Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Ferrigno, Jane G.
      Originator: Foley, Kevin M.
      Originator: Swithinbank, Charles
      Originator: Williams, Richard S., Jr.
      Originator: Dailide, Lina M.
      Publication_Date: 2005
      Title: COASTAL CHANGE AND GLACIOLOGICAL MAP OF THE RONNE ICE SHELF AREA, ANTARCTICA: 1974-2002
      Edition: first
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Geologic Investigations Map
        Issue_Identification: I-2600-D
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia U.S.A.
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
  Description:
    Abstract: Changes in the area and volume of the polar ice sheets are intricately linked to changes in global climate, and the resulting changes in sea level may severely impact the densely populated coastal regions on Earth.  Loss of the West Antarctic part of the Antarctic ice sheet alone could cause a sea-level rise of approximately 6 m.  The potential sea-level rise after melting of the entire Antarctic ice sheet is estimated to be 65 m to 73 m.  In spite of its importance, the mass balance (the net volumetric gain or loss) of the Antarctic ice sheet is poorly known; it is not known whether the ice sheet is growing or shrinking.  As a result, measurement of changes in the Antarctic ice sheet was given a very high priority in recommendations by the Polar Research Board of the National Research Council (1986), by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) (1989), and by the National Science Foundation's (1990) Division of Polar Programs.  An archive of early 1970's Landsat 1, 2, and 3 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images of Antarctica and the fact that the repeat coverage with satellite images provided an excellent means of documenting changes in the coastline of Antarctica provided the impetus for carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the glaciological features of the coastal regions and changes in ice fronts of Antarctica.  The project was later modified to include Landsat 4 and 5 MSS and Thematic Mapper (TM) and RADARSAT images to compare changes over a 20- to 25- year time interval and to prepare a series of 24 1:1,000,000-scale and 1 1:5,000,000-scale U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series Maps ("I-Maps") (Williams and others, 1995; Williams and Ferrigno, 1998; and Ferrigno and others, 2002) in both paper and digital format.
    Purpose: The Coastal-Change and Glaciological Mapping Project has five objectives, listed as follows: (1) to determine coastline changes that have occured during the past three decades; (2) to establish an accurate baseline series of 1:1,000,000-scale maps that define, from the analysis of Landsat and RADARSAT images, the glaciological characteristics of the coastline of Antarctica during the three time intervals (early 1970's, middle 1980's to early 1990's and 1997); (3) to determine velocities of outlet glaciers, ice streams and ice shelves, and the position of the grounding line from analysis of Landsat images and other sources of the same areas taken over time; (4) to compile a comprehensive inventory of named and unnamed outlet glaciers and ice streams in Antarctica that are mappable from Landsat images or from ancillary sources such as maps, gazeteers, digital databases, etc.; (5) to compile a 1:5,000,000-scale map of Antarctica derived from the 24 1:1,000,000-scale maps.
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 1974
        Ending_Date: 2002
    Currentness_Reference: ground condition
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -90.0
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -45.0
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: -74.0
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: -84.0
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Theme_Keyword: coastal change
      Theme_Keyword: glaciology
      Theme_Keyword: ice velocity
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alberts, F.G., ed., 1981, Geographic names of the Antarctic: Reston, VA, U.S. Board on Geographic Names, National Science Foundation Report No. NSF 81-5, 959 p.
      Place_Keyword: Bowie Crevasse Field
      Place_Keyword: Remington Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Hough Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Guerrero Glacier 
      Place_Keyword: Zumberge Coast
      Place_Keyword: Kershaw Ice Rumples
      Place_Keyword: Henry Ice Rise
      Place_Keyword: Korff Ice rise
      Place_Keyword: Fowler Ice Rise
      Place_Keyword: Carlson Inlet
      Place_Keyword: Constellation Inlet
      Place_Keyword: Patriot Hills
      Place_Keyword: Dott Ice Rise
      Place_Keyword: Skytrain Ice Rise
      Place_Keyword: Hercules Inlet
      Place_Keyword: Plummer Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Seal Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Ahrngbrak Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Henderson Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Union Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Schanz Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Flanagan Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Schmidt Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Rennell Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Schneider Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Fendorf Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Dobbratz Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Splettstoesser Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Webster Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Gowang Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Minnesota Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Wessbecher Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Carey Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Hudman Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Thomas Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Nimitz Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Vinson Massif
      Place_Keyword: Branscomb Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Hansen Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Dater Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Grasswell Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Patton Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Ellen Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Young Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Embree Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Newcomer Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Evans Ice Stream
      Place_Keyword: Fletcher Ice Rise
      Place_Keyword: Rutford Ice Stream
      Place_Keyword: Ellsworth Mountains
      Place_Keyword: Sentinel Range
      Place_Keyword: Heritage Range
      Place_Keyword: Doake Ice Rumples 
  Access_Constraints: None
  Use_Constraints: None
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Richard S. Williams Jr.
      Contact_Position: Project Chief, Coastal Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctica
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address:
          U.S. Geological Survey
          Woods Hole Field Center
          384 Woods Hole Road
        City: Woods Hole
        State_or_Province: Massachusetts
        Postal_Code: 02543-1598
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508 457 2347
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rswilliams@usgs.gov
Data_Quality_Information:
  Attribute_Accuracy:
    Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
      The assignment of coastal features attributes is done qualitatively through examination of hardcopy Landsat imagery at the approximate scale of 1:500,000.  The classification of a coastal feature is determined after examining between one and four Landsat images of the coastal feature.

      Date attributes are assigned to reflect the collection date of the image used to record a coastal feature.
  Logical_Consistency_Report: The COASTAL-CHANGE AND GLACIOLOGICAL MAP OF THE RONNE COAST AREA, ANTARCTICA is an assessment of change in coastal features examined in three periods of time, early 1970's; middle 1980's to early 1990's and 2002.  Data are represented on the map grouped by symbol into these categories.  The temporal frame of each period varies.  The 1970's time frame is represented by data collected from Landsat 1 and 2 images acquired from December 4, 1972 to February 13, 1975, a period of a little over two years.  The period from the middle 1980's through early 1990's is represented by Landsat 4 and 5 images acquired from December 10, 1984 through February 20, 1991,a period of over six years.  A single image of the Pine Island Bay area dated November 12, 2001  from a NASA press release is included to show the 2001 Pine Island Glacier calving event  The 1997 time frame is represented by data collected from the RADARSAT 125m Mosaic of Antarctic.  The mosaic is comprised of images accquired in the course of a single mission dedicated to the production of the mosaic.  The imagery was acquired from September 9, 1997 to October 20, 1997, a period of forty days.
  Completeness_Report: Data, in the form of remote-sensing imagery, was collected to study coastal features during three time periods, early 1970's; middle 1980's to early 1990's and 2002.  Landsat 1 and 2 scenes selected for the early 1970's period provide complete coverage of the coastline of the study area.   Landsat 4 and 5 images provide approximately 90% coverage of the coastline of the study area.  Landsat images were selected to provide the highest cloud-free coverage possible but small localized areas of clouds do obscure some of the coastal coverage (less than 5%).  The RADARSAT 125 meter resolution mosaic of Antarctica provides complete and cloud-free coverage for the 1997 time period.
  Positional_Accuracy:
    Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
      Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The RADARSAT 125m Mosaic of Antarctica is used as horizontal control for purposes of this project.  Producers of the mosaic claim a postional accuracy of 150m RMS in coastal areas where geodetic control points are abundant.  Accuracy decreases towards the interior of the continent, reaching a high of 5 kilometers.  An in-depth study of the accuracy of the mosaic by a Geodetic Engineer is included in the text of the report.
    Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
      Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Elevation data for this project was excerpted from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) produced by Byrd Polar Research Center in conjunction with the RADARSAT Mosaic of Antarctica. Vertical error of the DEM was assessed by comparison with six measured elevation transects.  Three of the transects were done via GPS, one by radar echo sounding (RES) and two geodetic leveling.  The range of vertical error is from 2 meters RMSE for a 129 kilometer GPS transect to 36 meters RMS for a 580 kilometer leveled transect.  Construction and error analysis of this DEM is discussed at length in Liu, 1999.  See report for full citation.
  Lineage:
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          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19750218
          Title: Landsat 2 Multispectral Scanner Image 2236112007504990
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            Calendar_Date: 19960216
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19860216
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper Image 5190119008604710
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 190 Row 119 
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            Calendar_Date: 19860216
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19860216
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper Image 5190120008604710
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19860215
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper Image 5199119008604610
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 199 Row 119 
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      Source_Contribution: coastal image
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          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19860215
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper Image 5199120008604610
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          Other_Citation_Details: Path 199 Row 120  
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19860306
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper Image 5204116008606510
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 204 Row 116  
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19860306
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper Image 5204117008606510
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 204 Row 117  
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19860306
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper Image 5204118008606510
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 204 Row 118 
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        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19860311
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper Image 5207118008607010
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      Source_Contribution: coastal image
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19860311
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper Image 5207119008607010
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 207 Row 119 
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat
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          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19860228
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper Image 5210114008605910
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19860228
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper Image 5210115008605910
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 210 Row 115 
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        Time_Period_Information:
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            Calendar_Date: 19860228
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19860308
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper Image 4207116008806810
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 207 Row 116 
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19890127
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper Image 4210116008902710
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 210 Row 116 
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        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19890127
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19890111
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper Image 4210117008901110
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 210 Row 117  
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        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19890111
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19890130
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper Image 4215115008903010
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 215 Row 115 
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19890130
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19890130
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper Image 4215116008903010
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 215 Row 216 
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19890130
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 20000113
          Title: Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus Image 7215114000001350
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 215 Row 214 
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 20000113
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Liu, H.
          Originator: Jezek, K.
          Originator: Li, B.
          Originator: Zhao, Z.
          Publication_Date: 2001
          Title: Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project Digital Elevation Model Version 2
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Boulder, Colorado, USA
            Publisher: National Snow and Ice Data Center
          Online_Linkage: http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0082.html
      Type_of_Source_Media: online
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 1940
            Ending_Date: 1999
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Radarsat DEM V2
      Source_Contribution: elevation data
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Jezek, Kenneth C.
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: RADARSAT-1 SAR Mosaic of Antarctica - Med Res (125m pixel)
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
            Publisher:
              Alaska SAR Facility
              Geophysical Institute
              University of Alaska Fairbanks
          Online_Linkage: http://www.asf.alaska.edu/amm1/mosaic_med_res.html
      Type_of_Source_Media:
        online
        CD-ROM
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19970909
            Ending_Date: 19971022
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Radarsat 125m Mosaic
      Source_Contribution:
        digital mapping base
        position of dynamic coastal features in 1997
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: Hardcopy Landsat images are used where digital data are not available. Hardcopy is used in almost all cases.  Hardcopy images are scanned to TIFF format digital files at a resolution of 400 dots per inch and a grayscale depth of 256 shades of gray. TIFF files are imported into commercial image-processing software for spatial correction.  The images are corrected using a first-order polynomial adjustment based on tie-point correlation to the georeferenced RADARSAT mosaic.  Standard procedure dictates that tie-points are best selected to form uniform distribution across the image to be corrected.  The procedure for selecting tie-point deviated from standard procedure for two reasons: (1) Radar images such as the RADARSAT base suffer from "layover" or displacement of relief in the horizontal plane in the direction of the nadir line with respect to the sampling device.  The degree of displacement is proportional to the magnitude of relief so tie-points are selected only in areas of low relief.  (2) Coastal features are the primary interest of this study so tie-points are selected preferentially on or near coastal features in order to assure that corrections to the image are based preferentially on coastal feature data.
      Process_Date: 2001
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
  Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector
  Raster_Object_Information:
    Raster_Object_Type: Pixel
    Row_Count: 6971
    Column_Count: 8387
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address:
          Box 25286
          Building 810
          Denver Federal Center
        City: Denver
        State_or_Province: Colorado
        Postal_Code: 80225
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (303) 202-4200
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (303) 202 4188
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: infoservices@usgs.gov
      Hours_of_Service: hours: 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM Monday through Friday (Mountain Time)
  Distribution_Liability: Although these data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty, expressed or implied is made by the USGS as to the accuracy of the data and related material nor shall the fact of distribution constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in connection therewith.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20030718
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Kevin Foley
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Division, Eastern Region, Earth Surface Processes Team
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address:
          U.S. Geological Survey
          12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
          Mail Stop 926A
        City: Reston
        State_or_Province: Virginia
        Postal_Code: 20192
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (703) 648-5285
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (703) 648-6032
  Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998