NDP043C.TXT
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This file is a flat ASCII text version of the hardcopy version of the
documentation for CDIAC's NDP043C, A Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S.
West Coast.  As such, it contains only text information and does not contain
figures.  For instructions on obtaining a hardcopy of the documentation, see
Sect. 12, below.  This and other data base files may be obtained from CDIAC's
web server at http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp043c/. A full HTML version of
this data base documentation (including figures) will be available via CDIAC's
web site in 1998.
                            ABSTRACT
GORNITZ, V. M., T. W. BEATY, and R. C. DANIELS. 1997. A Coastal Hazards Data
     Base for the U.S. West Coast. ORNL/CDIAC-81, NDP-043C, Oak Ridge National
     Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 162 pp.
This document describes the contents of a digital data base that may be used
to identify coastlines along the U.S. West Coast that are at risk to sea-level
rise. This data base integrates point, line, and polygon data for the U.S.
West Coast into 0.25 latitude by 0.25 longitude grid cells and into
1:2,000,000 digitized line segments that can be used by raster or vector
geographic information systems (GIS) as well as by non-GIS data bases. Each
coastal grid cell and line segment contains  data variables from the following
seven data sets:  elevation, geology, geomorphology, sea-level trends,
shoreline displacement (erosion/accretion), tidal ranges, and wave heights.
One variable from each data set was classified according to its susceptibility
to sea-level rise and/or erosion to form 7 relative risk variables.  These
risk variables range in value from 1 to 5 and may be used to calculate a
Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI). Algorithms used to calculate several CVIs
are listed within this text. The data for these 29 variables (i.e., the 22
original variables and 7 risk variables) are available as:
(1)  Gridded polygon data for the 22 original data variables. Data include
     elevation, geology, geomorphology, sea-level trends, shoreline
     displacement (erosion/accretion), tidal ranges, and wave heights.
(2)  Gridded polygon data for the seven classified risk variables. The risk
     variables are classified versions of: mean coastal elevation, geology,
     geomorphology, local subsidence trend, mean shoreline displacement,
     maximum tidal range, and maximum significant wave height.
(3)  1:2,000,000 line segment data containing the 29 data variables (i.e.,
     the 22 original data variables and the 7 classified risk variables).
(4)  Supplemental point data for the stations used in calculating the sea-
     level trend and tidal-range data sets.
(5)  Supplemental line segment data containing a 1:2,000,000 digitized
     coastline of the U.S. West Coast.
These data are available as a Numeric Data Package (NDP) from the Carbon
Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC). The NDP consists of this document
and machine-readable files available on 8-mm tapes, quarter inch tape
cartridges, IBM-formatted high-density floppy diskettes, and CD-ROM.  These
files are also available through the Internet using the File Transfer Protocol
(FTP) from CDIAC's anonymous FTP area which can be accessed directly
(cdiac.esd.ornl.gov) or through the World Wide Web (WWW) at
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/. This document provides sample listings of the data
and detailed descriptions of the file formats; offers FORTRAN and SAS
retrieval program listings; describes the methods used in calculating each
variable; discusses the sources, restrictions, and limitations of the data;
provides five Arc/Info export coverages and flat ASCII data files containing
these data; and reprints of pertinent literature.
1. Name of the Numeric Data Package
A Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S. West Coast
2. Contributors
Vivien M. Gornitz
Center for Climate Systems Research
Columbia University
Goddard Institute for Space Studies
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2280 Broadway
New York, NY 10025
Tammy W. Beaty
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
Environmental Sciences Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
P.O. Box 2008
Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407
Richard C. Daniels
Energy, Environment and Resources Center
The University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
Current Address:
Shorelands and Water Resources Program
Water Division, Department of Ecology
P.O. Box 47690
Olympia, WA 98504
3. Keywords
Coastal hazards; risk assessment; sea-level trends; sea-level rise; elevation;
geology; geomorphology; coastal landform; subsidence; erosion; accretion;
tidal range; wave height.
4. Background Information
Data records accumulated over the past 100 years indicate that sea levels have
been rising at a rate of 1-2 mm/yr due to the thermal expansion of the ocean
and the increased melting of continental and alpine glaciers (Houghton et al.
1996).  During the next 100 years, increasing atmospheric concentrations of
CO2 and other greenhouse gases may lead to an increase in the world's mean
surface air temperature of 1-5C unless emission levels are reduced (Houghton
et al. 1996 and Warrick et al. 1993).  Such warming could further enhance the
thermal expansion of the ocean and the melting of continental and alpine
glaciers.
Changes in climate will affect the coastal zone. Short-term climatic
variations have been shown to affect the maximum intensity and frequency of
storms (Emanuel 1988) and can cause an acceleration or deceleration in
shoreline erosion rates (Dolan et al. 1988). Unanticipated changes in these
factors can result in unnecessary loss of life and/or property (Case and
Mayfield, 1990). This database may be used to identify areas that are, or
could be, at risk to erosion or inundation from change in climate or sea-level
rise based on information on the past and current state of the coast.
In 1987, the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric and Climate Research
Division funded Dr. Vivien M. Gornitz (Goddard Institute for Space Studies)
and the Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Research Program (CDIARP),
Resource Analysis Project, at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak
Ridge, Tennessee, to develop a Coastal Hazards Data Base to provide
information on the past and current state of world coastlines. The data base
contains information on relative sea-level trends, elevation, vertical land
movements, horizontal displacement (erosion/accretion), coastal geomorphology,
and geology (Gornitz and Kanciruk 1989). CDIAC has published the following
three volume series of NDPs for the continental United States: A Coastal
Hazards Data Base for the U.S. East Coast, ORNL/CDIAC-45, NDP-043A; followed
by A Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S. Gulf Coast, ORNL/CDIAC-60, NDP-
043B; and finally this NDP for the U.S. West Coast (ORNL/CDIAC-81, NDP-043C)
(Gornitz and White 1992, Gornitz and White 1994, and this volume).  A
complementary coastal data base for Canada has been developed by the
Geological Survey of Canada and is described in Shaw et al. (1994).
The data in this NDP may be used to calculate the relative vulnerabilities of
different areas along the U.S. West Coast to projected increases in air and
sea surface temperatures and sea-level change. This data base may also be
combined with the two previous coastal hazard NDPs (NDP-043A and NDP-043B) to
obtain a data base that covers the entire conterminous United States. This
information will be useful to researchers, government planning agencies, the
private sector, and educational institutions interested in determining the
present and future vulnerabilities of coastal zones to erosion and sea-level
rise.
The data base described here comprises data extracted from a variety of
sources, including publications of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, the U.S. Geological
Survey (USGS), universities, and other federal and state agencies. These data
varied in scale and format. To facilitate data analysis, these data have been
referenced to a grid of 0.25 latitude by 0.25 longitude and to a
1:2,000,000 digitized coastline of the U.S. West. This NDP defines the
U.S. West Coast as extending from the California-Mexican border to the
Washington-Canadian border (Fig. 1).
5. Applications of the Data
This coastal hazards data base contains information on elevation, bedrock
geology, geomorphology (coastal landform), sea-level trends, horizontal
shoreline displacement (erosion), tidal ranges, and wave heights. These data
variables were selected for inclusion in this data base because of the roles
they play in determining the vulnerability of coastal areas to variations in
sea level and long-term erosion.
The 29 data variables in this data base effectively measure two basic risk
factors, erosion and inundation. The erosion risk was determined on the basis
of historical shoreline displacement, resistance to erosion (geology,
geomorphology), and ocean-forcing factors (tidal ranges and wave heights). The
inundation risk was estimated on the basis of sea-level trends and elevation
data.
This data base and the coastal vulnerability indices (CVIs) that may be
calculated with it may be used to identify coastal zones that are at risk from
coastal erosion or possible changes in relative sea level.
6. Definition of Standard Terms and Concepts
The data variables within this data base have been placed into five data
groups (i.e., three primary groups and two supplemental data groups). A quick
reference listing of these data groups and variables is contained in Appendix
A. The following terminology is used throughout this documentation.
     Data variable--A single, discrete data item within a data group or data
     set (e.g., data set=elevation, data variable=mean elevation).
     System variable--A numeric variable that geographically identifies data
     variables within a data group.
     Data set--A collection of data variables that have been derived from a
     single data source, such as the mean and maximum elevation variables.
     Data group--A collection of data variables that have been placed into a
     single Arc/Info export file and a comparable flat ASCII file.
     Data base--All data groups within this NDP.
     Original data variables--The 22 data variables from the seven data sets
     presented within this NDP [i.e., mean, maximum, and minimum elevation,
     and the number of 5' National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) grid cells
     used in deriving the data values; geology; geomorphology; relative sea-
     level trend, long-term geologic trend, corrected sea-level trend, local
     subsidence trend, and years of record of the gauge stations used in
     calculating these values; mean, maximum, and minimum shoreline
     displacement, and the number of 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells used in
     deriving the data values; mean and maximum tidal range, mean tide level,
     and the number of tide gauge stations used in calculating these
     variables; the 20-year mean wave height, maximum significant wave height
     and its standard deviation].
     Relative risk variables--The 7 classified risk variables derived from
     each of the following: mean coastal elevation, geology, geomorphology,
     local subsidence trend, mean shoreline displacement, mean tidal range,
     and maximum significant wave height.
Each of the five data groups within this NDP is stored as an exported
Arc/Info coverage and as a flat ASCII file.
The first two primary data groups are referenced to a 0.25 latitude by 0.25
 longitude grid and stored as exported Arc/Info polygon coverages and as flat
ASCII files.  The first group contains the original 22 data variables, while
the second contains the 7 relative risk data variables. The grid system used
covers the West Coast of the U.S. and is outlined by the following
coordinates: 126W, 32N; 126W, 49N; 116W, 49N; and 116W, 32N. The grid
origin (i.e., grid cell number 1) is at 126W, 32N, and cell identification
numbers increase from left to right, bottom to top (Fig. 2a, 2b, and 2c).
The third data group offers the 29 data variables in their original line-based
format. The data values in this data group may vary slightly from those in the
gridded data groups since more than one line segment often fell within a
single grid cell.
Nine of the 29 data variables within this data base were originally obtained
as point data, and constitute the first supplemental data group. These data
variables are stored in an exported Arc/Info point coverage and as a flat
ASCII file. Each data point is the physical location of the data measure
(e.g., latitude-by-longitude location). Data variables within this group
include: station name/number, latitude/longitude location, period of record,
and the measurements used to derive the relative sea-level trend, long-term
geologic trend, corrected sea-level trend, local subsidence trend, mean tidal
range, maximum tidal range, and mean-tide-level variables.
The second supplemental data group contains a 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline
of the U.S. West Coast. The coastlines were extracted from a map originally
digitized by the USGS. This base map is intended to be used with the gridded
data to provide locational information. These data are stored as an exported
Arc/Info line coverage and as a flat ASCII file. The line segments, and
their identification numbers, are identical to those used in the first
supplemental data group.
7. Original Data Variables
The data sets that comprise this data base include the following: elevation,
geology, geomorphology, sea-level trends, horizontal shoreline displacement
(erosion/accretion), tidal ranges, and wave heights. The original data used in
developing the data variables included in this NDP were obtained in a variety
of scales and formats (e.g., as polygon, line, or point data). Therefore, the
methods used to enter the data into the 0.25 grid cells and 1:2,000,000
digitized line segments vary by data set. The variable descriptions used in
this report were extracted from annual reports submitted in April 1988,
November 1988, April 1991 [Gornitz 1988a, 1988b, 1991; Gornitz and White
(Beaty) 1991]; and personal correspondence between Gornitz and Beaty in 1995
and 1996. The following subsections provide a brief description of the data
sources and the classification methods used in compiling each data set.
7.1 Elevation
The elevation data for this data set were obtained from the NGDC in Boulder,
Colorado, as digitized land elevations (to the nearest meter) for 5' latitude
by 5' longitude grid cells (i.e., ETOPO 5 data) The NGDC grid contained: < 0
(negative) values for grid cells containing no land within their boundaries; 0
(zero) values for grid cells with land at sea level; and > 0 (positive) values
for grid cells with land above sea level. The NGDC grid cells lying along the
West Coast were grouped into the 0.25 x 0.25 grid cells used in this data
base. Minimum, mean, and maximum elevation data are provided for each 0.25
cell. Each 0.25 cell may contain as many as nine 5' grid cells. If only one 5'
grid cell within a given 0.25 cell contains a positive or zero data value,
then the minimum, mean, and maximum elevation variables will be identical. To
calculate and transfer these data from 5' by 5' to the 0.25 grid used in this
data base, the variables were calculated as follows:
(1)  The number of 5' NGDC grid cells with positive elevation values within
     each 0.25 grid cell was determined.
(2)  The minimum elevation was assigned by finding the minimum elevation of
     all non-negative 5' grid cells within each 0.25 grid cell.
(3)  The mean elevation was assigned by averaging the elevations of all non-
     negative 5' grid cells within each 0.25 cell.
(4)  The maximum elevation was assigned by finding the maximum elevation of
     all 5' grid cells within each 0.25 grid cell.
To check these data for reasonableness, the 0.25 grid cells were overlaid
onto the 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline map of the U.S. West Coast. Through
examination of this overlay, it was discovered that peninsulas and small
islands often were not represented due to the low resolution of the NGDC grid
cells (i.e., mean elevation values were rounded to the nearest whole number).
To overcome this limitation, 0.25 grid cells containing islands and other
low-lying landform with negative values in the NGDC data were assumed to lie
near mean sea level and were assigned a mean elevation of 0 m. Cells where
this correction was necessary are shown in Fig. 3.
The geology (lithology) variable identifies generalized rock type and is
present for all coastal grid cells and line segments within this data base.
The geology data were derived from state geologic maps ranging in scale from
1:250,000 to 1:1,000,000 with publication dates from 1968 to 1992 (maps used
are listed in section 13.2). The geologic data were classified in terms of an
ordinal scale based on the relative hardness of minerals comprising the rock.
This geologic classification system was adapted in part from one used by Dolan
et al. (1975). It contains 5 major groups further subdivided into 21 subgroups
(Table 1).
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Table 1.  Geologic classification codes assigned to the coastal geology
          variable.
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Material description                                                   Code
I. Old Erosion Resistant Rocks (crystalline) 	                       100
   A. Igneous, volcanic (basalt, rhyolite, andesite, etc.)             110
   B. Igneous, plutonic (granite, granodiorite, etc.)                  130
   C. Metamorphic (schists, gneisses, quartzite, serpentinite, etc.)   150
II. Sedimentary Rocks                                                  200
   A. Shale                                                            210
   B. Siltstone                                                        220
   C. Sandstone                                                        230
   D. Conglomerate                                                     240
   E. Limestone                                                        250
   F. Eolianite (calcite-sand)                                         260
   G. Mixed or varied lithology                                        270
III. Unconsolidated Sediments                                          300
   A. Mud, Clay                                                        310
   B. Silt                                                             320
   C. Sand                                                             330
   D. Gravel, conglomerates                                            340
   E. Glacial till                                                     345
   F. Glacial drift (fluvial-glacial)                                  350
   G. Calcareous sediment                                              360
   H. Mixed or varied lithology                                        370
IV. Recent Volcanic Materials                                          400
   A. Lava                                                             410
   B. Ash, Tempera                                                     420
   C. Composite                                                        430
 V.  Coral reef                                                        500
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Appendix B contains a glossary of the terms used in Table 1. This ranking
scheme is generalized; consequently, a wide range of erodibilities exist for
each rock type listed. The erodibility of each rock depends upon the mineral
content, cementation (especially for sedimentary rocks), grain size (for
unconsolidated sediments), and presence of planar elements (i.e., bedding,
schistosity, cleavage, and fractures) within the rock. The key discriminant
between the individual classes identified in Table 1 is the relative
resistance of each rock type to physical and chemical weathering.
The geology data were assembled as follows:
(1)    Enlarged maps of the 1:2,000,000 digitized U.S. West Coastline included
       in this NDP were plotted in small sections (i.e., approximately 5
       latitude by 5 longitude on 3 ft sq. paper).
(2)    Polygons (boxes) were drawn around each coastal segment as identified by
       state geologic maps (listed in Section 13.3).
(3)    The hand-drawn polygons were digitized into Arc/Info using the
       1:2,000,000 digitized U.S. West Coastline coverage included in this NDP
       as a backdrop.
(4)    These polygons were then overlaid onto the backdrop coverage with the
       Arc/Info IDENTITY command whereby the coastal segments took on the
       values of the polygons.
(5)    For the gridded data groups, a 0.25 latitude by 0.25 longitude grid was
       overlaid onto the 1:2,000,000 digitized line coverage using an additional
       Arc/Info IDENTITY command.
Each grid cell took on the geology code from the line segment with the
greatest total length, as illustrated in Fig. 4 (e.g., four line segments in a
cell with lengths and geology codes of 100 km, 350; 80 km, 300; 120 km, 310;
and 50 km, 300, would yield a cell value of 300).
Appendix C gives a breakdown of the geology codes that occurred within each
0.25  by 0.25  coastal grid cell. The geology codes listed in Appendix C are
identical to those found in the line segment-based data groups within this
NDP.
In general the bed rock geology of the West Coast consists of five distinct
zones. The coastal areas of Washington and Oregon consist of exposed basalts
and sedimentary rocks that have been folded and metamorphosed. These rocks
were thrust beneath less disturbed Tertiary and sedimentary and volcanic rocks
during the Cenozoic uplift. In southern Oregon and northern California four
overlapping thrust sheets of volcanic and sedimentary rocks have been intruded
by granitic and ultramafic rocks. These sheets are upwarping and in some areas
are volcanically active due to the collision of the Pacific and Farallon
Plates with North America. This collision is one of the driving forces that
has produced the uplift and deformation of the Coast Ranges in northern
California. The San Andreas fault, and several others, traverse the Coast
Ranges in the north, through the Transverse Ranges in central California, and
into the Peninsular Ranges in the south. The Peninsular Ranges are composed of
Paleozoic and Mesozoic granitic and metamorphic rocks while the Transverse
Ranges are composed of Tertiary sedimentary rocks. The Los Angeles basin is
filled with Quaternary sediments (Muhs et al. 1987)
7.3 Geomorphology
Geomorphology data are provided for all coastal grid cells in the data base.
The data values were interpreted and classified from USGS 1:250,000
topographic maps (maps used are listed in section 13.4). The landforms
identified from the 1:250,000 maps may omit landforms with small spatial
extent. The classification system used divides the West Coast into two major
groups, those formed by erosion and those formed by deposition (Table 2).
These two groups are further subdivided into several categories (e.g., marine,
nonmarine, glacial, nonglacial, volcanic). Appendix B contains a glossary of
the terms used to describe each landform type. Appendix C gives a breakdown of
the geomorphic codes found within each cell (i.e., several line segments may
be found within a single cell). Several geomorphic features can occur in more
than one environment. Therefore, a fourth digit was added to the three-digit
feature identification code. This last digit identifies areas such as marshes,
beaches, or areas that have been significantly modified by human activities,
which may occur in a number of different geomorphic settings. Thus each
geomorphological class is uniquely identified by a four-digit code.
Table 2.  Geomorphology classification codes assigned to the coastal
          geomorphology variable.
Landform description                                Code      Beach    Man modified
I. Erosional coasts (scoured, beaches poorly
   developed)                                       1000
   A. Marine with wave erosion and cliffs           1100
      1. Low (5 30 m)                               1110       1111        1119
      2. Medium (30 100 m)                          1120       1121        1129
      3. High ( >100 m)                             1130       1131        1139
   B. Nonmarine (land erosion)                      1200
      1. Glaciated coast                            1210       1211        1219
         a. Fjord (drowned valley)                  1220       1221        1229
         b. Indented fiard (low-lying inlet)        1230       1231        1239
            mud flats                               1234
            salt marsh                              1235
         c. Rocky glacial coast                     1240       1241        1249
            salt marsh                              1245
      2. Nonglacial irregular coast                 1300
         a. Strongly embayed, nonrocky              1310       1311        1319
         b. Strongly embayed, rocky                 1320       1321        1329
         c. Estuaries                               1330       1331        1339
             mud flats                              1334
             salt marsh                             1335
             mixed types                            1338
      3. Ice coasts                                 1400
      4. Drowned karst topography                   1500
II. Depositional coasts (sediment
    accumulations and well-developed beaches)       2000
    A. Marine deposit                               2100
       1. Coastal plain beach                       2110       2111        2119
          salt marsh                                2115
       2. Beach rock (beach sediment cemented
          by carbonates)                            2112
       3. Barrier coast                             2120       2121        2129
          a. barrier island                         2122
          b. bay barrier                            2123
          c. mud flats                              2124
          d. salt marsh                             2125
          e. cuspate foreland                       2126
          f. spit                                   2127
          g. mixed                                  2128
     B. River deposits                              2200
        1. Alluvial plain                           2210       2211        2219
        2. Delta environment                        2220       2221        2229
           a. mud flats                             2224
           b. salt marsh                            2225
           c. mixed                                 2228
     C. Marine/fluvial deposits (Lagoonal coast)    2250       2251        2259
         1. Mud flats                               2254
         2. Marsh/mangrove                          2255
         3. Mixed                                   2258
     D. Glacial deposits                            2300
        1. Outwash plain                            2310       2311        2319
        2. Moraine                                  2320       2321        2329
        3. Drumlin                                  2330       2331        2339
           salt marsh                               2315
        4. Drift                                    2340       2341        2349
           salt marsh                               2345
        5. Composite                                2350       2351        2359
     E. Biogenic                                    2400
        1. Reefs (coral, oysters, algal)
           a. fringing                              2410       2411        2419
           b. barrier                               2420       2421        2429
        2. Barrier reef with an associated
            mangrove swamp                          2425
        3. Swamp/mangrove                           2450       2451        2459
     F. Volcanic coasts                             2500
        1. Lava flows                               2510       2511        2519
        2. Tephra, ash                              2520       2521        2529
        3. Composite/caldera                        2530       2531        2539
Based on Table 2, all grid cells on the West Coast have been assigned a data
value, which is the code with the maximum shore length within each cell. The
geomorphology data were compiled using the same procedures described for the
geology data. Appendix C gives a breakdown of the geomorphology codes that
occurred within each grid cell.
7.4 Sea-Level Trends
The sea-level trend data set for the U.S. West Coast was derived from calculated
relative sea-level trend measurements in mm/year for 16 tide-gauge stations
(Woodworth 1995; Spencer and Woodworth 1993). This relative sea-level trend was
calculated by a linear least-squares regression fitted to the time series of mean
annual sea-level elevations for each of the 16 tide-gauge stations.  Table 3
illustrates this information and Fig. 5. shows the locations of the stations
listed in Table 3.
Table 3.  Relative sea-level trends, U.S. West Coast, mm/yr.
                              			  Length of    	   Sea-Level
Station             Latitude    Longitude         Record (yr)     Trend (mm/yr)
Friday Harbor      48 33' N   123 00' W            58                1.12
Neah Bay           48 22' N   124 37' W            56               -1.61
Port Townsend      48 07' N   122 45' W            21                1.98
Seattle            47 36' N   122 20' W            96                2.01
Astoria            46 13' N   123 46' W            68               -0.60
South Beach        44 38' N   124 03' W            22                4.39
Crescent City      41 45' N   124 12' W            60               -0.72
San Francisco      37 48' N   122 28' W           140                1.37
Alameda            37 46' N   122 18' W            54                0.77
Monterey           36 36' N   121 53' W            21                3.11
Port San Luis      35 10' N   120 45' W            45                1.24
Santa Monica       34 01' N   118 30' W            53                1.98
Los Angeles        33 43' N   118 16' W            70                0.85
Newport Beach      33 36' N   117 53' W            35                1.65
La Jolla           32 52' N   117 15' W            65                2.42
San Diego          32 43' N   117 10' W            87                2.24
(Data from Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level, Sept. 1996.)
To obtain a relative sea-level trend variable for the 0.25 grid cells along the
West Coast lying between tide-gauge stations, the following interpolation
procedure was adopted:
(1)  The tide-gauge stations and the sea-level trends were plotted along a
     1:2,000,000 digitized U.S. West coastline (Fig. 5).
(2)  The 0.25 by 0.25 grid used in this NDP was then overlaid onto the tide-
     gauge stations with an Arc/Info IDENTITY command, whereby the grid cells
     took on the values of the tide-gauge stations.
(3)  For each coastal grid cell without data, the difference in relative sea
     levels was calculated between the two nearest gauge stations (i.e.,
     occurring east and west or north and south of the given grid cell).
(4)  The difference between the relative sea levels was then divided by the
     number of grid rows, plus one, occurring between the grid cells containing
     gauge stations. This value was called the slope factor.
(5)  The slope factor was then multiplied by the number of grid rows from the
     grid cell being calculated to the nearest station (i.e., western-most or
     southern-most station) and added to the station's relative sea-level trend.
(6)  The resultant of these five steps is the relative sea-level trend variable
     within the gridded data groups in this data set.
It should be noted that tide gauges measure sea-level variations in relation to a
fixed benchmark on land and are therefore relative, due to vertical land
movements and real changes in ocean levels.  Information on long-term vertical
movements along the U.S. West Coast is summarized in Appendix D.  Because of
active tectonism along the West Coast, which varies from place to place and can
affect the relative sea-level curves, the above interpolation procedure should be
used with caution.  See comments in Sect. 10 and Appendix D.
The procedure for calculating the uplift or local subsidence trend variable along
the U.S. West Coast differs from that used for the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts
(Gornitz and Lebedeff 1987). Along the U.S. East Coast, Holocene paleosealevel
indicators were used to calculate a long-term geologic trend variable (Gornitz
and Seeber 1990). This geologic trend variable was then subtracted from the
present relative sea-level trend (as measured by tide gauges) to provide a
corrected sea-level trend variable for each 0.25 coastal grid cell. The average
value of these corrected trends was used to obtain the regional eustatic trend
(i.e., 1.25 mm/yr).  This eustatic trend was then subtracted from the relative
sea-level trend variable to yield a local subsidence trend variable for each
0.25 East Coast grid cell.
Along the U.S. Gulf Coast, Holocene paleosealevel indicators were not available,
so the geologic trend variable for each 0.25 Gulf coastal grid cell was set to
0.0 for compatibility purposes between the two NDPs (i.e., NDP-043A and NDP-
043B).  The local subsidence factor for the Gulf Coast was calculated by assuming
the global eustatic rate of sea-level rise to be 1.5 mm per year, as reported by
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (Houghton et al. 1990), and
subtracting this rate (i.e., 1.5 mm/yr) from the relative sea-level trend
variable.  The resultant difference along the U.S. Gulf Coast was the uplift or
subsidence trend variable for each 0.25 coastal grid cell.
Along the U.S. West Coast, Holocene paleosealevel indicators are found only in a
small number of coastal marshes and bays, where they record at least a half dozen
discrete seismic events (Atwater 1987; Atwater et al. 1991; and Darienzo et al.
1994) and do not yield a continuous sea-level curve. Late Quaternary (i.e., <
125,000 years) raised marine terraces, which occur along much of the West Coast,
integrate the permanent deformation produced over multiple earthquake cycles.
Thus, raised terrace data can be used to derive a long-term average uplift trend
or subsidence factor for selected data points (Appendix D).
Because of insufficient data, there are no real data values assigned to the long-
term geologic trend variable in this data set. A value of 0.0 was assigned to
West coastal grid cells with a data value for the calculated relative sea-level
trend variable; while a value of -9999.99 was assigned to grid cells with no data
value for the calculated relative sea-level trend variable. While both values,
0.0 and -9999.99, indicate no data for the long-term geologic trend variable, a
value of 0.0 serves two purposes. First, it indicates those grid cells in which
the data provided in Table 1 of Appendix D may be used to calculate a long-term
geologic trend variable. Secondly, it allows for compatibility among the data
sets in this series of NDPs (NDP-043A, NDP-043B, and this document, NDP-043C).
Consequently, the corrected sea-level trend variable within this data set
contains a value that appears to be identical to the calculated relative sea-
level trend variable; however, nothing has truly been corrected here [i.e.,
corrected sea-level trend = calculated relative sea-level trend  - long-term
geologic trend (0.0)].
The uplift or subsidence trend variable for the U.S. West Coast was calculated by
assuming a global eustatic rate of sea-level rise of 1.5 mm/yr, as reported by
the IPCC (Houghton et al. 1996), and subtracting this rate (i.e., 1.5 mm/yr) from
the calculated relative sea-level trend variable.  The resultant difference is
the local subsidence or uplift trend variable for each 0.25 coastal grid cell
along the West Coast.
The local uplift or subsidence variable gives an indication of the relative
vulnerability of each coastal grid cell and line segment to sea-level rise.  This
variable may be used to identify areas that are uplifting or subsiding faster or
slower than the regional averages.  It is also added to any future projected
global sea-level curves, to adjust the global curve to local conditions.
The ARC/INFO IDENTITY command was used to overlay the coastal 0.25 by 0.25
grid cells onto the 1:2,000,000 digitized West coastline.  The resulting relative
sea-level trend, geologic trend, corrected relative sea-level trend, and local
uplift or subsidence trend variables are found in the line- based data groups
herein.
7.5 Horizontal Shoreline Displacement (Erosion/Accretion)
The erosion/accretion data used in the development of the horizontal shoreline
displacement data set were extracted and modified from the Coastal Erosion
Information System (CEIS) developed by May et al. (1982, 1983) and Dolan et al.
(1975, 1983, 1989).  Portions of the CEIS data are currently being updated by
Dolan and others for the USGS; partial documentation of some changes may be found
in Dolan et al. (1990) and Dolan et al. (1991). The CEIS data are limited in
extent to coastlines that open into the ocean or large bays. The displacement
data within the CEIS data base were originally obtained from over 500 individuals
or organizations with records ranging in length from 20 to 165 years. The
majority of the shoreline displacement measurements, however, were made from
historic maps and aerial photographs that cover the U.S. West Coast for a minimum
of 40 to 50 years. Most of the information was originally obtained from published
reports or from regionally available high-resolution data sets (e.g., Dolan et
al. 1980). Of the data within CEIS, 25% were obtained in raw form and converted
into point measurements of erosion or accretion. In conducting the measurement
and data compilation steps of the raw data, May et al. (1982) used the landward
limit of wetted sand as the criteria for identifying the shoreline. This
definition was selected because it produced the most consistent results in the
photo-interpretation process.
By comparing present and past shorelines from maps, aerial photographs, and data
from regional studies, May et al. (1982) were able to obtain rates of change,
expressed in m/year, for coastal points on the West Coast. May et al. (1982) then
averaged and extrapolated the point data into 3 latitude by 3 longitude grid
cells (in locations with sparse data 7.5'and 15' grid cells were used) to
minimize the problems associated with mapping errors, imprecise shoreline
definitions, and poor temporal resolution within the original erosion/accretion
data sources. These 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells were then overlaid onto the 0.25
grid cells used in this data base to derive the following data variables (values
in m/year): minimum erosion trend, mean erosion trend, maximum erosion trend, and
the number of 3', 7.5', or 15' cells used in deriving the data for each 0.25 grid
cell.
To transfer this information to the 0.25 grid cells used in this data set, the
erosion variables were recalculated as follows:
(1)  The number of 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells that occur in a given 0.25 grid
     cell was determined. These 3', 7.5', or 15' cells were used to calculate the
     minimum, mean, or maximum erosion rate variables.
(2)  The minimum erosion rate for a 0.25 grid cell is the minimum erosion rate
     found in the 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells within a 0.25 grid cell.
(3)  The mean erosion rate for a 0.25 grid cell is the weighted average of the
     erosion rates of all 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells within a 0.25 grid cell.
(4)  The maximum erosion rate for a 0.25 grid cell is the maximum erosion rate
     found in the 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells within a 0.25 grid cell.
Fig. 6 gives an example of how the overlay process was used to determine the
number of data values  from 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells used in calculating the
values contained in the 0.25 grid cells distributed with this NDP.
The gridded data were then overlaid onto a 1:2,000,000 digitized U.S. West
Coastline to form the line segment version of these data. Based on the length of
record (from 20 to 165 years, depending on location), and the errors inherent in
the data, the reported shoreline displacement trends are average values that are
highly variable over time; as such, rates of change less than  0.6 m/year are
not considered significant.
7.6 Tidal Ranges
The tidal-range data set was obtained from tide tables published by NOAA's
National Ocean Service (NOS) for 410 stations located on the West Coast (NOS
1992). These station data were entered into the Arc/Info GIS as point data and
are available in the supplemental data group. The supplemental data group
contains the name, identification number, longitude/latitude, mean tidal range,
maximum tidal range, and mean tide level for each tide-range station. The data
for each station were overlaid onto the 0.25 grid cells used in this data set,
and the variables calculated based on the stations that fell within each grid
cell (values expressed in meters) as follows:
(1)  The number of tide stations that fell within each 0.25 grid cell was
     calculated. The stations within each cell were then used to derive the mean
     tide level and the mean and maximum tidal ranges for each 0.25 grid cell.
(2)  The mean tidal range for each grid cell is the average of the diurnal tidal
     ranges of all stations within a given cell.
(3)  The maximum tide range for each grid cell is the largest value found within
     the diurnal tide ranges of all stations within a given cell.
(4)  The mean tide level for each grid cell is the average of the mean tide
     levels of all stations within a given cell.
The gridded data obtained from this process were then overlaid onto the U.S. West
Coastline coverage using the Arc/Info IDENTITY command to transfer the
calculated data into the line segment version of these data.
The mean tidal range at a given tide station in this data set is defined as the
difference in height between mean high water and mean low water in 1992. Tide
heights vary annually, but their differences are relatively constant in relation
to one another. The maximum tide range variable contains the "diurnal tide
range." The diurnal tide range is defined as the difference in height between
mean higher high water and mean lower low water (NOS 1992). The mean tide level
variable is defined as a plane midway between mean low water and mean high water
in 1992. This value is reckoned from chart datums. The chart datums used in the
tide tables for the mean tide level variable are from the West Coast Low Water
Datum.
The magnitude of the tidal-range variables defined above has been linked to both
inundation and erosion hazards. Although a large tidal range dissipates wave
energy, it also delineates a broad zone of low-lying intertidal wetlands
susceptible to inundation. Furthermore, the velocity of tidal currents in
estuaries depends on the tide range, as well as the asymmetry of the tidal cycle
and channel morphology. Therefore, when holding these other factors constant,
high-tide ranges are associated with stronger tidal currents capable of eroding
and transporting sediment offshore.
7.7 Wave Heights
This wave-height data set contains three data variables (all variables expressed
in meters): the maximum significant wave height, the 20-year mean wave height,
and the standard deviation of the mean). This data set was originally obtained
from published documents of the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC), U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, Wave Information Study (WIS). In the study CERC
calculated wind speeds from station histories, National Weather Service surface
charts, surface pressure data, ships-at-sea observations, and monthly air-sea
temperature gradients, in a 3-phase process. Phase 1 hindcasted wind
speeds/directions for each 120 nautical-mile-long segment while Phase 2
hindcasted wind speeds and deep ocean waves for a 30 nautical-mile spacing
(Hubertz et al. 1992). In Phase 3, wind data were input into a transformation
model that hindcasted near-shore wave heights for 10 nautical-mile-segments of
the West Coast (Jensen 1989; Corson et al. 1987).
The 10 nautical-mile-segment data were originally received as point data which
included longitude and latitude coordinates, maximum significant wave height, 20-
year mean wave height, and the standard deviation of the mean wave height. To
transfer this point data into the  0.25 longitude by 0.25 grid cells used in
this NDP the following methodology was used:
(1)  The longitude/latitude coordinates were read into ARC/INFO to produce a
     point coverage.  This point coverage was then plotted over the 1:2,000,000
     digitized U.S. West coastline and checked for reasonableness.
(2)  1.0  was added to and subtracted from the original longitude coordinates
     to produce a line segment coverage which defined each 10 nautical-mile line
     segment along the West Coast.
3)   The Arc/Info BUFFER command was used on the 1:2,000,000 digitized line
     segment coverage, to form a polygon of the study area.
(4)  The  polygon coverage produced in step 3 was read into ARCEDIT, where it
     was joined with the line segment coverage produced in step 2.  All errors
     and discrepancies were corrected, and a final polygon coverage defining
     each 10 nautical-mile segment along the U.S. West Coast was produced.
(5)  The Arc/Info IDENTITY command was then used to transfer the polygon data
     produced in number 4 above onto the 1:2,000,000 digitized line segments
     used in this NDP.
(6)  Finally, the Arc/Info IDENTITY command was used once more to transfer the
     10 nautical-mile line segment data into the 0.25 longitude by 0.25 grid
     cells used in this NDP.
The WIS data variables (i.e., maximum significant wave height, 20-year mean wave
height, and the standard deviation of the mean) were transferred during this
overlay process and are included within this NDP.   Figure 7 illustrates this
transformation process.
8. Relative Risk Factors
The previous section discussed how the original 22 data variables within this
data base were obtained and entered into the GIS. These data were directly
digitized from maps or copied from computer tapes and imported into the
Arc/Info GIS, where the information was analyzed and the data values were
incorporated into the 0.25 grid cells and 1:2,000,000 digitized line segments.
The entry of these data into common formats (i.e., 0.25 grid cells and
1:2,000,000 digitized line segments) has made it possible to relate and
manipulate the data to identify relationships among the different variables.
A vulnerable coastline is characterized by low coastal relief, subsidence,
extensive shore line retreat, and high wave/tide energies (Gornitz et al. 1991).
To simplify the manipulation process, seven of the original data variables were
classified into seven new "risk" variables. Each risk variable ranges in value
from 1 to 5 and indicates the cell's relative risk to erosion or inundation. The
risk assignments for mean elevation, mean shoreline displacement, local
subsidence trend, mean tidal range, and maximum significant wave height (i.e.,
the numeric data variables) are given in Table 3. The risk assignments for
geology and geomorphology (i.e., the nominal data) are given in Tables 4 and 5,
respectively. These risk assignments are discussed in greater detail in Gornitz
et al. (1991), Gornitz and White (1991) and Gornitz et al. (1994) - reprinted in
Appendix D.
Table 4.  Assignment of relative risk factors for elevation, shoreline
          displacement, local subsidence trend, tidal range, and wave height.
          (logical expressions are used in the table to denote the following:
          .le. = less than or equal to; .ge. = greater than or equal to.)
Variable:                 Very low    Low       Moderate    High   Very high
                             1         2           3         4         5
Mean elevation (m)          > 30     > 20        > 10       > 5      .ge.0
                                      and         and       and       and
                                    .le. 30    .le. 20    .le. 10   .le. 5
Mean shoreline             > 2.0     > 1         > -1      >  2       .le. -2
displacement           Accretion      and         and        and      Erosion
(m/year)                             .le. 2      .le. +1   .le. -1
Local subsidence            < -1      .ge. -1    > 1       > 2      > 4.0
trend (mm/year)             Land      and        and       and       Land
                          rising      .le. 1     .le. 2    .le. 4       sinking
Mean tidal range (m)       < 1.0      .ge. 1    .ge. 2     > 4       > 6.0
                      Microtidal      and        and       and     Macrotidal
                                      < 2       .le. 4     .le. 6
Maximum significant          .ge. 0   .ge. 3     .ge. 5    .ge. 6    .ge. 6.9
wave height (m)              and      and        and       and
                             < 3      < 5        < 6      < 6.9
Table  5.             Assignment of relative risk factors for geology.
          Rank                       Geology values
                     1        100, 110, 130, 410
                     2        150
                     3        200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 400,
                              430, 500
                     4        300, 340, 345, 370
                     5        310, 320, 330, 350, 360, 420
            (See Table 1 for description of geology values.)
Table 6.  Assignment of relative risk factors for geomorphology.
                  Rank                             Geomorphology values
                     1        1130, 1139, 1210, 1219, 1220, 1229, 1230, 1239, 1240,
                              1249, 1320, 1329, 2510, 2519
                     2        1120, 1129, 1131, 1211, 1221, 1231, 1234, 1235,
                              1241, 1245, 1310, 1319, 2511
                     3        1110, 1119, 1121, 1311, 1321, 1335, 1338, 2112,
                              2115, 2125, 2225, 2255, 2300, 2315, 2320, 2329,
                              2330, 2339, 2340, 2345, 2349, 2350, 2359, 2400, 2410,
                              2419, 2420, 2425, 2429, 2450, 2459, 2500, 2530, 2539
                     4        1111, 1330, 1339, 2200, 2210, 2219, 2228, 2250,
                              2258, 2259, 2310, 2319, 2321, 2331, 2341, 2351,
                              2411, 2421, 2451, 2520, 2529
                     5        1331, 1334, 2110, 2111, 2119, 2120, 2121, 2122,
                              2123, 2124, 2126, 2127, 2128, 2129, 2211, 2220,
                              2221, 2224, 2229, 2251, 2254, 2311, 2521, 2531
(See Table 2 for a description of geomorphology values.)
9. The Coastal Vulnerability Index
The seven relative risk variables contained within this data base may be used to
formulate a coastal vulnerability index. This index may be used to identify areas
that are at risk to erosion and/or permanent or temporary inundation. Grid cells
and/or line segments with high index values will tend to have low reliefs,
erodible substrates, histories of subsidence and shoreline retreat, and high wave
and tide energies (Gornitz et al. 1991). However, when several risk factors for a
given area are missing data, then any calculated index will underestimate the
risk of the area in question.
The following methods for deriving such an index have been tested on a sample of
93 randomly selected coastal segments and seem to be adequate for the task when
the number of risk factors that are missing data, for a given location, are less
than three. The addition of new variables to this data base or the use of a
different classification system for the risk variables may result in index values
that differ significantly from those that would be produced using the formulas
shown. These formulas were proposed and tested for the derivation of a Coastal
Vulnerability Index (CVI) in Gornitz et al. (1991); CVI5 was used in Gornitz and
White (1991), Gornitz et al. (1991), and Gornitz (1990, 1991).
Product mean:           CVI1 =   ( x1 * x2 * x3 * x4 * ... xn ),
				 ------------------------------
                                                n
Modified product mean:  CVI2 =   [ x1 * x2 * (x3 + x4) * x5 * (x6 +x7) ],
				 -----------------------------------------
                                               n - 2
				     2     2     2      2           2
Average sum of squares: CVI3 =   ( x1  + x2  + x3  +  x4  +   ... xn ),
				 -------------------------------------
                                                   n
Modified product mean (2):  CVI4 =   ( x1 * x2 * x3 * x4 * ... xn ),
				     ------------------------------
                                      		  (n-4)
                                      		 5
Square root of product mean:  CVI5 = [ CVI1 ] ,  and
Sum of products:   CVI6 = 4x1 + 4x2 + 2(x3 + x4) + 4x5 + 2(x6 + x7).
Where:
     n =variables present	x1=mean elevation
     x2=local subsidence trend	x3=geology
     x4=geomorphology		x5=mean shoreline displacement
     x6=maximum wave height	x7=mean tidal range.
The relative risk variables were assigned to one of five risk classes on the
basis of Tables 3, 4, and 5. Errors in the classification of any of the variables
could result in a misclassification of up to one risk class for each risk
variable. The sensitivity of each of the six CVI formulas to misclassification
errors was tested by changing the relative risk factor of 1 to 3 risk variables
from high to low (i.e., 5 to 1) while holding the others fixed at a value of 5
(Table 6). The calculated sensitivity is the percentage change from the original
CVI, with all variables set to five, such that the greater the value the greater
the percent change. It was found that for some CVIs, a change in two or more
variables may result in more than one score. When this occurs only the maximum
value is shown in Table 7.
Table 7.  Sensitivity of different Coastal Vulnerability Indices to changes in
          risk class from high to low assignments for one to three variables.
     			   Number of Variables Changed
     CVI                1              2                 3
    -------------------------------------------------------
     CVI1              80             96                99
     CVI2              80             96                99
     CVI3              14             27                41
     CVI4              80             96                99
     CVI5              56             80                81
     CVI6a             16             32                48
This table indicates that CVI1, CVI2, and CVI4 are highly sensitive to variations
in the classification of the risk variables, whereas CVI3 is insensitive to
classification variations. CVI5 seems to be relatively insensitive to variations
in one risk factor, while still being able to produce usable results when
differences occur within several factors. CVI6 showed lower sensitivity overall
to misclassification errors and missing data. Thus, CVI6 may be preferable to
CVI5. An expanded version of CVI6 was used in Gornitz et al. (1994).
By way of illustration, CVI5 was calculated for the gridded data groups within
this NDP, and a histogram of the data values was constructed. Based on the
histogram, three risk classes were developed (i.e., low-, moderate-, and high-
risk based on 33 percentile ranges). Low risk class values are those values less
than 11, moderate risk values range from 11 to 22, and high risk values are
greater than 22.
The aforementioned risk class assignments for the U.S. West coastline are
illustrated in Figure 8.
CVI5 values range from 0.87 to 58.55 along the U.S. West Coast, with a mean value
of 10.51.  Although rugged relief and erosion resistant substrate reduce the
overall vulnerability rating of the West coast, the highly variable topography
and geologic/geomorphic setting produce a number of exceptions.  Some examples
are the barrier beaches of Oregon and Washington, the Monterey Bay area including
Santa Cruz, Pismo Beach, and the following cities: San Francisco, Santa Barbara,
Santa Monica, and San Diego. A majority of the high risk areas face west and, as
a result, are directly impacted by large ocean waves. This implies that climatic
variables such as wind direction and fetch length may be one of the primary
forcing factors for erosion on the West coast.
10. Limitations and Restrictions of the Data
Because of the spatial extent of this data base, the period of record, sampling
frequency, and scale of the source documents varied. The use of long-term
averages and the use of the 0.25 grid cell as the spatial scale for these data
has minimized the error that may have been introduced when these data sources
were integrated into a single data base with uniform formats and scales.
The geologic data were classified in terms of an ordinal scale based on the
relative hardness of minerals comprising the rock, and derived from state
geologic maps. Since these characteristics cannot be deduced from the geologic
maps alone, field checking would be required to obtain a more detailed
classification than that used in this data set.
The sea-level trend variables (derived from long-term tide-gauge records) may
have significant error due to the interpolation methods used. The tide-gauge
records used for calculating the sea- level trends on the West Coast were
obtained from the records of the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (Pugh et
al. 1987). These records have been examined and contain no identifiable errors,
are of very high quality, and have been used in several sea-level-rise studies
(Douglas 1991). However, the sparse station network has made it necessary to
calculate the sea-level trend variables for intervening grid cells by calculating
a slope line between the two closest adjacent stations. Confidence in the
accuracy of the local subsidence variable and the relative and corrected sea-
level trend variables estimated with this method decreases as the distance
between grid cells that are missing data and adjacent tide-gauge stations
increases. For the U.S. East and West coasts, it was found that if the distance
from a grid cell with no data to the nearest two long-term gauge stations (i.e.,
that are east and west or north and south of the no-data grid cell) exceeds ~350
km (i.e., at that distance the r-squared value of adjacent stations is 0.717), then
the sea-level trend variable derived for the no-data grid cell may be erroneous.
However, the highly variable topography, geology, and geomorphology of the West Coast,
together with the active tectonism suggest that interpolations of the sort
proposed here should be used with caution.  Whenever feasible, local subsidence
(or uplift) data should be used.  Some longer-term geologic trends are listed in
Appendix D.
Should the user choose to apply the methods and data illustrated in Appendix D to
calculate a revised local subsidence trend variable, it will be necessary to
reassign a risk value as well, before calculating a coastal vulnerability index.
The statistical summations given within this NDP reflect 0.25 latitude by 0.25
longitude gridded data values and may vary slightly from those given in
publications by the contributors. Another discrepancy is that the tide tables
used in this document are for 1992 (NOS 1992) as were those used in NDP-043B,
while the East Coast, NDP-043A tide tables were for 1988 (NOS 1988).
The coastal hazards data base presented here for the U.S. West Coast omits
several factors that may be important when determining the risk of a given area
to inundation or erosion. Other variables that may be useful in the risk
assessment process are: storm surge, storm frequencies, storm intensities,
presence of exposed infrastructure, coastal population density, the role of
sediment transport, and the risk of saltwater intrusion (Titus et al. 1991,
Snedaker and Sylva 1987). Several studies have been done that consider several of
these factors. Gornitz et al. (1994) conducted a pilot study with an expanded CVI
based on the seven relative risk variables in this NDP and six climatic factors
derived from Birdwell and Daniels (1991). A copy of the results of this study is
reprinted in Appendix D.
11. Data Checks Performed by CDIAC
An important part of the data packaging process at the CDIAC is the quality
assurance (QA) of the data before its distribution. Data received at CDIAC are
rarely in perfect condition for immediate distribution, regardless of source.
CDIAC staff members examine the data for completeness, reasonableness, and
accuracy. The QA process is an important component in the value-added concept of
assuring accurate, usable information for researchers. The following summarizes
the QA checks performed on the various data groups presented in this document:
(1)         Data variables obtained from primary data sources were double-
            entered into flat ASCII computer files and proofed for
            discrepancies. The generated machine-readable data files were
            then uploaded to a Sun workstation and read into SAS. The SAS
            PROC COMPARE procedure was used to overlay the two versions and
            identify differences. All differences were then checked against
            the original data source, and any necessary corrections made.
2)          Data variables obtained from maps (e.g., geology) were classified
            and transferred to coastal segments on working maps of the
            coastline. The working maps were then digitized, plotted at a
            large scale, and compared with the original working maps and data
            sources. All identified discrepancies were then corrected.
(3)         Maximum, minimum, and mean values were generated for all data
            variables and checked for reasonableness against predetermined
            thresholds.
(4)         The data values for each data variable were mapped using the
            1:2,000,000 digitized USGS line-segment coverage of the U.S. West
            Coast as a backdrop to check for outliers and identifiable
            discrepancies. The identified data items were then recalculated,
            and corrected if necessary.
12. How to Obtain the Data Package
This document describes the contents of a coastal hazards data base intended for
use by vector or raster GISs or non-GIS data base systems. The computerized data
are available on Exabyte 8-mm tapes, QIC quarter-inch tape cartridges, or floppy
diskettes. These data are also available via the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and
the World Wide Web at http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov. Requests for this data package
should be addressed to:
            Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
            Oak Ridge National Laboratory
            Post Office Box 2008
            Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335, U.S.A.
The media and/or documentation can be ordered by telephone, fax or electronic
mail using:
   Telephone: (423) 574-0390 or (423) 574-3645; FAX: (423) 574-2232
   INTERNET: CDIAC@ORNL.GOV
The computerized data files may be acquired over the internet from CDIAC's
Anonymous FTP service as follows:
  FTP to CDIAC.ESD.ORNL.GOV (128.219.24.36)
  Enter "ftp" as the User-ID.
  Enter your electronic mail address as the password (e.g., BIRDK@ornl.gov)
  Change to the directory pub/ndp043c (or ndp043a for the East Coast, ndp043b
   for the Gulf Coast).
  Set FTP to ASCII mode by using the ASCII command (i.e., "ascii").
  Acquire the ASCII data files (i.e., "mget *.asc").
  Acquire the FORTRAN files (i.e., "mget *.for").
  Acquire the SAS files (i.e., "mget *.sas").
  Set FTP to binary mode by using the Binary command (i.e., "binary").
  Acquire the binary Arc/Info export files (i.e., "mget *.e00").
  Exit the system by using the FTP quit command (i.e., "quit").
13. References and Data Sources
13.1 Citations
Atwater, B. F., 1987. Evidence for great Holocene earthquakes along the outer
	coast of Washington State. Science. 236: 942-944.
Atwater, B. F., Stuiver, M., and D. K. Yameguchi. 1991. Radiocarbon test of
	earthquake magnitude at the Cascadia subduction zone. Nature. 353: 156-158.
Birdwell, K. R., and R. C. Daniels. 1991. A Global Geographic Information System
	Data Base of Storm Occurrences and Other Climatic Phenomena Affecting
	Coastal Zones. ORNL/CDIAC-40, NDP-35. Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
	Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Case, R. A., and M. Mayfield, 1990. Atlantic hurricane season of 1989.  Monthly
	Weather Review. 118: 1165-1177.
Corson, W. D., C. E. Abel, R. M. Brooks, P. D. Farrar, B. J. Groves, J. B. Payne,
	D. S. McAreny, and B.A. Tracy.  1987. Pacific Coast Hindcast Phase II Wave
	Information. WIS Report 16, U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Vicksburg,
	Mississippi.
Dolan, R., B. Hayden, and M. Vincent. 1975. Classification of coastal landform of
	the Americas. Zeitschrift fuer Geomorphologic, Supp. Bull., 22:72-88.
Darienzo, M. E., and C. D. Peterson, 1990. Episodic tectonic subsidence of late-
	Holocene salt marsh sequences in Netarts Bay, Oregon, Central Cascadia Margin.
	Tectonics. 9: 1-22.
Darienzo, M. E., C. D. Peterson, and C. Clough, 1994. Stratigraphic evidence for
	great subduction-zone earthquakes at four estuaries in northern Oregon,
	U.S.A. J. Coast. Res., 4:850-876.
Dolan, R., B. Hayden, P. May, and S. May. 1980. The reliability of shoreline
	change measurements from aerial photographs. Shore and Beach, 48:22-29.
Dolan, R., B. Hayden, and S. May. 1983. Erosion of the U.S. shorelines. In P. D.
	Komar (ed.), CRC Handbook of Coastal Processes and Erosion. CRC Press, Inc.,
	Boca Raton, Florida.
Dolan, R., H. Lins, and B. Hayden. 1988. Mid-Atlantic coastal storms. J. of
	Coastal Res., 4:417-433.
Dolan, R., S. J. Trossbach, and M. K. Buckley. 1989. Patterns of erosion along
	the Atlantic coast. pp. 17-22. Coastal Zone '89. ASCE.
Dolan, R., J. Peatross, and S. Robinson. 1991. Data supplement and statistical
	summaries of shoreline erosion and accretion, Gulf of Mexico. Shoreline change
        map series. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Douglas, B. C. 1991. Global sea-level rise. J. of Geophys. Res. 96C:6981-92.
Emanuel, K. A. 1988. The maximum intensity of hurricanes. J. of Atmos. Sci.
	45:1143-55.Emery, K. O. and D. G. Aubrey. 1991. Sea Levels, Land Levels,
	and Tide Gauges. Springer Verlag, New York, New York.
Gornitz, V. 1988a. Development of a global coastal hazards data base: Annual
	technical report. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Gornitz, V. 1988b. Development of a global coastal hazards data base: Annual
	technical report. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Gornitz, V. 1990. Vulnerability of the East Coast, U.S.A. to future sea-level
	rise. Proceedings of the Skagen Symposium, J. of Coastal Res. Special Issue
        No. 9.
Gornitz, V. 1991. Development of a global coastal hazards data base: Annual
	technical report. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Gornitz, V. and P. Kanciruk. 1989. Assessment of global coastal hazards from sea-
	level rise. Coastal Zone '89. pp. 1345-59. In Proceedings of Sixth Symposium
	on Coastal and Ocean Management. ASCE, Charleston, South Carolina, pp. 1345-1359.
Gornitz, V. and S. Lebedeff. 1987. Global sea-level changes during the past
	century. In Sea-Level Change and Coastal Evolution. SEPM Special Publication No. 41.
Gornitz, V. and L. Seeber. 1990. Vertical crustal movements along the East Coast,
	North America, from historic and late Holocene sea level data. Tectonophysics.
   	178:127-150.
Gornitz, V. and T. W. White. 1994. A coastal hazards data base for the U.S. Gulf
	Coast. ORNL/CDIAC-60, NDP-043B. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
        Ridge, Tennessee.
Gornitz, V. and T. W. White. 1992. A coastal hazards data base for the U.S. East
	Coast. ORNL/CDIAC-45, NDP-043A. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
        Ridge, Tennessee.
Gornitz, V. and T. W. White. 1991. The global coastal hazards data base. pp.
	214-224. In Future Climate Studies and Radio-Active Waste Disposal,
	Safety Studies. Norwich, England.
Gornitz, V., T. W. White, and R. M. Cushman. 1991. Vulnerability of the U.S. to
	future sea-level rise. Coastal Zone '91. pp. 2354-68. In Proceedings of
	Seventh Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. ASCE.
Gornitz, V., R. C. Daniels, T. W. White, and K. R. Birdwell. 1994. The
	Development of a Coastal Risk Assessment Database for the U.S. Southeast:
	Erosion and Inundation from Sea-Level Rise. pp. 327-338. In Coastal Hazards:
	Perception, Susceptibility, and Mitigation. C. W. Finkle, Jr. (ed.).
	J. of Coastal Res. Special Issue No. 12, Fort Lauderdale, Florida..
Hubertz, J. M., B. A. Tracy, J. B. Payne, and A. Cialone. 1992. Verification of
	Pacific Ocean Deepwater Hindcast Wave Information. WIS Report 29, CERC,
        Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Houghton, J. T., L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callender, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg,
	and K. Maskell, eds., 1996. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate
	Change, Cambridge University Press, New York, New York.
Houghton, J. T., G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums. 1990. Climate Change: The
	IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York.
Jensen, R. E., J. M. Hubertz, and J. B. Payne. 1989. Pacific Ocean Hindcast Phase
	III Wave Information. WIS Report 17, CERC, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
May, S. K., W. H. Kimball, N. Grady, and R. Dolan. 1982. CEIS: The coastal
	erosion information system. Shore and Beach. 50:19-25.
May, S. K., R. Dolan, and B. P. Hayden. 1983. Erosion of U.S. shorelines. EOS.
	65:521-523.
Muhs, D. R., R. M. Thorson, J. J. Clague, W. H. Mathews, P. F. McDowell, and H.
	M. Kelsey. 1987. Pacific Coast and Mountain System, pp. 517-581. In
        Geomorphic Systems of North America, Vol. 2, W. L. Graf (ed.).
        Geologic Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.
National Ocean Service (NOS). 1988. Tide Tables 1988 -High and Low Water
	Predictions, East Coast of North and South America. NOAA, U.S. Government
        Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
NOS. 1992. Tide Tables 1992 -High and Low Water Predictions, West Coast of North
	and South America. NOAA, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Pugh, D. T., N. E. Spencer, and P. L. Woodworth. 1987. Data Holdings of the
	Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level. Bidston Observatory, England.
Shaw, J., R. B. Taylor, D. L. Forbes, M.-H. Ruz, and S. Solomon. 1994.
	Sensitivity of the  Canadian Coast to Sea-Level Rise. Open File 2825,
        Geological Survey of Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.
Spencer, N. E., and P. L. Woodworth, 1993. Data Holdings of the Permanent Service
	for Mean Sea Level (Nov. 1993), Birkenhead, U.K., 81 pp.
Snedaker, S. C., and D. P. Sylva. 1987. Impacts of climate change on coastal
	resources: Implications for property values, commerce, estuarine environments,
	and fisheries, with special reference to South Florida. In Proceedings of the
   	Symposium on Climate Change in the Southern United States: Future Impacts and
   	Present Policy Issues, M. Meo (ed.). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
   	Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, Washington, D.C..
Titus, J. G., R. A. Park, S. P. Leatherman, J. R. Weggel, M. S. Greene, P. W.
	Mausel, S. Brown, and C. Gaunt. 1991. Greenhouse effect and sea level rise:
	The cost of holding back the sea. Coastal Manage. 19:171-204.
Warrick, R. A., E. M. Barrow, and T. M. L. Wigley, 1993. Climate and Sea Level
	Change: Observations, Projections, and Implications. Cambridge University
        Press, New York, New York.
Woodworth, P. L., 1995. PSMSL Annual Report for 1995.U. S. Department of Energy. 1987.
	Carbon dioxide and climate: Summaries of research in FY 1987. DOE/ER-0347,
	Dist. Category UC-11, Washington, D.C.
U. S. Department of Energy. 1988. Carbon dioxide and climate: Summaries of
	research in FY 1988. DOE/ER-0385, Dist. Category UC-11, Washington, D.C.
U. S. Department of Energy. 1989. Carbon dioxide and climate: Summaries of
	research in FY 1989. DOE/ER-0425, Dist. Category UC-402, Washington, D.C.
U. S. Department of Energy. 1990. Carbon dioxide and climate: Summaries of
	research in FY 1990. DOE/ER-0470T, Dist. Category UC-402, Washington, D.C.
U. S. Department of Energy. 1991. Carbon dioxide and climate: Summaries of
	research in FY 1991. DOE/ER-0508T, Dist. Category UC-402, Washington, D.C.
U. S. Department of Energy. 1992. Global Change Research: Summaries of Research
	in FY 1992. DOE/ER-0565T, Dist. Category UC-402, Washington, D.C.
U. S. Department of Energy. 1993. Global Change Research: Summaries of Research
	in FY 1993. DOE/ER-0597T, Dist. Category UC-402, Washington, D.C.
13.2 Digital Elevation Data
Defense Mapping Agency. 1-Degree DEM Data. ESIC, Reston, Virginia.
National Geophysical Data Center. ETOPO5 Gridded World Elevations. Boulder,
	Colorado.
13.3 Geology Maps
Bennison, A. P. 1973. Geological highway map of the Pacific Northwest region:
	Washington, Oregon (Idaho in part). American Association of Petroleum
        Geologists with the cooperation of the United States Geological
        Survey, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Feray, D. E. 1968. Geological highway map of the Pacific Southwest region:
	California, Nevada. American Association of Petroleum Geologists with the
        cooperation of the United States Geological Survey,
        Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Greene, H. G. and M. P. Kennedy (eds). 1986-1989. California continental margin
   	geologic map series. Maps 1a-7a.  California Division of Mines and Geology.
   	Sacramento, California.
Schuster, J. E. and K. G. Ikerd. 1992. Geologic map of Washington. Washington
	State Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth
        Resources, Olympia, Washington.
Walker, G. W. and N. S. Macload. 1991. Geologic map of Oregon. U.S. Geological
        Survey, Reston, Virginia.
13.4 Topographic Maps
                             Washington
			     ----------
U.S. Geological Survey. 1968. Cape Flattery. 1:250,000 series (topographic),
	Reston, Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1974. Victoria. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
	Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1968. Copalis Beach. 1:250,000 series (topographic),
	Reston, Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1974. Seattle. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
	Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1974. Hoquiam. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
	Virginia.
                               Oregon
			       ------
U.S. Geological Survey. 1974. Vancouver. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
	Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1977. Salem. 1:250,000 series (topographic-bathymetric),
	Reston, Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1973. Coos Bay. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
	Virginia.
                             California
			     ----------
U.S. Geological Survey. 1977. Crescent City. 1:250,000 series (topographic-
	bathymetric), Reston, Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1977. Eureka . 1:250,000 series (topographic-
	bathymetric), Reston, Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1979. Redding. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
	Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1979. Ukiah. 1:250,000 series (topographic-bathymetric),
	Reston, Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1980. Santa Rosa. 1:250,000 series (topographic-
	bathymetric), Reston, Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1970. Sacramento. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
	Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1980. San Francisco. 1:250,000 series (topographic),
	Reston, Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1969. San Jose. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
	Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1974. Monterey. 1:250,000 series (topographic-
	bathymetric), Reston, Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1979. San Luis Obispo. 1:250,000 series (topographic-
	bathymetric), Reston, Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1969. Santa Maria. 1:250,000 series (topographic),
	Reston, Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1975. Los Angeles. 1:250,000 series (topographic-
	bathymetric), Reston, Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1978. Long Beach. 1:250,000 series (topographic-
	bathymetric), Reston, Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1978. San Clemente Island. 1:250,000 series (topographic-
	bathymetric), Reston, Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1979. Santa Ana. 1:250,000 series (topographic-
	bathymetric), Reston, Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1978. San Diego. 1:250,000 series (topographic-
	bathymetric), Reston, Virginia.
14. Contents of the Computerized Data Files
The following table lists the 21 data files distributed by the Carbon Dioxide
Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) along with this documentation. Each listing
includes the file number; a brief description including the file name; the number
of number of records, file size, and record length. These files are available on
8-mm tapes, quarter inch tape cartridges, IBM-formatted floppy diskettes, and
over the Internet using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) from CDIAC's anonymous
FTP area or through the CDIAC world wide web homepage at
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov.
Table 8.    List and description of the NDP-043C data files.
File number,                  		File          Number of  	Record
description, and name         		size (bytes)   records    	length
 1. General descriptive information
    file (NDP043C.TXT)            	281,842     	5265  		  85
 2. FORTRAN retrieval program
    to read and print file 5
    (WCGRID.FOR)         		 4,050            50              80
 3. SAS code to read and print
    file 5 (WCGRID.SAS)                    729             9 		  80
 4. Gridded data for the 22 original
    data variables, all 7 data sets
    (Arc/Info export file, WCGRID.E00) 3,786,102      46,742              80
 5. Gridded data for the 22 original
    data variables, all 7 data sets
    (flat ASCII file, WCGRID.ASC)      440,640         5,440              80
 6. FORTRAN retrieval program
    to read and print file 9
    (WCRISK.FOR)        		 2,916            36              80
 7. SAS code to read and print
    file 9 (WCRISK.SAS) 	           486             6 		  80
 8. Gridded data for the 7 relative
    risk variables: elevation, geology
    geomorphology, sea-level trends,
    erosion/accretion rates, tidal ranges,
    and wave heights (Arc/Info
    export file, WCRISK.E00)         2,682,396        33,116              80
 9. Gridded data for the 7 relative
    risk variables: elevation,
    geology, geomorphology, sea-
    level trends, erosion/accretion
    rates, tidal ranges, and wave
    heights (flat ASCII file,
    WCRISK.ASC)      		      217,600          2,720              33
10. FORTRAN retrieval program
    to read and print file 13
    (WCLINE.FOR)       		        4,698             58              80
11. SAS code to read and print
    file 13 (WCLINE.SAS)     	          810             10              80
12. 1:2,000,000 digitized line segment
    data for the 22 original variables
    and 7 relative risk variables.
    (Arc/Info export file,
     WCLINE.E00)     		    1,498,986         18,506              80
13. 1:2,000,000 digitized line segment
    data for the 22 original variables
    and 7 relative risk variables.
    (flat ASCII file, WCLINE.ASC)     306,666          3,786              80
14. FORTRAN retrieval program to
    read and print file 17
    (WCPOINT.FOR)        	        4,455             55              80
15. SAS code to read and print
    File 17 (WCPOINT.SAS)                 648              8 		  80
16. Supplemental point data for the
    sea-level and tidal range data
    sets (Arc/Info export file,
    WCPOINT.E00)      		      285,444          3,524              80
17. Supplemental point data for the
    sea-level and tidal range data
    sets (flat ASCII file,
    WCPOINT.ASC)       		      103,518          1,278              80
18. FORTRAN retrieval program to
    read and print file 21
    (WCOAST.FOR)  		        1,366    	  51 		  80
19. SAS code to read and print
    file 21 (WCOAST.SAS)   		1,215    	  15   		  80
20. 1:2,000,000 digitized line segment
    coverage of the U.S. West Coast
    (Arc/Info export file,
    WCOAST.E00)    		      883,629         10,909    	  80
21. 1:2,000,000 digitized line segment
    coverage of the U.S. West Coast
    (flat ASCII file, WCOAST.ASC)     310,752         17,264    	  17
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Totals    			   10,479,945        139,536
          Note:
          Arc/Info export files (Version 7) are coverages converted to flat
          ASCII, fixed-block, files for data transfer purposes. The IMPORT
          command in Arc/Info must be used to enter these files into your
          system.  Arc/Info is a registered trademark of the Environmental
          Systems Research Institute, Inc., Redlands, CA 92372.
          SAS is a registered trademark of the SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC
	  27511-8000.
15. Contents of the Descriptive File
The following is a listing of the general descriptive information file
(ndp043c.txt) distributed by CDIAC as part of this NDP. This file provides
variable descriptions, formats, units, and other pertinent information about each
file associated with this coastal hazards data base.
Title of the Data Base
A Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S. West Coast
Contributors
Vivien M. Gornitz
Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University
Goddard Institute for Space Studies
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
New York, New York
Tammy W. Beaty
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
Environmental Sciences Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Richard C. Daniels
Energy, Environment and Resources Center
The University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
Current affiliation:
Shorelands and Water Resources Program, Water Division
Department of Ecology
Olympia, Washington
Scope of the Data
The 29 data variables within A Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S. West Coast,
and the corresponding coastal vulnerability indices that may be derived from
algorithms listed within this NDP, may be used by coastal planning, research, and
management agencies to identify shorelines at risk from coastal erosion and
inundation. This data base should be used to identify areas where further study
is necessary. In addition, these data may be used in combination with appropriate
climatological data (e.g., Birdwell and Daniels 1991) to identify coastal areas
that are vulnerable to coastal erosion and inundation from sea-level rise or
storm surge (e.g., Gornitz et al. 1996).
This data base consists of the following data sets: elevation, bedrock geology,
geomorphology, sea-level trends, horizontal shoreline movements
(erosion/accretion), tidal ranges, and wave heights. For several of these data
sets, minimum, mean, and maximum data values are available. These data variables
may be divided into two basic classes, one that measures erosion potential and
one that is related to inundation risk. The erosion risk of each coastal grid
cell or line segment may be determined based on geology, geomorphology, shoreline
displacement, tidal ranges and wave heights, while the inundation risk may be
estimated based on sea-level trends and elevations.
Seven of the 29 data variables are classified versions of other variables within
this data base. The seven classified risk variables contain "risk values" of one
to five for each coastal grid cell and line segment in this data base. These risk
variables may be used to calculate a coastal vulnerability index (CVI) to
identify areas on the West Coast that are vulnerable to sea-level rise or coastal
erosion.
Data Formats
This data base has been divided into five data groups. Each of these five data
groups is provided in two different data formats. The first format is designed
for use by the Arc/Info Geographic Information System (GIS). This format stores
the data as polygons (e.g., WCGRID and WCRISK), arcs (e.g., WCLINE and WCOAST),
or as points (e.g., WCPOINT). The second format contains comparable data that
have been converted into flat ASCII data files for use by raster GISs or non-GIS
data base systems.
The first two data groups are registered to a 0.25 latitude by 0.25 longitude
grid. The first, WCGRID (Files 4 and 5) provides the 22 original data variables,
while the second data group, WCRISK (Files 8 and 9) provides the seven relative
risk variables.
The third data group is registered to line segments derived from a 1:2,000,000
digitized U.S. West Coast coastline. WCLINE (Files 12 and 13) provides 29 data
variables (i.e., the 22 original and the seven relative risk data variables).
The fourth data group, WCPOINT (Files 16 and 17), provides the source information
used in the development of the tidal-range and sea-level trends data sets. Data
variables included in this data group are station names/numbers, record lengths,
and longitude/latitude locations of the actual data point. These data represent
the physical location of the occurring data point, and will allow the precise
location of each station used in calculating the gridded tidal-range and sea-
level-rise data variables within the 0.25 grid cells of data groups WCGRID and
WCRISK to be identified.
Finally, the last group contains a 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline of the U.S.
West Coast, WCOAST (files 20 and 21). These line segments are identical to those
found in data group WCLINE; however, no data values are provided with this data
group.
A description of the contents of each of the data groups and files included with
this data base follows:
(1)  WCGRID: Gridded polygon data for the 22 original data variables. Data sets
     contained in this group include elevation, geology, geomorphology, sea-
     level trend, shoreline displacement (erosion/accretion), tide range, and
     wave heights.
(2)  WCRISK: Gridded polygon data for the seven classified risk variables. The
     risk variables are classified versions of the following original
     variables: mean coastal elevation, geology, geomorphology, local
     subsidence trend, mean shoreline displacement, mean tidal range, and
     maximum significant wave height.
(3)  WCLINE: 1:2,000,000 digitized line segment data for the U.S. West Coast
     containing the 29 data variables (i.e., the 22 original data variables and
     the seven classified risk variables).
(4)  WCPOINT: Point data for the stations used in calculating the sea-level
     trend and tide-range data sets. Data include station names/numbers, record
     length, latitude/longitude location, and mean and maximum data values
     (when available).
(5)  WCOAST: 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline of the U.S. West Coast. The
     coastline was extracted from a digitized map of the United States compiled
     by the U.S. Geological Survey.
To improve the portability of the information in the data files, FORTRAN and
SAS input/output routines have been included with this data base for each of
the flat ASCII data files. These input/output routines are intended to be used to
read/write the data values contained in the flat ASCII data files [containing the
gridded data base, the original point data (for the sea-level trend and tide-
range variables), and the digitized U.S. West coastline].
The data groups in this data base are available as exported Arc/Info coverages
(Version 7). The export files must be read into an Arc/Info GIS using the
IMPORT command with the COVER option after uploading the files onto a computer.
These files are in a GEOGRAPHIC projection, which means the coverages are
projected in a spherical reference grid using latitude and longitude coordinates
that are stored in decimal degrees (DD). The flat ASCII files contain an
identical version of this data base.
The gridding method used in this data base consists of 0.25 latitude by 0.25
longitude grid cells. These cells cover the area defined by the following
coordinates: 126W, 32N; 126W, 49N; 116W, 49N; and 116W, 32N. The origin of
the grid is at 126W, 32N, and grid identifiers increase from left to right,
bottom to top. The data contained within each grid cell is an average for the
entire grid cell. The grid cell identification number is located in the center of
each cell and although it is not the physical location of each data value, it
represents averages for all data points located within the cell.
The flat ASCII versions of the files have been provided to allow use of these
data by users who do not have access to Arc/Info software. The format and
contents of each of the flat ASCII files are described in the following section
(the Arc/Info coverages have the same variables and general format as described
herein for the ASCII files).
Data Group WCGRID:
This data group contains gridded data for the 22 original data variables. These
data variables are from the seven data sets and are as follows: mean, maximum,
and minimum elevation, and the number of 5' grid cells used in deriving the data
values; geology; geomorphology; relative sea- level trend, long-term geologic
trend (included for compatibility within this series of NDPs), corrected sea-
level trend, local subsidence trend, and the years of record of the gauge
stations used in calculating these values; mean, maximum, and minimum shoreline
displacement, and the number of 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells used in deriving the
data values; mean and maximum tidal range, mean tide level, and the number of
tidal stations used in calculating these values; 20-year mean wave height,
maximum significant wave height, and the 20-year mean wave height standard
deviation.
The names of the Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII files providing these data
are WCGRID.E00 (File 4) and WCGRID.ASC (File 5), respectively. File 5 is
formatted as follows:
  10 READ(5,100,END=999) ID,ELAVG,ELMAX,ELMIN,ELNUM,
     1  GL,GM,SLR,SLG,SLC,SLS,SLYR
      READ(5,110) ERAVG,ERMAX,ERMIN,ERNUM,TRAVG,
     1  TRMAX,TRLVL,TRNUM,WHAVG,WHMAX,WHSD
 100 FORMAT(I5,3F8.2,3I4,4F8.2,I4)
 110 FORMAT(3F8.2,I4,3F8.2,I4,3F8.2)
The variables in data group WCGRID (File 5) are shown in Table 9 and are listed
as they appear in the file.
Table 9.  Variable formats for WCGRID.ASC (File 5).
                 		Column      Variable
Variable name            Start          End   type    Variable description
ID                          1             5 Integer   System variable - grid cell
                                                      identifier.
ELAVG                       6            13 Real      Data variable - mean
                                                      elevation of all positive 5'
                                                      by 5'grid cells within a
                                                      given 0.25 grid cell;
                                                      values in meters.
ELMAX                      14            21 Real      Data variable - maximum
                                                      elevation of all positive 5'
                                                      by 5' grid cells within a
                                                      given 0.25 grid cell;
                                                      values in meters.
ELMIN                      22            29 Real      Data variable - minimum
                                                      elevation of all positive 5'
                                                      by 5' grid cells within a
                                                      given 0.25 grid cell;
                                                      values in meters.
ELNUM                      30            33 Integer   Data variable - number of 5'
                                                      by 5' grid cells used in
                                                      calculating ELAVG, ELMIN,
                                                      and ELMAX for a given 0.25
                                                      grid cell.
GL                         34            37 Integer   Data variable - ordinal
                                                      value indicative of the
                                                      type and resistance of the
                                                      rocks within a given 0.25
                                                      grid cell to erosion.
GM                         38            41 Integer   Data variable - ordinal
                                                      value indicative of the
                                                      type and susceptibility of
                                                      the landforms within a
                                                      given 0.25 grid cell to
                                                      inundation and erosion.
SLR                        42            49 Real      Data variable - relative
                                                      sea-level trend within a
                                                      given 0.25 grid cell
                                                      calculated from tide-gauge
                                                      station measurements;
                                                      values in mm/year.
SLG                        50            57 Real      Data variable - long-term
                                                      geologic trend. This
                                                      variable is 0.0 for all
                                                      0.25 grid cells with a
                                                      relative sea-level trend
                                                      value and is included for
                                                      compatibility within this
                                                      series of NDPs.
SLC                        58            65 Real      Data variable - corrected
                                                      sea-level trend. Since the
                                                      geologic trend variable
                                                      contains values of 0.0,
                                                      this variable appears
                                                      identical to the relative
                                                      sea-level trend variable;
                                                      and is included only for
                                                      compatibility within this
                                                      series of NDPs.
SLS                        66            73 Real      Data variable - the local
                                                      uplift or subsidence trend.
                                                      The relative sea-level
                                                      trend (SLR) corrected for
                                                      the global eustatic rate of
                                                      sea-level rise (i.e., 1.5
                                                      mm/year).
SLYR                       74            77 Integer   Data variable - years of
                                                      record used in estimating
                                                      the sea-level trend for
                                                      each 0.25 grid cell.
   --------------- SECOND LINE READS AS FOLLOWS -----------------
ERAVG                       1             8 Real      Data variable - mean long-
                                                      term erosion trend for a
                                                      given 0.25 grid cell;
                                                      values in meters.
ERMAX                       9            16 Real      Data variable - maximum
                                                      long-term erosion trend for
                                                      a given 0.25 grid cell;
                                                      values in meters.
ERMIN                      17            24 Real      Data variable - minimum
                                                      long-term erosion trend for
                                                      a given 0.25 grid cell;
                                                      values in meters.
ERNUM                      25            28 Integer   Data variable - number of
                                                      3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells
                                                      used in calculating ERAVG,
                                                      ERMIN, and ERMAX for a
                                                      given 0.25 grid cell.
TRAVG                      29            36 Real      Data variable - average of
                                                      the mean tide range for all
                                                      the gauge stations that
                                                      occur within a given 0.25
                                                      grid cell (mean tide range
                                                      is the difference in height
                                                      between mean high water and
                                                      mean low water); values in
                                                      meters.
TRMAX                      37            44 Real      Data variable - maximum
                                                      tide range measured for all
                                                      gauge stations that
                                                      occurred within a given
                                                      0.25 grid cell in 1988
                                                      (this value may be the
                                                      "spring" or "diurnal" tide
                                                      range, depending on
                                                      geographic location);
                                                      values in meters.
TRLVL                      45            52 Real      Data variable - the average
                                                      of the mean tide levels of
                                                      all the gauge stations that
                                                      occur within a given 0.25
                                                      grid cell (mean tide level
                                                      is a plane midway between
                                                      mean low water and mean
                                                      high water in 1988). Values
                                                      were reckoned from chart
                                                      datums (i.e., the West
                                                      Coast Mean Low Water
                                                      Datum).
TRNUM                      53            56 Integer   Data variable - number of
                                                      tide gauge stations used in
                                                      calculating TRAVG, TRMAX,
                                                      and TRLVL for a given 0.25
                                                      grid cell.
WHAVG                      57            64 Real      Data variable - 20-year
                                                      mean wave height
                                                      experienced within each
                                                      0.25 grid cell; values in
                                                      meters.
WHMAX                      65            72 Real      Data variable - maximum
                                                      significant wave height for
                                                      each 0.25 grid cell; values
                                                      in meters.
WHSD                       73            80 Real      Data variable - standard
                                                      deviation of the 20-year
                                                      mean wave height
                                                      experienced within each
                                                      0.25 grid cell; values in
                                                      meters.
Within WCGRID missing data values are identified as follows:
-9999.99  - A grid cell with real data values that is missing data for a given
            data variable.
   9999   - A grid cell with integer data values that is missing data for a
            given data variable.
A value of 0.0 is a valid value for all variables. For the elevation variables
0.0 m indicates that land occurs within the given grid cell, but the mean
elevation of this land is < 1.0 m. If the data variables in a given data set,
such as elevation, contain data and the "number" variable is set to zero (i.e.,
ELNUM, ERNUM, TRNUM, or SLYR), then the data variables for the given 0.25 grid
cell have been estimated.
Data Group WCRISK:
This data group contains gridded data for the seven classified risk variables.
These risk variables are classified versions of the following original variables:
mean coastal elevation, geology, geomorphology, local subsidence trend, mean
shoreline displacement, mean tidal range, and maximum significant wave height.
The names of the Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII files are WCRISK.E00 (File 8)
and WCRISK.ASC (File 9), respectively. A summary of the format used in File 9
follows:
   10 READ(5,100,END=999) ID, ELR, GLR, GMR, LSR,
     1  TRR,WHR
 100 FORMAT(I5,7I4)
The variables in data group WCRISK, listed in Table 10, are shown as they appear
in File 9.
Table 10. Variable formats for WCRISK.ASC (File 9).
                               Column        Variable
Variable name            Start          End    type    Variable description
ID                          1             5  Integer   System variable - grid
                                                       cell identifier.
ELR                         6             9  Integer   Data variable - classified
                                                       version of the mean
                                                       elevation variable (i.e.,
                                                       ELAVG).
GLR                        10            13  Integer   Data variable - classified
                                                       version of the geology
                                                       variable (i.e., GL).
GMR                        14            17  Integer   Data variable - classified
                                                       version of the
                                                       geomorphology variable
                                                       (i.e., GM).
LSR                        18            21  Integer   Data variable - classified
                                                       version of the local
                                                       subsidence trend variable
                                                       (i.e., SLS).
ERR                        22            25  Integer   Data variable - classified
                                                       version of the mean
                                                       erosion/accretion variable
                                                       (i.e., ERAVG).
TRR                        26            29  Integer   Data variable - classified
                                                       version of the mean tide
                                                       range variable (i.e.,
                                                       TRAVG).
WHR                        30            33  Integer   Data variable - classified
                                                       version of the maximum
                                                       significant wave- height
                                                       variable (i.e., WHMAX).
A value of zero is used to identify missing data values within the grid cell for
the risk variables. If several "no data" values occur within the same grid cell,
then any calculated coastal vulnerability index that uses these relative risk
factors may not accurately represent the risk of the given coastal area to sea-
level rise or coastal erosion (unless some type of corrective action is taken).
Grid cells that are not in the coastal zone, or are totally ocean bound, have
values of zero for all seven derived risk variables.
Data Group WCLINE:
This data group contains digitized line segments obtained at a scale of
1:2,000,000. The coastline is composed of 1,262 line segments with lengths of 93
m to 88.7 km, with an average length of 5.8 km. Each of these line segments have
29 data variables (attributes) assigned to them (i.e., the 22 original and the
seven relative risk data variables). Several of these variables have been
directly transferred from WCGRID using the IDENTITY procedure in Arc/Info. As
such, line segment lengths do not indicate the resolution of the data.
These 29 data variables are as follows: mean, maximum, and minimum elevation, the
number of 5' grid cells used in deriving the data values, and the elevation risk
(i.e., the classified version of the mean elevation variable); geology and the
geology risk (i.e., the classified version of the geology variable; geomorphology
and geomorphology risk (i.e., the classified version of the geomorphology
variable); relative sea-level trend, global-trend, corrected sea-level trend,
local subsidence trend, the years of record of the gauge stations used in
calculating these values, and the local subsidence trend risk (i.e., the
classified version of the local subsidence trend variable); mean, maximum, and
minimum shoreline displacement, the number of 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells used in
deriving the data values, and erosion risk (i.e., the classified version of the
mean erosion/accretion variable); mean and maximum tidal range, mean tide level,
the number of tidal stations used in calculating these values, and the tidal-
range risk (i.e., the classified version of the mean tidal range); 20-year mean
wave height, maximum significant wave height, the 20-year mean wave height
standard deviation, and the wave-height risk (i.e., classified version of the
maximum significant wave-height variable).
The names of the Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII file that provide these data
variables are WCLINE.E00 (File 12) and WCLINE.ASC (File 13), respectively. File
13 is formatted as follows:
   10 READ(5,100,END=999) ID,ELAVG,ELMAX,ELMIN,ELNUM,
     1  ELR,GL,GLR,GM,GMR,SLR,SLG,SLC
       READ(5,110) SLS,SLYR,LSR,ERAVG,ERMAX,ERMIN,
     1  ERNUM,ERR,TRAVG,TRMAX,TRLVL,TRNUM,TRR
       READ(5,120) WHAVG,WHMAX, WHSD,WHR
 100 FORMAT(I5,3F8.2,6I4,3F8.2)
 110 FORMAT(2I4,3F8.2,2I4)
 120 FORMAT(3F8.2,I4)
The variables in data group WCLINE (File 13) are shown in Table 11 and are listed
as they appear in the file.
Table 11. Variable formats for WCLINE.ASC (File 13).
                              Column         Variable
Variable name            Start          End    type    Variable description
ID                          1             5  Integer   System variable - grid
                                                       cell identifier.
ELAVG                       6            13  Real      Data variable - mean
                                                       elevation of all positive
                                                       5' by 5' grid cells within
                                                       a given 0.25 grid cell;
                                                       values in meters.
ELMAX                      14            21  Real      Data variable - maximum
                                                       elevation of all positive
                                                       5' by 5' grid cells within
                                                       a given 0.25 grid cell;
                                                       values in meters.
ELMIN                      22            29  Real      Data variable - minimum
                                                       elevation of all positive
                                                       5' by 5' grid cells within
                                                       a given 0.25 grid cell;
                                                       values in meters.
ELNUM                      30            33  Integer   Data variable - number of
                                                       5' by 5' grid cells used in
                                                       calculating ELAVG, ELMIN,
                                                       and ELMAX for a given 0.25
                                                       grid cell.
ELR                        34            37  Integer   Data variable - classified
                                                       version of the mean
                                                       elevation variable (i.e.,
                                                       ELAVG).
GL                         38            41  Integer   Data variable - ordinal
                                                       value indicative of the
                                                       resistance of the rocks to
                                                       erosion.
GLR                        42            45  Integer   Data variable - classified
                                                       version of the geology
                                                       variable (i.e., GL).
GM                         46            49  Integer   Data variable - ordinal
                                                       value indicative of the
                                                       susceptibility of the
                                                       landforms to inundation
                                                       and erosion.
GMR                        50            53  Integer   Data variable - classified
                                                       version of the
                                                       geomorphology variable
                                                       (i.e., GM).
SLR                        54            61  Real      Data variable - relative
                                                       sea-level trend calculated
                                                       from tide-gauge station
                                                       measurements.
SLG                        62            69  Real      Data variable - long-term
                                                       geologic trend. This
                                                       variable is 0.0 for all
                                                       line segments with a
                                                       relative sea-level trend
                                                       value, and is included for
                                                       compatibility within this
                                                       series of NDPs.
SLC                        70            77  Real      Data variable - corrected
                                                       sea-level trend. Since the
                                                       geologic trend variable
                                                       contains only values of
                                                       0.0, this variable appears
                                                       identical to the relative
                                                       sea-level trend variable,
                                                       and is included for
                                                       compatibility within this
                                                       series of NDPs.
----------------------------- SECOND LINE READS AS FOLLOWS -----------------
SLS                         1             8  Real      Data variable - the local
                                                       uplift or subsidence
                                                       trend. The relative sea-
                                                       level trend corrected for
                                                       the global eustatic rate
                                                       of sea-level rise (i.e.,
                                                       1.5 mm/year).
SLYR                        9            12  Integer   Data variable - years of
                                                       record used in estimating
                                                       the sea-level trend for
                                                       each 0.25 grid cell.
LSR                        13            16  Integer   Data variable - classified
                                                       version of the local
                                                       subsidence trend variable
                                                       (i.e., SLS).
ERAVG                      17            24  Real      Data variable - mean long-
                                                       term erosion trend for
                                                       given 0.25 grid cell;
                                                       values in meters.
ERMAX                      25            32  Real      Data variable - maximum
                                                       long-term erosion trend
                                                       for a given 0.25 grid
                                                       cell; values in meters.
ERMIN                      33            40  Real      Data variable - minimum
                                                       long-term erosion trend
                                                       for a given 0.25 grid
                                                       cell; values in meters.
ERNUM                      41            44  Integer   Data variable - number of
                                                       3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells
                                                       used in calculating ERAVG,
                                                       ERMIN, and ERMAX for a
                                                       given 0.25 grid cell.
ERR                        45            48  Integer   Data variable - classified
                                                       version of the mean
                                                       erosion/accretion variable
                                                       (i.e., ERAVG).
TRAVG                      49            56  Real      Data variable - average of
                                                       the mean tide range for
                                                       all gauge stations that
                                                       occur within a given 0.25
                                                       grid cell (TRAVG is the
                                                       difference between mean
                                                       high water and mean low
                                                       water in 1992); values in
                                                       meters.
TRMAX                      57            64  Real      Data variable - maximum
                                                       tide range measured for
                                                       all gauge stations that
                                                       occurred within a given
                                                       0.25 grid cell in 1992
                                                       (this value may be the
                                                       "spring" or "diurnal" tide
                                                       range, depending on
                                                       geographic location);
                                                       values in meters.
TRLVL                      65            72  Real      Data variable - the
                                                       average of the mean tide
                                                       levels of all the gauge
                                                       stations that occur within
                                                       a given 0.25 grid cell
                                                       (mean tide level is a
                                                       plane midway between mean
                                                       low water and mean high
                                                       water in 1992). Values
                                                       were reckoned from the
                                                       West Coast Mean Low Water
                                                       Datum.
TRNUM                      73            76  Integer   Data variable - number of
                                                       tide gauge stations used
                                                       in calculating TRAVG,
                                                       TRMAX, and TRLVL for a
                                                       given 0.25 grid cell.
TRR                        77            80  Integer   Data variable - classified
                                                       version of the mean tide
                                                       range variable (i.e.,
                                                       TRAVG).
------------------------------ THIRD LINE READS AS FOLLOWS ------------------
WHAVG                       1             8  Real      Data variable - 20-year
                                                       mean wave height
                                                       experienced within each
                                                       0.25 grid cell; values in
                                                       meters.
WHMAX                       9            16  Real      Data variable - maximum
                                                       significant wave height
                                                       for each 0.25 grid cell;
                                                       values in meters.
WHSD                       17            24  Real      Data variable - standard
                                                       deviation of the 20-year
                                                       mean wave height
                                                       experienced within each
                                                       0.25 grid cell; values in
                                                       meters.
WHR                        25            28  Integer   Data variable - classified
                                                       version of the maximum
                                                       significant wave-height
                                                       variable (i.e., WHMAX).
Within WCLINE, missing data values are indicated as follows:
-9999.99  - A line segment with real data values that is missing data for a given
            data variable.
    9999  - A line segment with integer data values that is missing data for a
            given data variable.
       0  - A line segment with missing data values for the risk variables (i.e.,
            for variables ELR, ERR, WHR, TRR, LSR, GLR, GMR only).
A value of 0.0 is a valid value for all but the risk variables. For the elevation
variables 0.0 m indicates that land occurs within the given grid cell, but the
maximum elevation of this land is < 1.0 m. If the data variables in a given data
set, such as elevation, contain data and the "number" variable is set to zero
(i.e., ELNUM, ERNUM, TRNUM, or SLYR), then the data variables for the given 0.25
grid cell have been estimated.
Data Group WCPOINT:
This data group contains the point data for the stations used in calculating the
relative sea-level trend, long-term geologic-trend, corrected sea-level trend,
local subsidence trend, mean tide range, maximum tide range, and mean tide level
variables contained within data group WCGRID. Data include station names, station
number, record length, latitude/longitude location, and data variable values.
The names of the Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII file are WCPOINT.E00 (File 16
and WCPOINT.ASC (File 17), respectively. A summary of the format used for File 17
follows:
   10 READ(5,100,END=999) ID,SLLONG,SLLAT,SLR,SLG,
     1  SLC,SLS,SLYR
      READ(5,110) SLNAME,TRLONG,TRLAT,TRAVG,
     1  TRMAX,TRLVL
      READ(5,120) TRID,TRNAME
 100 FORMAT(I5,6F8.2,I4)
 110 FORMAT(A40,5F8.2)
 120 FORMAT(I5,A45)
The variables listed in Table 12 are listed as they appear in data group WCPOINT
(File 17).
Table 12. Variable formats for WCPOINT.ASC (File 17).
                              Column         Variable
Variable name            Start          End    type    Variable description
ID                          1             5  Integer   System variable - Point
                                                       identification number.
SLLONG                      6            13  Real      Data variable - longitude
                                                       of the tide- gauge station
                                                       used in determining the
                                                       sea-level trends.
SLLAT                      14            21  Real      Data variable - latitude
                                                       of the tide- gauge station
                                                       used in determining the
                                                       sea-level trends.
SLR                        22            29  Real      Data variable - relative
                                                       sea-level trend calculated
                                                       from tide-gauge station
                                                       measurements; values are
                                                       expressed in mm/year.
SLG                        30            37  Real      Data variable - long-term
                                                       geologic trend. This
                                                       variable is 0.0 for all
                                                       stations with a relative
                                                       sea-level trend value, and
                                                       is included for
                                                       compatibility within this
                                                       series of NDPs.
SLC                        38            45  Real      Data variable - corrected
                                                       sea-level trend. Since the
                                                       geologic trend variable
                                                       contains values of 0.0,
                                                       this variable appears
                                                       identical to the relative
                                                       sea-level trend variable;
                                                       and is included only for
                                                       compatibility within this
                                                       series of NDPs.
SLS                        46            53  Real      Data variable - local
                                                       uplift or subsidence
                                                       trend. Relative sea-level
                                                       trend corrected for the
                                                       global eustatic rate of
                                                       sea-level rise (i.e., 1.5
                                                       mm/year).
SLYR                       54            57  Integer   Data variable - years of
                                                       record of the tide gauge
                                                       station used in
                                                       determining the sea-level
                                                       trends.
         ----------------- SECOND LINE READS AS FOLLOWS --------------------
SLNAME                      1            40  Char      Data variable - name of
                                                       the tide gauge used for
                                                       determining the sea-level
                                                       trends.
TRLONG                     41            48  Real      Data variable - longitude
                                                       of a tide-gauge station
                                                       used for determining the
                                                       tide range variables.
TRLAT                      49            56  Real      Data variable - latitude
                                                       of a tide-gauge station
                                                       used for determining the
                                                       tide range variables.
TRAVG                      57            64  Real      Data variable - difference
                                                       between mean high water
                                                       and mean low water for
                                                       1992; values in meters.
TRMAX                      65            72  Real      Data variable - maximum
                                                       tide range, maximum
                                                       measured range for the
                                                       gauge station in 1992
                                                       (this value may be the
                                                       "spring" or "diurnal" tide
                                                       range, depending on
                                                       geographic location);
                                                       values in meters.
TRLVL                      73            80  Real      Data variable - mean tide
                                                       level, a plane midway
                                                       between mean low water and
                                                       mean high water in 1992.
                                                       Values are reckoned from
                                                       the West Coast Mean Low
                                                       Water Datum.
         ------------------ THIRD LINE READS AS FOLLOWS ---------------------
TRID                        1             4  Integer   Data variable - station
                                                       number (used in the 1992
                                                       Tide Tables) of a tide-
                                                       gauge station.
TRNAME                      5            54  Char      Data variable - name of a
                                                       tide-gauge station (from
                                                       the 1992 Tide Tables).
Within this data file, WCPOINT, missing data values are indicated with one of the
following values:
0.0 or 0 - A sea-level or tide-range station that has not been assigned data
values. This data group includes the calculated relative sea-level trend
measurements in mm/yr for 16 tide-gauge stations (Woodworth 1995; Spencer and
Woodworth 1993) and the tide table data for 410 NOAA stations (NOS 1992). The
sea-level and tide-range stations each have unique data variables. When the 16
stations used for the calculated sea-level trend measurements are present, the
tide range variables are 0.0 or 0. When the 410 NOAA stations are present, the
sea-level variables are 0.0 or 0.
Data Group WCOAST:
The final data group, WCOAST (Files 20 and 21), contains a 1:2,000,000 digitized
coastline of the U.S. West Coast made up of 1,262 line segments. Data in this
coverage were extracted from a digitized map of the United States (originally
compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey). This coastline may be overlaid onto any
of the data groups previously discussed to provide locational information when
plotting the data variables. The line segment identification numbers used herein
are identical to the line segment identification numbers used in WCLINE.ASC.
Unlike the other data groups within this data base this coverage contains no
attribute values. However, such overlay commands as UNION, INTERSECT, and
IDENTITY in Arc/Info (or other GISs) may be used to transfer the gridded data
values to the coastal segments, thus simplifying the interpretation of any
derived indices.
The name of the Arc/Info coverage where the coastline resides is WCOAST.E00
(File 20), and the flat ASCII data file with this same information is in
WCOAST.ASC (File 21). Since this file is line-based, the data values in
WCOAST.ASC contain the line segment name, the number of  points in the line, and
a listing of the points that describe each line, for all 1,262 line segments that
define the West Coast.
The flat ASCII version of this file contains a listing of the line segments (or
arcs) that describe the coast in the BNA format. An example of the format for
this file is shown in Table 13.
Table 13. Sample of the vector format used for WCOAST.ASC (File 21).
          "   1",-6
          -122.7500,48.9764
          -122.7500,48.9796
          -122.7524,48.9832
          -122.7572,48.9852
          -122.7600,48.9916
          -122.7656,49.0000
          "   2",-11
          -122.7984,48.9724
          -122.7956,48.9760
          -122.7944,48.9792
          -122.7920,48.9820
          -122.7896,48.9848
          -122.7848,48.9856
          -122.7824,48.9828
          -122.7864,48.9808
          -122.7896,48.9780
          -122.7920,48.9752
          -122.7916,48.9716
          ...
16. Listing of the FORTRAN Data Retrieval Programs
This section lists the five FORTRAN data retrieval programs provided by CDIAC
with this data base. Each program is designed to read and write the contents of
one of the five flat ASCII data files.
The first program (WCGRID.FOR, File 2) is designed to read and print the file
WCGRID.ASC (File 5).
c*********************************************************
c* fortran program to read and write wcgrid.asc (file 5) *
c*********************************************************
      integer nlin
      integer id, elnum, gl, gm, slyr, ernum, trnum
      real    elavg, elmax, elmin, slr, slg, slc, sls
      real    eravg, ermax, ermin, travg, trmax, trlvl
      real    whavg, whmax, whsd
c*********************************************************
c* initialize a counter and open files for input/output  *
c*********************************************************
      nlin=0
      open(unit=5,file='wcgrid.asc',readonly,status='old')
      open(unit=6,file='wcgrid.out',status='new')
c*********************************************************
c* read/write the grid cell id and the 22 data variables *
c*********************************************************
   10 read(5,100,end=999) id, elavg, elmax, elmin, elnum,
     1    gl, gm, slr, slg, slc, sls, slyr
      read(5,110) eravg, ermax, ermin, ernum, travg,
     1    trmax, trlvl, trnum, whavg, whmax, whsd
      if (nlin.gt.32) nlin=0
      if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,120)
      if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,130)
      nlin=nlin+1
      write(6,105) id, elavg, elmax, elmin, elnum,
     1     gl, gm, slr, slg, slc, sls, slyr
      write(6,115) eravg, ermax, ermin, ernum, travg,
     1     trmax, trlvl, trnum, whavg, whmax, whsd
   20 continue
      go to 10
  100 format (i5,3f8.2,3i4,4f8.2,i4)
  105 format (1x,i5,3f8.2,3i4,4f8.2,i4)
  110 format (3f8.2,i4,3f8.2,i4,3f8.2)
  115 format (1x,3f8.2,i4,3f8.2,i4,3f8.2)
  120 format (4x,'id',1x,'elavg',3x,'elmax',3x,'elmin',1x,
     1    'elnum',2x,'gl',2x,'gm',1x,'slr',5x,'slg',5x,'slc',
     1    5x,'sls',4x,'slyr')
  130 format (2x,'eravg',3x,'ermax',3x,'ermin',1x,'ernum',
     1    1x,'travg',3x,'trmax',3x,'trlvl',1x,'trnum',1x,
     1    'whavg',3x,'whmax',3x,'whsd')
c***********************************************************
c*****           close files and exit                 ******
c***********************************************************
  999 close(unit=5)
      close(unit=6)
      stop
      end
The second FORTRAN program (WCRISK.FOR, File 6) is designed to read and print the
file WCRISK.ASC (File 9).
c*********************************************************
c* fortran program to read and write wcrisk.asc (file 9) *
c*********************************************************
      integer nlin
      integer id, elr, glr, gmr, lsr, err, trr, whr
c*********************************************************
c* initialize a counter and open files for input/output  *
c*********************************************************
      nlin=0
      open(unit=5,file='wcrisk.asc',readonly,status='old')
      open(unit=6,file='wcrisk.out',status='new')
c*********************************************************
c* read/write the grid cell id and the 7 risk variables  *
c*********************************************************
   10 read(5,100,end=999) id, elr, glr, gmr, lsr,
     1    err, trr, whr
      if (nlin.gt.63) nlin=0
      if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,110)
      nlin=nlin+1
      write(6,105) id, elr, glr, gmr, lsr,
     1     err, trr, whr
   20 continue
      go to 10
  100 format (i5,7i4)
  105 format (1x,i5,7i4)
  110 format (4x,'id',1x,'elr',1x,'glr',1x,'gmr',1x,
     1    'lsr',1x,'err',1x,'trr',1x,'whr')
c***********************************************************
c*****           close files and exit                 ******
c***********************************************************
  999 close(unit=5)
      close(unit=6)
      stop
      end
The third FORTRAN program (WCLINE.FOR, File 10) is designed to read and print the
file WCLINE.ASC (File 13).
c**********************************************************
c* fortran program to read and write wcline.asc (file 13) *
c**********************************************************
      integer nlin
      integer id, elnum, gl, gm, slyr, ernum, trnum
      integer elr, glr, gmr, lsr, err, trr, whr
      real    elavg, elmax, elmin, slr, slg, slc, sls
      real    eravg, ermax, ermin, travg, trmax, trlvl
      real    whavg, whmax, whsd
c*********************************************************
c* initialize a counter and open files for input/output  *
c*********************************************************
      nlin=0
      open(unit=5,file='wcline.asc',readonly,status='old')
      open(unit=6,file='wcline.out',status='new')
c************************************************************
c* read/write the line segment id and the 29 data variables *
c*   including the 22 original  and 7 risk data variables   *
c************************************************************
   10 read(5,100,end=999) id, elavg, elmax, elmin, elnum,
     1    elr, gl, glr, gm, gmr, slr, slg, slc
      read(5,110) sls, slyr, lsr, eravg, ermax, ermin,
     1    elnum, err, travg, trmax, trlvl, trnum, trr
      read(5,120) whavg, whmax, whsd, whr
      if (nlin.gt.32) nlin=0
      if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,130)
      if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,140)
      if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,150)
      nlin=nlin+1
      write(6,105) id, elavg, elmax, elmin, elnum,
     1     elr, gl, glr, gm, gmr, slr, slg, slc
      write(6,115) sls, slyr, lsr, eravg, ermax, ermin,
     1     ernum, err, travg, trmax, trlvl, trnum, trr
      write(6,125) whavg, whmax, whsd, whr
   20 continue
      go to 10
  100 format (i4,3f8.2,6i4,3f8.2)
  105 format (i4,3f8.2,6i4,3f8.2)
  110 format (f8.2,2i4,3f8.2,2i4,3f8.2,2i4)
  115 format (f8.2,2i4,3f8.2,2i4,3f8.2,2i4)
  120 format (3f8.2,i4)
  125 format (3f8.2,i4)
  130 format (2x,'id',2x,'elavg',2x,'elmax',2x,'elmin',
     1    1x,'elnum',2x,'elr',2x,'gl',2x,'glr',1x,'gm',
     1    2x,'gmr',4x'slr',5x,'slg',5x,'slc')
  140 format (3x,'sls',2x,'slyr',1x,'slr',3x,'eravg',2x,'ermax',
     1    2x,'ermin,1x,'ernum',1x,'err',3x,'travg',
     1    2x,'trmax',2x,'trlvl',1x,'trnum',1x,'trr')
  150 format ('whavg',3x,'whmax',3x,'whsd',5x,'whr')
c***********************************************************
c*****           close files and exit                 ******
c***********************************************************
  999 close(unit=5)
      close(unit=6)
      stop
      end
The fourth FORTRAN program (WCPOINT.FOR, file 14) is designed to read and print
the file WCPOINT.ASC (File 17).
c***********************************************************
c* fortran program to read and write wcpoint.asc (file 17) *
c***********************************************************
      integer nlin
      integer id, slyr, trid
      real    sllong, sllat, slr, slg, slc, sls
      real    trlong, trlat, travg, trmax, trlvl
      character slname*40, trname*45
c***********************************************************
c* initialize a counter and open files for input/output    *
c***********************************************************
      nlin=0
      open(unit=5,file='wcpoint.asc',readonly,status='old')
      open(unit=6,file='wcpoint.out',status='new')
c***********************************************************
c* read/write the point id and the 15 station variables    *
c***********************************************************
   10 read (5,100,end=999) id, sllong, sllat, slr, slg,
     1    slc, sls, slyr
      read(5,110) slname, trlong, trlat, travg,
     1    trmax, trlvl,
      read(5,120) trid, trname
      if (nlin.gt.32) nlin=0
      if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,130)
      if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,140)
      if (nline.eq.0) write (6,150)
      nlin=nlin+1
      write(6,105) id, sllong, sllat, slr, slg,
     1     slc, sls, slyr
      write(6,115) slname, trlong, trlat, travg,
     1     trmax, trlvl,
      write(5,125) trid, trname
   20 continue
      go to 10
  100 format (i5,6f8.2,i4)
  105 format (i5,6f8.2,i4)
  110 format (a40,5f8.2)
  115 format (a40,5f8.2)
  120 format (i4,a50)
  125 format (i4,a50)
  130 format (4x,'id',2x,'sllong',3x,'sllat',5x,'slr',
     1    5x,'slg',5x,'slc',5x,'sls',1x,'slyr',1x,'slname')
  140 format (3x,'trlong',3x,'trlat',3x,'travg',3x,'trmax',
     1    3x,'trlvl',1x,'trid',1x,'trname')
  150 format ('trid',1x,'trname')
c***********************************************************
c*****           close files and exit                 ******
c***********************************************************
  999 close(unit=5)
      close(unit=6)
      stop
      end
The last FORTRAN program (WCOAST.FOR, File 18) is designed to read and print the
file WCOAST.ASC (File 21).
c**********************************************************
c* fortran program to read and write wcoast.asc (file 21) *
c**********************************************************
      character id*6, name*7
      character comma
      integer i, num, nlin
      real long, lat
c*********************************************************
c*           open files for input/output                 *
c*********************************************************
      open(unit=5,file='wcoast.asc',readonly,status='old')
      open(unit=6,file='wcoast.out',status='new')
c*********************************************************
c* read/write the line segment id and x,y coordinates    *
c*********************************************************
   10 nlin=0
      read(5,100,end=999) id,comma,num
      if (comma.eq.'-') num=num*-1
      if (comma.eq.',') then
         name=id//','
      else
         name=id//' '
      end if
      write(6,130)
      write(6,110) name, num
c********************************************************
c*   read and print x,y coordinates for the line        *
c********************************************************
      do 20 i = 1, num*-1
        if (nlin.gt.77) nlin=0
        if (nlin.eq.0) write (6,140)
        nlin=nlin+1
        read (5,120) long,comma,lat
        write (6,125) long,comma,lat
   20 continue
      go to 10
  100 format (a6,a1,i6)
  110 format (a7,i6)
  120 format (f9.4,a1,f8.4)
  130 format (1x,'name , number')
  140 format (1x,'longitude,latitude')
c***********************************************************
c*****           close files and exit                 ******
c***********************************************************
  999 close(unit=5)
      close(unit=6)
      stop
      end
          17. Listing of the SAS Data Retrieval Programs
This section lists the five SAS data retrieval programs provided by CDIAC with
this data base. Each program is designed to read and write the contents of one of
the five flat ASCII data files.
The first program (WCGRID.SAS, File 3) is designed to read and print the file
WCGRID.ASC (File 5).
options ls=80 ps=70;
data wcgrid;
infile 'wcgrid.asc';
input id 5. (elavg elmax elmin) 8.2 (elnum gl gm) (4.)
      (slr slg slc sls) (8.2) slyr 4. / (eravg ermax ermin) (8.2)
      ernum 4. (travg trmax trlvl) (8.2) trnum 4.
      (whavg whmax whsd) (8.2);
proc print noobs;
run;
The second SAS program (WCRISK.SAS, File 7) is designed to read and print the
file WCRISK.ASC (File 9).
options ls=80 ps=70;
data wcrisk;
infile 'wcrisk.asc';
input id 5. (elr glr gmr lsr err trr whr) (4.);
proc print noobs;
run;
The third SAS program (WCLINE.SAS, File 11) is designed to read and print the
file WCLINE.ASC (File 13).
options ls=80 ps=70;
data wcline;
infile 'wcline.asc';
input id 4. (elavg elmax elmin) (8.2) (elnum elr gl glr gm gmr) (4.)
      (slr slg slc) (8.2) / sls 8.2
      (slyr lsr) (4.) (eravg ermax ermin) (8.2) (ernum err) (4.)
      (travg trmax trlvl) (8.2) (trnum trr) (4.) /
      (whavg whmax whsd) (8.2) whr 4.;
proc print;
run;
The fourth SAS program (WCPOINT.SAS, File 15) is designed to read and print the
file WCPOINT.ASC (File 17).
options ls=80 ps=70;
data wcpoint;
infile 'wcpoint.asc';
input id 5. (sllong sllat slr slg slc sls) (8.2) slyr 4. /
      slname $ 40. (trlong trlat travg trmax trlvl) (8.2) /
      trid 4. trname $ 50.;
proc print;
run;
The fifth SAS program (File 19) is designed to read and print the file
WCOAST.ASC (File 21).
options ls=80 ps=70;
data wcoast;
file 'wcoast.lst';
infile 'wcoast.asc' dlm=',';
input id $ num1 @;
put @1 'ID' @9 'number of points' @30 'Longitude' @47 'Latitude';
put @1 name @15 num @;
num = num1 * -1;
array long{197};
array lat{197};
do i = 1 to num;
input long{i} lat{i};
put @30 long{i} 9.4 @45 lat{i} 9.4;
end;
run;
18. Partial Listings of the Flat ASCII Data Files
This section lists the first and last five data lines of each of the of
the flat ASCII data files provided with this data base.
Sample listing of WCGRID.ASC (file 5).
    1-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999
-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99
    2-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999
-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99
    3-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999
-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99
    4-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999
-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99
    5-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999
-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99
..........
 2716-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999
-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99
 2717-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999
-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99
 2718-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999
-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99
 2719-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999
-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99
 2720-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99999999999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999
-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99
Sample listing of WCRISK.ASC (File 9).
    1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
    2   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
    3   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
    4   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
    5   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
    6   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
    7   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
    8   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
    9   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
   10   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
..........
 2711   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
 2712   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
 2713   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
 2714   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
 2715   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
 2716   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
 2717   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
 2718   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
 2719   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
 2720   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
Sample listing of WCLINE.ASC (File 13).
   1    0.00    0.00    0.00   0   5 345   42250   4    0.69    0.00    0.69
   -0.81   0   2-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999   0    8.60    8.60    5.25   2   5
-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99   0
   2    0.00    0.00    0.00   0   5 345   42127   5    0.69    0.00    0.69
   -0.81   0   2-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999   0    8.60    8.60    5.25   2   5
-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99   0
   3    0.00    0.00    0.00   0   5 370   42340   3    0.69    0.00    0.69
   -0.81   0   2-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999   0-9999.99-9999.99-9999.999999   0
-9999.99-9999.99-9999.99   0
..........
1260  122.00  205.00    0.00   4   1 370   42259   4    2.24    0.00    2.24
    0.74  87   2    0.43    2.50   -0.70   9   3    5.63    5.90    3.98   4   4
    2.50    7.70    1.00   5
1261  122.00  205.00    0.00   4   1 330   52129   5    2.24    0.00    2.24
    0.74  87   2    0.43    2.50   -0.70   9   3    5.63    5.90    3.98   4   4
    2.50    7.70    1.00   5
1262  122.00  205.00    0.00   4   1 330   59999   0    2.24    0.00    2.24
    0.74  87   2    0.43    2.50   -0.70   9   3    5.63    5.90    3.98   4   4
    2.50    7.70    1.00   5

Sample listing of WCPOINT.ASC (file 17).
    1    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0
                                         -117.23   32.78    5.50    2.80    3.90
 415CROWN POINT MISSION BAY
    2    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0
                                         -117.23   32.77    5.40    2.80    3.80
 413QUIVIRA BASIN MISSION BAY
    3    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0
                                         -117.12   32.67    5.90    3.00    4.30
 411NATIONAL CITY SAN DIEGO BAY
..........
  424 -122.75   48.12    1.98    0.00    1.98    0.48  21
PORT TOWNSEND WA                            0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00
   0
  425 -124.62   48.37   -1.61    0.00   -1.61   -3.11  56
NEAH BAY WA                                 0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00
   0
  426 -123.00   48.55    1.12    0.00    1.12   -0.38  58
FRIDAY HARBOR WA                            0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00
   0
Sample listing of WCOAST.ASC (file 21).
 "  1", -6
-122.7500,48.9764
-122.7500,48.9796
-122.7524,48.9832
-122.7572,48.9852
-122.7600,48.9916
-122.7656,49.0000
"   2", -11
-122.7984,48.9724
-122.7956,48.9760
-122.7944,48.9792
-122.7920,48.9820
-122.7896,48.9848
-122.7848,48.9856
-122.7824,48.9828
-122.7864,48.9808
-122.7896,48.9780
-122.7920,48.9752
-122.7916,48.9716
..........
"1262", -4
-117.1372,32.5800
-117.1372,32.5784
-117.1368,32.5716
-117.1332,32.5612
19. Verification of Data Transport:  Flat ASCII Data Files.
The gridded coastal hazards data base and the original point data may be read
using the FORTRAN or SAS input/output routines provided. After these files are
loaded onto the system it should be verified that the files have not been
corrupted during transport. To do this, some or all of the statistics or
characteristics presented in the following tables should be generated. These
statistics were obtained for WCGRID, WCRISK, WCLINE, WCPOINT, and WCOAST using
the SAS statistical package (i.e., with PROC MEANS); however, these statistics
may be duplicated using other statistical packages or computer languages.
These statistics are presented only as a tool to ensure proper reading of the
four flat ASCII data files and should not be construed as either a summary of the
data or as an indicator of trends in the data.
Table 14.  Statistical characteristics of the numeric variables in WCGRID.ASC
(File 5).
Variable               N       Mean      Std. dev.           Minimum             Maximum
ID                    2720    1360.50     785.34                1.00             2720.00
ELAVG                 2720   -9197.86    2738.93            -9999.99              885.00
ELMAX                 2720   -9193.41    2754.40            -9999.99              920.00
ELMIN                 2720   -9202.52    2722.85            -9999.99              850.00
ELNUM                 2720    9208.89       1.21                0.00             9999.00
GL                    2720    9324.84    2467.59              110.00             9999.00
GM                    2720    9401.81    2188.90             1110.00             9999.00
SLR                   2720   -9308.74    2441.09            -9999.99                4.39
SLG                   2720   -9308.81    2440.89            -9999.99                0.00
SLC                   2720   -9308.74    2441.09            -9999.99                4.39
SLS                   2720   -9308.84    2440.72            -9999.99                2.89
SLYR                  2720   -9308.23       3.82                0.00             9999.00
ERAVG                 2720   -9628.67    1891.19            -9999.99                5.46
ERMAX                 2720   -9628.65    1891.27            -9999.99               10.00
ERMIN                 2720   -9628.68    1891.12            -9999.99                3.70
ERNUM                 2720    9628.05       2.22                0.00             9999.00
TRAVG                 2720   -9440.77    2298.98            -9999.99               14.60
TRMAX                 2720   -9440.76    2299.03            -9999.99               15.00
TRLVL                 2720   -9462.96    2255.31            -9999.99               10.80
TRNUM                 2720    9440.38       0.94                0.00             9999.00
WHAVG                 2720   -9521.94    2134.18            -9999.99                2.80
WHMAX                 2720   -9521.71    2135.23            -9999.99                8.10
WHSD                  2720   -9522.00    2133.91            -9999.99                1.30
Table 15.  Statistical characteristics of the numeric variables in WCRISK.ASC
(File 9).
Variable               N        Mean     Std. dev.            Minimum            Maximum
ID                    2720    1360.50     785.34                1.00             2720.00
ELR                   2720       0.19       0.83                0.00                5.00
GLR                   2720       0.24       0.93                0.00                5.00
GMR                   2720       0.20       0.81                0.00                5.00
LSR                   2720       0.19       0.75                0.00                5.00
ERR                   2720       0.11       0.56                0.00                5.00
TRR                   2720       0.25       1.05                0.00                5.00
WHR                   2720       0.22       1.01                0.00                5.00
Table 16.  Statistical characteristics of the numeric variables in WCLINE.ASC
(File 13).
Variable                N       Mean     Std. dev.           Minimum            Maximum
ID                    1262     631.50     364.45                1.00             1262.00
ELAVG                 1262     150.21     174.59                0.00              885.00
ELMAX                 1262     204.71     214.32                0.00              920.00
ELMIN                 1262      93.52     140.47                0.00              850.00
ELNUM                 1262    4405.33    4957.99                1.00             9999.00
ELR                   1262       2.13       1.75                1.00                5.00
GL                    1262     398.19    1020.53              110.00             9999.00
GLR                   1262       3.36       1.23                0.00                5.00
GM                    1262    1506.37     916.87             1110.00             9999.00
GMR                   1262       2.93       1.38                0.00                5.00
SLR                   1262     -38.38     628.52            -9999.99                4.29
SLG                   1262     -39.62     628.44            -9999.99                0.00
SLC                   1262     -38.38     628,52            -9999.99                4.39
SLS                   1262     -39.87     628.43            -9999.99                2.89
SLYR                  1262      47.01     628.27                0.00             9999.00
LSR                   1262       1.90       0.62                0.00                4.00
ERAVG                 1262   -4397.81    4965.53            -9999.99                5.46
ERMAX                 1262   -4397.58    4965.73            -9999.99               10.00
ERMIN                 1262   -4398.04    4965.33            -9999.99                3.70
ERNUM                 1262    4405.33    4957.99                1.00             9999.00
ERR                   1262       1.61       1.48                0.00                5.00
TRAVG                 1262   -2054.45    4049.01            -9999.99               14.60
TRMAX                 1262   -2054.25    4049.11            -9999.99               15.00
TRLVL                 1262   -2056.19    4048.12            -9999.99               10.80
TRNUM                 1262    2062.74    4044.28                1.00             9999.00
TRR                   1262       3.66       1.92                0.00                5.00
WHAVG                 1262   -2985.69    4579.90            -9999.99                2.80
WHMAX                 1262   -2982.29    4582.11            -9999.99                8.10
WHSD                  1262   -2986.58    4579.31            -9999.99                1.30
WHR                   1262       3.32       2.21                0.00                5.00
Table 17. Statistical characteristics of the numeric variables in WCPOINT.ASC
(File 17).
Variable                N       Mean     Std. dev.           Minimum             Maximum
ID                     426     213.50     123.12                1.00              426.00
SLLONG                 426      -4.58      23.10             -124.62                0.00
SLLAT                  426       1.50       7.70                0.00               48.55
SLR                    426       0.05       0.38               -1.61                4.39
SLG                    426       0.00       0.00                0.00                0.00
SLC                    426       0.05       0.38               -1.61                4.39
SLS                    426      -0.01       0.28               -3.11                2.89
SLYR                   426      -2.23      12.69                0.00              140.00
TRLONG                 426    -117.87      23.36             -125.13                0.00
TRLAT                  426      40.62       9.51                0.00               49.00
TRAVG                  426     -86.84     966.27            -9999.99               15.00
TRMAX                  426    -465.57    2118.64            -9999.99                8.60
TRLVL                  426    -300.27    1722.93            -9999.99               11.00
TRID                   426     783.81     280.03                0.00             1277.00
Table 18.  Characteristics and size, in bytes and 512-byte blocks, of WCOAST.ASC
(File 21).
  Number of           Size in           Size in
  lines/arcs          bytes             blocks
  1262                310,752           607
     20. Verification of Data Transport: Arc/Info Export Files
The five Arc/Info export files were created in Arc/Info, Version 7.0.3, using
the EXPORT command with the COVER and NONE options. Each export file contains an
entire coverage and its associated INFO data files in a fixed-length,
uncompressed format.
The exported coverages are in a GEOGRAPHIC projection, which is a spherical
reference system that locates positions using latitude and longitude coordinates
that are stored in decimal degrees. As a result of this, the reference grids in
which the data are stored are not uniform in size or area.
After loading the Arc/Info export files onto a system, the user should verify
that the files have been correctly transported. To verify the integrity of the
files, the size of the export files and (after importing the data into
Arc/Info) the total number of INFO data records in each coverage should be
compared with those presented in Table 18. If the file sizes differ from those
presented by > 1 byte or the number of INFO data records do not match those shown
in Table 18, then the coverage may have been corrupted in transport. The
Arc/Info .E00 files may be imported into the user's Arc/Info system using the
IMPORT command with the COVER option. The IMPORT command will automatically
recognize that the export file is in an uncompressed format (files should be
EXTERNALIZED after being imported [e.g., ARC> external WCGRID]).
Table 19. File size and number of attribute records in each Arc/Info export
          file.
Export file            Tape file   File size    Arc/Info    Number of
name                     number      (bytes)    coverage   type records
WCGRID.E00                  4     2,923,400     Polygon         2,721
WCRISK.E00                  8     1,874,584     Polygon         2,721
WCLINE.E00                 12     1,211,476    Arc/Line         1,262
WCPOINT.E00                16       214,242       Point           426
WCOAST.E00                 20       651,721    Arc/Line         1,262
                             APPENDICES
           APPENDIX A: THE DATA GROUPS, A QUICK REFERENCE
                 THE DATA GROUPS: A QUICK REFERENCE
The following provides a listing and description of the data variables and other
pertinent information for each of the five data groups. The Arc/Info version of
these files, contain several additional variables. These additional variables are
system variables. For data groups WCGRID and WCRISK, the system variables AREA,
PERIMETER, COVERNAME# [i.e., cover name pound sign, an internal polygon, point,
or line identification number (e.g., WCGRID#, WCPOINT#, and WCLINE#
respectively)], and COVERNAME-ID [i.e., cover name dash identification number, an
external polygon, point, or line identification number (e.g. WCGRID-ID, WCPOINT-
ID, and WCLINE-id respectively)]. The external identification number is present
in both the export (.E00) and ASCII (.ASC) files and is used to identify the
0.25 by 0.25 grid cell, point, or 1:2,000,000 digitized line segment to which
the data record belongs.
(1) Data Group WCGRID: Gridded polygon data for 22 data variables from the
    following data sets: elevation, geology, geomorphology, sea-level
    trend, shoreline displacement(erosion/accretion), tidal range, and
    wave heights. (A value of -9999.99 or 9999 indicates no data are
    available for the given data cell for a given data variable.)
    Data Format - Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII file with data values for
    each 0.25 latitude by 0.25 longitude grid cell on the U.S. West Coast.
    File Storage - Arc/Info coverage name is WCGRID.E00 (File 4) ASCII file
    name is WCGRID.ASC (File 5).
    Data Variables
    ELAVG - Average elevation calculated from all positive 5' by 5' grid
    cells within a given 0.25 grid cell; values expressed in meters.
    ELMAX - Maximum elevation of all the positive 5' by 5' grid cells for a
    given 0.25 grid cell; values expressed in meters.
    ELMIN - Minimum elevation of all the positive 5' by 5' grid cells for a
    given 0.25 grid cell; values expressed in meters.
    ELNUM - Number of 5' by 5' grid cells used in calculating ELAVG, ELMIN,
    and ELMAX for a given 0.25 grid cell.
    GL - Ordinal value indicating the type and resistance of the rocks
    within a given 0.25 grid cell to erosion through physical and
    chemical weathering.
    GM - Ordinal value indicating the type and susceptibility of the
    landforms within a given 0.25 grid cell to inundation and erosion.
    SLR - Relative sea-level trend within a given 0.25 grid cell; values
    are expressed in mm/year. Data values are based on the point data in
    data group WCPOINT.
    SLG - Geologic trend variable. In this data base this variable is 0.0 for
    all 0.25 grid cells with a relative sea-level trend value, and  9999.99
    for all grid cells without a relative sea-level trend value. This data
    variable has been included to ensure compatibility between the data bases
    in this series of NDPs (i.e., NDP-043A, NDP-043B, and NDP-043C).  See
    Appendix D for additional geologic trends based on long-term geologic data
    from raised marine terraces and 14C data.
    SLC - Corrected sea-level trend. Since the geologic trend variable
    contains values of 0.0, this variable appears identical to the
    relative sea-level trend variable; and is included for compatibilty
    within this series of NDPs. Some long-term geologic trends are listed
    in Appendix D.
    SLS - Local subsidence trend derived from tide-gauge data and
    corrected for the global eustatic sea-level trend (i.e., 1.50); values
    are expressed in mm/year. Data values are based on the point data in
    data group WCPOINT.
    SLYR - Number of years of record used in estimating the sea-level
    trend for each 0.25 grid cell (grid cells in which tide-gauge
    stations do not occur have been assigned a zero value.) Data values
    are based on the point data in data group WCPOINT.
    ERAVG - Average of the mean long-term erosion trend values for a given
    0.25 grid cell; values expressed in meters.
    ERMAX - Maximum of the mean long-term erosion trends for a given 0.25
    grid cell; values expressed in meters.
    ERMIN - Minimum of the mean long-term erosion trends for a given 0.25
    grid cell; values expressed in meters.
    ERNUM - Number of 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells (i.e., format of original
    data source) used in calculating ERAVG, ERMIN, or ERMAX for a given
    0.25 grid cell.
    TRAVG - Average of the mean-tide-range values for all tide stations
    occurring within a given 0.25 grid cell in 1992 (the mean tide range
    is the difference in height between mean high water and mean low water
    for 1992). Data values are expressed in meters and are based on the
    point data in data group WCPOINT.
    TRMAX - Maximum tide range measured for all gauge stations that
    occurred within a given 0.25 grid cell in 1992 (this value may be the
    "spring" or "diurnal" tide range, depending on geographic location).
    Data values are expressed in meters and are based on the point data in
    data group WCPOINT.
    TRLVL - Average of the mean-tide-level values for all tide stations
    occurring within a given 0.25 grid cell in 1992 (the mean tide level
    is a plane midway between mean low water and mean high water in 1992).
    Values are reckoned from chart datum, are expressed in meters, and are
    based on the point data in data group WCPOINT.
    TRNUM - Number of tide-gauge stations used in calculating TRAVG,
    TRMAX, and TRLVL for a given 0.25 grid cell. Data values are based on
    the point data in data group WCPOINT.
    WHAVG - 20-year mean wave height calculated for each 0.25 grid cell:
    values expressed in meters.
    WHMAX - Maximum significant wave height for each 0.25 grid cell;
    values expressed in meters.
    WHSD - Standard deviation of the mean wave heights experienced within
    each 0.25 grid cell; values expressed in meters.
(2) Data Group WCRISK: Gridded polygon data for the seven classified risk
    variables. The risk variables contain values ranging from 0 to 5. A
    value of zero indicates no data are available for a given data
    variable, for a given grid cell. When the value for a given variable
    is greater than zero, the value indicates the relative risk of each
    0.25 grid cell to inundation or erosion, with 5 indicating the
    greatest risk.
    Data Format - Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII file with data values for
    each 0.25 latitude by 0.25 longitude grid cell on the U.S. West Coast.
    File Storage - Arc/Info coverage name is WCRISK.E00 (File 12) ASCII file
    name is WCRISK.ASC (File 13).
    Data Variables
    ELR - Classified version of the mean elevation data variable (i.e.,
    ELAVG).
    GLR - Classified version of the geology data variable (i.e., GL).
    GMR - Classified version of the geomorphology data variable (i.e.,
    GM).
    LSR - Classified version of the local subsidence trend data variable
    (i.e., SLS).
    ERR - Classified version of the mean erosion/accretion data variable
    (i.e., ERAVG).
    TRR - Classified version of the mean-tide-range data variable (i.e.,
    TRAVG).
    WHR - Classified version of the maximum significant wave-height
    variable (i.e., WHMAX).
(3) Data Group WCLINE: 1: 2,000,000 digitized line segment data for the 22
    original and 7 relative risk data variables from each of the seven
    data sets (i.e., elevation, geology, geomorphology, sea-level trend,
    shoreline displacement, tidal range, and wave heights). A value of -
    9999.99 or 9999 indicates no data are available for the given data
    cell for a given data variable.)
    Data Format - Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII file with data values for
    each line  segment that describes the U.S. West Coast.
    File Storage - Arc/Info coverage name is WCLINE.E00 (File 12) ASCII file
    name is WCLINE.ASC (File 13).
    Data Variables
    ELAVG - Average elevation calculated from all positive 5' by 5' grid
    cells within a given 0.25 grid cell; values expressed in meters.
    ELMAX - Maximum elevation of all the positive 5' by 5' grid cells for a
    given 0.25 grid cell; values expressed in meters.
    ELMIN - Minimum elevation of all the positive 5' by 5' grid cells for a
    given 0.25 grid cell; values expressed in meters.
    ELNUM - Number of 5' by 5' grid cells used in calculating ELAVG, ELMIN,
    and ELMAX for a given 0.25 grid cell.
    ELR - Classified version of the mean elevation data variable (i.e.,
    ELAVG).
    GL - Ordinal value indicating the type and resistance of the rocks
    within a given region to erosion through physical and chemical
    weathering.
    GLR - Classified version of the geology data variable (i.e., GL).
    GM - Ordinal value indicating the type and susceptibility of the
    landforms within a given region to inundation and erosion.
    GMR - Classified version of the geomorphology data variable (i.e.,
    GM).
    SLR - Relative sea-level trend within a given 0.25 grid cell; values
    are expressed in mm/year. Data values are based on the point data in
    data group WCPOINT.
    SLG - Geologic trend variable. In this data base this variable is 0.0 for
    all 0.25 grid cells with a relative sea-level trend value, and  9999.99
    for all grid cells without a relative sea-level trend value. This data
    variable has been included to ensure compatibility among the NDPs in this
    series (i.e., NDP-043A, NDP-043B, and NDP-043C). See Appendix D for
    additional geologic trends based on long-term geologic data from raised
    marine terraces and 14C data.    SLC - Corrected sea-level trend.
    Since the geologic trend variable contains values of 0.0, this variable
    appears identical to the relative sea-level trend variable; and is included
    only for compatibility within this series of NDPs. Some long-term geologic
    trends are listed in Appendix D.
    SLS - Local subsidence trend derived from tide-gauge data and
    corrected for the global eustatic sea-level trend (i.e., 1.50); values
    are expressed in mm/year. Data values are based on the point data in
    data group WCPOINT.
    SLYR - Number of years of record used in estimating the sea-level
    trend for each 0.25 grid cell (grid cells in which tide-gauge
    stations do not occur have been assigned a zero value.) Data values
    are based on the point data in data group WCPOINT.
    LSR - Classified version of the local subsidence trend data variable
    (i.e., SLS).
    ERAVG - Average of the mean long-term erosion trend values for a given
    0.25 grid cell; values expressed in meters.
    ERMAX - Maximum of the mean long-term erosion trends for a given 0.25
    grid cell; values expressed in meters.
    ERMIN - Minimum of the mean long-term erosion trends for a given 0.25
    grid cell; values expressed in meters.
    ERNUM - Number of 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells (i.e., format of original
    data source) used in calculating ERAVG, ERMIN, or ERMAX for a given
    0.25 grid cell.
    ERR - Classified version of the mean erosion/accretion data variable
    (i.e., ERAVG).
    TRAVG - Average of the mean-tide-range values for all tide stations
    occurring within a given 0.25 grid cell in 1992 (the mean tide range
    is the difference in height between mean high water and mean low water
    for 1992). Data values are expressed in meters and are based on the
    point data in data group WCPOINT.
    TRMAX - Maximum tide range measured for all gauge stations that
    occurred within a given 0.25 grid cell in 1992 (this value may be the
    "spring" or "diurnal" tide range, depending on geographic location).
    Data values are expressed in meters and are based on the point data in
    data group WCPOINT.
    TRLVL - Average of the mean-tide-level values for all tide stations
    occurring within a given 0.25 grid cell in 1992 (the mean tide level
    is a plane midway between mean low water and mean high water in 1992).
    Values are reckoned from chart datum, are expressed in meters, and are
    based on the point data in data group WCPOINT.
    TRNUM - Number of tide-gauge stations used in calculating TRAVG,
    TRMAX, and TRLVL for a given 0.25 grid cell. Data values are based on
    the point data in data group WCPOINT.
    TRR - Classified version of the mean-tide-range data variable (i.e.,
    TRAVG).
    WHAVG - 20-year mean wave height calculated for each 0.25 grid cell:
    values expressed in meters.
    WHMAX - Maximum significant wave height for each 0.25 grid cell;
    values expressed in meters.
    WHSD - Standard deviation of the mean wave heights experienced within
    each 0.25 grid cell; values expressed in meters.
    WHR - Classified version of the maximum significant wave-height
    variable (i.e., WHMAX).
(4) Data Group WCPOINT: Point data for the stations used in constructing
    the sea- level trend and tidal-range data sets. (Missing data values
    are indicated by the value 0.0 for real numbers, 0 for integers, and
    blank spaces [i.e., '  '] for station names.)
    Data Format - Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII file with data values for
    each point (i.e., station) on the U.S. West Coast.
    File Storage - Arc/Info coverage name is WCPOINT.E00 (File 16) ASCII file
    name is WCPOINT.ASC (File 17).
    Data Variables
    SLLONG - Longitude of the tide-gauge station used for determining the
    sea-level trend variables.
    SLLAT - Latitude of the given tide-gauge station used for determining
    the sea-level trend variables.
    SLR - Relative sea-level trend for the tide-gauge station; values
    expressed in mm/year.
    SLG - Geologic trend variable. In this data base this variable is 0.0 for
    all 0.25 grid cells with a relative sea-level trend value, and  9999.99
    for all grid cells without a relative sea-level trend value. This data
    variable has been included to ensure compatibility among the NDPs in this
    series (i.e., NDP-043A, NDP-043B, and NDP-043C). See Appendix D for
    additional geologic trends based on long-term geologic data from raised
    marine terraces and 14C data.
    SLC - Corrected sea-level trend. Since the geologic trend variable
    contains values of 0.0, this variable appears identical to the
    relative sea-level trend variable; and is included only for
    compatibility within this series of NDPs. Some long-term geologic
    trends are listed in Appendix D.
    SLS - Local subsidence trend derived from tide-gauge data and
    corrected for the global eustatic sea-level trend (i.e., 1.50); values
    are expressed in mm/year.
    SLYR - Period of record in years of the tide-gauge station used for
    determining the sea-level trend variables.
    SLNAME - Station name of the tide-gauge station used for determining
    the sea- level trend variables.
    TRLONG - Longitude of the tide-gauge station used for determining the
    tide-range variables.
    TRLAT - Latitude of the given tide-gauge station used for determining
    the tide-range variables.
    TRAVG - Difference (i.e., range) in height between mean high water and
    mean low water in 1992; values expressed in meters.
    TRMAX - Difference (i.e., range) in height between the highest high
    tide and the lowest low tide in 1992 (this value may be the "spring"
    or "diurnal" tide range, depending on geographic location); values
    expressed in meters.
    TRLVL - Mean tide level is a plane midway between mean low water and
    mean high water in 1992; values expressed in meters. Values are
    reckoned from chart datums (i.e., the West Coast Mean Low Water
    Datum).
    TRID - Station number (as given in the 1992 Tide Tables) of the given
    tide gauge station used in determining the tide-range variables.
    TRNAME - Station name (as given in the 1992 Tide Tables) of the given
    tide gauge station used in determining the tide-range variables.
(5) Data Group WCOAST: 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline of the U.S. West
    Coast.
    Data Format - Arc/Info coverage and flat ASCII file containing the
    latitude-longitude coordinates of line segments that describe the U.S. West
    Coast.
    File Storage - Arc/Info coverage name is WCOAST.E00 (File 20) ASCII file
    name is WCOAST.ASC (File 21).
    Data Variables
    Unlike the other data groups within this data base, this coverage contains
    line segments (or arcs) that are used to describe the West Coast. The
    coastline provided has no data variables associated with the line segments.
    However, simple overlay commands (such as INTERSECT or IDENTITY) in
    Arc/Info may be used to transfer the gridded data values to the coastal
    segments, thus simplifying the interpretation of any derived indices. The
    segment identification numbers match those used in the flat ASCII file
    WCLINE.ASC.
                   APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS
       Glossary of Terms Used in the Geologic Classification
The following listing defines the terms that appear in the geologic
classification system shown in Table 1. The codes used in the classification
system are shown in parentheses. When the classification number given contains an
"X" (e.g., 1XX) it is implied that the definition is valid for all subsets of the
given geologic feature. This list defines only those rock types mentioned within
Table 1 and should not be construed as a comprehensive set of geologic
definitions.
IGNEOUS ROCK (1XX) - Rock that has crystallized from a silicate melt at high
temperatures (i.e., 900 to 1600oC).
VOLCANIC (EXTRUSIVE) ROCK (OLD=11X) (NEW=4XX) - Igneous rock that has reached the
Earth's surface as a result of eruptive processes in a molten or partially molten
state. Since these rocks tend to cool rapidly they are usually fine-grained.
ANDESITE (110) - Grayish fine-grained volcanic rock composed of
oligoclase/andesine (plagioclase feldspar), with lesser amounts of hornblende,
biotite, or pyroxene. Potassium feldspar and quartz compose less than 10% of the
total mineral content (plutonic equivalent is quartz diorite).
BASALT (110) - Dark fine-grained volcanic rock consisting of labradorite
(plagioclase feldspar) and augite (pyroxene), with minor olivine (plutonic
equivalent is gabbro).
RHYOLITE (110) - Light fine-grained volcanic rock composed essentially of alkali
feldspar and quartz, with minor biotite occasionally present (plutonic equivalent
is granite).
PLUTONIC (INTRUSIVE) ROCK (13X) - Igneous rock which has crystallized from molten
material (magma) at depth and has reached the Earth's surface through uplift and
erosion. Because cooling is generally slower, these rocks are coarser-grained
than their volcanic equivalents.
METAMORPHIC ROCK (15X) - Rock derived from preexisting materials (either igneous,
sedimentary, or metamorphic) when recrystallization occurs under higher
temperatures, pressures, and shear stresses than normally exist at the Earth's
surface.
GNEISS (150) - Metamorphic rock that exhibits alternating bands of lighter
minerals (quartz, feldspars) and darker minerals (biotite, hornblende, pyroxene).
QUARTZITE (150) - Metamorphic rock composed essentially of quartz. It results
from high-grade metamorphism of a quartz-rich sandstone in which
recrystallization of silica has produced a tough, hard rock with interlocking
quartz grains.
SCHIST (150) - Metamorphic rock characterized by a layered or foliated appearance
(schistosity) cause by the planar alignment of platy minerals, such as mica
together with quartz, and minor amounts of other minerals, like garnet.
SERPENTINITE (150) - Green to greenish-yellow rock composed chiefly of the
mineral serpentine, derived from metamorphism of iron-magnesium-rich igneous
rocks.
SEDIMENTARY ROCK (2XX) - Rock consisting of weathered or eroded fragments of
preexisting rocks that have been cemented together as a result of chemical
cementation, compression, or precipitation.
SHALE (210) - Sedimentary rock consisting of very fine-grained particles (  0.004
mm) composed chiefly of clay minerals. It is distinguished from mudstone, by its
ability to split into thin layers.
SILTSTONE (220) - Sedimentary rock consisting of fine-grained particles in the
size range of 0.004 to 0.062 mm. Composed chiefly of clays and fine-grained
quartz with mica.
SANDSTONE (230) - Fine to medium-grained sedimentary rock with particles in the
size range between 0.062 to 2.0 mm. Typically composed of quartz, feldspars, and
rock fragments, which are cemented together by silica, calcite, iron oxide, or
clay. The hardness or strength of this rock depends largely on the nature and
extent of the cement.
CONGLOMERATE (240) - Coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of boulders to
granule-sized particles (>2.0 mm), which are cemented together by silica,
calcite, iron oxide, or clay. The hardness or strength of this rock depends
largely on nature of the cement.
LIMESTONE (250) - Carbonate rock that can consist either of fragmental material,
including fossils, pellets, etc., or a chemical precipitate.
EOLIANITE (260) - Layer of wind-blown beach sand often cemented by deposition of
calcium carbonate. Tends to occur above the mean tide level in warm climates.
UNCONSOLIDATED SEDIMENTS (3XX) - Fragmented materials that are derived from the
chemical and mechanical weathering process or from chemical precipitation and
that have not yet undergone cementation and induration into a consolidated rock.
MUD, CLAY (310) - Very fine-grained particles (  0.004 mm) of clay and quartz.
SILT (320) - Fine-grained particles (  0.062 mm) of clay, quartz, and mica.
SAND (330) - Fine- to medium-grained particles (2.0 to 0.062 mm) of quartz,
feldspar, other heavy minerals, and rock fragments.
GRAVELS, CONGLOMERATES (340) - Coarse-grained rock fragments (> 2.0 mm), usually
rounded to some degree, depending on the amount of transportation before the
fragments came to rest.
GLACIAL TILL (350) - Unsorted materials, ranging in size from fine-grained "rock
flour" to large boulders, deposited by glaciers (also known as glacial drift).
CALCAREOUS SEDIMENT (360) - Very fine-grained to fine-grained carbonate sediment,
which can be fragmental or chemically precipitated.
LAVA (410) - Geologically recent volcanic rock that has formed by extrusion of
molten magma to the Earth's surface as a sheet or flow.
ASH, TEPHRA (420) - Tephra is the general term for all fragmental volcanic
materials ejected through a surface-reaching vent. Ash is unconsolidated, fine-
grained ejected material (coarser-grained fragments are called bombs, scoria,
pumice, etc.).
CORAL REEF (500) - Mass of calcareous material consisting of the skeletal
structures of corals, growing in situ, as well as coralline debris and chemically
precipitated material. Reefs are generally built of coral, but calcareous algae
and shells contribute to the reef structure in many areas.
       Glossary of Terms Used in the Geomorphic Classification
The following list defines landforms and gives their associated classification
values (shown in Table 2 on page 16). The terms are defined on the basis of the
descriptions found in Bird (1984), Pethick (1984), Ritter (1986), Schwartz
(1982), and Shepard and Wanless (1971). When the actual classification number
contains an "X" (e.g., 222X) in the last digit, it is implied that the
description is valid for all subsets of the given feature.
ALLUVIAL PLAIN SHORELINE (221X) - Intersection of broad alluvial slope, located
at the base of a mountain range, with the ocean. These alluvial plains may also
occur on delta coasts (222X) or outwash plains (231X).
BARRIER COASTS (212X) - In its most general sense, a barrier refers to
accumulations of sand or gravel lying above high tide along a coast. These
barriers may be partially or fully detached from the mainland. A barrier beach
(2121) is a narrow strip of beach with a single ridge and often foredunes. A
barrier island (2122) is completely surrounded by water and usually has multiple
ridges, dunes, and salt marshes on the landward side of the island. It usually
encloses a body of water known as a lagoon. Although barrier islands are the most
common feature off the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts, they constitute 10% - 15% of
the rest of the world's shorelines. A bay barrier (2123) is a beach barrier built
across an embayment and is found in areas with low tide ranges, and high to
moderate wave energies.
BEACH (21XX) - A beach is generally made up of sand, cobbles, or boulders and is
defined as the portion of the coastal area that is directly affected by wave
action and that is terminated inland by a sea cliff, a dune field, or the
presence of permanent vegetation and seaward at the breaker/plunge point (the
active portion of this zone varies based on wave and tide conditions).
BEACH ROCK (2112) - Cementation of beach sand by CaCO3 in intertidal zones.
Confined to warm climates.
CLIFFED COASTS (11XX) - Coasts with cliffs and other abrupt changes in slope at
the ocean land interface. Cliffs indicate marine erosion and imply that the
sediment supply of the given coastal segment is low. The cliffs height depends
upon the topography of the hinterland, lithology of the area, and climate.
COASTAL PLAIN (211X) - Sedimentary deposits formed on a trailing-edge coast.
Trailing-edge coasts are often associated with barrier beach systems and are
commonly subject to subsidence.
CORAL REEF COASTS (241X, 242X) - Shoal water area built up by secretions of CaCO3
by coral, marine algae, and other marine organisms. Reefs may form either
fringing reefs that surround the shore or barrier reefs that grow at some
distance from the coast and protect the coast from large waves.
CUSPATE FORELAND (2126) - Seaward projection of accumulated unconsolidated marine
sand or gravel, bounded on both sides by wave-dominated coasts (indicates
convergence of currents in a low-tide environment).
DELTA (222X) - Accumulations of fine-grained sedimentary deposits at the mouth of
a river. The sediment is accumulating faster than wave erosion and subsidence can
remove it. These are associated with mud flats (2224) and salt marshes (2225).
DROWNED KARST (1500) - Terrain with distinctive characteristics of relief and
drainage arising from a high degree of rock solubility that was submerged at the
end of the Wisconsin glaciation period (i.e., geologic substrate that is made of
highly soluble, usually carbonate, rock).
ESTUARY COAST (133X) - Tidal mouth of a river or submerged river valley. Often
defined to include any semi-enclosed coastal body of water diluted by freshwater,
thus includes most bays. The estuaries are subjected to tidal influences with
sedimentation rates and tidal ranges such that deltaic accumulations are absent.
Also, estuaries are associated with relatively low-lying hinterlands, mud flats
(1334), and salt marshes (1335).
FJORD (122X) - Narrow steep-walled, U-shaped, partially submerged glacial valley.
FIARD (123X) - Glacially eroded inlet located on low-lying rocky coasts (other
terms used include sea inlets, fjardur, and firth).
ICE COAST (1400) - Coast bordered by glaciers.
LAGOON (225X) - A shallow water body separated from the open sea by sand islands
(e.g., barrier islands) or coral reefs.
MANGROVE SWAMP (245X) - Coasts with tree vegetation of subtropical/tropical
origin located on muddy, peaty substrates. Occur in coastal regions with low wave
energies that are located in tropical and subtropical climates (occupies same
ecological niche as salt marsh in temperate zones).
MUD FLATS - Located in areas with fine-grained sediments at low ends of the
intertidal zone and are exposed at low tide. Found in estuaries (1334), deltaic
environments (2224), and areas with marine/fluvial deposits (2254).
OUTWASH PLAIN (231X) - A river deposition coast. Deposits are derived from
meltwater from the front of a glacier. Grades from gravel near the glacier edge
to sand farther away. Other types of glacial deposits include moraines (2320),
composed of poorly sorted till, and drumlins (2330), hills sculpted by glaciers,
that are composed of well-sorted till.
SALT MARSH - Salt-tolerant vegetation that colonizes the intertidal zones of
estuaries (1335), deltas (2225), and lagoons (2255). Located on slightly higher
elevations than mud flats, and vegetation zonation reflects subtle changes in
elevation.
SPIT (2127) - Curved or hooked depositional feature formed by longshore drift.
Often has salt marshes on landward side and beach ridges marking former positions
of the shoreline. Very mobile landform.
VOLCANIC COASTS (25XX) - Coasts dominated by volcanic landforms. The coasts may
be built up of lava flows (251X), ash flows (252X), peninsular and island
volcanoes, or calderas (253X). Often may be flanked by coral reefs (241X) if the
volcano has become submerged.
                             References
Bird, E. C. F. 1984. Coasts. Basil Blackwell Publishing, New York, New York.
Pethick, J. 1984. An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. Edward Arnold
     Publishers, London, England.
Ritter, D. F. 1986. Process Geomorphology. William Brown Publishers, Dubuque,
    Iowa.
Schwartz, M. L. (ed.). 1982. The Encyclopedia of Beaches and Coastal
    Environments. Hutchinson & Ross Publishing, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.
Shepard, F. P. and H. R. Wanless. 1971. Our Changing Coastline. McGraw-Hill Book
    Company, New York, New York.
      APPENDIX C: DATA LISTING OF GEOLOGIC AND GEOMORPHIC DATA
         DATA LISTING OF THE GEOLOGIC AND GEOMORPHIC DATA
            OF EACH LINE SEGMENT THAT OCCURRED WITHIN
                       EACH COASTAL GRID CELL
The geologic and geomorphic data contained within this data base were originally
obtained for 1:2,000,000 digitized line segments.  These line segments ranged in
length from 93 m to 88.7 km and averaged 5.8 km in length. When plotted, these line
segments are equivalent to those found in the line- based data groups within this
NDP. When gridded, more than one line segment often occurred within a coastal grid
cell. When this situation occurred, the geologic or geomorphic code with the
greatest total shore length within the grid cell was assigned to the entire grid
cell. For example, if grid cell number 396 contained two line segments, the first
having geomorphic code 2255 and covering 36.86% of the shore length within the grid
cell, and the other having geomorphic code 2450 and covering 63.14% of the total
shore length within the grid cell, then geomorphic code 2450 was assigned to the
grid cell, along with its corresponding risk value of 3.
To help the data user determine how this selection process may have affected the
gridded data, the following tables were constructed. Table C-1 illustrates the
geologic data. It contains the identification number of each coastal grid cell, the
occurring geology codes, the shore length (in meters) in each occurring geologic
code, the percent of shore line with the occurring geologic code, and the risk value
of the geologic code.  Table 1, in part 1 of this document, defines each geologic
classification code while Table 4 illustrates the relative risk value assignment.
Table C-2 illustrates the geomorphic data. It contains the identification number of
each coastal grid cell, the occurring geomorphic codes, the shore length (in meters)
of each occurring geomorphic code, the percent of shoreline with each code, and the
risk value of the geomorphic code. Table 2 defines each geomorphic code and Table
5 shows the ranking system used for assigning the relative risk values.
TABLE C-1.  GEOLOGIC DATA
            GRID CELL GEOLOGIC	           LENGTH	       COASTLINE  RISK
              NUMBER  CODE	             (M)	      PERCENTAGE  VALUE
                 115  270                  6680.09                 100.00  3
                 116  270                  9288.21                  12.82  3
                 116  330                 18525.38                  25.57  5
                 116  370                 44626.46                  61.60  4
                 150  110                 22299.44                  91.41  1
                 150  330                  2096.10                   8.59  5
                 151  110                 36229.99                  92.91  1
                 151  270                   845.41                   2.17  3
                 151  370                  1918.61                   4.92  4
                 155  270                 17850.06                  59.53  3
                 155  330                  4036.00                  13.46  5
                 155  370                  8097.03                  27.01  4
                 156  270                  1293.70                  10.95  3
                 156  330                  2157.56                  18.26  5
                 156  370                  8366.17                  70.80  4
                 186  110                  7510.64                 100.00  1
                 187  110                 14308.05                 100.00  1
                 190  110                 12684.22                  74.68  1
                 190  330                  4300.43                  25.32  5
                 195  270                  4467.14                  14.10  3
                 195  370                 14057.03                  44.37  4
                 195 9999                 13158.13                  41.53  0
                 226  110                 10056.39                 100.00  1
                 227  110                  5554.16                 100.00  1
                 228  110                  8134.42                 100.00  1
                 230  270                 21044.37                  93.39  3
                 230  370                  1489.38                   6.61  4
                 231  110                  9655.93                  16.45  1
                 231  130                 13087.20                  22.30  1
                 231  270                 29191.34                  49.74  3
                 231  370                  3446.95                   5.87  4
                 231 9999                  3309.91                   5.64  0
                 234  270                 21560.05                  70.34  3
                 234  370                  9091.45                  29.66  4
                 235  270                 10771.71                 100.00  3
                 271  130                  3343.24                  12.55  1
                 271  270                 10431.73                  39.17  3
                 271  370                 12857.70                  48.28  4
                 272  330                 16417.62                  66.52  5
                 272  370                  8262.54                  33.48  4
                 273  130                  1685.73                   3.49  1
                 273  270                 13115.41                  27.15  3
                 273  330                 18614.44                  38.54  5
                 273  370                 14886.52                  30.82  4
                 274  270                  1000.04                 100.00  3
                 304  110                  1484.21                   4.09  1
                 304  130                   873.44                   2.40  1
                 304  270                 24488.00                  67.42  3
                 304  370                  9477.20                  26.09  4
                 305  110                  7620.18                  29.92  1
                 305  270                 11175.52                  43.88  3
                 305  370                  6672.36                  26.20  4
                 306  110                  9919.95                  52.54  1
                 306  270                  8960.80                  47.46  3
                 311  130                  3830.46                   9.77  1
                 311  270                  4145.39                  10.57  3
                 311  330                 24589.62                  62.70  5
                 311  370                  6650.28                  16.96  4
                 312  330                  5300.59                  20.09  5
                 312  370                 21083.14                  79.91  4
                 343  110                 11852.87                  30.68  1
                 343  270                 17438.78                  45.13  3
                 343  330                  6912.55                  17.89  5
                 343  370                  2434.45                   6.30  4
                 344  110                  1781.52                   6.11  1
                 344  270                 27382.02                  93.89  3
                 345  110                 18385.29                  59.55  1
                 345  130                  1711.54                   5.54  1
                 345  270                  4723.63                  15.30  3
                 345  370                  6052.82                  19.61  4
                 346  110                 20719.01                  64.49  1
                 346  270                  6014.97                  18.72  3
                 346  370                  2892.34                   9.00  4
                 346 9999                  2500.24                   7.78  0
                 347  110                 13865.95                  69.39  1
                 347  330                  6117.93                  30.61  5
                 348  270                  7426.48                  14.62  3
                 348  330                 38901.36                  76.57  5
                 348  370                  4252.26                   8.37  4
                 348 9999                   227.25                   0.45  0
                 349  110                  2622.15                  10.17  1
                 349  270                 11002.10                  42.68  3
                 349  370                 12156.14                  47.15  4
                 350  270                 16428.01                  67.20  3
                 350  330                  3722.60                  15.23  5
                 350  370                  4294.22                  17.57  4
                 351  330                  1546.08                 100.00  5
                 383  270                 27311.49                 100.00  3
                 384  270                 23637.05                 100.00  3
                 385  270                 20009.05                  79.28  3
                 385  370                  5229.37                  20.72  4
                 386  270                  7767.44                  30.92  3
                 386  370                 17349.99                  69.08  4
                 387  270                 11066.67                  39.61  3
                 387  330                  6101.16                  21.84  5
                 387  370                 10768.80                  38.55  4
                 422  110                  2975.50                   7.86  1
                 422  270                 28228.91                  74.59  3
                 422  330                  6642.26                  17.55  5
                 423  270                   220.06                 100.00  3
                 462  110                  6350.42                  11.75  1
                 462  130                  3145.16                   5.82  1
                 462  270                 17140.61                  31.72  3
                 462  330                 27400.52                  50.71  5
                 501  110                  2198.84                  12.41  1
                 501  270                   815.58                   4.60  3
                 501  370                 10106.95                  57.06  4
                 501 9999                  4590.90                  25.92  0
                 502  110                  3611.43                  10.56  1
                 502  270                  5535.42                  16.18  3
                 502  330                 20605.63                  60.23  5
                 502  370                  4458.00                  13.03  4
                 540  270                  5615.50                 100.00  3
                 541  270                 15276.29                  31.44  3
                 541  330                 11943.56                  24.58  5
                 541  370                 14455.30                  29.75  4
                 541 9999                  6910.60                  14.22  0
                 579  110                  1009.53                   7.70  1
                 579  130                  1992.84                  15.19  1
                 579  270                  8713.75                  66.42  3
                 579  370                  1402.40                  10.69  4
                 580  270                 25272.74                  86.75  3
                 580  370                  3861.11                  13.25  4
                 619  130                  5569.02                  16.01  1
                 619  270                 25228.14                  72.54  3
                 619  370                  3982.66                  11.45  4
                 657  270                  8413.70                 100.00  3
                 658  110                  2298.50                   6.70  1
                 658  130                  8986.31                  26.19  1
                 658  270                 20752.43                  60.47  3
                 658  370                  2279.38                   6.64  4
                 659  270                   550.73                 100.00  3
                 697  110                  1108.92                   3.43  1
                 697  130                    16.69                   0.05  1
                 697  150                   943.56                   2.91  2
                 697  270                  9960.83                  30.77  3
                 697  330                  1078.51                   3.33  5
                 697  370                 19261.41                  59.50  4
                 737  110                   851.35                   1.53  1
                 737  130                 16481.49                  29.64  1
                 737  270                  3528.83                   6.35  3
                 737  330                 25167.48                  45.26  5
                 737  370                  9300.73                  16.73  4
                 737 9999                   276.12                   0.50  0
                 738  370                  2764.81                 100.00  4
                 776  270                 17070.32                  96.63  3
                 776  370                   594.59                   3.37  4
                 777  330                 22313.58                  53.02  5
                 777  370                 19771.45                  46.98  4
                 778  370                  8624.33                 100.00  4
                 815  270                 22204.84                  87.51  3
                 815  370                  3170.61                  12.49  4
                 816  270                 11756.02                 100.00  3
                 855  270                 11211.95                  33.72  3
                 855  370                 22038.56                  66.28  4
                 856  370                 26813.02                 100.00  4
                 857  370                  5233.75                 100.00  4
                 894  130                  6418.09                  49.56  1
                 894  270                  2600.38                  20.08  3
                 894  330                  2964.98                  22.90  5
                 894  370                   966.74                   7.47  4
                 895  130                  3105.62                   6.24  1
                 895  270                 13504.94                  27.15  3
                 895  330                  7241.05                  14.56  5
                 895  370                 25891.66                  52.05  4
                 896  370                 65568.02                 100.00  4
                 932  270                  1699.64                 100.00  3
                 933  130                  5505.05                  36.41  1
                 933  270                  7612.32                  50.35  3
                 933  370                  2001.29                  13.24  4
                 934  270                 33020.63                  84.61  3
                 934  330                  6006.41                  15.39  5
                 935  130                  3304.45                   2.81  1
                 935  270                 61174.40                  52.10  3
                 935  370                 52931.45                  45.08  4
                 936  370                  4420.84                 100.00  4
                 939  370                  2524.24                 100.00  4
                 972  270                   948.87                 100.00  3
                 973  130                 31735.86                  28.45  1
                 973  270                 40984.64                  36.74  3
                 973  330                 24268.76                  21.75  5
                 973  370                 10553.03                   9.46  4
                 973 9999                  4018.26                   3.60  0
                 974  370                 10016.15                 100.00  4
                 975  270                 17937.22                  18.66  3
                 975  370                 78167.45                  81.34  4
                 976  270                 28433.13                  43.04  3
                 976  370                 37623.17                  56.96  4
                 977  370                 99615.00                 100.00  4
                 978  370                123383.02                 100.00  4
                 979  370                 15736.66                 100.00  4
                1012  130                  1590.32                   1.96  1
                1012  270                 43453.27                  53.47  3
                1012  330                 28365.42                  34.91  5
                1012  370                  7851.50                   9.66  4
                1013  270                  9964.62                  93.88  3
                1013  330                   649.63                   6.12  5
                1050  270                  2031.20                 100.00  3
                1051  270                 34463.82                 100.00  3
                1052  270                  2563.95                 100.00  3
                1090  270                 30898.03                  84.14  3
                1090  370                  5824.21                  15.86  4
                1129  270                  1713.89                  24.77  3
                1129  370                  5205.90                  75.23  4
                1130  270                   101.64                   0.43  3
                1130  370                 23306.71                  99.57  4
                1169  270                 13889.31                  44.97  3
                1169  330                   231.16                   0.75  5
                1169  370                 16767.17                  54.28  4
                1209  270                 16252.18                  53.90  3
                1209  330                  6450.42                  21.39  5
                1209  370                  7449.83                  24.71  4
                1248  270                   963.74                 100.00  3
                1249  270                 32686.37                 100.00  3
                1287  270                 10195.06                 100.00  3
                1288  270                 32940.84                 100.00  3
                1327  270                 30148.16                 100.00  3
                1367  270                  2590.88                   8.28  3
                1367  330                 24495.04                  78.26  5
                1367  370                  4212.45                  13.46  4
                1368  330                 10798.95                  47.02  5
                1368  370                 12165.96                  52.98  4
                1408  330                 41403.97                  63.35  5
                1408  370                 23952.61                  36.65  4
                1448  150                  8577.19                  26.82  2
                1448  270                 15189.12                  47.50  3
                1448  330                  3515.40                  10.99  5
                1448  370                  4698.48                  14.69  4
                1488  150                  4790.49                  16.78  2
                1488  270                  7805.96                  27.34  3
                1488  330                 15954.30                  55.88  5
                1528  270                 25276.71                  46.90  3
                1528  330                 28621.60                  53.10  5
                1568  270                 11453.60                  22.48  3
                1568  330                 39505.15                  77.52  5
                1607  130                  1736.40                   5.60  1
                1607  150                  2184.02                   7.04  2
                1607  270                 22447.36                  72.39  3
                1607  330                  4641.11                  14.97  5
                1608  330                  4837.61                 100.00  5
                1647  270                 10613.16                  27.10  3
                1647  330                 28543.86                  72.90  5
                1686  370                  2211.27                 100.00  4
                1687  130                  3513.65                  11.05  1
                1687  270                 20220.26                  63.57  3
                1687  330                  5008.62                  15.75  5
                1687  370                  3064.67                   9.64  4
                1726  370                 22775.15                 100.00  4
                1727  330                  8696.41                 100.00  5
                1767  270                  4321.96                  14.83  3
                1767  330                 19766.14                  67.84  5
                1767  370                  5048.78                  17.33  4
                1807  270                 22507.69                  30.21  3
                1807  330                 25451.26                  34.16  5
                1807  370                 24556.65                  32.96  4
                1807 9999                  1999.80                   2.68  0
                1808  270                 20956.98                  52.35  3
                1808  330                  1169.33                   2.92  5
                1808  370                 17904.11                  44.73  4
                1847  330                  2712.04                 100.00  5
                1848  270                 46906.11                  63.93  3
                1848  330                 26459.46                  36.07  5
                1849  270                 15009.45                 100.00  3
                1888  270                 19204.36                  33.13  3
                1888  330                 31997.86                  55.20  5
                1888  370                  6769.38                  11.68  4
                1928  110                 16906.96                  52.92  1
                1928  330                 12621.22                  39.50  5
                1928  370                  2421.27                   7.58  4
                1968  110                  9839.46                  21.26  1
                1968  130                  3456.82                   7.47  1
                1968  270                 32974.57                  71.26  3
                2008  110                 10766.80                  21.11  1
                2008  270                 40242.54                  78.89  3
                2009  270                 13391.00                 100.00  3
                2048  110                 10640.42                  28.59  1
                2048  270                   959.97                   2.58  3
                2048  330                 19838.93                  53.31  5
                2048  370                  5771.69                  15.51  4
                2088  110                 10219.15                  66.95  1
                2088  270                  3142.16                  20.59  3
                2088  370                  1901.85                  12.46  4
                2089  110                  6044.94                   9.94  1
                2089  270                 10351.76                  17.03  3
                2089  330                 26465.72                  43.53  5
                2089  370                 17933.56                  29.50  4
                2128  110                   112.38                 100.00  1
                2129  110                 13624.07                  23.14  1
                2129  270                  4336.24                   7.37  3
                2129  330                 28053.64                  47.66  5
                2129  370                 12850.59                  21.83  4
                2169  110                  4921.88                   6.98  1
                2169  270                 17987.99                  25.50  3
                2169  330                 26183.28                  37.12  5
                2169  370                 21447.93                  30.40  4
                2209  110                  7784.48                  22.15  1
                2209  270                 18240.69                  51.90  3
                2209  330                  9120.68                  25.95  5
                2248  330                  3058.16                 100.00  5
                2249  110                  4968.76                   5.89  1
                2249  270                 14467.02                  17.14  3
                2249  330                 30160.33                  35.72  5
                2249  370                 34830.13                  41.26  4
                2250  270                 12189.67                  21.54  3
                2250  370                 44400.71                  78.46  4
                2251  110                 14835.29                  22.00  1
                2251  270                  8149.44                  12.08  3
                2251  370                 44461.54                  65.92  4
                2288  110                 11888.03                  20.56  1
                2288  270                  4303.73                   7.44  3
                2288  330                 34780.43                  60.15  5
                2288  370                  6850.46                  11.85  4
                2289  110                  4975.29                   5.99  1
                2289  130                  2189.78                   2.64  1
                2289  270                 39212.87                  47.25  3
                2289  370                 36617.77                  44.12  4
                2290  110                 13133.12                  50.74  1
                2290  270                  6070.31                  23.45  3
                2290  370                  6680.41                  25.81  4
                2291  110                  1639.48                  11.61  1
                2291  370                 12482.57                  88.39  4
                2328  330                 39755.95                  82.90  5
                2328  370                  8199.08                  17.10  4
                2329  110                  4178.44                   5.16  1
                2329  270                   470.14                   0.58  3
                2329  370                 76266.68                  94.26  4
                2368  330                 40644.01                  50.92  5
                2368  370                 39178.74                  49.08  4
                2408  330                 17064.64                  37.26  5
                2408  370                 28730.84                  62.74  4
                2412  345                 69526.26                 100.00  4
                2413  345                164886.03                 100.00  4
                2414  345                 90515.48                 100.00  4
                2447  110                  1969.81                   6.53  1
                2447  270                 21833.32                  72.37  3
                2447  370                  6364.55                  21.10  4
                2448  370                  5481.99                 100.00  4
                2452  110                  8772.45                  13.40  1
                2452  345                 56707.14                  86.60  4
                2453  345                 99894.36                 100.00  4
                2454  345                129866.39                 100.00  4
                2455  345                 93634.72                  93.92  4
                2455  370                  6062.63                   6.08  4
                2487  270                 10926.71                  36.97  3
                2487  370                 18627.94                  63.03  4
                2492  110                 11031.68                  68.71  1
                2492  345                  5023.09                  31.29  4
                2493  110                 26019.69                  33.97  1
                2493  345                 50584.41                  66.03  4
                2494  110                  3331.77                   2.02  1
                2494  345                161394.35                  97.98  4
                2495  345                 50201.87                  73.31  4
                2495  370                 18276.48                  26.69  4
                2526  270                 23039.97                  79.17  3
                2526  370                  6063.08                  20.83  4
                2527  270                  9447.74                 100.00  3
                2533  110                 13897.57                  31.37  1
                2533  345                 30403.52                  68.63  4
                2534  110                  8259.71                   7.48  1
                2534  270                  4032.59                   3.65  3
                2534  345                 98199.52                  88.87  4
                2535  345                 63948.22                 100.00  4
                2536  345                  6263.40                 100.00  4
                2565  270                  2380.59                 100.00  3
                2566  110                  1952.53                   5.91  1
                2566  230                  2289.03                   6.93  3
                2566  270                 19140.03                  57.92  3
                2566  345                  8520.52                  25.78  4
                2566  370                  1145.15                   3.47  4
                2567  270                  1806.37                 100.00  3
                2568  270                 22529.85                 100.00  3
                2569  270                 20146.49                 100.00  3
                2570  110                  6455.94                  30.59  1
                2570  270                  1697.11                   8.04  3
                2570  345                  5700.90                  27.01  4
                2570  370                  7253.71                  34.37  4
                2571  270                  6413.53                  22.71  3
                2571  345                 21821.37                  77.29  4
                2572  110                  1146.13                   2.15  1
                2572  270                  9685.60                  18.15  3
                2572  345                 42546.83                  79.71  4
                2573  110                  5513.28                   7.24  1
                2573  270                 18822.70                  24.72  3
                2573  345                 51808.11                  68.04  4
                2574  110                 10820.44                   7.23  1
                2574  270                 21276.35                  14.21  3
                2574  345                117590.91                  78.56  4
                2575  345                 99540.58                  99.59  4
                2575  370                   410.11                   0.41  4
                2576  345                  4919.91                  22.67  4
                2576  370                 16779.74                  77.33  4
                2605  270                   723.43                 100.00  3
                2606  110                  2236.99                   5.47  1
                2606  230                  3837.19                   9.38  3
                2606  270                 27202.92                  66.47  3
                2606  370                  7647.95                  18.69  4
                2607  270                 21276.53                 100.00  3
                2608  270                  1851.11                 100.00  3
                2612  270                 14093.54                  81.50  3
                2612  345                  3198.97                  18.50  4
                2613  110                  2525.17                   4.53  1
                2613  270                  3831.04                   6.88  3
                2613  345                 49352.07                  88.59  4
                2614  130                  9690.60                   7.78  1
                2614  270                  1902.62                   1.53  3
                2614  345                110375.23                  88.57  4
                2614  370                  2650.95                   2.13  4
                2615  270                  4284.63                  12.95  3
                2615  345                 12686.86                  38.36  4
                2615  370                 16104.05                  48.69  4
                2652  130                  5508.25                   4.69  1
                2652  270                 97635.00                  83.12  3
                2652  345                 14323.42                  12.19  4
                2653  130                 17861.96                  10.69  1
                2653  270                 94148.06                  56.34  3
                2653  345                 30984.76                  18.54  4
                2653 9999                 24126.22                  14.44  0
                2654  130                 14880.36                  11.23  1
                2654  270                 37691.74                  28.44  3
                2654  345                 76584.02                  57.79  4
                2654  370                  2807.53                   2.12  4
                2654 9999                   558.32                   0.42  0
                2655  270                 13855.87                  49.11  3
                2655  345                  2565.38                   9.09  4
                2655  370                 11792.40                  41.80  4
                2692  370                 15319.38                 100.00  4
                2693  270                 11343.78                  26.63  3
                2693  345                 31248.38                  73.37  4
                2694  345                 29315.98                  86.09  4
                2694  370                  4738.29                  13.91  4
                2695  345                  1180.53                 100.00  4
                           TABLE C-2.  GEOMORPHOLOGIC DATA
          GRID CELL  GEOMORPHIC            LENGTH	       COASTLINE  RISK
             NUMBER  CODE	             (M)	      PERCENTAGE  VALUE
                 115 1120                  6108.50                  91.44  2
                 115 2259                   571.59                   8.56  4
                 116 1120                  8626.03                  11.91  2
                 116 2129                 15755.53                  21.75  5
                 116 2259                 45911.24                  63.38  4
                 116 9999                  2147.26                   2.96  0
                 150 1110                  8064.36                  33.06  3
                 150 1120                 15558.34                  63.78  2
                 150 1130                   772.84                   3.17  1
                 151 1110                 10863.11                  27.86  3
                 151 1111                  3185.13                   8.17  4
                 151 1120                  6318.33                  16.20  2
                 151 1130                 18627.44                  47.77  1
                 155 1120                  6135.11                  20.46  2
                 155 1121                 16804.69                  56.05  3
                 155 2121                  6678.53                  22.27  5
                 155 2259                   364.75                   1.22  4
                 156 2259                 11817.42                 100.00  4
                 186 1110                  7510.64                 100.00  3
                 187 1110                 11117.06                  77.70  3
                 187 2127                  3190.98                  22.30  5
                 190 1110                 13515.57                  79.58  3
                 190 1120                  3469.06                  20.42  2
                 195 1111                 30870.26                  97.44  4
                 195 1121                   812.04                   2.56  3
                 226 1110                 10056.39                 100.00  3
                 227 1110                  5554.16                 100.00  3
                 228 1120                  8134.42                 100.00  2
                 230 1130                 22533.76                 100.00  1
                 231 1130                 58691.32                 100.00  1
                 234 1111                 17986.85                  58.68  4
                 234 1121                 12664.66                  41.32  3
                 235 1111                 10714.78                  99.47  4
                 235 1121                    56.93                   0.53  3
                 271 1120                 14979.89                  56.25  2
                 271 2219                 11652.77                  43.75  4
                 272 2219                 24680.16                 100.00  4
                 273 1121                 15099.28                  31.26  3
                 273 2129                  6152.45                  12.74  5
                 273 2219                  7617.26                  15.77  4
                 273 2259                 19433.11                  40.23  4
                 274 1121                  1000.04                 100.00  3
                 304 1110                  5779.23                  15.91  3
                 304 1111                  1757.53                   4.84  4
                 304 1120                 27626.31                  76.06  2
                 304 9999                  1159.76                   3.19  0
                 305 1110                  7987.73                  31.36  3
                 305 1120                  2657.60                  10.44  2
                 305 1130                 11978.63                  47.03  1
                 305 1131                  2844.09                  11.17  2
                 306 1130                 18880.74                 100.00  1
                 311 1111                 13133.38                  33.49  4
                 311 1119                  5757.23                  14.68  3
                 311 1120                  8828.79                  22.51  2
                 311 2211                  5324.26                  13.58  5
                 311 2219                  6172.09                  15.74  4
                 312 2219                 26383.74                 100.00  4
                 343 1110                 25948.09                  67.16  3
                 343 1111                 11569.71                  29.94  4
                 343 2127                  1120.83                   2.90  5
                 344 1111                  9928.21                  34.04  4
                 344 1120                 19235.34                  65.96  2
                 345 1120                  9856.13                  31.92  2
                 345 1130                 21017.14                  68.08  1
                 346 1120                  4950.05                  15.41  2
                 346 1130                 22023.37                  68.55  1
                 346 1131                  5153.14                  16.04  2
                 347 1130                 13865.95                  69.39  1
                 347 2211                  5073.86                  25.39  5
                 347 2219                  1044.07                   5.22  4
                 348 1130                  7980.19                  15.71  1
                 348 2127                  4517.43                   8.89  5
                 348 2211                 23185.45                  45.63  5
                 348 2219                  4569.39                   8.99  4
                 348 2259                 10327.64                  20.33  4
                 348 9999                   227.25                   0.45  0
                 349 1110                  3392.95                  13.16  3
                 349 1111                  5672.18                  22.00  4
                 349 1130                  7074.98                  27.44  1
                 349 1131                  9640.30                  37.39  2
                 350 1121                  8726.81                  35.70  3
                 350 1130                  3968.74                  16.24  1
                 350 1131                  7448.48                  30.47  2
                 350 2211                  4300.80                  17.59  5
                 351 2211                  1546.08                 100.00  5
                 383 1110                 15457.55                  56.60  3
                 383 1120                  3413.54                  12.50  2
                 383 1130                  8440.40                  30.90  1
                 384 1111                 17973.20                  76.04  4
                 384 1130                  5663.85                  23.96  1
                 385 1111                 16832.91                  66.70  4
                 385 1120                   343.95                   1.36  2
                 385 2121                  8061.57                  31.94  5
                 386 1111                 12140.14                  48.33  4
                 386 1120                  4774.96                  19.01  2
                 386 1130                   931.77                   3.71  1
                 386 2121                  7270.56                  28.95  5
                 387 1121                  8120.94                  29.07  3
                 387 1130                 12842.95                  45.97  1
                 387 2219                  6972.75                  24.96  4
                 422 1110                 11577.39                  30.59  3
                 422 1120                 17404.72                  45.99  2
                 422 2211                  8864.55                  23.42  5
                 423 1120                   220.06                 100.00  2
                 462 1110                 10347.52                  19.15  3
                 462 1120                 10125.70                  18.74  2
                 462 2211                 33563.51                  62.11  5
                 501 1130                 13121.36                  74.08  1
                 501 9999                  4590.90                  25.92  0
                 502 1111                  8774.21                  25.65  4
                 502 1121                  6072.73                  17.75  3
                 502 1130                  1879.02                   5.49  1
                 502 1131                  5653.10                  16.52  2
                 502 2211                 11831.43                  34.58  5
                 540 1120                  5615.50                 100.00  2
                 541 1110                  7232.53                  14.89  3
                 541 1111                  5565.80                  11.46  4
                 541 1120                 10576.50                  21.77  2
                 541 1130                   629.94                   1.30  1
                 541 2121                  8372.75                  17.23  5
                 541 2250                 15323.36                  31.54  4
                 541 9999                   884.88                   1.82  0
                 579 1110                 11871.78                  90.50  3
                 579 1130                  1246.72                   9.50  1
                 580 1110                  9399.01                  32.26  3
                 580 1120                  2294.94                   7.88  2
                 580 1121                 17439.90                  59.86  3
                 619 1130                 34779.82                 100.00  1
                 657 1120                     6.01                   0.07  2
                 657 1130                  8407.69                  99.93  1
                 658 1130                 34316.63                 100.00  1
                 659 1130                   550.73                 100.00  1
                 697 1120                 10948.46                  33.82  2
                 697 1130                 21421.44                  66.18  1
                 737 1110                 17882.84                  32.16  3
                 737 1111                  8312.55                  14.95  4
                 737 1130                  2387.86                   4.29  1
                 737 1335                  8168.42                  14.69  3
                 737 2211                 18578.20                  33.41  5
                 737 9999                   276.12                   0.50  0
                 738 1335                  2764.81                 100.00  3
                 776 1110                 15884.52                  89.92  3
                 776 1119                  1780.39                  10.08  3
                 777 1111                  7622.01                  18.11  4
                 777 1119                  9104.69                  21.63  3
                 777 1335                  2264.04                   5.38  3
                 777 2211                 23094.30                  54.88  5
                 778 1335                  8624.33                 100.00  3
                 815 1110                 18197.50                  71.71  3
                 815 1120                  3357.93                  13.23  2
                 815 1121                  3820.01                  15.05  3
                 816 1110                  2993.79                  25.47  3
                 816 1120                  8762.23                  74.53  2
                 855 1110                   848.90                   2.55  3
                 855 1111                 20839.37                  62.67  4
                 855 1121                 11562.24                  34.77  3
                 856 1335                 26813.02                 100.00  3
                 857 1335                  5233.75                 100.00  3
                 894 1110                   912.35                   7.05  3
                 894 1111                  6791.05                  52.44  4
                 894 1130                  5246.79                  40.52  1
                 895 1110                  1545.93                   3.11  3
                 895 1111                  7241.05                  14.56  4
                 895 1120                  6683.80                  13.44  2
                 895 1130                  1072.41                   2.16  1
                 895 1339                 33200.07                  66.74  4
                 896 1335                 39414.94                  60.11  3
                 896 1339                 26153.08                  39.89  4
                 932 1110                  1104.13                  64.96  3
                 932 1130                   595.50                  35.04  1
                 933 1120                  8767.59                  57.99  2
                 933 1121                   600.62                   3.97  3
                 933 1130                  5677.34                  37.55  1
                 933 9999                    73.11                   0.48  0
                 934 1110                  5043.62                  12.92  3
                 934 1111                  3351.30                   8.59  4
                 934 1120                 17583.62                  45.05  2
                 934 2121                  5350.77                  13.71  5
                 934 2250                  7697.73                  19.72  4
                 935 1111                  6430.51                   5.48  4
                 935 1120                 13968.09                  11.90  2
                 935 1330                 33900.55                  28.87  4
                 935 1339                 56562.29                  48.17  4
                 935 9999                  6548.84                   5.58  0
                 936 1339                  4420.84                 100.00  4
                 939 1330                  2524.24                 100.00  4
                 972 1110                   948.87                 100.00  3
                 973 1110                 29997.69                  26.89  3
                 973 1111                  7191.99                   6.45  4
                 973 1121                  6677.75                   5.99  3
                 973 1330                 64920.76                  58.19  4
                 973 2121                  2505.72                   2.25  5
                 973 9999                   266.64                   0.24  0
                 974 1330                 10016.15                 100.00  4
                 975 1120                  2170.48                   2.26  2
                 975 1330                 83512.28                  86.90  4
                 975 1339                 10421.89                  10.84  4
                 976 1120                  7940.54                  12.02  2
                 976 1330                 58115.76                  87.98  4
                 977 1330                 99615.00                 100.00  4
                 978 1330                123383.02                 100.00  4
                 979 1330                 15736.66                 100.00  4
                1012 1110                 45875.77                  56.46  3
                1012 1111                  6055.96                   7.45  4
                1012 1330                  8114.86                   9.99  4
                1012 2121                  7628.78                   9.39  5
                1012 2250                 12651.40                  15.57  4
                1012 9999                   933.72                   1.15  0
                1013 1110                 10614.24                 100.00  3
                1050 1110                  2031.20                 100.00  3
                1051 1110                 34463.82                 100.00  3
                1052 1110                  2563.95                 100.00  3
                1090 1110                 31095.94                  84.68  3
                1090 2111                  5626.30                  15.32  5
                1129 1110                  6919.79                 100.00  3
                1130 1110                 21109.49                  90.18  3
                1130 2111                  2298.85                   9.82  5
                1169 1110                 25485.50                  82.51  3
                1169 2111                  5402.13                  17.49  5
                1209 1110                  5648.08                  18.73  3
                1209 1130                 18754.96                  62.20  1
                1209 2111                  5749.38                  19.07  5
                1248 1130                   963.74                 100.00  1
                1249 1130                 32686.37                 100.00  1
                1287 1130                 10195.06                 100.00  1
                1288 1130                 30103.73                  91.39  1
                1288 1131                  2837.11                   8.61  2
                1327 1130                 30148.16                 100.00  1
                1367 1130                  5915.90                  18.90  1
                1367 2127                  2662.12                   8.51  5
                1367 2221                 22720.35                  72.59  5
                1368 2127                  3871.20                  16.86  5
                1368 2250                 19093.70                  83.14  4
                1408 1110                 29004.54                  44.38  3
                1408 2127                   922.98                   1.41  5
                1408 2250                 35429.07                  54.21  4
                1448 1110                 22657.38                  70.85  3
                1448 2121                  9322.81                  29.15  5
                1488 1110                  6961.21                  24.38  3
                1488 1111                 15809.98                  55.38  4
                1488 1120                  5779.56                  20.24  2
                1528 1110                  3955.34                   7.34  3
                1528 1111                 17884.98                  33.18  4
                1528 1120                 24431.60                  45.33  2
                1528 1330                  7626.42                  14.15  4
                1568 1110                 10898.14                  21.39  3
                1568 1111                 33887.84                  66.50  4
                1568 2121                  1573.77                   3.09  5
                1568 2250                  4599.00                   9.02  4
                1607 1111                  5022.88                  16.20  4
                1607 1120                 14817.25                  47.78  2
                1607 1121                 11168.76                  36.02  3
                1608 1111                  4837.61                 100.00  4
                1647 1120                  9840.68                  25.13  2
                1647 1121                 19059.65                  48.67  3
                1647 1130                 10256.69                  26.19  1
                1686 1110                  2210.24                  99.95  3
                1686 1111                     1.03                   0.05  4
                1687 1110                   477.99                   1.50  3
                1687 1111                  3431.98                  10.79  4
                1687 1120                 22206.75                  69.82  2
                1687 1121                  5690.48                  17.89  3
                1726 1110                  7320.90                  32.14  3
                1726 1111                 15454.25                  67.86  4
                1727 1110                  8696.41                 100.00  3
                1767 1110                 19395.55                  66.57  3
                1767 2111                  9741.32                  33.43  5
                1807 1110                  1483.87                   1.99  3
                1807 1120                 15103.19                  20.27  2
                1807 1330                 21529.55                  28.89  4
                1807 2121                  7379.02                   9.90  5
                1807 2127                  7307.75                   9.81  5
                1807 2250                 19712.21                  26.45  4
                1807 9999                  1999.80                   2.68  0
                1808 1330                 36035.63                  90.02  4
                1808 2250                  3994.80                   9.98  4
                1847 2121                  2712.04                 100.00  5
                1848 1330                 42939.09                  58.53  4
                1848 1331                  7865.73                  10.72  5
                1848 2121                 22560.75                  30.75  5
                1849 1330                 15009.45                 100.00  4
                1888 1330                 28611.49                  49.35  4
                1888 2121                 25537.79                  44.05  5
                1888 2127                  3822.31                   6.59  5
                1928 1110                  3326.64                  10.41  3
                1928 1130                 13725.62                  42.96  1
                1928 1330                  4148.31                  12.98  4
                1928 2121                  9931.02                  31.08  5
                1928 2127                   817.85                   2.56  5
                1968 1110                  5486.34                  11.86  3
                1968 1111                 16574.41                  35.82  4
                1968 1130                  7035.56                  15.21  1
                1968 1330                 17174.52                  37.12  4
                2008 1110                  3173.79                   6.22  3
                2008 1111                 19878.19                  38.97  4
                2008 1330                 22142.99                  43.41  4
                2008 2111                  5814.37                  11.40  5
                2009 1330                 13391.00                 100.00  4
                2048 1110                 10640.42                  28.59  3
                2048 1111                 15731.89                  42.28  4
                2048 2127                  2212.78                   5.95  5
                2048 2250                  8625.91                  23.18  4
                2088 1111                  2281.10                  14.95  4
                2088 1120                  2460.34                  16.12  2
                2088 1130                 10521.73                  68.94  1
                2089 1110                  5716.40                   9.40  3
                2089 1130                   417.76                   0.69  1
                2089 1330                 17817.88                  29.31  4
                2089 2111                 23560.18                  38.75  5
                2089 2121                 13283.74                  21.85  5
                2128 1120                   112.38                 100.00  2
                2129 1120                 12273.62                  20.85  2
                2129 1330                  3714.66                   6.31  4
                2129 2111                 21199.53                  36.01  5
                2129 2127                  4485.78                   7.62  5
                2129 2220                  3909.34                   6.64  5
                2129 2250                 13281.63                  22.56  4
                2169 1130                  1915.27                   2.72  1
                2169 1330                 37707.50                  53.45  4
                2169 2111                  4077.44                   5.78  5
                2169 2121                 10210.38                  14.47  5
                2169 2122                  8984.36                  12.74  5
                2169 2127                  5266.01                   7.47  5
                2169 2220                  2380.11                   3.37  5
                2209 1111                  6820.96                  19.41  4
                2209 1120                 22387.54                  63.70  2
                2209 1130                   887.83                   2.53  1
                2209 2121                  5049.51                  14.37  5
                2248 2127                  3058.16                 100.00  5
                2249 1330                 54496.28                  64.55  4
                2249 2121                 22132.04                  26.21  5
                2249 2127                  7797.93                   9.24  5
                2250 1330                 56590.38                 100.00  4
                2251 1330                 67446.28                 100.00  4
                2288 1111                 14618.41                  25.28  4
                2288 1330                  3763.50                   6.51  4
                2288 2122                  4813.20                   8.32  5
                2288 2250                 34627.54                  59.89  4
                2289 1330                 40329.10                  48.59  4
                2289 2250                 42666.61                  51.41  4
                2290 1330                 25883.85                 100.00  4
                2291 1330                 14122.04                 100.00  4
                2328 2121                  2522.00                   5.26  5
                2328 2127                  9024.26                  18.82  5
                2328 2250                 36408.77                  75.92  4
                2329 1330                 55739.71                  68.89  4
                2329 2250                 25175.56                  31.11  4
                2368 1330                 18618.07                  23.32  4
                2368 2121                 30166.38                  37.79  5
                2368 2127                  2558.66                   3.21  5
                2368 2250                 20560.67                  25.76  4
                2368 2255                  7918.98                   9.92  3
                2369 1330                 31994.72                  81.85  4
                2369 2250                  7092.59                  18.15  4
                2408 1111                 13447.65                  29.36  4
                2408 2121                 15142.00                  33.06  5
                2408 2250                  9220.90                  20.13  4
                2408 2255                  7984.92                  17.44  3
                2412 1220                 69526.26                 100.00  1
                2413 1220                164886.03                 100.00  1
                2414 1220                 85288.17                  94.22  1
                2414 2349                  5227.32                   5.78  3
                2447 1110                  6202.54                  20.56  3
                2447 1111                 17628.86                  58.44  4
                2447 1130                  6336.28                  21.00  1
                2448 1111                  5481.99                 100.00  4
                2452 1220                 65479.59                 100.00  1
                2453 1220                 99894.36                 100.00  1
                2454 1220                117288.46                  90.31  1
                2454 2340                  5781.45                   4.45  3
                2454 2349                  6796.48                   5.23  3
                2455 1220                 52850.65                  53.01  1
                2455 2340                  5167.61                   5.18  3
                2455 2349                 41679.08                  41.81  3
                2487 1111                 16152.31                  54.65  4
                2487 1120                 13402.34                  45.35  2
                2492 1220                 16054.77                 100.00  1
                2493 1220                 76604.10                 100.00  1
                2494 1220                164726.12                 100.00  1
                2495 1220                 10830.94                  15.82  1
                2495 2349                 57647.41                  84.18  3
                2526 1110                 11004.20                  37.81  3
                2526 1111                 13667.21                  46.96  4
                2526 1120                  4431.64                  15.23  2
                2527 1120                  9447.74                 100.00  2
                2533 1220                 44301.09                 100.00  1
                2534 1220                102678.76                  92.93  1
                2534 2340                  7813.06                   7.07  3
                2535 1220                  7356.95                  11.50  1
                2535 2340                 27842.27                  43.54  3
                2535 2349                 28749.00                  44.96  3
                2536 2349                  6263.40                 100.00  3
                2565 1110                  2380.59                 100.00  3
                2566 1110                 19404.50                  58.72  3
                2566 1111                 13642.75                  41.28  4
                2567 1221                  1806.37                 100.00  2
                2568 1220                 22529.85                 100.00  1
                2569 1220                 20146.49                 100.00  1
                2570 1220                  8322.17                  39.43  1
                2570 2220                 12785.48                  60.57  5
                2571 1220                  7534.84                  26.69  1
                2571 1229                  6572.00                  23.28  1
                2571 2127                  9627.86                  34.10  5
                2571 2220                  4500.21                  15.94  5
                2572 1220                 12816.61                  24.01  1
                2572 2127                 22315.55                  41.81  5
                2572 2220                 18246.41                  34.18  5
                2573 1220                 70758.58                  92.93  1
                2573 2340                  5385.53                   7.07  3
                2574 1220                 47177.51                  31.52  1
                2574 2340                102510.19                  68.48  3
                2575 2220                  7790.65                   7.79  5
                2575 2340                 92160.04                  92.21  3
                2576 2340                 19302.17                  88.95  3
                2576 2349                  2397.47                  11.05  3
                2605 1120                   723.43                 100.00  2
                2606 1110                  2426.01                   5.93  3
                2606 1111                 11296.12                  27.60  4
                2606 1120                 13642.19                  33.33  2
                2606 1220                  8436.07                  20.61  1
                2606 1221                  5124.66                  12.52  2
                2607 1220                 17551.72                  82.49  1
                2607 1221                  3724.93                  17.51  2
                2608 1220                  1427.92                  77.14  1
                2608 1221                   423.08                  22.86  2
                2612 1230                 17292.50                 100.00  1
                2613 1230                 54395.72                  97.64  1
                2613 2340                  1312.53                   2.36  3
                2614 1110                 29287.28                  23.50  3
                2614 1230                  7237.32                   5.81  1
                2614 2220                  1515.76                   1.22  5
                2614 2340                 86579.05                  69.47  3
                2615 2220                 23928.82                  72.35  5
                2615 2340                  9146.72                  27.65  3
                2652 1230                117466.68                 100.00  1
                2653 1220                  3284.94                   1.97  1
                2653 1230                163836.05                  98.03  1
                2654 1110                  9851.29                   7.43  3
                2654 1130                 11353.53                   8.57  1
                2654 1230                 61801.84                  46.64  1
                2654 2127                  9424.45                   7.11  5
                2654 2220                   896.93                   0.68  5
                2654 2250                    83.42                   0.06  4
                2654 2340                 39110.49                  29.51  3
                2655 1130                  9835.34                  34.86  1
                2655 2220                  4511.54                  15.99  5
                2655 2250                 10081.92                  35.73  4
                2655 2340                  3784.86                  13.41  3
                2692 2340                 15319.38                 100.00  3
                2693 1230                 11343.78                  26.63  1
                2693 2127                  3764.30                   8.84  5
                2693 2250                  6616.55                  15.53  4
                2693 2340                 20867.53                  48.99  3
                2694 2127                  4027.58                  11.83  5
                2694 2220                  2903.22                   8.53  5
                2694 2250                  3258.98                   9.57  4
                2694 2254                  3725.70                  10.94  5
                2694 2340                 20138.78                  59.14  3
                2695 2340                  1180.53                 100.00  3
               APPENDIX D:  GEOLOGIC TRENDS SUPPLEMENT
Correction of relative sea-level trends for vertical land motions, U.S. West Coast
Vivien Gornitz, November 1996
Introduction
On the West Coast, the procedure employed for correcting the relative sea-level
data from tide-gauges for geologic factors caused by vertical land motions
differs from that used on the U.S. East Coast (Gornitz and White, 1992).  There,
Holocene paleosealevel indicators were used to calculate a long-term geologic
trend variable (p. 20 of this NDP; Gornitz and Seeber, 1990).  However, along the
West Coast, Holocene paleosealevel indicators are found only in a small number of
marshes and bays, where they record at least a half dozen discrete seismic events
(Atwater, 1987; Atwater et al., 1991; Darienzo et al., 1994), but do not yield a
continuous sea-level curve.  On the other hand, late Quaternary (i.e.   125,000
years) raised marine terraces, which occur along much of the West Coast,
integrate the permanent uplift caused by multiple earthquake cycles over the last
few hundred thousand years.  Thus, raised terrace data can be used to derive a
long-term average uplift trend.  Knowing the present elevation and age of at
least one raised terrace, and the paleosealevel position at that time relative to
the present mean sea level, one can calculate an average long-term uplift rate
(Lajoie et al., 1991).  Information on uplift rates along the West Coast from
various sources has been compiled in Table 1 and Figure 1 of this appendix.
Relative Sea-Level Trends (SLR)
Sea-level data for the U.S. West Coast are obtained from 16 tide-gauge stations
with at least 20 years of records (although some records may contain
discontinuities; Woodworth, 1995; Spencer and Woodworth, 1993).  The sea-level
trends are derived by fitting a linear least-squares regression line to the time
series of mean annual sea-level elevations for each of the 16 tide-gauge stations
(Table 2; Fig. 2).  The average relative sea-level trend for the West Coast is
1.39 1.48 mm/yr. This value indicates the prevalence of global sea-level rise
and land subsidence, although the high variability points to the presence of
localized uplift (negative relative sea-level trends) in some areas, particularly
in Neah Bay, WA, Astoria, OR, and Crescent City, CA.  The spatial pattern of
relative sea-level changes is consistent with geodetic surveys (Mitchell et al.,
1994).  The much higher rates of subsidence or uplift from recent relative
sea-level data (Table 2; Fig. 2) as compared with long-term geologic trends
derived from the raised marine terraces from the same localities (Table 1; Fig.
1), indicates accumulated interseismic strain and points to potential earthquake
hazards (Mitchell et al., 1994).
Long-term Geologic Trends (SLG)
The coastal region north of the Mendocino triple junction, California, marked by
the convergence of three tectonic plates (e.g., the North American, Pacific, and
Juan de Fuca--Gorda Plates), is characterized by oblique, offshore crustal
subduction, with convergence rates of 30-50 mm/yr.  In contrast, the coast to the
south of the triple junction is dominated by right-lateral strike-slip motion (up
to 56 mm/yr) associated with the San Andreas fault system.  Despite this
pronounced difference in tectonic style of deformation, raised Quaternary marine
terraces indicate uplift along most of the West Coast, both north and south of
the triple junction, except where active transverse structures deform the coast
(Goldfinger et al., 1992), often producing subsidence (Table 1).  On the whole,
late Quaternary uplift rates along the Pacific Coast from Washington to
California are low (  0.6mm/yr; Table 1), except in the vicinity of the Mendocino
triple junction, the Ventura anticline and Cape Blanco.
Correction of Relative Sea-Level Trends
Sea-level data recorded on West Coast tide gauges include long-term geologic
trends of tectonic and possible glacio-isostatic origin, as well as more recent
neotectonic motions (interseismic uplift; Mitchell et al., 1994), and the mean
global eustatic component of 1-2 mm/yr attributed to worldwide warming over the
last 100 years (Houghton et al., 1996).  The relative sea-level trend, in mm/yr,
at any tide-gauge station can be expressed as:
(1)       SLR = SLG + I + E + Ts
where:
SLR =     Recent sea-level curve from the tide-gauge data.
SLG =     Long-term geologic trend (late Quaternary  125,000 years), recording
          uplift from raised marine terrace data, or subsidence from Holocene
          marsh data.  To conform with the signs used for relative sea-level trends,
          the geologic trend is taken as positive for land subsidence and negative for
          land uplift.  Note that this convention is opposite to that used
          by geologists and geodesists.
I  =      Glacio-isostatic component (uplift, as in Canada; subsidence, as
          along the U.S. East Coast).
E  =      Recent (  100-150 years) global eustatic component, taken here as
          1.5 mm/yr (after Houghton et al., 1996).
Ts =      Short-term land movements, including neotectonic motions
          (interseismic deformation) and anthropogenic- induced subsidence, such as
          caused by withdrawal of subsurface gas, oil, or
          groundwater.
The local uplift or subsidence trend (SLS) is the difference between the relative
sea-level trend recorded by the tide-gauges (SLR) and the mean global eustatic
trend of 1.5 mm/yr.
(2)       SLS = SLR - 1.5
The SLS term is a composite of long-term tectonic (SLG) and isostatic components
(I), as well as more recent neotectonic motions (Ts).
The corrected sea-level trend (SLC) for each tide-gauge is the difference between
the relative sea-level trend (SLR), the long-term geologic trend (SLG), and the
glacial isostatic trend (I).
(3)       SLC = SLR - SLG - I
Glacial isostatic trends (I) (estimated from the ICE-3G model of Tushingham and
Peltier, 1991; Douglas, 1991) are not available for all of the tide-gauge
stations in Table 2. Furthermore, the residual isostatic motions predicted by the
ICE-3G model are not in agreement with geological field observations which
suggest little or no isostatic movements within the last 6000-7000 years in the
Pacific Northwest (Mathews et al., 1970; Dethier et al., 1995).  An improved
glacial isostatic model, ICE- 4G (Peltier, 1994), has not yet been applied to the
tide-gauge data.  For these reasons, no isostatic corrections will be made to
this data base, and I is assumed to be zero.  Thus, SLC = SLR- SLG.
In passive plate margin settings, such as the U.S. East Coast, the corrected
sea-level trend (SLC) provides an approximation of the recent eustatic sea-level
rise, but on the tectonically-active West Coast, this term may still include a
recent neotectonic component, Ts.  Satellite-based geodetic techniques, such as
GPS, are being used to resolve the inherent ambiguity between sea-level
variations and vertical crustal motions, by establishing the absolute land motion
with respect to the earth's center (Baker, 1993).  These space-geodetic methods
will yield an independent measure of the total vertical motion, including Ts.
Lacking such data, one may estimate the neotectonic trend, Ts, by assuming a
value for the eustatic sea-level trend (here taken as 1.5 mm/yr), and subtracting
it from SLC.
(4)       Ts = SLC - 1.5
References
Atwater, B.F., 1987. Science, 236, 942-944.
Atwater, B.F., et al., 1991. Nature, 353, 156-158.
Baker, T.F., 1993. Glob. & Planet. Change, 8, 149-159.
Bucknam, R.C. and Barnhard, T.P., 1989. EOS, 70 (43), 1332.
Byrne, R. et al., 1994. GSA Abstr. with Prog., 26(7), 530.
Darienzo, M.E. and Peterson, C.D., 1990. Tectonics, 9, 1-22.
Darienzo, M.E., et al., 1994. J. Coast. Res., 10, 850-876.
Dethier, D.P., et al., 1995. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 107, 1288-1303.
Douglas, B., 1991. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 6981-6992.
Goldfinger, C., et al., 1992. Geology, 20, 141-144.
Gornitz, V. and Seeber, L., 1990. Tectonophys., 178, 127-150.
Gornitz, V.M. and White, T.W., 1990. A Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S.
East Coast, ORNL/CDIAC-45, NDP-043A.
Hanson, K.L. et al., 1994. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper 292, 45-71.
Houghton, J.T., et al., eds., 1996. Climate Change 1995--the Science of Climate
Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., Chap. 7, Changes in Sea Level,
pp. 359-405.
Kelsey, H.M. and Bockheim, J.G., 1994. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 106, 840-854.
Kelsey, H.M. et al., 1994. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,245-12,255.
Kelsey, H.M. et al., 1996. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 108, 843-860.
Kennedy, G.L. et al., 1995. GSA Abstr. with Prog., 27(6), 375.
Kern, J.P., 1977. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 88, 1553-1566.
Lajoie, K.R. and Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., 1982. GSA Abstr. with Prog. 14(4), 179.
Lajoie, K.R. et al., 1982. In: Neotectonics in Southern California, Geol. Soc.
Am. Cord. Section. 78th Annual Meeting, Guidebook, J.D. Cooper, compiler, pp. 43-51.
Lajoie, K.R., et al., 1991. In: Quaternary Nonglacial Geology: Conterminous
United States, Geol. Soc. Am. Decade of North Americal Geology, v. K-2, R.B.
Morrison, ed., pp. 190-214.
Mathews, W.H., et al., 1970. Can. J. Earth. Sci., 7, 690-702.
Mayer, L., 1987. In: Cenozoic Basin Development of Coastal California, R.V.
Ingersoll and W.G. Ernst, eds., Prentice-Hall, Inc. N.J., pp. 299-320.
McInelly, G. W. and Kelsey, H.M., 1990. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 6699-6713.
McKittrick, M.A., 1988. GSA Abstr. with Prog., 20 (3), 214.
Merritts, D. and Bull, W.B., 1989. Geology, 17, 1020-1024.
Mitchell, C.E., et al., 1994. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,257-12,277.
Muhs, D.R. et al., 1987. GSA Abstr. with Prog., 19, 780-781.
Muhs, D.R., et al., 1989. Quat. Int. 1, 19-34.
Muhs, D.R., et al., 1990. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 6685-6698.
Peltier, W.R., 1994. Science, 265, 195-201.
Phipps, J.B. and Peterson, C., 1989. EOS, 70(43), 1332.
Sherrod, B.L. and Leopold, E.B., 1995. GSA Abstr. with Prog., 27(6), 365.
Shlemon, R.J., 1979. GSA Abstr. with Prog., 11, 127.
Spencer, N.E. and Woodworth, P. L., 1993. Data Holdings of the Permanent Service
for Mean Sea Level (Nov. 1993), Birkenhead, U.K., 81p.
Tushingham, A.M. and Peltier, W.R., 1991. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 4497-4523.
Woodworth, P.L., 1995. PSMSL Annual Report for 1995.
Wells, L.E., et al., 1994. GSA Abstr. with Prog., 26(7), 530.
West, D.O. and McCrumb, D.R., 1988. Geology, 16, 169-172
Table 1. Long-term geologic trends (SLG), U.S. West Coast, in mm/yr.
                                               Period
                                  Land Motion  (yrs X
Locality       Latitude Longitude    mm/yr      1000) References
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Restoration    47 30N   122 30W      -4.1      1.7    Bucknam and
Point, Bain-                                          Barnhard, 1989.
bridge Is.
Restoration    47 30N   122 30W      -6.4      1.1    Sherrod and
Point, Bain-                                          Leopold, 1995.
bridge Is.
La Push        47 55N   124 38W      -0.5      82     West and
                                                      McCrumb, 1988.
Kalaloch       47 35N   124 25W      -0.3      82     West and
                                                      McCrumb, 1988.
Near Cape      47 30N   124 20W      -0.8      82     West and
Elizabeth                                             McCrumb, 1988.
Pt. Grenville  47 18N   124 15W      -0.4      82     West and
                                                      McCrumb, 1988.
Average        48 00N   124 30W      -0.4  0.2       82   West and
uplift         45 00N   123 30W                       McCrumb, 1988.
Grays Harbor   46 50N   124 10W      1-2       6.0    Phipps and
                                                      Peterson, 1989.
Netarts Bay    45 27N   123 56W      1.1-1.3   3.3-3.8  Darienzo and
                                                        Peterson, 1990.
Siletz Bay-    44 50N   124 00W      -0.18     80     Kelsey et al., 1996.
Otter Rock
Otter Rock-    44 39N   124 04W      -0.67     80-105 Kelsey et al., 1996.
Yaquina Bay
South of       44 30N   124 04W      -0.12     105    Kelsey et al., 1996.
Yaquina Bay
Central        45 00N   124 00W      -0.34     80-125 Kelsey et al., 1994.
Oregon coast   44 30N   124 00W
Central        44 30N   124 00W      -0.05     80-125 Kelsey et al., 1994.
Oregon coast   44 00N   124 00W
Central        44 00N   124 00W      -0.03     80-125 Kelsey et al., 1994.
Oregon coast   43 30N   124 15W
Central        43 30N   124 15W      -0.23     80-125 Kelsey et al., 1994.
Oregon coast   43 00N   124 30W
Central        43 00N   124 30W      -0.26     80-125 Kelsey et al., 1994.
Oregon coast   42 30N   124 30W
Central        42 30N   124 30W      -0.30     80-125 Kelsey et al., 1994.
Oregon coast   42 00N   124 30W
Cape Arago     43 19N   124 24W      -0.54 to  80-105 McInelly and
                                     -0.7             Kelsey, 1990.
Coquille Point 43 07N   124 26W      -0.75     80     Muhs et al., 1990.
Cape Blanco    42 50N   124 34W      -1.10     80-105 Muhs et al., 1990.
Cape Ferralo   42 05N   124 20W      -0.76     80-125 Kelsey and
                                                      Bockheim, 1994.
Harbor         42 01N   125 15W      -0.12     125    Kelsey and
                                                      Bockheim, 1994.
Cape           40 30N   124 15 W     -2.9 to   100    Merritts and Bull, 1989.
Mendocino                            -3.4
Randall-Big    40 15N   124 13W      -4.0      100    Merritts and Bull,
Flat                                                  1989.
Pt. Delgada    40 00N   124 00W      -1.2      100    Merritts and Bull, 1989.
Bruhel Point-  39 30N   123 45W      -0.4      100    Merritts and Bull, 1989.
Fort Bragg
Point Cabrillo 39 15N   123 45W      -0.31     102    Lajoie et al., 1991.
Point Arena    38 56N   123 45W      -0.35 to  80     Muhs et al., 1990.
                                     -0.52
Petaluma       38 05N   122 30W      1.5     1.5-2.0  Byrne et al., 1994.
marsh
North San      37 40N   122 30W      1.5       7.0    Wells et al., 1994.
Francisco
Bay
Greyhound      37 00N   122 05W      -0.25     124    Lajoie et al., 1991.
Rock
Molino Creek   36 59N   122 04W      -0.21     124    Lajoie et al., 1991.
Majors Creek   36 58N   122 03W      -0.17     124    Lajoie et al., 1991.
Monterey       36 35N   121 57W      -0.16 to  103    McKittrick, 1988.
Peninsula                            -0.20
San Simeon     35 39N   121 11W      -0.12 to  120    Hanson et al., 1994.
                                     -0.27
Cayucos        35 28N   120 54W      0.0       120    Hanson et al., 1994.
Morro Bay      35 24N   120 50W      < 0.0     120    Hanson et al., 1994.
Point          35 15N   120 55W      -0.19 to  120    Hanson et al., 1994.
Buchon                               -0.20
Point San      35 12N   120 50W      -0.06     120    Hanson et al., 1994.
Luis
Shell Beach    35 12N   120 40W      -0.11     120    Hanson et al., 1994.
Pismo          35 10N   120 37W      -0.12     120    Hanson et al., 1994.
Beach-Arroyo
Grande
Goleta         34 26N   119 50W      -0.4 to   40-60  Lajoie et al., 1982.
                                     -4.1
Goleta--       34 26N   120 15W      -0.4 to   85-120 Lajoie et al., 1982.
Point                                -0.6
Conception
Carpinteria--  34 25N   119 31W      0.0 to    40-60  Lajoie et al., 1982.
Pitas Point                          -10.0
Ventura        34 15N   119 18W      -1.7 to   85-105 Lajoie et al., 1982.
                                     -2.0
Pacific        34 04N   118 30W      -0.7      120    Lajoie et al., 1982.
Palisades
Point Dume     34 00N   118 45W      -0.2      120    Lajoie et al., 1982.
Los Angeles    33 55N   118 15W      1.5       106    Mayer, 1987.
Venice Plain   33 50N   118 21W      -0.19     124    Lajoie et al., 1991.
Redondo
Beach--
El Segundo
San Pedro,     33 45N   118 19W      -0.33     120    Muhs et al., 1989.
Cabrillo Fault
San Pedro      33 44N   118 20W      -0.21     124    Lajoie et al., 1991.
Laguna         33 32N   117 45W      -0.02     125    Shlemon, 1979.
Beach
Dana Point     33 28N   117 40W      -0.26     125    Shlemon, 1979.
San Onofre     33 24N   117 34W      -0.10     125    Shlemon, 1979.
San Nicolas    33 15N   119 30W      -0.22     120    Muhs et al., 1987.
Island
San Onofre     32 57N   117 15W      -0.19 to  118    Lajoie et al., 1991.
Bluff-Torrey                         -0.21
Pines
San Clemente   32 55N   118 30W      -0.13     127    Kennedy et al., 1995.
Island
Soledad Mt.    32 50N   117 16W      -0.34     118    Lajoie et al., 1991.
Point Loma     32 40N   117 15W      -0.21     118    Lajoie et al., 1991.
Table 2.       Relative sea-level trends, U.S. West Coast.
							Length of     Sea-Level
STATION       LATITUDE            LONGITUDE            Record (yr)   Trend (mm/yr)
Friday Harbor   48 33N           123 00W                   58           1.12
Neah Bay        48 22N           124 37W                   56          -1.61
Port Townsend   48 07N           122 45W                   21           1.98
Seattle         47 36N           122 20W                   96           2.01
Astoria         46 13N           123 46W                   68          -0.60
South Beach     44 38N           124 03W                   22           4.39
Crescent City   41 45N           124 12W                   60          -0.72
San Francisco   37 48N           122 28W                  140           1.37
Alameda         37 46N           122 18W                   54           0.77
Monterey        36 36N           121 53W                   21           3.11
Port San Luis   35 10N           120 45W                   45           1.24
Santa Monica    34 01N           118 30W                   53           1.98
Los Angeles     33 43N           118 16W                   70           0.85
Newport Beach   33 36N           117 53W                   35           1.65
La Jolla        32 52N           117 15W                   65           2.42
San Diego       32 43N           117 10W                   87           2.24
Lats/Lons in degrees and minutes.
Data from Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level, Sept. 1996.