Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Swithinbank, Charles
      Originator: Williams, Richard S., Jr.
      Originator: Ferrigno, Jane G.
      Originator: Foley, Kevin M.
      Originator: Hallam, Cheryl
      Originator: Rosanova, Christine
      Publication_Date: 2002
      Title: COASTAL CHANGE AND GLACIOLOGICAL MAP OF THE SAUNDERS COAST AREA, ANTARCTICA: 1972-1997
      Edition: first
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Geologic Investigations Map
        Issue_Identification: I-2600-G
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia U.S.A.
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
  Description:
    Abstract: Changes in the area and volume of the polar ice sheets are intricately linked to changes in global climate, and the resulting changes in sea level may severely impact the densely populated coastal regions on Earth.  Loss of the West Antarctic part of the Antarctic ice sheet alone could cause a sea-level rise of approximately 6 m.  The potential sea-level rise after melting of the entire Antarctic ice sheet is estimated to be 65 m to 73 m.  In spite of its importance, the mass balance (the net volumetric gain or loss) of the Antarctic ice sheet is poorly known; it is not known whether the ice sheet is growing or shrinking.  As a result, measurement of changes in the Antarctic ice sheet was given a very high priority in recommendations by the Polar Research Board of the National Research Council (1986), by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) (1989), and by the National Science Foundation's (1990) Division of Polar Programs.  An archive of early 1970's Landsat 1, 2, and 3 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images of Antarctica and the fact that the repeat coverage with satellite images provided an excellent means of documenting changes in the coastline of Antarctica provided the impetus for carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the glaciological features of the coastal regions and changes in ice fronts of Antarctica.  The project was later modified to include Landsat 4 and 5 MSS and Thematic Mapper (TM) and RADARSAT images to compare changes over a 20- to 25- year time interval and to prepare a series of 24 1:1,000,000-scale and 1 1:5,000,000-scale U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series Maps ("I-Maps") (Williams and others, 1995; Williams and Ferrigno, 1998; and Ferrigno and others, 2002) in both paper and digital format.
    Purpose: The Coastal-Change and Glaciological Mapping Project has five objectives, listed as follows: (1) to determine coastline changes that have occured during the past three decades; (2) to establish an accurate baseline series of 1:1,000,000-scale maps that define, from the analysis of Landsat and RADARSAT images, the glaciological characteristics of the coastline of Antarctica during the three time intervals (early 1970's, middle 1980's to early 1990's and 1997); (3) to determine velocities of outlet glaciers, ice streams and ice shelves, and the position of the grounding line from analysis of Landsat images and other sources of the same areas taken over time; (4) to compile a comprehensive inventory of named and unnamed outlet glaciers and ice streams in Antarctica that are mappable from Landsat images or from ancillary sources such as maps, gazeteers, digital databases, etc.; (5) to compile a 1:5,000,000-scale map of Antarctica derived from the 24 1:1,000,000-scale maps.
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 1972
        Ending_Date: 1997
    Currentness_Reference: ground condition
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -158.5
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -130.0
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: -74.0
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: -81
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Theme_Keyword: coastal change
      Theme_Keyword: glaciology
      Theme_Keyword: ice velocity
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alberts, F.G., ed., 1981, Geographic names of the Antarctic: Reston, VA, U.S. Board on Geographic Names, National Science Foundation Report No. NSF 81-5, 959 p.
      Place_Keyword: Antarctica
      Place_Keyword: Saunders Coast
      Place_Keyword: Ruppert Coast
      Place_Keyword: Hobbs Coast
      Place_Keyword: Shirase Coast
      Place_Keyword: Ross Ice Shelf
      Place_Keyword: Sulzberger Ice Shelf
      Place_Keyword: Edward VII Peninsula
      Place_Keyword: Marie Byrd Land
      Place_Keyword: Ice Stream D
      Place_Keyword: Ice Stream E
      Place_Keyword: Ice Stream F
      Place_Keyword: Cape Colbert
      Place_Keyword: Bartlett Inlet
      Place_Keyword: Withrow Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Richter Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Fisher Island
      Place_Keyword: Rockefeller Mountains
      Place_Keyword: Kiel Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Butler Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Dalton Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Cumbie Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Swinburne Islang
      Place_Keyword: Gerry Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Kizer Island
      Place_Keyword: Moody Island
      Place_Keyword: Cromwell Island
      Place_Keyword: Steventon Island
      Place_Keyword: Prezbecheski Island
      Place_Keyword: Hershey Ridge
      Place_Keyword: Haines Mountains
      Place_Keyword: Hammond Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Court Ridge
      Place_Keyword: Reynolds Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Swope Glacier
      Place_Keyword: MacKay Mountains
      Place_Keyword: Boyd Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Clark Mountains
      Place_Keyword: Allegheny Mountains
      Place_Keyword: Arthur Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Saunders Mountain
      Place_Keyword: Denfield Mountains
      Place_Keyword: Radford Island
      Place_Keyword: Farmer Island
      Place_Keyword: Morris Island
      Place_Keyword: Crevasse Valley Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Hutchinson Island
      Place_Keyword: Vollmer Island
      Place_Keyword: Guest Peninsula
      Place_Keyword: Ochs Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Fosdick Mountains
      Place_Keyword: Block Bay
      Place_Keyword: Driscoll Island
      Place_Keyword: Balchen Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Phillips Mountains
      Place_Keyword: Brennan Point
      Place_Keyword: Stephen Island
      Place_Keyword: Nickerson Ice Shelf
      Place_Keyword: Newman Island
      Place_Keyword: Siemiatkowski Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Holcomb Glacier
      Place_Keyword: El-Sayed Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Land Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Groves Island
      Place_Keyword: Farbo Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Mount McCoy
      Place_Keyword: Paschal Glacier
      Place_Keyword: White Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Ickes Mountains
      Place_Keyword: Strauss Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Cruzen Island
      Place_Keyword: Land Bay
      Place_Keyword: Coulter Heights
      Place_Keyword: Frostman Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Rubey Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Hull Bay
      Place_Keyword: Hull Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Garfield Glacie
      Place_Keyword: Kirkpatrick Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Garfield Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Rhodes Icefall
      Place_Keyword: Perkins Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Cape Burks
      Place_Keyword: McDonald Heights
      Place_Keyword: Jackson Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Johnson Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Venzke Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Berry Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Getz Ice Shelf
      Place_Keyword: Shephard Island
      Place_Keyword: Demas Range
      Place_Keyword: Patton Bluff
      Place_Keyword: DeVicq Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Grant Island
      Place_Keyword: Forrester Island
      Place_Keyword: Mount Berlin
      Place_Keyword: Moulton Icefalls
      Place_Keyword: Mount Moulton
      Place_Keyword: Dickson Icefalls
      Place_Keyword: Bursey Icefalls
      Place_Keyword: Mount Bursey
      Place_Keyword: Coleman Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Rosenberg Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Ames Range
      Place_Keyword: Mount Andrews
      Place_Keyword: Jacoby Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Herbst Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Mount Kauffman
      Place_Keyword: Mount Kosciusco
      Place_Keyword: Flood Range
  Access_Constraints: None
  Use_Constraints: None
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Richard S. Williams Jr.
      Contact_Position: Project Chief, Coastal Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctica
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address:
          U.S. Geological Survey
          Woods Hole Field Center
          384 Woods Hole Road
        City: Woods Hole
        State_or_Province: Massachusetts
        Postal_Code: 02543-1598
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508 457 2347
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rswilliams@usgs.gov
Data_Quality_Information:
  Attribute_Accuracy:
    Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
      The assignment of coastal features attributes is done qualitatively through examination of hardcopy Landsat imagery at the approximate scale of 1:500,000.  The classification of a coastal feature is determined after examining between one and four Landsat images of the coastal feature.

      Date attributes are assigned to reflect the collection date of the image used to record a coastal feature.
  Logical_Consistency_Report: The COASTAL-CHANGE AND GLACIOLOGICAL MAP OF THE SAUNDERS COAST AREA, ANTARCTICA is an assessment of change in coastal features examined in three periods of time, early 1970's; middle 1980's to early 1990's and 1997.  Data are represented on the map grouped by symbol into these categories.  The temporal frame of each period varies.  The 1970's time frame is represented by data collected from Landsat 1 and 2 images acquired from December 14, 1972 to February 17, 1976, a period of over three years.  The period from the middle 1980's through early 1990's is represented by Landsat 4 and 5 images acquired from December 11, 1986 through February 18, 1990, again a period of over three years.  A single Landsat 7 image acquired December 12, 1999 is include in this group but was used only for determination of position of static features.  No assessment of change was based on data collected from this image.  The 1997 time frame is represented by data collected from the RADARSAT 125m Mosaic of Antarctic.  The mosaic is comprised of images accquired in the course of a single mission dedicated to the production of the mosaic.  The imagery was acquired from September 9, 1997 to October 20, 1997, a period of forty days.
  Completeness_Report: Data, in the form of remote-sensing imagery, was collected to study coastal features during three time periods, early 1970's; middle 1980's to early 1990's and 1997.  Landsat 1 and 2 scenes selected for the early 1970's period provide complete coverage of the coastline of the study area.   Landsat 4 and 5 images provide approximately 90% coverage of the coastline of the study area.  Landsat images were selected to provide the highest cloud-free coverage possible but small localized areas of clouds do obscure some of the coastal coverage (less than 5%).  The RADARSAT 125 m mosaic of Antarctica provides complete and cloud-free coverage for the 1997 time period.
  Positional_Accuracy:
    Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
      Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The RADARSAT 125m Mosaic of Antarctica is used as horizontal control for purposes of this project.  Producers of the mosaic claim a postional accuracy of 150m RMS in coastal areas where geodetic control points are abundant.  Accuracy decreases towards the interior of the continent, reaching a high of 5 kilometers.  An in-depth study of the accuracy of the mosaic by a Geodetic Engineer is included in the text of the report.
    Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
      Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Elevation data for this project was excerpted from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) produced by Byrd Polar Research Center in conjunction with the RADARSAT Mosaic of Antarctica. Vertical error of the DEM was assessed by comparison with six measured elevation transects.  Three of the transects were done via GPS, one by radar echo sounding (RES) and two geodetic leveling.  The range of vertical error is from 2 meters RMSE for a 129 kilometer GPS transect to 36 meters RMS for a 580 kilometer leveled transect.  Construction and error analysis of this DEM is discussed at length in Liu, 1999.  See report for full citation.
  Lineage:
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19721222
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1152-15533
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 016 Row 114
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19721222
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1152-15533
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19730111
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1172-16042
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 018 Row 113
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19730111
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1172-16042
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19730111
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1172-16044
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 018 Row 114
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19730111
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1172-16044
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19730114
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1175-16213
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 021 Row 113
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19730114
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1175-16213
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19730114
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1175-16215
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 021 Row 114
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19730114
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1175-16215
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19730114
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1175-16222
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 021 Row 115
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19730114
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1175-16222
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19721228
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1158-16282
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 022 Row 115
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19721228
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1158-16282
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19721228
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1158-16284
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 022 Row 116
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19721228
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1158-16284
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19751205
          Title: Landsat 2 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 2317-16195
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 023 Row 114
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19751205
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 2317-16195
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19760217
          Title: Landsat 2 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 2391-16304
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 025 Row 115
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19760217
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 2391-16304
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19760217
          Title: Landsat 2 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 2391-16311
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 025 Row 116
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19760217
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 2391-16311
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19721214
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1144-16510
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 027 Row 114
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19721214
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1144-16510
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19721214
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1144-16515
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 027 Row 116
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19721214
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1144-16515
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19731213
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1133-17314
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 033 Row 115
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19731213
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1133-17314
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19881219
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 42348-16455
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 024 Row 113
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19881219
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 42348-16455
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19881219
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 42348-16461
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 024 Row 114
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19881219
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 42348-16461
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19881219
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 42348-16464
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 024 Row 115
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19881219
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 42348-16464
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19890104
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 42364-16472
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 024 Row 116
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19890104
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 42364-16472
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19861211
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 51015-16513
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 027 Row 114
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19861211
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 51015-16513
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19861211
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 51015-16515
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 027 Row 115
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19861211
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 51015-16515
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19861211
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 51015-16522
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 027 Row 116
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19861211
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 51015-16522
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19861211
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 51015-16524
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 027 Row 117
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19861211
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 51015-16524
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19900218
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 42774-17240
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 030 Row 115
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19900218
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 42774-17240
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19991212
          Title: Landsat 7 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. L71030116_1619991212
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 030 Row 116
      Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19991212
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat L71030116_1619991212
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Alberts, F.G., ed
          Publication_Date: 1981
          Title: Geographic Names of the Antarctic
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: National Science Foundation Report
            Issue_Identification: NSF 81-5
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, U.S.A.
            Publisher: U.S. Board on Geographic Anmes
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 0001
            Ending_Date: 1981
        Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Alberts, 1981
      Source_Contribution: location data for named places and features
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Originator: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
          Publication_Date: 1994
          Title: Antarctica satellite image map. ST5-8/11, Antarctica
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Scale_Denominator: 250000
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19870117
            Ending_Date: 19890117
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: ST5-8/11
      Source_Contribution: Boundaries of ice streams were obtained from this source.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Originator: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
          Publication_Date: 1994
          Title: Antarctica satellite image map. ST5-8/13, Antarctica
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Scale_Denominator: 250000
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19870114
            Ending_Date: 19900205
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: ST5-8/13
      Source_Contribution: Boundaries of ice streams were obtained from this source.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Originator: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
          Publication_Date: 1994
          Title: Antarctica satellite image map. ST5-8/9, Antarctica
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Scale_Denominator: 250000
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19870114
            Ending_Date: 19900205
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: ST5-8/9
      Source_Contribution: Boundaries of ice streams were obtained from this source.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Originator: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
          Publication_Date: 1994
          Title: Antarctica satellite image map. ST5-8/10, Antarctica
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Scale_Denominator: 250000
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19870114
            Ending_Date: 19870120
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: ST5-8/10
      Source_Contribution: Boundaries of ice streams were obtained from this source.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Originator: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
          Publication_Date: 1994
          Title: Antarctica satellite image map. ST5-8/16, Antarctica
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Scale_Denominator: 250000
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19821202
            Ending_Date: 19870117
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: ST5-8/16
      Source_Contribution: Boundaries of ice streams were obtained from this source.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Originator: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
          Publication_Date: 1994
          Title: Antarctica satellite image map. SU6-10/5-9, Antarctica
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Scale_Denominator: 250000
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19850124
            Ending_Date: 19870117
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: SU6-10/5-9
      Source_Contribution: Boundaries of ice streams were obtained from this source.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Originator: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
          Publication_Date: 1994
          Title: Antarctica satellite image map. SU6-10/7-11, Antarctica
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Scale_Denominator: 250000
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19850124
            Ending_Date: 19870117
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: SU6-10/7-11
      Source_Contribution: Boundaries of ice streams were obtained from this source.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Originator: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
          Publication_Date: 1994
          Title: Antarctica satellite image map. SU6-10/4, Antarctica
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Scale_Denominator: 250000
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19870115
            Ending_Date: 19891214
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: SU6-10/4
      Source_Contribution: Boundaries of ice streams were obtained from this source.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Originator: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
          Publication_Date: 1994
          Title: Antarctica satellite image map. SU1-5/4, Antarctica
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Scale_Denominator: 250000
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19870115
            Ending_Date: 19900205
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: SU1-5/4
      Source_Contribution: Boundaries of ice streams were obtained from this source.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Originator: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
          Publication_Date: 1994
          Title: Antarctica satellite image map. SU6-10/3, Antarctica
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Scale_Denominator: 250000
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19841202
            Ending_Date: 19891214
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: SU6-10/3
      Source_Contribution: Boundaries of ice streams were obtained from this source.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Originator: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
          Publication_Date: 1994
          Title: Antarctica satellite image map. SU6-10/2, Antarctica
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Scale_Denominator: 250000
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19841202
            Ending_Date: 19870117
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: SU6-10/2
      Source_Contribution: Boundaries of ice streams were obtained from this source.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Originator: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
          Publication_Date: 1993
          Title: Antarctica satellite image map. SU6-10/6-10, Antarctica
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Scale_Denominator: 250000
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19850124
            Ending_Date: 19870117
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: SU6-10/6-10
      Source_Contribution: Boundaries of ice streams were obtained from this source.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Originator: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
          Publication_Date: 1993
          Title: Antarctica satellite image map. ST5-8/14, Antarctica
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Scale_Denominator: 250000
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19870114
            Ending_Date: 19900205
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: ST5-8/14
      Source_Contribution: Boundaries of ice streams were obtained from this source.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Originator: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
          Publication_Date: 1993
          Title: Antarctica satellite image map. ST5-8/15, Antarctica
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Scale_Denominator: 250000
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19870117
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: ST5-8/15
      Source_Contribution: Boundaries of ice streams were obtained from this source.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Originator: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
          Publication_Date: 1993
          Title: Antarctica satellite image map. SU6-10/1, Antarctica
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Scale_Denominator: 250000
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19870116
            Ending_Date: 19900205
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: ST5-8/11
      Source_Contribution: Boundaries of ice streams were obtained from this source.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Liu, H.
          Originator: Jezek, K.
          Originator: Li, B.
          Originator: Zhao, Z.
          Publication_Date: 2001
          Title: Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project Digital Elevation Model Version 2
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Boulder, Colorado, USA
            Publisher: National Snow and Ice Data Center
          Online_Linkage: http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0082.html
      Type_of_Source_Media: online
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 1940
            Ending_Date: 1999
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Radarsat DEM V2
      Source_Contribution: elevation data
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Jezek, Kenneth C.
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: RADARSAT-1 SAR Mosaic of Antarctica - Med Res (125m pixel)
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
            Publisher:
              Alaska SAR Facility
              Geophysical Institute
              University of Alaska Fairbanks
          Online_Linkage: http://www.asf.alaska.edu/amm1/mosaic_med_res.html
      Type_of_Source_Media:
        online
        CD-ROM
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19970909
            Ending_Date: 19971022
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Radarsat 125m Mosaic
      Source_Contribution:
        digital mapping base
        position of dynamic coastal features in 1997
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: Hardcopy Landsat images are used where digital data are not available. Hardcopy is used in almost all cases.  Hardcopy images are scanned to TIFF format digital files at a resolution of 400 dots per inch and a grayscale depth of 256 shades of gray. TIFF files are imported into commercial image-processing software for spatial correction.  The images are corrected using a first-order polynomial adjustment based on tie-point correlation to the georeferenced RADARSAT mosaic.  Standard procedure dictates that tie-points are best selected to form uniform distribution across the image to be corrected.  The procedure for selecting tie-point deviated from standard procedure for two reasons: (1) Radar images such as the RADARSAT base suffer from "layover" or displacement of relief in the horizontal plane in the direction of the nadir line with respect to the sampling device.  The degree of displacement is proportional to the magnitude of relief so tie-points are selected only in areas of low relief.  (2) Coastal features are the primary interest of this study so tie-points are selected preferentially on or near coastal features in order to assure that corrections to the image are based preferentially on coastal feature data.
      Process_Date: 2001
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
  Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector
  Raster_Object_Information:
    Raster_Object_Type: Pixel
    Row_Count: 6971
    Column_Count: 8387
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing addres
        Address:
          Box 25286
          Building 810
          Denver Federal Center
        City: Denver
        State_or_Province: Colorado
        Postal_Code: 80225
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (303) 202-4200
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (303) 202 4188
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: infoservices@usgs.gov
      Hours_of_Service: hours: 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM Monday through Friday (Mountain Time)
  Distribution_Liability: Although these data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty, expressed or implied is made by the USGS as to the accuracy of the data and related material nor shall the fact of distribution constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in connection therewith.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20020319
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Kevin Foley
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Division, Eastern Region, Earth Surface Processes Team
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address:
          U.S. Geological Survey
          12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
          Mail Stop 926A
        City: Reston
        State_or_Province: Virginia
        Postal_Code: 20192
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (703) 648-5285
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (703) 648-6032
  Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998