 
		and the Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Bremerhaven (SIEDLER and ZENK, 1992).

Fig.	22a-d:	Deep CTD-section (p  3000 dbar) of the outflow of Antarctic Bottom 
		Water through the Hunter Channel.  This section 1 was obtained during the 
		recovery work on mooring sites H1-6.  Due to DVS failure no detailed 
		bathmetry between stations is available.  Note the pintching of property 
		lines on the lower right side.  These compressions represent the dynamics of 
		the bottom water flow entering the Brazil Basin.
		a)	Potential temperature (C)
		b)	Salinity (PSU)
		c)	Density sigma-4 (kg m-3) referred to 4000 dbar
		d)	Geostrophic current speed (cm/s) relative to the depth of the 2C 
			potential temperature isoline.  Negative speeds (of Antarctic Bottom 
			Water) are directed towards the North.

Fig.	23a-d:	Deep CTD-section (p  3000 dbar) of the outflow of Antarctic 
		Bottom Water just north of the Hunter Channel.  This section 2 was 
		plotted from profiles 31-22. Bathmetry between stations was measured by 
		METEOR.  The main outflow across the Hunter Sill into the Brazil Basin 
		was obtained between profiles 27, 26 and 25, 24.
		a)	Potential temperature (C)
		b)	Salinity (PSU)
		c)	Density sigma-4 (kg m-3) referred to 4000 dbar
		d)	Geostrophic current speed (cm/s) relative to the depth of the 2C 
		potential temperature isoline.  Negative speeds (of Antarctic Bottom 
		Water) are directed towards the North (Profiles 31-26) or towards the 
		East (Profiles 26-22).

The second deep hydrographic section (Fig. 23) consists of a nearly meridional 
(Profile 31-26) and a zonal part (Profile 26-22) north, respectively, east of the 
inner Hunter Channel.  It was planned according to the known bottom hydrography 
(Fig. 20), focussing on the region where the through flow of the bottom water still 
appears to be topographically constrained, but where station spacing (nominally 25 
km) allows for sufficient resolution of transport calculations.

Fig. 23 contains the actual bottom contours measured during M 28/2.  Unfortunately 
major deficits in station coverage occurred afterwards such as the deep channels (or 
blind troughs ?) between Profile 31-30 and 25-26.  Unfavourable weather conditions 
did not allow us to fill these gaps during the remaining ship time.  Apparently the 
majority of bottom water leaves the Hunter region towards the east between Profile 
25-24.  Only minor contributions at more intermediate depths (< 4000 m) are advected 
northward through Profile 27-26, which at least partially seems to recirculate 
between Profile 28-27.  During M 28/2 we have observed no significant deep northward 
flow west of Profile 29.  Such a flow has previously been suggested as part of an 
anticyclonic circulation around Rio Grande Rise (see Fig. 9 in SPEER and ZENK, 
1993).  Actually mooring R (Fig. 20) at Profile 13 (Stat. 306) had been launched in 
December 1993 with the intention to monitor this interior western boundary current.  
Results from moored current meters are shown in the following paragraph.

Moored Current Meter Array
Between 1991 and 1992 (M 15, M 22) an array of current meters had monitored deep 
advection along the western segment of the southern boundary of the Brazil Basin.  A 
joint data report by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Institut fr 
Meereskunde Kiel summarizes the obtained results (TARBELL et al., 1994).  After the 
recovery of this large array parts of it were re-moored farther to the east in the 
Hunter Channel and on the Rio Grande Ridge (Fig 24).  Data presented here are 
complimentary to the former data set from the Vema Channel and the other more 
westerly regions.  A total of 25 Aanderaa Current Meters, two 200 m long thermistor 
chains and an Acoustic Doppler Current Meter operated in seven moorings (Code H1-6 
for Hunter Channel, R for Rio Grande Rise).

Chapter 7.2.4 contains all mooring durations and locations.  The latter are also 
displayed in Figs. 20 and 21.  Locations of related CTD stations from the deployment 
(M 22) and the recovery cruises (M 28) are summarized in Table 6.  The table 
contains three different estimated depths which must be explained by the rough 
bottom topography, characteristic for the Hunter Channel (see Fig. 22).  In selected 
cases we therefore give two numbers for the vertical position of our instruments: 
Clearance from bottom and instrument depth.  The more reliable vertical distance 
relative to the surface or to the bottom is labeled by bold numbers.

Data from moored instruments were processed in the usual fashion (MOLLER, 1981). 
Problems occurred with larger numbers of Aanderaa Current Meters (RCM8): Both vector 
averaged components in slow current regimes appeared to have a stronger uncorrelated 
tendency towards zero.  In order to conserve a rough estimate of the recorded 
direction, zeros in calculated speed series were artificially set to 1 cm s-1, the 
threshold speed of the instruments.  Besides other operational details, Table 7 
displays the percentage of changed threshold values of the Aanderaa Current Meters.  
Since we were forced to shift identical instruments from the Vema to the Hunter 
regime during METEOR cruise M 22/4, time did not allow for a detailed ship borne 
analysis of the obtained data sets.  Unfortunately this did not prevent us from 
running into problems we had encountered before with vector averaging Aanderaa 
Current Meters. (TARBELL et al., 1994).

The data from the moored Acoustic Doppler Current Meter (ADCP) in H6 were downloaded 
from the instrument to a personal computer aboard METEOR.  These binary data later 
were transferred to the VAX of the Institut fr Meereskunde computer centre in Kiel, 
where they were converted into time series of MK4 and ASCII coded vertical current 
profiles.  The processing of auxiliary parameters like pitch, roll, heading and 
instrument depth followed.  The latter quantity is displayed in Figs. 25-54.  It 
represents a pseudo-pressure time series inferred from the strongest bin echo of the 
ADCP.  A detail comparison of the upper real pressure record with the calculated 
depths reveals an excellent agreement between both methods (VIESBEK and FISCHER, 
1995).

All thermistor chain data from H4 and H5 in Fig. 37 and 39 were adjusted to the 
available CTD profiles.  Since these moored instruments stopped due to a lack of 
data storage capabilities earlier then the adjacent Aanderaa Current Meters, their 
temperature time series were used as transfer standards for the recovery calibration 
checks of the thermistor chains.  The biggest problem with this calibration fine 
tuning appeared to be the determination of equal observation levels of the 
thermistor chains and the CTD profiles.  As is shown in Table 6 and Fig. 21 the 
Hunter Channel is full of strong gradients in the bottom topography.  A pre-cruise 
laboratory calibration of both thermistor chains did not deliver accuracies 
desirable and necessary for abyssal applications.

The complete set of time series of all available Aanderaa Current Meters together 
with selected ADCP data (see overview in Fig. 55) are displayed in Figs. 24-54.  
With expectation of the displayed pressure and pseudo-pressure filtered, daily 
averaged means are shown.  All progressive vector diagrams from the H-mooring are 
shown in not more then two different scales.  Thermistor chain data were shifted by 
-0.2C, referenced to the upper sensor.

Tab. 6:	Moorings with corresponding CTD stations during launch (M 22) and 
recovery cruises (M 28).

Mooring			M22				   M28				
		December 1992				May 1994				
	     Nearest CTD	Launch	Estim.	Recovery     Nearest CTD
ID	Station	Profile	Depth	Station	Depth	Station	Station	Profile	Depth
	#	#	(m)	#	#	(m)	#	#	(m)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hunter Channel									
353  H1	603	46	4031	602	4112	309	309	16	4115
354  H2	-	-	-	604	4292	313	313	18	4390
355  H3	-	-	-	605	(4436)	312	-	-	-
356  H4	608	48	4319	606	4336	318	318	20	4370
357  H5	607	47	4301	607	(4836)2)316	316	19	4235
358  H6	609	49	4326	609	4303	315	(325	24	4530)3)
Rio Grande Rise									
363  R	612	50	3806	612	3719	306	306	13	3780

Remarks:( )	Questionable data
	1)	Rough estimate. For details see cruise report M 22 by SIEDLER et al. (1993)
	2)	According to bridge log, log sheet of mooring group shows 4485 m.
	-	no CTD data available
	3)	Station downstream of Hunter array in core of bottom water

Tab. 7:	Performance of moorings in Hunter Channel (H1-6) and on Rio Grande Rise 
	 (R). RCM_ = Aanderaa Current Meter, V = current vector, T = thermistor, MAFOS 
	= sound recorder, ADCP = Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler.

Mooring		Instrument	Serial	Instr.	Clearence	Max. 	k 	Notes
#	ID	Typ		#	Depth	from		Cycles	%	
					(m)	Bottom (m)			
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
353101	H1	RCM8/VTP	8412	175			6380	0	
353102	H1	MAFOS		10	875			-	-	no data
353103	H1	RCM8/VT		8295	925			-	-	no data
353104	H1	RCM8/VT		9730	2025			6380	38.9	
353105	H1	RCM8/VT		10077	3125			6380	36.8	
353106	H1	RCM8/VT		6159	3830			6380	49.5	
353107	H1	RCM8/VT		6160	4105			6380	47.1	
354101	H2	RCM5/VTC	8365	4000			6382	32.4	
354102	H2	RCM5/VT		7624	4335			6382	16.1	
355101	H3	RCM8/VTP	9323	905			6376	20.4	Pres = no data
355102	H3	RCM8/VT		10502	2005			6376	20.3	
355103	H3	RCM8/VT		10504	3155			6376	23.7	
355104	H3	RCM5/VT		8575	4310			6304	-	Dir = no data
355105	H3	RCM5/VT		4562	4530			-	-	no data
356101	H4	RCM5/VT		4354	4100			6380	13.8	
356102	H4	Aa Recorder	1293	4102-			5180	-	
		Th Chain	1259	4302				
356103	H4	RCM5/VT		8411	4315			-	-	no data
357101	H5	RCM8/VT		9832		252		6367	13.1	
357102	H5	Aa Recorder	1294		250-50		5216	-	
		Th Chain	1960					
357103	H5	RCM8/VT		9728		15		6367	8.9	
358101	H6	ADCP		389	(4-147)			5818	-	
358102	H6	RCM8/VTC	9732	900			6357	38.5	
358103	H6	RCM8/VTC	10663	2000			6357	75.6	
358104	H6	RCM8/VTC	9313	3100			6357	53.6	
358105	H6	RCM5/VT		4563	3980			6357	-	Temp only
358106	H6	RCM5/VT		7927	4310			6357	55.0	
363101	R	RCM8/VTP	10501	3485			6308	8.2	
363102	R	RCM8/VTC	10664	3705			6308	14.2	

Fig.	24:	Typical mooring configurations of the Institut fr Meereskunde Kiel.  
		Mooring H6 is on the left side.  On the right side the thermistor chain 
		mooring H5 is displayed.

Fig.	25:	Pressure (top) and temperature times series from mooring H1 on the west 
		side of the Hunter Channel.  Only pressure data were not low-pass filtered.

Fig.	26:	Time series of zonal current components (UC) from mooring H1.

Fig.	27:	Time series of meridional current components (VC) from mooring H1.

Fig.	28:	Stick plot diagrams of current vectors from mooring H1.  North is upward.

Fig.	29:	Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring H1.  Starting 
		points are given by asterisks.  Tics separate 30 days intervals.

Fig.	30:	Times series of temperature (top), zonal current components (UC), and 
		meridional current components (VC) from mooring H2.

Fig.	31:	Stick plot diagrams of current vectors from mooring H2 (top).  North is 
		upward.  Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring H2 
		(bottom).  Tics are separated by 30 days.

Fig.	32:	Salinity (S) and temperature time series from mooring H3.

Fig.	33:	Times series of zonal current components (UC) from mooring H3.

Fig.	34:	Time series of meridional current components (VC) from mooring H3.

Fig.	35:	Stick plot diagrams of current vectors from mooring H3.  North is 
		upward.

Fig.	36:	Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring H3.  Tics separate 
		30 days intervals.

Fig.	37:	In situ temperature times series from thermistor chain mooring H4.  For 
		better readability individual temperature curves are shifted by -0.5C, 
		the uppermost curve serves as reference.  Only the current meter on the 
		top of the 200 m long thermistor chain recorded for the total mooring 
		deployment (top).  The data storage capacity of the thermistor chain 
		below expired earlier.  Gaps under the second curve stand for two 
		sensors without records.  The lower gap represents an additional sensor 
		that failed.  Temperature were adjusted to the nearest CTD station (see 
		Table 6).  Numbers on the right side indicate sensor depths.

Fig.	38:	Times series of the zonal (UC) and the meridional (VC) current 
		components together with the stick plot diagram (North is upward) from 
		mooring H4.

Fig.	39:	Preliminary temperature time series from thermistor chain mooring H5. 
		Due to extreme bottom roughness at the sill of Hunter Channel depth 
		determinations of sensors are difficult.  On the right side distances 
		from the bottom for individual sensors are displayed, which were 20 m 
		apart except for the top curve.  This contains the temperature record 
		of the upper current meter.  The data storage capacity of the 
		thermistor chain expired early.  For better readability individual 
		temperature curves are shifted by -0.5C, the uppermost curve serves as 
		graphical reference.  Gaps in the vertical stand for missing records of 
		defect sensors.

Fig.	40:	Time series of zonal (UC) and meridional (VC) current components 
		together with stick plot diagrams (North is upward) from mooring H5. 
		The interrupt in the time series of the 4240 m level is caused by 
		technical problems of the used Aanderaa Current Meter.

Fig.	41:	Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring H5.  From the 
		upper level only the first sub-series (see Fig. 40) is shown.  This 
		indicates 30 days intervals.

Fig.	42:	Temperature (top) and auxiliary parameters of the Acoustic Doppler 
		Current Profiler on the top of mooring H6.  Only the temperature time 
		series has been low-passed filtered.

Fig.	43:	Time series of zonal current components (UC) at selected depths from 
		the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler on top of the mooring H6.  Bin 
		size was 8.7 m.

Fig.	44:	Time series of meridional current components (VC) at selected depths 
		from the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler on top of mooring H6.  Bin 
		size was 8.7 m.

Fig.	45:	Uncorrected time series of vertical current components (W) at selected 
		depths as recorded by Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler on top of 
		mooring H6.  Bin size was 8.7 m.

Fig.	46:	Pseudo-pressure (PRESS) time series for the ADCP in mooring H6 as 
		inferred from the backscatter record (according to VIESBEK and FISCHER, 
		1995).  Below PRESS stick plot diagrams of ADCP current vectors at 
		selected depth above the top instrument (ADCP) of mooring H6 is 
		displayed.  North is upward.

Fig.	47:	Time series of pressure (top), salinity (S), and temperatures from 
		mooring H6.  As before all time series were low-press filtered, except 
		for pressure.

Fig.	48:	Time series of zonal current components (UC) from mooring H6.

Fig.	49:	Time series of meridional current components (VC) from mooring H6.

Fig.	50:	Stick plot diagrams of current vectors from mooring H6.  North is 
		upward.

Fig.	51:	Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring H6.  Tics indicate 
		30 days intervals.

Fig.	52:	Time series of pressure (top), salinity (S), and temperatures from 
		mooring R at the eastern flank of the Rio Grande Rise.  As before all 
		time series were low-pass filtered, except for pressure.

Fig. 	53:	Time series of zonal (UC) and meridional (VC) current components 
		together with stick plot diagrams (North is upward) from mooring R.

Fig. 	54:	Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring R.  Tics were 
		separated by 30 days.

5.3	NEAR SURFACE CIRCULATION FROM SATELLITE TRACKED DRIFTERS (W. KRAU)

During M 28/1 and M 29/2 a total of 30 satellite tracked buoys has been deployed in 
the central part of the South Atlantic in order to fill the gaps in the present 
pattern.  Fig. 56 depicts the trajectories obtained until April 30, 1994.  All 
deployments have been made from RV METEOR and RV POLARSTERN.  After completion of 
the programme in 1995, mean values of the velocity field will be assimilated into a 
numerical model in order to simulate the 3-dimensional mean circulation of the South 
Atlantic.

Fig. 	55:	Performance of moored instruments in the Hunter Channel (H1-6) and on 
		the Rio Grande Rise (R).  Temperatures are represented by light beams, 
		current vectors by black beams.  Other parameters are displayed by dark 
		beams.  More information on the individual records contains Table 7. 
		Depths in {} indicate clearance from bottom.  V=vector, C=electrical 
		conductivity, T=temperature, p=pressure, ADCP=Acoustic Doppler Current 
		Profiler.

Fig. 	56:	Trajectories of the WOCE drifting buoy data set (status: April 30, 
		1994)

5.4	GEK OBSERVATIONS (T. KNUTZ)

On both legs of M 28 the GEK system operated without any failure.  The only area the 
GEK could not be used was the eastern shelf area of Africa because of missing 
clearance.  The GEK data were sampled with 50 kHz.  Averaged data were recorded 
every minute.  Environmental data from the ship's data acquisition system DVS were 
available in two minute intervals.

There was a principal difference between both legs.  On M 28/1 the time between two 
CTD stations was in the range of 1 to 3 hours.  In contrast during M 28/2 long 
distances without interruptions could be used for continuous GEK operation.  Before 
and after each station a GEK zero control had to be done.  During this time no data 
for current interpretation could be recorded.

In a previous data interpretation the GEK data had been linked together with 
position and meteorological data from the ship's DVS system.  A course plot 
including GEK signals proportional to ocean currents has been constructed for both 
legs (Figs. 57-59).  The vectors plotted rectangular to the ship's heading are GEK 
signals in mV.  The numbers at the vectors are mean values.  The registered signals 
in the range from 0.15 to 0.8 mV represent ocean currents in the range from 0.2 to 
0.7 m/s.  An exact calculation of ocean currents from the GEK signal will be 
realized in a second step of interpretation.

The GEK signals shown in the plots are time averaged in dependence of the 
geographical scale of the plots.  In addition to the GEK signals current arrows are 
plotted within Figs. 57-59.  These current arrows were taken from the atlas, 
"Quarterly Surface Current Charts of the Atlantic Ocean" published by the 
Hydrographic Department of the Admirality (1945).  The numbers at the butts of the 
arrows give the rate in miles per day representative for three month (February, 
March, April or May, June, July).  10 miles per day represents an averaged velocity 
of 0.2 m/s.  The averaged currents described by the arrows are in the same scale as 
the GEK signals.  In all plots a good correlation between the GEK signals and global 
current field is given.  Differences can be caused by local effects as sudden wind 
changes or superimposed eddy motion.  In Fig. 57 no significant current rectangular 
to the ship's heading could be recorded.  The shown GEK signals represent currents 
in the range of 0.1 m/s.  This is in good agreement with the global current in 
direction of the ship's course.  In Fig. 58 is given a southern component by the 0.8 
mV signal in the eastern area and a northern current (0.5 mV) component in the 
western part of the course plot.  The signals plotted in Fig. 59 give a good example 
for GEK measurements as frontal zone detection system.  The measurements have been 
taken in the area of subtropical convergence (United States Naval Oceanographic 
Office (1955)) with high seasonal variability.  The reversing current as described 
by the arrows could be registrated with high geographical resolution by the GEK 
system.

In the future data processing the GEK signals will be calculated with the earth 
magnetic field and compared with meteorological observations, ship drift, ADCP data 
and CTD measurements.

Fig.	57:	GEK, 20 April -24 April 1994

Fig.	58:	GEK, 27 April - 02 May 1994

Fig.	59:	GEK, 20 May - 02 June 1994

5.5	BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY AND TAXONOMY ALONG 1130'S
	(C. ZELCK, H.-CH. JOHN)

5.5.1	QUANTITATIVE DATA

5.5.1.1. GENERAL

Microscopic analysis was possible on board for 25 NEU upper net samples and 10 
complete MCN stations from the Brazilian slope and adjacent oceanic area (see 
chapter 7.2.6).  Analysis includes quantitative extraction of taxa Gammaridea and 
Hyperiidae, Hexapoda and fish, plus a qualitative record on the coarse taxonomic 
composition of the remaining plankton.  The following chapters will exclusively 
focus on fish from the station sequence 169 - 189 (see Fig. 60).  From these 
samples, the total catch of fish amounts to 3843 specimens, and a still insufficient 
identification of 79 taxa.

5.5.1.2 TAXONOMY

From this station sequence alone, larval forms of 4 taxa appear to be undescribed, 
further 10 taxa are known to science, but are new for the team and the larval 
collection of the Zoologisches Museum Hamburg.  These species belong to the complex 
of coastal (neritic) species, which are extremely difficult to identify.  It is 
anticipated that further analysis might yield additional taxonomic findings.

5.5.1.3 CROSS-SLOPE ECOLOGICAL PATTERNS

5.5.1.3.1 ABUNDANCE PATTERNS

NEU and MCN samples provide conforming results, though there is very little overlap 
in the species composition obtained by each sampler (Scaridae type 1, parrot fish, 
making the only notable exception), and NEU samples are notorious for their diurnal 
changes in species composition (HEMPEL and WEIKERT, 1972), and catch per unit of 
effort (cpue).

Oceanic NEU samples yielded the typical pattern of higher daytime cpue (Fig. 61a; 
compare LOPES and JOHN, 1986, and literature therein), with prevailing beloniform 
taxa (flying fishes Oxyporhamphus micropterus and several species of Exocoetidae).  
Upper slope and shelf stations off northeast Brazil might prove to differ in diurnal 
periodicity and lacked the typical oceanic nighttime species of family Myctophidae 
(Myctophum nitidulum, M. affine, Centrobranchus nigroocellatus).  However, the 
latter micronektonic groups showed low abundances in off-shore waters, too.  From 
NEU samples as well as MCN (Fig. 61b, columns divided into cpue per stratum) it 
becomes apparent that upper slope waters (Sta. 169 - 174) yielded much higher cpue 
than open ocean waters.

Fig.	60:	The location of ship station nos. 165 - 189.  The consecutive series 
		are Sta. 169 (coastal) to 189 (off-shore) discussed in text.

Fig.	61:	Abundance values of fish larvae and numbers of species identified.
		Top (61a): Neustonic fish.  The shading of columns represents light 
		conditions during catch.
		Middle (61b): MCN fish larvae per step, upper part of column (light) 
		indicating upper 25 m, and lowest part (dark) 150 - 200 m.  Sta. 169 is 
		biased to low values
		Bottom (61c): Number of species per station in MCN (squares) and NEU 
		(triangles).  MCN Sta. 169 may be an underestimate.

5.5.1.3.2 DIVERSITY AND SPECIES COMPOSITION

A similar relation is revealed by the number of species identified (the MCN-values 
are likely to be underestimates due to identification problems) shown in Fig. 61c, 
neritic ecosystems being more diverse than oceanic ones.  The neustonic realm is, 
due to its environmental stress, a habitat suited only for especially adapted 
organisms (HEMPEL and WEIKERT, 1972), and has thus a lower diversity than the 
epipelagic and mesopelagic layer sampled by the MCN.  It seems to be an advection-
related ecological signal, that diversity in the MCN decreases further off-shore 
than in the NEU (see below).

A preliminary calculation of the percentages of neritic and oceanic species among 
total catch (Fig. 62) yields some differences between NEU and MCN.  For NEU there is 
a sharp decline of oceanic species from Sta. 178 - 176, while such a decline in MCN 
only amounts to some 20 % (there are less identification problems and consequently 
more precise values for oceanic elements).  On the contrary, neritic species reach 
further off-shore in MCN samples than NEU samples (the entire neritic curve in Fig. 
62b is likely to increase by some 20 % after better taxonomic analysis and inclusion 
of less conspicuous elements into the group).

The boundary between the neritic and oceanic regime was much sharper and closer to 
the shore than found for the South Brazil Current, but there too oceanic elements 
are found in shelf waters (compare ANDRES et al., 1992; ZELCK, 1993).

It is furthermore noteworthy, that species like tropical oceanic-ubiquitous 
Diogenichthys atlanticus or Vinciguerria nimbaria were expected, but in fact proved 
absent or rare off Brazil (and somewhat deeper than in the NE Atlantic).  On the 
other hand, catches of Sudis atrox, Evermanella or tuna exceeded by far previous 
catches.

5.5.1.3.3 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION AND IMPLICATION FOR CROSS-SLOPE ZONATIONS

An overall relative vertical distribution of fish larvae is given in Fig. 63.  
Generally some 50 % of all larvae were caught in the upper 50 m, and almost 
consistently some 80 % were contributed in the upper 100 m (Sta. 169 is an exception 
and biased as only half the bottom depth was sampled due to opening-closing 
problems).

As for the defined station sequence so far only about half of the samples with 
vertical resolution could be sorted, a detailed analysis on species level and 
differing individual depth preferences was hardly feasible.  Differing vertical 
patterns are exemplified by species Scaridae type I, having an extended-shallow 
pattern (Fig. 64), and an oceanic deep group.  Scaridae I occurred also in NEU 
samples seawards up to Sta. 175.  However, in the MCN this species was encountered 
regularly up to and including Sta. 180, and with a shift towards deeper occurrences 
there.  As we have a general pattern of a more restricted coastal regime in the NEU 
than in the MCN, we presume that off-shore displacement of surface plankton is 
restricted by the westward flowing South Equatorial Current, while at mid-depths an 
eastward transport (by a South Equatorial Undercurrent?) apparently takes place to 
some 120 n.m. from the shelf edge.  Nevertheless, considerable advection of oceanic 
species also occurred up to the shelf edge (Fig. 62), and perhaps at depths of 
between 50 and 200 m (Fig. 64) by along-slope currents.

Fig.	62:	The relative percentages of neritic (triangles) respectively oceanic 
		species (circles) among total catch of NEU (top) and MCN (bottom). 
		MCN-neritic values may be underestimate.

Fig.	63:	The relative vertical distribution of total fish larvae in MCN-catches 
		 (shadings as for Fig. 61b).

Fig.	64:	The relative vertical distributions of oceanic-deep species group 
		Alepisauroidei (left-hand, 7 hauls and 145 specimens) and coastal, 
		extended-shallow species Scaridae I (right-hand, 4 hauls and 300 
		specimens).  The interrupted lines connect median values.

5.5.2	THE PLANKTON MATERIAL FROM THE CENTRAL ATLANTIC TO ANGOLA:
	FINDINGS, HINTS AND EXPECTATIONS

5.5.2.1 GENERAL

It was impossible to microscopically analyze any further plankton sample.  All 
following statements are based on macroscopical investigation during preservation of 
the sample, though some individual species or specimens in question had been picked 
out for closer identification under the microscope.  Any numerical estimates may 
become void after microscopical analysis of larval numbers.  Hoping that the team 
can be maintained as it is, a thorough analysis of the entire, huge load of material 
will take about four years.  The priority to work from the Brazilian coast eastwards 
was set a long time ago.

5.5.2.2 PLANKTON BIOMASS VOLUMES AND MICRONEKTON NUMBERS

As already stated for Brazil, from Sta. 189 onwards and until having crossed the 
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, plankton biomass and numbers of adult Myctophidae remained at a 
comparatively low level.  Myctophids were mainly "slendertails" and Myctophum 
affine, considered by us as typical for the low productive central gyre zones.

Immediately after crossing the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, both values increased distinctly. 
Checking regularly adult Myctophidae (following a request of myctophid taxonomists 
demanding Lepidophanes specimens), we were able to identify and deep freeze 4 L. 
guentheri immediately after catch for genetical analysis (Sta. 242 and 247).  These 
specimens were transferred from board directly to P.A. Hulley in Cape Town.  Other 
Myctophidae (e.g. Diaphus sp.) were often identified to generic level only, as there 
was not enough time (and literature) for thorough identification.

Somewhat down current of the Dampier/Cardno Seamount group we caught a tiny but 
adult dragonet (Callionymidae, Sta. 218, 200 - 150 m).  Though not acquainted with 
this complex and difficult family, it might prove to become a new species.  At Sta. 
257 a beautiful larva of Loweina rara made a nice addition to our existing series of 
smaller larvae of this species, an amended description is in progress.

In the samples adjacent to the mentioned seamounts, plankton biomass and numbers of 
micronekton increased furthermore.  Apparently this was less a seamount effect than 
a general East Atlantic feature, as both values remained high towards the slope of 
Angola.  We estimated both figures to be two orders of magnitude higher than in the 
Brazilian off-shore area, sometimes we had problems to hose down the plankton in the 
nets.  Sta. 264 yielded high numbers of transforming V. nimbaria and will perhaps 
reveal even higher larval numbers.  While high numbers of myctophids occurred until 
the very last and shallow station (Sta. 290) above the Angola shelf edge, plankton 
volumes decreased distinctly at stations 289 and 290.  Angolan ichthyoplankton 
obtained a neritic characteristic (larvae of Serranidae, Scorpaenidae and Carangidae 
becoming abundant) from Sta. 285 onwards.  These stations seemed to differ also in 
vertical distribution, as plankton biomasses decreased sharply below 50 in depth, 
conforming with sharp density gradients below 30 m.

5.5.2.3 THE JUVENILE LIFE STAGE OF BATHYLAGUS ARGYROGASTER

Exciting results yielded Sta. 283.  The MCN caught 3 juvenile specimens of 
Bathylagus argyrogaster (deep-sea smelt) at depths 150 - 100 m, 50 - 25 m, and 25 - 
0 m.  They were coloured unlike larvae or adults, but like typical epipelagic 
species, with blue dorsum and silver ventral side.  According to literature the 
dorsal colour of adults is black or brown (BLACHE, 1964; NORMAN, 1930).  The species 
is generally considered to be endemic of the Gulf of Guinea and bathypelagic 
(BLACHE, 1964), but KOBYLYANSKIY (1985) stated a mesopelagic range.  BLACHE (1964) 
provided evidence that juveniles might have a shallower distribution than adults.  
Larvae have been described on the basis of METEOR material (HERMES and OLIVAR, 
1987), and are known to be swept with the NE Atlantic Upwelling Undercurrent up to 
Cape Blanc.  Three larvae have been reported from off Namibia (HERMES and OLIVAR, 
1987), and at least one additional larger South Atlantic larva was caught now at M 
28, Sta. 283.  In the mean time we learned, that larvae are stenobathic 60 - 90 in, 
and follow deflections of the undercurrent caused by gyres like the Guinea Dome or 
the Mauritanian Central Gyre (own, unpublished data).  We think this new finding 
might be connected with the Angola Dome plus the southward undercurrent, and it will 
shed new light upon a previously unknown epipelagic life stage of this otherwise 
deep-sea species.

5.6	ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY ALONG 1130S 
	(J. BRINKMANN, G. SCHEBESKE)

Although needed for a better understanding of the atmosphere as well as input 
information for different theoretical models (for example on cloud formation and 
radiation balance) the amount of data on marine aerosol is very crude.

During M 28/1 measurements of different physical and chemical properties of the 
marine atmosphere have been carried out.  Furthermore investigations of the oceanic 
surface layer had been made.  These measurements have to be seen in comparison to 
previous measurements made during the last few years in other areas of the Atlantic 
Ocean.

As we did not have any permission to work within the 200 sm-zone off-shore from the 
Brazilian coast our measurements began on April 6, after having left that zone and 
were finished on May 6, near the Angolan coast.

The preliminary conclusions are described below:

1	Two optical particle counters in combination with a diffusion box and two 
impactors were used to measure the number size distribution of the marine aerosol 
particles in the size range of 0.002 micrometer to about 50 micrometer radius.  
Initial results show relatively homogeneous concentrations during most of the time 
of the cruise.  First investigations of our data in the lower particle size range 
are shown in Fig. 65.  The spectrum is an average of all the measurements done 
during the cruise in that particular range of particle size.  In correspondence with 
the model distribution of marine aerosole (JAENICKE, 1987) the spectrum is of 
bimodal nature.  The absolute values of our mean size distribution have to be 
validated in further tests.  However, the shift of both of the models seems to be of 
special interest.  This phenomenon will be investigated in detail in future 
examination of our data.

The particles in the super micrometer range show a clear diel behaviour with higher 
concentrations during the night.

A noticeable increase in the concentrations measured next to the coast took place 
very late, i.e. about 500 km off-shore, which is probably due to the southerly winds 
next to the African coast.  We also observed a slight rise in the aerosol particle 
concentration while crossing the shipping route South Africa - Europe.

Besides these effects we also found an increase in the concentration in the upper 
size range of the particles from April 27 to April 28.  Comparing Fig. 66a and 66b 
it can be seen that there had been a doubling of particle concentration in both of 
the two channels measuring the bigger particles while the channel counting the small 
ones remained indicating a relatively constant number concentration.  This effect 
took place when we had a slight change in the weather conditions: The sky became 
more cloudy, the wind strengthened.  So reasons might be the minor convection and an 
enhanced production of big particles due to the wind.  Examinations of the filter 
samples will give more information of the nature of these additional particles.

2	Soot is a very effective absorber and thus of great importance for the 
radiation balance of the atmosphere.  Nevertheless the amount of particulate carbon 
in an unpolluted area is poorly known, although recently some measurements have been 
made.  We measured articulate carbon measured in various ways.  Different sets of 
filters will be analyzed with optical and pyrolytic methods in order to get some 
information on the total and the black carbon.  First investigations of the deposits 
on the filters, i.e. the degree of greyish-ness, showed an obvious dependence from 
the distance to the coast.  The filters will also be used to compare the different 
analytical methods because up to now there is no standardized procedure for 
determining particulate carbon in the atmosphere.

3	During the period given above we sampled aerosol particles daily in three size 
classes by means of two different impactors.  These specimens will be analyzed by 
energy dispersive

X-ray analysis and a protein dye technique in order to determine the amount of 
biological or biologically contaminated particles.  The analysis can not be done on 
board in detail but, as expected, the relative amount of soil derived particles 
seems to be distinctly higher in front of the Angolan coast than in the middle of 
the South Atlantic.

Analogous investigations had been made with samples got on two previous cruises 
showing differing results.  At the moment we cannot explain this behaviour but 
hopefully these new measurements give some further information.  The differences 
might be due to dimethylsulfide.

4	Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is unstable in air and oxidizes to sulfate to form 
particles.  So it is of some interest to correlate DMS with the total particle 
concentration as well as with the particles of biological origin.  DMS in air has 
been sampled and analyzed automatically.  During the cruise 1400 samples have been 
analyzed.  The concentration was between 150 ng and 400 ng per cubic meter air.  It 
was found a slight increase in the concentration while approaching the African 
coast.  The diurnal course of DMS with an afternoon minimum could be confirmed.

5	DMS in ocean water was sampled by means of a membrane pump four times a day at 
00, 06, 12, and 18 local time. All together 120 samples were analyzed. The water 
contained between 120 ng and 480 ng DMS per liter. We also found a slight increase 
while getting closer to the Angolan coast.

6	The above mentioned samples had been analyzed for chlorophyll and phaeophytin, 
too.  Because there had been no way to calibrate the measurements on board the 
absolute amounts can not given here but will follow.  An increase of the measured 
signal of chlorophyll concentration in oceanic water increased parallel with the 
atmospheric DMS.

Fig.	65:	Marine aerosole; number size distribution of aerosol particles; symboles: 
		Mean distribution, measured during M 28/1, South Atlantic; solid line: 
		Model distribution, calculated by means of the parameters and equations 
		given in JAENICKE, 1987.

Fig.	66:	Number concentration of aerosol particles in different size ranges, 10 
		min. means, measured during M 28/1;
		a) April 27, 1994;
		b) April 28, 1994.

5.7	RADIATIVE PHYSICS (W. EMERY, M. SUAREZ)

The world's ocean serve as an vast reservoir of heat in the ocean/atmosphere engine.  
For this reason, it is impossible to accurately model global climate without first 
understanding the heat exchanges between the ocean and atmosphere.  Since the advent 
of weather satellites, scientists have been allowed to gather data from around the 
world in a matter of hours or days.  One of the key quantities measured in this 
fashion is global sea surface temperature (SST).

In the past, satellite radiometric measurements have been calibrated using SST 
measurements taken from drifting buoys or ships which is not physically correct.  
These methods measure the temperature of the seawater at a depth of a meter or more, 
that is, bulk temperature.  Satellites, however, only measure the radiation emitted 
from the upper few microns, or skin temperature.  Due to the latent heat released by 
evaporation, sensible heat and the net long wave radiative emission, the skin 
temperature is generally cooler than the bulk temperature.  It is possible though, 
during periods of high wind or strong solar insulation, that the skin may be of the 
same or higher temperature than the water below.  The difference between the bulk 
and skin temperatures can occasionally be as large as 1C or more (SCHLUESSEL et 
al., 1990; WICK et al., 1992).  While this difference may seem negligible, ROBINSON 
et al. (1984) suggests that an accuracy of 0.2C is necessary for satellite 
measurements to be useful in global climate prediction.  For this reason a more 
accurate, radiometric method of sea surface temperature calibration has been 
developed.

As part of M 28/2 we employed a prototype multi-channel infrared sea-truth 
calibration radiometer (MISTRC) designed and built by OPHIR Corp., Littleton, 
Colorado.  The experimental set up was patterned after a system developed by 
scientists in Hamburg and Kiel, Germany.  Key aspects of the system include a bucket 
of continuously circulating ocean water which serves as a continuous calibration 
reference, and that the radiometer views the ocean at approximately the Brewster 
angle in order to minimize reflected radiation.

The radiometer has two independent optical trains, one operating in the short wave 
infrared (IR) and one operating in the thermal IR.  The short wave head has filters 
at 3.7 and 4.0 m and additional vertically polarized filters to further suppress 
the effects of reflected radiation.  In the long wave region, the MISTRC has filters 
at 10.8 and 11.8 m which are closer to the standard Barnes PRT-5 and Heimann KT-19 
radiometers.  These wave lengths are also similar to those on the advanced very high 
resolution radiometer (AVHRR) flying on the NOAA satellites and the along track 
scanning radiometer (ATSR) flying aboard ERS-1.

In addition to using the radiometric SST measurements to calibrate space borne 
radiometers, these measurements also give the opportunity to study the bulk-skin 
temperature difference.  By understanding this difference, it may be possible to 
determine the bulk temperature from satellite measured skin temperature, or 
alternately to predict the temperatures calculated from satellites based on bulk 
measurements.

In order to help better our understanding of the temperature difference and the heat 
fluxes involved, an entire suite of atmospheric, oceanographic and radiometric 
measurements are taken.  Atmospheric variables include dry and wet bulb temperature, 
pressure and surface wind as well as the profiles taken by radiosonde balloons.  The 
primary oceanographic variable used is the bulk temperature from the hull mounted 
sensors and the thermosalinograph, however salinity and temperature profiles are 
also taken for their importance in upper ocean stability.  Upward looking 
pyranometers and pyrgeometers are used to measure the down-welling solar and 
terrestrial irradiance.

Preliminary results from the first eight days of system operation are shown in Figs. 
67-70 in the form of four bi-daily time series plots.  The Julian day, 138 
corresponds to May 18, 1994 and so forth.  On each page, the top plot is of the 
bulk-skin temperature deviation using the short wave polarized radiometer channels, 
the middle plot is of surface wind speed and the bottom plot is of down-welling 
solar irradiance.

Important things to note are that the surface temperature deviation is generally 
positive, that is, the skin temperature is cooler than the bulk temperature.  Also 
note that this difference changes sign (i.e., a warm skin) during periods of intense 
insulation.  A notable exception to the latter is at the beginning of Julian day 
141, May 21, when the temperature deviation dips below zero shortly after midnight.  
This dip corresponds with a large wind event which may have disturbed the skin 
layer.  Whether this was, in fact, the case or whether the wind simply caused an 
inaccuracy in the calibration is difficult to say, but this behavior is not typical.  
Towards the end of day 144, May 24, the data begins to behave poorly.  This was 
approximately the time we began having mechanical and electrical problems with our 
data.

Fig.	67:	Plots of bi-daily time series of radiative parameters. On top bulk-skin 
		temperature deviations using the short wave polarized radiometer 
		channels (3,7 and 4,0 m) are displayed. The middle part contains wind 
		speed. The lower plot shows down-welling solar irradiance.

Fig.	68:	Plots of bi-daily time series of radiative parameters. On top bulk-skin 
		temperature deviations using the short wave polarized radiometer 
		channels (3,7 and 4,0 m) are displayed. The middle part contains wind 
		speed. The lower plot shows down-welling solar irradiance.

Fig.	69:	Plots of bi-daily time series of radiative parameters. On top bulk-skin 
		temperature deviations using the short wave polarized radiometer 
		channels (3,7 and 4,0 m) are displayed. The middle part contains wind 
		speed. The lower plot shows down-welling solar irradiance.

Fig.	70:	Plots of bi-daily time series of radiative parameters. On top bulk-skin 
		temperature deviations using the short wave polarized radiometer 
		channels (3,7 and 4,0 m) are displayed. The middle part contains wind 
		speed. The lower plot shows down-welling solar irradiance.

For the last two weeks of M 28/2, the preliminary results of our data do not look 
good.  Unfortunately, this is often the case with prototypical instruments.  Our 
radiometer is currently back home at OPHIR for post-cruise inspection and 
recalibration.  It is hoped that with the help of the scientists and technicians at 
OPHIR we may be able to salvage data from the final two weeks.  It should be duly 
noted that this was the second experiment using the MISTRC radiometer and on its 
first voyage it performed flawlessly.  Every time radiometric SST measurements are 
made, it adds to the wealth of knowledge about bulk-skin temperature deviation and 
improves the foundation for further research.

5.8 	MARINE GEOLOGY (R. CORDES, J. FUNK)

Sediment and water samples have been taken during the M28/2 (see chapter 7.2.7) on a 
section across the subtropical South Atlantic (Angola Basin, Brazil Basin, Hunter 
Channel and Argentine Basin).

On 22 stations a minicorer was used to sample the sediment surface.  The corer (Fig. 
71) works similar to the multicorer which was successfully used on a number of 
cruises before.  The minicorer, however, only has four tubes and is of low weight so 
that it is possible to use it below a CTD probe.  The big advantage is only to need 
a few minutes extra time per station to get a deep water profile in combination with 
sediment samples from the uppermost 10 - 30 cm of the underlying sediments at the 
same time.

The aim of the geological sampling during leg 2 was to obtain core material and 
water samples for paleo-oceanographic studies from the last glacial to recent times.  
The studies are carried out within the framework of the "Sonderforschungsbereich 
261" at the Department of Geosciences of the University of Bremen.

On the water samples, stable oxygen isotopes, isotope composition of CO2 and 
nutrients will be measured to improve the GEOSECS-data set (Geochemical Ocean 
Section Study) of the Atlantic and to investigate the relationship between nutrients 
and the 12C/13C-ratio.

Fig.	71:	Scheme of the minicorer. It is fixed by a 10 in rope below the rosette. 
		As the outrigger of the main crane is not high enough, it has to be 
		fixed to an auxiliary crane by an additional rope. It is brought out 
		before the rosette, the auxiliary rope is unhooked and fixed to the 
		rosette as soon as the 10 m main rope comes tight. It is recovered the 
		reversed way. Bringing out and recovering the rosette with the 
		minicorer using the auxiliary crane takes about 10 minutes additional 
		time per sampling station compared to the rosette without minicorer.

5.8.1	SEDIMENT SAMPLING

The four tubes of the minicorer were sampled as follows:
First tube: The uppermost 5 cm were cut in 1 cm thick slices, which were filled in 
Kautex-bottles and than preserved with Rose Bengal.  Below that depth each 5 cm a 
one 1 cm thick slice was taken and filled up unpreserved.  These samples will be 
used to determine the foraminiferal assemblage and the stable oxygen and carbon 
isotope-composition of the foraminifera.

Second tube: These samples were completely frozen up.  Diatom and radiolaria 
assembleges will be studied on the sediment.

Third tube: Here also the uppermost 5 cm were cut in 1 cm slices.  Each was filled 
into a petridish and then frozen to -20C.  The C/N-ratio of the organic material 
will be measured on these samples.

Fourth tube: This tube was completely frozen for the archives.

5.8.2	WATER SAMPLING

The water samples were taken with a CTD-rosette including 24 Niskin bottles (10 l) 
which were closed at different water depths.

All water samples will be analyzed for the stable oxygen isotopes composition of the 
water and 13C/12C -ratio of the total-CO2.  Besides measurements of nutrients are planned, 
to study the coupling between the 13C/12C-ratio of the total-CO2 and the nutrients.

For the measurement of 13C/12C-ratio the water was carefully filled into 250 ml glass 
bottles to avoid contamination with air, and immediately poisoned with 1 ml of a 
saturated HgCl2 solution.  Later the bottle was sealed air tight with wax and stored 
in the cooling storage at 4C.  The samples for the measurement 18O/16O-ratio were 
prepared in the same way but were not poisoned.  Both samples were returned to the 
laboratory at the Department of Geosciences at Bremen for further preparation.

Samples for nutrient measurements were taken twice from each depth to test different 
preservation methods. The water was filled into 10 ml scintillation bowls. One 
series was frozen to -20C the other one was poisoned with HgCl2 and stored at 4C.  
Both series were returned to the Department of Geosciences at Bremen and will be 
analyzed there.

5.9	ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (R. RIEGER, M. SCHNEIDER, K. BALLSCHMITER)

5.9.1	COMPOUNDS OF INTEREST

Chlorinated paraffins (CP) are known as complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-
alkanes, which are characterized by the chain length of the food stocks and the 
grade of chlorination.  These compounds are synthesized in industrial scale (100000 
t/year Europe) for various products, i.e. lubricants, plasticizers and fire 
retardants.  Thus a significant input into the environment occurs.  Due to the high 
stability of CP under environmental conditions they are not biodegradable but 
persistent.  Only less data is available about the global occurrence and 
distribution of CP.  In sewage sludge of different European cities CP levels are 
known in the g/kg range and in the ng/l range in the South Atlantic.  This project 
aimed at the confirmation of the occurrence of CP in the marine environment of the 
South Atlantic.  Furthermore a temporary change in the level and/or pattern of CP 
might be determined.

Alkyl nitrates are, besides the more investigated molecules ozone and peroxyacetyl 
nitrate, components of the photochemical smog.  Their atmospheric occurrence is 
related to the photo oxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons and the 
steady increase in NOX emission.  The atmospheric life times are in the range of 
some weeks and allow therefore a long range transport to the unpolluted marine 
troposphere.  Only little information is available about levels and pattern of alkyl 
nitrates in the South Atlantic region in relation of anthropogenic and biogenic 
hydrocarbon sources.  Due to the relative high hydrolytic resistance of alkyl 
nitrates samples of surface water and water from the micro layer have been taken to 
investigate the distribution to these compartments.  The micro layer possesses in 
order to higher temperatures increased activity of marine micro organisms.  Biotic 
transformation of alkyl nitrates could be possibly seen by determining the 
enantiomeric ratios of chiral alkyl nitrates.

Furthermore the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been analyzed as well as which 
serve as trace components.

5.9.2	SAMPLING METHODS

5.9.2.1 SAMPLING OF SURFACE SEAWATER

For sampling of surface seawater a solid phase extraction technique was employed 
which enables sampling of volumes up to 1000 liters.  Surface seawater was provided 
by a bulk water inlet at the bow of the ship, two meters below the sea surface, and 
was served directly by a water tap in the laboratory.  The seawater sampling 
apparatus consisted of two glass cartridges with a volume of 200 ml which were 
connected to the seawater tap.  For solid phase extraction various polymeric 
materials are available which are appropriate to the sampling of the different 
molecules.  Chlorinated paraffins were extracted on "Amberlite XAD-2", a cross-
linked styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer with slight polar properties suitable for 
sampling chlorinated paraffins showing the same attributes.  Alkyl nitrates contain 
more polarity and therefore "Amberlite XAD-7", an acryl ester polymer with medium 
polarity, has to be used.

The cartridges were packed with 90 g of XAD-2 or XAD-7 respectively, conditioned 
with 4 liters of seawater and spiked for quantification with internal standards 
(1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptachloro propane, epsilon-hexachloro cyclo-hexane and tetrachloro 
naphthalene).  A flow rate of approximately 400 ml per minute lead to sampling 
volumes of 300 to 550 liters which were determined by a water gauge.  The first 
cartridge performs the sampling part, while the second should indicate the break 
through of the compounds.  To exclude any contamination of the ship, no water 
samples were taken during stops.  The essential blank tests were also carried out by 
performing the same procedures with an XAD cartridge (filling, conditioning, spiking 
with internal standard) except sampling, Chapter 7.2.8 and 7.2.9 schedules the 
sampling positions, dates and volumes for precise sample characterization.

5.9.2.2 SAMPLING OF SURFACE MICRO LAYER

The surface micro layer is known for its ability to concentrate natural and man-made 
compounds, like hydrocarbons or pesticides, compared to the bulk water below the 
surface.  The thickness of the sampled micro layer is about 30 m.  Several methods 
of sampling this particular layer were developed.  In this study a simple screen 
technique (GARRET, 1965) was used.  A rectangular steel framed screen (16-mesh) is 
lowered vertically into the water, oriented horizontally and raised through the 
micro layer yielding app. 50 ml of film water which is drained through an outlet 
tubing.  Sampling was carried out on weather side of a rubber raft which cruised at 
least 100 m away from the vessel to minimize any contamination.  A four liter sample 
was taken at every site which was extracted twice by a liquid phase extraction with 
50 ml hexane (nanograde) using a high speed stirring device.  In total 12 samples of 
micro layer were taken at 11 sampling sites (chapter 7.2.10).

5.9.2.3 HIGH VOLUME AIR SAMPLING

High volume air sampling was performed using two High Volume Samplers (Strhlein), 
which were placed on the upper deck of the ship.

Air is sucked through an adsorbent bed where the components of interest are trapped.  
Activated silica gel or a mixture of charcoal and silica gel were used for the 
sampling of CP.  In case of alkyl nitrate sampling silica gel covered with 10% 
ethylene glycol is known to be effective.  The volume of a single air sample ranged 
from 300 -1200 m3.  After sampling the material was sealed in glass flasks to avoid 
any contamination.  Sampling efficiency is controlled by internal standard 
compounds, which are spiked in a well known amount.  In total 44 air samples has 
been taken.  Chapter 7.2.11 outlines the specific sampling data of the individual 
air samples.

5.9.2.4 LOW VOLUME SAMPLING

The above described high volume sampling technique is only useful in the 
investigation of low volatile compounds such as chlorinated paraffins and alkyl 
nitrates with at least eight carbon atoms.  Alkyl nitrates smaller than octyl 
nitrates cannot be retained quantitatively on the silica gel bed if amounts of 
approximately 300,000 liters of air are sampled.  This is due to a general decrease 
in the break through volume with increasing volatility of the different compounds.  
The volatilities of methyl nitrate (C-1) up to heptyl nitrates (C-7) are in the 
range of dichloro methane and tetrachloro ethanes respectively.  Low volume sampling 
technique of these compounds on a Tenax adsorption phase (phenylether polymer) is 
useful.  The Tenax adsorption bed is packed in glass tubes (length 15 cm, inner 
diameter 0.4 mm).  To avoid contamination during the transport and storage before 
sampling, the tubes were sealed by melting them in a second glass tube.  On sampling 
date the outer tube is cracked with a glass cutter and the sampling tube is 
connected to a small air sampling pump.  Diurnal volumes of 30 - 70 liters of air 
have been taken (see chapter 7.2.12).  Air volumes were directly measured by 
connecting the outlet of the sampling pump with a gas counter.  After sampling the 
tubes have been immediately resealed.  The sampling efficiency can be proved, 
because most samples are taken using two Tenax glass tubes in a row.  The first tube 
represents the sample while the second will show a possible break through.  Moreover 
blanks of this sampling technique will be checked.  Therefore two Tenax tubes were 
opened on the ship and sealed afterwards without sampling.  On M 28/2 twenty one low 
volume air samples have been taken.  Explicit sample characterization (position, 
date, volumes) is depicted in chapter 7.2.12.  Sampling locations are displayed in 
Fig. 72.

Fig.	72:	Locations of environmental chemistry samples

5.9.3	ANALYTICAL METHODS

All samples were spiked with internal standards, sealed and carried to Germany. 
Organic trace analysis requires high sensitive instrumentation (e.g. mass 
spectrometer) and the exclusion of any sample contamination.  Several control 
samples (blanks) document the background level.  Thus sample preparation and 
analysis were not carried out on METEOR but at the University of Ulm under 
controlled background conditions (clean benches).

In cases of High Volume Air Sampling and Surface Seawater Sampling the adsorbents 
are eluted by organic solvents, cleaned-up and concentrated to a volume of 100 - 500 
l prior to analytical measurement.  For analysis high resolution gas chromatography 
with electron capture detection (HRGC-ECD) and mass selective detection (HRGC-MSD) 
were applied.  The sensitive detection of CP in negative chemical ionization mass 
spectrometry (NCI-MS) opens a classification into short-chain, intermediate and 
long-chain CP which gives more detailed information about the composition of a 
particular CP mixture.

Analysis of alkyl nitrates in high volume air samples required high pre-
concentration of the eluted samples.  A new liquid chromatographic separation 
procedure has been developed using silica gel with defined activity and 
chromatographic solvent fractions of different polarity.  This improved the 
detection limit by the separation of disturbing components before gas 
chromatographic analysis.

The low volume air samples are analyzed using gas chromatographic separation with 
electron capture detection (ECD).  The adsorbed molecules are not eluted from the 
Tenax material with a solvent.  Due to their high volatility the glass tube is 
directly fitted into a special injector port of the gas chromatograph.  Thermal 
desorption is carried out by heating the glass tube quickly up to 250C.  At the 
entrance of the chromatographic column the desorbed molecules are cold trapped with 
liquid nitrogen to enable a synchron starting of the separation.  After separation, 
compound identification and quantification is carried out by comparison with 
reference compounds and internal calibration.

5.9.4	PRELIMINARY RESULTS

5.9.4.1 CHLORINATED PARAFFINS

Chlorinated paraffins were detected in all seawater samples and surface micro layer 
samples in ng/l concentrations, whereas in air samples CP were not detectable.

In seawater the total CP concentration varied between 0.5 ng/l and 10 ng/l.  Short-
chain CP ranged from 0.1 ng/l to 4.8 ng/l at a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.1 
ng/l.  Levels of intermediate CP were between 0.5 ng/l and 5.0 ng/l at a LOQ of 0.5 
ng/l whereas long-chain CP were not detected at a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 
ng/l (Fig. 73).

Acceptable recoveries of the internal standards and traces of short-chain and 
intermediate CP in the break through samples document good sampling efficiencies.

The course of short-chain and intermediate CP levels displays a ground level in the 
low ng/l range.  The increased levels of sample W3 (21S/0E) and sample W11 
(35S/40W) are effected by the South Equatorial Current and the Brazil Current gyre 
respectively.  Sample W11 is influenced by effluents from the Rio de La Plata which 
are transported north-easterly by the Brazil Current gyre.

The surface micro layer indicated total CP concentrations between 100 and 650 ng/l.  
Levels of short-chain CP ranged from 50 ng/l to 200 ng/l and intermediate CP from 75 
to 500 ng/l at LOQ of 20 ng/l and 50 ng/l respectively (Fig. 74).  Furthermore 
traces of long-chain CP were detected due to the effective accumulation of 
hydrophobic compounds by the micro layer which is in this case equivalent to a 
concentration factor of 100 compared with seawater.  The course of CP levels in the 
micro layer is consistent to seawater and emphasizes the slightly increased levels 
at 15W and 27W.  The ratio short-/intermediate CP however is different due to 
increased enrichment of more lipophilic intermediate and long-chain CP by the micro 
layer.  Air samples of the lower troposphere were also investigated for chlorinated 
paraffins using the same analytical methods.  At a limit of detection of 0.1 ng/m3 
CP were not detected in any air sample.  This fact is emphasized by calculating an 
expected concentration in air using the known seawater concentrations and the gas -
water-distribution-coefficient (Kgw) derived from water solubility and vapor 
pressure.  The expected concentrations in air are significantly below the limit of 
detection.

These data confirm the occurrence of short-chain, intermediate and long-chain 
chlorinated paraffins in the hydrosphere of the South Atlantic ocean, which had been 
reported by KRAMER and BALLSCHMITER (1987), and document the global distribution of 
these anthropogenic compounds.  These results also support the theory that 
chlorinated paraffins are mainly transported via hydrosphere primarily adsorbed on 
organic particulate matter rather than via atmosphere.

Fig.	73:	Levels of chlorinated paraffin in surface seawater

Fig.	74:	Levels of chlorinated paraffin in the micro layer

5.9.4.2 ALKYL NITRATES IN AIR SAMPLES

Alkyl nitrates could be analyzed on Tenax as well as in high volume samples.  In 
case of the low volume samples we detected the spectrum of methyl nitrate (C1) up to 
C6-nitrates (2M3C5, 2M4C5, 3C6, 2C6).  In IUPAC nomenclature the nitrate group is 
called "nitroxy" group.  For peak labeling we used here a much more simpler and in 
case of mono-functional nitrates already conventional nomenclature.  The longest 
alkyl chain is taken for the skeleton of the molecule (e.g. C7 means longest chain 
has seven C-atoms).  In case of branched alkyl nitrates the alkyl side chains 
possess higher priorities than the nitroxy group, what implies that the alkyl side 
chains receive the smaller numbers.  This is important because alkyl nitrates are 
formed via photo-oxidation from hydrocarbons and so the hydrocarbon skeletons can be 
compared.  If the nitroxy group would have the higher priority same alkyl skeletons 
would be named different.  A general example is 2,4M5C7 what indicates a heptyl 
chain with to methyl groups at the 2 and 4 position and the nitroxy group at the 5 
position.

Figure 75 depicts the separation of a 52.2 liter low volume air sample (LOW15) with 
high resolution gas chromatography and electron capture detection (HRGC-ECD) after 
thermal desorption from the Tenax material.  The detected alkyl nitrate peaks are 
marked by asterisks and painted black.  Beside the alkyl nitrates we determined high 
volatile halogenated hydrocarbons especially tetrachloro methane, tetrachloro 
ethylene and bromoform.  Following table explains the abbreviations used in Figure 
75 for halogenated hydrocarbons.

CH2BrCl		Bromo-chloro methane
CHCl3		Chloroform
111TCE		111-Trichloro ethane
CC14		carbon tetrachloride
Tri		Trichloro ethylene
CHBrCl2		Bromo-dichloro methane
Per		Tetrachloro ethylene
CHBr2Cl		Dibromo-chloro methane
CHBr3		Bromoform
TCP (Int.St.)	123Trichloro propane (internal standard)
PCE		Pentachloro ethane
HCE 		Hexachloro ethane

Nevertheless the sample includes several unknown components predominantly in the 
medium volatile region (C6 - C8 nitrates).  In case of an immense increase in the 
complexity of possible branched alkyl nitrates, reference compounds have to be 
synthesized for further identification.

The analysis of the high volume samples required intense effort in pre-separation 
before a possible gas chromatographic analysis of alkyl nitrates.  Figure 76 
exhibits an excellent high resolution gas chromatogram with mostly alkyl nitrates.  
We detected alkyl nitrates from C-6 up to C-14 with the typical separation pattern 
deriving from the n-alkanes, e.g. all n-nonyl nitrates are present in their correct 
relative concentrations.  We obtained a maximum at C-11 nitrates.  Interpretation of 
this result is yet very difficult.  Detailed results are potential if the separation 
technique of C-15 - C-25 alkyl nitrates can be improved.

It must be noted that Figure 76 only depicts a fraction of the high volume air 
sample.  The whole air sample consists of a very complex composition.  Gas 
chromatographic analysis without pre-separation would lead to no quantitative 
determination of alkyl nitrates.  Furthermore we could prove that also the branched 
alkyl nitrates are present in this fraction.  Hence, several of the unlabeled peaks 
should represent branched alkyl nitrates.

Alkyl nitrates are not commercially available, therefore nearly all compounds have 
to be synthesized and reference standards have to be prepared for quantitative 
analysis.  First quantitative estimations can be made.  The concentrations of high 
volatile alkyl nitrates (low volume sampling) range in the medium to upper pg/m3, 
while the long-chain alkyl nitrates are present in the lower pg/m3 region.  The much 
higher concentrations of short-chain alkyl nitrates are conform with present 
results.  Only high volume sampling makes the detection of long-chain alkyl nitrates 
possible, because it involves an enrichment factor of approximately 100 relative to 
the low volume sampling technique.  Figure 75 shows the whole low volume air sample 
(52.21), while Figure 76 represents an aliquot of 5,800 l of the sampled 975,000 l 
air.  These first results hint to further conclusions of global distribution or 
formation of alkyl nitrates in "unpolluted" air masses of the southern hemisphere.

Fig.	75:	HRGC/ECD: Alkyl nitrates in a low volume air sample (LOW 15; aliquot 
		52.2 1)

5.9.4.3 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB)

All seawater and micro layer samples were investigated for a set of 12 PCB; 
congeners (PCB 28, PCB 49, PCB 52, PCB; 87, PCB; 101, PCB 110, PCB, 118, PCB 138, 
PCB 149, PCB 151, PCB 153, PCB 180) which serve as trace components for 
environmental distribution effects.

The total PCB level as the sum of 12 congeners in the seawater ranged between 60 
pg/l and 140 g/l which documents a very low background level in the South Atlantic.  
However a significant elevated PCB burden was observed in sample W11 (35S/40W) due 
to the input from Rio de la Plata by the Brazil Current gyre.  The micro layer again 
performs a concentration effect resulting in PCB; levels between 2,800 pg/l and 
5,000 pg/l.  Slightly increased levels at 15W and 27W are consistent to CP levels 
at these positions (Figs. 77-78).

The composition of the PCB patterns in seawater and micro layer are very similar and 
correspond to a mixture of low chlorinated and high chlorinated technical PCB.  The 
increase of highly chlorinated PCB congeners in sample W11 hints to an input from 
the hydrosphere (Rio de La Plata, Brazil Current gyre).

Furthermore other organohalogen compounds of anthropogenic and biogenic origin were 
also detected and are under further investigation.

Fig.	76:	HRGC/ECD: Alkyl nitrates in a high volume air sample (Lp2; aliquot 
		5,800 1)

Fig.	77:	Level of total-12 PCB in surface seawater

Fig.	78:	Level of total-12 PCB in surface micro layer

6 	SHIP'S METEOROLOGICAL STATION (K. FLECHSENHAR)

6.1 	WEATHER AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING LEG M 28/1

METEOR left the northeast Brazilian harbor Recife on March 29, 1994, steered south 
to southeastward doing station operations in coastal waters and reached the position 
1120S/34W, which is the starting point of the projected WOCE section, on April 4.  
From this position on it was to steer exactly east, doing all projected station 
operations on the same latitude.  On April 4, the longitude 30W was crossed.

Until April 9, METEOR sailed through the region of weak pressure gradients, which 
lies between the subtropical South Atlantic high centered at 28S/5W and the 
equatorial low pressure zone.  The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITC) was placed 
in the western Atlantic just north of the equator and curved eastward up to 15N 
over Central Africa.  Just south of the equator weak tropical disturbances moved 
westward, which could be noticed by some short showers near METEOR.  Here weak 
easterly winds were dominating, height of swell 1.5 to 2 m.

From April 10 on, the eastsoutheasterly winds increased up to Bft 5, temporarily 6 
at the northern parts of the above mentioned high, swell 2 to -3 in.  On April 13, 
20W and on April 19, 10W was passed with east to southeast winds of 4 to 5 Bft and 
2.5 m swell.  On April 26, the Meridian 0 was crossed with southeast winds of 3 to 4 
Bft and a long swell of about 3 in from the southeast.  On May 2, METEOR passed the 
Meridian 10E.  Here the wind veered south to southwest and decreased, caused by a 
stationary low over the Congo Basin.  The swell decreased to 1 m.  On May 4, 1120 S 
was left at 13E in the coastal waters of Angola for the first time.  Until May 7, 
METEOR cruised near the coast of Angola doing station operations and then started 
her voyage down to Walvis Bay, Namibia.  In the last part of the voyage the 
dominating cold up-welling waters caused fog and low clouds.  The wind increased 
too.  On May 11, METEOR moored in Walvis Bay.

6.2	WEATHER AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING LEG M 28/2

METEOR left the harbor of Walvis Bay, Namibia, on May 15, 1994, and sailed first to 
the position 21S/10W, where the station operations started.  From this position on 
they steered west to southwest, doing all the projected station operations, and 
reached the Hunter Channel area (34S/28W) on May 27, where further station and 
mooring operations were done.  Until May 25, the weather was fair, influenced by the 
stable subtropical South Atlantic high.  But a steady 2 to 3 m high swell made the 
ship roll, specially at the stations, disturbing the participants and causing some 
lack of sleep.  On May 25, a cyclogenetic process occurred near South Brazil, 
creating a storm centre, which moved eastsoutheast and caused winds Bft 6 to 7.  
After a rather calm period on May 28/29, another storm cyclone created in the same 
area, bringing gale Bft 9 with gusts of 11 to the heaving ship on May 30.  From May 
31 to the 3rd of June, a high was dominating, so the search operations for a 
trifting sound-producer on May 31/June I could be done under good weather 
conditions, good sight and clear sky, but with a swell of 2 to 3 m.  On June 4, 
another storm cyclone approached from the Northwest, meeting METEOR at the position 
33S/27W.  After a while of high pressure influence with fair weather, METEOR 
reached the position 40S/35W on June 7.  There the ship found itself at the edge 
of a large storm cyclone with centre between the Falkland Islands/Malvinas and the 
South Sandwich Islands.  Here the wind increased to Bft 7 to 8, becoming 4 to 6 
later, and the swell increased up to 4 m, causing heavy pitching and rolling.  From 
June 6 on, the influence of a large high over Argentina was to be noticed by stable 
weather and a rather cool and steady southwest to west wind.  This high moved 
gradually eastward.  So from June 10 on, METEOR met winds (Bft 6 to 7) from ahead.  
On June 12, the wind became weak, on June 13, they arrived at the Rio de la Plata 
with moderate winds from southeast to east and a rainy weather.  On June 14, METEOR 
moored in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

7	LISTS

7.1	LEG M 28/1

7.1.1	LIST OF STATIONS

Station	Date		 Time	Device		Activity	Length		Speed	Winch	Latitude	Longitude
No.								of wire				
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Station # 164
		29.03.94 UTC-3	GEK		z/W, Schiff ADCP				0807.5S	3416.6W
			 17.30	(Kontinuierliches Messen mit ADCP; GEK - Messungen zwischen den einzelnen Stationen)		
Station # 165
			 23.12	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4648m		W 03	0816.9S	3328.0W
		30.03.94 01.52	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						0816.5S	3327.4W
			 02.05	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 991m			W 02	0816.5S	3327.4W
			 02.49	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						0816.5S	3327.4W
			 02.55	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		0816.3S	3327.3W
			 03.30	NEUSS		a/D						0814.7S	3326.2W
Station # 166
			 10.01	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 999m			W 02	0819.9S	3229.9W
			 10.55	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						0820.0S	3229.7W
			 11.10	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4800m		W 03	0819.8S	3229.9W
			 12.23	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						0819.4S	3229.8W
			 13.59	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		0819.1S	3229.7W
			 14.32	NEUSS		a/D						0817.5S	3229.4W
Station # 167
			 21.06	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4079m		W 03	0915.1S	3300.0W
			 23.37	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						0914.8S	3259.9W
			 23.58	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m			W 02	0914.9S	3300.0W
		31.03.94 00.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						0914.9S	3300.0W
			 00.58	MSN		z/W		SL 400m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	0914.7S	3259.9W
			 02.00	MSN		a/D						0911.2S	3259.6W
			 01.18	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		0913.4S	3259.8W
			 01.44	NEUSS		a/D						0911.9S	3259.7W
Station # 168
			 08.52	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m			W 02	1015.1S	3330.1W
			 09.43	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1015.1S	3329.9W
			 10.00	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4801m		W 03	1015.0S	3330.0W
			 12.46	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1015.3S	3329.3W
			 13.01	MSN		z/W		SL 70m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1014.9S	3329.3W
			 13.22	MSN		a/D						1014.1S	3329.3W
			 13.04	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1014.8S	3329.3W
			 13.36	NEUSS		a/D						1013.6S	3329.2W
			 14.07	MSN		z/W		SL 375m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1013.2S	3328.8W
			 14.53	MSN		a/D						1011.6S	3328.3W
Wetter: SE 4 See 2 1012.7hPa c L 27.7W 28.9
Station # 169
		01.04.94 14.22	CTD/R o/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 80m			W 02	1003.6S	3545.1W
			 14.29	CTD/R o/WS/ADCP	a/D						1003.6S	3545.0W
			 14.37	CTD/R o/WS	z/W		SL 187m			W 03	1003.6S	3544.9W
			 15.05	CTD/R o/WS	a/D						1003.6S	3544.9W
			 15.09	MSN		z/W		SL 127m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1003.5S	3544.9W
			 15.30	MSN		a/D						1002.8S	3544.7W
			 15.12	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1003.3S	3544.8W
			 15.42	NEUSS		a/D						1002.2S	3544.4W
Station # 170
			 16.35	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 499m			W 02	1006.2S	3542.5W
			 17.06	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1005.9S	3542.4W
			 17.28	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 763m			W 03	1006.2S	3542.5W
			 18.51	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1005.1S	3541.9W
			 18.58	MSN		z/W		SL 342m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1005.0S	3541.8W
			 19.45	MSN		a/D						1002.9S	3541.2W
			 19.03	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1004.8S	3541.8W
			 19.33	NEUSS		a/D						1003.3S	3541.4W
Station # 171
			 21.00	MSN		z/W		SL 280m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1012.7S	3538.3W
			 21.42	MSN		a/D						1011.0S	3537.7W
			 21.04	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1012.8S	3538.1W
			 21.33	NEUSS		a/D						1011.4S	3537.8W
			 22.03	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 999m			W 02	1010.2S	3536.9W
			 22.45	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1009.7S	3536.5W
			 23.09	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 2196m		W 03	1010.2S	3537.0W
		02.04.94 01.07	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1009.2S	3536.0W
Station # 172
			 02.03	MSN		z/W		SL 331m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1015.8S	3533.6W
			 02.50	MSN		a/D						1014.0S	3532.6W
			 02.10	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1015.4S	3533.4W
			 02.50	NEUSS		a/D						1014.0S	3532.6W
			 03.04	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1001m		W 02	1014.2S	3532.5W
			 03.52	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1013.7S	3532.0W
			 04.20	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 2635m		W 03	1014.2S	3532.5W
			 07.06	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1012.5S	3531.4W
Station # 173
			 08.08	MSN		z/W		SL 391m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1019.8S	3527.0W
			 08.54	MSN		a/D						1017.5S	3526.6W
			 08.13	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1019.6S	3527.0W
			 08.43	NEUSS		a/D						1018.0S	3526.8W
			 09.14	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1002m		W 02	1018.0S	3526.4W
			 10.15	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1017.1S	3528.8W
			 10.44	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3036m		W 03	1017.9S	3526.5W
			 13.00	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1016.4S	3526.0W
Station # 174
			 14.10	MSN		z/W		SL 358m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1024.7S	3521.6W
			 14.58	MSN		a/D						1022.8S	3521.3W
			 14.17	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1024.3S	3521.5W
			 14.49	NEUSS		a/D						1022.8S	3521.3W
			 15.16	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1008m		W 02	1023.0S	3520.0W
			 16.11	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1022.4S	3519.8W	
			 16.36	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3294m		W 03	1023.0S	3520.0W
			 19.15	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1021.9S	3519.7W
Station # 175
			 20.32	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1002m		W 02	1028.2S	3512.5W
			 21.35	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1027.6S	3511.9W
			 22.12	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3713m		W 03	1028.0S	3512.6W
		03.04.94 00.47	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1026.7S	3511.8W
			 00.51	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1026.5S	3511.7W
			 01.24	NEUSS		a/D						1025.0S	3511.5W
Station # 176
			 02.48	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1004m		W 02	1034.5S	3504.0W
			 03.44	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1034.4S	3503.6W
			 04.07	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3975m		W 02	1034.5S	3504.1W
			 06.56	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1033.4S	3503.7W
			 07.00	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1033.1S	3503.5W
			 07.33	NEUSS		a/D						1031.8S	3502.9W
Wetter: El 4 See 2 c 1013.OhPa L 27.6 W 28.8
Station # 177
			 08.54	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1011m		W 02	1039.9S	3456.0W
			 09.49	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1039-6S	3456.0W
			 10.11	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4051m		W 03	1039.9S	3456.0W
			 12.47	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1038.8S	3455.8W
			 12.54	MSN		z/W		SL 446m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1038.5S	3455.9W
			 13.46	MSN		a/D						1036.6S	3456.9W
			 12.57	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1038.4S	3455.9W
			 13.27	NEUSS		a/D						1037.1S	3456.7W
Station # 178
			 15.34	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1004m		W 02	1048.0S	3444.5W
			 16.32	CTD/Ro/wS/ADCP	a/D						1047.5S	3444.5W
			 16.55	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4312m		W 03	1047.2S	3444.8W
			 19.38	CTD/Ro/WS							1046.5S	3445.0W
			 19.48	MSN		z/W		SL 420m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1046.1S	3444.9W
			 20.35	MSN		a/D						1043.9S	3444.4W
			 19.51	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1046.0S	3444.9W
			 20.23	NEUSS		a/D						1044.5S	3444.6W
Station # 179
			 22.43	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1005m		W 02	1057.0S	3430.9W
			 23.55	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1056.9S	3430.9W
		04.04.94 00.02	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4468m		W 03	1057.0S	3430.9W
			 02.53	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1055.7S	3430.6W
			 02.57	MSN		z/W		SL 522m	 V=2.3 Kn	w 09	1055.5S	3430.5W
			 03.51	MSN		a/D						1053.1S	3429.9W
			 02.59	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1055.4S	3430.4W
			 03.32	NEUSS		a/D						1053.8S	3430.4W
Station # 180
			 06.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 644m			W 02	1108.0S	3411.0W
			 07.23	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1107.7S	3410.9W
			 07.30	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4571m		W 03	1107.6S	3410.9W
			 10.15	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1106.3S	3410.9W
			 10.22	MSN		z/W		SL 445m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1106.2S	3410.8W
			 11.08	MSN		a/D						1104.2S	3409.7W
			 10.24	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1106.1S	3410.7W
			 10.55	NEUSS		a/D						1104.8S	3410.0W
Wetter: El 1/2 See 0 b/c 1011.1hPa L 27.4 W 28.9
Station # 181
			 13.10	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4618m		W 03	1120.0S	3400.0W
			 16.09	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1119.2S	3400.5W
			 16.15	MSN		z/W		SL 466m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.0S	3400.4W
			 17.14	MSN		a/D						1116.7S	3359.3W
			 16.18	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1118.9S	3400.4W
			 16.51	NEUSS		a/D						1117.6S	3359.8W
			 21.01	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 1511m			1119.9S	3400.0W
			 22.22	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1119.8S	3400.0W
Station # 182
		05.04.94 01.20	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m			W 02	1120.0S	3330.0W
			 02.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1119.9S	3330.0W
			 02.16	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4980m		W 03	1119.9S	3330.0W
			 05.34	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1119.8S	3329.9W
			 05.40	MSN		z/W		SL 453m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.6S	3329.7W
			 06.35	MSN		a/D						1117.1S	3328.8W
			 05.42	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.5S	3329.7W
			 06.15	NEUSS		a/D						1118.0S	3329.2W
Station # 183
			 09.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 992m			W 02	1120.0S	3259.9W
			 10.23	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	3259.8W
			 10.27	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4766m		W 03	1120.0S	3259.8W
			 13.18	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1119.9S	3259.9W
			 13.22	MSN		z/W		SL 413m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.7S	3259.8W
			 14.05	MSN		a/D						1118.1S	3258.8W
			 13.24	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.6S	3259.8W
			 13.55	NEUSS		a/D						1118.4S	3259.1W
Station # 184
			 16.52	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4850m	W 02	1120.0S	3230.0W
			 18.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1119.7S	3230.2W
			 18.05	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4889m WT 4884m	W 03	1119.3S	3230.3W
			 20.58	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1118.9S	3230.3W
			 21.05	MSN		z/W		SL 458m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1118.6S	3230.2W
			 21.57	MSN		a/D			 V=2.3 Kn		1118.6S	3230.1W
			 21.40	NEUSS		a/D						1117.3S	3229.4W
Station # 185
		06.04.94 00.44	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 5060m	W 02	1120.0S	3200.0W
			 01.43	CTD/Ro/Ws/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	3200.0W
			 01.47	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5067m WT 5060m	W 03	1120.0S	3200.0W
			 04.58	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1119.9S	3159.6W
			 05.05	MSN		z/W		SL 466m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.8S	3159.5W
			 06.05	MSN		a/D						1117.3S	3158.3W
			 05.07	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.7S	3159.4W
			 05.40	NEUSS		a/D						1118.3S	3158.8W
Station # 186
			 09.49	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 5220m	W 02	1120.0S	3119.9W
			 10.44	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1119.7S	3120.0W
			 10.49	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5256m WT 5220m	W 03	1119.6S	3120.0W
			 13.57	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1119.3S	3120.0W
			 14.02	MSN		z/W		SL 459m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.1S	3119.9W
			 14.54	MSN		a/D						1117.2S	3118.7W
			 14.02	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.1S	3119.9W
			 14.36	NEUSS		a/D						1117.9S	3119.1W
Wetter: E'l 1/2 S 0 b/C 1010.6hPa L 27.1 W 28.7
Station # 187
			 18.55	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 997m WT 5296m	W 02	1120.0S	3040.0W
			 20.02	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	3040.0W
			 20.09	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5327m WT 5296m	W 03	1120.0S	3040.0W
			 23.05	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.1S	3040.0W
			 23.12	MSN		z/W		SL 474m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	3039.8W
			 00.04	MSN		a/D						1117.2S	3039.5W
			 23.16	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.7S	3039.9W
			 23.46	NEUSS		a/D						1118.1S	3039.6W
Station # 188
		02.05.94 04.10	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m WT 5382m	W 02	1120.0S	3000.0W
			 05.22	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.1S	3000.0W
			 05.32	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5412m WT 5382m	W 03	1120.1S	2959.9W
			 08.33	CTD/RO/WS	a/D						1119.9S	2959.9W
			 08.40	MSN		z/W		SL 491m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.8S	2959.9W
			 09.30	MSN		a/D						1117.4S	3000.0W
			 08.42	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.7S	2959.9W
			 09.14	NEUSS		a/D						1118.1S	2959.9W
Station # 189
			 13.43	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 996m	 WT 5480m	W 02	1120.0S	2920.0W
			 14.39	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1119.9S	2920.0W
			 14.44	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5460m WT 5429m	W 03	1120.0S	2920.0W
			 18.00	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1119.8S	2919.8W
			 18.15	MSN		z/W		SL 532m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.3S	2919.7W
			 19.17	MSN		a/D						1116.2S	2918.9W
			 18.17	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.2S	2919.6W
			 18.48	NEUSS		a/D						1117.6S	2919.3W
Station # 190	UTC-2							
		08.04.94 02.15	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 999m	 WT 5467m	W 02	1119.9S	2840.0W
			 01.15	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1119.9S	2839.9W
			 03.10	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5503m WT 5520m	W 03	1119.9S	2839.9W
			 04.00	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1119.9S	2839.8W
			 04.07	MSN		z/W		SL 534m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.7S	2839.7W
			 05.25	MSN		a/D						1116.6S	2839.0W
			 04.09	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.6S	2839.7W
			 05.01	NEUSS		a/D						1117.8S	2839.4W
Station # 191
			 09.23	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 5488m	W 02	1120.0S	2800.0W
			 10.14	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	2800.0W
			 10.19	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5526m WT 5489m	W 03	1120.0S	2800.0W
			 13.23	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.1S	2800.0W
Station # 192
			 17.40	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 5509m	W 02	1120.0S	2720.0W
			 19.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	2720.0W
			 19.04	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 650m	 WT 5510m	W 03	1120.0S	2720.0W
			 19.50	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D	Messung abgebrochen, Winde defekt)
			 20.10	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5549m WT 5566m	W 02	1120.0S	2720.0W
		09.04.94 00.44	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	2720.0W
			 00.48	MSN		z/W		SL 468m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	2720.1W
			 01.42	MSN		a/D						1117.7S	2719.2W
			 00.51	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.7S	2720.0W
			 01.23	NEUSS		a/D						1118.4S	2719.5W
Station # 193
			 05.50	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5581m WT 5537m	W 02	1120.0S	2640.0W
			 09.12	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	2640.0W
			 09.30	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 5537m	W 02	1120.0S	2640.0W
			 10.29	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	2640.0W
Wetter: SE'I 5 See 2 c 1013.0hPa L 27.0 W 27.8
Station # 194
			 15.16	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 5678m	W 02	1120.0S	2600.0W
			 16.16	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	2600.0W
			 16.22	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5607m WT 5601m	W 10/12	1120.0S	2600.0W
			 20.10	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	2600.0W
			 20.23	MSN		z/W		SL 622m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	2559.8W
			 21.26	MSN		a/D						1117.2S	2557.1W
			 20.23	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.8S	2559.7W
			 20.55	NEUSS		a/D						1118.6S	250583W
Station # 195
		10.04.94 01.32	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 998m	 WT 5702m	W 02	1120.0S	2520.0W
			 02.25	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1119.9S	2520.0W
			 02.34	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5625m WT 5680m	W 10/12	1119.9S	2520.0W
			 06.30	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	2520.0W
Station # 196
			 10.49	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 5399m	W 02	1110.0S	2440.0W
			 11.44	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	2440.0W
			 11.52	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5403m WT 5399m	W 10/12	1120.0S	2440.0W
			 15.02	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1119.9S	2440.0W
Station # 197
			 19.35	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 999m	 WT 4954m	W 02	1120.0S	2400.0W
			 20.37	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1119.9S	2400.0W
			 20.56	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4931m WT 4928m	W 10/12	1110.0S	2359.9W
		11.04.94 00.12	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	2400.0W
			 00.19	MSN		z/W		SL 410m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.8S	2400.0W
			 01.10	MSN		a/D						1117.8S	2358.8W
			 00.22	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.7S	2359.9W
			 00.54	NEUSS		a/D						1118.5S	2359.2W
Station # 198
			 05.22	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 999m	 WT 5448m	W 02	1120.0S	2320.0W
			 06.26	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	2320.0W
			 06.34	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5453m WT 5459m	W 10/12	1120.0S	2320.0W
			 10.07	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	2320.0W
			 10.14	MSN		z/W		SL 569m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.8S	2319.9W
			 11.13	MSN		a/D						1117.5S	2317.7W
			 10.46	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.7S	2319.8W
			 10.48	NEUSS		a/D						1118.5S	2318.7W
Station # 199
			 15.36	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1001m WT 5228m	W 02	1110.0S	2240.0W
			 16.40	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	2240.0W
			 16.48	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5140m WT 5240m	W 10/12	1120.0S	2240.0W
			 20.19	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	2240.0W
Station # 200
		12.04.94 00.49	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 4888m	W 02	1120.0S	2200.0W
			 01.48	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.1S	2200.0W
			 01.52	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4841m WT 4883m	W 10/12	1120.1S	2200.0W
			 05.35	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.2S	2159.7W
Station # 201
			 08.51	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 999m	 WT 4979m	W 02	1120.0S	2130.0W
			 09.47	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	2130.0W
			 09.55	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4905m WT 4989m	W 10/12	1120.2S	2130.0W
			 13.31	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	2130.0W
			 13.37	MSN		z/W		SL 418m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	2129.9W
			 14.28	MSN		a/D						1117.8S	2129.6W
			 13.40	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.8S	2129.9W
			 14.11	NEUSS		a/D						1118.5S	2129.7W
Station # 202
			 17.29	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 992m	 WT 4916m	W 02	1120.0S	2059.9W
			 18.42	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	2100.0W
			 18.50	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4851m WT 4869m	W 10/12	1120.0S	21 00.0W
			 22.23	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1119.9S	21 00.0W
Station # 203
		13.04.94 01.42	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 996m	 WT 5039m	W 02	1120.0S	2030.0W
			 02.42	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1119.9S	2029.9W
			 02.46	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4977m WT 5023m	W 10/12	1120.0S	2029.9W
			 07.03	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	2030.0W
			 07.12	MSN		z/W		SL 487m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	2029.9W
			 08.05	MSN		a/D						1118.1S	2028.3W
			 07.15	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.9S	2029.9W
			 07.45	NEUSS		a/D						1118.8S	2029.0W
Station # 204
			 11.15	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 997m	 WT 4753m	W 02	1120.0S	2000.0W
			 12.07	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	2000.0W
			 Wetter E 4/5 See 2 c 1012.9hPa L 26.4 W 27.5			
			 12.18	Test mit Dummy			SL 4415m WT 4710m	W 03	1120.0S	2000.0W
			 14.48	Dummy		a/D						1119.9S	2000.0W
			 14.54	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4713m WT 4751m	W 03	1119.9S	2000.0W
			 18.15	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1959.9W
			 18.25	Drifter m.Segel z/W						1119.8S	1959.7W
Station # 205
			 21.32	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 4837m	W 02	1120.0S	1930.0W
			 22.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1930.0W
			 22.39	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4743m WT 4796m	W 03	1120.0S	1930.0W
		14.04.94 01.39	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1929.9W
			 01.46	MSN		z/W		SL 485m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.8S	1929.9W
			 02.43	MSN		a/D						1117.2S	1929.3W
			 01.49	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.7S	1929.8W
			 02.20	NEUSS		a/D						1118.1S	1929.5W
Station # 206
			 05.40	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1001m WT 4573m	W 02	1110.0S	1900.0W
			 06.43	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1900.0W
			 06.50	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4542m WT 4565m	W 03	1120.0S	1900.0W
			 09.47	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.1S	1859.9W
			 09.54	Drifter m.Segel z/W						1120.1S	1859.8W
Station # 207
			 12.48	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4115m	W 02	1120.0S	1830.0W
			 13.45	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.1S	1829.9W
			 13.54	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4083m WT 4114m	W 03	1120.0S	1830.0W
			 16.40	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.1S	1829.8W
Station # 208
			 19.30	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 4411m	W 02	1120.0S	1800.0W
			 20.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1800.0W
			 20.34	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4326m WT 4417m	W 03	1120.0S	1800.0W
			 23.55	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1119.9S	1759.8W
			 UTC-1							
		15.04.94 00.00	MSN		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	1759.6W
			 00.45	MSN		a/D						1118.6S	1757.6W
			 00.05	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.9S	1759.5W
			 00.35	NEUSS		a/D						1118.9S	1758.0W
Station # 209
			 04.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 193m	 WT 3733m	W 02	1120.0S	1730.0W
			 04.20	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1730.0W
			 04.25	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3724m WT 3743m	W 03	1120.0S	1730.0W
			 07.00	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1729.9W
			 07.08	Drifter m.Segel z/W						1120.0S	1729.8W
Station # 210
			 10.05	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1018m WT 4265m	W 02	1120.0S	1700.0W
			 10.53	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1700.0W
			 10.58	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3236m WT 4259m	W 03	1119.9S	1700.0W
			 13.32	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1119.9S	1659.9W
			 13.38	MSN		z/W		SL 62m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.8S	1659.8W
			 13.42	MSN		a/D (Kabelbruch im Gerdt)			1119.7S	1659.6W
			 13.41	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.7S	1659.7W
			 14.15	NEUSS		a/D						1118.4S	1659.1W
Station # 211
			 16.40	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4164m	W 02	1120.0S	1635.0W
			 17.36	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1635.0W
			 17.43	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4120m WT 4148m	W 03	1120.0S	1635.0W
			 20.25	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1635.0W
			 20.32	MSN		z/W		SL 581m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.8S	1634.9W
			 21.35	MSN		a/D						1116.5S	1634.4W
Station # 212
		16.04.94 00.08	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 115m	 WT 3843m	W 02	1120.0S	1610.0W
			 00.17	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1610.0W
			 00.19	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 3843m	W 02	1120.0S	1610.0W
			 01.13	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1610.0W
			 01.17	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3743m WT 3819m	W 03	1120.0S	1609.9W
			 04.00	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1610.0W
Station # 213
			 06.35	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 3470m	W 02	1120.0S	1545.0W
			 07.29	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1545.0W
			 07.34	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3434m WT 3472m	W 03	1120.0S	1545.0W
			 09.45	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1545.0W
			 09.51	MSN		z/W		SL 486m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.8S	1544.9W
			 10.47	MSN		a/D						1117.4S	1543.3W
			 09.54	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.7S	1544.8W
			 10.26	NEUSS		a/D						1118.3S	1543.9W
			 10.54	Drifter m.Segel z/W						1117.2S	1543.1W
Wetter: E'l 5 See 2 c 1014.7hPa L 26.7 W 26.3
Station # 214
			 13.21	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 3476m	W 02	1120.0S	1520.0W
			 14.18	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1520.0W
			 14.22	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3488m WT 3476m	W 03	1120.0S	1520.0W
			 16.50	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1119.9S	1519.9W
Station # 215
			 19.25	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 3269m	W 02	1120.0S	1455.0W
			 20.19	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1455.0W
			 20.24	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3252m WT 3270m	W 03	1120.0S	1455.0W
			 22.28	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1455.0W
			 22.35	MSN		z/W		SL 478m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.8S	1454.9W
			 23.40	MSN		a/D						1117.1S	1453.4W
			 22.38	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.7S	1454.8W
			 23.09	NEUSS		a/D						1118.4S	1454.1W
Station # 216
		17.04.94 02.02	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 3075m	W 02	1120.0S	1430.0W
			 02.58	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1430.0W
			 03.02	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3014m WT 3047m	W 03	1120.0S	1430.0W
			 05.20	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1119.9S	1429.9W
Station # 217
			 07.45	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1061m WT 2935m	W 02	1120.0S	1405.0W
			 08.40	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1405.0W
			 08.44	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 2926m WT 2947m	W 03	1120.0S	1405.0W
			 10.44	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1405.0W
Station # 218
			 13.27	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 2937m	W 02	1120.0S	1340.0W
			 14.21	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1340.0W
			 14.24	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 2950m WT 2976m	W 03	1120.0S	1340.0W
			 16.34	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1339.8W
			 16.40	MSN		z/W		SL 582m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	1339.7W
			 17.40	MSN		a/D						1117.7S	1337.6W
			 16.45	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.7S	1339.5W
			 17.19	NEUSS		a/D						1118.4S	1338.2W
Station # 219
			 20.05	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1001m WT 2535m	W 02	1120.0S	1315.0W
			 20.49	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1315.0W
			 20.52	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 2524m WT 2534m	W 03	1120.0S	1315.0W
			 22.44	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1315.0W
Station # 220
		18.04.94 01.25	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 2863m	W 02	1120.0S	1250.0W
			 02.16	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1250.1W
			 02.20	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 2865m WT 2863m	W 03	1120.0S	1250.0W
			 04.34	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1250.0W
Station # 221
			 07.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 3398m	W 02	1120.0S	1225.0W
			 08.06	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1119.9S	1225.0W
			 08.10	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3363m WT 3436m	W 02	1120.0S	1225.0W
			 10.22	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1225.0W
			 10.29	MSN		z/W		SL 672m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	1224.9W
			 11.31	MSN		a/D						1117.5S	1222.5W
			 10.31	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.8S	1224.8W
			 11.03	NEUSS		a/D						1118.5S	1223.5W
Station # 222
			 13.53	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1004m WT 3604m	W 02	1120.0S	1200.0W
			 14.46	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.1S	1200.0W
			 14.49	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3579m WT 3602m	W 03	1120.1S	1200.0W
			 17.41	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1200.0W
Station # 223
			 20.50	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 3363m	W 02	1120.0S	1130.0W
			 21.37	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1130.0W
			 21.41	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3347m WT 3357m	W 03	1120.0S	1130.0W
			 23.53	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1119.9S	1130.0W
Station # 224
		19.04.94 03.06	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1003m WT 3826m	W 02	1120.0S	1100.0W
			 04.04	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1100.0W
			 04.10	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3771m WT 3848m	W 03	1120.0S	1100.0W
			 06.56	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1100.0W
			 07.03	MSN		z/W		SL 502m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	1059.9W
			 08.00	MSN		a/D						1118.0S	1058.2W
			 07.06	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.8S	1059.8W
			 07.36	NEUSS		a/D						1118.6S	1058.8W
Station # 225
			 11.08	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 997m	 WT 4373m	W 02	1120.0S	1030.0W
			 12.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1030.0W
			 12.02	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4364m WT 4373m	W 03	1120.0S	1030.0W
			 14.49	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1030.0W
Station # 226
			 18.05	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4065m	W 02	1120.0S	1000.0W
			 19.15	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1000.0W
			 19.20	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4054m WT 4070m	W 03	1120.0S	1000.0W
			 21.50	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1000.0W
Station # 227
		20.04.94 00.47	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4040m	W 02	1120.0S	0930.0W
			 01.57	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0930.0W
			 02.00	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4026m WT 4054m	W 03	1120.0S	0930.0W
			 04.49	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0930.0W
			 04.56	MSN		z/W		SL 499m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	0929.9W
			 05.50	MSN		a/D						1118.2S	0927.9W
			 04.58	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.8S	0929.8W
			 05.32	NEUSS		a/D						1118.7S	0928.6W
Station # 228
			 08.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1002m WT 4211m	W 02	1120.0S	0900.0W
			 09.43	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0900.0W
			 09.47	CTD/RO/WS	z/W		SL 4227m WT 4221m	W 03	1120.0S	0900.0W
			 12.28	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0900.0W
Wetter: SE 5 See 2 c 101 1.3hPa L 25.4 W 26.5
			 15.42	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 996m	 WT 4635m	W 02	1120.0S	0830.0W
			 16.46	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0829.9W
			 21.01	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4535m WT 4647m	W 03	1120.0S	0830.0W
			 24.00	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0830.0W
Station # 230
		21.04.94 03.06	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4553m	W 02	1120.0S	0800.0W
			 04.18	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0800.0W
			 04.22	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4514m WT 4553m	W 03	1120.0S	0800.0W
			 07.21	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0800.0W
			 07.27	MSN		z/W		SL 510m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.8S	0759.8W
			 08.20	MSN		a/D						1117.8S	0758.0W
			 07.30	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.7S	0759.7W
			 08.00	NEUSS		a/D						1118.5S	0758.8W
Station # 231
			 11.24	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4464m	W 02	1120.0S	0730.0W
			 12.22	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0730.0W
			 12.25	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4439m WT 4452m	W 03	1120.0S	0730.0W
			 15.07	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0730.0W
Station # 232
			 18.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 997m	 WT 4999m	W 02	1120.0S	0700.0W
			 19.26	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0700.0W
			 19.32	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4283m WT 4304m	W 03	1120.0S	0700.0W
			 22.53	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0700.0W
			 22.59	MSN		z/W		SL 497m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.8S	0659.9W
			 23.54	MSN		a/D						1117.6S	0658.7W
			 23.12	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.7S	0659.9W
			 23.34	NEUSS		a/D						1118.3S	0659.1W
Station # 233	UTC 0							
		22.04.94 03.24	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 998m	 WT 4479m	W 02	1120.0S	0630.0W
			 04.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0630.0W
			 04.35	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4469m WT 4477m	W 03	1120.0S	0630.0W
			 07.31	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0630.0W
Station # 234
			 10.38	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 998m	 WT 4514m	W 02	1120.0S	0600.0W
			 11.26	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0600.0W
			 11.33	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4505m WT 4504m	W 03	1120.0S	0600.0W
			 14.25	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0600.0W
Station # 235
			 17.35	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 5002m	W 02	1120.0S	0530.0W
			 18.37	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0530.0W
			 18.44	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5009m WT 5001m	W 03	1120.0S	0530.0W
			 21.37	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0530.0W
			 21.45	MSN		z/W		SL 613m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.8S	0529.8W
			 22.47	MSN		a/D						1117.7S	0527.0W
			 21.48	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.8S	0529.7W
			 22.18	NEUSS		a/D						1118.7S	0528.2W
Station # 236
		23.04.94 01.38	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1007m WT 4145m	W 02	1120.0S	0500.0W
			 02.35	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0500.0W
			 02.41	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4131m WT 4166m	W 03	1120.0S	0500.0W
			 05.32	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0500.0W
Station # 237
			 08.37	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 997m	 WT 5057m	W 02	1120.0S	0430.0W
			 09.32	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1119.9S	0430.0W
			 09.37	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5061m WT 5062m	W 03	1119.9S	0430.0W
			 12.46	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0430.0W
Wetter: SSE 5 See 2 c 1015.51lPa L 24.7 W 25.9
Station # 238
			 16.48	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 4552m	W 02	1120.0S	0400.0W
			 17.53	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0400.0W
			 17.58	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4528m WT 4554m	W 03	1120.0S	0400.0W
			 20.49	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0359.9W
			 20.58	MSN		z/W		SL 585m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	0359.5W
			 21.31	MSN		a/D						1118.8S	0356.1W
			 21.00	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.8S	0359.4W
			 21.31	NEUSS		a/D						1119.3S	0357.7W
Station # 239
		24.04.94 00.42	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 996m	 WT 4762m	W 02	1120.0S	0330.0W
			 01.38	CTD/ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0330.0W
			 01.41	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4770m WT 4762m	W 03	1120.0S	0330.0W
			 04.49	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0330.0W
Station # 240
			 07.50	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1002m WT 4650m	W 02	1120.0S	0300.0W
			 08.47	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0300.0W
			 08.52	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4645m WT 4652m	W 03	1120.0S	0300.0W
			 11.40	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0259.9W
			 11.46	MSN		z/W		SL 447m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	0259.8W
			 12.37	MSN		a/D						1119.3S	0257.6W
			 11.48	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.9S	0259.6W
			 12.20	NEUSS		a/D						1119.5S	0258.2W
Station # 241
			 15.18	CTD/ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 996m	 WT 5210m	W 02	1120.0S	0230.0W
			 16.24	CTD/ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0229.7W
			 16.45	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5220m WT 5225m	W 03	1120.0S	0230.0W
			 20.03	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0230.0W
Station # 242
			 22.52	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 999m	 WT 5383m	W 02	1120.0S	0200.0W
			 23.50	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1119.9S	0159.7W
		25.04.94 00.15	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5381m WT 5382m	W 03	1120.0S	0159.9W
			 03.41	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0200.0W
			 03.46	MSN		z/W		SL 560m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	0159.8W
			 04.40	MSN		a/D						1119.3S	0156.9W
			 03.49	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.9S	0159.6W
			 04.20	NEUSS		a/D						1119.5S	0158.0W
Station # 243
			 07.11	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 996m	 WT 5211m	W 02	1120.0S	0130.0W
			 08.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0130.0W
			 08.17	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5216m WT 5219m	W 03	1120.0S	0129.8W
			 11.19	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0129.9W
Station # 244
			 14.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1014m WT 5326m	W 02	1120.0S	0100.0W
			 15.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0100.0W
			 15.15	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5327m WT 5322m	W 03	1120.0S	0100.0W
			 18.37	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0100.0W
Station # 245
			 20.18	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 997m	 WT 4798m	W 02	1120.0S	0045.0W
			 21.04	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0045.0W
			 21.09	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4720m WT 4780m	W 03	1120.0S	0045.0W
			 23.53	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0045.0W
		26.04.94 00.00	MSN		z/W		SL 455m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1120.0S	0044.8W
			 00.53	MSN		a/D						1120.0S	0042.3W
			 00.05	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1120.1S	0044.5W
			 00.36	NEUSS		a/D						1120.1S	0043.1W
Station # 246
			 02.15	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4930m	W 02	1120.0S	0030.0W
			 03.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0030.0W
			 03.16	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4916m WT 4930m	W 03	1120.0S	0030.0W
			 06.30	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0030.0W
			 06.35	MSN		z/W		SL 572m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	0029.8W
			 07.37	MSN		a/D						1118.0S	0027.6W
			 06.38	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.8S	0029.7W
			 07.10	NEUSS		a/D						1118.7S	0028.5W
Station # 247
			 08.59	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 996m	 WT 5462m	W 02	1120.0S	0015.0W
			 09.47	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.1S	0015.0W
			 09.51	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5469m WT 5473m	W 03	1120.1S	0015.0W
			 13.06	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.2S	0014.9W
			 13.13	MSN		ZIW		SL 471m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1120.2S	0014.7W
			 14.00	MSN		a/D						1119.9S	0012.4W
			 13.16	NEUSS		ZIW			 V=2.3 Kn		1120.1S	0014.5W
			 13.48	NEUSS		a/D						1120.0S	0013.1W
Station # 248
			 15.35	CTD/RO/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 5701m	W 02	1120.0S	0000.1W
			 16.40	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0000.0
			 16.44	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5697m WT 5694m	W 03	1120.0S	0000.0
			 20.41	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.1S	0000.0
Station # 249
		27.04.94 00.40	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 5605m WT 5608m	W 02	1120.0S	0040.0E
			 04.25	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0040.0E
			 0433	MSN		z/W		SL 480m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	0040.3E
			 05.22	MSN		a/D						1118.9S	0042.6E
			 04.36	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.9S	0040.4E
			 05.07	NEUSS		a/D						1119.2S	0042.0E
Station # 250
			 09.03	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1094m WT 5590m	W 02	1120.0S	0120.0E
			 10.02	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0120.0E
			 10.06	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5590m WT 5627m	W 03	1120.0S	0119.9E
			 13.23	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0120.0E
			 13.31	Drifter m.Segel z/W						1119.9S	0120.0E
Station # 251
			 19.20	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 5621m	W 02	1120.0S	0200.0E
			 20.21	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0200.0E
			 20.25	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5589m WT 5574m	W 03	1120.0S	0200.0E
			 23.48	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0200.0W
			 23.57	MSN		z/W		SL 525m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	0200.0E
		28.04.94 00.51	MSN		a/D						1118.2S	0202.0E
			 00.01	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.8S	0200.0E
			 00.31	NEUSS		a/D						1118.8S	0201.4E
Station # 252
			 04.50	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 5570m	W 02	1120.0S	0240.0E
			 05.55	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0240.0E
			 06.01	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5585m WT 5572m	W 03	1120.0S	0240.0E
			 09.17	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0240.0E
			 09.24	Drifter m.Segel z/W						1120.0S	0240.0E
Station # 253
			 13.25	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 5558m	W 02	1120.0S	0320.0E
			 14.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0320.0E
			 14.32	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5588m WT 5566m	W 03	1120.0S	0320.0E
			 18.08	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0320.0E
			 18.13	MSN		z/W		SL 512m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	0320.2E
			 19.08	MSN		a/D						1118.6S	0322.5E
			 18.16	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.8S	0320.3E
			 18.46	NEUSS		a/D						1119.0S	0321.5E
Station # 254
			 23.03	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1094m WT 5554m	W 02	1120.0S	0400.0E
			 UTC+1						
		29.04.94 01.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0400.0E
			 01.05	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5573m WT 5556m	W 03	1120.0S	0400.0E
			 04.52	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.1S	0400.0E
			 05.00	Drifter m.Segel z/W						1120.2S	0400.1E
Station # 255
			 09.01	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 5596m	W 02	1120.0S	0440.0E
			 09.56	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0440.0E
			 10.00	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5560m WT 5590m	W 03	1120.0S	0440.0E
			 13.17	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.1S	0439.9E
			 13.22	MSN		z/W		SL 470m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1120.1S	0440.1E
			 14.13	MSN		a/D						1119.4S	0442.5E
			 13.26	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1120.0S	0440.3E
			 13.57	NEUSS		a/D						1119.6S	0441.8E
Wetter: S 4 See 2 c 1013.2hPa L 24.1 W 25.5
Station # 256
			 18.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 5452m	W 02	1120.0S	0520.0E
			 19.02	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0520.0E
			 19.08	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5403m WT 5452m	W 03	1120.0S	0520.0E
			 22.10	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0520.0E
			 22.17	Drifter m.Segel z/W						1120.1S	0520.1E
Station # 257
			 02.15	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 5190m	W 03	1120.0S	0600.0E
			 03.11	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0600.0E
			 03.14	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5137m WT 5185m	W 02	1120.0S	0600.0E
			 06.28	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0600.0E
			 06.31	MSN		z/W		SL 469m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1120.1S	0600.1E
			 07.20	MSN		a/D						1120.0S	0602.6E
			 06.35	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1120.0S	0600.3E
			 07.06	NEUSS		a/D						1120.0S	0601.9E
Station # 258
			 10.55	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5228m WT 5256m	W 03	1120.0S	0640.0E
			 14.08	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0640.0E
			 14.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1014m WT 5256m	W 02	1120.0S	0640.0E
			 15.14	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0640.0E
			 15.19	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5217m WT 5259m	W 03	1120.0S	0640.0E
			 18.34	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0640.0E
Station # 259
			 22.33	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 5060m	W 02	1120.0S	0720.0E
			 23.32	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0720.0E
			 23.36	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5029m WT 5055m	W 03	1120.0S	0719.9E
		01.05.94 02.37	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0720.0E
			 02.43	MSN		z/W		SL 499m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	0720.0E
			 03.35	MSN		a/D						1120.7S	0722.9E
			 02.46	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1120.0S	0720.3E
			 03.18	NEUSS		a/D						1120.5S	0722.0E
Station # 260
			 07.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 4864m	W 02	1120.0S	0800.0E
			 08.10	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0800.0E
			 08.13	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4834m WT 4860m	W 03	1120.0S	0800.0E
			 11.25	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0800.0E
Wetter: SSE 3 See 1 c 1013.8hPa L 23.9 W 26.8
Station # 261
			 14.30	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4787m	W 02	1120.0S	0830.0E
			 15.25	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0830.0E
			 15.31	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4775m WT 4786m	W 03	1120.0S	0830.0E
			 18.32	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0830.0E
			 18.37	MSN		z/W		SL 525m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1120.0S	0830.0E
			 19.32	MSN		a/D						1120.6S	0832.8E
			 18.41	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1120.0S	0830.3E
			 19.14	NEUSS		a/D						1120.4S	0831.9E
Station # 262
			 22.06	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 997m	 WT 4589m	W 02	1120.0S	0900.0E
			 22.56	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0859.9E
			 23.00	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4578m WT 4586m	W 03	1120.0S	0900.0E
		02.05.94 01.41	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0900.0E
Station # 263
			 04.35	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4406m	W 02	1120.0S	0930.0E
			 05.38	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	0930.0E
			 05.47	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4380m WT 4408m	W 03	1120.0S	0930.0E
			 08.30	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	0930.0E
			 08.39	MSN		z/W		SL 588m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1120.0S	0930.2E
			 09.40	MSN		a/D						1120.0S	0933.8E
			 08.41	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1120.0S	0930.0E
			 09.13	NEUSS		a/D						1120.0S	0932.1E
Station # 264
			 12.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCO	z/W		SL 1007m WT 4153m	W 02	1120.0S	1000.0E
			 12.57	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1000.0E
			 12.59	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4141m WT 4150m	W 03	1120.0S	1000.0E
			 15.37	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1000.0E
			 15.44	MSN		z/W		SL 551m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1120.1S	0959.9E
			 16.46	MSN		a/D						1122.4S	1002.6E
			 15.47	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1120.2S	0959.9E
			 16.20	NEUSS		a/D						1121.5S	1001.6E
Station # 265
			 18.48	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 999m	 WT 4069m	W 02	1120.0S	1025.0E
			 19.54	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1025.0E
			 20.00	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4039m WT 4063m	W 03	1120.0S	1025.0E
			 22.25	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1025.0E
Station # 266
		03.05.94 00.46	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 996m	 WT 3861m	W 02	1120.0S	1050.0E
			 01.45	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1050.0E
			 01.48	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3844m WT 3865m	W 03	1120.0S	1050.0E
			 04.25	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1050.0E
Station # 267
			 06.45	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 3666m	W 02	1120.0S	1115.0E
			 07.43	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1115.0E
			 07.50	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3678m WT 3665m	W 03	1120.0S	1115.0E
			 10.15	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1115.0E
Station # 268
			 12.42	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1007m WT 3345m	W 02	1120.0S	1140.0E
			 13.36	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1140.0E
			 13.39	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3324m WT 3335m	W 03	1120.0S	1140.0E
			 16.00	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.1S	1140.0E
Station # 269
			 17.55	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 2654m	W 02	1120.0S	1200.0E
			 18.47	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1200.0E
			 18.51	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 2638m WT 2654m	W 03	1120.0S	1200.0E
			 20.41	CTD/Ro/Ws	a/D						1120.0S	1200.0E
Station # 270
			 22.44	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 2303m WT 2334m	W 03	1120.1S	1220.0E
		04.05.94 00.28	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1219.9E
			 00.42	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1286m WT 2335m	W 02	1120.1S	1220.0E
			 01.38	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1220.0E
Station # 271
			 02.46	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1001m WT 1728m	W 02	1120.0S	1230.0E
			 03.26	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1230.0E
			 03.30	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 1701m WT 1739m	W 03	1120.0S	1230.0E
			 05.02	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1230.0E
Station # 272
			 06.08	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 1616m	W 02	1120.0S	1240.0E
			 07.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1240.0E
			 07.03	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 1589m WT 1613m	W 03	1120.0S	1240.0E
			 08.23	CTD/Ro/WS							1120.0S	1240.0E
Station # 273
			 09.37	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1004m WT 1519m	W 02	1120.0S	1250.0E
			 10.21	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1250.0E
			 10.25	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 1491m WT 1520m	W 03	1120.0S	1250.0E
			 11.42	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1250.0E
Wetter: Umlfd. 1 See 0 c 1014.2hPa L 26.9 W 28.0
Station # 274
			 12.36	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 1277m	W 02	1120.0S	1257.0E
			 13.19	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1257.0E
			 13.22	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 1249m WT 1276m	W 03	1120.0S	1257.0E
			 14.27	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1257.0E
Station # 275
			 16.36	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 1375m	W 03	1100.0S	1250.0E
			 17.36	CTD/Ro/WS7ADCP	a/D						1100.0S	1250.0E
Station # 276
			 19.31	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 997m	 WT 1552m	W 03	1100.0S	1230.0E
			 20.25	CTD/Ro/WS7ADCP	a/D						1100.0S	1230.0E
Station # 277
			 23.25	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 2476m	W 03	1100.0S	1200.0E
		05.05.94 00.10	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1100.1S	1200.0E
Station # 278
			 03.14	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 3401m	W 03	1100.0S	1130.0E
			 04.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1100.0S	1130.0E
Station # 279
			 06.54	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 3855m	W 03	1100.0S	1100.0E
			 07.45	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1100.0S	1100.0E
Station # 280
			 10.47	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 4057m	W 03	1100.0S	1030.1E
			 11.33	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1100.0S	1030.1E
Station # 281
			 15.39	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 3558m	W 03	1140.0S	0030.0E
			 16.23	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1140.0S	1030.0E
Station # 282
			 19.50	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 3690m	W 03	1140.0S	1100.0E
			 20.34	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1140.0S	1159.9E
			 20.46	MSN		z/W		SL 599m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1140.2S	1059.9E
			 21.42	MSN		a/D						1142.7S	1101.7E
			 20.49	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1140.3S	1100.0E
			 21.20	NEUSS		a/D						1141.8S	1109.0E
Station # 283
		06.05.94 00.23	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 3520m	W 03	1140.0S	1130.0E
			 01.05	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1140.0S	1130.0E
			 01.09	MSN		z/W		SL 564m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1140.1S	1130.1E
			 02.00	MSN		a/D						1142.1S	1131.5E
			 01.12	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1140.2S	1130.1E
			 01.45	NEUSS		a/D						1141.5S	1131.0E
Station # 284
			 04.50	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 2171m	W 03	1140.0S	1200.0E
			 05.38	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1140.1S	1200.0E
			 05.46	MSN		z/W		SL 521m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1140.3S	1200.2E
			 06.43	MSN		a/D						1141.7S	1202.7E
			 05.49	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1140.4S	1200.2E
			 06.21	NEUSS		a/D						1141.2S	1201.7E
Station # 285
			 09.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 1996m	W 03	1140.0S	1230.0E
			 09.57	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1140.2S	1229.9E
			 10.04	MSN		z/W		SL 480m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1140.3S	1229.9E
			 10.57	MSN		a/D						1142.6S	1231.1E
			 10.06	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1140.5S	1230.0E
			 10.37	NEUSS		a/D						1141.8S	1230.7E
Station # 286
			 12.58	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 1738m	W 03	1140.0S	1250.0E
			 13.43	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1140.0S	1250.0E
			 13.47	MSN		z/W		SL 499m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1140.1S	1250.1E
			 14.39	MSN		a/D						1142.4S	1249.1E
			 13.50	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1140.2S	1249.9E
			 14.22	NEUSS		a/D						1141.6S	1249.4E
Station # 287
			 17.40	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 924m	 WT 1038m	W 02	1120.0S	1305.0E
			 18.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1305.0E
			 18.34	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 1007m WT 1030m	W 03	1120.0S	1305.0E
			 19.45	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1305.0E
			 19.50	MSN		z/W		SL 516m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1120.1S	1305.0E
			 20.51	MSN		a/D						1122.6S	1305.7E
			 19.53	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1120.2S	1305.1E
			 20.25	NEUSS		a/D						1121.6S	1305.4E
Station # 288
			 21.53	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 800m	 WT 880m	W 02	1120.0S	1315.0E
			 22.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1315.0E
			 22.31	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 862m	 WT 881m	W 03	1120.0S	1315.0E
			 23.31	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1315.0E
			 23.37	MSN		z/W		SL 467m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1120.1S	1315.1E
			 00.29	MSN		a/D						1121.6S	1316.6E
		07.05.94 23.39	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1120.1S	1315.2E
			 00.10	NEUSS		a/D						1121.1S	1316.1E
Station # 289
			 02.50	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 578m	 WT 605m	W 02	1120.0S	1325.0E
			 03.22	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1325.0E
			 03.25	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 572m	 WT 601m	W 03	1120.0S	1325.0E
			 04.08	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1325.0E
			 04.25	MSN		z/W		SL 522m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1120.4S	1325.4E
			 05.20	MSN		a/D						1120.7S	1328.2E
			 04.28	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1120.4S	1325.5E
			 04.58	NEUSS		a/D						1120.6S	1327.0E
Station # 290
			 05.49	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 148m	 WT 156m	W 02	1120.0S	1332.4E
			 06.03	CTD/Ro/WS7ADCP	a/D						1120.0S	1332.4E
			 06.05	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 138m	 WT 159m	W 03	1120.0S	1332.4E
			 06.32	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						1120.0S	1332.4E
			 06.58	MSN		z/W		SL 485m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	1119.9S	1330.0E
			 07.50	MSN		a/D						1119.3S	1332.5E
			 07.01	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		1119.8S	1330.1E
			 07.34	NEUSS		a/D						1119.4S	1331.8E

Abbreviations:

z/W	device into the water
a/D	device onto the deck
SL 	length of wire

7.1.2 	LIST OF XBT DROPS

XBT 	Date	Time		Latitude	Longitude
No.					
--------------------------------------------------------
	31.03.94 22.28	XBT	1114.1S	3408.3W
		 23.57	XBT	1108.0S	3416.5W
	01.04.94 00.47	XBT	1102.5S	3424.1W
		 01.44	XBT	1057.0S	3431.8W
		 02.35	XBT	1051.5S	3439.3W
		 03.29	XBT	1046.0S	3446.8W
		 04.25	XBT	1040.0S	3455.1W
		 05.25	XBT	1034.0S	3503.3W
		 05.58	XCP	1031.0S	3507.5W
		 06.50	XBT	1028.0S	3511.6W
		 07.22	XCP	1026.0S	3514.4W
		 07.58	XBT	1024.0S	3517.1W
		 08.32	XCP	1022.0S	3519.9W
		 09.09	XBT	1020.0S	3522.6W
		 09.44	XCP	1008.0S	3525.4W
		 10.24	XBT	1016.0S	3529.1W
		 10.50	XCP	1014.5S	3530.3W
		 11.20	XBT	1013.0S	3532.3W
		 11.45	XCP	1011.5S	3534.3W
		 12.17	XBT	1010.0S	3536.4W
		 12.41	XCP	1008.5S	3538.4W
		 13.09	XBT	1007.0S	3540.5W
		 13.34	XCP	1005.5S	3542.6W
		 14.01	XBT	1004.0S	3544.6W
	06.04.94 16.50	XBT	1120.0S	3100.0W
		 16.52	XBT	1120.0S	3059.6W
	07.04.94 02.05	XBT	1120.0S	3020.0W
		 11.37	XBT	1120.0S	2940.0W
		 21.08	XBT	1120.0S	2900.0W
		 21.14	XBT	1120.0S	2859.3W
	08.04.94 07.25	XBT	1120.0S	2819.0W
		 15.21	XBT	1120.0S	2740.0W
	09.04.94 03.40	XBT	1110.0S	2700.0W
		 12.54	XBT	1120.0S	2620.0W
		 23.19	XBT	1120.0S	2540.0W
		 23.21	XBT	1120.0S	2539.7W
		 23.23	XBT	1120.0S	2539.5W
		 23.27	XBT	1120.0S	2539.2W
	10.04.94 08.35	XBT	1110.0s	2500.0W
		 17.13	XBT	1120.0S	2420.0W
	11.04.94 03.11	XBT	1120.0S	2340.0W
		 13.18	XBT	1120.0S	2300.0W
		 22.37	XBT	1120.0S	2220.0W
	12.04.94 08.29	XBT	1110.0S	2131.6W
		 14.29	XBT	1117.7S	2129.5W
		 22.40	XBT	1119.9S	2059.9W
	13.04.94 10.51	XBT	1119.9S	2001.6W
		 10.54	XBT	1120.0S	2001.0W
		 18.30	XBT	1119.8S	1959.6W
	14.04.94 05.23	XBT	1119.9S	1901.6W
	26.04.94 22.40	XBT	1120.0S	0020.0E
	27.04.94 07.01	XBT	1120.0S	0100.0E
		 08.42	XBT	1120.0S	0118.2E
		 13.35	XBT	1120.0S	0120.0E
		 15.36	XBT	1120.0S	0140.0E
		 19.06	XBT	1120.0S	0158.2E
	28.04.94 02.38	XBT	1120.0S	0220.0E
		 04.24	XBT	1120.0S	0238.3E
		 11.20	XBT	1120.0S	0300.0E
		 20.55	XBT	1120.0S	0340.0E
	29.04.94 06.55	XBT	1120.0S	0420.0E
		 08.40	XBT	1120.0S	0438.3E
		 16.00	XBT	1120.0S	0500.0E
	30.04.94 00.12	XBT	1120.0S	0540.0E
		 08.59	XBT	1120.0S	0620.0E
		 20.27	XBT	1120.0S	0700.0E
	01.05.94 05.13	XBT	1120.0S	0740.0E

7.1.3 	LIST OF DRIFTER LAUNCHES

Date	Time	Drifter			Latitude	Longitude
1994					
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
13.04.	18.25	Drifter m.Segel  z/W	1119.8S	1959.7W
14.04.	09.54	Drifter m.Segel  z/W	1120.1S	1859.8W
15.04.	07.08	Drifter m.Segel  z/W	1120.0S	1729.8W
16.04.	10.54	Drifter m.Segel  z/W	1117.2S	1543.1W
27.04.	13.31	Drifter m.Segel  z/W	1119.9S	0120.0E
28.04.	09.24	Drifter m.Segel  z/W	1120.0S	0240.0E
29.04.	05.00	Drifter m.Segel  z/W	1120.2S	0400.1E
29.04.	22.17	Drifter m.Segel  z/W	1120.1S	0520.1E

7.2	LEG M 28/2

7.2.1	CTD STATIONS

STATION	DATE		TIME	PHI		LAMBDA		DEPTH
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
292/1	20-MAY-1994	 8:15	21 0.06'S	1034.44'W	 5.0 4300.0
295/2	21-MAY-1994	17:11	21 0.08'S	15 1.05'W	15.0 4000.0
296/3	22-RAY-1994	 4:49	22 0.02'S	16 9.01'W	 5.0 1565.0
297/4	22-MAY-1994	14:35	2259.99'S	1717.04'W	 5.0 4310.0
298/5	23-MAY-1994	 2:42	2359.99'S	1836.03'W	 5.0 1495.0
299/6	23-MAY-1994	12: 4	2459.98'S	1944.02'W	 5.0 4075.0
300/7	23-MAY-1994	23: 6	2559.99'S	2056.05'W	 5.0 1495.0
301/8	24-MAY-1994	 8:33	27 0.06'S	2210.05'W	 5.0 4405.0
302/9	24-MAY-1994	20:21	28 0.06'S	2324.89'W	 5.0 1515.0
303/10	25-MAY-1994	 6: 2	29 0.03'S	2442.04'W	 5.0 1505.0
304/11	25-MAY-1994	15:40	30 0.03'S	2558.63'W	 5.0 4440.0
305/12	26-MAY-1994	 2:50	3049.07'S	2723.04'W	 5.0 1505.0
306/13	26-MAY-1994	14:10	3137.47'S	2849.09'W	 5.0 3780.0
307/14	26-MAY-1994	21:55	3229.94'S	2847.98'W	 5.0 1495.0
308/15	27-MAY-1994	 4: 0	3322.59'S	2848.79'W	 5.0 1500.0
309/16	27-MAY-1994	13: 6	3415.52'S	2852.46'W	 5.0 4115.0
310/17	27-MAY-1994	18:30	3418.91'S	2829.49'W	 5.0 4090.0
313/18	28-MAY-1994	15:45	3425.15'S	2752.08'W	 5.0 4390.0
316/19	29-MAY-1994	17:55	3435.19'S	27 3.40'W	 5.0 4235.0
318/20	20-MAY-1994	18:41	3430.82'S	2719.21'W	 5.0 4370.0
320/21	31-MAY-1994	21: 0	3524.34'S	2827.39'W	 5.0 4855.0
323/22	3-JUN-1994	 0:46	3424.48'S	2620.05'W	 5.0 3935.0
324/23	3-JUN-1994	 5:29	34 7.48'S	2623.05'W	 5.0 3800.0
325/24	3-JUN-1994	 9:45	3349.83'S	2625.97'W	 5.0 4530.0
326/25	3-JUN-1994	14:42	3332.50'S	2628.95'W	 5.0 4290.0
327/26	3-JUN-1994	22:14	3315.21'S	2631.66'W	 5.0 4665.0
328/27	4-JUN-1994	 2:27	3310.04'S	2644.85'W	 5.0 4570.0
329/28	4-JUN-1994	 6:45	33 4.82'S	2657.85'W	 5.0 4505.0
330/29	4-JUN-1994	12: 4	3259.59'S	2710.43'W	 5.0 3550.0
331130	4-JUN-1994	16:24	3254.64'S	2723.58'W	 5.0 3825.0
332/31	4-JUN-1994	21:45	3251.79'S	2746.94'W	 5.0 3195.0
333/32	5-JUN-1994	22:16	3547.91'S	3039.96'W	 5.0 4130.0
334/33	6-JUN-1994	 8: 7	3642.31'S	3130.66'W	 5.0 1500.0
335/34	6-JUN-1994	15:30	3736.54'S	3222.06'W	 5.0 4525.0
336/35	7-JUN-1994	 0:43	3831.01'S	3313.87'W	 5.0 1495.0
337/36	7-JUN-1994	 8:30	3925.43'S	34 6.50'W	 5.0 1505.0
338137	7-JUN-1994	15:37	3954.19'S	3434.79'W	 5.0 4865.0
339/38	8-JUN-1994	 3:15	3836.65'S	3459.05'W	 5.0 1495.0
340/39	8-JUN-1994	12:56	3742.58'S	3615.65'W	 5.0 4985.0
341/40	9-JUN-1994	 0: 6	3648.39'S	3731.28'W	 5.0 1495.0
342/41	9-JUN-1994	 9: 4	3554.14'S	3846.08'W	 5.0 4950.0
343/42	9-JUN-1994	20: 5	3459.97'S	40 0.02'W	 5.0 1505.0
344/43	10-JUN-1994	 4:50	34 5.93'S	4113.16'W	20.0 1510.0
345/44	11-JUN-1994	17: 3	3457.52'S	4838.97'W	 5.0 4540.0

7.2.2 	LIST OF XBT DROPS

STATION	DATE		TIME	PHI		LAMBDA		DEPTH
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1	20-MAY-1994	 0: 0	21 4.90'S	 855.20'W	5.0 895.0
2	20-MAY-1994	 1: 0	21 3.90'S	 9 8.00'W	5.0 870.0
3	20-MAY-1994	 2: 0	21 3.00'S	 920.60'W	5.0 895.0
4	20-MAY-1994	 3: 0	21 2.60'S	 933.30'W	5.0 870.0
5	20-MAY-1994	 4: 0	21 1.10'S	 946.10'W	5.0 895.0
6	20-MAY-1994	 5: 0	21 0.10'S	 958.60'W	5.0 885.0
7	20-MAY-1994	 6: 0	21 0.00'S	10 7.20'W	5.0 880.0
8	20-MAY-1994	 7: 0	2060.00'S	1019.90'W	5.0 905.0
9	20-MAY-1994	 8: 0	21 0.10'S	1032.80'W	5.0 875.0
10	20-MAY-1994	20: 1	2059.90'S	1045.50'W	5.0 905.0
11	20-MAY-1994	21: 0	2060.00'S	1057.70'W	5.0 895.0
12	20-MAY-1994	22: 0	21 0.00'S	1010.30'W	5.0 915.0
13	20-MAY-1994	23: 0	2060.00'S	1122.60'W	5.0 910.0
14	21-MAY-1994	 0: 0	21 0.00'S	1134.90'W	5.0 890.0
15	21-MAY-1994	 1: 0	21 0.00'S	1147.00'W	5.0 890.0
16	21-MAY-1994	 3: 0	21 0.00'S	1219.40'W	5.0 865.0
17	21-MAY-1994	 5: 0	21 0.00'S	1232.30'W	5.0 880.0
18	21-MAY-1994	 6: 0	21 0.00'S	1244.40'W	5.0 885.0
19	21-MAY-1994	 7: 3	21 0.00'S	1257.40'W	5.0 880.0
20	21-MAY-1994	 8: 0	21 0.00'S	13 9.30'W	5.0 905.0
21	21-MAY-1994	 9: 0	21 0.10'S	1320.90'W	5.0 900.0
22	21-MAY-1994	10: 0	21 0.20'S	1331.60'W	5.0 905.0
23	21-MAY-1994	11: 0	21 0.00'S	1344.10'W	5.0 880.0
24	21-MAY-1994	12: 0	21 0.00'S	1356.80'W	5.0 885.0
25	21-MAY-1994	13: 0	21 0.20'S	14 9.40'W	5.0 855.0
26	21-MAY-1994	14: 0	21 0.10'S	1422.40'W	5.0 895.0
27	21-MAY-1994	15: 0	21 0.10'S	1435.30'W	5.0 925.0
28	21-MAY-1994	16: 0	21 0.10'S	1448.00'W	5.0 900.0
29	21-MAY-1994	17: 0	2059.80'S	15 0.50'W	5.0 865.0
30	21-MAY-1994	22: 0	21 6.10'S	15 8.30'W	5.0 870.0
31	21-MAY-1994	23: 0	2114.20'S	1517.00'W	5.0 890.0
32	22-MAY-1994	 0: 0	2122.00'S	1525.90'W	5.0 890.0
33	22-MAY-1994	 1: 0	2130.20'S	1535.20'W	5.0 900.0
34	22-MAY-1994	 2: 0	2138.80'S	1544.80'W	5.0 885.0
35	22-MAY-1994	 3: 0	2145.80'S	1552.10'W	5.0 885.0
36	22-MAY-1994	 4: 0	2154.00'S	16 2.20'W	5.0 890.0
37	22-MAY-1994	 8: 0	22 7.30'S	1617.30'W	5.0 905.0
38	22-MAY-1994	 9: 0	2215.80'S	1626.80'W	5.0 875.0
39	22-MAY-1994	10: 0	2224.10'S	1636.20'W	5.0 885.0
40	22-MAY-1994	11: 0	2232.20'S	1645.40'W	5.0 910.0
41	22-MAY-1994	12: 0	2240.30'S	1654.60'W	5.0 885.0
42	22-MAY-1994	13: 0	2248.40'S	17 3.80'W	5.0 885.0
43	22-MAY-1994	14: 0	2255.80'S	1712.40'W	5.0 900.0
44	22-MAY-1994	19: 0	23 1.40'S	1719.30'W	5.0 905.0
45	22-MAY-1994	20: 0	23 8.70'S	1728.60'W	5.0 895.0
46	22-MAY-1994	21: 0	2316.70'S	1738.90'W	5.0 900.0
47	22-MAY-1994	22: 0	2324.90'S	1749.70'W	5.0 890.0
48	22-MAY-1994	23: 0	2332.70'S	1759.90'W	5.0 865.0
49	23-MAY-1994	 0: 0	2340.50'S	1810.20'W	5.0 900.0
50	23-MAY-1994	 1: 0	2348.20'S	1820.40'W	5.0 910.0
51	23-MAY-1994	 2: 0	2355.90'S	1830.60'W	5.0 900.0
52	23-MAY-1994	 5: 0	24 4.90'S	1841.50'W	5.0 885.0
53	23-MAY-1994	 6: 0	2412.40'S	1849.90'W	5.0 890.0
54	23-MAY-1994	 7: 0	2421.00'S	1859.70'W	5.0 890.0
55	23-MAY-1994	 8: 0	2429.00'S	19 9.00'W	5.0 875.0
56	23-MAY-1994	 8:58	2436.50'S	1917.30'W	5.0 890.0
57	23-MAY-1994	10: 0	2444.80'S	1926.80'W	5.0 875.0
58	23-MAY-1994	11: 0	2453.00'S	1935.90'W	5.0 885.0
59	23-MAY-1994	17: 0	2511.30'S	1957.40'W	5.0 880.0
60	23-MAY-1994	18: 0	2519.90'S	20 7.90'W	5.0 895.0
61	23-MAY-1994	19: 1	2528.10'S	2017.70'W	5.0 895.0
62	23-MAY-1994	20: 3	2536.70'S	2027.90'W	5.0 900.0
63	23-MAY-1994	20:58	2544.00'S	2036.70'W	5.0 900.0
64	23-MAY-1994	22: 0	2552.20'S	2046.70'W	5.0 895.0
65	24-MAY-1994	 1:56	26 8.50'S	21 6.40'W	5.0 895.0
66	24-MAY-1994	 3: 0	2616.50'S	2116.40'W	5.0 895.0
67	24-MAY-1994	 4: 0	2624.50'S	2126.10'W	5.0 880.0
68	24-MAY-1994	 4:48	2632.90'S	2136.60'W	5.0 905.0
69	24-MAY-1994	 5:59	2641.00'S	2146.50'W	5.0 900.0
70	24-MAY-1994	 6:59	2649.10'S	2156.40'W	5.0 910.0
71	24-MAY-1994	 8: 2	2657.20'S	22 6.50'W	5.0 900.0
72	24-MAY-1994	13: 0	27 3.80'S	2214.80'W	5.0 890.0
73	24-MAY-1994	14: 0	2711.50'S	2224.50'W	5.0 900.0
74	24-MAY-1994	15: 0	2719.40'S	2234.40'W	5.0 890.0
75	24-MAY-1994	16: 0	2727.20'S	2244.00'W	5.0 900.0
76	24-MAY-1994	16:58	2735.10'S	2253.80'W	5.0 875.0
77	24-MAY-1994	17:58	2743.00'S	23 3.80'W	5.0 895.0
78	24-MAY-1994	18:58	2750.80'S	2313.60'W	5.0 890.0
79	24-MAY-1994	20: 3	2759.10'S	2324.00'W	5.0 895.0
80	24-MAY-1994	23: 0	28 7.60'S	2334.60'W	5.0 895.0
81	25-MAY-1994	 0: 0	2815.10'S	2344.10'W	5.0 880.0
82	25-MAY-1994	 0:58	2822.20'S	2353.40'W	5.0 895.0
83	25-MAY-1994	 2: 0	2830.30'S	24 3.50'W	5.0 905.0
84	25-MAY-1994	 3: 0	2837.80'S	2413.00'W	5.0 900.0
85	25-MAY-1994	 4: 0	2845.40'S	2423.00'W	5.0 900.0
86	25-MAY-1994	 5: 0	2853.00'S	2433.00'W	5.0 890.0
87	25-MAY-1994	 8:59	29 8.60'S	2453.90'W	5.0 885.0
88	25-MAY-1994	10: 0	2916.90'S	25 3.30'W	5.0 895.0
89	25-MAY-1994	11: 0	2925.00'S	2513.40'W	5.0 870.0

7.2.3	LIST OF DRIFTER LAUNCHES

Sta.	Drifter	Date	Time	Latitude  Longitude	Temp	Drogue	Remarks
No.	(ARGOS)	1994	UTC	South	  West		(C)	(m)	
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
291	00652	20/5	5:20	2100.0	  1000.1	23.6	100	Drift Sta. only
292	00665	20/5	19:00	2059.9	  1034.5	23.8	100	Test Sta.
293	00671	21/5	2:15	2059.8	  1200.0	24.0	100	Drift Sta. only
294	00650	21/5	9:50	2100.1	  1330.1	24.3	100	Drift Sta. only
295	00626	21/5	21:04	2059.1	  1501.1	24.5	100	w2 Float Depl.
297	00670	22/5	18:34	2259.9	  1717.0	24.2	100	w Float Depl.
299	00630	23/5	15:23	2500.0	  1943.9	24.1	100	w Float Depl.
301	00654	24/5	12:22	2659.2	  2209.9	22.2	100	w Float Depl.
303	00639	25/5	7:49	2859.9	  2442.0	21.2	100	w Float Depl.
305	00668	26/5	4:26	3048.8	  2722.9	21.4	100	w Float Depl.
307	00672	26/5	22:40	3229.9	  2848.0	20.6	100	w Float Depl.
309	00673	27/5	21:48	3419.2	  2829.8	19.2	100	H1 w Fl Dep.
313	00653	28/5	19:07	3425.4	  2752.4	17.4	100	H2 Hunter Ch.
321	00669	1/6	13:59	3529.8	  2821.4	17.7	100	search for K0
327	00628	3/6	00:46	3315.4	  2631.9	18.6	100	Hunter Ch East
334	00663	6/6	5:05	3642.3	  3130.6	16.7	100	SR im Subtr. Gyre
336	00624	7/6	1:46	3831.0	  3314.0	16.2	100	SR im Subtr. Gyre
338	00647	7/6	19:17	3954.2	  3434.8	11.5	100	Subtropr. Front
341	00649	8/6	1:20	3648.1	  3731.3	17.0	100	towards Vema Ch.
343	00635	9/6	21:16	3500.2	  4000.1	18.9	100	outer Vema Ch.

7.2.4 	MOORING ACTIVITIES

Sta.	Ext	Int	Date		Latitude  Longitude	Depth	Instrum.  Remarks
No.	No.	No.	dd/mm/yy	South	  West		(m)	Type	
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Current Meter Moorings
*612	R	363	16/12/92	3137.1	  2848.6	3719	2ACM	  DWBC at Rio 
										  G Rise
306			26/05/94					CB	  100% recvd
*602	H1	353	11/12/92	3415.5	  2852.3	4112	6ACM,CB	  Hunter West
309			27/5/94						IMAFOS	  100% recvd
*605	H3	355	12-14/12/92	approximately	1	(4436)	5ACM	  launch interrup,
					3423.5	  2742.7			  dual release, 
										  no CB
312			29/5/94							  100% recvd
*604	H2	354	12/12/92	3425.5	  2751.6	4292	2ACM, CB  Hunter Cent
313			29/5/92							  100% recvd
*609	H6	358	15/12/92	3432.6	  2658.5	4303	ADCP, CB  Hunter East
									5ACM,	  WD(#5506)
315			29/5/94							  dual rel
										  100% recvd
*607	H5	357	14/12/92	3435.1	  2703.4	(4836)	2ACM	  Hunter Ch
									200m	  CB lost
									ThCh	
316			29/5/94							  98% recovd
*606	H4	356	14/12/92	3430.8	  2719.2	4336	2ACM,	  Hunter Ch
									CB	  200mThCh
			30/5/94							  100% recovd
Sound Source Moorings
*603	K0	352	11/12/92	3418.9	  2830.0	4054	SoSo71	  Window
										  1:30UTC
										  WD alarm on
										  14-15/01/94
310			27/5/94							  no resp. at
										  mooring site
NB: SoSo71 was located at ~3520	2830 on ?/5/94, however it was inaccessible for METEOR
322	K02	3522	2/6/94		3413.36  2838.37	4335	SoSo86	  Window
										  1:35UTC
									MAFOS	  WD 9243
										  launched
338	K4	365	7/6/94		3951.61  3432.93	4707	SoSo89	  Window
										  1:00UTC
									MAFOS	  WD 5513
										  launched

ADCP	Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
ACM	Aanderaa Current Meter
CB	Bouy Radio Transmitter (CB Radio)
ThCh	Thermistor Chain
WD	Watch Dog (ARGOS Bouy Transmitter with dimmer)
SoSo	Sound Source, Part of RAFOS System
	Station occupied during METEOR Cruise No.22, for details see G. Siedler et al. (1993)

7.2.5 	LIST OF RAFOS FLOAT LAUNCHES AND MAFOS DEPLOYMENTS

Sta.	Float	Date	Time	Latitude  Longitude	ARGOS  Duration	Remarks
No.	IfM	1994	UTC	South	  West		(DecNr) (month)	
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RAFOS Floats
295	37	21/5	20:56	2059.5	  1501.1	4986	11	with #43 DBE
295	43	21/5	21:03	2059.5	  1501.1	5462	18	with #37 DBE
296	47	22/5	 6:55	2159.9	  1609.0	5466	15	W Mid. Ad. RDBE
297	51	22/5	18:33	2300.0	  1717.0	7462	10	Braz Bas DBE
298	57	23/5	 4:16	2400.0	  1836.0	5479	11	Braz Bas DBE
299	58	23/5	15:10	2500.0	  1944.0	5480	13	Braz Bas DBE
300	62	24/5	00:49	2600.0	  2056.1	12622	10	Braz Bas DBE
301	78	24/5	12:20	2700.0	  2209.9	12612	11	Braz Bas DBE
302	85	24/5	21:52	2800.0	  2324.9	7469	18	Braz Bas DBE
303	95	25/5	 7:45	2859.8	  2441.9	4984	10	Braz Bas DBE
304	96	25/5	19:08	2959.9	  2559.1	12624	11	Braz Bas DBE
305	97	26/5	 4:26	3048.9	  2723.0	12613	15	Rio G Rise N
306	99	26/5	17:14	3137.4	  2849.2	7467	10	R, RioGRise
307	103	26/5	23:00	3230.1	  2848.1	7468	11	outer HunterCh
308	69	27/5	 5:24	3322.5	  2848.8	6843	13	outer HunterCh
310	100!	27/5	21:47	3419.1	  2829.7	12616	10	K0, Hunter Ch.
320	98	1/6	 2:14	3525.2	  2827.1	5466	11	South of HCh
333	101	6/6	 1:41	3547.0	  3039.5	12617	18	South of HCh
334	102	6/6	 9:00	3642.2	  3130.5	12618	10	NE Arg Basin
335	104S	6/6	18:27	3736.6	  3222.0	7466	11	NE Arg Basin
336	105	7/6	 1:44	3831.0	  3314.0	5461	15	NE Arg Basin
337	107	7/6	 9:39	3925.9	  3406.6	6835	10	NE Arg Basin
338	106	7/6	19:15	3954.2	  3434.8	7465	11	southern comer
339	108	8/6	 4:17	3836.6	  3458.7			
340	109	8/6	15:52	3742.8	  3615.5			
341	30	9/6	 1:18	3648.4	  3731.3	5463	11	towards Vema
342	110	9/6	12:37	3554.3	  3846.1	5487	15	towards Vema
343	111	9/6	21:16	3500.2	  4000.1	5488	10	towards Vema
344	112	10/6	 5:53	3405.7	  4113.3	5489	13	outer Vema Ch
MAFOS Monitors
[K02]	M5	1/6*	21:30*	3413.7	  2838.4	N/A	21	SoSo86,4335m
[K4]	M7	6/6*	16:44*	3951.6	  3432.9	N/A	22	SoSo89,4707m

DBE - Deep Basin Experiment
# - Float
* Start Date/Time

7.2.6 	LIST OF PLANKTON STATIONS DURING M 28 AND RESPECTIVE HAUL NUMBERS

Station	NEU	MCN-OK	Date		Latitude	Longitude	Light	Sorted
#	#	#	YYYYMMDD				
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
165	1		19940330	816.2'S	3327.3'W	N	NEU o
166	2		19940330	819.2'S	3229.8'W	T	NEU o
167	3	1 *	19940331	913.3'S	3259.8'W	N	NEU o
168	4	2 *	19940331	1014.7'S	3329.3'W	T	NEU o
169	5	3 +	19940401	1003.2'S	3544.8'W	T	NEU o, MCN
170	6	4 *	19940401	1004.7'S	3541.8'W	N	NEU o, MCN
171	7	5 +	19940401	1012.7'S	3538.2'W	N	NEU o
172	8	6 *	19940402	1015.4'S	3533.4'W	N	NEU o, MCN
173	9	7 +	19940402	1019.5'S	3527.0'W	T	NEU o
174	10	8 +	19940402	1024.2'S	3521.5'W	T	NEU o, MCN
175	11		19940403	1026.5'S	3511.7'W	N	NEU o
176	12		19940403	1033.1'S	3503.5'W	T	NEU o
177	13	9 -	19940403	1038.5'S	3455.9'W	T	NEU o
178	14	10 *	19940403	1046.1'S	3444.9'W	N	NEU o, MCN
179	15	11 *	19940404	1055.5'S	3430.5'W	N	NEU o
180	16	12 *	19940404	1106.2'S	3410.8'W	T	NEU o, MCN
181	17	13 -	19940404	1118.4'S	3400.1'W	T	NEU o
182	18	14 *	19940405	1119.5'S	3329.7'W	T	NEU o
183	19	15 *	19940405	1119.5'S	3300.0'W	T	NEU o, MCN
184	20	16 *	19940405	1118.7'S	3230.2'W	N	NEU o
185	21	17 *	19940406	1119.8'S	3159.5'W	DT	NEU o, MCN
186	22	18 *	19940406	1118.9'S	3119.9'W	T	NEU o
187	23	19 +	19940406	1119.7'S	3039.8'W	N	NEU o, MCN
188	24	20 *	19940407	1119.6'S	3000.0'W	T	NEU o
189	25	21 *	19940407	1119.5'S	2919.7'W	N	NEU o, MCN
190	26	22 *	19940408	1119.6'S	2839.7'W	N	
192	27	23 *	19940409	1119.7'S	2720.0'W	N	
194	28	24 *	19940409	1119.7'S	2559.5'W	N	
197	29	25 *	19940411	1119.5'S	2359.8'W	N	
198	30	26 *	19940411	1119.7'S	2319.8'W	T	
201	31	27 *	19940412	1119.9'S	2130.0'W	T	
203	32	28 *	19940413	1119.9's	2029.8'W	T	
205	33	29 *	19940414	1119.7'S	1929.9'W	N	
208	34	30 -	19940414	1119.8'S	1757.3'W	N	
210	35	31 -	19940415	1119.6'S	1659.7'W	T	
211		32 *	19940415	1119.8'S	1634.9'W	N	
213	36	33 *	19940416	1119.7'S	1544.8'W	T	
215	37	34 *	19940416	1119.7'S	1454.8'W	N	
218	38	35 *	19940417	1119.8'S	1339.7'W	T	
221	39	36 *	19940418	1119.9'S	1224.9'W	T	
224	40	37 *	19940419	1119.7'S	1059.8'W	T	
227	41	38 *	19940420	1119.7'S	929.7'W	DT	
230	42	39 *	19940421	1119.6'S	759.6'W	T	
232	43	40 -	19940421	1119.6'S	659.8'W	N	
235	44	41 *	19940422	1119.7'S	529.6'W	N	
238	45	42 *	19940423	1119.8'S	359.9'W	N	
240	46	43 *	19940424	1119.9'S	259.6'W	T	
242	47	44 *	19940425	1119.8'S	159.5'W	N	
245	48	4S *	19940426	1120.0'S	044.5'W	N	
246	49	46 *	19940426	1119.8'S	029.6'W	T	
247	so	47 *	19940426	1120.1'S	014.7'W	T	
249	S1	48 *	19940427	1119.9'S	040.3'E	N	
251	52	49 *	19940428	1119.8'S	200.2'E	N	
253	53	so *	19940428	1119.8'S	320.3'E	N	
255	54	51 *	19940429	1120.0'S	440.4'E	T	
257	55	52 *	19940430	1120.0'S	600.4'E	DT	
259	56	53 *	19940501	1120.0'S	720.2'E	N	
261	57	54 *	19940501	1120.0'S	830.2'E	DN	
263	58	55 *	19940502	1120.0'S	930.3'W	T	
264	59	56 *	19940502	1120.2'S	1000.0'E	T	
282	60	57 *	19940505	1140.2'S	1059.9'E	N	
283	61	58 *	19940506	1140.2'S	1130.1'E	N	
284	62	59 *	19940506	1140.3'S	1200.1'E	DT	
285	63	60 *	19940506	1140.4'S	1230.0'E	T	
286	64	61 *	19940506	1140.2'S	1250.0'E	T	
287	65	62 *	19940506	1120.2'S	1305.1'E	N	
288	66	63 *	19940506	1120.1'S	1315.1'E	N	
289	67	64 *	19940507	1120.4'S	1325.4'E	N	
290	68	65 *	19940507	1119.8'S	1330.1'E	T	

Explanation of symbols:
OK: * haul OK; + depth failure of individual net; - no quantitative catch.
Light: T Tag (daylight), D Dmmerung (dusk & dawn), N Nacht (night).

7.2.7	SAMPLE LIST OF SEDIMENT- AND WATER SAMPLES FOR GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

GeoB	METEOR	Date	Equip	Bottom	Latitude  Longitude	Water	Core	Remarks
No.	No.	1994	ment	contact				depth	recovery	
				(UTC)				(m)	(cm)	(sample depths in dbar)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANGOLA BASIN (near MARTIN VAZ FRACTURE ZONE)
										TEST LOKATION
2601-1	292	20.05.	MIC	9:54	2100,1'S  1034,4'W	4220	7	core recovery 1/4, 
										3 tubes washed out,
										1 sample damaged
2601-2		20.05.	ROS+CTD		2100,1'S  1034,4'W	4276		sample depths 
										(4276, 4196,3593,3001,
										2496, 2001,1801,
2602-1	295	21.05.	MIC	18:38	2100,1'S  1501,1'W	3978	3	core recovery 2/4, 
										foraminifere ooze,
										light yellowish brown
2602-2		21.05.	ROS+CTD		21'00,1'S  1501,1'W	3986		sample depths 
										(3986,3909,3600,3000, 
										2500,2000,1800,1500, 
										1300,1200,1100,1000,
										900,750,600,500,400,
BRASIL BASIN
2603-1	296	22.05.	ROS+CTD		2200,0'S  1609,0'W	4908		CTD-profile up to 1500 m, 
										sample depths (1500,)
										1300,1200,1100,1000,
										900,710,600,500,400,
										200,150,100,80,70, 50, 
										30, 20, surface (10)
2604-1	297	22.05.	MIC	16:00	2300,0'S  1717,1'W	4333	15	core recovery 3/4, 
										foraminifere ooze,
										light yellowish brown
2604-2		22.05.	ROS+CTD		2300,0'S  1717,1'W			sample depths)
										(4295,4196,3600,3000, 
										2500,2000,1800,1500, 
										1300,1200,1100,1000,
										900,782,600,500,400,
										200 100,50,30,surface (10)
2605-1	299	23-05.	MIC	13:24	2459,9'S  1944,0'W	4047	-	core recovery 0/4, 
										MIC damaged
2605-2		23.05.	ROS+CTD		2459,9'S  1944,0'W			sample depths 
										(4061,3949,3600,3000, 
										2500,2000,1800,1500, 
										1300,1200,1100,1000, 
										850,750,600,500,400, 
										200,100,50,30)
2606-1	301	24.05.	MIC	10:00	2700,0'S  2210,1'W	4374	-	core recovery 0/4, 
										MIC damaged
										TEST LOKATION
2606-2		24.05.	ROS+CTD		2700,0'S  22'10,1'W			sample depths; 
										(4377,4277,4200,3600, 
										3000,2500,2000,1800, 
										1500,1300,1200,1100, 
										1000,900,830,600,500,
										400,200,100,50,30,10), 
										He- and Tritium-samples
2607-1	304	25.05.	MIC	18:38	2959,9'S  2558,0'W	4372	19	core recovery 3/4, 
										pelagic clay, light brown
2607-2		25.05.	ROS+CTD		2959,9'S  2558,0'W			sample depths 
										(4413,4200,3600,3000, 
										2500,2000,1800,1500, 
										1300,1200,1100,1000, 
										980,900,800,600,500, 
										400,200,100,50,30,10)
HUNTER CHANNEL
2608-1	306	26.05.	MIC	15:30	3137,5'S  2849,1'W	3750	-	core recovery 0/4,
2608-2		26.05.	ROS+CTD		3137,5'S  2849,1'W			sample depths (3751, 
										3650,3000,2500,2000, 
										1800,1500,1300,1200, 
										1100,1000,980,900, 
										800,600,500,400,200, 
										100,50, 50,30,10)
2609-1	310	27.05.	MIC	18:30	3412,1'S  2829,46'W	4057	19	core recovery 3/4, 
										pelagic clay,pale brown
2609-2		27.05.	ROS+CTD		3412,1'S  2829,46'W			Sample depths (4059,
										3600,3000,2500,2000,
										1800,1500,1300,1200,
										1100,960,900,800,
										600,500,400,200,100,
										50,30,10)
2610-1	313	28.05.	MIC	17:04	3425,2'S  2752,2'W	4357	21	core recovery 4/4, 
										pelagic clay, grayish brown
2610-2		28.05.	ROS+CTD		3425,2'S  2752,2'W			sample depths (4374,
										4200,3600,3000,2500,
										2000,1800,1500, 
										1300,1200,1100,1000,
										880,800,600,500,400, 
										200,100,50,30,10)
2611-1	316	29.05.	MIC	19:08	3435,1'S  2703,4'W	4177	-	core recovery 0/4
2612-1	318	30.05.	MIC	19:48	3430,8'S  2719,2'W	4332	27	core recovery 4/4, 
										pelagic clay, brown
2613-1	320	31.05.	MIC	20:23	3524,5'S  2827,3'W	4770	28	core recovery 4/4, 
										pelagic clay, olive brown
										TEST LOKATION
2613-2		31.05.	ROS+CTD		3524,5'S  2827,3'W			sample depths (4812,
										4699,4200,3600,3000,
										2500,2000,1800,1500,
										1300,1200,1100,1000,
										875,800,600,500,400,
										200,50,30,10),He- 
										and Tritium-samples
2614-1	323	03.06.	MIC	2:07	3424,6'S  2619,9'W	3881	11	core recovery 2/4, 
										foram-rich fine-sandy 
										silt, light grey 
										(10YR7/2)
2614-2		03.06.	ROS+CTD		3424,6'S  2619,9'W			sample depths (3911, 
										3820,3599,2998,2501,
										2000,1800,1498,1300,
										1199,1099,1000,900,
										800,600,499,399,200,
										95,48,29,10)
2615-1	324	03.06.	MIC	6:31	3407,1'S  2623,0'W	3795	10	core recovery 1/4, 
										foram-rich fine-sandy 
										silt, light grey 
										(10YR7/2)
2616-1	325	03.06.	MIC	10:58	3349,9'S  2625,9'W	4454	10	core recovery 2/4, 
										pelagic clay, brown-
										very pale brown 
										(10YR513-10YR7/4)
2616-2		03.06.	ROS+CTD		3349,9'S  2625,91W			sample depths (4488, 
										4400,4200,3600,3000,
										2500,2000,1800,1500,
										1300,1200,1100,1000,
										875,800,600,500,400,
										200,50,30,10)
2617-1	326	03.06.	MIC	16:09	3332,6'S  2628,9'W	4216	24	core recovery 4/4, 
										pelagic clay with forams, 
										brown(10YR5/3), 
										pale brown (10YR6/3), 
										light grey(10YR7/2)
2618-1	332	04.06.	MIC	22:47	3251,8'S  2746,9'W	3170	-	core recovery 0/4
ARGENTINE BASIN
2619-1	333	05.06.	MIC	23:31	3547,9'S  3039,9'W	4157	18	core recovery 3/4, 
										pelagic clay, brown, 
										1 tube lost
										TEST LOKATION
2619-2		05.06.	ROS+CTD		3547,9'S  3039,9'W			sample depths (4076, 
										4000,3600,3000,2500,
										2000,1800,1500,1300,
										1200,1100,1000,900, 
										800,600,500, 400, 
										200, 50, 30, 10)
2620-1	335	06.06.	MIC	16:45	3736,5'S  3222,0'W	4480	22	
2620-2		06.06.	ROS+CTD		3736,5'S  3222,0'W			sample depths (4500, 
										4399,4200,3600,3000,
										2500,2000,1800,1500
										1300,1200,1100,998, 
										900,800,600,500,400,
										200,50,30,10)
2621-1	338	07.06.	MIC	17:02	3954,1'S  3434,8'W	4808	25	
2621-2		07.06.	ROS+CTD		3954,1'S  3434,8'W			sample depths (4839, 
										4699,4200,3600,3000,
										2560,2000,1800,1500,
										1300,1200,1100,1000,
										900,700,600,500,400,
										200,50,30,10) He- 
										and Tritium-samples
2622-1	340	08.06.	MIC	14:21	3742,6'S  3615,7'W	4906		
2623-1	342	09.06.	MIC	10:26	3954,2'S  3846,1'W	4873		
2623-2		09.06.	ROS+CTD		3954,2'S  3846,1'W			

7.2.8	LIST OF SURFACE SEAWATER SAMPLES (SAMPLED ON XAD-2)

Sample	Date	Time	Latitude Longitude	Volume
Code	1994	(UTC)				[l]
-----------------------------------------------------------
M28RW1	05/16	09:00	2225'S	 0848'E	500
		19:00	2215'S	 0644'E	
M28RW2	05/17	08:33	2202'S	 0345'W	500
		18:20	2155'S	 0157'E	
M28RW3	05/18	08:33	2142'S	 0043'W	300
		22:45	2129'S	 0337'W	
M28RW4	05/19	10:07	2118'S	 0600'W	555
	05/20	00:45	2104'S	 0905'W	
M28RW5	05/21	09:10	2100'S	 1322'W	550
		10:30	2228'S	 1640'W	
M28RW6	05/23	09:30	2440'S	 1922'W	500
	05/24	19:15	2753'S	 2316'W	
M28RW7	05/25	09:25	2911'S	 2457'W	316
	05/26	00:45	3037'S	 2702'W	
M28RW8	05/26	17:30	3139'S	 2849'W	404
	05/27	17:30	3418'S	 2828'W	
M28RW9	06/05	10:30	3401'S	 2854'W	387
		22:35	3535'S	 3027'W	
M28RW10	06/07	18:20	3954'S	 3435'W	400
	06/08	15:20	3740'S	 3618'W	
M28RW11	06/09	13:20	3549'S	 3846'W	458
	06/10	11:45	3415'S	 4253'W	
M28RW12	06/11	11:30	3449'S	 4648'W	400
		18:00	3457'S	 4840'W	

7.2.9	LIST OF SURFACE SEAWATER SAMPLES (SAMPLED ON Y.AD-7)

Sample	Date	Time	Latitude Longitude	Volume
Code	1994	(bord				(l)
		time)
--------------------------------------------------------------
WP1	05/16	 10:46	2226'S	 0915'E	250
		 21:00	2204'S	 0417'E	
WP2	05/17	 10:00	2204'S	 0417'E	350
		 20:00	2153'S	 0150'E	
WP3	05/18-19 08:30	2142'S	 0037'W	518
		 08:10	2119'S	 0536'W	
WP4	05/19	 08:40	2119'S	 0544'W	450
		 22:15	2106'S	 0834'W	
WP5	05/22	 08:45	2217'S	 1628'W	757
	05/23	 20:10	2545'S	 2038'W	
WP6	05/24	 12:50	2705'S	 2217'W	635
	05/25	 11:20	2934'S	 2526'W	
WP7	05/26	 18:50	3158'S	 2848'W	500
	05/28	 08:00	3434'S	 2642'W	
WP8	06/05	 09:15	3419'S	 2912'W	530
	06/06	 12:00	3739'S	 3224'W	
WP9	06/09	 12:40	3534'S	 3912'W	460
	06/10	 08:00	3414'S	 4221'W	
WP10	06/11	 08:15	3448'S	 4717'W	280
	06/12	 10:00	3505'S	 5202'W	

7.2.10	LIST OF MICRO LAYER SAMPLES

Sample	Date	Station	Latitude Longitude	Volume
Code	1994	No.				[l]
----------------------------------------------------------------
M28MF1	05/20	292	2100'S	 1034'W	2 x 4
M28MF2	05/21	295	2100'S	 1501'W	2 x 4
M28MF3	05/22	297	2300'S	 1717'W	2 x 4
M28MF4	05/23	299	2500'S	 1944'W	2 x 4
M28MF5	05/24	301	2700'S	 2210'W	2 x 4
M28MF6	05/25	304	3000'S	 2558'W	2 x 4
M28MF7	05/26	306	3137'S	 2849'W	2 x 4
M28MF8	05/28	313	3425'S	 2752'W	2 x 4
M28MF9	06/02	322	3410'S	 2836'W	2 x 4
M28MF10	06/06	335	3737'S	 3223'W	2 x 4
M28MF11	06/06	342	3554'S	 3846'W	2 x 4

7.2.11	LIST OF HIGH VOLUME AIR SAMPLES

Sample	 Date	Time	Latitude Longitude	Volume
Code	 1994	(UTC)				[m-3]
---------------------------------------------------------------
M28RL2P	 05/16	07:50	2226'S	 0914'E	1010
	 05/17	07:00	2204'S	 0428'E	
M28RL3P	 05/17	07:40	2204'S	 0420'E	1075
	 05/18	07:00	2143'S	 0022'W	
M28RL4P	 05/18	09:40	2138'S	 0056'W	1034
	 05/19	08:00	2120'S	 0533'W	
M28RL5P	 05/19	09:25	2118'S	 0552'W	1000
	 05/20	06:45	2100'S	 1017'W	
M28RL6P	 05/20	07:15	2100'S	 1023'W	1320
	 05/21	11:00	2100'S	 1343'W	
M28RL7P	 05/21	12:15	2100'S	 1413'W	2520
	 05/23	16:40	2509'S	 1955'W	
M28RL8P	 05/23	17:13	2513'S	 2000'W	1012
	 05/24	17:35	2740'S	 2300'W	
M28RL9P	 05/24	18:10	2744'S	 2305'W	1008
	 05/25	19:00	2960'S	 2560'W	
M28RL10P 05/26	09:20	3120'S	 2818'W	420
	 05/27	09:30	3400'S	 2850'W	
M28RL11P 05/27	09:45	3408'S	 2852'W	952
	 05/28	09:05	3420'S	 2756'W	
M28RL12P 05/28	15820	3425'S	 2752'W	1012
	 05/29	12300	3432'S	 2659'W	
M28RL13P 05/29	13:35	4332'S	 2659'W	799
	 05/30	09:05	3425'S	 2718'W	
M28RL14P 05/31	12:25	3519'S	 2826'W	1007
	 06/01	11:50	3531'S	 2819'W	
M28RI15P 06/01	15:00	3522'S	 2830'W	1210
	 06/02	24:00	3432'S	 2620'W	
M28RL16P 06/03	00:30	3425'S	 2620'W	1257
	 06/04	10:00	3304'S	 2657'W	
M28RL17P 06/05	10:45	3419'S	 2912'W	1050
	 06/06	10:30	3707'S	 3154'W	
M28RL18P 06/06	11:35	3714'S	 3200'W	1022
	 06/07	17:30	3954'S	 3435'W	
M28RL19P 06/08	11:10	3753'S	 3601'W	1015
	 06/09	15:00	3537'S	 3909'W	
M28RL20P 06/09	15:55	3530'S	 3919'W	970
	 06/10	15:40	3420'S	 4317'W	
M28RL21	 06/10	16:10	3421'S	 4323'W	1010
	 06/11	18:00	3457'S	 4840'W	
Lp1	 03/15	14:35	2226'S	 1303'E	267
		19:50	2226'S	 1120'E	
Lp2	 05/16	09:00	2226'S	 0915'E	975
	 05/17	09:00	2204'S	 0417'E	
Lp3	 05/17	09:00	2204'S	 0417'E	325
		18:30	2155'S	 0221'E	
Lp4	 05/18	09:00	2204'S	 0105'W	1082
	 05/19	18:30	2155'S	 0548'W	
Lp5	 05/19	10:20	0600'W	 0741'W	307
	 	-18:00
			2110'S	 2110'S	 
Lp6	 05/20	08:40	2100'S	 1034'W	1447
	 05/21	08:40	2059'S	 1329'W	
Lp7	 05/21	11:15	2100'S	 1359'W	324
		18:15	2059'S	 1501'W	
Lp8	 05/22	09:30	2226'S	 1639'W	886
	 05/23	09:05	2444'S	 1926'W	
Lp9	 05/23	12:50	2500'S	 1944'W	134
		16:45	2517'S	 2005'W	
Lp10	 05/24	09:35	2700'S	 2210'W	915
	 05/25	08:20	2911'S	 2456'W	
Lp11A	 05/25	10:00	2918'S	 2505'W	77
		12:00	2940'S	 2533'W	
Lp11B	 05/25	12:20	2942'S	 2535'W	70
		14:15	2958'S	 2556'W	
Lp11C	 05/25	14:35	2959'S	 2557'W	76
		17:00	2959'S	 2558'W	
Lp12	 05/26	09:20	3124'S	 2826'W	1054
	 05/27	10:40	3415'S	 2851'W	
Lp13	 05/28	11:00	3422'S	 2742'W	298
		19:40	3430'S	 2754'W	
Lp14	 05/29	10:15	3432'S	 2658'W	886
	 05/30	08:10	3425'S	 2718'W	
Lp15	 05/31	08:40	3523'S	 2839'W	315
		19:00	3524'S	 2827'W	
Lp16	 06/01	09:15	3524'S	 2823'W	842
	 06/02	10:00	3417'S	 2748'W	
Lp17A	 06/03	08:30	3349'S	 2625'W	73
		11:00	3347'S	 2626'W	
Lp17B	 06/03	11:15	3347'S	 2626'W	77
		14:40	3332'S	 2628'W	
Lp17C	 06/03	14:50	3332'S	 2628'W	141
		19:30	3318'S	 2631'W	
Lp18	 06/05	08:20	3413'S	 2906'W	931
	 06/06	08:30	3717'S	 3204'W	
Lp19	 06/06	10:20	3717'S	 3204'W	304
		18:05	3758'S	 3243'W	
Lp20	 06/07	08:40	3942'S	 3423'W	855
	 06/08	09:00	3749'S	 3606'W	
Lp21	 06/08	09:15	3747'S	 3608'W	305
		18:15	3747'S	 3703'W	
Lp22	 06/09	09:50	3554'S	 3846'W	869
	 06/10	08:45	3414'S	 4226'W	
Lp23	 06/10	09:05	3414'S	 4228'W	521
		23:20	3435'S	 4530'W	
Lp24	 06/11	09:30	3450'S	 4735'W	108
		12:30	3454'S	 4816'W	

7.2.12	LIST OF LOW VOLUME AIR SAMPLES

Sample	Date	Time	Latitude Longitude	Volume
Code	1994	(bord				(l)
		time)
--------------------------------------------------------------
LOW1	05/16	13:35	2221'S	 0817'E	37
		18:40	2218'S	 0728'E	
LOW2	05/17	08:00	2204'S	 0428'E	40
		13:50	2159'S	 0317'E	
LOW3	05/17	14:00	2159'S	 0317'E	35
		21:00	2153'S	 0150'E	
LOW4	05/18	10:15	2138'S	 0050'W	40
		18:20	2132'S	 0243'W	
Blind 4	05/18	18:30	2138'S	 0050'W	0
		18:40	2132'S	 0243'W	
LOW5	05/19	10:30	2117'S	 0604'W	65,8
		20:50	2118'S	 0725'W	
LOW6	05/20	08:20	2100'S	 1034'W	47
		15:45	2100'S	 1034'W	
LOW7	05/21	12:35	2100'S	 1416'W	31,5
		18:35	2059'S	 1500'W	
LOW8	05/23	09:00	2444'S	 1926'W	40
		16:00	2507'S	 2004'W	
LOW9	05/24	09:20	2659'S	 2210'W	121
	05/25	08:50	2910'S	 2455'W	
LOW10	05/25	11:10	2933'S	 2524'W	35
		18:10	3000'S	 2559'W	
LOW11	05/26	09:35	3127'S	 2831'W	34,5
		16:05	3137'S	 2849'W	
LOW12	05/29	09:55	3422'S	 2658'W	49,9
		18:20	3435'S	 27003'W	
LOW13	05/31	08:50	3523'S	 2839'W	37,5
		18:50	3524'S	 2827'W	
LOW14	06/01	09:00	3524'S	 2823'W	47,9
		18:50	3435'S	 2754'W	
LOW15	06/03	08:45	3349'S	 2625'W	52,2
		19:30	3318'S	 2631'W	
LOW16	06/05	08:35	3416'S	 2909'W	48,7
		19:15	3540'S	 3032'W	
BLIND16	06/05.	8:40	3416'S	 2909'W	0
LOW17	06/06	10:10	3716'S	 3203'W	44,8
		18:05	3758'S	 3243'W	
LOW18	06/08	09:20	3745'S	 3611'W	42,4
		18:30	3706'S	 3705'W	
LOW19	06/10	08:40	3414'S	 4223'W	20
		23:30	3435'S	 4530'W	
LOW20	06/11	09:55	3450'S	 4741'W	70
		19:55	3458'S	 4916'W	
LOW21	06/12	09:10	3513'S	 5202'W	36,5
		16:30	3515'S	 5523'W	

8	CONCLUDING REMARKS

Foremost we thank the captains and the crew of RV METEOR for their skilled work.  
Special thanks go to Mrs. S. Drews.  She run the coordinator's office in Kiel with 
great competence and patience.  We all appreciate the professional travel services 
provided by Mrs. I. Weigert of Contiways Reisen, Hamburg.  Not forgotten are the 
excellent co-operations with the staff of the German diplomatic representatives in 
Brasilia, Luanda, Walfish Bay, and Buenos Aires.

Financial support for the cruise and the scientific data analysis come from the 
'Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft' (DFG) (Ze 145/7-1) and the 'Bundesministerium Bir 
Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie' (BMBF) (FKZ 03F0121A).

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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tritium HELIUM ISOTOPE DATA DOCUMENTATION

CRUISE METEOR 28 WHP A8

The data was aquired by

Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Roether
Tracer-Ozeanographie
FB1
Universitaet Bremen
PO.Box. 330 440
28334 Bremen
Tel.: 0421/218-3511 / 4221
Fax:  0421/218-7018
email: wroether@physik.uni.bremen.de

for questions about measurement and data processing please contact

Birgit Klein
Tel: 0421/210-2931
email: bklein@physik.uni-bremen.de

In the data file we enclose final (tritium corrected delhe3 data) and final 
tritium data. 

Final delhe3 data: 

Two different sets of helium samples have been taken during the cruise:

1.	Most samples were taken in the usual manner with pinched- off copper tubes.  
	After the gas extraction in Bremen  they were measured in the Laboratory with 
	a dedicated Helium - Neon Isotope Mass Spectrometer.

2.	Another set was sampled into glass-pipettes and extracted at sea.  The glass 
	ampoules with the extracted gas were then transported back to Bremen for 
	measurement.

All samples were calibrated using an air standard (regular air) in the Bremen 
laboratory. The Copper tube samples are now corrected for tritium decay during 
storage time! Because of the very low tritium concentrations in the South 
Atlantic the tritium correction was very small. For samples from the upper 
layer, the maximum reduction in delta 3He of about 0.24% and on average 0.05%. 
The samples which had been extracted at sea did not need a correction for delhe3 
because their storage time was zero.

Tritium data:

Tritium was sampled in 1l glass bottles which were analyzed after the cruise in 
the laboratory at bremen. Tritium was measured through in-growth of helium3 from 
radioactive decay. For this procedure the water samples are degassed and 
transferred into special glass containers which are sealed off and placed into 
freezers. After a storage time of 6 month to about a year to allow for 
sufficient in-growth of helium3 the samples are measured with a special noble 
gas spectrometer.

Tritium concentrations are scaled to 1 April 1994 and individual errors have 
been assigned. The quality flags follow WOCE standard.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cruise: M28/1 Expocode 06MT28_1
The cruise covers the sections A08.

CFCs:

CFC11, CFC12, CFC113 and CCL4 have been measured on the cruise. A capillary 
column (mega bore) has been used.  CFC measurements have been calibrated against 
the SIO93 scale. CFC measurements have been assigned individual errors.  Error 
flags follow Woce standards.  The overall performance is decribed below:

Reproducibility:
F-11: 0.3 % or 0.004 pmol/kg (whichever is greater)
F-12: 0.7 % or 0.003 pmol/kg (whichever is greater)
F-113: 7.4 % or 0.006 pmol/kg (whichever is greater)
CCl4: 0.8 % or 0.006 pmol/kg (whichever is greater)

Precision:
F11: 0.004 pmol/kg corresponding to 0.3% relative error
F12: 0.003 pmol/kg corresponding to 0.3% relative error
F-113: 0.004 pmol/kg corresponding to 3% relative error
CCl4: 0.002 pmol/kg corresponding to 0.1% relative error

Mean water blank, detection limit:
F-11: 0.004 pmol/kg  0.004
F-12: 0.004 pmol/kg  0.004
F-113: 0.005 pmol/kg  0.004
CCl4: 0.004 pmol/kg  0.004

Air measurements:
ALE/GAGE values for 1994 (southern hemisphere) (SIO-1993 Scale):
F-11	F-12	F-113	CCl4
261.0	511	81.0	100

Mean of air measurements (SIO93) performed during the cruise:

F-11		F-12		F-113		CCl4
pptv		pptv		pptv		ptpv
259.0(2.0)	501.(4.5)	80.8(13.5)	108.0(4.5)

----------------------------------------------------------------------
EVALUATION OF CTD AND BOTTLE SALINITY DATA FROM WOCE SECTION A08.

The WOCE A08 section was collected South in the South Atlantic along 
latitude 11 degrees 30 minutes on METEOR Cruise 28, Leg 1 during April 
and May of 1994 and consists of stations numbers 165 to 290.  A map of 
beginning station position, created from data in the summary file, is 
displayed in the upper panel of figure 1 with a plot of bottom depth 
versus station number shown in the lower panel.  The rise in topography 
ending at station 219 is associated with the mid-Atlantic ridge and has 
a minimum bottom depth of less than 3000 meters which blocks (except for 
flow through deep channels) most of the AABW from reaching the Eastern 
Basin.  The CTD data of A08 has no oxygen and only roughly one quarter 
of the observations in the bottle file have either water sample salinity 
or oxygen observations.  The water sample salinity data comparisons are 
sparse compared to most WOCE cruises previously examined but the lack of 
bottle salinities does not appear to limiting the CTD salinity 
(conductivity) calibration.

A salinity versus potential temperature plot (figure 2) shows all water 
sample file salinities (Water sample and CTD up cast) along with the 2 
decibar down-profile CTD data from section A08.  The salinities are well 
matched to the bottle salinities at the scales resolved by the plot.  
There are a number of stations with fresh surface salinities compare to 
most of the surface layer (one stations surface salinity (270) is less 
than 28 psu while most mixed layer salts of the station are over 35.0 
psu).  Attention is called to stations with fresh surface salinities 
later.  As indicated in the lower part of figure 1, below 3000 meters 
the mid-Atlantic ridge separates the deep waters into two basins with 
different water mass characteristics as indicated by comparing salinity 
versus potential temperature at depth for the Western part of the 11 
South section in figure 3 (stations 165 to 219) with the Eastern part 
shown in figure 4 containing stations 220 through 290.  At least one 
station in the western basin of figure 3 appears to be slightly salty 
compared to neighboring profiles.  The deep water range of salinity is 
much narrower in the Eastern Basin shown in figure 4 since most of the 
cold and fresh Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is cut off by the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge.  The expanded salinity scale of figure 4 reveals that 
the down-profile 2-dbar CTD salinities appear to be fresher than 
corresponding water sample salinities (o).  This discrepancy is examined 
further.  Another odd feature seen in figure 4 is the salinity freshing 
of roughly 0.003 psu at the bottom of each profile as can be seen by 
examining salinities around 1.9 C and 34.88 psu.  Each profile shows a 
tailing off of salinity towards fresher values by 0.003 psu at the 
bottom for every cast examined.  This ubiquitous salinity anomaly at the 
bottom of each cast seems an artifact of either the instrument or the 
data processing methodology.

A comparison of the up-profile CTD and water sample salinity data in the 
water sample file (A08.hyd) is shown in figure 5.  The up-cast CTD 
salinities are very well matched to the water sample salinities both 
overall (upper panel) and below 1000 dbars (center panel) with a 
standard deviation for the salt differences of 0.00178 psu.  No 
variation in the vertical can be seen in the plot of differences versus 
pressure in the bottom panel of figure 5.

The down-profile CTD salinity interpolated at the pressure of the up-
profile water sample bottle positions (figure 6 a, b, & c), on the other 
hand, shows systematic differences between the CTD salinity and water 
sample salinity values at all depths including the bottom of the cast.  
The CTD salinity is underestimated with a mean difference (CTD-WS) of -
0.003 psu for all depths.  The differences below 2000 dbars (center 
figure 6) middle panel) show a fairly uniform deep salinity offset 
across all deep stations while the salinity differences versus pressure 
(bottom figure 6) indicates that the differences with depth are larger 
near the surface.  The deepest values of the down-profile CTD salinity 
are fresh compared to the up profile which seems odd since the down and 
up cast should match at the bottom but as noted before the salinity of 
the lowest 15 meters of the down profile tails off towards lower values 
of salinity.  Figure 7 is histograms of interpolated down-profile CTD 
salinity minus bottle salt broken up into 1500 dbar pressure intervals 
below 1500 dbars and 500 dbar intervals above 1500 dbars.  Below 1500 
dbars, this summary shows a reasonably small scatter of from 0.002 to 
0.0033 psu but a mean differences that progressively increases from -
0.0018 to -0.0046 psu between the bottom and 1500 dbars.  In the 
interval between 500 and 1500, the mean salt differences have grown to -
0.0084 psu.

Some surface salinities of the CTD 2 decibar down profiles look suspect 
as they are fresh by .5 to 8 psu compared with the salinity at 2 
decibars or subsequent depths in an otherwise nearly homogeneous upper 
layers down to 30 to 70 meters.  Some of these anomalous surface 
salinities may be the result of CTD stations taken during a rainy 
intervals or coastal stations near rivers but others are probably 
associated with surface observations that have conductivity values 
biased low due to air trapped in conductivity cell in the first pressure 
interval.  It would be useful to identify those stations with a fresh 
upper layer from rain or river discharge.  The following 20 stations 
have surface salinities where the salinity of the first interval is 
greater than 0.25 psu/dbars with the first interval salinity gradient 
also ten times that of the third pressure interval.  The vertical 
profiles of stations 179, 187*, 189, 190, 194, 197*, and 203 are shown 
in figure 8.  Stations with an (*) also have an a surface salinity less 
than 34.9 psu.  Other than the near surface fresh layer, the salinity 
profiles are nearly homogeneous to 50 dbars or deeper.  The vertical 
profiles of stations 212*, 221, 233, 249*, 252, 255, and 263 are given 
in figure 9.  Again except for upper few meter, the salinity is well 
mixed down to nearly 50 dbars except for 263.  The vertical profiles of 
stations 265, 266, 267, 269*, 270*, and 290* are plotted in figure 108.  
Some of the West African coastal stations may see river discharge.

As noted earlier in figure 4, the lowest portion of every profile 
examined shows anomalous low salinities.  They run lower by about -0.002 
to -0.003 psu than salinity values immediately above.  The extent of 
this data artifact is between 14 to 16 decibars from the bottom of the 
profile as can be seen in the near bottom vertical profiles of salinity 
shown in figures 11 for stations 194 to 202 and figure 12 for stations 
247 to 254.

WOCE line A15 intersects A08 at 1930 W and 1130 S.  A potential 
temperature versus salinity plot in figure 13 shows station 68 of A15 
(black line with squares) along with stations 205 to 207 from A08.  
There is good agreement between stations 205 & 206 and A15 station 68 at 
the 0.002 psu level but station 207 appears to be +0.004 psu saltier 
than neighboring stations.  Another salinity versus potential 
temperature plot (Figure 14) shows station 204 to have a high salinity 
similar to station 207.  The high deep water salinity for both of these 
stations is noted in the earlier salinity versus potential temperature 
plot of figure 3 for data West of the mid-Atlantic ridge.

Stability

The stability of the CTD data is checked by looking at the first 
differences of the potential density anomaly values of the 2 decibar 
data within a station.  Unstable density anomaly differences (i.e. 
denser above lighter) that exceed -0.0075 kg/dbar and a more stringent -
0.005 kg/dbar are plotted in figure 15.  The table below indicating 
stations with observations failing the -0.0075 kg/dbar criteria with 
additional values failing -0.005 kg/dbars following.  All of the density 
unstable observations are in the upper 4 decibars except for one 10 
meter observation.  Most seem to be associated with slightly colder 
temperatures (perhaps associated with a temperature lag from readings on 
deck ???).  A salinity versus potential temperature plot (see figure 16) 
of the upper waters shows the surface value colder (which produces salty 
for a given conductivity) for stations 272 and 273 but not found in the 
up cast CTD and water sample salinities.

Station	 Dsg/dp	  Pres.	Salt	  Dt/dp	  dsg/dp < -0.0075 kg/dbar
170	-0.03629  2.0	37.0360	  0.12320
171	-0.02821  2.0	37.0730	  0.05430
171	-0.00893  4.0	37.0628	  0.01540
172	-0.05794  2.0	37.0655	  0.19270
172	-0.01649  4.0	37.0689	  0.05320
174	-0.01208  2.0	36.9688	  0.02605
177	-0.03260  2.0	37.1166	  0.08810
177	-0.00985  4.0	37.1142	  0.02695
180	-0.07184  2.0	37.1375	  0.10445
180	-0.02533  4.0	37.1028	  0.03695
184	-0.01956  2.0	37.0712	  0.13935
184	-0.00803  4.0	37.0906	  0.04565
195	-0.02482  2.0	36.9019	  0.05975
198	-0.04874  2.0	36.9977	  0.14355
202	-0.25224  2.0	36.8708	  0.39230
202	-0.03987  4.0	36.8189	  0.06255
206	-0.07383  2.0	36.7953	  0.46225
206	-0.03339  4.0	36.8793	  0.20250
208	-0.12524  2.0	36.7671	  0.26340
208	-0.02346  4.0	36.7489	  0.05140
209	-0.05500  2.0	36.7277	  0.16895
209	-0.00866  4.0	36.7296	  0.02915
210	-0.03844  2.0	36.7094	  0.11920
210	-0.00996  4.0	36.7090	  0.03065
216	-0.01100  2.0	36.8047	  0.08445
217	-0.05139  2.0	36.7909	  0.12430
217	-0.01413  4.0	36.7809	  0.03255
226	-0.17850  2.0	36.7325	  0.25360
226	-0.04088  4.0	36.6737	  0.05905
239	-0.02082  2.0	36.4632	  0.21400
239	-0.00772  4.0	36.4974	  0.06580
240	-0.07849  2.0	36.4817	  0.11485
240	-0.01570  4.0	36.4594	  0.02325
241	-0.03716  2.0	36.5250	  0.09210
241	-0.00805  4.0	36.5193	  0.01880
243	-0.20325  2.0	36.6036	  0.34510
243	-0.05331  4.0	36.5428	  0.09700
246	-0.30014  2.0	36.8635	  0.50015
246	-0.08295  4.0	36.7579	  0.13830
247	-0.17031  2.0	36.7966	  0.31570
247	-0.04303  4.0	36.7492	  0.08065
253	-0.01081  2.0	36.4233	  0.02170
254	-0.01719  2.0	36.4392	  0.18220
254	-0.01117  4.0	36.5115	  0.12425
257	-0.13990  2.0	36.7304	  0.36680
257	-0.03223  4.0	36.7132	  0.08400
258	-0.00920  2.0	36.7128	  0.02050
261	-0.01449  2.0	35.7359	  0.05175
262	-0.04595  2.0	35.7187	  0.11445
262	-0.01129  4.0	35.7088	  0.02390
272	-0.29981  2.0	36.0977	  0.55450
272	-0.06197  4.0	36.0367	  0.12040
273	-0.26208  2.0	35.9994	  0.38260
273	-0.05137  4.0	35.9276	  0.07470

Station	 Dsg/dp	  Pres.	Salt	  Dt/dp	  observations in additional to above. with dsg/dp< -0.005
170	-0.00720  4.0	37.0373	  0.02310
212	-0.00553  8.0	36.7923	  0.00100
212	-0.00742 10.0	36.7725	  0.00010
219	-0.00548  2.0	36.7635	  0.05165

Figure number with file names (_.jpg) and figure caption (figures shown in pdf)

1) fig1_a8.jpg
Plot of annotated beginning station positions with bottom topography 
plotted versus station number in lower panel.

2) fig2_a8.jpg
Overall plot of Salinity versus Potential temperature for all down 
profile 2-decibar CTD salinities plus QUAL1 "good bottle file water 
sample (o) and CTD (x).

3) fig3_a8.jpg
Deep water plot of Salinity versus Potential temperature West of the 
mid-Atlantic ridge for all down profile 2-decibar CTD salinities plus 
QUAL1 "good bottle file water sample (o) and CTD (x).

4) fig4_a8.jpg
Deep water plot of Salinity versus Potential temperature East of the 
mid-Atlantic ridge for all down profile 2-decibar CTD salinities plus 
QUAL1 "good bottle file water sample (o) and CTD (x).

5) fig5_a8.jpg
3 Plot panels of up cast salinity differences Ds=(CTD-WS) psu versus 
station number (a) all pressures (b) below 1000 dbars and (c) versus 
pressure.

6) fig6_a8.jpg
3 Plot panels of downcast salinity differences Ds=(CTD-WS) psu versus 
station number (a) all pressures (b) below 1000 dbars and (c) versus 
pressure.

7) fig7_a8.jpg
6 histogram panels of downcast salinity differences Ds=(CTD-WS) psu for 
various pressure intervals as labeled.

8) fig8_a8.jpg
Plot of salinity versus pressure for stations 179, 187, 189, 190, 194, 
197, & 203 in upper 100 decibars for stations with low salt at surface.

9) fig9_a8.jpg
Plot of salinity versus pressure for stations 212, 221, 233, 249, 252, 
255, & 263 in upper 100 decibars for stations with low salt at surface.

10) fig10_a8.jpg
Plot of salinity versus pressure for stations 265, 266 267, 269, 270 & 
290 in upper 100 decibars for stations with low salt at surface.

11) fig11_a8.jpg
Plot of salinity versus pressure near the bottom for stations 194 to 202 
showing odd low salinity characteristic in lower 15 dbars.

12) fig12_a8.jpg
Plot of salinity versus pressure near the bottom for stations 247 to 254 
showing odd low salinity characteristic in lower 15 dbars.

13) fig13_a8.jpg
A comparison of salinity on potential temperature at 11.3S and 19W of 
A15 stations 68 versus WOCE line A8 stations 205 to 207.  Salinity of A8 
is approximately 0.002 psu saltier than A15.  Station 207 is 0.004 psu 
saltier than other neighboring A08 deep stations.

14) fig14_a8.jpg
salinity versus potential temperature shows station 204 to be saltier 
than neighboring stations by 0.004 psu as is station 207.

15) fig15_a8.jpg
A plot of pressure versus station indicating unstable values of density 
change with pressure: b) x exceeding -0.005 kg/M3/dbar a) * exceeding -
0.0075 kg/M3/dbar

16) fig16_a8.jpg
---------------------------------------------------
A08 DQE notes: 	Nutrients and dissolved oxygen
		Joe C. Jennings, Jr. and Louis I. Gordon

The WOCE A08 section is a South Atlantic transect along the nominal latitude of 
1130' South.  The data was collected in April/May 1994 during METEOR Cruise 28, 
Leg 1, and consists of stations numbered 169 - 290.  There is no nutrient or oxygen 
data for stations 165 - 168 or stations 271 - 290.  Dissolved oxygen, silicate, and 
nitrate plus nitrite were reported, but phosphate, nitrite and CTD oxygen were not 
reported.

Overall, the data quality appears to be very high.  There is a number of obvious 
bottle and/or sampling problems, particularly with the dissolved oxygen; and a 
number of what are probably typographic errors (typos).  These latter are all 
oxygen concentrations reported as < 5 M/Kg when the water column should be ca 200 
M/Kg.  Many of these should be correctable by the data originator.

At several stations, a number of the oxygen values appear to have been assigned to 
incorrect pressures. These series of oxygen concentrations appear either too high 
or too low as reported, but would fit well if they were shifted by one bottle. The 
data originator may be able to check and possibly correct these stations. Comments 
on specific stations are listed below and a complete list of questionable data 
points is appended.

Station 172: Sample 257 @ 1700.4 db looks like a double trip with sample 258 except 
for the salinity. Possible sampling error?

Station 175: The oxygen values from 1089.2 db to 1698.8 db all look high. These may 
have been assigned to the wrong depths.

Station 176: Sample 382 @ 10.6 db appears to be out of order in the data file. It 
is listed between samples 430 and 431 rather than between samples 381 and 383.

Station 183: Sample 843 @ 3838.7 db looks like a double trip with sample 842.

Station 186: Sample 995 @ 1598 db looks like a possible double trip with sample 996 
@ 1394.9 db.

Station 192: Nutrient and oxygen values for samples 1375 (3858.2 db) and 1374 
(4107.8 db) look as though they've been reversed.

Station 200-106: There is a substantial decrease in deep-water oxygen 
concentrations between station 202 and 203. These stations are close to the western 
rise of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the changes are probably real. Several high 
oxygen values at station 203-206 have not been flagged because they lie within the 
oxygen/theta envelope of stations 200-202.

Station 212: Samples 2380 (2599 db) and 2381 (2599.1 db) are very poor replicates 
and I expect that the pressure of one of these samples has been incorrectly 
assigned. Sample 2380 also has an oxygen value so low it must be a typo. The value 
of 2.30 should probably be ca. 223 uM/Kg.

Station 214: Sample 2450 (130.3 db) has oxygen so low that it may be a typo. The 
value of 1.80 should probably be 180 uM/Kg.

Station 218: Oxygen values for samples 2675 (49 db) and 2714 (2951 db) are both so 
low that they are probably typos.

Station 220: Oxygen values for samples 2808 (1296.3 db) and 2800 (2850.4 db) are 
both so low they are probably typos.

Station 242: Silicate values for samples 268 (3101 db) and 269 (2856.3 db) may have 
been reversed. As assigned, 268 looks low and 269 looks high.

Station 256: Sample 1624 (1598 db) has an oxygen value of -0.7. This must be a 
typo.

Station 262: Oxygen values from 921 db to 2098.3 db (samples 2398, 2400 - 2405) all 
look as though they have been mis-assigned pressures by one bottle. If shifted up, 
they would fit well.

Station 263: Oxygen values from 496.8 db to 996 db all look low. If shifted up by 
one bottle they would fit well. Could be a sampling error or a data entry error.

Cruise A08
METEOR Cruise 28 / Leg 1 							Comments
Sta.	Samp.	Press.	O2	O2	Si	Si	N+N	N+N	No Phosphate or nitrite data
				Flag		Flag		Flag	
172	257	1700.4	Low	y	High	y	High	y	Looks like double trip 
									except for salt.
	253	2480	High	y					
175	384	3707.5	V Low	y					
	342	1089.2	High	y					
	335	1298	High	y					
	397	1497.3	High	y					
	398	1698.8	High	y					
176	382	10.6							Looks like surface sample 
									but doesn't fit tripping 
									sequence.
	434	452.9	High	y					
178	490	397.6	High	y					
179	575/576	650.8		y					Poor replicates of O2, 
									flagged both
									
180	650	2351.6	Low	y					
	599/600	650.8	High	y	Low	y	Low	y	Poor replicate.
181	676	199.6	Low	y	High	y	High	y	
	675	2249.5	Low	y	High	y	High	y	
	685	600.4	Low	y					Poor replicate of O2
182	711	696.7	High	y					
	712	698.6	Low	y					Compare with 711, poor 
									replicates.
	766	1997.7	High	y					752-766: O2 looks high vs 
									Z and theta.
	765	2250	High	y					O2 looks high vs Z and 
									theta.
	764	2500.2	High	y					" " " " " "
	763	2749.5	High	y					" " " " " "
	762	3001.5	High	y					" " " " " "
	761	3252.6	High	y					" " " " " "
	760	3550.2	High	y					" " " " " "
	759	3754.6	High	y					" " " " " "
	758	4005.5	High	y					" " " " " "
	757	4254.2	High	y					" " " " " "
	756	4504.8	High	y					" " " " " "
	755	4754.5	High	y					" " " " " "
	754	4936	High	y					" " " " " "
	753	5005.9	High	y					" " " " " "
	752	5038.6	High	y					
183	843	3838.7	Low	y	High	y	High	y	Looks like double trip with 
									sample 842, except for 
									salinity.
184	875	2600.7	Low	y					
185	905	1997.7	Low	y					
186	991	2499.1			High	y			
	995	1598	Low	y		y	High	y	Looks like dbl-trip with 996 
									@1394.9, except for salinity.
188	1099	3101.6	Low	y					No nutrient shift
	1106	1496.7	High	y					
	1110	924.1	Low	y					
	1157	4605.9	Low	y					No nutrient shift
189	1140	398.5	High	y	Ok	y	Low	y	Sil flagged due to O2 & N+N
190	1227	500.7					Low	y	
	1225	699	High	y					
	1224	847.7	High	y					
	1222	1003.8	High	y					
192	1375	3858.2			High	y	High	y	Looks like nutrients 
									reversed
	1374	4107.8			Low	y	Low	y	Looks like nutrients 
									reversed
195	1545	4606.6	Low	y					
196	1561	4607.2	High	y					
198	1674	1003.6	Low	y					
202	1871	600	High	y					Offset between Stns 200-202 
									and 203-205.
203	1930	2603	Low	y					
205	2027	1997.5	Low	y					Could be real.
	2024	2247.9	Low	y					
206	2101	3754.3	Low	y	High	y	High	y	
209	2233	3762.5			Low	y	Low	y	
	2245	1797.2					High	y	
211	2361	1698.4	Low	y			High	y	
212	2380	2599	Low	y	High	y	Low	y	Poor Duplicate.
	2381	2599.1			Low	y	Low	y	Poor Duplicate.
213	2462	3371.4	High	y					
214	2450	130.3	Low	y					
216	2611	920.5	High	y					
218	2675	49	Low	y					Typo?
	2714	2951	Low	y					Typo?
220	2808	1296.3	Low	y					Probably decimal place errors
	2800	2850.4	Low	y					
224	2956	497.1			Low	y			More obvious vs theta than z
	2959	201.1	High	y					
	2960	199	Low	y	High	y	High	y	
231	3346	40.5	Low	y	High	y	High	y	Salt too low. Looks like a 
									pre-trip
232	3417	400.4	Low	y					
235	3594	696	High	y					Differs from replicate by 15 
									M/Kg
237	3657	2599.6	Low	y					
	3656	2850.5	High	y					
238	3678	349.5	High	y					
	3707	2349.3	High	y					
239	3713	2500.9	High	y					
240	3807	2500.3	High	y					
242	269	2856.3			High	y			Possibly reversed with 268
	268	3101			Low	y			Possibly reversed with 269
244	481	995.8	High	y					Possibly reversed with 478
	478	1196.2	Low	y					Possibly reversed with 481
251	1091	4756.1	Low	y					
255	1493	1002	Low	y	Low	y	Low	y	
256	1624	1598	Low	y					Typo?
	1628	1000.5	Low	y	Low	y	High	y	Poor replicate of 1629.
261	2326	3102.1	High	y					
262	2405	921	Low	y					2512 - 2516 all look one 
									depth too low.
	2404	1095.6	Low	y					If shifted up by one depth 
									they look good.
	2403	1296.1	Low	y					
	2402	1496.2	Low	y					
	2401	1697.8	Low	y					
	2400	1899.1	Low	y					
	2398	2098.3	Low	y					
263	2468	397.5	High	y					
	2516	496.8	Low	y					12512 - 2516 all look one 
									depth too low.
	2515	597.2	Low	y					If shifted up by one depth 
									they look good.
	2514	696.5	Low	y					
	2513	846.1	Low	y					
	2512	996	Low	y					
	2506	1997.8	High	y					
	2557	2248.7	Low	y					
	2542	3252.6	High	y					
	2549	3753	High	y					
269	3051	1095.2	Low	y	High	y	High	y	
	3060	248.1	High	y					

--------------------------------------------------------------
WHP A08
Data Status Notes
Remarks on the status
Status: 1996.10.02
This file: A08.TXT
Cruise: WHP section A08 at 11 S 30'
METEOR cruise 28/1, 29-MAR-1994 to 12-MAY1994, Recife, Brazil to Walvisbay, 
Namibia

Bottle data filename: A08.sea, WHP format

Files on:
WHPSUN: /whp/a/home/cruhsam/a08

1. General remarks
-------------------
The bottle data file has STNNBR, CASTNO, SAMPNO, BTLNBR, CTDRAW, CTDPRS, 
CTDTMP, CTDSAL, THETA0, SALNTY, OXYGEN SILCAT, NITRAT, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC113, 
CCL4. Units are as requested by the WHP (dbar, ITS90, ISS78 and mass units.
*****************
The CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC113 and CCL4 still need qualification by the PI (A. 
Putzka, Bremen) and are not public.
*****************
The carbonate system data are still with the PI's (K. Johnson & D. Wallace, 
BNL).

The -SUM file is pending. W. Erasmi <werasmi@ifm.uni-kiel.de> has been asked 
to prepare it for the WHP-O soon; Jane is aware of this.

The CTD-files are pending. The calibration coefficients are ready. W. Erasmi 
will be asked to prepare the files.

See also the blue cover cruise report: METEOR-Berichte 95-1, 1995.

2. The bottle data
------------------
2.1 Non WHP stations included in bottle file:
Stat. 164 - 168: Test stations
165, 166 : multiple bottle closing at large depths
245, 247 : extra CTD's for biological measurements; no bottles
275 - 286 : CTD/LADCP only; no bottles; waiting for clearance for Angola
2.2 About STNNBR, CASTNO, SAMPNO, BTLNBR
The data cycles are organized to increasing STNNBR. CASTNO's are counted 
consecutively (1, 2, 3, 4, 5,...) regardless which CTD was used; one station 
may have several casts (mostly two). BTLNBR's are within 301 and 324 for the 
rosette with the main (deep) CTD NB3, and within 201 and 224 for the shallow 
CTD NB2.
Within a STNNBR, cycles are organized to increasing CTDPRS. Therefore, the 
CASTNO needs not to be a monotonically increasing function in the file.
The SAMPNO is counted with time for each CTD separately (with an offset which 
makes them unique).

2.3 Oxygen
Conversion from Umol/l to Umol/Kg using potential temperature at depth where 
bottles were closed.

2.4 Nutrients
Phosphate not measured due to problems with standardization (see report 
above).Conversion of units from Umol/l to Umol/Kg with mean laboratory 
temperature (20C) to calculate density.
T.J. Mueller

1999.02.19
A08 (Mueller: 06MT28_1) now has Helium and Neon (and associated parameters)in 
the bottle data file. Since we have no word on these data, they are masked out 
of the on-line file pending approval from the Chief Scientist.
Steve Diggs

1999.05.11
a08hy_merged_all_values.19990219.txt
Changed the cast numbers from consecutive throughout the file to conform with 
the cast numbers in the .sum file and reordered the file into station and cast 
order. Used information given by the PI in the .doc file. See below.
Ran over wocecvt with no errors, but I don't guarantee that there are no 
errors.
Sarilee