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<HEADLINE> FT  08 FEB 94 / UK Company News: Glaxo asthma drug wi
ns US approval </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
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s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
</TEXT>
<XX>
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Countr
ies:-
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Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
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Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
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<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
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<XX>
Countr
ies:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
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<XX>
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<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
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Countr
ies:-
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208
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 FEB 94 / UK Company News: Glaxo asthma drug wi
ns US approval </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
</TEXT>
<XX>
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</XX>
<CO>Glaxo Holdings.
</CO>
<XX>
Countr
ies:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
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<IN>P2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  P
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<PAGE> London P
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-10709</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBHC6AE5FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
208
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 FEB 94 / UK Company News: Glaxo asthma drug wi
ns US approval </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Glaxo Holdings.
</CO>
<XX>
Countr
ies:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>

<IN>P2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  P
roducts & Product use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 24 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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============= Transaction # 24 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-4779</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIEASADRFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
04
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 SEP 92 / Technology: IGM expands its horizons <
/HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
IGM was founded in 1967 by Gunther Kloimuller and Franz Vo
kurka, two former
Siemens engineers who are now managing board chairman and 
supervisory board
chairman respectively at the Austrian company.
It claims a
bout 15 per cent of the world arc welding robot market in money
terms, but r
ather less in unit terms, as it sells smaller numbers of
relatively expensiv
e equipment. About 50 per cent of the market is in
European hands, with the 
rest held by big Japanese robot suppliers such as
Yaskawa and GMFanuc.
But w
ith consolidated turnover of Sch524m (Pounds 27m) in the year ended
August 1
991, IGM is a minnow in comparison to the Japanese and European
robot giants
, and has to exploit every global opportunity to support
research and develo
pment spending of about 10 per cent of sales.
To bolster its financial stren
gth, the company went public in 1989, raising
Sch275m from an issue of prefe
rence shares, and last year issued ordinary
shares publicly. Just over 50 pe
r cent of the company is retained by the two
founders and their families.
Th
e decision was a timely move. With the worldwide recession in capital
equipm
ent purchases, IGM's sales fell 10-12 per cent in 1990-91, and a
further dec
line of 4 to 5 per cent is expected for the financial year just
ended.
But I
GM has also been particularly effected by the upheaval in the former
Soviet 
Union and eastern Europe, whose share of turnover has dropped from
25.3 per 
cent in 1989-90 to an expected 14 per cent in the year just ended.
This has 
prompted an aggressive policy of Far Eastern expansion. A
collaboration agre
ement last year with India's Bharat Earth Movers was
followed this spring wi
th the establishment of a Korean subsidiary, and IGM
also wants much stronge
r representation in China.
But the eastern countries are also regarded as ve
ry promising long-term  -
the Russians, says Langner, have always been keen 
on the latest developments
in robotics. Along with its subsidiary in Russia,
 IGM is negotiating to
establish a Ukrainian subsidiary, and is also manufac
turing components at an
86 per cent owned Hungarian subsidiary, Roper Robott
echnika.
Although the European Community and Far East are the main export ar
eas, IGM
is also keen to exploit opportunities in the US, where it will open
 new
offices and production facilities at Milwaukee at the end of this year.

</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 15 </PAGE>
</DOC
>

============= Transaction # 25 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4414</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (6): Machines are now used for tasks beyond spot welding - Robots </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROBOTS have become an e
stablished part of the vehicle manufacturing scene
over the past 15 years. T
he motor industry accounts for as much as 40 per
cent of the 450,000 install
ed industrial robots worldwide but their use is
changing and applications ar
e expanding.
The traditional picture of long lines of robots each making bil
lions of spot
welds on car bodies in a working life of eight to 10 years is 
still true,
but only half the story. Those same welding robots are as likely
 to be
grouped in flexible manufacturing cells and capable of handling a wid
e range
of models in quick succession.
At the same time, smaller robots are 
increasingly being used in engine
assembly, where their ability to do qualit
y, repetitive work with a
precision of 1/100th of a millimetre is much in de
mand. Robots are being
used in final assembly work and paint spraying, and s
uppliers hope to be
able to develop these markets now that the technology ha
s been proven.
There is an emerging trend for robots to be used in automotiv
e
sub-contracting, prompted by the vehicle manufacturers' need to be as
conf
ident in the consistency and quality of out-sourced components as for
their 
own work.
The shorter lives of car models, prompted by increased competition
 in the
industry and the Japanese producers' early efforts to reduce product

development times, are changing the use and design of robots.
The tradition
al practice of replacing a robot after two model cycles may
have been approp
riate when each car model was lasting six to eight years.
But with model liv
es reduced to three to four years, users want to keep
their robots for furth
er models, and thus want increased flexibility,
according to Dr Axel Gerhard
t, a senior board member at the holding company
for Kuka, Germany's largest 
robot supplier.
Many of the latest trends in the use of robotics originated 
in Japan where
labour shortages have spurred much greater penetration of rob
ots into
industry overall compared with Europe and the US. But robot supplie
rs such
as ABB Robotics, the largest in Europe, believe the European automot
ive
industry is as enthusiastic a user of robotic automation as its Japanese

counterpart.
However, some of the more recent applications of robots are le
ss prevalent
in Europe, giving an opportunity to suppliers if they can convi
nce producers
of the economic benefits. There are national variations too: t
he UK is a
long way behind the US and the rest of Europe in the use of robot
s in the
paint shop, says Mr Mike Wilson, UK sales and marketing director at
 GMFanuc
Robotics.
The versatility of modern industrial robots for tasks tha
t go beyond spot
welding is illustrated by Kuka's involvement in final assem
bly of the
Citroen XM. Following painting, robots dismount the doors and tai
lgate, with
the aid of sensors, for completion on separate trim lines; the c
ockpit is
picked up by robot from an automatic guided vehicle, inserted thro
ugh the
door and then bolted to the body by a second robot.
Robots are used 
for applying the adhesive sealants and for fitting the glass
exactly into th
e body aperture with the aid of ultrasonic scanners; seats
are inserted by r
obot after measuring the exact position of the body by
means of tactile sens
ors, wheels are mounted and doors and tailgate
refitted.
Some of these tasks
 are difficult for robots because of the nature of final
assembly. Robots ar
e having to operate in a less structured environment,
says Mr Wilson, and de
al with less defined objects such as seats.
Another problem, at least outsid
e Japan, is that labour is available and
costs less than in skilled manufact
uring areas. So robot suppliers have to
find applications that create added 
value, says Mr Stelio Demark, head of
ABB Robotics.
There are still opportun
ities for greater use of robots further up the
production line. Relatively n
ew processes such as laser-cutting and
water-jet cutting are likely to becom
e more prevalent, in association with
robots, especially for working with pl
astics and new advanced composites.
Mr Demark sees a substantial increase in
 automated arc-welding in the
automotive industry and sub-suppliers. And Com
au, the Italian robotics and
systems group, expects some interesting investm
ents in the body area,
prompted by the increased need for new models, accord
ing to Mr Massimo
Mattucci, vice-president for engineering and marketing.
In
 paint spraying, says Mr Demark, robots have hardly scratched the surface.
L
ast year, ABB strengthened its position in the robotic painting market with

the acquisition of Graco in the US, but GMFanuc, a US/Japanese concern, and

Behr of Germany have strong positions.
The flexibility of robots to handle m
odel changes will be the key to their
further implementation in the car body
 area. In engine and transmission
production, robots are becoming better est
ablished, and Mr Mattucci suggests
a new generation of engines prompted by t
ougher environmental regulations
could be the spur to further investment in 
robots.
However, an increasing portion of business for robot suppliers seems
 likely
to come from refurbishment of existing robots rather than new purcha
ses as
customers seek maximum value from their manufacturing investments.
In
 the past three or four years, this has been a growing trend of robot
refitt
ing and modification in the motor industry, carried out during model
changeo
vers and restoring robots to previous levels of accuracy and
productivity.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page III </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 26 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4414</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (6): Machines are now used for tasks beyond spot welding - Robots </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROBOTS have become an e
stablished part of the vehicle manufacturing scene
over the past 15 years. T
he motor industry accounts for as much as 40 per
cent of the 450,000 install
ed industrial robots worldwide but their use is
changing and applications ar
e expanding.
The traditional picture of long lines of robots each making bil
lions of spot
welds on car bodies in a working life of eight to 10 years is 
still true,
but only half the story. Those same welding robots are as likely
 to be
grouped in flexible manufacturing cells and capable of handling a wid
e range
of models in quick succession.
At the same time, smaller robots are 
increasingly being used in engine
assembly, where their ability to do qualit
y, repetitive work with a
precision of 1/100th of a millimetre is much in de
mand. Robots are being
used in final assembly work and paint spraying, and s
uppliers hope to be
able to develop these markets now that the technology ha
s been proven.
There is an emerging trend for robots to be used in automotiv
e
sub-contracting, prompted by the vehicle manufacturers' need to be as
conf
ident in the consistency and quality of out-sourced components as for
their 
own work.
The shorter lives of car models, prompted by increased competition
 in the
industry and the Japanese producers' early efforts to reduce product

development times, are changing the use and design of robots.
The tradition
al practice of replacing a robot after two model cycles may
have been approp
riate when each car model was lasting six to eight years.
But with model liv
es reduced to three to four years, users want to keep
their robots for furth
er models, and thus want increased flexibility,
according to Dr Axel Gerhard
t, a senior board member at the holding company
for Kuka, Germany's largest 
robot supplier.
Many of the latest trends in the use of robotics originated 
in Japan where
labour shortages have spurred much greater penetration of rob
ots into
industry overall compared with Europe and the US. But robot supplie
rs such
as ABB Robotics, the largest in Europe, believe the European automot
ive
industry is as enthusiastic a user of robotic automation as its Japanese

counterpart.
However, some of the more recent applications of robots are le
ss prevalent
in Europe, giving an opportunity to suppliers if they can convi
nce producers
of the economic benefits. There are national variations too: t
he UK is a
long way behind the US and the rest of Europe in the use of robot
s in the
paint shop, says Mr Mike Wilson, UK sales and marketing director at
 GMFanuc
Robotics.
The versatility of modern industrial robots for tasks tha
t go beyond spot
welding is illustrated by Kuka's involvement in final assem
bly of the
Citroen XM. Following painting, robots dismount the doors and tai
lgate, with
the aid of sensors, for completion on separate trim lines; the c
ockpit is
picked up by robot from an automatic guided vehicle, inserted thro
ugh the
door and then bolted to the body by a second robot.
Robots are used 
for applying the adhesive sealants and for fitting the glass
exactly into th
e body aperture with the aid of ultrasonic scanners; seats
are inserted by r
obot after measuring the exact position of the body by
means of tactile sens
ors, wheels are mounted and doors and tailgate
refitted.
Some of these tasks
 are difficult for robots because of the nature of final
assembly. Robots ar
e having to operate in a less structured environment,
says Mr Wilson, and de
al with less defined objects such as seats.
Another problem, at least outsid
e Japan, is that labour is available and
costs less than in skilled manufact
uring areas. So robot suppliers have to
find applications that create added 
value, says Mr Stelio Demark, head of
ABB Robotics.
There are still opportun
ities for greater use of robots further up the
production line. Relatively n
ew processes such as laser-cutting and
water-jet cutting are likely to becom
e more prevalent, in association with
robots, especially for working with pl
astics and new advanced composites.
Mr Demark sees a substantial increase in
 automated arc-welding in the
automotive industry and sub-suppliers. And Com
au, the Italian robotics and
systems group, expects some interesting investm
ents in the body area,
prompted by the increased need for new models, accord
ing to Mr Massimo
Mattucci, vice-president for engineering and marketing.
In
 paint spraying, says Mr Demark, robots have hardly scratched the surface.
L
ast year, ABB strengthened its position in the robotic painting market with

the acquisition of Graco in the US, but GMFanuc, a US/Japanese concern, and

Behr of Germany have strong positions.
The flexibility of robots to handle m
odel changes will be the key to their
further implementation in the car body
 area. In engine and transmission
production, robots are becoming better est
ablished, and Mr Mattucci suggests
a new generation of engines prompted by t
ougher environmental regulations
could be the spur to further investment in 
robots.
However, an increasing portion of business for robot suppliers seems
 likely
to come from refurbishment of existing robots rather than new purcha
ses as
customers seek maximum value from their manufacturing investments.
In
 the past three or four years, this has been a growing trend of robot
refitt
ing and modification in the motor industry, carried out during model
changeo
vers and restoring robots to previous levels of accuracy and
productivity.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page III </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 27 ==============================================
Transaction #:     27       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4414</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (6): Machines are now used for tasks beyond spot welding - Robots </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROBOTS have become an e
stablished part of the vehicle manufacturing scene
over the past 15 years. T
he motor industry accounts for as much as 40 per
cent of the 450,000 install
ed industrial robots worldwide but their use is
changing and applications ar
e expanding.
The traditional picture of long lines of robots each making bil
lions of spot
welds on car bodies in a working life of eight to 10 years is 
still true,
but only half the story. Those same welding robots are as likely
 to be
grouped in flexible manufacturing cells and capable of handling a wid
e range
of models in quick succession.
At the same time, smaller robots are 
increasingly being used in engine
assembly, where their ability to do qualit
y, repetitive work with a
precision of 1/100th of a millimetre is much in de
mand. Robots are being
used in final assembly work and paint spraying, and s
uppliers hope to be
able to develop these markets now that the technology ha
s been proven.
There is an emerging trend for robots to be used in automotiv
e
sub-contracting, prompted by the vehicle manufacturers' need to be as
conf
ident in the consistency and quality of out-sourced components as for
their 
own work.
The shorter lives of car models, prompted by increased competition
 in the
industry and the Japanese producers' early efforts to reduce product

development times, are changing the use and design of robots.
The tradition
al practice of replacing a robot after two model cycles may
have been approp
riate when each car model was lasting six to eight years.
But with model liv
es reduced to three to four years, users want to keep
their robots for furth
er models, and thus want increased flexibility,
according to Dr Axel Gerhard
t, a senior board member at the holding company
for Kuka, Germany's largest 
robot supplier.
Many of the latest trends in the use of robotics originated 
in Japan where
labour shortages have spurred much greater penetration of rob
ots into
industry overall compared with Europe and the US. But robot supplie
rs such
as ABB Robotics, the largest in Europe, believe the European automot
ive
industry is as enthusiastic a user of robotic automation as its Japanese

counterpart.
However, some of the more recent applications of robots are le
ss prevalent
in Europe, giving an opportunity to suppliers if they can convi
nce producers
of the economic benefits. There are national variations too: t
he UK is a
long way behind the US and the rest of Europe in the use of robot
s in the
paint shop, says Mr Mike Wilson, UK sales and marketing director at
 GMFanuc
Robotics.
The versatility of modern industrial robots for tasks tha
t go beyond spot
welding is illustrated by Kuka's involvement in final assem
bly of the
Citroen XM. Following painting, robots dismount the doors and tai
lgate, with
the aid of sensors, for completion on separate trim lines; the c
ockpit is
picked up by robot from an automatic guided vehicle, inserted thro
ugh the
door and then bolted to the body by a second robot.
Robots are used 
for applying the adhesive sealants and for fitting the glass
exactly into th
e body aperture with the aid of ultrasonic scanners; seats
are inserted by r
obot after measuring the exact position of the body by
means of tactile sens
ors, wheels are mounted and doors and tailgate
refitted.
Some of these tasks
 are difficult for robots because of the nature of final
assembly. Robots ar
e having to operate in a less structured environment,
says Mr Wilson, and de
al with less defined objects such as seats.
Another problem, at least outsid
e Japan, is that labour is available and
costs less than in skilled manufact
uring areas. So robot suppliers have to
find applications that create added 
value, says Mr Stelio Demark, head of
ABB Robotics.
There are still opportun
ities for greater use of robots further up the
production line. Relatively n
ew processes such as laser-cutting and
water-jet cutting are likely to becom
e more prevalent, in association with
robots, especially for working with pl
astics and new advanced composites.
Mr Demark sees a substantial increase in
 automated arc-welding in the
automotive industry and sub-suppliers. And Com
au, the Italian robotics and
systems group, expects some interesting investm
ents in the body area,
prompted by the increased need for new models, accord
ing to Mr Massimo
Mattucci, vice-president for engineering and marketing.
In
 paint spraying, says Mr Demark, robots have hardly scratched the surface.
L
ast year, ABB strengthened its position in the robotic painting market with

the acquisition of Graco in the US, but GMFanuc, a US/Japanese concern, and

Behr of Germany have strong positions.
The flexibility of robots to handle m
odel changes will be the key to their
further implementation in the car body
 area. In engine and transmission
production, robots are becoming better est
ablished, and Mr Mattucci suggests
a new generation of engines prompted by t
ougher environmental regulations
could be the spur to further investment in 
robots.
However, an increasing portion of business for robot suppliers seems
 likely
to come from refurbishment of existing robots rather than new purcha
ses as
customers seek maximum value from their manufacturing investments.
In
 the past three or four years, this has been a growing trend of robot
refitt
ing and modification in the motor industry, carried out during model
changeo
vers and restoring robots to previous levels of accuracy and
productivity.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page III </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 28 ==============================================
Transaction #:     28       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-13969</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EDVCVACMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
422
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 APR 94 / Technology (Worth Watching): Robot-se
lected gene colonies </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CLIVE COOKSON </BYLINE>
<TEX
T>
The international Human Genome Project - aimed at mapping and identifying

the estimated 100,000 human genes - is stimulating rapid advances in
labora
tory automation. The latest comes from a collaboration between the
Imperial 
Cancer Research Fund, a London-based charity, and two UK companies:
Linear D
rives of Rayleigh, Essex, and Genetix of Christchurch, Dorset.
The three par
tners have developed a robotic system to help scientists
produce the huge nu
mbers of cloned cells required for genetics research.
The system locates clo
ne colonies growing on culture plates with a CCD
camera. It then 'picks' hea
lthy-looking colonies with a block of 96
spring-loaded pins and moves the ce
lls to dishes for further growth and
analysis.
Linear Drives: UK, 0268 77049
6.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
In
dustries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
    P8731 Comm
ercial Physical Research.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Prod
uct use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 12 </PAGE>

</DOC>

============= Transaction # 29 ==============================================
Transaction #:     29       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-13969</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EDVCVACMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
422
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 APR 94 / Technology (Worth Watching): Robot-se
lected gene colonies </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CLIVE COOKSON </BYLINE>
<TEX
T>
The international Human Genome Project - aimed at mapping and identifying

the estimated 100,000 human genes - is stimulating rapid advances in
labora
tory automation. The latest comes from a collaboration between the
Imperial 
Cancer Research Fund, a London-based charity, and two UK companies:
Linear D
rives of Rayleigh, Essex, and Genetix of Christchurch, Dorset.
The three par
tners have developed a robotic system to help scientists
produce the huge nu
mbers of cloned cells required for genetics research.
The system locates clo
ne colonies growing on culture plates with a CCD
camera. It then 'picks' hea
lthy-looking colonies with a block of 96
spring-loaded pins and moves the ce
lls to dishes for further growth and
analysis.
Linear Drives: UK, 0268 77049
6.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
In
dustries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
    P8731 Comm
ercial Physical Research.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Prod
uct use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 12 </PAGE>

</DOC>

============= Transaction # 30 ==============================================
Transaction #:     30       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-2797</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFQCFAC4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 JUN 93 / Technology: A little camera with big i
deas - The latest smart vision system </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RICHARD WIL
SON </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Motorists around the world may soon no longer be blinde
d by headlight glare
in their rear-view mirrors thanks to a microchip camera
 and image processing
system invented by a Scottish start-up company.
That i
s only the first commercial application of what has the potential to
be worl
d-beating semiconductor technology developed by a group of scientists
at Edi
nburgh University three years ago.
Last month, VLSI Vision Ltd (VVL), the co
mpany set up to develop this
technology, introduced the world's first image-
processing system on a single
microchip.
Donnelly, the big Massachusetts-bas
ed manufacturer of rear-view mirrors, has
snapped up the combined camera and
 computer on a chip, known as the imputer,
to control a new self-adjusting a
nti-glare mirror. Using electrochromic
technology, the mirror's surface (con
taining the imputer) darkens to cope
with outside glare. The deal is a valua
ble one for VVL, one of a new
generation of small design houses which have l
imited resources but must
survive on the uniqueness of their ideas.
'Without
 VVL, Donnelly would not have thought about putting a camera into a
rear-vie
w mirror,' says Stewart Smith, VVL's marketing manager. Peter
Denyer, the Ed
inburgh University professor who invented the technology and
is now managing
 director of VVL, believes it can grow into a Pounds 20m
company within five
 years. 'I have learnt to speak cautiously,' said Denyer,
'but that's possib
le if one of our products takes off and I believe any of
them is capable of 
it.'
Denyer and his team have created a smart vision system which can be mad
e
small enough and cheaply enough to introduce image-processing technology
i
nto new applications from production-line monitoring to supermarket
checkout
 scanners. 'Nowhere in the world can you find a camera at such a
size and pr
ice. It will be unique for a while,' says Denyer.
Japanese companies such as
 Sony lead the world in miniature optical sensors
called charge coupled devi
ces (CCDs) which are used in camcorders. US
companies specialise in fast mic
roprocessors which can turn optical data
into usable information. VVL, which
 has Pounds 2m of development capital,
combined the CCD sensor with a microp
rocessor which can process digital
picture information at 1bn bits per secon
d on a single integrated circuit
costing less than Dollars 10 (Pounds 6.40).
 But the first production order
from Donnelly, the world's largest company i
n its sector, is likely to be
priced at less than Dollars 5 per circuit.
Den
yer and his team have none of the financial resources usually thought
necess
ary in the semiconductor industry. The VVL microchip is made in France
by cu
stom chip-maker ES2. Their asset is the ability to innovate in
semiconductor
 chip design and software development.
To help find commercial applications 
for the imputer - such as inspection,
traffic control, navigation, and robot
ics - VVL has produced a development
system, with special software, costing 
Pounds 500. It can be used as an
image processor in its own right, but Denye
r says its real aim is to enable
customers to develop applications.
Once the
 application is found, VVL will compress the system into an
integrated circu
it the size of a postage stamp. Denyer believes this will
give VVL atechnolo
gical edge over Japan and the US.
VVL is typical of the small, high-tech sta
rt-up companies scattered across
California which have done so much to give 
the US its world lead in
computer, semiconductor and software design.
It has
 long been suggested that the reluctance of British investors to back
new te
chnology companies has stifled the start-up culture in the UK. Denyer
believ
es this is a myth. He had no trouble in raising the necessary capital
from p
rivate investors.
He believes inventing something is not enough for universi
ty scientists if
they want a successful product. The ideas must have a comme
rcial
application.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>VLSI Vision.
</CO>
<XX
>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</X
X>
<IN>P3674 Semiconductors and Related Devices.
    P3861 Photographic Equi
pment and Supplies.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product us
e.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC
>

============= Transaction # 31 ==============================================
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  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-4774</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIEASADWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
04
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 SEP 92 / Technology: Heavies move in - After ye
ars of work in mass production, robots are taking on bigger jobs </HEADLINE>

<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The drive for competitiveness
 and low-cost production may have made the car
industry the natural home for
 the world's robot population, but Karlheinz
Langner and his colleagues at I
GM Robotersysteme have other ideas.
Langner, a managing board member at Aust
ria's only robotics company, has his
sights set on industry's heavy brigade.
 Less visibly than their counterparts
in the car industry, but with increasi
ng urgency, manufacturers of heavy
equipment - anything from excavators to s
teel bridge sections - want to
improve their product quality and reduce cycl
e times, increase their
manufacturing flexibility and clean up their workpla
ce.
All these issues, in varying degrees, have been tackled successfully by 
the
mass-production car industry with the use of robots, but heavy industry 
is
very different.
In recent years, many heavy engineering companies have be
en reticent about
robots. They may have been put off by the robot suppliers'
 sales patter or
unconvinced that a robot can cope with welding, for example
, a crane boom or
bulk handling container, particularly if each item to be w
elded might be
slightly different from the previous one.
Or they might simpl
y have jibbed at the expense - as much as Dollars 350,000
(Pounds 175,000) f
or a sophisticated system with one or more robots, slides,
gantries and devi
ces to rotate a workpiece that could weigh as much as 15
tonnes. And having 
purchased a system, some customers have had to solve
software problems thems
elves to get the robot working correctly.
But companies such as IGM, which c
elebrates its silver jubilee this year,
are spending heavily to find new sol
utions for the use of robots in heavy
industry, and that, in turn, broadens 
the market for the robot suppliers.
Some sectors such as shipbuilding, for i
nstance, are only now waking up to
the opportunities for using robots, which
 were simply not available five
years ago.
Anybody who has visited a modern 
car factory cannot fail to be impressed by
the serried ranks of robots spot 
welding body sections or inserting
dashboards. Such machines, however, are w
orlds apart from those produced by
IGM, which specialises in arc or continuo
us path welding and some cutting
robots, and its rivals at the heavy end of 
the welding equipment industry
such as Esab of Sweden and Cloos of Germany.

A continuous weld is the norm in construction equipment, for example, to
cop
e with the immense stresses to which plant will be subjected during its
work
ing life, and demands for high-quality welding are increasing.
Grappling wit
h the welding of an excavator boom could require up to 16 axes
of movement f
rom the robot and its surrounding equipment, putting pressure
on the robot s
upplier not only to design the system correctly in mechanical
terms but to e
nsure that the software and sensor systems are sufficiently
sophisticated an
d fast to cope.
In such a market, says Langner, understanding the customer's
 needs is of
vital importance. But when almost every customer has a differen
t problem
that may require a customised solution, the challenge could be too
 great for
a small company such as IGM, without the years of experience that
 produces a
clear product strategy.
Each robot supplier has a different appr
oach, but IGM's is based on two
vital elements, says Langner: a modular desi
gn system to allow the company
to respond to individual customers' needs wit
hout having to reinvent the
wheel, and the decision to keep all control syst
ems development in-house.
Broadening the appeal of robots to heavy industry 
requires a combination of
developing the business end of the system (the wel
ding itself), taking the
robot's mechanical engineering to the limits, and c
onstantly updating and
improving the control systems.
IGM develops welding s
ystems together with Fronius, an Austrian welding
equipment company - for th
e customer, after all, the quality of the weld is
the proof of the pudding. 
The robot supplier recently introduced a new
high-performance welding techni
que known as Time (transferred ionised molten
energy), developed originally 
by a Canadian metallurgical expert.
IGM has also developed an automatic head
 change facility, allowing welding
to be followed by flame cutting in one co
ntinuous cycle. This is being used
by a UK customer for welding steel bridge
 sections.
As in machine tools, however, while mechanical developments near 
their limit
it is the brains of the robot system - its software and sensors,
 and the
programming - that is receiving the lion's share of attention. This
 is where
the acronyms really begin to proliferate.
So-called off-line progr
amming, where the robot is set up for the next job
without disturbing its pr
esent task, is particularly important when it could
take many hours, if not 
days, to start up a new component on a welding
robot.
IGM's latest contribut
ion is IOPS, which uses computer-aided simulation of
production cells and ma
nufacturing lines to get the best configuration of
the welding cell for each
 workpiece.
Another important result of the company's R&D work is ISIP, a ne
w
optoelectronic camera system for measuring weld grooves. This uses optical

sensors to determine the position and geometry of the fabrication,
underlin
ing the growing importance of vision systems as the 'eyes' in an
increasingl
y complex 'eyes-brain-hand' environment.
Perhaps the most significant develo
pment at IGM, however, lies at the heart
of the robot software. In a few wee
ks' time, the company will have running a
prototype of a new robot controlle
r based on the transputer, the Inmos
superchip. IGM had realised some five y
ears ago that it needed to have a
more powerful control system, says Langner
, and the new controller will
increase control speeds by a factor of 10.
The
 new control should be on IGM's robots by next year, but Langner also
sees a
pplications for the control outside robotics, with initial demand of
about 5
00-1,000 units a year, compared with the 150-200 IGM will need each
year for
 its robots. 'But we will not market it by ourselves,' Langner
stresses.
</T
EXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 15 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 32 ==============================================
Transaction #:     32       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-4774</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIEASADWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
04
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 SEP 92 / Technology: Heavies move in - After ye
ars of work in mass production, robots are taking on bigger jobs </HEADLINE>

<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The drive for competitiveness
 and low-cost production may have made the car
industry the natural home for
 the world's robot population, but Karlheinz
Langner and his colleagues at I
GM Robotersysteme have other ideas.
Langner, a managing board member at Aust
ria's only robotics company, has his
sights set on industry's heavy brigade.
 Less visibly than their counterparts
in the car industry, but with increasi
ng urgency, manufacturers of heavy
equipment - anything from excavators to s
teel bridge sections - want to
improve their product quality and reduce cycl
e times, increase their
manufacturing flexibility and clean up their workpla
ce.
All these issues, in varying degrees, have been tackled successfully by 
the
mass-production car industry with the use of robots, but heavy industry 
is
very different.
In recent years, many heavy engineering companies have be
en reticent about
robots. They may have been put off by the robot suppliers'
 sales patter or
unconvinced that a robot can cope with welding, for example
, a crane boom or
bulk handling container, particularly if each item to be w
elded might be
slightly different from the previous one.
Or they might simpl
y have jibbed at the expense - as much as Dollars 350,000
(Pounds 175,000) f
or a sophisticated system with one or more robots, slides,
gantries and devi
ces to rotate a workpiece that could weigh as much as 15
tonnes. And having 
purchased a system, some customers have had to solve
software problems thems
elves to get the robot working correctly.
But companies such as IGM, which c
elebrates its silver jubilee this year,
are spending heavily to find new sol
utions for the use of robots in heavy
industry, and that, in turn, broadens 
the market for the robot suppliers.
Some sectors such as shipbuilding, for i
nstance, are only now waking up to
the opportunities for using robots, which
 were simply not available five
years ago.
Anybody who has visited a modern 
car factory cannot fail to be impressed by
the serried ranks of robots spot 
welding body sections or inserting
dashboards. Such machines, however, are w
orlds apart from those produced by
IGM, which specialises in arc or continuo
us path welding and some cutting
robots, and its rivals at the heavy end of 
the welding equipment industry
such as Esab of Sweden and Cloos of Germany.

A continuous weld is the norm in construction equipment, for example, to
cop
e with the immense stresses to which plant will be subjected during its
work
ing life, and demands for high-quality welding are increasing.
Grappling wit
h the welding of an excavator boom could require up to 16 axes
of movement f
rom the robot and its surrounding equipment, putting pressure
on the robot s
upplier not only to design the system correctly in mechanical
terms but to e
nsure that the software and sensor systems are sufficiently
sophisticated an
d fast to cope.
In such a market, says Langner, understanding the customer's
 needs is of
vital importance. But when almost every customer has a differen
t problem
that may require a customised solution, the challenge could be too
 great for
a small company such as IGM, without the years of experience that
 produces a
clear product strategy.
Each robot supplier has a different appr
oach, but IGM's is based on two
vital elements, says Langner: a modular desi
gn system to allow the company
to respond to individual customers' needs wit
hout having to reinvent the
wheel, and the decision to keep all control syst
ems development in-house.
Broadening the appeal of robots to heavy industry 
requires a combination of
developing the business end of the system (the wel
ding itself), taking the
robot's mechanical engineering to the limits, and c
onstantly updating and
improving the control systems.
IGM develops welding s
ystems together with Fronius, an Austrian welding
equipment company - for th
e customer, after all, the quality of the weld is
the proof of the pudding. 
The robot supplier recently introduced a new
high-performance welding techni
que known as Time (transferred ionised molten
energy), developed originally 
by a Canadian metallurgical expert.
IGM has also developed an automatic head
 change facility, allowing welding
to be followed by flame cutting in one co
ntinuous cycle. This is being used
by a UK customer for welding steel bridge
 sections.
As in machine tools, however, while mechanical developments near 
their limit
it is the brains of the robot system - its software and sensors,
 and the
programming - that is receiving the lion's share of attention. This
 is where
the acronyms really begin to proliferate.
So-called off-line progr
amming, where the robot is set up for the next job
without disturbing its pr
esent task, is particularly important when it could
take many hours, if not 
days, to start up a new component on a welding
robot.
IGM's latest contribut
ion is IOPS, which uses computer-aided simulation of
production cells and ma
nufacturing lines to get the best configuration of
the welding cell for each
 workpiece.
Another important result of the company's R&D work is ISIP, a ne
w
optoelectronic camera system for measuring weld grooves. This uses optical

sensors to determine the position and geometry of the fabrication,
underlin
ing the growing importance of vision systems as the 'eyes' in an
increasingl
y complex 'eyes-brain-hand' environment.
Perhaps the most significant develo
pment at IGM, however, lies at the heart
of the robot software. In a few wee
ks' time, the company will have running a
prototype of a new robot controlle
r based on the transputer, the Inmos
superchip. IGM had realised some five y
ears ago that it needed to have a
more powerful control system, says Langner
, and the new controller will
increase control speeds by a factor of 10.
The
 new control should be on IGM's robots by next year, but Langner also
sees a
pplications for the control outside robotics, with initial demand of
about 5
00-1,000 units a year, compared with the 150-200 IGM will need each
year for
 its robots. 'But we will not market it by ourselves,' Langner
stresses.
</T
EXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 15 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 33 ==============================================
Transaction #:     33       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-11018</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHBDUACKFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
802
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 AUG 94 / Technology: Robots get the dirty work
 - Japan is developing intelligent systems to help an ageing population </HE
ADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW FISHER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A nifty little robot d
arts down a street, picks up the rubbish and puts it
into a truck. Inside a 
power station, another robot carries out vital
maintenance work. A hard-pres
sed nurse uses robotic help to move beds and
patients.
Hard to imagine thoug
h it may be, Japanese research experts are working on
such applications - an
d on robots for the home - although it will probably
not be until well into 
the next century that they can be put into practice.
Labour will be in short
 supply in coming years. The 125m population is
ageing and will slowly decli
ne as the birth rate falls.
'Such systems are necessary for coming generatio
ns in Japan,' says Kazuo
Asakawa, head of the intelligent systems laboratory
 at Fujitsu, the Japanese
computer group. 'We have to develop intelligent sy
stems to replace young
people.'
Most people do not want to do the so-called 
'3K' jobs - denoting the
Japanese words for 'dirty, difficult and dangerous'
 - such as working in
hospitals, collecting rubbish, maintaining power stati
ons and cleaning.
Asakawa foresees robots also being used in the office, for
 handling mail and
other straightforward tasks and eventually in the home.
T
he key to such developments will be neural networks - complex computer
syste
ms that can learn to recognise patterns and react accordingly. The
robots wi
ll be equipped with an array of sensors that will enable them to
adapt to th
eir surroundings. 'In 10 years, we hope to develop autonomous
systems using 
neural networks,' says Asakawa.
In the view of Hiroyuki Yoshikawa, president
 of the University of Tokyo,
robots could be the answer to many of Japan's e
conomic and social problems.
'It is necessary to use Japan's highly educated
 labour force to invent these
kinds of things.' He believes that Japanese in
dustry must look ahead to new
products such as these to prepare for a future
 in which over-production and
over-capacity will inhibit industrial growth.

Japan's car industry is already plagued by over-capacity, as well as high
co
sts; the surge in the yen is eating further into export profits. In common
w
ith other academics and industrialists, Yoshikawa warns of the danger of
'ho
llowing-out' as lower-cost countries in Asia and elsewhere take up
productio
n of goods which have become too expensive to make in Japan. The
electronics
 companies are already big producers in south-east Asia and car
makers have 
been expanding their overseas operations.
'We must change the direction of e
ndeavour,' adds Yoshikawa, a specialist in
engineering design theory. He thi
nks industry should lean
towards more automation of services such as healthc
are and cleaning. He
talks of the need for greater 'amplification of service
s', with intelligent,
computer-controlled machines doing much of the awkward
 and dirty work now
done by humans.
In other countries, where unemployment i
s high, this is less of an issue.
But Japan's unemployment rate is less than
 3 per cent, kept low by the
tradition of lifetime employment and the high l
evel of consensus and
discipline in Japanese society. This is despite the re
cession after the
bursting of the 'bubble' economy of the late 1980s.
Japane
se companies already use robots far more widely than the rest of the
world. 
In 1992, there were 350,000 robots in Japan, of which more than
280,000 were
 advanced (operating in different axes, or with sensors or
learning controls
), according to latest statistics from the United Nations
and the Internatio
nal Federation of Robotics. This compared with 47,000
(42,000 advanced) in t
he US and 39,000 (35,500) in Germany.
The electronics industry is the bigges
t user of robots in Japan, followed by
cars. But the advanced applications e
nvisaged by Asakawa, Yoshikawa and
others are still at the pilot stage. The 
Ministry of International Trade and
Industry supports some of them. Work is 
progessing on robots to take the
backache out of nurses' lifting work and on
 micromachines to help doctors
operate and even to carry tiny doses of medic
ine to certain parts of the
body.
The rubbish-collecting robots described by
 Yoshikawa - he calls them 'social
robots' - are still at the basic research
 stage. 'I can't say when they will
be ready. The direction of research is t
o invent new robotics for use on the
roads and streets of a city. I hope thi
s will be completed in five to 10
years.'
A programme to develop robots to e
nter the containment vessels of nuclear
power plants and carry out maintenan
ce work began in 1978, he says. The
first prototype was too heavy at 400kg. 
Toshiba then made a more
sophisticated one, which was suitable for the work.
 But power companies are
reluctant to rely on robots rather than humans for 
work in which safety and
reliability is essential.
'My idea is first mainten
ance, then social and then home robots,' says
Yoshikawa. All these areas, he
 feels, are ripe for 'amplification' through
intelligent automation. Ultimat
ely, the home could be the biggest market for
robots. But to do household cl
eaning and other work, they must be made of
softer materials than metal and 
have more flexible gear systems to fit in
with the random pattern of life in
 the home.
Yoshikawa says there are no prototypes of the home robot yet. But
 he adds
that robot manufacturers such as Fuji Machine and Matsushita have s
hown
considerable interest. Asakawa says Fujitsu is also working on computer

programs for domestic use.
Thus, sometime around 2010, robots could be scur
rying around Japanese
streets, homes, offices and hospitals doing routine jo
bs and taking some of
the strain out of daily life.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-

</XX>
<CN>JPZ  Japan, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General
 Industrial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Ana
lysis.
    TECH  Products & Product use.
    MGMT  Management & Marketing.
<
/TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 11 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 34 ==============================================
Transaction #:     34       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-4774</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIEASADWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
04
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 SEP 92 / Technology: Heavies move in - After ye
ars of work in mass production, robots are taking on bigger jobs </HEADLINE>

<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The drive for competitiveness
 and low-cost production may have made the car
industry the natural home for
 the world's robot population, but Karlheinz
Langner and his colleagues at I
GM Robotersysteme have other ideas.
Langner, a managing board member at Aust
ria's only robotics company, has his
sights set on industry's heavy brigade.
 Less visibly than their counterparts
in the car industry, but with increasi
ng urgency, manufacturers of heavy
equipment - anything from excavators to s
teel bridge sections - want to
improve their product quality and reduce cycl
e times, increase their
manufacturing flexibility and clean up their workpla
ce.
All these issues, in varying degrees, have been tackled successfully by 
the
mass-production car industry with the use of robots, but heavy industry 
is
very different.
In recent years, many heavy engineering companies have be
en reticent about
robots. They may have been put off by the robot suppliers'
 sales patter or
unconvinced that a robot can cope with welding, for example
, a crane boom or
bulk handling container, particularly if each item to be w
elded might be
slightly different from the previous one.
Or they might simpl
y have jibbed at the expense - as much as Dollars 350,000
(Pounds 175,000) f
or a sophisticated system with one or more robots, slides,
gantries and devi
ces to rotate a workpiece that could weigh as much as 15
tonnes. And having 
purchased a system, some customers have had to solve
software problems thems
elves to get the robot working correctly.
But companies such as IGM, which c
elebrates its silver jubilee this year,
are spending heavily to find new sol
utions for the use of robots in heavy
industry, and that, in turn, broadens 
the market for the robot suppliers.
Some sectors such as shipbuilding, for i
nstance, are only now waking up to
the opportunities for using robots, which
 were simply not available five
years ago.
Anybody who has visited a modern 
car factory cannot fail to be impressed by
the serried ranks of robots spot 
welding body sections or inserting
dashboards. Such machines, however, are w
orlds apart from those produced by
IGM, which specialises in arc or continuo
us path welding and some cutting
robots, and its rivals at the heavy end of 
the welding equipment industry
such as Esab of Sweden and Cloos of Germany.

A continuous weld is the norm in construction equipment, for example, to
cop
e with the immense stresses to which plant will be subjected during its
work
ing life, and demands for high-quality welding are increasing.
Grappling wit
h the welding of an excavator boom could require up to 16 axes
of movement f
rom the robot and its surrounding equipment, putting pressure
on the robot s
upplier not only to design the system correctly in mechanical
terms but to e
nsure that the software and sensor systems are sufficiently
sophisticated an
d fast to cope.
In such a market, says Langner, understanding the customer's
 needs is of
vital importance. But when almost every customer has a differen
t problem
that may require a customised solution, the challenge could be too
 great for
a small company such as IGM, without the years of experience that
 produces a
clear product strategy.
Each robot supplier has a different appr
oach, but IGM's is based on two
vital elements, says Langner: a modular desi
gn system to allow the company
to respond to individual customers' needs wit
hout having to reinvent the
wheel, and the decision to keep all control syst
ems development in-house.
Broadening the appeal of robots to heavy industry 
requires a combination of
developing the business end of the system (the wel
ding itself), taking the
robot's mechanical engineering to the limits, and c
onstantly updating and
improving the control systems.
IGM develops welding s
ystems together with Fronius, an Austrian welding
equipment company - for th
e customer, after all, the quality of the weld is
the proof of the pudding. 
The robot supplier recently introduced a new
high-performance welding techni
que known as Time (transferred ionised molten
energy), developed originally 
by a Canadian metallurgical expert.
IGM has also developed an automatic head
 change facility, allowing welding
to be followed by flame cutting in one co
ntinuous cycle. This is being used
by a UK customer for welding steel bridge
 sections.
As in machine tools, however, while mechanical developments near 
their limit
it is the brains of the robot system - its software and sensors,
 and the
programming - that is receiving the lion's share of attention. This
 is where
the acronyms really begin to proliferate.
So-called off-line progr
amming, where the robot is set up for the next job
without disturbing its pr
esent task, is particularly important when it could
take many hours, if not 
days, to start up a new component on a welding
robot.
IGM's latest contribut
ion is IOPS, which uses computer-aided simulation of
production cells and ma
nufacturing lines to get the best configuration of
the welding cell for each
 workpiece.
Another important result of the company's R&D work is ISIP, a ne
w
optoelectronic camera system for measuring weld grooves. This uses optical

sensors to determine the position and geometry of the fabrication,
underlin
ing the growing importance of vision systems as the 'eyes' in an
increasingl
y complex 'eyes-brain-hand' environment.
Perhaps the most significant develo
pment at IGM, however, lies at the heart
of the robot software. In a few wee
ks' time, the company will have running a
prototype of a new robot controlle
r based on the transputer, the Inmos
superchip. IGM had realised some five y
ears ago that it needed to have a
more powerful control system, says Langner
, and the new controller will
increase control speeds by a factor of 10.
The
 new control should be on IGM's robots by next year, but Langner also
sees a
pplications for the control outside robotics, with initial demand of
about 5
00-1,000 units a year, compared with the 150-200 IGM will need each
year for
 its robots. 'But we will not market it by ourselves,' Langner
stresses.
</T
EXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 15 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 35 ==============================================
Transaction #:     35       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-11018</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHBDUACKFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
802
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 AUG 94 / Technology: Robots get the dirty work
 - Japan is developing intelligent systems to help an ageing population </HE
ADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW FISHER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A nifty little robot d
arts down a street, picks up the rubbish and puts it
into a truck. Inside a 
power station, another robot carries out vital
maintenance work. A hard-pres
sed nurse uses robotic help to move beds and
patients.
Hard to imagine thoug
h it may be, Japanese research experts are working on
such applications - an
d on robots for the home - although it will probably
not be until well into 
the next century that they can be put into practice.
Labour will be in short
 supply in coming years. The 125m population is
ageing and will slowly decli
ne as the birth rate falls.
'Such systems are necessary for coming generatio
ns in Japan,' says Kazuo
Asakawa, head of the intelligent systems laboratory
 at Fujitsu, the Japanese
computer group. 'We have to develop intelligent sy
stems to replace young
people.'
Most people do not want to do the so-called 
'3K' jobs - denoting the
Japanese words for 'dirty, difficult and dangerous'
 - such as working in
hospitals, collecting rubbish, maintaining power stati
ons and cleaning.
Asakawa foresees robots also being used in the office, for
 handling mail and
other straightforward tasks and eventually in the home.
T
he key to such developments will be neural networks - complex computer
syste
ms that can learn to recognise patterns and react accordingly. The
robots wi
ll be equipped with an array of sensors that will enable them to
adapt to th
eir surroundings. 'In 10 years, we hope to develop autonomous
systems using 
neural networks,' says Asakawa.
In the view of Hiroyuki Yoshikawa, president
 of the University of Tokyo,
robots could be the answer to many of Japan's e
conomic and social problems.
'It is necessary to use Japan's highly educated
 labour force to invent these
kinds of things.' He believes that Japanese in
dustry must look ahead to new
products such as these to prepare for a future
 in which over-production and
over-capacity will inhibit industrial growth.

Japan's car industry is already plagued by over-capacity, as well as high
co
sts; the surge in the yen is eating further into export profits. In common
w
ith other academics and industrialists, Yoshikawa warns of the danger of
'ho
llowing-out' as lower-cost countries in Asia and elsewhere take up
productio
n of goods which have become too expensive to make in Japan. The
electronics
 companies are already big producers in south-east Asia and car
makers have 
been expanding their overseas operations.
'We must change the direction of e
ndeavour,' adds Yoshikawa, a specialist in
engineering design theory. He thi
nks industry should lean
towards more automation of services such as healthc
are and cleaning. He
talks of the need for greater 'amplification of service
s', with intelligent,
computer-controlled machines doing much of the awkward
 and dirty work now
done by humans.
In other countries, where unemployment i
s high, this is less of an issue.
But Japan's unemployment rate is less than
 3 per cent, kept low by the
tradition of lifetime employment and the high l
evel of consensus and
discipline in Japanese society. This is despite the re
cession after the
bursting of the 'bubble' economy of the late 1980s.
Japane
se companies already use robots far more widely than the rest of the
world. 
In 1992, there were 350,000 robots in Japan, of which more than
280,000 were
 advanced (operating in different axes, or with sensors or
learning controls
), according to latest statistics from the United Nations
and the Internatio
nal Federation of Robotics. This compared with 47,000
(42,000 advanced) in t
he US and 39,000 (35,500) in Germany.
The electronics industry is the bigges
t user of robots in Japan, followed by
cars. But the advanced applications e
nvisaged by Asakawa, Yoshikawa and
others are still at the pilot stage. The 
Ministry of International Trade and
Industry supports some of them. Work is 
progessing on robots to take the
backache out of nurses' lifting work and on
 micromachines to help doctors
operate and even to carry tiny doses of medic
ine to certain parts of the
body.
The rubbish-collecting robots described by
 Yoshikawa - he calls them 'social
robots' - are still at the basic research
 stage. 'I can't say when they will
be ready. The direction of research is t
o invent new robotics for use on the
roads and streets of a city. I hope thi
s will be completed in five to 10
years.'
A programme to develop robots to e
nter the containment vessels of nuclear
power plants and carry out maintenan
ce work began in 1978, he says. The
first prototype was too heavy at 400kg. 
Toshiba then made a more
sophisticated one, which was suitable for the work.
 But power companies are
reluctant to rely on robots rather than humans for 
work in which safety and
reliability is essential.
'My idea is first mainten
ance, then social and then home robots,' says
Yoshikawa. All these areas, he
 feels, are ripe for 'amplification' through
intelligent automation. Ultimat
ely, the home could be the biggest market for
robots. But to do household cl
eaning and other work, they must be made of
softer materials than metal and 
have more flexible gear systems to fit in
with the random pattern of life in
 the home.
Yoshikawa says there are no prototypes of the home robot yet. But
 he adds
that robot manufacturers such as Fuji Machine and Matsushita have s
hown
considerable interest. Asakawa says Fujitsu is also working on computer

programs for domestic use.
Thus, sometime around 2010, robots could be scur
rying around Japanese
streets, homes, offices and hospitals doing routine jo
bs and taking some of
the strain out of daily life.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-

</XX>
<CN>JPZ  Japan, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General
 Industrial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Ana
lysis.
    TECH  Products & Product use.
    MGMT  Management & Marketing.
<
/TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 11 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 36 ==============================================
Transaction #:     36       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

Usr Interface:   Prob          Time Cmd Sent: 16:00:00
  Rec. Format:  Short      Time Cmd Complete: 13:43:20
Selec. Rec. #:      6

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Boolean Conjunctions:

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-11018</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHBDUACKFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
802
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 AUG 94 / Technology: Robots get the dirty work
 - Japan is developing intelligent systems to help an ageing population </HE
ADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW FISHER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A nifty little robot d
arts down a street, picks up the rubbish and puts it
into a truck. Inside a 
power station, another robot carries out vital
maintenance work. A hard-pres
sed nurse uses robotic help to move beds and
patients.
Hard to imagine thoug
h it may be, Japanese research experts are working on
such applications - an
d on robots for the home - although it will probably
not be until well into 
the next century that they can be put into practice.
Labour will be in short
 supply in coming years. The 125m population is
ageing and will slowly decli
ne as the birth rate falls.
'Such systems are necessary for coming generatio
ns in Japan,' says Kazuo
Asakawa, head of the intelligent systems laboratory
 at Fujitsu, the Japanese
computer group. 'We have to develop intelligent sy
stems to replace young
people.'
Most people do not want to do the so-called 
'3K' jobs - denoting the
Japanese words for 'dirty, difficult and dangerous'
 - such as working in
hospitals, collecting rubbish, maintaining power stati
ons and cleaning.
Asakawa foresees robots also being used in the office, for
 handling mail and
other straightforward tasks and eventually in the home.
T
he key to such developments will be neural networks - complex computer
syste
ms that can learn to recognise patterns and react accordingly. The
robots wi
ll be equipped with an array of sensors that will enable them to
adapt to th
eir surroundings. 'In 10 years, we hope to develop autonomous
systems using 
neural networks,' says Asakawa.
In the view of Hiroyuki Yoshikawa, president
 of the University of Tokyo,
robots could be the answer to many of Japan's e
conomic and social problems.
'It is necessary to use Japan's highly educated
 labour force to invent these
kinds of things.' He believes that Japanese in
dustry must look ahead to new
products such as these to prepare for a future
 in which over-production and
over-capacity will inhibit industrial growth.

Japan's car industry is already plagued by over-capacity, as well as high
co
sts; the surge in the yen is eating further into export profits. In common
w
ith other academics and industrialists, Yoshikawa warns of the danger of
'ho
llowing-out' as lower-cost countries in Asia and elsewhere take up
productio
n of goods which have become too expensive to make in Japan. The
electronics
 companies are already big producers in south-east Asia and car
makers have 
been expanding their overseas operations.
'We must change the direction of e
ndeavour,' adds Yoshikawa, a specialist in
engineering design theory. He thi
nks industry should lean
towards more automation of services such as healthc
are and cleaning. He
talks of the need for greater 'amplification of service
s', with intelligent,
computer-controlled machines doing much of the awkward
 and dirty work now
done by humans.
In other countries, where unemployment i
s high, this is less of an issue.
But Japan's unemployment rate is less than
 3 per cent, kept low by the
tradition of lifetime employment and the high l
evel of consensus and
discipline in Japanese society. This is despite the re
cession after the
bursting of the 'bubble' economy of the late 1980s.
Japane
se companies already use robots far more widely than the rest of the
world. 
In 1992, there were 350,000 robots in Japan, of which more than
280,000 were
 advanced (operating in different axes, or with sensors or
learning controls
), according to latest statistics from the United Nations
and the Internatio
nal Federation of Robotics. This compared with 47,000
(42,000 advanced) in t
he US and 39,000 (35,500) in Germany.
The electronics industry is the bigges
t user of robots in Japan, followed by
cars. But the advanced applications e
nvisaged by Asakawa, Yoshikawa and
others are still at the pilot stage. The 
Ministry of International Trade and
Industry supports some of them. Work is 
progessing on robots to take the
backache out of nurses' lifting work and on
 micromachines to help doctors
operate and even to carry tiny doses of medic
ine to certain parts of the
body.
The rubbish-collecting robots described by
 Yoshikawa - he calls them 'social
robots' - are still at the basic research
 stage. 'I can't say when they will
be ready. The direction of research is t
o invent new robotics for use on the
roads and streets of a city. I hope thi
s will be completed in five to 10
years.'
A programme to develop robots to e
nter the containment vessels of nuclear
power plants and carry out maintenan
ce work began in 1978, he says. The
first prototype was too heavy at 400kg. 
Toshiba then made a more
sophisticated one, which was suitable for the work.
 But power companies are
reluctant to rely on robots rather than humans for 
work in which safety and
reliability is essential.
'My idea is first mainten
ance, then social and then home robots,' says
Yoshikawa. All these areas, he
 feels, are ripe for 'amplification' through
intelligent automation. Ultimat
ely, the home could be the biggest market for
robots. But to do household cl
eaning and other work, they must be made of
softer materials than metal and 
have more flexible gear systems to fit in
with the random pattern of life in
 the home.
Yoshikawa says there are no prototypes of the home robot yet. But
 he adds
that robot manufacturers such as Fuji Machine and Matsushita have s
hown
considerable interest. Asakawa says Fujitsu is also working on computer

programs for domestic use.
Thus, sometime around 2010, robots could be scur
rying around Japanese
streets, homes, offices and hospitals doing routine jo
bs and taking some of
the strain out of daily life.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-

</XX>
<CN>JPZ  Japan, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General
 Industrial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Ana
lysis.
    TECH  Products & Product use.
    MGMT  Management & Marketing.
<
/TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 11 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 37 ==============================================
Transaction #:     37       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

Usr Interface:   Prob          Time Cmd Sent: 16:00:00
  Rec. Format:  Short      Time Cmd Complete: 13:43:27
Selec. Rec. #:      7

Boolean Indexes Used:

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   0 Organization   0 LCCN       0 Topic      0 Host Item
   0 Series         0 ISSN       0 Keyword    0 Conf

Boolean Conjunctions:

   Button 1: and   Button 2: OR    Button 3: or 
      Used?: No       Used?: No       Used?: No 

   # Keywords:      0   Error Code:      0
       # Hits:      0    Help Code:      0
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Associated Variable Length Text:

<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-9444</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CEGBFAFXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
07
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 MAY 92 / Technology: Androids on the march - Af
ter years on the breadline, modern robots are finding gainful employment in 
Europe </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
In the US f
ashion industry they call it 'localised abrasion' - the pre-worn
look for de
nim jeans produced by applying potassium permanganate solution to
the knee, 
thigh and seat areas.
The faded effect has traditionally been achieved throu
gh manual spraying,
but consistency and quality control have been hard to ac
hieve. Now GMFanuc
Robotics has perfected a robotic solution that is three t
imes faster than
manual spraying, can reproduce a spray pattern to an accura
cy of 0.03 inch,
and can be programmed easily to handle a wide range of garm
ents.
The system is a relatively simple example of recent trends in the indu
strial
robotics industry, which is trying to reduce its dependence on compar
atively
mature automotive markets and find new applications elsewhere.
It is
 a trend that is particularly important for robot suppliers in the
European 
market, where the overall penetration of robots into industry is
much lower 
than in Japan, and where a potentially huge market for
non-automotive applic
ations remains untapped.
According to Massimo Mattucci, vice president for e
ngineering and marketing
at Comau of Italy, around 50 per cent of industrial
 robots installed in
Europe are in use in the automotive industry and 20 per
 cent in electronics
 -the reverse of the situation in Japan.
'The automotiv
e industry has more or less understood the potential of
robots,' says Stelio
 Demark, head of ABB Robotics, Europe's largest
producer, although he stress
es, along with other robot industry executives,
the potential of robots in t
he paint-spraying and final assembly area of
European vehicle manufacturing.

The inherent flexibility of modern robots, and the advances made in control

systems and mechanics that have increased their speed and reliability, ough
t
to increase their suitability for small-batch manufacturing in Europe, whe
re
model changes are frequent.
Demark sees new opportunities for robots emer
ging in the European food,
packaging, pharmaceutical and white goods industr
ies.
But the pace at which European industry accepts robots will depend part
ly on
suppliers' ability to counter the mistrust caused by the hype of the 1
970s
and early 1980s, when the robot industry appeared to be carried away by

euphoria over business prospects.
There are other obstacles, too, for suppl
iers to surmount. In Japan, one of
the driving forces behind the growth in t
he industrial robot population to
274,210 in 1990 - nearly 10 times the popu
lation in the former West Germany
 -has been labour shortages.
'Everything h
as to come back to economic considerations,' says Axel
Gerhardt, an executiv
e board member of IWKA, the holding company for Kuka,
Germany's largest robo
t supplier. 'In Europe robots are used where it is
economical to do so. In J
apan the question is often whether to produce with
a robot or not to produce
 there at all.'
Mistakes have also been made in the installation of robots, 
for which the
suppliers and customers have to share the blame. 'People have 
tended to put
in a robot, then have an operator standing by watching,' says 
Demark. 'This
is a half-way house that I wouldn't recommend.'
Increasingly, 
robot suppliers are realising that if they are to make inroads
into the smal
l- and medium-sized businesses that still dominate European
industry - espec
ially outside the automotive sector  - they have to
understand better the cu
stomer's needs and worries.
'You have to enter into an economic calculation 
with the customer and
demonstrate the ability to find a solution,' says Matt
ucci.
That could mean being paid only for a feasibility study that comes dow
n
against the use of robots. But in the long run this approach makes more
se
nse for an industry that wants to broaden its customer base and maintain
its
 reputation.
Comau, which sells most of its robots as part of an integrated 
automation
package, is around 90 per cent dependent on the vehicle industry.
 Mattucci
wants to expand the remaining 10 per cent of the business to 30 pe
r cent
over the next five years by exploiting the group's strengths in robot
ics for
body-welding, mechanical assembly and difficult handling operations.

The Italian company's most ambitious step away from the automotive sector i
s
its involvement in the Columbus Automation and robotics Testbed (Cat)
prog
ramme financed by the European Space Agency. The ground testbed for the
auto
mation and robotics on board the projected Columbus Space Station will
incor
porate a new Comau robot using advanced materials such as aeronautical
alloy
s and composites.
A more-down-to earth approach to broadening the customer b
ase is in evidence
at GMFanuc, the US/Japanese concern which is the world's 
second biggest
supplier. The jean-spraying robot, developed in the US and no
w available in
the UK, offers a high return on investment with a payback of 
less than a
year, says Mike Wilson, the UK sales and marketing manager.
Robo
tics are also in their infancy in the European food industry, partly
because
 it has hitherto been difficult to turn a hose on to a robot to clean
it wit
hout ruining its electrical circuits. In January, GMFanuc launched its
'Wash
down' robot to conform to the strict hygiene requirements of the food
indust
ry and withstand all the chemical substances likely to be used in
washdown o
r wipedown procedures.
In the European electronics industry, robots are more
 frequent but
applications are still developing. Data Packaging, an Irish su
pplier of
plastic moulded components for the computer industry, recently ins
talled an
ABB Robotics painting cell to handle metallic paints used to provi
de an
attractive finish, and assist in electrical shielding, on parts for th
e
Apple Macintosh.
Metallic paints are hard to handle because they block sup
ply lines if not
kept flowing continuously. The ABB system programs the robo
t to fire the
spray gun if the system lays dormant for a given length of tim
e.
Advances such as these are often based on techniques originally developed

for the automotive industry, which is not being neglected in suppliers'
has
te to exploit other markets. A number of fairly recent technologies have
rel
evance to the use of robots in automotive and non-automotive fields.
Laser w
elding, says Wilson, is attracting interest in a number of
industries, inclu
ding aerospace, because of its precision and speed. Unlike
conventional spot
 welding, the robot does not have to reach both sides of
the part to be weld
ed.
Another emerging technology, especially when combined with robotics, is

water-jet cutting, which is likely to become increasingly important for
cutt
ing plastics quickly and cleanly. It is already being used in the
automotive
 industry for cutting carpets, door panels and instrument panels.
In both ar
eas robot suppliers are forming partnerships with companies which
have devel
oped the technologies so that they can exploit the opportunities
quicker. Co
mau has a co-operation agreement with Trumpf, the German machine
tool builde
r best-known for its laser-cutting machines, while last year ABB
Robotics fo
rmed a joint venture with Ingersoll-Rand of the US to develop and
market a r
obotised water-jet cutting system in Europe.
The search for a broader Europe
an customer base coincides with a much more
price-conscious attitude over th
e past two to three years among customers,
due as much to general business c
onditions as to scepticism about the early
claims made by robot suppliers.
S
uppliers are rationalising their product ranges to give customers what they

want and no more, but using developments in control systems to increase the

applications available from each model.
These conditions give advantages and
 disadvantages in more or less equal
measure to European suppliers and Japan
ese/US importers, which control one
third of the market. Demark and Mattucci
 strongly believe that the European
suppliers benefit from a approach based 
on solutions rather than products.
'The Japanese do not have the solutions f
or European needs,' says Mattucci
flatly. This is a view strongly disputed b
y the Japanese producers, but in a
price-sensitive market the the Japanese d
o have the advantage of size -
investment in control systems, in particular,
 can be spread over a bigger
sales base.
Ultimately, though, all the robot s
uppliers could benefit if they can
persuade more European companies of the b
enefits of robots. And that is
likely to be a gradual process where technolo
gy is only one factor in the
equation.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 38 ==============================================
Transaction #:     38       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

Usr Interface:   Prob          Time Cmd Sent: 16:00:00
  Rec. Format:  Short      Time Cmd Complete: 13:44:57
Selec. Rec. #:      7

Boolean Indexes Used:

   0 Author         0 Date       0 Rectype    0 X_Corp Author    0 Call #
   0 Title          0 Language   0 X_Author   0 Uniform Title
   0 Subject        0 ISBN       0 X_Title    0 X_Subject
   0 Organization   0 LCCN       0 Topic      0 Host Item
   0 Series         0 ISSN       0 Keyword    0 Conf

Boolean Conjunctions:

   Button 1: and   Button 2: OR    Button 3: or 
      Used?: No       Used?: No       Used?: No 

   # Keywords:      0   Error Code:      0
       # Hits:      0    Help Code:      0
  # Displayed:      0      Help ID:      0

Associated Variable Length Text:

<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-9444</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CEGBFAFXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
07
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 MAY 92 / Technology: Androids on the march - Af
ter years on the breadline, modern robots are finding gainful employment in 
Europe </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
In the US f
ashion industry they call it 'localised abrasion' - the pre-worn
look for de
nim jeans produced by applying potassium permanganate solution to
the knee, 
thigh and seat areas.
The faded effect has traditionally been achieved throu
gh manual spraying,
but consistency and quality control have been hard to ac
hieve. Now GMFanuc
Robotics has perfected a robotic solution that is three t
imes faster than
manual spraying, can reproduce a spray pattern to an accura
cy of 0.03 inch,
and can be programmed easily to handle a wide range of garm
ents.
The system is a relatively simple example of recent trends in the indu
strial
robotics industry, which is trying to reduce its dependence on compar
atively
mature automotive markets and find new applications elsewhere.
It is
 a trend that is particularly important for robot suppliers in the
European 
market, where the overall penetration of robots into industry is
much lower 
than in Japan, and where a potentially huge market for
non-automotive applic
ations remains untapped.
According to Massimo Mattucci, vice president for e
ngineering and marketing
at Comau of Italy, around 50 per cent of industrial
 robots installed in
Europe are in use in the automotive industry and 20 per
 cent in electronics
 -the reverse of the situation in Japan.
'The automotiv
e industry has more or less understood the potential of
robots,' says Stelio
 Demark, head of ABB Robotics, Europe's largest
producer, although he stress
es, along with other robot industry executives,
the potential of robots in t
he paint-spraying and final assembly area of
European vehicle manufacturing.

The inherent flexibility of modern robots, and the advances made in control

systems and mechanics that have increased their speed and reliability, ough
t
to increase their suitability for small-batch manufacturing in Europe, whe
re
model changes are frequent.
Demark sees new opportunities for robots emer
ging in the European food,
packaging, pharmaceutical and white goods industr
ies.
But the pace at which European industry accepts robots will depend part
ly on
suppliers' ability to counter the mistrust caused by the hype of the 1
970s
and early 1980s, when the robot industry appeared to be carried away by

euphoria over business prospects.
There are other obstacles, too, for suppl
iers to surmount. In Japan, one of
the driving forces behind the growth in t
he industrial robot population to
274,210 in 1990 - nearly 10 times the popu
lation in the former West Germany
 -has been labour shortages.
'Everything h
as to come back to economic considerations,' says Axel
Gerhardt, an executiv
e board member of IWKA, the holding company for Kuka,
Germany's largest robo
t supplier. 'In Europe robots are used where it is
economical to do so. In J
apan the question is often whether to produce with
a robot or not to produce
 there at all.'
Mistakes have also been made in the installation of robots, 
for which the
suppliers and customers have to share the blame. 'People have 
tended to put
in a robot, then have an operator standing by watching,' says 
Demark. 'This
is a half-way house that I wouldn't recommend.'
Increasingly, 
robot suppliers are realising that if they are to make inroads
into the smal
l- and medium-sized businesses that still dominate European
industry - espec
ially outside the automotive sector  - they have to
understand better the cu
stomer's needs and worries.
'You have to enter into an economic calculation 
with the customer and
demonstrate the ability to find a solution,' says Matt
ucci.
That could mean being paid only for a feasibility study that comes dow
n
against the use of robots. But in the long run this approach makes more
se
nse for an industry that wants to broaden its customer base and maintain
its
 reputation.
Comau, which sells most of its robots as part of an integrated 
automation
package, is around 90 per cent dependent on the vehicle industry.
 Mattucci
wants to expand the remaining 10 per cent of the business to 30 pe
r cent
over the next five years by exploiting the group's strengths in robot
ics for
body-welding, mechanical assembly and difficult handling operations.

The Italian company's most ambitious step away from the automotive sector i
s
its involvement in the Columbus Automation and robotics Testbed (Cat)
prog
ramme financed by the European Space Agency. The ground testbed for the
auto
mation and robotics on board the projected Columbus Space Station will
incor
porate a new Comau robot using advanced materials such as aeronautical
alloy
s and composites.
A more-down-to earth approach to broadening the customer b
ase is in evidence
at GMFanuc, the US/Japanese concern which is the world's 
second biggest
supplier. The jean-spraying robot, developed in the US and no
w available in
the UK, offers a high return on investment with a payback of 
less than a
year, says Mike Wilson, the UK sales and marketing manager.
Robo
tics are also in their infancy in the European food industry, partly
because
 it has hitherto been difficult to turn a hose on to a robot to clean
it wit
hout ruining its electrical circuits. In January, GMFanuc launched its
'Wash
down' robot to conform to the strict hygiene requirements of the food
indust
ry and withstand all the chemical substances likely to be used in
washdown o
r wipedown procedures.
In the European electronics industry, robots are more
 frequent but
applications are still developing. Data Packaging, an Irish su
pplier of
plastic moulded components for the computer industry, recently ins
talled an
ABB Robotics painting cell to handle metallic paints used to provi
de an
attractive finish, and assist in electrical shielding, on parts for th
e
Apple Macintosh.
Metallic paints are hard to handle because they block sup
ply lines if not
kept flowing continuously. The ABB system programs the robo
t to fire the
spray gun if the system lays dormant for a given length of tim
e.
Advances such as these are often based on techniques originally developed

for the automotive industry, which is not being neglected in suppliers'
has
te to exploit other markets. A number of fairly recent technologies have
rel
evance to the use of robots in automotive and non-automotive fields.
Laser w
elding, says Wilson, is attracting interest in a number of
industries, inclu
ding aerospace, because of its precision and speed. Unlike
conventional spot
 welding, the robot does not have to reach both sides of
the part to be weld
ed.
Another emerging technology, especially when combined with robotics, is

water-jet cutting, which is likely to become increasingly important for
cutt
ing plastics quickly and cleanly. It is already being used in the
automotive
 industry for cutting carpets, door panels and instrument panels.
In both ar
eas robot suppliers are forming partnerships with companies which
have devel
oped the technologies so that they can exploit the opportunities
quicker. Co
mau has a co-operation agreement with Trumpf, the German machine
tool builde
r best-known for its laser-cutting machines, while last year ABB
Robotics fo
rmed a joint venture with Ingersoll-Rand of the US to develop and
market a r
obotised water-jet cutting system in Europe.
The search for a broader Europe
an customer base coincides with a much more
price-conscious attitude over th
e past two to three years among customers,
due as much to general business c
onditions as to scepticism about the early
claims made by robot suppliers.
S
uppliers are rationalising their product ranges to give customers what they

want and no more, but using developments in control systems to increase the

applications available from each model.
These conditions give advantages and
 disadvantages in more or less equal
measure to European suppliers and Japan
ese/US importers, which control one
third of the market. Demark and Mattucci
 strongly believe that the European
suppliers benefit from a approach based 
on solutions rather than products.
'The Japanese do not have the solutions f
or European needs,' says Mattucci
flatly. This is a view strongly disputed b
y the Japanese producers, but in a
price-sensitive market the the Japanese d
o have the advantage of size -
investment in control systems, in particular,
 can be spread over a bigger
sales base.
Ultimately, though, all the robot s
uppliers could benefit if they can
persuade more European companies of the b
enefits of robots. And that is
likely to be a gradual process where technolo
gy is only one factor in the
equation.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 39 ==============================================
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</HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEVEN SONSINO </BYLINE>
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 as often as the cows themselves
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equipment, as m
ilking would be spread throughout the day, not compressed
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al early and late shifts.
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g system attached to
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The solut
ion appeared by accident. Hewit discovered a thermal imaging system
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ab from a previous project. Wondering whether this might distinguish
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ats from hot udders, the team tested it on cows on an Oxfordshire
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g stall, without the need for human guidance, it also picked out a
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ased with mastitis, which appeared black to the imaging system. The
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diagnostic imaging
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rugged enough and cheap enough for life on the farm. At present an e
ffective
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rried
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lieves unattended milking stalls will appear on the farm.
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n as they please or be called in by the tape-recorded
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lves.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 10 </PAGE>

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<TEXT>
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Mechanical Engineeri
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ab from a previous project. Wondering whether this might distinguish
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g stall, without the need for human guidance, it also picked out a
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<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 10 </PAGE>

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<TEXT>
For the last thre
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ng at the Loughborough University of Technology has been
looking at cows' ud
ders with more than a passing interest.
Talking to colleagues at the Agricul
tural and Food Research Council they
discovered that if cows could be milked
 as often as the cows themselves
wanted, milk production would increase.
The
 stress on the cows of being rounded up for milking would also be
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equipment, as m
ilking would be spread throughout the day, not compressed
into the tradition
al early and late shifts.
The Loughborough team has developed a robotic mach
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The solut
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ased with mastitis, which appeared black to the imaging system. The
cow's ow
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diagnostic imaging
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rugged enough and cheap enough for life on the farm. At present an e
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n as they please or be called in by the tape-recorded
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<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 10 </PAGE>

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============= Transaction # 55 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 56 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 57 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 58 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 59 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 60 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 61 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 62 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 63 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 64 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 65 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 66 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 67 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 68 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 69 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 70 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 71 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 72 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-1218</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BEHBSAARFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9105
08
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 MAY 91 / World Trade News: British companies re
ap benefits of Japanese markets - Their success owes much to a change in att
itude to doing business there </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By MICHIYO NAKAMOTO </
BYLINE>
<TEXT>
WHILE prominent US companies campaign for a bigger slice of t
he Japanese
market, a growing number of UK companies, both large and small, 
are quietly
reaping the benefits of success in what is arguably the world's 
most
competitive market.
Last year, UK exports to Japan rose 16 per cent to 
Pounds 2.63bn from Pounds
2.26bn in 1989, against an increase in overall imp
orts to Japan of 11.2 per
cent to Dollars 234.6bn (Pounds 138bn), according 
to the Japanese finance
ministry.
In the past three years, visible exports f
rom the UK to Japan rose by over
75 per cent, the UK Department of Trade and
 Industry says. The greater
headway British companies are beginning to make 
in Japan owes much to a
change in their attitude to doing business there, an
d an increasing
awareness of the wider benefits to be derived from being in 
the Japanese
market.
Market research commissioned by the DTI shows that 28 p
er cent of UK
companies surveyed saw Japan as their first or second most imp
ortant market,
against 13 per cent five years ago. The DTI says Japan has be
come the UK's
third biggest export market, after western Europe and the US.

Given that Japan has the highest per capita GDP among the Group of Seven
ind
ustrialised countries, it is not surprising that UK companies have made
stre
nuous efforts to break into the Japanese market. The success of British
comp
anies in Japan is not limited to the large companies such as Glaxo, or
even 
those with well-established marques either.
For example, Teknek Electronics,
 a small company making a precision machine
that cleans sheet materials in t
he printed circuit industry saw Japanese
sales grow by almost 500 per cent l
ast year. The group was able to do this
despite its major competitor in the 
market being a Japanese machine.
Solid State Logic is a relatively young com
pany which makes professional
audio equipment - another area where Japanese 
manufacturers are gaining
prominence. Yet in the 20 months since it set up i
ts Japanese subsidiary, it
has seen sales to Japan jump 60 per cent from Pou
nds 4m to Pounds 6.4m a
year.
Foseco, the specialty chemicals maker, acquire
d by Burmah Castrol at the end
of last year, has seen sales of its Japanese 
subsidiary surge from Y5.8bn
(Pounds 24.5m) in 1989 to Y6.2bn last year, up 
from Y4.3bn in 1986.
In the consumer market, Scholl, the footwear and health
 care products group,
last year sold 2.8m pairs of its 'healthy' support tig
hts in the first year
it introduced the product to the Japanese market. This
 was achieved despite
Scholl not being as much a brand name in Japan as in o
ther markets.
The rise in UK exports to Japan owes something to the gradual 
disappearance
of that country's visible trade barriers. But while the non-ta
riff barriers
to trade - the group-oriented trading practices, convoluted di
stribution
system and the generally inscrutable ways that have been blamed f
or keeping
foreigners out - still exist, the recent success of UK companies 
probably
stems largely from a new willingness to meet the Japanese market on
 its own,
highly-competitive terms.
'While we treated the Japanese market as
 any other market it was not a
success,' admits Sir Paul Girolami, chairman 
of Glaxo, one of the winners of
this year's Opportunity Japan Awards, a prog
ramme sponsored by the DTI in
recognition of UK companies especially success
ful in Japan. It was only
after taking boardroom decisions that Glaxo's Japa
nese business began to
grow, Sir Paul adds.
Many UK companies are themselves
 starting to preach that having a
high-quality product to offer, a high leve
l of commitment to the needs of a
specific market, an ability to respond eff
iciently to those needs, and an
understanding of the specific business cultu
re, are key ingredients to
success in Japan in particular, and the rest of t
he world in general.
'You have to understand the different philosophy,' says
 Mr Mark Sunderland,
commercial manager of Teknek Electronics. Teknek found 
being defensive about
a product problem was the wrong reaction.
'The Japanes
e end-user said that if we had told them the equipment would
have problems a
fter so many thousand hours, they would have worked around
it. Once they und
erstood what the problem was, we could work together to
overcome it. It was 
the surprise element that they found difficult to
accept.'
It takes a high d
egree of commitment to the market, preferably through
direct representation 
at a fairly high level, to attain that kind of
understanding.
'It may seem d
aunting, but in the long run it is the key to success,' says
Mr Sunderland. 
Teknek, which employs 38 people, has an executive sales
representative who s
pends three weeks out of four touring Japan and the
Pacific Rim.
What has en
couraged more and more UK companies to pay this kind of attention
to the nee
ds of the Japanese market and undergo the rigours of being there,
is the spr
eading realisation of the technological and disciplinary benefits
thus deriv
ed which filter through to their operations elsewhere.
Foseco, for example, 
licensed a new casting technique it had developed, to a
Japanese partner. Th
e Japanese company collaborated with Foseco in making
improvements to that t
echnique, which were so useful that Foseco is now
considering marketing the 
improvements in other countries.
Cut-throat price competition, another featu
re of the Japanese market,
imposes a cost discipline that is universally app
licable. 'It is a great
rarity for prices to increase in Japan,' according t
o Mr Martin Issot,
president of Foseco Japan.
'The western philosophy of ann
ual price increase is totally unknown. This
has had a good and continuing 'c
ompetitive' influence on central research
and development functions.'
The gr
oup's Japanese subsidiary sold its Sedex filters at a loss for one
year whil
e it set up local production to meet intense domestic price
competition.
It 
emerged from the ordeal with 55 per cent of the Japanese market, and a
reduc
tion in production costs that has brought the sales price down by 30
per cen
t. Foseco Japan now sells three times as many different types and
sizes of S
edex filters as any Foseco company.
Many UK companies in Japan also benefit 
from Japanese technological
advances. Bowthorpe, the diversified electrical 
components maker, says it
uses prime technology developed in Japan, particul
arly involving robots, in
other factories worldwide.
But the greatest benefi
t could be that companies successful in marketing a
particular product in Ja
pan find it easy to market that product in other
countries. 'The image that 
success in Japan can lead easily to success
elsewhere is very significant,' 
Mr Issot points out.
Sir David Plastow, chairman of Vickers, put it somewhat
 differently: 'If we
can't succeed there, we won't succeed at all.'
</TEXT>

<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 6 Photograph Sir Paul Gir
olami, boardroom decisions paid off (Omitted). </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 73 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-133</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BENBQAC2FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>91051
4
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 MAY 91 / Survey of Computers in Manufacturing (7
): Academia and industry forge tighter links - Research & Development </HEAD
LINE>
<BYLINE>    By MICHAEL KENWARD </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
BILL Hillier joined th
e Science and Engineering Research Council (Serc) six
years ago 'to see if I
 could help to get academia to work with industry'. He
moved from industry, 
Racal Redac, where he worked on computer-aided design,
to become the co-ordi
nator of the Acme research programme at the Serc's
headquarters in Swindon.

Acme stands for Applications of Computers in Manufacturing. Serc invests
abo
ut Pounds 7m a year through Acme in projects in universities and
polytechnic
s in Britain. These projects cover the whole range of computing
in manufactu
ring, from work on the control of robots, for example, through
computer-aide
d design to production management.
Mr Hillier says 'Acme activities emphasis
e research at universities into
real problems that are industrially relevant
.' The R & D is not, though,
day-to-day trouble shooting. Industry does not 
expect academia researchers
to provide immediate answers to short-term probl
ems. Mr Hillier says that
Acme hopes to support research that will deliver u
seful results within two
to five years.
In all, Acme supports something like
 135 projects. These range from small
grants for visiting fellowship to larg
e clubs with industry. The largest
grants are for about Pounds 350,000 for t
hree years.
Serc launched the Acme programme six years ago. Since then it ha
s awarded
grants worth a total that is approaching Pounds 40m. The work, on 
about 400
projects, is in four main areas; advanced production machines,
com
puter-aided engineering, manufacturing processes, and planning and
managemen
t.
In each Acme project, the Serc expects academic institutions to work clos
ely
with industrial partners. Industry may contribute financially to a proje
ct -
it adds an average 15 per cent to the Serc's contribution - but in many

cases, industry's contribution is not so much financial as in time and othe
r
resources. For example, companies sometimes provide materials for processi
ng
in university projects.
Acme's projects cover a wide range of industries.
 For example, the Control
and Robotics Group, part of the Department of Elec
tronic Engineering at the
university of Hull, is involved in several project
s with the shoe and
garment industries. The aim of this research is to devel
op automated
manufacturing processes.
In one research project at Hull, the g
roup is developing a robotic work cell
to assemble complete garments, in thi
s case underpants. Each cell would have
seven or eight machines performing a
 particular task on a garment before
passing it on to the next stage.
In the
 cell, robot vision system would recognise the parts and tell the
machines w
hat to do with them. A big problem with textiles is that the parts
are flexi
ble. This makes it difficult for an optical system to recognise the
shape. '
Pick up a dishcloth and it doesn't look like a rectangle at all,'
says Dr Ga
ynor Taylor, a researcher in the group.
The industrial collaborator is Corah
, a garment manufacturer that supplies
Marks and Spencer. The ultimate aim o
f this work is to develop a production
cell that can receive cut parts at on
e end and deliver finished garments
from the other. In their research, the H
ull group analyses the production
process a step at a time.
Another series o
f projects brings together researchers from the universities
of Durham and H
ull. Their industrial collaborator is British United Shoe
Machinery (BUSM).

Here the step-by-step approach is even more important because companies
maki
ng shoes are not accustomed to investing large amounts in machinery. So
the 
projects set out to automate individual steps of shoe production, with a
par
ticular emphasis on preparing the parts and sewing them together before
they
 go on the final manufacturing stages.
The aim of the project is not to deve
lop prototype machines, says Mr Taylor.
It is up to the machinery makers to 
develop commercial equipment.
The research at Durham and Hull has concentrat
ed on the use of electronic
vision and image recognition equipment and other
 technologies to develop
manufacturing and handling processes that do not ha
ve to be altered every
time a company changes the style of the shoes that it
 is making.
Mr David Reedman is on the receiving end of this research. He is
 manager of
research for BUSM. 'Universities and polytechnics are very good 
at research
but not at product development,' he says.
Mr Reedman believes th
at projects with academic researchers can tell a
manufacturer if a particula
r piece of technology will work in its industry.
'I ask 'Can I use this tech
nology in Shoe making?'' he says. 'A research
project which establishes quic
kly and efficiently that a new technology is
unsuitable is just as successfu
l, if not as acceptable, as one with a more
positive outcome.'
'What you get
 out of the university research is usually a model that
demonstrates some pr
inciple,' says Mr Reedman. It is then down to
development engineers to turn 
the idea into commercial products. Earlier
this month at a trade show in Ger
many, BUSM showed a prototype shoe
stitching machine based on its work with 
the university research teams.
Over the past five years, BUSM has benefited 
from grants totalling almost
Pounds 450,000 for work at the two universities
. 'I don't see how we can
survive without the research,' says Mr Reedman.
Ac
me supports a range of projects in the general area of computer aided
design
. Dr Bob Cripps at the university of Birmingham, works on the computer
model
ling of surfaces and how they behave in various manufacturing
processes. One
 such project involved collaboration with Austin Rover on a
phenomenon know 
as springback.
When a piece of flat steel is pressed into a complex shape, a
 car bonnet for
example, it takes up the exact shape of the press. But remov
e the pressure
and the shape changes slightly. In the past, getting the righ
t shape was
more a black art than a science, according to Dr Bob Cripps who 
worked on
the project.
The Birmingham team computerised the whole process of
 design manufacture of
complex components in an attempt to understand the ph
enomenon of springback.
The idea was to be able to predict exactly how much 
of a change in shape a
component would experience as it came out of a press.

The work at Birmingham achieved its goal, the researchers could predict the

amount of springback that would occur. However, in the process of
computeri
sing the manufacturing process, the problem of springback lessened.
Another 
task facing manufacturers is to move products around in factories.
In anothe
r Acme project, Professor Mike Brady of Oxford University has
developed an a
utomatic sensing system that can guide an unmanned vehicle
around a factory.

This Pounds 250,000 project, with four industrial collaborators including
G
EC and Thorn-EMI, has resulted in the development of a vehicle equipped
with
 a laser-rangefinder and ultrasonic position detection. Sensors feed
informa
tion into an on-board computer that can then pick a route around
unexpected 
obstacles.
Computerised hardware is an essential part of any manufacturing s
ystem.
There are, however, other issues facing the manufacturer who wants to

introduce new technology. This too is an area for academic research. Mr Mik
e
Gregory is pioneering a new area of research - for academia at least.
Ther
e is nothing new about research on the technology of manufacturing,
engineer
ing departments have been doing it since their beginnings.
Researchers have 
also studied the social impacts of new manufacturing
technology on the workp
lace, but they have yet to look seriously at the
management of manufacturing
.
Mr Gregory believes that before a company can develop a manufacturing
stra
tegy, it needs to undertake a manufacturing audit. Companies need to
design 
manufacturing systems that meet their business requirements. To
achieve this
, he says, 'We need more research into the interface between
organisations a
nd technology'.
More research is only of value if the results reach industry
. Mr Gregory's
work has led to a booklet called Competitive Manufacturing, t
hat is
published by the Department of Trade and Industry. There are, though,
 gaps
in the flow of information from R & D on computers in manufacturing.
T
he government's Advisory Council on Science and Technology (Acost)
highlight
ed these gaps in its recent report called Advanced Manufacturing
Technology.
 The report drew attention to the lack of co-ordination in the
various activ
ities in advanced manufacturing technology (AMT). 'The
aggregation of the di
spersed knowledge of AMT in the UK, both industrial and
academic, together w
ith the acquisition of international experience, can
offer individual compan
ies a valuable new resource,' says the report.
Professor Lionel Maunder of t
he university of Newcastle, chairman of Acost's
Engineering Technologies Com
mittee, hopes that this report will lead to the
creation of local centres wh
ere industry can seek information on advanced
manufacturing technologies. It
 has prompted the DTI to enter into discussion
with the Science and Engineer
ing Research Council on the issue.
Unfortunately, the Acme programme has bee
n hit by the shortage of funds
facing the Serc. The programme has to find sa
vings of some 15 per cent. This
will inevitably put pressure on the DTI's ow
n R & D programmes.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pa
ge IV Photograph BUSM's computer-controlled automatic roughing machine (Omit
ted). </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 74 ==============================================
Transaction #:     74       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-133</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BENBQAC2FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>91051
4
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 MAY 91 / Survey of Computers in Manufacturing (7
): Academia and industry forge tighter links - Research & Development </HEAD
LINE>
<BYLINE>    By MICHAEL KENWARD </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
BILL Hillier joined th
e Science and Engineering Research Council (Serc) six
years ago 'to see if I
 could help to get academia to work with industry'. He
moved from industry, 
Racal Redac, where he worked on computer-aided design,
to become the co-ordi
nator of the Acme research programme at the Serc's
headquarters in Swindon.

Acme stands for Applications of Computers in Manufacturing. Serc invests
abo
ut Pounds 7m a year through Acme in projects in universities and
polytechnic
s in Britain. These projects cover the whole range of computing
in manufactu
ring, from work on the control of robots, for example, through
computer-aide
d design to production management.
Mr Hillier says 'Acme activities emphasis
e research at universities into
real problems that are industrially relevant
.' The R & D is not, though,
day-to-day trouble shooting. Industry does not 
expect academia researchers
to provide immediate answers to short-term probl
ems. Mr Hillier says that
Acme hopes to support research that will deliver u
seful results within two
to five years.
In all, Acme supports something like
 135 projects. These range from small
grants for visiting fellowship to larg
e clubs with industry. The largest
grants are for about Pounds 350,000 for t
hree years.
Serc launched the Acme programme six years ago. Since then it ha
s awarded
grants worth a total that is approaching Pounds 40m. The work, on 
about 400
projects, is in four main areas; advanced production machines,
com
puter-aided engineering, manufacturing processes, and planning and
managemen
t.
In each Acme project, the Serc expects academic institutions to work clos
ely
with industrial partners. Industry may contribute financially to a proje
ct -
it adds an average 15 per cent to the Serc's contribution - but in many

cases, industry's contribution is not so much financial as in time and othe
r
resources. For example, companies sometimes provide materials for processi
ng
in university projects.
Acme's projects cover a wide range of industries.
 For example, the Control
and Robotics Group, part of the Department of Elec
tronic Engineering at the
university of Hull, is involved in several project
s with the shoe and
garment industries. The aim of this research is to devel
op automated
manufacturing processes.
In one research project at Hull, the g
roup is developing a robotic work cell
to assemble complete garments, in thi
s case underpants. Each cell would have
seven or eight machines performing a
 particular task on a garment before
passing it on to the next stage.
In the
 cell, robot vision system would recognise the parts and tell the
machines w
hat to do with them. A big problem with textiles is that the parts
are flexi
ble. This makes it difficult for an optical system to recognise the
shape. '
Pick up a dishcloth and it doesn't look like a rectangle at all,'
says Dr Ga
ynor Taylor, a researcher in the group.
The industrial collaborator is Corah
, a garment manufacturer that supplies
Marks and Spencer. The ultimate aim o
f this work is to develop a production
cell that can receive cut parts at on
e end and deliver finished garments
from the other. In their research, the H
ull group analyses the production
process a step at a time.
Another series o
f projects brings together researchers from the universities
of Durham and H
ull. Their industrial collaborator is British United Shoe
Machinery (BUSM).

Here the step-by-step approach is even more important because companies
maki
ng shoes are not accustomed to investing large amounts in machinery. So
the 
projects set out to automate individual steps of shoe production, with a
par
ticular emphasis on preparing the parts and sewing them together before
they
 go on the final manufacturing stages.
The aim of the project is not to deve
lop prototype machines, says Mr Taylor.
It is up to the machinery makers to 
develop commercial equipment.
The research at Durham and Hull has concentrat
ed on the use of electronic
vision and image recognition equipment and other
 technologies to develop
manufacturing and handling processes that do not ha
ve to be altered every
time a company changes the style of the shoes that it
 is making.
Mr David Reedman is on the receiving end of this research. He is
 manager of
research for BUSM. 'Universities and polytechnics are very good 
at research
but not at product development,' he says.
Mr Reedman believes th
at projects with academic researchers can tell a
manufacturer if a particula
r piece of technology will work in its industry.
'I ask 'Can I use this tech
nology in Shoe making?'' he says. 'A research
project which establishes quic
kly and efficiently that a new technology is
unsuitable is just as successfu
l, if not as acceptable, as one with a more
positive outcome.'
'What you get
 out of the university research is usually a model that
demonstrates some pr
inciple,' says Mr Reedman. It is then down to
development engineers to turn 
the idea into commercial products. Earlier
this month at a trade show in Ger
many, BUSM showed a prototype shoe
stitching machine based on its work with 
the university research teams.
Over the past five years, BUSM has benefited 
from grants totalling almost
Pounds 450,000 for work at the two universities
. 'I don't see how we can
survive without the research,' says Mr Reedman.
Ac
me supports a range of projects in the general area of computer aided
design
. Dr Bob Cripps at the university of Birmingham, works on the computer
model
ling of surfaces and how they behave in various manufacturing
processes. One
 such project involved collaboration with Austin Rover on a
phenomenon know 
as springback.
When a piece of flat steel is pressed into a complex shape, a
 car bonnet for
example, it takes up the exact shape of the press. But remov
e the pressure
and the shape changes slightly. In the past, getting the righ
t shape was
more a black art than a science, according to Dr Bob Cripps who 
worked on
the project.
The Birmingham team computerised the whole process of
 design manufacture of
complex components in an attempt to understand the ph
enomenon of springback.
The idea was to be able to predict exactly how much 
of a change in shape a
component would experience as it came out of a press.

The work at Birmingham achieved its goal, the researchers could predict the

amount of springback that would occur. However, in the process of
computeri
sing the manufacturing process, the problem of springback lessened.
Another 
task facing manufacturers is to move products around in factories.
In anothe
r Acme project, Professor Mike Brady of Oxford University has
developed an a
utomatic sensing system that can guide an unmanned vehicle
around a factory.

This Pounds 250,000 project, with four industrial collaborators including
G
EC and Thorn-EMI, has resulted in the development of a vehicle equipped
with
 a laser-rangefinder and ultrasonic position detection. Sensors feed
informa
tion into an on-board computer that can then pick a route around
unexpected 
obstacles.
Computerised hardware is an essential part of any manufacturing s
ystem.
There are, however, other issues facing the manufacturer who wants to

introduce new technology. This too is an area for academic research. Mr Mik
e
Gregory is pioneering a new area of research - for academia at least.
Ther
e is nothing new about research on the technology of manufacturing,
engineer
ing departments have been doing it since their beginnings.
Researchers have 
also studied the social impacts of new manufacturing
technology on the workp
lace, but they have yet to look seriously at the
management of manufacturing
.
Mr Gregory believes that before a company can develop a manufacturing
stra
tegy, it needs to undertake a manufacturing audit. Companies need to
design 
manufacturing systems that meet their business requirements. To
achieve this
, he says, 'We need more research into the interface between
organisations a
nd technology'.
More research is only of value if the results reach industry
. Mr Gregory's
work has led to a booklet called Competitive Manufacturing, t
hat is
published by the Department of Trade and Industry. There are, though,
 gaps
in the flow of information from R & D on computers in manufacturing.
T
he government's Advisory Council on Science and Technology (Acost)
highlight
ed these gaps in its recent report called Advanced Manufacturing
Technology.
 The report drew attention to the lack of co-ordination in the
various activ
ities in advanced manufacturing technology (AMT). 'The
aggregation of the di
spersed knowledge of AMT in the UK, both industrial and
academic, together w
ith the acquisition of international experience, can
offer individual compan
ies a valuable new resource,' says the report.
Professor Lionel Maunder of t
he university of Newcastle, chairman of Acost's
Engineering Technologies Com
mittee, hopes that this report will lead to the
creation of local centres wh
ere industry can seek information on advanced
manufacturing technologies. It
 has prompted the DTI to enter into discussion
with the Science and Engineer
ing Research Council on the issue.
Unfortunately, the Acme programme has bee
n hit by the shortage of funds
facing the Serc. The programme has to find sa
vings of some 15 per cent. This
will inevitably put pressure on the DTI's ow
n R & D programmes.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pa
ge IV Photograph BUSM's computer-controlled automatic roughing machine (Omit
ted). </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 75 ==============================================
Transaction #:     75       Transaction Code:  15 (Terms Cleared)          

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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============= Transaction # 76 ==============================================
Transaction #:     76       Transaction Code:   6 (Direct Rank Search)     

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zfind "(topic @ {recent robotic technology})"

============= Transaction # 77 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 78 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-9444</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CEGBFAFXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
07
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 MAY 92 / Technology: Androids on the march - Af
ter years on the breadline, modern robots are finding gainful employment in 
Europe </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
In the US f
ashion industry they call it 'localised abrasion' - the pre-worn
look for de
nim jeans produced by applying potassium permanganate solution to
the knee, 
thigh and seat areas.
The faded effect has traditionally been achieved throu
gh manual spraying,
but consistency and quality control have been hard to ac
hieve. Now GMFanuc
Robotics has perfected a robotic solution that is three t
imes faster than
manual spraying, can reproduce a spray pattern to an accura
cy of 0.03 inch,
and can be programmed easily to handle a wide range of garm
ents.
The system is a relatively simple example of recent trends in the indu
strial
robotics industry, which is trying to reduce its dependence on compar
atively
mature automotive markets and find new applications elsewhere.
It is
 a trend that is particularly important for robot suppliers in the
European 
market, where the overall penetration of robots into industry is
much lower 
than in Japan, and where a potentially huge market for
non-automotive applic
ations remains untapped.
According to Massimo Mattucci, vice president for e
ngineering and marketing
at Comau of Italy, around 50 per cent of industrial
 robots installed in
Europe are in use in the automotive industry and 20 per
 cent in electronics
 -the reverse of the situation in Japan.
'The automotiv
e industry has more or less understood the potential of
robots,' says Stelio
 Demark, head of ABB Robotics, Europe's largest
producer, although he stress
es, along with other robot industry executives,
the potential of robots in t
he paint-spraying and final assembly area of
European vehicle manufacturing.

The inherent flexibility of modern robots, and the advances made in control

systems and mechanics that have increased their speed and reliability, ough
t
to increase their suitability for small-batch manufacturing in Europe, whe
re
model changes are frequent.
Demark sees new opportunities for robots emer
ging in the European food,
packaging, pharmaceutical and white goods industr
ies.
But the pace at which European industry accepts robots will depend part
ly on
suppliers' ability to counter the mistrust caused by the hype of the 1
970s
and early 1980s, when the robot industry appeared to be carried away by

euphoria over business prospects.
There are other obstacles, too, for suppl
iers to surmount. In Japan, one of
the driving forces behind the growth in t
he industrial robot population to
274,210 in 1990 - nearly 10 times the popu
lation in the former West Germany
 -has been labour shortages.
'Everything h
as to come back to economic considerations,' says Axel
Gerhardt, an executiv
e board member of IWKA, the holding company for Kuka,
Germany's largest robo
t supplier. 'In Europe robots are used where it is
economical to do so. In J
apan the question is often whether to produce with
a robot or not to produce
 there at all.'
Mistakes have also been made in the installation of robots, 
for which the
suppliers and customers have to share the blame. 'People have 
tended to put
in a robot, then have an operator standing by watching,' says 
Demark. 'This
is a half-way house that I wouldn't recommend.'
Increasingly, 
robot suppliers are realising that if they are to make inroads
into the smal
l- and medium-sized businesses that still dominate European
industry - espec
ially outside the automotive sector  - they have to
understand better the cu
stomer's needs and worries.
'You have to enter into an economic calculation 
with the customer and
demonstrate the ability to find a solution,' says Matt
ucci.
That could mean being paid only for a feasibility study that comes dow
n
against the use of robots. But in the long run this approach makes more
se
nse for an industry that wants to broaden its customer base and maintain
its
 reputation.
Comau, which sells most of its robots as part of an integrated 
automation
package, is around 90 per cent dependent on the vehicle industry.
 Mattucci
wants to expand the remaining 10 per cent of the business to 30 pe
r cent
over the next five years by exploiting the group's strengths in robot
ics for
body-welding, mechanical assembly and difficult handling operations.

The Italian company's most ambitious step away from the automotive sector i
s
its involvement in the Columbus Automation and robotics Testbed (Cat)
prog
ramme financed by the European Space Agency. The ground testbed for the
auto
mation and robotics on board the projected Columbus Space Station will
incor
porate a new Comau robot using advanced materials such as aeronautical
alloy
s and composites.
A more-down-to earth approach to broadening the customer b
ase is in evidence
at GMFanuc, the US/Japanese concern which is the world's 
second biggest
supplier. The jean-spraying robot, developed in the US and no
w available in
the UK, offers a high return on investment with a payback of 
less than a
year, says Mike Wilson, the UK sales and marketing manager.
Robo
tics are also in their infancy in the European food industry, partly
because
 it has hitherto been difficult to turn a hose on to a robot to clean
it wit
hout ruining its electrical circuits. In January, GMFanuc launched its
'Wash
down' robot to conform to the strict hygiene requirements of the food
indust
ry and withstand all the chemical substances likely to be used in
washdown o
r wipedown procedures.
In the European electronics industry, robots are more
 frequent but
applications are still developing. Data Packaging, an Irish su
pplier of
plastic moulded components for the computer industry, recently ins
talled an
ABB Robotics painting cell to handle metallic paints used to provi
de an
attractive finish, and assist in electrical shielding, on parts for th
e
Apple Macintosh.
Metallic paints are hard to handle because they block sup
ply lines if not
kept flowing continuously. The ABB system programs the robo
t to fire the
spray gun if the system lays dormant for a given length of tim
e.
Advances such as these are often based on techniques originally developed

for the automotive industry, which is not being neglected in suppliers'
has
te to exploit other markets. A number of fairly recent technologies have
rel
evance to the use of robots in automotive and non-automotive fields.
Laser w
elding, says Wilson, is attracting interest in a number of
industries, inclu
ding aerospace, because of its precision and speed. Unlike
conventional spot
 welding, the robot does not have to reach both sides of
the part to be weld
ed.
Another emerging technology, especially when combined with robotics, is

water-jet cutting, which is likely to become increasingly important for
cutt
ing plastics quickly and cleanly. It is already being used in the
automotive
 industry for cutting carpets, door panels and instrument panels.
In both ar
eas robot suppliers are forming partnerships with companies which
have devel
oped the technologies so that they can exploit the opportunities
quicker. Co
mau has a co-operation agreement with Trumpf, the German machine
tool builde
r best-known for its laser-cutting machines, while last year ABB
Robotics fo
rmed a joint venture with Ingersoll-Rand of the US to develop and
market a r
obotised water-jet cutting system in Europe.
The search for a broader Europe
an customer base coincides with a much more
price-conscious attitude over th
e past two to three years among customers,
due as much to general business c
onditions as to scepticism about the early
claims made by robot suppliers.
S
uppliers are rationalising their product ranges to give customers what they

want and no more, but using developments in control systems to increase the

applications available from each model.
These conditions give advantages and
 disadvantages in more or less equal
measure to European suppliers and Japan
ese/US importers, which control one
third of the market. Demark and Mattucci
 strongly believe that the European
suppliers benefit from a approach based 
on solutions rather than products.
'The Japanese do not have the solutions f
or European needs,' says Mattucci
flatly. This is a view strongly disputed b
y the Japanese producers, but in a
price-sensitive market the the Japanese d
o have the advantage of size -
investment in control systems, in particular,
 can be spread over a bigger
sales base.
Ultimately, though, all the robot s
uppliers could benefit if they can
persuade more European companies of the b
enefits of robots. And that is
likely to be a gradual process where technolo
gy is only one factor in the
equation.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 79 ==============================================
Transaction #:     79       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-9444</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CEGBFAFXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
07
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 MAY 92 / Technology: Androids on the march - Af
ter years on the breadline, modern robots are finding gainful employment in 
Europe </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
In the US f
ashion industry they call it 'localised abrasion' - the pre-worn
look for de
nim jeans produced by applying potassium permanganate solution to
the knee, 
thigh and seat areas.
The faded effect has traditionally been achieved throu
gh manual spraying,
but consistency and quality control have been hard to ac
hieve. Now GMFanuc
Robotics has perfected a robotic solution that is three t
imes faster than
manual spraying, can reproduce a spray pattern to an accura
cy of 0.03 inch,
and can be programmed easily to handle a wide range of garm
ents.
The system is a relatively simple example of recent trends in the indu
strial
robotics industry, which is trying to reduce its dependence on compar
atively
mature automotive markets and find new applications elsewhere.
It is
 a trend that is particularly important for robot suppliers in the
European 
market, where the overall penetration of robots into industry is
much lower 
than in Japan, and where a potentially huge market for
non-automotive applic
ations remains untapped.
According to Massimo Mattucci, vice president for e
ngineering and marketing
at Comau of Italy, around 50 per cent of industrial
 robots installed in
Europe are in use in the automotive industry and 20 per
 cent in electronics
 -the reverse of the situation in Japan.
'The automotiv
e industry has more or less understood the potential of
robots,' says Stelio
 Demark, head of ABB Robotics, Europe's largest
producer, although he stress
es, along with other robot industry executives,
the potential of robots in t
he paint-spraying and final assembly area of
European vehicle manufacturing.

The inherent flexibility of modern robots, and the advances made in control

systems and mechanics that have increased their speed and reliability, ough
t
to increase their suitability for small-batch manufacturing in Europe, whe
re
model changes are frequent.
Demark sees new opportunities for robots emer
ging in the European food,
packaging, pharmaceutical and white goods industr
ies.
But the pace at which European industry accepts robots will depend part
ly on
suppliers' ability to counter the mistrust caused by the hype of the 1
970s
and early 1980s, when the robot industry appeared to be carried away by

euphoria over business prospects.
There are other obstacles, too, for suppl
iers to surmount. In Japan, one of
the driving forces behind the growth in t
he industrial robot population to
274,210 in 1990 - nearly 10 times the popu
lation in the former West Germany
 -has been labour shortages.
'Everything h
as to come back to economic considerations,' says Axel
Gerhardt, an executiv
e board member of IWKA, the holding company for Kuka,
Germany's largest robo
t supplier. 'In Europe robots are used where it is
economical to do so. In J
apan the question is often whether to produce with
a robot or not to produce
 there at all.'
Mistakes have also been made in the installation of robots, 
for which the
suppliers and customers have to share the blame. 'People have 
tended to put
in a robot, then have an operator standing by watching,' says 
Demark. 'This
is a half-way house that I wouldn't recommend.'
Increasingly, 
robot suppliers are realising that if they are to make inroads
into the smal
l- and medium-sized businesses that still dominate European
industry - espec
ially outside the automotive sector  - they have to
understand better the cu
stomer's needs and worries.
'You have to enter into an economic calculation 
with the customer and
demonstrate the ability to find a solution,' says Matt
ucci.
That could mean being paid only for a feasibility study that comes dow
n
against the use of robots. But in the long run this approach makes more
se
nse for an industry that wants to broaden its customer base and maintain
its
 reputation.
Comau, which sells most of its robots as part of an integrated 
automation
package, is around 90 per cent dependent on the vehicle industry.
 Mattucci
wants to expand the remaining 10 per cent of the business to 30 pe
r cent
over the next five years by exploiting the group's strengths in robot
ics for
body-welding, mechanical assembly and difficult handling operations.

The Italian company's most ambitious step away from the automotive sector i
s
its involvement in the Columbus Automation and robotics Testbed (Cat)
prog
ramme financed by the European Space Agency. The ground testbed for the
auto
mation and robotics on board the projected Columbus Space Station will
incor
porate a new Comau robot using advanced materials such as aeronautical
alloy
s and composites.
A more-down-to earth approach to broadening the customer b
ase is in evidence
at GMFanuc, the US/Japanese concern which is the world's 
second biggest
supplier. The jean-spraying robot, developed in the US and no
w available in
the UK, offers a high return on investment with a payback of 
less than a
year, says Mike Wilson, the UK sales and marketing manager.
Robo
tics are also in their infancy in the European food industry, partly
because
 it has hitherto been difficult to turn a hose on to a robot to clean
it wit
hout ruining its electrical circuits. In January, GMFanuc launched its
'Wash
down' robot to conform to the strict hygiene requirements of the food
indust
ry and withstand all the chemical substances likely to be used in
washdown o
r wipedown procedures.
In the European electronics industry, robots are more
 frequent but
applications are still developing. Data Packaging, an Irish su
pplier of
plastic moulded components for the computer industry, recently ins
talled an
ABB Robotics painting cell to handle metallic paints used to provi
de an
attractive finish, and assist in electrical shielding, on parts for th
e
Apple Macintosh.
Metallic paints are hard to handle because they block sup
ply lines if not
kept flowing continuously. The ABB system programs the robo
t to fire the
spray gun if the system lays dormant for a given length of tim
e.
Advances such as these are often based on techniques originally developed

for the automotive industry, which is not being neglected in suppliers'
has
te to exploit other markets. A number of fairly recent technologies have
rel
evance to the use of robots in automotive and non-automotive fields.
Laser w
elding, says Wilson, is attracting interest in a number of
industries, inclu
ding aerospace, because of its precision and speed. Unlike
conventional spot
 welding, the robot does not have to reach both sides of
the part to be weld
ed.
Another emerging technology, especially when combined with robotics, is

water-jet cutting, which is likely to become increasingly important for
cutt
ing plastics quickly and cleanly. It is already being used in the
automotive
 industry for cutting carpets, door panels and instrument panels.
In both ar
eas robot suppliers are forming partnerships with companies which
have devel
oped the technologies so that they can exploit the opportunities
quicker. Co
mau has a co-operation agreement with Trumpf, the German machine
tool builde
r best-known for its laser-cutting machines, while last year ABB
Robotics fo
rmed a joint venture with Ingersoll-Rand of the US to develop and
market a r
obotised water-jet cutting system in Europe.
The search for a broader Europe
an customer base coincides with a much more
price-conscious attitude over th
e past two to three years among customers,
due as much to general business c
onditions as to scepticism about the early
claims made by robot suppliers.
S
uppliers are rationalising their product ranges to give customers what they

want and no more, but using developments in control systems to increase the

applications available from each model.
These conditions give advantages and
 disadvantages in more or less equal
measure to European suppliers and Japan
ese/US importers, which control one
third of the market. Demark and Mattucci
 strongly believe that the European
suppliers benefit from a approach based 
on solutions rather than products.
'The Japanese do not have the solutions f
or European needs,' says Mattucci
flatly. This is a view strongly disputed b
y the Japanese producers, but in a
price-sensitive market the the Japanese d
o have the advantage of size -
investment in control systems, in particular,
 can be spread over a bigger
sales base.
Ultimately, though, all the robot s
uppliers could benefit if they can
persuade more European companies of the b
enefits of robots. And that is
likely to be a gradual process where technolo
gy is only one factor in the
equation.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 80 ==============================================
Transaction #:     80       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4414</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (6): Machines are now used for tasks beyond spot welding - Robots </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROBOTS have become an e
stablished part of the vehicle manufacturing scene
over the past 15 years. T
he motor industry accounts for as much as 40 per
cent of the 450,000 install
ed industrial robots worldwide but their use is
changing and applications ar
e expanding.
The traditional picture of long lines of robots each making bil
lions of spot
welds on car bodies in a working life of eight to 10 years is 
still true,
but only half the story. Those same welding robots are as likely
 to be
grouped in flexible manufacturing cells and capable of handling a wid
e range
of models in quick succession.
At the same time, smaller robots are 
increasingly being used in engine
assembly, where their ability to do qualit
y, repetitive work with a
precision of 1/100th of a millimetre is much in de
mand. Robots are being
used in final assembly work and paint spraying, and s
uppliers hope to be
able to develop these markets now that the technology ha
s been proven.
There is an emerging trend for robots to be used in automotiv
e
sub-contracting, prompted by the vehicle manufacturers' need to be as
conf
ident in the consistency and quality of out-sourced components as for
their 
own work.
The shorter lives of car models, prompted by increased competition
 in the
industry and the Japanese producers' early efforts to reduce product

development times, are changing the use and design of robots.
The tradition
al practice of replacing a robot after two model cycles may
have been approp
riate when each car model was lasting six to eight years.
But with model liv
es reduced to three to four years, users want to keep
their robots for furth
er models, and thus want increased flexibility,
according to Dr Axel Gerhard
t, a senior board member at the holding company
for Kuka, Germany's largest 
robot supplier.
Many of the latest trends in the use of robotics originated 
in Japan where
labour shortages have spurred much greater penetration of rob
ots into
industry overall compared with Europe and the US. But robot supplie
rs such
as ABB Robotics, the largest in Europe, believe the European automot
ive
industry is as enthusiastic a user of robotic automation as its Japanese

counterpart.
However, some of the more recent applications of robots are le
ss prevalent
in Europe, giving an opportunity to suppliers if they can convi
nce producers
of the economic benefits. There are national variations too: t
he UK is a
long way behind the US and the rest of Europe in the use of robot
s in the
paint shop, says Mr Mike Wilson, UK sales and marketing director at
 GMFanuc
Robotics.
The versatility of modern industrial robots for tasks tha
t go beyond spot
welding is illustrated by Kuka's involvement in final assem
bly of the
Citroen XM. Following painting, robots dismount the doors and tai
lgate, with
the aid of sensors, for completion on separate trim lines; the c
ockpit is
picked up by robot from an automatic guided vehicle, inserted thro
ugh the
door and then bolted to the body by a second robot.
Robots are used 
for applying the adhesive sealants and for fitting the glass
exactly into th
e body aperture with the aid of ultrasonic scanners; seats
are inserted by r
obot after measuring the exact position of the body by
means of tactile sens
ors, wheels are mounted and doors and tailgate
refitted.
Some of these tasks
 are difficult for robots because of the nature of final
assembly. Robots ar
e having to operate in a less structured environment,
says Mr Wilson, and de
al with less defined objects such as seats.
Another problem, at least outsid
e Japan, is that labour is available and
costs less than in skilled manufact
uring areas. So robot suppliers have to
find applications that create added 
value, says Mr Stelio Demark, head of
ABB Robotics.
There are still opportun
ities for greater use of robots further up the
production line. Relatively n
ew processes such as laser-cutting and
water-jet cutting are likely to becom
e more prevalent, in association with
robots, especially for working with pl
astics and new advanced composites.
Mr Demark sees a substantial increase in
 automated arc-welding in the
automotive industry and sub-suppliers. And Com
au, the Italian robotics and
systems group, expects some interesting investm
ents in the body area,
prompted by the increased need for new models, accord
ing to Mr Massimo
Mattucci, vice-president for engineering and marketing.
In
 paint spraying, says Mr Demark, robots have hardly scratched the surface.
L
ast year, ABB strengthened its position in the robotic painting market with

the acquisition of Graco in the US, but GMFanuc, a US/Japanese concern, and

Behr of Germany have strong positions.
The flexibility of robots to handle m
odel changes will be the key to their
further implementation in the car body
 area. In engine and transmission
production, robots are becoming better est
ablished, and Mr Mattucci suggests
a new generation of engines prompted by t
ougher environmental regulations
could be the spur to further investment in 
robots.
However, an increasing portion of business for robot suppliers seems
 likely
to come from refurbishment of existing robots rather than new purcha
ses as
customers seek maximum value from their manufacturing investments.
In
 the past three or four years, this has been a growing trend of robot
refitt
ing and modification in the motor industry, carried out during model
changeo
vers and restoring robots to previous levels of accuracy and
productivity.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page III </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 81 ==============================================
Transaction #:     81       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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Associated Variable Length Text:

<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4414</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (6): Machines are now used for tasks beyond spot welding - Robots </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROBOTS have become an e
stablished part of the vehicle manufacturing scene
over the past 15 years. T
he motor industry accounts for as much as 40 per
cent of the 450,000 install
ed industrial robots worldwide but their use is
changing and applications ar
e expanding.
The traditional picture of long lines of robots each making bil
lions of spot
welds on car bodies in a working life of eight to 10 years is 
still true,
but only half the story. Those same welding robots are as likely
 to be
grouped in flexible manufacturing cells and capable of handling a wid
e range
of models in quick succession.
At the same time, smaller robots are 
increasingly being used in engine
assembly, where their ability to do qualit
y, repetitive work with a
precision of 1/100th of a millimetre is much in de
mand. Robots are being
used in final assembly work and paint spraying, and s
uppliers hope to be
able to develop these markets now that the technology ha
s been proven.
There is an emerging trend for robots to be used in automotiv
e
sub-contracting, prompted by the vehicle manufacturers' need to be as
conf
ident in the consistency and quality of out-sourced components as for
their 
own work.
The shorter lives of car models, prompted by increased competition
 in the
industry and the Japanese producers' early efforts to reduce product

development times, are changing the use and design of robots.
The tradition
al practice of replacing a robot after two model cycles may
have been approp
riate when each car model was lasting six to eight years.
But with model liv
es reduced to three to four years, users want to keep
their robots for furth
er models, and thus want increased flexibility,
according to Dr Axel Gerhard
t, a senior board member at the holding company
for Kuka, Germany's largest 
robot supplier.
Many of the latest trends in the use of robotics originated 
in Japan where
labour shortages have spurred much greater penetration of rob
ots into
industry overall compared with Europe and the US. But robot supplie
rs such
as ABB Robotics, the largest in Europe, believe the European automot
ive
industry is as enthusiastic a user of robotic automation as its Japanese

counterpart.
However, some of the more recent applications of robots are le
ss prevalent
in Europe, giving an opportunity to suppliers if they can convi
nce producers
of the economic benefits. There are national variations too: t
he UK is a
long way behind the US and the rest of Europe in the use of robot
s in the
paint shop, says Mr Mike Wilson, UK sales and marketing director at
 GMFanuc
Robotics.
The versatility of modern industrial robots for tasks tha
t go beyond spot
welding is illustrated by Kuka's involvement in final assem
bly of the
Citroen XM. Following painting, robots dismount the doors and tai
lgate, with
the aid of sensors, for completion on separate trim lines; the c
ockpit is
picked up by robot from an automatic guided vehicle, inserted thro
ugh the
door and then bolted to the body by a second robot.
Robots are used 
for applying the adhesive sealants and for fitting the glass
exactly into th
e body aperture with the aid of ultrasonic scanners; seats
are inserted by r
obot after measuring the exact position of the body by
means of tactile sens
ors, wheels are mounted and doors and tailgate
refitted.
Some of these tasks
 are difficult for robots because of the nature of final
assembly. Robots ar
e having to operate in a less structured environment,
says Mr Wilson, and de
al with less defined objects such as seats.
Another problem, at least outsid
e Japan, is that labour is available and
costs less than in skilled manufact
uring areas. So robot suppliers have to
find applications that create added 
value, says Mr Stelio Demark, head of
ABB Robotics.
There are still opportun
ities for greater use of robots further up the
production line. Relatively n
ew processes such as laser-cutting and
water-jet cutting are likely to becom
e more prevalent, in association with
robots, especially for working with pl
astics and new advanced composites.
Mr Demark sees a substantial increase in
 automated arc-welding in the
automotive industry and sub-suppliers. And Com
au, the Italian robotics and
systems group, expects some interesting investm
ents in the body area,
prompted by the increased need for new models, accord
ing to Mr Massimo
Mattucci, vice-president for engineering and marketing.
In
 paint spraying, says Mr Demark, robots have hardly scratched the surface.
L
ast year, ABB strengthened its position in the robotic painting market with

the acquisition of Graco in the US, but GMFanuc, a US/Japanese concern, and

Behr of Germany have strong positions.
The flexibility of robots to handle m
odel changes will be the key to their
further implementation in the car body
 area. In engine and transmission
production, robots are becoming better est
ablished, and Mr Mattucci suggests
a new generation of engines prompted by t
ougher environmental regulations
could be the spur to further investment in 
robots.
However, an increasing portion of business for robot suppliers seems
 likely
to come from refurbishment of existing robots rather than new purcha
ses as
customers seek maximum value from their manufacturing investments.
In
 the past three or four years, this has been a growing trend of robot
refitt
ing and modification in the motor industry, carried out during model
changeo
vers and restoring robots to previous levels of accuracy and
productivity.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page III </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 82 ==============================================
Transaction #:     82       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-4691</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DIHB8ABGFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9309
08
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 SEP 93 / World Trade News: ABB robots deal with
 GM Europe </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ABB Rob
otics, part of Asea Brown Boveri, has won a 'breakthrough' order
worth nearl
y Dollars 20m to supply more than 200 industrial robots to
General Motors Eu
rope.
The deal is ABB Robotics' first European order from GM, which has prev
iously
bought most of its robots from its former joint venture company, GMFa
nuc
Robotics.
Last year, however, GM sold its 50 per cent stake in GMFanuc t
o its partner,
Fanuc of Japan, as part of its strategy to concentrate on its
 core business
of vehicle production.
The robots are part of substantial inv
estments by GM at its plants in
Belgium, Germany, Sweden and the UK. At leas
t 120 of the robots ABB is
supplying will go to the Vauxhall Motors plant in
 Luton.
Most of the robots will be delivered next year, and will be mainly u
sed for
spot welding. ABB Robotics said the performance and cost efficiency 
of its
product line were key factors in winning the order against fierce Jap
anese
competition.
ABB Robotics' and the renamed Fanuc Robotics are the two 
biggest suppliers
of robots to European industry. Over the past decade, the 
automotive
industry has been the largest customer for industrial robots. It 
remains
important to the robot industry even if growth opportunities are hig
her in
less robotised industrial sectors such as the food industry.
</TEXT>

<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>ABB Robotics.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>BE
Z  Belgium, EC.
    DEZ  Germany, EC.
    SEZ  Sweden, West Europe.
    GBZ 
 United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industr
ial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Contracts.
</TP>
<PUB
>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 83 ==============================================
Transaction #:     83       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-18195</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EJED5AA3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>941
005
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 OCT 94 / Industrial robots 'set to soar by one
 third': Potential for expansion enormous, says report </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE> 
   By FRANCES WILLIAMS </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    GENEVA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
The
 world's industrial robot population is forecast to soar by more than a
thir
d over the four years to 1997, according to a report published by the
United
 Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the International
Federation of 
Robotics yesterday.*
The report, the first in an annual series, says sagging
 growth in robot
investment bottomed out in 1993 and numbers are set to jump
 from 610,000 at
the end of last year to more than 830,000 by the end of 199
7. Annual sales
are predicted to rise from about 54,000 units in 1993 to mor
e than 103,000
units in 1997.
Japan accounts for more than half the world's 
robot stock, equivalent to 325
robots for every 10,000 manufacturing workers
. It is followed by Singapore
(109), Sweden (73), Italy (70) and Germany (62
).
Use of robots is most widespread in the motor vehicle industry, which
acc
ounts for between a third and more than one-half of robots in use in
countri
es such as France, Poland, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan and
Britain.
Tho
ugh Japan now has the highest number of robots in the electrical and
electro
nic industry, it remains the world leader by far in the use of robots
for ve
hicle manufacture.
In the transport equipment sector, which includes motor v
ehicles, Japan has
1,000 robots for every 10,000 workers, compared with 167 
in Sweden, 110 in
France and 63 in Britain.
In most countries, especially th
ose with big motor vehicle industries,
robots are used most frequently for w
elding.
But in some countries machining is the most common application. In J
apan 40
per cent of the robot stock is used for assembly, reflecting the lar
ge-scale
use of robots in the electronic sector.
The potential for expansion
 of robotics is enormous. Numbers would explode
if other industrialised coun
tries were to reach Japan's robot densities and
if industry in general were 
to reach only half the robot density of the
motor vehicle sector.
If all ind
ustries in France and Britain had half as many robots as the motor
industry 
in these countries, the robot stock would more than double. If it
reached ha
lf the density of the Japanese motor vehicle industry, it would
increase mor
e than 20-fold.
*World Industrial Robots 1994: Statistics 1983-93 and foreca
sts to 1997.
Sales No. GV. E94.0.24, UN Sales section, Palais des Nations, C
H-1211 Geneva
10, Dollars 120.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CHZ  Switz
erland, West Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industr
ial Machinery, NEC.
    P3548 Welding Apparatus.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<T
P>MKTS  Market shares.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financia
l Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 84 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-2950</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DIPCOAC9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9309
16
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 SEP 93 / Technology: A robot that makes the cof
fee </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By VICTORIA GRIFFITH </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Science fi
ction often features machines which respond obediently to orders
barked out 
by humans. In the imaginary world, robots fetch slippers, cook
dinner and pe
rform the role of high-technology 'slaves'.
A robot which can perform comple
x tasks still exists only in the realm of
dreams, but scientists say we may 
not be far from the day when we can wake
up, shout out 'Temperature 72`F] Co
ffee-maker on] Toaster on]' and get up 15
minutes later to a warm house, fre
sh coffee and breakfast.
What might make this dream reality is the developme
nt of 'voice-recognition'
technology, which enables machines to understand s
poken commands. Bringing
voice-activated devices to the mass market is the m
ission of Voice Powered
Technology. The group already produces a VCR program
mer which operates by
voice command, and will launch another speech-activate
d device, a
'date-reminder', in the autumn.
Just how many people will prefer
 to use their voice instead of their fingers
in operating home appliances is
 not yet certain, but the new VCR programmer
has caught the attention of Phi
lips Consumer Electronics.
The US subsidiary of the Dutch electronics giant 
has contracted with Voice
Powered Technology to use the voice-activated prog
ramming device in two of
its Magnavox VCR models, and as a stand-alone remot
e control accessory.
'An overwhelming number of consumers still have trouble
 programming their
VCRs,' says Jim Newbrough, vice-president of marketing at
 Philips, 'and the
use of voice enables us to differentiate our products.' T
he VCR programmer
prompts the user by flashing questions on the television s
creen. In response
to the question 'Which?', for instance, the user would sa
y a number. The
user can also make the programmer skip over commercials in a
 recording by
saying 'Zap it]'
The 'date-reminder' device, which will come o
ut this autumn, works in the
following manner: the user says a phrase such a
s 'Don't forget to call John
Doe, Monday at 9.00 am'. The date-reminder reco
gnises the words Monday and
9.00 am, and records the rest of the message. On
 Monday at nine, the machine
will beep and spit out the recording.
The techn
ology used in these devices is relatively simple.
The video programmer, for 
instance, has a vocabulary of just 31 words.
Both are operated by an eight-b
it microprocessor, instead of the heavy
digital signal processor that most v
oice-recognition technology relies on.
'This enabled us to offer the product
 as a battery-operated device,' says
Jerry Gutterman, of Voice Powered Techn
ology. The group hopes the simplicity
of its technology will allow it to be 
applied to a number of domestic
appliances.
'We are taking voice-recognition
 to the masses,' says Gutterman, 'and this
technology can be applied to a nu
mber of products, including CD players,
coffee machines and microwaves.'
The
 day a machine can be commanded to cook a meal may not be so far off,
after 
all.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
</CN>

<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>

<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product use.
    CMMT  Comment & Ana
lysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 24 </PAGE>
<
/DOC>

============= Transaction # 85 ==============================================
Transaction #:     85       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-2950</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DIPCOAC9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9309
16
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 SEP 93 / Technology: A robot that makes the cof
fee </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By VICTORIA GRIFFITH </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Science fi
ction often features machines which respond obediently to orders
barked out 
by humans. In the imaginary world, robots fetch slippers, cook
dinner and pe
rform the role of high-technology 'slaves'.
A robot which can perform comple
x tasks still exists only in the realm of
dreams, but scientists say we may 
not be far from the day when we can wake
up, shout out 'Temperature 72`F] Co
ffee-maker on] Toaster on]' and get up 15
minutes later to a warm house, fre
sh coffee and breakfast.
What might make this dream reality is the developme
nt of 'voice-recognition'
technology, which enables machines to understand s
poken commands. Bringing
voice-activated devices to the mass market is the m
ission of Voice Powered
Technology. The group already produces a VCR program
mer which operates by
voice command, and will launch another speech-activate
d device, a
'date-reminder', in the autumn.
Just how many people will prefer
 to use their voice instead of their fingers
in operating home appliances is
 not yet certain, but the new VCR programmer
has caught the attention of Phi
lips Consumer Electronics.
The US subsidiary of the Dutch electronics giant 
has contracted with Voice
Powered Technology to use the voice-activated prog
ramming device in two of
its Magnavox VCR models, and as a stand-alone remot
e control accessory.
'An overwhelming number of consumers still have trouble
 programming their
VCRs,' says Jim Newbrough, vice-president of marketing at
 Philips, 'and the
use of voice enables us to differentiate our products.' T
he VCR programmer
prompts the user by flashing questions on the television s
creen. In response
to the question 'Which?', for instance, the user would sa
y a number. The
user can also make the programmer skip over commercials in a
 recording by
saying 'Zap it]'
The 'date-reminder' device, which will come o
ut this autumn, works in the
following manner: the user says a phrase such a
s 'Don't forget to call John
Doe, Monday at 9.00 am'. The date-reminder reco
gnises the words Monday and
9.00 am, and records the rest of the message. On
 Monday at nine, the machine
will beep and spit out the recording.
The techn
ology used in these devices is relatively simple.
The video programmer, for 
instance, has a vocabulary of just 31 words.
Both are operated by an eight-b
it microprocessor, instead of the heavy
digital signal processor that most v
oice-recognition technology relies on.
'This enabled us to offer the product
 as a battery-operated device,' says
Jerry Gutterman, of Voice Powered Techn
ology. The group hopes the simplicity
of its technology will allow it to be 
applied to a number of domestic
appliances.
'We are taking voice-recognition
 to the masses,' says Gutterman, 'and this
technology can be applied to a nu
mber of products, including CD players,
coffee machines and microwaves.'
The
 day a machine can be commanded to cook a meal may not be so far off,
after 
all.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
</CN>

<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>

<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product use.
    CMMT  Comment & Ana
lysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 24 </PAGE>
<
/DOC>

============= Transaction # 86 ==============================================
Transaction #:     86       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-9444</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CEGBFAFXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
07
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 MAY 92 / Technology: Androids on the march - Af
ter years on the breadline, modern robots are finding gainful employment in 
Europe </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
In the US f
ashion industry they call it 'localised abrasion' - the pre-worn
look for de
nim jeans produced by applying potassium permanganate solution to
the knee, 
thigh and seat areas.
The faded effect has traditionally been achieved throu
gh manual spraying,
but consistency and quality control have been hard to ac
hieve. Now GMFanuc
Robotics has perfected a robotic solution that is three t
imes faster than
manual spraying, can reproduce a spray pattern to an accura
cy of 0.03 inch,
and can be programmed easily to handle a wide range of garm
ents.
The system is a relatively simple example of recent trends in the indu
strial
robotics industry, which is trying to reduce its dependence on compar
atively
mature automotive markets and find new applications elsewhere.
It is
 a trend that is particularly important for robot suppliers in the
European 
market, where the overall penetration of robots into industry is
much lower 
than in Japan, and where a potentially huge market for
non-automotive applic
ations remains untapped.
According to Massimo Mattucci, vice president for e
ngineering and marketing
at Comau of Italy, around 50 per cent of industrial
 robots installed in
Europe are in use in the automotive industry and 20 per
 cent in electronics
 -the reverse of the situation in Japan.
'The automotiv
e industry has more or less understood the potential of
robots,' says Stelio
 Demark, head of ABB Robotics, Europe's largest
producer, although he stress
es, along with other robot industry executives,
the potential of robots in t
he paint-spraying and final assembly area of
European vehicle manufacturing.

The inherent flexibility of modern robots, and the advances made in control

systems and mechanics that have increased their speed and reliability, ough
t
to increase their suitability for small-batch manufacturing in Europe, whe
re
model changes are frequent.
Demark sees new opportunities for robots emer
ging in the European food,
packaging, pharmaceutical and white goods industr
ies.
But the pace at which European industry accepts robots will depend part
ly on
suppliers' ability to counter the mistrust caused by the hype of the 1
970s
and early 1980s, when the robot industry appeared to be carried away by

euphoria over business prospects.
There are other obstacles, too, for suppl
iers to surmount. In Japan, one of
the driving forces behind the growth in t
he industrial robot population to
274,210 in 1990 - nearly 10 times the popu
lation in the former West Germany
 -has been labour shortages.
'Everything h
as to come back to economic considerations,' says Axel
Gerhardt, an executiv
e board member of IWKA, the holding company for Kuka,
Germany's largest robo
t supplier. 'In Europe robots are used where it is
economical to do so. In J
apan the question is often whether to produce with
a robot or not to produce
 there at all.'
Mistakes have also been made in the installation of robots, 
for which the
suppliers and customers have to share the blame. 'People have 
tended to put
in a robot, then have an operator standing by watching,' says 
Demark. 'This
is a half-way house that I wouldn't recommend.'
Increasingly, 
robot suppliers are realising that if they are to make inroads
into the smal
l- and medium-sized businesses that still dominate European
industry - espec
ially outside the automotive sector  - they have to
understand better the cu
stomer's needs and worries.
'You have to enter into an economic calculation 
with the customer and
demonstrate the ability to find a solution,' says Matt
ucci.
That could mean being paid only for a feasibility study that comes dow
n
against the use of robots. But in the long run this approach makes more
se
nse for an industry that wants to broaden its customer base and maintain
its
 reputation.
Comau, which sells most of its robots as part of an integrated 
automation
package, is around 90 per cent dependent on the vehicle industry.
 Mattucci
wants to expand the remaining 10 per cent of the business to 30 pe
r cent
over the next five years by exploiting the group's strengths in robot
ics for
body-welding, mechanical assembly and difficult handling operations.

The Italian company's most ambitious step away from the automotive sector i
s
its involvement in the Columbus Automation and robotics Testbed (Cat)
prog
ramme financed by the European Space Agency. The ground testbed for the
auto
mation and robotics on board the projected Columbus Space Station will
incor
porate a new Comau robot using advanced materials such as aeronautical
alloy
s and composites.
A more-down-to earth approach to broadening the customer b
ase is in evidence
at GMFanuc, the US/Japanese concern which is the world's 
second biggest
supplier. The jean-spraying robot, developed in the US and no
w available in
the UK, offers a high return on investment with a payback of 
less than a
year, says Mike Wilson, the UK sales and marketing manager.
Robo
tics are also in their infancy in the European food industry, partly
because
 it has hitherto been difficult to turn a hose on to a robot to clean
it wit
hout ruining its electrical circuits. In January, GMFanuc launched its
'Wash
down' robot to conform to the strict hygiene requirements of the food
indust
ry and withstand all the chemical substances likely to be used in
washdown o
r wipedown procedures.
In the European electronics industry, robots are more
 frequent but
applications are still developing. Data Packaging, an Irish su
pplier of
plastic moulded components for the computer industry, recently ins
talled an
ABB Robotics painting cell to handle metallic paints used to provi
de an
attractive finish, and assist in electrical shielding, on parts for th
e
Apple Macintosh.
Metallic paints are hard to handle because they block sup
ply lines if not
kept flowing continuously. The ABB system programs the robo
t to fire the
spray gun if the system lays dormant for a given length of tim
e.
Advances such as these are often based on techniques originally developed

for the automotive industry, which is not being neglected in suppliers'
has
te to exploit other markets. A number of fairly recent technologies have
rel
evance to the use of robots in automotive and non-automotive fields.
Laser w
elding, says Wilson, is attracting interest in a number of
industries, inclu
ding aerospace, because of its precision and speed. Unlike
conventional spot
 welding, the robot does not have to reach both sides of
the part to be weld
ed.
Another emerging technology, especially when combined with robotics, is

water-jet cutting, which is likely to become increasingly important for
cutt
ing plastics quickly and cleanly. It is already being used in the
automotive
 industry for cutting carpets, door panels and instrument panels.
In both ar
eas robot suppliers are forming partnerships with companies which
have devel
oped the technologies so that they can exploit the opportunities
quicker. Co
mau has a co-operation agreement with Trumpf, the German machine
tool builde
r best-known for its laser-cutting machines, while last year ABB
Robotics fo
rmed a joint venture with Ingersoll-Rand of the US to develop and
market a r
obotised water-jet cutting system in Europe.
The search for a broader Europe
an customer base coincides with a much more
price-conscious attitude over th
e past two to three years among customers,
due as much to general business c
onditions as to scepticism about the early
claims made by robot suppliers.
S
uppliers are rationalising their product ranges to give customers what they

want and no more, but using developments in control systems to increase the

applications available from each model.
These conditions give advantages and
 disadvantages in more or less equal
measure to European suppliers and Japan
ese/US importers, which control one
third of the market. Demark and Mattucci
 strongly believe that the European
suppliers benefit from a approach based 
on solutions rather than products.
'The Japanese do not have the solutions f
or European needs,' says Mattucci
flatly. This is a view strongly disputed b
y the Japanese producers, but in a
price-sensitive market the the Japanese d
o have the advantage of size -
investment in control systems, in particular,
 can be spread over a bigger
sales base.
Ultimately, though, all the robot s
uppliers could benefit if they can
persuade more European companies of the b
enefits of robots. And that is
likely to be a gradual process where technolo
gy is only one factor in the
equation.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 87 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4414</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (6): Machines are now used for tasks beyond spot welding - Robots </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROBOTS have become an e
stablished part of the vehicle manufacturing scene
over the past 15 years. T
he motor industry accounts for as much as 40 per
cent of the 450,000 install
ed industrial robots worldwide but their use is
changing and applications ar
e expanding.
The traditional picture of long lines of robots each making bil
lions of spot
welds on car bodies in a working life of eight to 10 years is 
still true,
but only half the story. Those same welding robots are as likely
 to be
grouped in flexible manufacturing cells and capable of handling a wid
e range
of models in quick succession.
At the same time, smaller robots are 
increasingly being used in engine
assembly, where their ability to do qualit
y, repetitive work with a
precision of 1/100th of a millimetre is much in de
mand. Robots are being
used in final assembly work and paint spraying, and s
uppliers hope to be
able to develop these markets now that the technology ha
s been proven.
There is an emerging trend for robots to be used in automotiv
e
sub-contracting, prompted by the vehicle manufacturers' need to be as
conf
ident in the consistency and quality of out-sourced components as for
their 
own work.
The shorter lives of car models, prompted by increased competition
 in the
industry and the Japanese producers' early efforts to reduce product

development times, are changing the use and design of robots.
The tradition
al practice of replacing a robot after two model cycles may
have been approp
riate when each car model was lasting six to eight years.
But with model liv
es reduced to three to four years, users want to keep
their robots for furth
er models, and thus want increased flexibility,
according to Dr Axel Gerhard
t, a senior board member at the holding company
for Kuka, Germany's largest 
robot supplier.
Many of the latest trends in the use of robotics originated 
in Japan where
labour shortages have spurred much greater penetration of rob
ots into
industry overall compared with Europe and the US. But robot supplie
rs such
as ABB Robotics, the largest in Europe, believe the European automot
ive
industry is as enthusiastic a user of robotic automation as its Japanese

counterpart.
However, some of the more recent applications of robots are le
ss prevalent
in Europe, giving an opportunity to suppliers if they can convi
nce producers
of the economic benefits. There are national variations too: t
he UK is a
long way behind the US and the rest of Europe in the use of robot
s in the
paint shop, says Mr Mike Wilson, UK sales and marketing director at
 GMFanuc
Robotics.
The versatility of modern industrial robots for tasks tha
t go beyond spot
welding is illustrated by Kuka's involvement in final assem
bly of the
Citroen XM. Following painting, robots dismount the doors and tai
lgate, with
the aid of sensors, for completion on separate trim lines; the c
ockpit is
picked up by robot from an automatic guided vehicle, inserted thro
ugh the
door and then bolted to the body by a second robot.
Robots are used 
for applying the adhesive sealants and for fitting the glass
exactly into th
e body aperture with the aid of ultrasonic scanners; seats
are inserted by r
obot after measuring the exact position of the body by
means of tactile sens
ors, wheels are mounted and doors and tailgate
refitted.
Some of these tasks
 are difficult for robots because of the nature of final
assembly. Robots ar
e having to operate in a less structured environment,
says Mr Wilson, and de
al with less defined objects such as seats.
Another problem, at least outsid
e Japan, is that labour is available and
costs less than in skilled manufact
uring areas. So robot suppliers have to
find applications that create added 
value, says Mr Stelio Demark, head of
ABB Robotics.
There are still opportun
ities for greater use of robots further up the
production line. Relatively n
ew processes such as laser-cutting and
water-jet cutting are likely to becom
e more prevalent, in association with
robots, especially for working with pl
astics and new advanced composites.
Mr Demark sees a substantial increase in
 automated arc-welding in the
automotive industry and sub-suppliers. And Com
au, the Italian robotics and
systems group, expects some interesting investm
ents in the body area,
prompted by the increased need for new models, accord
ing to Mr Massimo
Mattucci, vice-president for engineering and marketing.
In
 paint spraying, says Mr Demark, robots have hardly scratched the surface.
L
ast year, ABB strengthened its position in the robotic painting market with

the acquisition of Graco in the US, but GMFanuc, a US/Japanese concern, and

Behr of Germany have strong positions.
The flexibility of robots to handle m
odel changes will be the key to their
further implementation in the car body
 area. In engine and transmission
production, robots are becoming better est
ablished, and Mr Mattucci suggests
a new generation of engines prompted by t
ougher environmental regulations
could be the spur to further investment in 
robots.
However, an increasing portion of business for robot suppliers seems
 likely
to come from refurbishment of existing robots rather than new purcha
ses as
customers seek maximum value from their manufacturing investments.
In
 the past three or four years, this has been a growing trend of robot
refitt
ing and modification in the motor industry, carried out during model
changeo
vers and restoring robots to previous levels of accuracy and
productivity.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page III </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 88 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-2950</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DIPCOAC9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9309
16
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 SEP 93 / Technology: A robot that makes the cof
fee </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By VICTORIA GRIFFITH </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Science fi
ction often features machines which respond obediently to orders
barked out 
by humans. In the imaginary world, robots fetch slippers, cook
dinner and pe
rform the role of high-technology 'slaves'.
A robot which can perform comple
x tasks still exists only in the realm of
dreams, but scientists say we may 
not be far from the day when we can wake
up, shout out 'Temperature 72`F] Co
ffee-maker on] Toaster on]' and get up 15
minutes later to a warm house, fre
sh coffee and breakfast.
What might make this dream reality is the developme
nt of 'voice-recognition'
technology, which enables machines to understand s
poken commands. Bringing
voice-activated devices to the mass market is the m
ission of Voice Powered
Technology. The group already produces a VCR program
mer which operates by
voice command, and will launch another speech-activate
d device, a
'date-reminder', in the autumn.
Just how many people will prefer
 to use their voice instead of their fingers
in operating home appliances is
 not yet certain, but the new VCR programmer
has caught the attention of Phi
lips Consumer Electronics.
The US subsidiary of the Dutch electronics giant 
has contracted with Voice
Powered Technology to use the voice-activated prog
ramming device in two of
its Magnavox VCR models, and as a stand-alone remot
e control accessory.
'An overwhelming number of consumers still have trouble
 programming their
VCRs,' says Jim Newbrough, vice-president of marketing at
 Philips, 'and the
use of voice enables us to differentiate our products.' T
he VCR programmer
prompts the user by flashing questions on the television s
creen. In response
to the question 'Which?', for instance, the user would sa
y a number. The
user can also make the programmer skip over commercials in a
 recording by
saying 'Zap it]'
The 'date-reminder' device, which will come o
ut this autumn, works in the
following manner: the user says a phrase such a
s 'Don't forget to call John
Doe, Monday at 9.00 am'. The date-reminder reco
gnises the words Monday and
9.00 am, and records the rest of the message. On
 Monday at nine, the machine
will beep and spit out the recording.
The techn
ology used in these devices is relatively simple.
The video programmer, for 
instance, has a vocabulary of just 31 words.
Both are operated by an eight-b
it microprocessor, instead of the heavy
digital signal processor that most v
oice-recognition technology relies on.
'This enabled us to offer the product
 as a battery-operated device,' says
Jerry Gutterman, of Voice Powered Techn
ology. The group hopes the simplicity
of its technology will allow it to be 
applied to a number of domestic
appliances.
'We are taking voice-recognition
 to the masses,' says Gutterman, 'and this
technology can be applied to a nu
mber of products, including CD players,
coffee machines and microwaves.'
The
 day a machine can be commanded to cook a meal may not be so far off,
after 
all.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
</CN>

<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>

<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product use.
    CMMT  Comment & Ana
lysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 24 </PAGE>
<
/DOC>

============= Transaction # 89 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-12704</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CJTB8ABAFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>921
020
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 OCT 92 / Technology: Fewer jobs in the high-te
ch sector - Technically Speaking </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By LOUISE KEHOE </B
YLINE>
<TEXT>
High-technology industries are frequently called an 'engine fo
r economic
growth'. Many have mistakenly taken this to mean that growth in
h
igh-technology industries will lead to rising employment, offsetting the
dec
lines in 'maturing' industries.
Yet recent trends in the electronics and com
puter sectors raise serious
questions about the presumption that technology 
will continue to create new
jobs.
Just this month Compaq Computer cut its wo
rkforce, in the US and Scotland,
by 1,000 people and Hewlett-Packard announc
ed plans to reduce employment by
2,700 over the next few months. Apple Compu
ter is closing a California plant
with the loss of 345 jobs. Amdahl is cutti
ng back by 900, and at Cray
Research 650 employees must go.
All this comes a
gainst the backdrop of 'downsizing' at IBM, which expects to
reduce its work
force by 40,000 this year, and at Digital Equipment which is
cutting 28,000 
jobs.
US information-technology industries, far from representing a source o
f jobs
growth, have become significant contributors to rising unemployment. 
In the
US alone, employment in electronics industries has declined by about 
10 per
cent, or 265,000 jobs, over the past three years, according to data c
ompiled
by the American Electronics Association (AEA), a US industry trade g
roup.
'It is rapidly becoming apparent that this pattern (of declining emplo
yment)
is not of short-term duration and not wholly the result of the recent

recessionary period,' Richard Iverson, AEA president and chief executive,
h
as concluded.
The AEA and several other industry groups have laid the blame 
for US job
losses on Japan. 'Although the world market for electronics produ
cts and
services has been expanding, our share of that pie has been shrinkin
g
dramatically,' Iverson says.
Others have defined the problem in terms of d
eclining international
competitiveness, suggesting that the US and European 
electronics
manufacturers are falling behind those of Japan and other Asian 
countries.
However, it is becoming increasingly evident that there is an und
erlying
trend towards lower employment in high-technology industries that ha
s little
to do with either global competitiveness or 'closed' markets.
Put s
imply, it takes fewer people to develop, build and sell a computer or a
chip
 or a piece of communications equipment today than it did a few years
ago.
H
ewlett-Packard, for example, has increased its revenue per worker by about
5
0 per cent over the past four years. Other high-tech companies are making,
o
r striving to make, similar strides in worker productivity. Even at
companie
s that are increasing their share of the world market the workforce
is shrin
king.
High-technology industries are becoming highly automated industries.
C
omputer designers rely increasingly upon computer-aided design systems.
Fact
ories that produce semiconductor chips, disk drives and computers are
full o
f robots. PCs are sold over the telephone in minutes.
The pace of automation
 in high-technology industries is currently
outstripping market growth. More
 importantly, few within the industry
anticipate a reversal of this trend, e
ven when general economic conditions
improve.
The drive to raise productivit
y and thus international competitiveness in
high-technology industries is ac
celerating the trend toward lower
employment, rather than alleviating it.
Do
es this mean that governments should no longer support efforts to boost
tech
nology leadership? On the contrary, while high-technology industries may
no 
longer be as fertile a source of new jobs in the 1990s as they were in
the 1
980s, the computers and robots and communications equipment that
high-tech c
ompanies build have become the essential work tools of all types
of enterpri
se. This makes technology leadership vital to international
industrial compe
titiveness.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </
PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 90 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 94 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-15546</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EANDNADMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
114
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 JAN 94 / Technology (Worth Watching): Robots g
et their marching orders </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW FISHER </BYLINE>

<TEXT>
Robots are on the march. In the US, Frost & Sullivan Market Intellige
nce
forecasts that the robot market will double from Dollars 592m (Pounds 40
0m)
in 1992 to Dollars 1.2bn by 1999. Pushing this expansion of nearly 11 pe
r
cent compound growth a year will be competitive pressures for greater
prod
uctivity and quality at lower cost.
Robots will be used increasingly to repl
ace workers in hazardous
environments, partly in reaction to soaring medical
 compensation costs, and
in complex automation systems. Until now, the US ha
s lagged behind Europe
and Japan (the world's largest buyer of robots) in th
is market. Frost &
Sullivan: US, 415 961 9000 UK, 71 730 3438.
</TEXT>
<XX>

Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-

</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>

<TP>MKTS  Market shares.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Londo
n Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 95 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-13625</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EAYDAACEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
125
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 JAN 94 / Technology: Robots ration costs </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANNA KOCHAN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A new robot installation 
for packing military rations is helping the French
army cut costs and could 
even earn it some money. The FFr60m (Pounds 6.8m)
facility is automated and 
can respond quickly to sharp increases in demand
at times of crisis.
This co
uld make it attractive to other armies and aid organisations, says
Colonel H
ugues Keller, head of the facility at Angers, south-west France.
With an out
put of 24 rations per minute, the plant easily satisfies the
army's regular 
annual requirement for 2m rations and could produce two or
three times as mu
ch.
Developed as part of the army's cost-cutting programme, the facility
con
centrates the production of military rations on one site. Before, there
were
 two. Also, says Keller, 'we have seized the opportunity and installed
state
-of-the-art technology which will satisfy the needs not only of today's
army
 but also that of the next century'.
The robots fill cardboard cartons with 
the 18 constituents of a soldier's
daily food allowance. The 14 possible men
us include tinned cooked meals,
chocolate bars, chewing gum, packet soup, wa
ter purification tablets, dry
crackers and paper tissues.
Each package must 
be put in the right position in the box so it can be
closed, sealed and cove
red in plastic film, ready to be packed for shipment.
At the centre of the s
ystem is a line of nine small robots from Californian
manufacturer Adept, ea
ch responsible for loading two different components
into the cartons from a 
conveyor.
The larger, more robust items such as the tins are put into the ra
tion
carton first. These are removed from their boxes and fed directly to th
e
Adept line, one layer at a time, by three large robots from ABB Robotique

France, part of the Swiss-Swedish group. The smaller items are then fed to
t
he Adept robots.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>FRZ  France, EC.
</CN>
<
XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
    P356
5 Packaging Machinery.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product
 use.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<P
AGE> London Page 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-11658</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CGWASAEJFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
723
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 JUL 92 / Technology: More oil on the wheels - 
Financial pressures have forced Japan's auto makers to build in flexibility 
</HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEVEN BUTLER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Nissan Motor's kit
chen-clean car assembly plant on Japan's southern Kyushu
Island could easily
 pass for an exhibition of state-of-the-art robotics and
computer-controlled
 manufacturing.
Giant mechanical arms hoist seven stamped, steel panels into
 position and,
amid a shower of sparks caused by 64 simultaneous welds, the 
main body of a
car is created. Sixteen robots then go to work on the body, p
erforming 600
spot welds in rapid succession in two stages.
Today, productio
n on the line is just getting going, but eventually the
robots will handle u
p to four different model styles, in eight different
variations, all of it c
ontrolled by computer.
Production at the body assembly stage is 100 per cent
 automated. But more
important than the automation itself is that Nissan has
 managed to build in
flexibility, albeit at considerable cost.
As Japanese c
ar makers face a labour shortage that is forcing them to
replace human versa
tility with far less adaptable machines, flexibility in
manufacturing - or r
ather lack of it - has become a critical issue. Machines
are not easily prog
rammed to install different components for different cars
coming down the li
ne, and they still lack the dexterity of men.
Market trends have also height
ened this need. While the Japanese
manufacturers increased sales sharply in 
the late 1980s, all but Toyota did
this by selling more models in smaller pr
oduction runs. Being able to
assemble multiple models on a single line incre
ases the utilisation rate of
expensive equipment. Today, with consumer taste
s shifting rapidly, some
production lines are running flat out, unable to me
et demand, while others
making less popular models go underutilised.
'Our fo
cus in production engineering is to enhance flexibility,' says
Ryuichi Tsuka
moto, executive vice president at Honda Engineering, a
subsidiary of Honda M
otor. 'Enhancing flexibility is the best way to get
efficient production.'
T
sukamoto's strategy involves two broad approaches: one stresses the
localisa
tion of parts supply for an industry that has in a decade become
global, and
 a second involves increasing the use of standardised parts and
rethinking t
he design process for cars to allow standardised robots to
install functiona
lly different components.
Tsukamoto describes the idealised 'lean' Japanese 
manufacturing process as
direct production, which is essentially similar to 
the production system
pioneered by Toyota Motor in the 1950s. Tsukamoto trie
s to match production
capacity for parts and components suppliers precisely 
with the needs of the
assembly line, with suppliers located near the assembl
y factory and thus
able to respond quickly to demands from the factory floor
.
Honda more or less achieved this in the 1970s at its two main assembly
pla
nts in Japan, in Sayama and Suzuka. However, the start of production in
the 
US in the early 1980s, followed by a period of hectic growth, led Honda
far 
from the ideal, as the US plants were dependent on a long umbilical cord
to 
Japanese suppliers. 'Year by year we have been trying to localise parts
supp
ly and create direct production in the US,' he says.
The US operation is sti
ll 20 to 30 per cent dependent on Japan for parts
supply. Honda intends to c
arry the process further, and has recently
established separate overseas ope
rating divisions aimed at decentralising
the international management in ord
er to enhance local flexibility. Honda is
the most advanced in giving a long
 leash to its overseas operations, but all
the Japanese companies are headin
g in the same direction.
The redesign of parts and components themselves has
 recently become
something of a hot topic in Japan, and Yoshifumi Tsuji, pre
sident of Nissan,
has been most vocal about the need to reduce the complexit
y of cars, to use
fewer parts, and to use more common parts in different mod
els, thus allowing
for greater economies of scale in manufacture. Companies 
like Nissan and
Honda competed in recent years by bringing out new models, w
hich were
designed from scratch with little thought about economising on par
ts supply.
Honda's experience with the 1990 Accord, its bread-and-butter mid
-sized car,
however, caused the company to rethink the design process. The c
ar was
loaded with new technology, but was panned by the Japanese press for 
being
old hat, mainly on styling grounds, and it flopped with consumers. Thi
s
begged the question: if consumers were unable to appreciate innovative
eng
ineering throughout the car, was it all necessary? Might not the use of
more
 standardised parts in different models produce a car of equal appeal
and qu
ality?
Tsukamoto is now leading a campaign within Honda to improve what he c
alls
'commonality of design'. The idea is not just to put identical parts in
to
different models, but to set standards for installation, for example,
put
ting mounting holes in the same place on different models. The aim is to
all
ow a relatively inflexible robot to install a wide variety of parts.
Flexibi
lity in this case comes not from the production line itself, but from
the de
sign process.
How far the process can be taken, however, remains an open que
stion,
particularly at a time when automobile technology is changing rapidly
 in
response to tightening environmental and safety standards around the wor
ld.
New technology means changing parts designs that will stand in the way o
f
standardisation.
Shoichiro Toyoda, president of Toyota Motor, is sceptical
. 'We have been
trying to use common parts for a long time, but have not bee
n able to do it
very well,' he admits. Toyoda says that while the concept of
 using common
parts is attractive, in practice it is difficult to achieve wi
thout
compromising the quality of different models of cars, where the engine
ering
requirements are subtly different.
To some extent, Toyoda's scepticism
 reflects the relative efficiency of
Toyota's engineering and manufacturing 
process, which has for years set the
standard for the industry. There may si
mply be less room for improvement at
Toyota.
Toyota has a double advantage b
ecause the scale of its operations is
considerably bigger than the other com
panies, already allowing for greater
economies of scale. And Toyota's habit 
of adopting a cautious, gradualist
approach to new technology, in order to a
void making expensive errors, has
served it well over the years.
For the res
t of the industry, however, the financial pressure to reinvent
the engineeri
ng process is intense. With the bloom having come off the car
market, there 
is less to be gained from dazzling consumers with fancy new
models. Car make
rs have little choice but to try to match Toyota's
efficiency - and to bette
r it if they can.
A previous article on Japanese engineering for flexibility
 appeared on the
Technology Page on July 16.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Time
s </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-4774</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIEASADWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
04
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 SEP 92 / Technology: Heavies move in - After ye
ars of work in mass production, robots are taking on bigger jobs </HEADLINE>

<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The drive for competitiveness
 and low-cost production may have made the car
industry the natural home for
 the world's robot population, but Karlheinz
Langner and his colleagues at I
GM Robotersysteme have other ideas.
Langner, a managing board member at Aust
ria's only robotics company, has his
sights set on industry's heavy brigade.
 Less visibly than their counterparts
in the car industry, but with increasi
ng urgency, manufacturers of heavy
equipment - anything from excavators to s
teel bridge sections - want to
improve their product quality and reduce cycl
e times, increase their
manufacturing flexibility and clean up their workpla
ce.
All these issues, in varying degrees, have been tackled successfully by 
the
mass-production car industry with the use of robots, but heavy industry 
is
very different.
In recent years, many heavy engineering companies have be
en reticent about
robots. They may have been put off by the robot suppliers'
 sales patter or
unconvinced that a robot can cope with welding, for example
, a crane boom or
bulk handling container, particularly if each item to be w
elded might be
slightly different from the previous one.
Or they might simpl
y have jibbed at the expense - as much as Dollars 350,000
(Pounds 175,000) f
or a sophisticated system with one or more robots, slides,
gantries and devi
ces to rotate a workpiece that could weigh as much as 15
tonnes. And having 
purchased a system, some customers have had to solve
software problems thems
elves to get the robot working correctly.
But companies such as IGM, which c
elebrates its silver jubilee this year,
are spending heavily to find new sol
utions for the use of robots in heavy
industry, and that, in turn, broadens 
the market for the robot suppliers.
Some sectors such as shipbuilding, for i
nstance, are only now waking up to
the opportunities for using robots, which
 were simply not available five
years ago.
Anybody who has visited a modern 
car factory cannot fail to be impressed by
the serried ranks of robots spot 
welding body sections or inserting
dashboards. Such machines, however, are w
orlds apart from those produced by
IGM, which specialises in arc or continuo
us path welding and some cutting
robots, and its rivals at the heavy end of 
the welding equipment industry
such as Esab of Sweden and Cloos of Germany.

A continuous weld is the norm in construction equipment, for example, to
cop
e with the immense stresses to which plant will be subjected during its
work
ing life, and demands for high-quality welding are increasing.
Grappling wit
h the welding of an excavator boom could require up to 16 axes
of movement f
rom the robot and its surrounding equipment, putting pressure
on the robot s
upplier not only to design the system correctly in mechanical
terms but to e
nsure that the software and sensor systems are sufficiently
sophisticated an
d fast to cope.
In such a market, says Langner, understanding the customer's
 needs is of
vital importance. But when almost every customer has a differen
t problem
that may require a customised solution, the challenge could be too
 great for
a small company such as IGM, without the years of experience that
 produces a
clear product strategy.
Each robot supplier has a different appr
oach, but IGM's is based on two
vital elements, says Langner: a modular desi
gn system to allow the company
to respond to individual customers' needs wit
hout having to reinvent the
wheel, and the decision to keep all control syst
ems development in-house.
Broadening the appeal of robots to heavy industry 
requires a combination of
developing the business end of the system (the wel
ding itself), taking the
robot's mechanical engineering to the limits, and c
onstantly updating and
improving the control systems.
IGM develops welding s
ystems together with Fronius, an Austrian welding
equipment company - for th
e customer, after all, the quality of the weld is
the proof of the pudding. 
The robot supplier recently introduced a new
high-performance welding techni
que known as Time (transferred ionised molten
energy), developed originally 
by a Canadian metallurgical expert.
IGM has also developed an automatic head
 change facility, allowing welding
to be followed by flame cutting in one co
ntinuous cycle. This is being used
by a UK customer for welding steel bridge
 sections.
As in machine tools, however, while mechanical developments near 
their limit
it is the brains of the robot system - its software and sensors,
 and the
programming - that is receiving the lion's share of attention. This
 is where
the acronyms really begin to proliferate.
So-called off-line progr
amming, where the robot is set up for the next job
without disturbing its pr
esent task, is particularly important when it could
take many hours, if not 
days, to start up a new component on a welding
robot.
IGM's latest contribut
ion is IOPS, which uses computer-aided simulation of
production cells and ma
nufacturing lines to get the best configuration of
the welding cell for each
 workpiece.
Another important result of the company's R&D work is ISIP, a ne
w
optoelectronic camera system for measuring weld grooves. This uses optical

sensors to determine the position and geometry of the fabrication,
underlin
ing the growing importance of vision systems as the 'eyes' in an
increasingl
y complex 'eyes-brain-hand' environment.
Perhaps the most significant develo
pment at IGM, however, lies at the heart
of the robot software. In a few wee
ks' time, the company will have running a
prototype of a new robot controlle
r based on the transputer, the Inmos
superchip. IGM had realised some five y
ears ago that it needed to have a
more powerful control system, says Langner
, and the new controller will
increase control speeds by a factor of 10.
The
 new control should be on IGM's robots by next year, but Langner also
sees a
pplications for the control outside robotics, with initial demand of
about 5
00-1,000 units a year, compared with the 150-200 IGM will need each
year for
 its robots. 'But we will not market it by ourselves,' Langner
stresses.
</T
EXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 15 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-4774</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIEASADWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
04
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 SEP 92 / Technology: Heavies move in - After ye
ars of work in mass production, robots are taking on bigger jobs </HEADLINE>

<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The drive for competitiveness
 and low-cost production may have made the car
industry the natural home for
 the world's robot population, but Karlheinz
Langner and his colleagues at I
GM Robotersysteme have other ideas.
Langner, a managing board member at Aust
ria's only robotics company, has his
sights set on industry's heavy brigade.
 Less visibly than their counterparts
in the car industry, but with increasi
ng urgency, manufacturers of heavy
equipment - anything from excavators to s
teel bridge sections - want to
improve their product quality and reduce cycl
e times, increase their
manufacturing flexibility and clean up their workpla
ce.
All these issues, in varying degrees, have been tackled successfully by 
the
mass-production car industry with the use of robots, but heavy industry 
is
very different.
In recent years, many heavy engineering companies have be
en reticent about
robots. They may have been put off by the robot suppliers'
 sales patter or
unconvinced that a robot can cope with welding, for example
, a crane boom or
bulk handling container, particularly if each item to be w
elded might be
slightly different from the previous one.
Or they might simpl
y have jibbed at the expense - as much as Dollars 350,000
(Pounds 175,000) f
or a sophisticated system with one or more robots, slides,
gantries and devi
ces to rotate a workpiece that could weigh as much as 15
tonnes. And having 
purchased a system, some customers have had to solve
software problems thems
elves to get the robot working correctly.
But companies such as IGM, which c
elebrates its silver jubilee this year,
are spending heavily to find new sol
utions for the use of robots in heavy
industry, and that, in turn, broadens 
the market for the robot suppliers.
Some sectors such as shipbuilding, for i
nstance, are only now waking up to
the opportunities for using robots, which
 were simply not available five
years ago.
Anybody who has visited a modern 
car factory cannot fail to be impressed by
the serried ranks of robots spot 
welding body sections or inserting
dashboards. Such machines, however, are w
orlds apart from those produced by
IGM, which specialises in arc or continuo
us path welding and some cutting
robots, and its rivals at the heavy end of 
the welding equipment industry
such as Esab of Sweden and Cloos of Germany.

A continuous weld is the norm in construction equipment, for example, to
cop
e with the immense stresses to which plant will be subjected during its
work
ing life, and demands for high-quality welding are increasing.
Grappling wit
h the welding of an excavator boom could require up to 16 axes
of movement f
rom the robot and its surrounding equipment, putting pressure
on the robot s
upplier not only to design the system correctly in mechanical
terms but to e
nsure that the software and sensor systems are sufficiently
sophisticated an
d fast to cope.
In such a market, says Langner, understanding the customer's
 needs is of
vital importance. But when almost every customer has a differen
t problem
that may require a customised solution, the challenge could be too
 great for
a small company such as IGM, without the years of experience that
 produces a
clear product strategy.
Each robot supplier has a different appr
oach, but IGM's is based on two
vital elements, says Langner: a modular desi
gn system to allow the company
to respond to individual customers' needs wit
hout having to reinvent the
wheel, and the decision to keep all control syst
ems development in-house.
Broadening the appeal of robots to heavy industry 
requires a combination of
developing the business end of the system (the wel
ding itself), taking the
robot's mechanical engineering to the limits, and c
onstantly updating and
improving the control systems.
IGM develops welding s
ystems together with Fronius, an Austrian welding
equipment company - for th
e customer, after all, the quality of the weld is
the proof of the pudding. 
The robot supplier recently introduced a new
high-performance welding techni
que known as Time (transferred ionised molten
energy), developed originally 
by a Canadian metallurgical expert.
IGM has also developed an automatic head
 change facility, allowing welding
to be followed by flame cutting in one co
ntinuous cycle. This is being used
by a UK customer for welding steel bridge
 sections.
As in machine tools, however, while mechanical developments near 
their limit
it is the brains of the robot system - its software and sensors,
 and the
programming - that is receiving the lion's share of attention. This
 is where
the acronyms really begin to proliferate.
So-called off-line progr
amming, where the robot is set up for the next job
without disturbing its pr
esent task, is particularly important when it could
take many hours, if not 
days, to start up a new component on a welding
robot.
IGM's latest contribut
ion is IOPS, which uses computer-aided simulation of
production cells and ma
nufacturing lines to get the best configuration of
the welding cell for each
 workpiece.
Another important result of the company's R&D work is ISIP, a ne
w
optoelectronic camera system for measuring weld grooves. This uses optical

sensors to determine the position and geometry of the fabrication,
underlin
ing the growing importance of vision systems as the 'eyes' in an
increasingl
y complex 'eyes-brain-hand' environment.
Perhaps the most significant develo
pment at IGM, however, lies at the heart
of the robot software. In a few wee
ks' time, the company will have running a
prototype of a new robot controlle
r based on the transputer, the Inmos
superchip. IGM had realised some five y
ears ago that it needed to have a
more powerful control system, says Langner
, and the new controller will
increase control speeds by a factor of 10.
The
 new control should be on IGM's robots by next year, but Langner also
sees a
pplications for the control outside robotics, with initial demand of
about 5
00-1,000 units a year, compared with the 150-200 IGM will need each
year for
 its robots. 'But we will not market it by ourselves,' Langner
stresses.
</T
EXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 15 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 103 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-6266</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DCBCFAF0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9303
02
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 MAR 93 / International Company News: Robotics c
hief warns of tough 12-months </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYL
INE>
<TEXT>
EUROPE'S Dollars 500m robotics market is facing a tough year in 
1993 because
of the recession in Germany and reduced investment by the autom
otive sector,
said Mr Bruce Potts, executive vice-president of Fanuc Robotic
s Europe.
But the market was likely to bounce back next year because of stro
ng
underlying demand for robots by European manufacturers keen to improve th
eir
productivity, he said.
Mr Potts was speaking in Coventry at the unveilin
g by Fanuc Robotics, the
world's largest robot producer, of its new series o
f robot control systems.
The controller is a key plank in Fanuc's strategy t
o broaden the use of
robots in non-automotive markets; in Europe, for exampl
e, about 60 per cent
of the installed base of 50,000 to 60,000 robots is use
d by the motor
industry.
It is also an important element in Fanuc's strategy
 to become the market
leader in Europe, where, said Mr Potts, it runs a 'sol
id second' behind ABB
Robotics.
In the past two years, the European robotics
 market has been relatively more
resilient than other sectors of mechanical 
engineering.
Last year, the market was flat, with weakness in some countries
 offset by
the effects of reunification in Germany, which accounts for about
 half the
total market, and by carmakers' spending.
This year, said Mr Potts
, the North American robot market will come out of
recession and will be the
 best-performing of the major markets. The European
market could fall from l
ast year, but would still perform better than the
recession-bound Japanese m
arket.
Fanuc believes the new controller will have the same effect on the ro
bot
market as the 'graphical user interface' had on personal computers by ma
king
the robot easier to understand for users in areas such as welding,
mech
anical handling and painting.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  German
y, EC.
    XGZ  Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Indu
strial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis
.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 24 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 104 ==============================================
Transaction #:    104       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-4774</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIEASADWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
04
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 SEP 92 / Technology: Heavies move in - After ye
ars of work in mass production, robots are taking on bigger jobs </HEADLINE>

<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The drive for competitiveness
 and low-cost production may have made the car
industry the natural home for
 the world's robot population, but Karlheinz
Langner and his colleagues at I
GM Robotersysteme have other ideas.
Langner, a managing board member at Aust
ria's only robotics company, has his
sights set on industry's heavy brigade.
 Less visibly than their counterparts
in the car industry, but with increasi
ng urgency, manufacturers of heavy
equipment - anything from excavators to s
teel bridge sections - want to
improve their product quality and reduce cycl
e times, increase their
manufacturing flexibility and clean up their workpla
ce.
All these issues, in varying degrees, have been tackled successfully by 
the
mass-production car industry with the use of robots, but heavy industry 
is
very different.
In recent years, many heavy engineering companies have be
en reticent about
robots. They may have been put off by the robot suppliers'
 sales patter or
unconvinced that a robot can cope with welding, for example
, a crane boom or
bulk handling container, particularly if each item to be w
elded might be
slightly different from the previous one.
Or they might simpl
y have jibbed at the expense - as much as Dollars 350,000
(Pounds 175,000) f
or a sophisticated system with one or more robots, slides,
gantries and devi
ces to rotate a workpiece that could weigh as much as 15
tonnes. And having 
purchased a system, some customers have had to solve
software problems thems
elves to get the robot working correctly.
But companies such as IGM, which c
elebrates its silver jubilee this year,
are spending heavily to find new sol
utions for the use of robots in heavy
industry, and that, in turn, broadens 
the market for the robot suppliers.
Some sectors such as shipbuilding, for i
nstance, are only now waking up to
the opportunities for using robots, which
 were simply not available five
years ago.
Anybody who has visited a modern 
car factory cannot fail to be impressed by
the serried ranks of robots spot 
welding body sections or inserting
dashboards. Such machines, however, are w
orlds apart from those produced by
IGM, which specialises in arc or continuo
us path welding and some cutting
robots, and its rivals at the heavy end of 
the welding equipment industry
such as Esab of Sweden and Cloos of Germany.

A continuous weld is the norm in construction equipment, for example, to
cop
e with the immense stresses to which plant will be subjected during its
work
ing life, and demands for high-quality welding are increasing.
Grappling wit
h the welding of an excavator boom could require up to 16 axes
of movement f
rom the robot and its surrounding equipment, putting pressure
on the robot s
upplier not only to design the system correctly in mechanical
terms but to e
nsure that the software and sensor systems are sufficiently
sophisticated an
d fast to cope.
In such a market, says Langner, understanding the customer's
 needs is of
vital importance. But when almost every customer has a differen
t problem
that may require a customised solution, the challenge could be too
 great for
a small company such as IGM, without the years of experience that
 produces a
clear product strategy.
Each robot supplier has a different appr
oach, but IGM's is based on two
vital elements, says Langner: a modular desi
gn system to allow the company
to respond to individual customers' needs wit
hout having to reinvent the
wheel, and the decision to keep all control syst
ems development in-house.
Broadening the appeal of robots to heavy industry 
requires a combination of
developing the business end of the system (the wel
ding itself), taking the
robot's mechanical engineering to the limits, and c
onstantly updating and
improving the control systems.
IGM develops welding s
ystems together with Fronius, an Austrian welding
equipment company - for th
e customer, after all, the quality of the weld is
the proof of the pudding. 
The robot supplier recently introduced a new
high-performance welding techni
que known as Time (transferred ionised molten
energy), developed originally 
by a Canadian metallurgical expert.
IGM has also developed an automatic head
 change facility, allowing welding
to be followed by flame cutting in one co
ntinuous cycle. This is being used
by a UK customer for welding steel bridge
 sections.
As in machine tools, however, while mechanical developments near 
their limit
it is the brains of the robot system - its software and sensors,
 and the
programming - that is receiving the lion's share of attention. This
 is where
the acronyms really begin to proliferate.
So-called off-line progr
amming, where the robot is set up for the next job
without disturbing its pr
esent task, is particularly important when it could
take many hours, if not 
days, to start up a new component on a welding
robot.
IGM's latest contribut
ion is IOPS, which uses computer-aided simulation of
production cells and ma
nufacturing lines to get the best configuration of
the welding cell for each
 workpiece.
Another important result of the company's R&D work is ISIP, a ne
w
optoelectronic camera system for measuring weld grooves. This uses optical

sensors to determine the position and geometry of the fabrication,
underlin
ing the growing importance of vision systems as the 'eyes' in an
increasingl
y complex 'eyes-brain-hand' environment.
Perhaps the most significant develo
pment at IGM, however, lies at the heart
of the robot software. In a few wee
ks' time, the company will have running a
prototype of a new robot controlle
r based on the transputer, the Inmos
superchip. IGM had realised some five y
ears ago that it needed to have a
more powerful control system, says Langner
, and the new controller will
increase control speeds by a factor of 10.
The
 new control should be on IGM's robots by next year, but Langner also
sees a
pplications for the control outside robotics, with initial demand of
about 5
00-1,000 units a year, compared with the 150-200 IGM will need each
year for
 its robots. 'But we will not market it by ourselves,' Langner
stresses.
</T
EXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 15 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 105 ==============================================
Transaction #:    105       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-9444</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CEGBFAFXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
07
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 MAY 92 / Technology: Androids on the march - Af
ter years on the breadline, modern robots are finding gainful employment in 
Europe </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
In the US f
ashion industry they call it 'localised abrasion' - the pre-worn
look for de
nim jeans produced by applying potassium permanganate solution to
the knee, 
thigh and seat areas.
The faded effect has traditionally been achieved throu
gh manual spraying,
but consistency and quality control have been hard to ac
hieve. Now GMFanuc
Robotics has perfected a robotic solution that is three t
imes faster than
manual spraying, can reproduce a spray pattern to an accura
cy of 0.03 inch,
and can be programmed easily to handle a wide range of garm
ents.
The system is a relatively simple example of recent trends in the indu
strial
robotics industry, which is trying to reduce its dependence on compar
atively
mature automotive markets and find new applications elsewhere.
It is
 a trend that is particularly important for robot suppliers in the
European 
market, where the overall penetration of robots into industry is
much lower 
than in Japan, and where a potentially huge market for
non-automotive applic
ations remains untapped.
According to Massimo Mattucci, vice president for e
ngineering and marketing
at Comau of Italy, around 50 per cent of industrial
 robots installed in
Europe are in use in the automotive industry and 20 per
 cent in electronics
 -the reverse of the situation in Japan.
'The automotiv
e industry has more or less understood the potential of
robots,' says Stelio
 Demark, head of ABB Robotics, Europe's largest
producer, although he stress
es, along with other robot industry executives,
the potential of robots in t
he paint-spraying and final assembly area of
European vehicle manufacturing.

The inherent flexibility of modern robots, and the advances made in control

systems and mechanics that have increased their speed and reliability, ough
t
to increase their suitability for small-batch manufacturing in Europe, whe
re
model changes are frequent.
Demark sees new opportunities for robots emer
ging in the European food,
packaging, pharmaceutical and white goods industr
ies.
But the pace at which European industry accepts robots will depend part
ly on
suppliers' ability to counter the mistrust caused by the hype of the 1
970s
and early 1980s, when the robot industry appeared to be carried away by

euphoria over business prospects.
There are other obstacles, too, for suppl
iers to surmount. In Japan, one of
the driving forces behind the growth in t
he industrial robot population to
274,210 in 1990 - nearly 10 times the popu
lation in the former West Germany
 -has been labour shortages.
'Everything h
as to come back to economic considerations,' says Axel
Gerhardt, an executiv
e board member of IWKA, the holding company for Kuka,
Germany's largest robo
t supplier. 'In Europe robots are used where it is
economical to do so. In J
apan the question is often whether to produce with
a robot or not to produce
 there at all.'
Mistakes have also been made in the installation of robots, 
for which the
suppliers and customers have to share the blame. 'People have 
tended to put
in a robot, then have an operator standing by watching,' says 
Demark. 'This
is a half-way house that I wouldn't recommend.'
Increasingly, 
robot suppliers are realising that if they are to make inroads
into the smal
l- and medium-sized businesses that still dominate European
industry - espec
ially outside the automotive sector  - they have to
understand better the cu
stomer's needs and worries.
'You have to enter into an economic calculation 
with the customer and
demonstrate the ability to find a solution,' says Matt
ucci.
That could mean being paid only for a feasibility study that comes dow
n
against the use of robots. But in the long run this approach makes more
se
nse for an industry that wants to broaden its customer base and maintain
its
 reputation.
Comau, which sells most of its robots as part of an integrated 
automation
package, is around 90 per cent dependent on the vehicle industry.
 Mattucci
wants to expand the remaining 10 per cent of the business to 30 pe
r cent
over the next five years by exploiting the group's strengths in robot
ics for
body-welding, mechanical assembly and difficult handling operations.

The Italian company's most ambitious step away from the automotive sector i
s
its involvement in the Columbus Automation and robotics Testbed (Cat)
prog
ramme financed by the European Space Agency. The ground testbed for the
auto
mation and robotics on board the projected Columbus Space Station will
incor
porate a new Comau robot using advanced materials such as aeronautical
alloy
s and composites.
A more-down-to earth approach to broadening the customer b
ase is in evidence
at GMFanuc, the US/Japanese concern which is the world's 
second biggest
supplier. The jean-spraying robot, developed in the US and no
w available in
the UK, offers a high return on investment with a payback of 
less than a
year, says Mike Wilson, the UK sales and marketing manager.
Robo
tics are also in their infancy in the European food industry, partly
because
 it has hitherto been difficult to turn a hose on to a robot to clean
it wit
hout ruining its electrical circuits. In January, GMFanuc launched its
'Wash
down' robot to conform to the strict hygiene requirements of the food
indust
ry and withstand all the chemical substances likely to be used in
washdown o
r wipedown procedures.
In the European electronics industry, robots are more
 frequent but
applications are still developing. Data Packaging, an Irish su
pplier of
plastic moulded components for the computer industry, recently ins
talled an
ABB Robotics painting cell to handle metallic paints used to provi
de an
attractive finish, and assist in electrical shielding, on parts for th
e
Apple Macintosh.
Metallic paints are hard to handle because they block sup
ply lines if not
kept flowing continuously. The ABB system programs the robo
t to fire the
spray gun if the system lays dormant for a given length of tim
e.
Advances such as these are often based on techniques originally developed

for the automotive industry, which is not being neglected in suppliers'
has
te to exploit other markets. A number of fairly recent technologies have
rel
evance to the use of robots in automotive and non-automotive fields.
Laser w
elding, says Wilson, is attracting interest in a number of
industries, inclu
ding aerospace, because of its precision and speed. Unlike
conventional spot
 welding, the robot does not have to reach both sides of
the part to be weld
ed.
Another emerging technology, especially when combined with robotics, is

water-jet cutting, which is likely to become increasingly important for
cutt
ing plastics quickly and cleanly. It is already being used in the
automotive
 industry for cutting carpets, door panels and instrument panels.
In both ar
eas robot suppliers are forming partnerships with companies which
have devel
oped the technologies so that they can exploit the opportunities
quicker. Co
mau has a co-operation agreement with Trumpf, the German machine
tool builde
r best-known for its laser-cutting machines, while last year ABB
Robotics fo
rmed a joint venture with Ingersoll-Rand of the US to develop and
market a r
obotised water-jet cutting system in Europe.
The search for a broader Europe
an customer base coincides with a much more
price-conscious attitude over th
e past two to three years among customers,
due as much to general business c
onditions as to scepticism about the early
claims made by robot suppliers.
S
uppliers are rationalising their product ranges to give customers what they

want and no more, but using developments in control systems to increase the

applications available from each model.
These conditions give advantages and
 disadvantages in more or less equal
measure to European suppliers and Japan
ese/US importers, which control one
third of the market. Demark and Mattucci
 strongly believe that the European
suppliers benefit from a approach based 
on solutions rather than products.
'The Japanese do not have the solutions f
or European needs,' says Mattucci
flatly. This is a view strongly disputed b
y the Japanese producers, but in a
price-sensitive market the the Japanese d
o have the advantage of size -
investment in control systems, in particular,
 can be spread over a bigger
sales base.
Ultimately, though, all the robot s
uppliers could benefit if they can
persuade more European companies of the b
enefits of robots. And that is
likely to be a gradual process where technolo
gy is only one factor in the
equation.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 106 ==============================================
Transaction #:    106       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-9444</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CEGBFAFXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
07
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 MAY 92 / Technology: Androids on the march - Af
ter years on the breadline, modern robots are finding gainful employment in 
Europe </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
In the US f
ashion industry they call it 'localised abrasion' - the pre-worn
look for de
nim jeans produced by applying potassium permanganate solution to
the knee, 
thigh and seat areas.
The faded effect has traditionally been achieved throu
gh manual spraying,
but consistency and quality control have been hard to ac
hieve. Now GMFanuc
Robotics has perfected a robotic solution that is three t
imes faster than
manual spraying, can reproduce a spray pattern to an accura
cy of 0.03 inch,
and can be programmed easily to handle a wide range of garm
ents.
The system is a relatively simple example of recent trends in the indu
strial
robotics industry, which is trying to reduce its dependence on compar
atively
mature automotive markets and find new applications elsewhere.
It is
 a trend that is particularly important for robot suppliers in the
European 
market, where the overall penetration of robots into industry is
much lower 
than in Japan, and where a potentially huge market for
non-automotive applic
ations remains untapped.
According to Massimo Mattucci, vice president for e
ngineering and marketing
at Comau of Italy, around 50 per cent of industrial
 robots installed in
Europe are in use in the automotive industry and 20 per
 cent in electronics
 -the reverse of the situation in Japan.
'The automotiv
e industry has more or less understood the potential of
robots,' says Stelio
 Demark, head of ABB Robotics, Europe's largest
producer, although he stress
es, along with other robot industry executives,
the potential of robots in t
he paint-spraying and final assembly area of
European vehicle manufacturing.

The inherent flexibility of modern robots, and the advances made in control

systems and mechanics that have increased their speed and reliability, ough
t
to increase their suitability for small-batch manufacturing in Europe, whe
re
model changes are frequent.
Demark sees new opportunities for robots emer
ging in the European food,
packaging, pharmaceutical and white goods industr
ies.
But the pace at which European industry accepts robots will depend part
ly on
suppliers' ability to counter the mistrust caused by the hype of the 1
970s
and early 1980s, when the robot industry appeared to be carried away by

euphoria over business prospects.
There are other obstacles, too, for suppl
iers to surmount. In Japan, one of
the driving forces behind the growth in t
he industrial robot population to
274,210 in 1990 - nearly 10 times the popu
lation in the former West Germany
 -has been labour shortages.
'Everything h
as to come back to economic considerations,' says Axel
Gerhardt, an executiv
e board member of IWKA, the holding company for Kuka,
Germany's largest robo
t supplier. 'In Europe robots are used where it is
economical to do so. In J
apan the question is often whether to produce with
a robot or not to produce
 there at all.'
Mistakes have also been made in the installation of robots, 
for which the
suppliers and customers have to share the blame. 'People have 
tended to put
in a robot, then have an operator standing by watching,' says 
Demark. 'This
is a half-way house that I wouldn't recommend.'
Increasingly, 
robot suppliers are realising that if they are to make inroads
into the smal
l- and medium-sized businesses that still dominate European
industry - espec
ially outside the automotive sector  - they have to
understand better the cu
stomer's needs and worries.
'You have to enter into an economic calculation 
with the customer and
demonstrate the ability to find a solution,' says Matt
ucci.
That could mean being paid only for a feasibility study that comes dow
n
against the use of robots. But in the long run this approach makes more
se
nse for an industry that wants to broaden its customer base and maintain
its
 reputation.
Comau, which sells most of its robots as part of an integrated 
automation
package, is around 90 per cent dependent on the vehicle industry.
 Mattucci
wants to expand the remaining 10 per cent of the business to 30 pe
r cent
over the next five years by exploiting the group's strengths in robot
ics for
body-welding, mechanical assembly and difficult handling operations.

The Italian company's most ambitious step away from the automotive sector i
s
its involvement in the Columbus Automation and robotics Testbed (Cat)
prog
ramme financed by the European Space Agency. The ground testbed for the
auto
mation and robotics on board the projected Columbus Space Station will
incor
porate a new Comau robot using advanced materials such as aeronautical
alloy
s and composites.
A more-down-to earth approach to broadening the customer b
ase is in evidence
at GMFanuc, the US/Japanese concern which is the world's 
second biggest
supplier. The jean-spraying robot, developed in the US and no
w available in
the UK, offers a high return on investment with a payback of 
less than a
year, says Mike Wilson, the UK sales and marketing manager.
Robo
tics are also in their infancy in the European food industry, partly
because
 it has hitherto been difficult to turn a hose on to a robot to clean
it wit
hout ruining its electrical circuits. In January, GMFanuc launched its
'Wash
down' robot to conform to the strict hygiene requirements of the food
indust
ry and withstand all the chemical substances likely to be used in
washdown o
r wipedown procedures.
In the European electronics industry, robots are more
 frequent but
applications are still developing. Data Packaging, an Irish su
pplier of
plastic moulded components for the computer industry, recently ins
talled an
ABB Robotics painting cell to handle metallic paints used to provi
de an
attractive finish, and assist in electrical shielding, on parts for th
e
Apple Macintosh.
Metallic paints are hard to handle because they block sup
ply lines if not
kept flowing continuously. The ABB system programs the robo
t to fire the
spray gun if the system lays dormant for a given length of tim
e.
Advances such as these are often based on techniques originally developed

for the automotive industry, which is not being neglected in suppliers'
has
te to exploit other markets. A number of fairly recent technologies have
rel
evance to the use of robots in automotive and non-automotive fields.
Laser w
elding, says Wilson, is attracting interest in a number of
industries, inclu
ding aerospace, because of its precision and speed. Unlike
conventional spot
 welding, the robot does not have to reach both sides of
the part to be weld
ed.
Another emerging technology, especially when combined with robotics, is

water-jet cutting, which is likely to become increasingly important for
cutt
ing plastics quickly and cleanly. It is already being used in the
automotive
 industry for cutting carpets, door panels and instrument panels.
In both ar
eas robot suppliers are forming partnerships with companies which
have devel
oped the technologies so that they can exploit the opportunities
quicker. Co
mau has a co-operation agreement with Trumpf, the German machine
tool builde
r best-known for its laser-cutting machines, while last year ABB
Robotics fo
rmed a joint venture with Ingersoll-Rand of the US to develop and
market a r
obotised water-jet cutting system in Europe.
The search for a broader Europe
an customer base coincides with a much more
price-conscious attitude over th
e past two to three years among customers,
due as much to general business c
onditions as to scepticism about the early
claims made by robot suppliers.
S
uppliers are rationalising their product ranges to give customers what they

want and no more, but using developments in control systems to increase the

applications available from each model.
These conditions give advantages and
 disadvantages in more or less equal
measure to European suppliers and Japan
ese/US importers, which control one
third of the market. Demark and Mattucci
 strongly believe that the European
suppliers benefit from a approach based 
on solutions rather than products.
'The Japanese do not have the solutions f
or European needs,' says Mattucci
flatly. This is a view strongly disputed b
y the Japanese producers, but in a
price-sensitive market the the Japanese d
o have the advantage of size -
investment in control systems, in particular,
 can be spread over a bigger
sales base.
Ultimately, though, all the robot s
uppliers could benefit if they can
persuade more European companies of the b
enefits of robots. And that is
likely to be a gradual process where technolo
gy is only one factor in the
equation.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4414</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (6): Machines are now used for tasks beyond spot welding - Robots </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROBOTS have become an e
stablished part of the vehicle manufacturing scene
over the past 15 years. T
he motor industry accounts for as much as 40 per
cent of the 450,000 install
ed industrial robots worldwide but their use is
changing and applications ar
e expanding.
The traditional picture of long lines of robots each making bil
lions of spot
welds on car bodies in a working life of eight to 10 years is 
still true,
but only half the story. Those same welding robots are as likely
 to be
grouped in flexible manufacturing cells and capable of handling a wid
e range
of models in quick succession.
At the same time, smaller robots are 
increasingly being used in engine
assembly, where their ability to do qualit
y, repetitive work with a
precision of 1/100th of a millimetre is much in de
mand. Robots are being
used in final assembly work and paint spraying, and s
uppliers hope to be
able to develop these markets now that the technology ha
s been proven.
There is an emerging trend for robots to be used in automotiv
e
sub-contracting, prompted by the vehicle manufacturers' need to be as
conf
ident in the consistency and quality of out-sourced components as for
their 
own work.
The shorter lives of car models, prompted by increased competition
 in the
industry and the Japanese producers' early efforts to reduce product

development times, are changing the use and design of robots.
The tradition
al practice of replacing a robot after two model cycles may
have been approp
riate when each car model was lasting six to eight years.
But with model liv
es reduced to three to four years, users want to keep
their robots for furth
er models, and thus want increased flexibility,
according to Dr Axel Gerhard
t, a senior board member at the holding company
for Kuka, Germany's largest 
robot supplier.
Many of the latest trends in the use of robotics originated 
in Japan where
labour shortages have spurred much greater penetration of rob
ots into
industry overall compared with Europe and the US. But robot supplie
rs such
as ABB Robotics, the largest in Europe, believe the European automot
ive
industry is as enthusiastic a user of robotic automation as its Japanese

counterpart.
However, some of the more recent applications of robots are le
ss prevalent
in Europe, giving an opportunity to suppliers if they can convi
nce producers
of the economic benefits. There are national variations too: t
he UK is a
long way behind the US and the rest of Europe in the use of robot
s in the
paint shop, says Mr Mike Wilson, UK sales and marketing director at
 GMFanuc
Robotics.
The versatility of modern industrial robots for tasks tha
t go beyond spot
welding is illustrated by Kuka's involvement in final assem
bly of the
Citroen XM. Following painting, robots dismount the doors and tai
lgate, with
the aid of sensors, for completion on separate trim lines; the c
ockpit is
picked up by robot from an automatic guided vehicle, inserted thro
ugh the
door and then bolted to the body by a second robot.
Robots are used 
for applying the adhesive sealants and for fitting the glass
exactly into th
e body aperture with the aid of ultrasonic scanners; seats
are inserted by r
obot after measuring the exact position of the body by
means of tactile sens
ors, wheels are mounted and doors and tailgate
refitted.
Some of these tasks
 are difficult for robots because of the nature of final
assembly. Robots ar
e having to operate in a less structured environment,
says Mr Wilson, and de
al with less defined objects such as seats.
Another problem, at least outsid
e Japan, is that labour is available and
costs less than in skilled manufact
uring areas. So robot suppliers have to
find applications that create added 
value, says Mr Stelio Demark, head of
ABB Robotics.
There are still opportun
ities for greater use of robots further up the
production line. Relatively n
ew processes such as laser-cutting and
water-jet cutting are likely to becom
e more prevalent, in association with
robots, especially for working with pl
astics and new advanced composites.
Mr Demark sees a substantial increase in
 automated arc-welding in the
automotive industry and sub-suppliers. And Com
au, the Italian robotics and
systems group, expects some interesting investm
ents in the body area,
prompted by the increased need for new models, accord
ing to Mr Massimo
Mattucci, vice-president for engineering and marketing.
In
 paint spraying, says Mr Demark, robots have hardly scratched the surface.
L
ast year, ABB strengthened its position in the robotic painting market with

the acquisition of Graco in the US, but GMFanuc, a US/Japanese concern, and

Behr of Germany have strong positions.
The flexibility of robots to handle m
odel changes will be the key to their
further implementation in the car body
 area. In engine and transmission
production, robots are becoming better est
ablished, and Mr Mattucci suggests
a new generation of engines prompted by t
ougher environmental regulations
could be the spur to further investment in 
robots.
However, an increasing portion of business for robot suppliers seems
 likely
to come from refurbishment of existing robots rather than new purcha
ses as
customers seek maximum value from their manufacturing investments.
In
 the past three or four years, this has been a growing trend of robot
refitt
ing and modification in the motor industry, carried out during model
changeo
vers and restoring robots to previous levels of accuracy and
productivity.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page III </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 110 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4414</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (6): Machines are now used for tasks beyond spot welding - Robots </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROBOTS have become an e
stablished part of the vehicle manufacturing scene
over the past 15 years. T
he motor industry accounts for as much as 40 per
cent of the 450,000 install
ed industrial robots worldwide but their use is
changing and applications ar
e expanding.
The traditional picture of long lines of robots each making bil
lions of spot
welds on car bodies in a working life of eight to 10 years is 
still true,
but only half the story. Those same welding robots are as likely
 to be
grouped in flexible manufacturing cells and capable of handling a wid
e range
of models in quick succession.
At the same time, smaller robots are 
increasingly being used in engine
assembly, where their ability to do qualit
y, repetitive work with a
precision of 1/100th of a millimetre is much in de
mand. Robots are being
used in final assembly work and paint spraying, and s
uppliers hope to be
able to develop these markets now that the technology ha
s been proven.
There is an emerging trend for robots to be used in automotiv
e
sub-contracting, prompted by the vehicle manufacturers' need to be as
conf
ident in the consistency and quality of out-sourced components as for
their 
own work.
The shorter lives of car models, prompted by increased competition
 in the
industry and the Japanese producers' early efforts to reduce product

development times, are changing the use and design of robots.
The tradition
al practice of replacing a robot after two model cycles may
have been approp
riate when each car model was lasting six to eight years.
But with model liv
es reduced to three to four years, users want to keep
their robots for furth
er models, and thus want increased flexibility,
according to Dr Axel Gerhard
t, a senior board member at the holding company
for Kuka, Germany's largest 
robot supplier.
Many of the latest trends in the use of robotics originated 
in Japan where
labour shortages have spurred much greater penetration of rob
ots into
industry overall compared with Europe and the US. But robot supplie
rs such
as ABB Robotics, the largest in Europe, believe the European automot
ive
industry is as enthusiastic a user of robotic automation as its Japanese

counterpart.
However, some of the more recent applications of robots are le
ss prevalent
in Europe, giving an opportunity to suppliers if they can convi
nce producers
of the economic benefits. There are national variations too: t
he UK is a
long way behind the US and the rest of Europe in the use of robot
s in the
paint shop, says Mr Mike Wilson, UK sales and marketing director at
 GMFanuc
Robotics.
The versatility of modern industrial robots for tasks tha
t go beyond spot
welding is illustrated by Kuka's involvement in final assem
bly of the
Citroen XM. Following painting, robots dismount the doors and tai
lgate, with
the aid of sensors, for completion on separate trim lines; the c
ockpit is
picked up by robot from an automatic guided vehicle, inserted thro
ugh the
door and then bolted to the body by a second robot.
Robots are used 
for applying the adhesive sealants and for fitting the glass
exactly into th
e body aperture with the aid of ultrasonic scanners; seats
are inserted by r
obot after measuring the exact position of the body by
means of tactile sens
ors, wheels are mounted and doors and tailgate
refitted.
Some of these tasks
 are difficult for robots because of the nature of final
assembly. Robots ar
e having to operate in a less structured environment,
says Mr Wilson, and de
al with less defined objects such as seats.
Another problem, at least outsid
e Japan, is that labour is available and
costs less than in skilled manufact
uring areas. So robot suppliers have to
find applications that create added 
value, says Mr Stelio Demark, head of
ABB Robotics.
There are still opportun
ities for greater use of robots further up the
production line. Relatively n
ew processes such as laser-cutting and
water-jet cutting are likely to becom
e more prevalent, in association with
robots, especially for working with pl
astics and new advanced composites.
Mr Demark sees a substantial increase in
 automated arc-welding in the
automotive industry and sub-suppliers. And Com
au, the Italian robotics and
systems group, expects some interesting investm
ents in the body area,
prompted by the increased need for new models, accord
ing to Mr Massimo
Mattucci, vice-president for engineering and marketing.
In
 paint spraying, says Mr Demark, robots have hardly scratched the surface.
L
ast year, ABB strengthened its position in the robotic painting market with

the acquisition of Graco in the US, but GMFanuc, a US/Japanese concern, and

Behr of Germany have strong positions.
The flexibility of robots to handle m
odel changes will be the key to their
further implementation in the car body
 area. In engine and transmission
production, robots are becoming better est
ablished, and Mr Mattucci suggests
a new generation of engines prompted by t
ougher environmental regulations
could be the spur to further investment in 
robots.
However, an increasing portion of business for robot suppliers seems
 likely
to come from refurbishment of existing robots rather than new purcha
ses as
customers seek maximum value from their manufacturing investments.
In
 the past three or four years, this has been a growing trend of robot
refitt
ing and modification in the motor industry, carried out during model
changeo
vers and restoring robots to previous levels of accuracy and
productivity.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page III </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 111 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4414</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (6): Machines are now used for tasks beyond spot welding - Robots </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROBOTS have become an e
stablished part of the vehicle manufacturing scene
over the past 15 years. T
he motor industry accounts for as much as 40 per
cent of the 450,000 install
ed industrial robots worldwide but their use is
changing and applications ar
e expanding.
The traditional picture of long lines of robots each making bil
lions of spot
welds on car bodies in a working life of eight to 10 years is 
still true,
but only half the story. Those same welding robots are as likely
 to be
grouped in flexible manufacturing cells and capable of handling a wid
e range
of models in quick succession.
At the same time, smaller robots are 
increasingly being used in engine
assembly, where their ability to do qualit
y, repetitive work with a
precision of 1/100th of a millimetre is much in de
mand. Robots are being
used in final assembly work and paint spraying, and s
uppliers hope to be
able to develop these markets now that the technology ha
s been proven.
There is an emerging trend for robots to be used in automotiv
e
sub-contracting, prompted by the vehicle manufacturers' need to be as
conf
ident in the consistency and quality of out-sourced components as for
their 
own work.
The shorter lives of car models, prompted by increased competition
 in the
industry and the Japanese producers' early efforts to reduce product

development times, are changing the use and design of robots.
The tradition
al practice of replacing a robot after two model cycles may
have been approp
riate when each car model was lasting six to eight years.
But with model liv
es reduced to three to four years, users want to keep
their robots for furth
er models, and thus want increased flexibility,
according to Dr Axel Gerhard
t, a senior board member at the holding company
for Kuka, Germany's largest 
robot supplier.
Many of the latest trends in the use of robotics originated 
in Japan where
labour shortages have spurred much greater penetration of rob
ots into
industry overall compared with Europe and the US. But robot supplie
rs such
as ABB Robotics, the largest in Europe, believe the European automot
ive
industry is as enthusiastic a user of robotic automation as its Japanese

counterpart.
However, some of the more recent applications of robots are le
ss prevalent
in Europe, giving an opportunity to suppliers if they can convi
nce producers
of the economic benefits. There are national variations too: t
he UK is a
long way behind the US and the rest of Europe in the use of robot
s in the
paint shop, says Mr Mike Wilson, UK sales and marketing director at
 GMFanuc
Robotics.
The versatility of modern industrial robots for tasks tha
t go beyond spot
welding is illustrated by Kuka's involvement in final assem
bly of the
Citroen XM. Following painting, robots dismount the doors and tai
lgate, with
the aid of sensors, for completion on separate trim lines; the c
ockpit is
picked up by robot from an automatic guided vehicle, inserted thro
ugh the
door and then bolted to the body by a second robot.
Robots are used 
for applying the adhesive sealants and for fitting the glass
exactly into th
e body aperture with the aid of ultrasonic scanners; seats
are inserted by r
obot after measuring the exact position of the body by
means of tactile sens
ors, wheels are mounted and doors and tailgate
refitted.
Some of these tasks
 are difficult for robots because of the nature of final
assembly. Robots ar
e having to operate in a less structured environment,
says Mr Wilson, and de
al with less defined objects such as seats.
Another problem, at least outsid
e Japan, is that labour is available and
costs less than in skilled manufact
uring areas. So robot suppliers have to
find applications that create added 
value, says Mr Stelio Demark, head of
ABB Robotics.
There are still opportun
ities for greater use of robots further up the
production line. Relatively n
ew processes such as laser-cutting and
water-jet cutting are likely to becom
e more prevalent, in association with
robots, especially for working with pl
astics and new advanced composites.
Mr Demark sees a substantial increase in
 automated arc-welding in the
automotive industry and sub-suppliers. And Com
au, the Italian robotics and
systems group, expects some interesting investm
ents in the body area,
prompted by the increased need for new models, accord
ing to Mr Massimo
Mattucci, vice-president for engineering and marketing.
In
 paint spraying, says Mr Demark, robots have hardly scratched the surface.
L
ast year, ABB strengthened its position in the robotic painting market with

the acquisition of Graco in the US, but GMFanuc, a US/Japanese concern, and

Behr of Germany have strong positions.
The flexibility of robots to handle m
odel changes will be the key to their
further implementation in the car body
 area. In engine and transmission
production, robots are becoming better est
ablished, and Mr Mattucci suggests
a new generation of engines prompted by t
ougher environmental regulations
could be the spur to further investment in 
robots.
However, an increasing portion of business for robot suppliers seems
 likely
to come from refurbishment of existing robots rather than new purcha
ses as
customers seek maximum value from their manufacturing investments.
In
 the past three or four years, this has been a growing trend of robot
refitt
ing and modification in the motor industry, carried out during model
changeo
vers and restoring robots to previous levels of accuracy and
productivity.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page III </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 112 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 113 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-3603</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCMBUADIFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Problems 
piling up for Caribbean sugar sector - A wave of labour unrest is adding to 
the woes of a struggling industry, writes Canute James </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE> 
   By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A WAVE of industrial unrest in the Carib
bean sugar industry has compounded
earlier problems caused by falling produc
tion and changes in important
markets.
Exporters are having difficulty in re
taining traditional markets and no new
ones are available; some export quota
s have been reduced while some export
commitments are not being fulfilled.
T
he pain is most evident in Barbados, for which the sugar industry is a
relat
ively small but important pillar of the troubled economy. An eight-week
stri
ke that delayed the start of this year's harvest has reduced production
at a
 time when the financially strapped industry has been trying to catch
its br
eath.
The industry was shut down late last year because it ran out of money.
 The
privately-owned Barbados Sugar Industry Ltd, which operates the island'
s
mills, owes a state-owned bank about USDollars 87m. New money has not been

available because the government is under pressure to reduce state spending
.
It took a loan of Pounds 5m from Barclays Bank of the UK to get the indust
ry
up on its feet again, but preparations by millers to start processing can
e
in January were frustrated by a strike. Unions demanded an increase in wag
es
but the millers said they were unable to pay because of their weak financ
es.
It took the intervention of the country's prime minister to break the
im
passe.
The industry is forecasting production of 50,000 tonnes for this year
, which
will not be enough to meet its quotas to the European Community and 
the US
while satisfying domestic demand, for which about 73,000 tonnes would
 be
needed.
Failure to fill export quotas has also been a major worry for th
e Guyanese
sugar industry. In each of the past three years the country has p
leaded
force majeure on scheduled shipments to the European Community as pro
duction
has faltered because of strikes and poor weather.
The industry expec
ts to meet its EC quota of 167,000 tonnes this year
although production was 
only 155,000 tonnes last year, 25,000 tonnes more
than in 1990. Like other c
ountries that fear a loss of their quotas if they
do not meet the supply sch
edules, Guyana and Barbados may be forced to
import sugar for the domestic m
arket.
'The logic here is quite simple,' explains a Jamaican trade official.
 'The
preferential markets such as the EC pay more than the exporters would 
get on
the world market. So they ensure they meet their quotas and then buy 
cheaply
on the world market for domestic consumption. The EC and the US do n
ot like
this practice, but it is done fairly often.'
In Guyana and Barbados 
efforts are being made to improve the management of
the sugar industry and r
aise productivity. Booker Tate, a subsidiary of
Booker of the UK, is managin
g the state-owned industry in Guyana, and will
begin running the Barbados in
dustry later this year.
The marginal improvement in output by the Jamaican i
ndustry over the past
two years was halted by a two-week strike at the islan
d's nine mills that
ended this week. This year's target of 230,000 tonnes, i
f it is achieved,
will allow the island to meet its quota commitments.
The a
dministrators of the industry in the Caribbean complain that region's
market
ing and production plans are being adversely affected by changing
conditions
 in important markets, such as the US, where adjustments to import
quotas ar
e frequent. In the current crop year, for example, most of the
Caribbean pro
ducers have had their US quota cut by 35 per cent, and others
by 10 per cent
.
These changes, which are influenced mainly by the level of domestic US
pro
duction, are expected to reduce the Caribbean region's earnings by about
USD
ollars 70m. The reduction is hitting hardest in the Dominican Republic,
wher
e industry has been in decline for the past decade. The cut of 35 per
cent i
n its US quota to 232,500 tonnes this year might have been less
painful had 
it not been for uncertainty over another valuable market. The
Dominicans had
 been supplying between 50,000 tonnes and 225,000 tonnes a
year to the Sovie
t Union. But with the break-up of the union Dominican
industry officials and
 bankers say there is uncertainty about future of
sales to the Commonwealth 
of Independent States, as it is now called.
Like most of the other Caribbean
 producers, production costs in the
Dominican Republic, which produced 628,0
00 tonnes last year, exceed world
market prices.
Strikes and production cost
s are not likely to be among the problems facing
the sugar sector in Cuba, t
he region's largest producer. Since the break-up
of the Soviet Union, which 
was the island's major market, short term
contracts with members of the CIS 
have brought some relief. But a
significant reduction in output is likely th
is year because of a late start
to harvesting and a shortage of fuel which h
as overtaken the embattled
economy. There are indications that output this y
ear will be about 1m tonnes
less than last year's 7.6m tonnes.
The US indust
ry, however, is already weighing the consequences of the
changes in Cuba's m
arkets, with suggestions that this could leave the island
with millions of t
onnes to dispose of on the world market. Depression of
prices would be compo
unded by a likely loss of market for some of Cuba's
neighbours, particularly
 if there were political changes on the island.
'In a post-Castro Cuba, the 
US would try to assist a new government if it is
democratic,' suggests Mr Ju
lio Herrera, president of the Caribbean Basin
Sugar Producers Group. 'Cuba w
ill inevitably turn to the US as a market for
its sugar. The US will be told
 that it has a moral obligation to buy Cuban
sugar.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 119 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-3603</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCMBUADIFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Problems 
piling up for Caribbean sugar sector - A wave of labour unrest is adding to 
the woes of a struggling industry, writes Canute James </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE> 
   By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A WAVE of industrial unrest in the Carib
bean sugar industry has compounded
earlier problems caused by falling produc
tion and changes in important
markets.
Exporters are having difficulty in re
taining traditional markets and no new
ones are available; some export quota
s have been reduced while some export
commitments are not being fulfilled.
T
he pain is most evident in Barbados, for which the sugar industry is a
relat
ively small but important pillar of the troubled economy. An eight-week
stri
ke that delayed the start of this year's harvest has reduced production
at a
 time when the financially strapped industry has been trying to catch
its br
eath.
The industry was shut down late last year because it ran out of money.
 The
privately-owned Barbados Sugar Industry Ltd, which operates the island'
s
mills, owes a state-owned bank about USDollars 87m. New money has not been

available because the government is under pressure to reduce state spending
.
It took a loan of Pounds 5m from Barclays Bank of the UK to get the indust
ry
up on its feet again, but preparations by millers to start processing can
e
in January were frustrated by a strike. Unions demanded an increase in wag
es
but the millers said they were unable to pay because of their weak financ
es.
It took the intervention of the country's prime minister to break the
im
passe.
The industry is forecasting production of 50,000 tonnes for this year
, which
will not be enough to meet its quotas to the European Community and 
the US
while satisfying domestic demand, for which about 73,000 tonnes would
 be
needed.
Failure to fill export quotas has also been a major worry for th
e Guyanese
sugar industry. In each of the past three years the country has p
leaded
force majeure on scheduled shipments to the European Community as pro
duction
has faltered because of strikes and poor weather.
The industry expec
ts to meet its EC quota of 167,000 tonnes this year
although production was 
only 155,000 tonnes last year, 25,000 tonnes more
than in 1990. Like other c
ountries that fear a loss of their quotas if they
do not meet the supply sch
edules, Guyana and Barbados may be forced to
import sugar for the domestic m
arket.
'The logic here is quite simple,' explains a Jamaican trade official.
 'The
preferential markets such as the EC pay more than the exporters would 
get on
the world market. So they ensure they meet their quotas and then buy 
cheaply
on the world market for domestic consumption. The EC and the US do n
ot like
this practice, but it is done fairly often.'
In Guyana and Barbados 
efforts are being made to improve the management of
the sugar industry and r
aise productivity. Booker Tate, a subsidiary of
Booker of the UK, is managin
g the state-owned industry in Guyana, and will
begin running the Barbados in
dustry later this year.
The marginal improvement in output by the Jamaican i
ndustry over the past
two years was halted by a two-week strike at the islan
d's nine mills that
ended this week. This year's target of 230,000 tonnes, i
f it is achieved,
will allow the island to meet its quota commitments.
The a
dministrators of the industry in the Caribbean complain that region's
market
ing and production plans are being adversely affected by changing
conditions
 in important markets, such as the US, where adjustments to import
quotas ar
e frequent. In the current crop year, for example, most of the
Caribbean pro
ducers have had their US quota cut by 35 per cent, and others
by 10 per cent
.
These changes, which are influenced mainly by the level of domestic US
pro
duction, are expected to reduce the Caribbean region's earnings by about
USD
ollars 70m. The reduction is hitting hardest in the Dominican Republic,
wher
e industry has been in decline for the past decade. The cut of 35 per
cent i
n its US quota to 232,500 tonnes this year might have been less
painful had 
it not been for uncertainty over another valuable market. The
Dominicans had
 been supplying between 50,000 tonnes and 225,000 tonnes a
year to the Sovie
t Union. But with the break-up of the union Dominican
industry officials and
 bankers say there is uncertainty about future of
sales to the Commonwealth 
of Independent States, as it is now called.
Like most of the other Caribbean
 producers, production costs in the
Dominican Republic, which produced 628,0
00 tonnes last year, exceed world
market prices.
Strikes and production cost
s are not likely to be among the problems facing
the sugar sector in Cuba, t
he region's largest producer. Since the break-up
of the Soviet Union, which 
was the island's major market, short term
contracts with members of the CIS 
have brought some relief. But a
significant reduction in output is likely th
is year because of a late start
to harvesting and a shortage of fuel which h
as overtaken the embattled
economy. There are indications that output this y
ear will be about 1m tonnes
less than last year's 7.6m tonnes.
The US indust
ry, however, is already weighing the consequences of the
changes in Cuba's m
arkets, with suggestions that this could leave the island
with millions of t
onnes to dispose of on the world market. Depression of
prices would be compo
unded by a likely loss of market for some of Cuba's
neighbours, particularly
 if there were political changes on the island.
'In a post-Castro Cuba, the 
US would try to assist a new government if it is
democratic,' suggests Mr Ju
lio Herrera, president of the Caribbean Basin
Sugar Producers Group. 'Cuba w
ill inevitably turn to the US as a market for
its sugar. The US will be told
 that it has a moral obligation to buy Cuban
sugar.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 120 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-3603</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCMBUADIFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Problems 
piling up for Caribbean sugar sector - A wave of labour unrest is adding to 
the woes of a struggling industry, writes Canute James </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE> 
   By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A WAVE of industrial unrest in the Carib
bean sugar industry has compounded
earlier problems caused by falling produc
tion and changes in important
markets.
Exporters are having difficulty in re
taining traditional markets and no new
ones are available; some export quota
s have been reduced while some export
commitments are not being fulfilled.
T
he pain is most evident in Barbados, for which the sugar industry is a
relat
ively small but important pillar of the troubled economy. An eight-week
stri
ke that delayed the start of this year's harvest has reduced production
at a
 time when the financially strapped industry has been trying to catch
its br
eath.
The industry was shut down late last year because it ran out of money.
 The
privately-owned Barbados Sugar Industry Ltd, which operates the island'
s
mills, owes a state-owned bank about USDollars 87m. New money has not been

available because the government is under pressure to reduce state spending
.
It took a loan of Pounds 5m from Barclays Bank of the UK to get the indust
ry
up on its feet again, but preparations by millers to start processing can
e
in January were frustrated by a strike. Unions demanded an increase in wag
es
but the millers said they were unable to pay because of their weak financ
es.
It took the intervention of the country's prime minister to break the
im
passe.
The industry is forecasting production of 50,000 tonnes for this year
, which
will not be enough to meet its quotas to the European Community and 
the US
while satisfying domestic demand, for which about 73,000 tonnes would
 be
needed.
Failure to fill export quotas has also been a major worry for th
e Guyanese
sugar industry. In each of the past three years the country has p
leaded
force majeure on scheduled shipments to the European Community as pro
duction
has faltered because of strikes and poor weather.
The industry expec
ts to meet its EC quota of 167,000 tonnes this year
although production was 
only 155,000 tonnes last year, 25,000 tonnes more
than in 1990. Like other c
ountries that fear a loss of their quotas if they
do not meet the supply sch
edules, Guyana and Barbados may be forced to
import sugar for the domestic m
arket.
'The logic here is quite simple,' explains a Jamaican trade official.
 'The
preferential markets such as the EC pay more than the exporters would 
get on
the world market. So they ensure they meet their quotas and then buy 
cheaply
on the world market for domestic consumption. The EC and the US do n
ot like
this practice, but it is done fairly often.'
In Guyana and Barbados 
efforts are being made to improve the management of
the sugar industry and r
aise productivity. Booker Tate, a subsidiary of
Booker of the UK, is managin
g the state-owned industry in Guyana, and will
begin running the Barbados in
dustry later this year.
The marginal improvement in output by the Jamaican i
ndustry over the past
two years was halted by a two-week strike at the islan
d's nine mills that
ended this week. This year's target of 230,000 tonnes, i
f it is achieved,
will allow the island to meet its quota commitments.
The a
dministrators of the industry in the Caribbean complain that region's
market
ing and production plans are being adversely affected by changing
conditions
 in important markets, such as the US, where adjustments to import
quotas ar
e frequent. In the current crop year, for example, most of the
Caribbean pro
ducers have had their US quota cut by 35 per cent, and others
by 10 per cent
.
These changes, which are influenced mainly by the level of domestic US
pro
duction, are expected to reduce the Caribbean region's earnings by about
USD
ollars 70m. The reduction is hitting hardest in the Dominican Republic,
wher
e industry has been in decline for the past decade. The cut of 35 per
cent i
n its US quota to 232,500 tonnes this year might have been less
painful had 
it not been for uncertainty over another valuable market. The
Dominicans had
 been supplying between 50,000 tonnes and 225,000 tonnes a
year to the Sovie
t Union. But with the break-up of the union Dominican
industry officials and
 bankers say there is uncertainty about future of
sales to the Commonwealth 
of Independent States, as it is now called.
Like most of the other Caribbean
 producers, production costs in the
Dominican Republic, which produced 628,0
00 tonnes last year, exceed world
market prices.
Strikes and production cost
s are not likely to be among the problems facing
the sugar sector in Cuba, t
he region's largest producer. Since the break-up
of the Soviet Union, which 
was the island's major market, short term
contracts with members of the CIS 
have brought some relief. But a
significant reduction in output is likely th
is year because of a late start
to harvesting and a shortage of fuel which h
as overtaken the embattled
economy. There are indications that output this y
ear will be about 1m tonnes
less than last year's 7.6m tonnes.
The US indust
ry, however, is already weighing the consequences of the
changes in Cuba's m
arkets, with suggestions that this could leave the island
with millions of t
onnes to dispose of on the world market. Depression of
prices would be compo
unded by a likely loss of market for some of Cuba's
neighbours, particularly
 if there were political changes on the island.
'In a post-Castro Cuba, the 
US would try to assist a new government if it is
democratic,' suggests Mr Ju
lio Herrera, president of the Caribbean Basin
Sugar Producers Group. 'Cuba w
ill inevitably turn to the US as a market for
its sugar. The US will be told
 that it has a moral obligation to buy Cuban
sugar.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 121 ==============================================
Transaction #:    121       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-6637</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CB0CIAAGFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
27
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 FEB 92 / Survey of Dominican Republic (11): An 
industry slow to adapt  -The country's sugar production has halved in eight 
years </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FOR MANY year
s the main pillar of the Dominican economy, the sugar industry
has recently 
undergone some difficult years. As the region's second largest
producer afte
r Cuba, the Dominican Republic has seen production fall by a
half between 19
83 and last year. In 1983, the industry accounted for 35 per
cent of the cou
ntry's foreign earnings; last year its share fell to 16 per
cent, writes Can
ute James.
The decline has been the result of changes in the economics of in
ternational
sugar, which have overtaken an industry that has been slow to ad
apt. At the
root of the problem has been the State Sugar Council (CEA), an e
nterprise
created in 1966 to manage the large holdings once owned by Preside
nt Rafael
Trujillo, the dictator assassinated in 1961.
Favourable world pric
es masked a high degree of inefficiency, until
depression overtook the inter
national sugar market about a decade ago.
Falling prices and high production
 costs, compounded by outbreaks of cane
rust disease which caused depleted y
ields, exposed the company, and forced
it to diversify its operations and se
ll off land, reducing the area under
canes. Much of this land is now taken u
p by non-traditional agriculture,
tourism resorts and free trade zones. The 
country's other producers, Central
Romana (once owned by Gulf and Western) a
nd the Vicini Group, which are both
privately owned, also suffered, but were
 better able to adapt.
The sugar industry was also hit by reduced access to 
the US market with a
cutback by Washington of import quotas. Fluctuations in
 domestic US output
led to an increase in the Dominican quota to 333,000 ton
nes in 1990, but
this has again been cut to 232,500 tonnes this year.
At the
 same time, the Dominican Republic has not made use of preferential
access f
or its sugar to the European market. When it signed the Lome
Convention, tra
ditional suppliers said they feared Dominican sugar would
depress prices on 
the EC market. The Dominican government said it would not
ship sugar to the 
EC under preferential terms granted by the Convention.
A more recent setback
 to the country's industry has been the break-up of the
Soviet Union, to whi
ch it has been supplying between 50,000 and 225,000
tonnes a year. Industry 
officials and bankers say there is uncertainty about
the future of sales to 
the Commonwealth of Independent States.
The sugar industry was hit last year
 by a row over allegations that Haitian
children were being used as labourer
s on farms owned and operated by the
CEA. The Dominican government, stung by
 accusations from human rights groups
that it was condoning child slavery, o
rdered the deportation of thousands of
Haitians who, it said, were illegally
 resident in the country. Government
officials say wages in the sugar indust
ry do not encourage Dominican
workers, but there appears to be no worry abou
t the supply of labour for the
industry.
Rather, Mr Frederico Echineque, exe
cutive director of the Dominican Sugar
Institute, says that this year produc
tion will be higher than last year. The
industry is moving into new areas, u
sing the byproducts of the canes for
such products as chemicals for the pain
t industry. But it is unlikely that
the industry will abandon production of 
sugar as its main undertaking. It
provides a livelihood for 80,000 people in
 a labour surplus economy.
 ------------------------------------------------

        SUGAR PRODUCTION (in tonnes**)
 -----------------------------------
-------------
            Total   Exports to    Exports to
                 
       the US      the USSR
 -----------------------------------------------
-
1983    1,209,456      640,128        45,156
1984    1,133,341      614,15
9        55,175
1985      920,699      465,085       224,689
1986      894,5
38      357,789        51,243
1987      815,549      302,804       146,315
1
988      776,630      228,900       219,560
1989      693,004      285,136  
     122,239
1990      589,664      310,297        33,115
1991      628,269 
     290,310*          n/a
 ------------------------------------------------

*Estimate   **Raw value
 ------------------------------------------------
S
ource: Dominican Sugar Institute
 ------------------------------------------
------
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 35 </PAGE>

</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-8261</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBRBMAFXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: World sug
ar market 'at the crossroads' </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </B
YLINE>
<TEXT>
THE WORLD sugar market is at the crossroads, forcing many prod
ucers to
review their sugar policies in the light of changing international 
trade
patterns, the Gatt, and other trade liberalisation issues, according t
o the
latest sugar report from ED & F. Man, the London trade house.
Should t
he Gatt talks be successful, cuts in support mechanisms by 1999
'should acce
lerate the fall in the EC's net exports as marginal producers
fail to cover 
their average production costs. The same argument applies to
some of the hig
h cost/less efficient producers in the US.'
This will open up new opportunit
ies for many producers in Africa and the
Caribbean, but they will need to ex
amine their long-term cost structure and
efficiency. Man points out that und
er preferential access to the US and EC
markets, their production costs and 
efficiency deteriorated to the extent
that some have failed even to meet the
ir quota allocations.
The increase in international trade will not, however,
 increase the
transparency of the market. The uncertainty of Russsia's effec
tive imports,
Cuba's exports and the pattern of trade elsewhere in eastern E
urope have
'turned the clock back some 40 years to a time when information a
bout import
demand and export availabiltiy was lacking'.
Meanwhile sugar pri
ces - which recently fell below 8 cents a lb - are
expected to come under fu
rther pressure as exportable surpluses come on to
the market from Brazil, Cu
ba, Thailand and the EC.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Lond
on Page 36 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 123 ==============================================
Transaction #:    123       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-2957</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCQBDAC4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar pri
ces forecast to remain in narrow range </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLAC
KWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
WORLD SUGAR prices are set to remain locked in the 'd
esperately narrow' 1.5
cents a lb trading range of the last 12 months, accor
ding to the latest
sugar report from ED & F. Man, the London trade house.
Th
e resistance to movement in spite of a volatile trading environment is due
t
o fear of uncertainty at a time of revolutionary change in the eastern
Europ
ean and Cuban markets, Man suggests. It also coincides with 'an
unprecedente
d convergence of views about the overall supply and demand
balance'.
While u
ncertainty surrounds crop prospects in both Cuba, the biggest
exporter, and 
the CIS, the biggest importer, the convergence can be
explained by favourabl
e growing conditions in many exporting countries.
Output in Brazil, Thailand
 and India in the year to the end of last month
has exceeded the previous ye
ar by 24, 30 and 8 per cent respectively. 'The
full impact of these potentia
lly bumper crops has not as yet been felt on
the market,' says Man.
</TEXT>

<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 124 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-12873</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CDOBJAC3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
415
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 APR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Cuba fac
ed with worst sugar crop in years </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE
>
<DATELINE>    HAVANA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA IS straining to finish what c
ould be its worst sugar harvest in recent
years because it says it needs eve
ry tonne to help keep its crisis-hit
economy afloat, reports Reuter from Hav
ana.
After maintaining a virtual news blackout on the 1991-1992 sugar crop f
or
five months, the Caribbean island's government is now making the harvest 
a
national public issue. 'Our sole option. . . is not to lose a single tonne

of sugar,' it said.
The government urged the country's sugar workers to mak
e a maximum effort
over the next few weeks, a message reinforced by daily te
levision propaganda
spots focusing on the harvest.
The official media descri
be the current season as one of the most difficult
ever experienced by Cuba,
 which has traditionally been the world's biggest
exporter of sugar.
The 199
1-1992 harvest started late and has been bedevilled by shortages of
oil, lub
ricants and spare parts that are essential to keep mechanical
harvesters and
 mills running.
Adding to the urgency is the possible onset of spring rains 
in May which
could disrupt a late-finishing harvest.
Even more worrying for 
Cuba, the difficulties come at a time when it needs
every tonne of sugar it 
can produce to exchange for vital imports of oil,
machinery spares and food.

</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC
>

============= Transaction # 125 ==============================================
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zfind "(title {cuba}) and (topic {sugar imports exports})"

============= Transaction # 126 ==============================================
Transaction #:    126       Transaction Code:  14 (Search Results Displayed)

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============= Transaction # 127 ==============================================
Transaction #:    127       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-16799</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EAGC3AFBFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
107
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 JAN 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Washingt
on holds key to Cuba's farming future - Agricultural exports could blossom i
f the US lifted its embargo </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE
>
<TEXT>
Cuban agriculture could become a significant force on markets, incl
uding the
US, if Washington's trade embargo on the Caribbean island was lift
ed,
according to a group of experts that discussed the island's agriculture 
at a
recent conference in Miami on Central American and Caribbean trade.
It 
also concluded, however, that it would take the country many years after
the
 ending of an embargo to adjust to a global market very different from
that 
which prevailed at the time of the 1959 revolution.
It was also thought unli
kely that the island republic would be able to
regain any of the significant
 markets it lost, as these had been taken over
by other producers who would 
not easily be dislodged.
'Cuba has not been sitting still in agriculture des
pite the many setbacks,'
said Mr John Lamb, associate director for internati
onal trade of Chemonics
International of the US. 'The sector employs 19 per 
cent of the country's
workers and accounts for 75 per cent of its foreign ea
rnings.' The changes
to Cuba's agriculture that were implemented by the gove
rnment last September
were intended to deal with current problems of product
ion shortfalls, and
did not seek to lift production to find new markets, the
 experts concluded.
The Cuban government has allowed increased private parti
cipation in
agriculture with the establishment of new co-operative farms and

individually-run farms - but these still operate within the framework of th
e
state's continuing control of the economy.
The sugar industry, the main pi
llar of Cuban agriculture, would face some
difficulty in regaining markets e
ven if the embargo was lifted, Mr Lamb
said. He noted that before the 1959 r
evolution, Cuba had a half of the US
sugar market at a time when US cane sug
ar imports were about 6m tonnes a
year. But US cane sugar consumption was no
w only about 3m tonnes a year.
The experts reasoned that, if the trade embar
go ended, Cuba could be
attractive to US investors in agriculture wanting an
 offshore location. Mr
Lamb said the island had good soil and flat land, ade
quate water, a large,
trained labour force, minimal pest problems, good port
s and a sound internal
transportation infrastructure.
The Cuban citrus indus
try was supported by an extensive research system,
said Mr Gene Albrigo, a h
orticulturalist with the Citrus Research and
Education Centre of the Univers
ity of Florida. 'Over 60 per cent of the
trees are under 15 years old. There
 are adequate facilities in the packing
houses, of which there are 25, with 
two more being built.
The industry has several forms of joint agreements wit
h Chilean, British,
Spanish, Israeli and Greek companies.' Cuba's impact on 
the US or other
markets would not be immediate if the embargo was lifted, th
e experts
concluded. They expected that first efforts would be for an expans
ion of
domestic food crops for local consumption, and a rehabilitation of th
e sugar
industry because of its importance to the national economy. It would
 also
take some time for the expected disputes over land tenure and land own
ership
to be resolved.
The US government has warned prospective foreign inve
stors in Cuba not to
become involved with property that was seized by the go
vernment and could be
the subject of legal disputes if and when there is a c
hange of government in
the island.
'Salinity is also a very big and growing 
problem,' reported Mr Albrigo.
'This has reached a crisis in some parts of t
he coast and across the centre
of the island. If this continues it will be a
 disaster, particularly for
fruit and vegetables.'
In addition to expanded p
roduction of the traditional commodities (sugar,
citrus, coffee, tobacco) to
 satisfy a new market, Cuba has the potential to
become an important source 
of horticultural products for North America. Some
participants in the confer
ence concluded that this was an area of the
island's agriculture that could 
bloom in a post-embargo Cuba.
'Cuba was once a major exporter of vegetables,
 but the market has been taken
over by Mexico since the embargo,' said Mr La
mb. 'Cuban access to the US
market in the future will have an adverse impact
 on producers in the
Caribbean, Central America, Mexico and Florida, especia
lly in the production
of vegetables and horticulture.'
Mr Carlos Balerdi, a 
tropical fruit crops agent in the agricultural
extension service of Dade Cou
nty, Florida, thought that one major hurdle for
Cuban agriculture if and whe
n the embargo was lifted could be psychological.
'One problem is that agricu
ltural work has been used as a penalty for
dissidents and those trying to le
ave the island,' he said. 'This may cause a
very negative psychological reac
tion to agriculture in a future Cuba.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CU
Z  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Su
gar Beets.
    P0174 Citrus Fruits.
    P01   Agricultural Production-Crops.

</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
    MKTS  Foreign tr
ade.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 20 </PAGE>
</D
OC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-3603</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCMBUADIFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Problems 
piling up for Caribbean sugar sector - A wave of labour unrest is adding to 
the woes of a struggling industry, writes Canute James </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE> 
   By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A WAVE of industrial unrest in the Carib
bean sugar industry has compounded
earlier problems caused by falling produc
tion and changes in important
markets.
Exporters are having difficulty in re
taining traditional markets and no new
ones are available; some export quota
s have been reduced while some export
commitments are not being fulfilled.
T
he pain is most evident in Barbados, for which the sugar industry is a
relat
ively small but important pillar of the troubled economy. An eight-week
stri
ke that delayed the start of this year's harvest has reduced production
at a
 time when the financially strapped industry has been trying to catch
its br
eath.
The industry was shut down late last year because it ran out of money.
 The
privately-owned Barbados Sugar Industry Ltd, which operates the island'
s
mills, owes a state-owned bank about USDollars 87m. New money has not been

available because the government is under pressure to reduce state spending
.
It took a loan of Pounds 5m from Barclays Bank of the UK to get the indust
ry
up on its feet again, but preparations by millers to start processing can
e
in January were frustrated by a strike. Unions demanded an increase in wag
es
but the millers said they were unable to pay because of their weak financ
es.
It took the intervention of the country's prime minister to break the
im
passe.
The industry is forecasting production of 50,000 tonnes for this year
, which
will not be enough to meet its quotas to the European Community and 
the US
while satisfying domestic demand, for which about 73,000 tonnes would
 be
needed.
Failure to fill export quotas has also been a major worry for th
e Guyanese
sugar industry. In each of the past three years the country has p
leaded
force majeure on scheduled shipments to the European Community as pro
duction
has faltered because of strikes and poor weather.
The industry expec
ts to meet its EC quota of 167,000 tonnes this year
although production was 
only 155,000 tonnes last year, 25,000 tonnes more
than in 1990. Like other c
ountries that fear a loss of their quotas if they
do not meet the supply sch
edules, Guyana and Barbados may be forced to
import sugar for the domestic m
arket.
'The logic here is quite simple,' explains a Jamaican trade official.
 'The
preferential markets such as the EC pay more than the exporters would 
get on
the world market. So they ensure they meet their quotas and then buy 
cheaply
on the world market for domestic consumption. The EC and the US do n
ot like
this practice, but it is done fairly often.'
In Guyana and Barbados 
efforts are being made to improve the management of
the sugar industry and r
aise productivity. Booker Tate, a subsidiary of
Booker of the UK, is managin
g the state-owned industry in Guyana, and will
begin running the Barbados in
dustry later this year.
The marginal improvement in output by the Jamaican i
ndustry over the past
two years was halted by a two-week strike at the islan
d's nine mills that
ended this week. This year's target of 230,000 tonnes, i
f it is achieved,
will allow the island to meet its quota commitments.
The a
dministrators of the industry in the Caribbean complain that region's
market
ing and production plans are being adversely affected by changing
conditions
 in important markets, such as the US, where adjustments to import
quotas ar
e frequent. In the current crop year, for example, most of the
Caribbean pro
ducers have had their US quota cut by 35 per cent, and others
by 10 per cent
.
These changes, which are influenced mainly by the level of domestic US
pro
duction, are expected to reduce the Caribbean region's earnings by about
USD
ollars 70m. The reduction is hitting hardest in the Dominican Republic,
wher
e industry has been in decline for the past decade. The cut of 35 per
cent i
n its US quota to 232,500 tonnes this year might have been less
painful had 
it not been for uncertainty over another valuable market. The
Dominicans had
 been supplying between 50,000 tonnes and 225,000 tonnes a
year to the Sovie
t Union. But with the break-up of the union Dominican
industry officials and
 bankers say there is uncertainty about future of
sales to the Commonwealth 
of Independent States, as it is now called.
Like most of the other Caribbean
 producers, production costs in the
Dominican Republic, which produced 628,0
00 tonnes last year, exceed world
market prices.
Strikes and production cost
s are not likely to be among the problems facing
the sugar sector in Cuba, t
he region's largest producer. Since the break-up
of the Soviet Union, which 
was the island's major market, short term
contracts with members of the CIS 
have brought some relief. But a
significant reduction in output is likely th
is year because of a late start
to harvesting and a shortage of fuel which h
as overtaken the embattled
economy. There are indications that output this y
ear will be about 1m tonnes
less than last year's 7.6m tonnes.
The US indust
ry, however, is already weighing the consequences of the
changes in Cuba's m
arkets, with suggestions that this could leave the island
with millions of t
onnes to dispose of on the world market. Depression of
prices would be compo
unded by a likely loss of market for some of Cuba's
neighbours, particularly
 if there were political changes on the island.
'In a post-Castro Cuba, the 
US would try to assist a new government if it is
democratic,' suggests Mr Ju
lio Herrera, president of the Caribbean Basin
Sugar Producers Group. 'Cuba w
ill inevitably turn to the US as a market for
its sugar. The US will be told
 that it has a moral obligation to buy Cuban
sugar.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-6637</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CB0CIAAGFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
27
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 FEB 92 / Survey of Dominican Republic (11): An 
industry slow to adapt  -The country's sugar production has halved in eight 
years </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FOR MANY year
s the main pillar of the Dominican economy, the sugar industry
has recently 
undergone some difficult years. As the region's second largest
producer afte
r Cuba, the Dominican Republic has seen production fall by a
half between 19
83 and last year. In 1983, the industry accounted for 35 per
cent of the cou
ntry's foreign earnings; last year its share fell to 16 per
cent, writes Can
ute James.
The decline has been the result of changes in the economics of in
ternational
sugar, which have overtaken an industry that has been slow to ad
apt. At the
root of the problem has been the State Sugar Council (CEA), an e
nterprise
created in 1966 to manage the large holdings once owned by Preside
nt Rafael
Trujillo, the dictator assassinated in 1961.
Favourable world pric
es masked a high degree of inefficiency, until
depression overtook the inter
national sugar market about a decade ago.
Falling prices and high production
 costs, compounded by outbreaks of cane
rust disease which caused depleted y
ields, exposed the company, and forced
it to diversify its operations and se
ll off land, reducing the area under
canes. Much of this land is now taken u
p by non-traditional agriculture,
tourism resorts and free trade zones. The 
country's other producers, Central
Romana (once owned by Gulf and Western) a
nd the Vicini Group, which are both
privately owned, also suffered, but were
 better able to adapt.
The sugar industry was also hit by reduced access to 
the US market with a
cutback by Washington of import quotas. Fluctuations in
 domestic US output
led to an increase in the Dominican quota to 333,000 ton
nes in 1990, but
this has again been cut to 232,500 tonnes this year.
At the
 same time, the Dominican Republic has not made use of preferential
access f
or its sugar to the European market. When it signed the Lome
Convention, tra
ditional suppliers said they feared Dominican sugar would
depress prices on 
the EC market. The Dominican government said it would not
ship sugar to the 
EC under preferential terms granted by the Convention.
A more recent setback
 to the country's industry has been the break-up of the
Soviet Union, to whi
ch it has been supplying between 50,000 and 225,000
tonnes a year. Industry 
officials and bankers say there is uncertainty about
the future of sales to 
the Commonwealth of Independent States.
The sugar industry was hit last year
 by a row over allegations that Haitian
children were being used as labourer
s on farms owned and operated by the
CEA. The Dominican government, stung by
 accusations from human rights groups
that it was condoning child slavery, o
rdered the deportation of thousands of
Haitians who, it said, were illegally
 resident in the country. Government
officials say wages in the sugar indust
ry do not encourage Dominican
workers, but there appears to be no worry abou
t the supply of labour for the
industry.
Rather, Mr Frederico Echineque, exe
cutive director of the Dominican Sugar
Institute, says that this year produc
tion will be higher than last year. The
industry is moving into new areas, u
sing the byproducts of the canes for
such products as chemicals for the pain
t industry. But it is unlikely that
the industry will abandon production of 
sugar as its main undertaking. It
provides a livelihood for 80,000 people in
 a labour surplus economy.
 ------------------------------------------------

        SUGAR PRODUCTION (in tonnes**)
 -----------------------------------
-------------
            Total   Exports to    Exports to
                 
       the US      the USSR
 -----------------------------------------------
-
1983    1,209,456      640,128        45,156
1984    1,133,341      614,15
9        55,175
1985      920,699      465,085       224,689
1986      894,5
38      357,789        51,243
1987      815,549      302,804       146,315
1
988      776,630      228,900       219,560
1989      693,004      285,136  
     122,239
1990      589,664      310,297        33,115
1991      628,269 
     290,310*          n/a
 ------------------------------------------------

*Estimate   **Raw value
 ------------------------------------------------
S
ource: Dominican Sugar Institute
 ------------------------------------------
------
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 35 </PAGE>

</DOC>

============= Transaction # 132 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-6639</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CB0CIAAEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
27
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 FEB 92 / Survey of Dominican Republic (6): Focu
s turns to new crops - Farmers, after a decade of poor performance, are brea
king with tradition </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

ON ROLLING plains about 50 miles to the north of Santo Domingo, the
Dominic
an capital, almost 7,000 acres of land previously under sugar cane
have been
 taken up by seemingly unending rows of pineapple plants. To the
east of the
 capital, in the sugar town of La Romana, a new meat processing
plant is exp
anding capacity to meet growing demand in foreign markets.
These ventures ar
e part of the cutting edge of a dramatic change in
agriculture in the Domini
can Republic.
Up to 10 years ago the agriculture sector was dominated by tra
ditional crops
such as sugar (which for long was the backbone of the economy
), coffee,
cocoa and tobacco. Now non-traditional crops are getting more att
ention from
local farmers, the government and foreign investors.
The sugar, 
coffee, cocoa and tobacco sectors have performed miserably in the
past decad
e, due to a combination of domestic and foreign market
developments. There h
as been a concurrent expansion of the non-traditional
sector, with investmen
ts in new crops reaching Dollars 350m over the past
eight years, and earning
s from exports rising to Dollars 430m in 1988, and
expected to reach just ov
er Dollars 600m this year.
The Joint Agribusiness Co-investment Council, whi
ch promotes the development
of non-traditional agriculture, says the expansi
on is reflected particularly
in the production of pineapples, citrus, melons
, mangoes, vegetables, cut
flowers and ornamental plants.
The expansion has 
also been encouraged by a mixture of government incentives
and market opport
unities. One significant development has been the Caribbean
Basin Initiative
, a US trade prog- ramme which allows countries designated
by Washington to 
ship a range of products, also selected by the US govern-
ment, duty-free to
 the US market.
More recently, the Dominican Republic became a beneficiary o
f the Lome
Convention which allows preferential access to the European Commu
nity.
Already the country is increasing its exports of non-traditional
agric
ultural products to Europe. Pineapples, citrus and juice concentrate
are amo
ng the products making use of preferential access to both the
Caribbean Basi
n Initiative and the Lome Convention.'
Dole Dominicana produces about 2.5m (
40lb) boxes of pineapples a year, and
800,000 gallons of juice concentrate. 
The company plans to invest another
Dollars 1m to expand the facility, which
 already gives the Dominican
government about Dollars 1.5m in rental fees an
d sales.
Agrocarne, a Dollars 16m joint venture between local investors and 
Campo
Frio of Spain, was drawn to the Dominican Republic for much the same
r
easons, according to Mr Luis Rodriguez, the company's export manager. 'We
co
uld have gone to other places, but labour here is cheaper and the
location, 
in relation to the markets we want to access, is very good.'
The company's p
rocessed pork products are currently exported to Mexico and
some Caribbean i
slands. Agrocarne also supplies part of domestic demand. It
is now awaiting 
the conclusion of negotiations between the Dominican
Republic and the US on 
the conditions under which Dominican pork products
can enter the American ma
rket.
Even the non-traditional agriculture sector has not been immune to pro
blems
which have troubled the Dominican economy over the past decade. Those 
which
have proved most worrisome include the lack of chemicals to fight pest
s,
restrictions on products (such as some varieties of vegetables and fruit)

entering the US market, and outdated practices in farm management,
post-har
vest handling and packaging and marketing.
Mr Fleming says that there need t
o be changes to some 'old bad habits and
attitudes' in the Dominican Republi
c, if the agriculture sector is to
continue expanding. 'The Dominican Republ
ic is operating against the clock
in the face of changes which will be creat
ed by the widening of the North
American Free Trade Area and the possibility
 of changes in Cuba,' he
observes.
The concentration on non-traditional agri
culture has diverted attention from
the traditional crops. While the financi
ally embarrassed State Sugar Council
is attempting to rationalise its operat
ions, coffee and cocoa output
continue to be victims of outdated husbandry.

Peasant farmers who should have profited from land reform with the break-up

of large plantations owned by Pres- ident Rafael Trujillo have found
themsel
ves unable to get farm credit because they have received only
provisional ti
tles which bankers find to be unsatisfactory collateral.
Coffee and cocoa ou
tput has fluctuated over the past decade, and although
still important forei
gn currency earners, both crops have been affected by
the uncertainties of a
 volatile market. The expansion in the output of
non-traditional products ha
s helped to stem a decline in the agriculture
sector, which accounts for 15 
per cent of the gross domestic product.
One promising area is tobacco. Expor
ts of cigars have been increasing as the
Dominican Republic makes use of new
 market opportunities. 'The Dominican
Republic exports between 58m and 60m c
igars each year, with the major market
being the US, which accounts for abou
t 80 per cent of the product,' says Mr
Jose Seijas, general manager of Tabac
alera de Garcia, one of the country's
leading cigar manufacturers. 'Between 
10 and 15 per cent of the country's
cigar exports now go to the European Com
munity.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 34 Photo
graph Non-traditional crops, harvesting a crop of beans on a collective farm
 in the mountains of Peravia (Omitted). </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 133 ==============================================
Transaction #:    133       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-8261</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBRBMAFXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: World sug
ar market 'at the crossroads' </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </B
YLINE>
<TEXT>
THE WORLD sugar market is at the crossroads, forcing many prod
ucers to
review their sugar policies in the light of changing international 
trade
patterns, the Gatt, and other trade liberalisation issues, according t
o the
latest sugar report from ED & F. Man, the London trade house.
Should t
he Gatt talks be successful, cuts in support mechanisms by 1999
'should acce
lerate the fall in the EC's net exports as marginal producers
fail to cover 
their average production costs. The same argument applies to
some of the hig
h cost/less efficient producers in the US.'
This will open up new opportunit
ies for many producers in Africa and the
Caribbean, but they will need to ex
amine their long-term cost structure and
efficiency. Man points out that und
er preferential access to the US and EC
markets, their production costs and 
efficiency deteriorated to the extent
that some have failed even to meet the
ir quota allocations.
The increase in international trade will not, however,
 increase the
transparency of the market. The uncertainty of Russsia's effec
tive imports,
Cuba's exports and the pattern of trade elsewhere in eastern E
urope have
'turned the clock back some 40 years to a time when information a
bout import
demand and export availabiltiy was lacking'.
Meanwhile sugar pri
ces - which recently fell below 8 cents a lb - are
expected to come under fu
rther pressure as exportable surpluses come on to
the market from Brazil, Cu
ba, Thailand and the EC.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Lond
on Page 36 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 134 ==============================================
Transaction #:    134       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-2957</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCQBDAC4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar pri
ces forecast to remain in narrow range </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLAC
KWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
WORLD SUGAR prices are set to remain locked in the 'd
esperately narrow' 1.5
cents a lb trading range of the last 12 months, accor
ding to the latest
sugar report from ED & F. Man, the London trade house.
Th
e resistance to movement in spite of a volatile trading environment is due
t
o fear of uncertainty at a time of revolutionary change in the eastern
Europ
ean and Cuban markets, Man suggests. It also coincides with 'an
unprecedente
d convergence of views about the overall supply and demand
balance'.
While u
ncertainty surrounds crop prospects in both Cuba, the biggest
exporter, and 
the CIS, the biggest importer, the convergence can be
explained by favourabl
e growing conditions in many exporting countries.
Output in Brazil, Thailand
 and India in the year to the end of last month
has exceeded the previous ye
ar by 24, 30 and 8 per cent respectively. 'The
full impact of these potentia
lly bumper crops has not as yet been felt on
the market,' says Man.
</TEXT>

<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 135 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-12873</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CDOBJAC3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
415
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 APR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Cuba fac
ed with worst sugar crop in years </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE
>
<DATELINE>    HAVANA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA IS straining to finish what c
ould be its worst sugar harvest in recent
years because it says it needs eve
ry tonne to help keep its crisis-hit
economy afloat, reports Reuter from Hav
ana.
After maintaining a virtual news blackout on the 1991-1992 sugar crop f
or
five months, the Caribbean island's government is now making the harvest 
a
national public issue. 'Our sole option. . . is not to lose a single tonne

of sugar,' it said.
The government urged the country's sugar workers to mak
e a maximum effort
over the next few weeks, a message reinforced by daily te
levision propaganda
spots focusing on the harvest.
The official media descri
be the current season as one of the most difficult
ever experienced by Cuba,
 which has traditionally been the world's biggest
exporter of sugar.
The 199
1-1992 harvest started late and has been bedevilled by shortages of
oil, lub
ricants and spare parts that are essential to keep mechanical
harvesters and
 mills running.
Adding to the urgency is the possible onset of spring rains 
in May which
could disrupt a late-finishing harvest.
Even more worrying for 
Cuba, the difficulties come at a time when it needs
every tonne of sugar it 
can produce to exchange for vital imports of oil,
machinery spares and food.

</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC
>

============= Transaction # 136 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-3729</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIJB4AFOFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
10
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  10 SEP 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Pakistan 
can halt sugar imports </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By FARHAN BOKHARI </BYLINE>
<
DATELINE>    ISLAMABAD </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
SURPLUS SUGAR stocks in Pakistan a
re set to eliminate the country's need to
import sugar, although the potenti
al for export remains unclear.
Pakistan's total production is expected to hi
t 2.6m tonnes by the end of the
1992-93 fiscal year, up from 2.3m tonnes in 
1991-92. Government officials
estimate that private traders are holding 132,
000 tonnes of stocks, and that
is expected to start rising next month as the
 new production season begins
at sugar mills.
The rise in sugar production h
as partly resulted from an increase in the
number of sugar mills as well as 
improvements in the recovery rate of sugar
cane and beet. Pakistan started w
ith 2 sugar mills with a daily sugar cane
crushing capacity of 1,500 tonnes 
at the time of its independence in 1947;
today there are 54, with an aggrega
te capacity of 175,000 tonnes.
The rise in production has allowed cuts in su
gar imports. In June this year,
imports of white refined sugar fell to just 
538 tonnes, down from 3,480
tonnes in May. Last year, 36,819 tonnes was impo
rted in June, following
48,290 tonnes in May.
However, the country's sugar e
xport potential remains unclear. With
countries such as Brazil and Cuba havi
ng lower costs of production,
Pakistani sugar might not be able to compete, 
said one senior official.
Up to 100,000 tonnes of sugar is estimated to be s
muggled annually to
neighbouring Iran and Afghanistan. That has made it diff
icult to assess if a
surplus will be left after meeting domestic consumption
, including
smuggling, in order to set aside large quantities for export. Ho
wever,
Pakistan will at least save valuable foreign exchange by meeting its 
sugar
requirements domestically. Last year Dollars 36.8m was spent on import
ing
sugar, which was down from Dollars 160.5m, a year earlier.
</TEXT>
<PUB>
The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 137 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-5210</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CK0B0AFQFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9211
27
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 NOV 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Barbadian
 collapse deepens shadow over Caribbean sugar - The region, faced with high 
costs and low productivity, relies on guaranteed market access </HEADLINE>
<
BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE COLLAPSE of Barbados' sugar 
industry late last month is the latest
indication of the sometimes terminal 
difficulties which beset Caribbean
producers. The region is faced with high 
production costs and often low
productivity, and is unable to survive withou
t guaranteed access to markets
such as the European Community and the US, an
d which pay higher than
prevailing world market prices.
The problems caused 
by inefficiency and indebtedness are exacerbated by what
many producers see 
as a threat to current preferential market arrangements.
Many are worried by
 the recent reduction in US import quotas, and are
uncertain how they will f
are if the North American Free Trade Agreement is
implemented and Mexican pr
oduction becomes a market factor.
In the case of Barbados, the island has be
en unable to produce enough even
to meet its quota obligations to these guar
anteed markets. Efforts are under
way to jump-start the industry after the s
tate-owned Barbados National Bank,
exercising tighter credit control as part
 of a government austerity
programme, and which is owed Dollars 50m by the i
ndustry, suspended all
further loans.
This followed production of 55,000 ton
nes from the 1992 harvest, the lowest
in 60 years, according to official fig
ures. In order to make use of its
opportunities on the EC and US markets the
 island has had to import sugar to
meet domestic demand. Ironically, the col
lapse of the industry came after
indications that it was being put under new
 management by Booker Tate, a
subsidiary of Booker, the UK food and farming 
group.
The company has become an important factor in the region's troubled s
ugar
industry, and has been called in to help the industries in Guyana, Beli
ze
and St Kitts-Nevis, and to run two of Jamaica's nine mills. Trinidad and

Tobago is the only producer in the Commonwealth Caribbean in which Booker
Ta
te is not involved. In all cases the company contracted to give corporate
ma
nagement and technical services to sugar industries in the five countries.
I
t provides engineers, technologists, agriculturalists, economists,
marketing
 specialists and support staff.
The industries in both Guyana and Jamaica ha
ve attracted financial
assistance from multilateral institutions as a result
 of the management
contracts given to Booker Tate, But assessments to the co
mpany's
effectiveness differ in the two countries. Jamaican officials say th
e
performance of the two mills managed by the company since 1985 has been
'd
isappointing'.
Yet the case of Guyana shows that the regional sugar industry
 is not beyond
redemption. From output of 330,000 tonnes a year in the mid-1
970s, Guyana's
production, plagued by labour unrest and poor weather, slumpe
d to 135,000
tonnes in 1990. The industry declared shortfalls on its Europea
n Community
quota for three years, and shipped none of its quota to the US. 
Booker
Tate's takeover of the management of the industry has been followed,

however, by a decisive turnaround. Production is up this year and export
quo
tas have been met.
In the Dominican Republic, the region's second largest pr
oducer after Cuba,
the problems of financial viability have been compounded 
by a shortage of
labour. Foreign criticism of the treatment of workers from 
neighbouring
Haiti, and the subsequent expulsion of thousands of Haitian wor
kers, has
resulted in the state-owned producer suffering a painful drop in o
utput.
Production this year is 8 per cent less than the 326,000 tonnes of la
st year
and sugar has had to be imported to meet domestic demand.
The outloo
k for the industry, like that of others in the region, has been
depressed by
 the recent reduction in global imports by the US. The
Caribbean's cumulativ
e quota has been reduced by 11 per cent to 276,341
tonnes, causing an estima
ted Dollars 15m reduction in earnings. It is the
second consecutive cut for 
the Caribbean holders of US quotas, which were
allowed to supply 471,710 ton
nes in 1991.
Sugar industry officials in the region say one area of uncertai
nty is
Mexico's future access to the US market under the Nafta. They say Mex
ico's
current and modest US quota of 7,500 tonnes a year can be increased 20
-fold
in seven years, at the expense of existing suppliers.
Cuba's troubled 
industry has received a fillip with a new trade agreement
between the island
 and the Russian republic. Cuba will receive 23m barrels
of Russian oil a ye
ar for 2m tonnes of sugar - significantly less than the
country had sold in 
past years to the former Soviet Union. But the island's
economic problems ha
ve depressed output this year to just over 6.9m tonnes.
 -------------------
-------------------------------
            Caribbean Sugar Production
     
        ('000 tonnes, raw value)
 ------------------------------------------
--------
                      1987-88    1989-90   1991-92
 ---------------
-----------------------------------
Barbados                   81         69
        57
Cuba                    7,547      7,932     7,000
Dominican Rep.
            758        632       670
French W. Indies           82         4
6        38
Guyana                    178        135       238
Haiti        
              30         31        30
Jamaica                   225        2
19       224
Trinidad                   95        120       110
 -----------
---------------------------------------
Source: ED and F. Man.
 ------------
--------------------------------------
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 138 ==============================================
Transaction #:    138       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-7110</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CKRCBACRFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9211
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 NOV 92 / A storm in a coffee cup: Falling price
s and a world glut have led coffee producers and consumers to seek a new quo
ta pact </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CHRISTINA LAMB </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
For the p
ast two years, the world's coffee producers have been forced to
swallow a bi
tter brew. Plummeting prices and excess supply threaten the
livelihood of mo
re than 25m coffee workers from Brazil to Indonesia. The
product, once known
 as green gold, is losing its lustre as the economic
mainstay of many develo
ping countries.
An experiment with the free market has left the industry, wi
th total sales
estimated at Dollars 34bn a year and a daily consumption of 2
bn cups, in its
worst crisis for decades. After the collapse in 1989 of the 
International
Coffee Agreement - a pact between producers and consumers cont
rolling
exports to ensure price stability - a world glut caused coffee price
s to
slump to almost a third of the level of the late 1980s. Most growers ha
ve
been selling at well below cost for the past two years.
The current state
 of the industry is so serious that growers, exporters,
processors and buyer
s - led by Brazil, the largest producer, and the US, the
largest consumer an
d processor - have put aside competing interests to come
to the negotiating 
table. Following a first round in September, crucial
talks will begin next M
onday at the International Coffee Organisation (ICO)
in London to try to con
clude a new coffee pact, re-establishing quotas to
limit exports and stabili
se prices in an admission that the free market has
not worked.
Hitting 22-ye
ar price lows in August of less than 50 cents a pound in New
York, coffee ha
s been overtaken by sugar as the developing countries' main
earner after oil
.
Unlike oil, however, coffee supply cannot simply be turned on and off, so

growers in the 50 main producing countries have to sell at the lower prices

or stop production. Their ability to boost prices through holding back
suppl
ies is weakened by the considerable stocks in the hands of consuming
countri
es. The results are abandoned plantations across the developing world
and ou
t-of-work coffee pickers, whose anger threatens to spill over into
social un
rest. In some countries, such as Colombia, the principal
alternative crop is
 the coca leaf, the raw material of cocaine.
The outcome of the talks is kee
nly awaited, particularly in Brazil, which
has been the biggest producer alm
ost continuously since the 1760s when
Cappuchin monks in Rio de Janeiro bega
n growing seeds smuggled from French
Guyana.
Mr Jose Dias de Goveia, a 76-ye
ar-old farmer in Pocos de Caldas, Brazil's
coffee heartland, says: 'I've bee
n in coffee all my life but the last four
years have been the worst I've eve
r seen. We're talking survival.'
Production costs are Dollars 65 a 60-kilo b
ag, but he is forced to sell at
Dollars 40. He has cut staff to a third, red
uced land under cultivation from
500 to 400 hectares, and is producing what 
he calls 'ecological coffee',
because he cannot afford fertilisers.
In south
ern Minas Gerais, the world's most productive coffee belt, such
stories are 
common. Growers are abandoning coffee, which has always been a
volatile comm
odity and sensitive to climatic changes, for eucalyptus, nuts
and passion fr
uit. On many farms cattle graze between the remaining coffee
bushes. In the 
past three years the number of coffee bushes in Brazil has
fallen from 4.2bn
 to 3.2bn. Only 20 per cent are thought to be properly
cultivated; quality i
s suffering and thus flavour is deteriorating because
coffee prices are too 
low for growers to invest in fertilisers and
technology. The current crop is
 expected to yield fewer than 20m bags
compared with 43m in 1987-88.
Althoug
h these figures are significant, the impact of the coffee price slump
is eve
n greater on many smaller coffee-producing nations, where coffee is
the prin
cipal foreign exchange earner. Growers have little alternative but
to turn t
o cocaine production to sustain their families. In Colombia,
disenchanted pi
ckers are raw fodder for recruitment into cocaine production
cartels.
In Bra
zil, industrialisation has diminished coffee's contribution to export
earnin
gs to less than 4 per cent this year compared with 21.5 per cent 15
years ag
o and 50 per cent in the early 1960s. However, coffee cultivation
remains a 
labour-intensive business and Mr Christian Ottoni, head of the
Pocos do Cald
as Rural Union, warns: 'The social consequences of the price
collapse have b
een devastating.' He estimates that 1.5m to 2m of the 10m
workers dependent 
on Brazil's coffee sector are unemployed and adding to the
growing number of
 slum-dwellers in the cities.
Ironically, it was Brazil that scuppered the c
offee accord. It was angered
by US attempts to reduce its export quota to al
low Colombia and Central
America, which produce the milder varieties of coff
ee favoured by Americans,
to increase their exports. The Bush administration
 was motivated by a
determination to provide economic support for these coun
tries in return for
co-operation in the war against drugs.
The Brazilian Exp
orters Federation (Febec), which had been convinced that
the world's largest
 producer could only stand to benefit from a free market,
has had its hopes 
shattered as the country has seen coffee income fall from
Dollars 2.5bn a ye
ar to little more than Dollars 1bn since 1989. Despite the
glut on world mar
kets, Brazil is struggling to fulfil its export commitments
this year of 13m
 bags. It is reportedly even importing low-grade coffee to
meet the requirem
ents of its home market - now the second-largest in the
world at 10m bags. B
y contrast, Colombia more than doubled its crop since
1989 to 18m bags and h
as seen earnings increase to match those of Brazil.
Brazil's growers put par
t of the blame on disgraced President Fernando
Collor's policy of deregulati
on. While Colombian growers have received
government subsidies and support i
n technology and marketing since the pact
collapsed, the Brazilian governmen
t in 1990 closed its Coffee Institute,
which controlled supply and sales. Th
e government's curbs on subsidies for
agriculture meant growers had no acces
s to cheap finance, domestic prices
were subjected to successive price freez
es and exports were hit by an
overvalued cruzeiro. The Brazilian coffee sect
or was also discredited
internationally by charges in New York of insider tr
ading in coffee futures
 -after the government's sudden suspension of coffee
 exports in March last
year - allegedly linked to the corruption scandal whi
ch caused Mr Collor's
downfall last month.
But Mr Luiz Sergio de Paiva, from
 Brazil's National Coffee Council, says
most of the blame for the current cr
isis must be laid at the door of the
small group of processors which dominat
es the market. 'It was not a free
market at all,' he says, pointing at a map
 on his wall. 'All the world's
coffee grows between the tropics of Cancer an
d Capricorn in the third world
and thus lacks planning and development. The 
consumers are all in Europe and
the northern hemisphere. Five big first-worl
d companies process half the
world's coffee. In a so-called free market it w
ill always be producers that
lose and processors that gain.'
With many Febec
 members facing bankruptcy, the federation has yielded to
growers' demands a
nd is backing a new agreement. 'We did not expect that
being without an acco
rd would be so hard or so long,' admits Mr Oswaldo
Aranha Neto, Febec presid
ent.
But coffee diplomacy is a delicate business. The International Coffee
O
rganisation includes 50 coffee-exporting nations (representing 97 per cent
o
f world production) and 21 importing countries (responsible for 80 per cent

of consumption). Negotiations bring together countries as diverse as
Germany
, Cuba, Vietnam and Ethiopia, and previous talks have been
acrimonious.
The 
producers might seem to be in the weak position. Mr Alexandre Beltrao,
head 
of the ICO, estimates that producers have been losing Dollars
4bn-Dollars 5b
n a year worldwide since the accord collapsed. But the tables
may soon turn.
 The price has started to recover quite rapidly over the past
few weeks as B
razil has admitted its crop is lower than expected, and now
stands at more t
han 70 cents a pound. Consumers and processors are beginning
to be worried a
bout a possible dearth of supplies, particularly as it takes
four years for 
a bush to start producing beans.
Industrialists worry that the low prices ha
ve caused quality to drop even
further. Mr Beltrao points out that the incom
e lost by producers 'is money
which should have been directed towards invest
ment'. The price recovery is
generating renewed optimism among producers tha
t the sector may be poised
for revival, rendering a pact academic. But price
s were at 130 cents when
the accord collapsed and Mr Beltrao says: 'Prices h
ave not risen enough to
dissuade anyone of the need for a new accord. I thin
k by the end of the year
we'll have a framework agreement.' Negotiations on 
a pact may, however, be
affected by a change of administration in the two ma
in participating
countries. The new Brazilian president, Mr Itamar Franco, i
s from Minas
Gerais, which produces half of Brazil's coffee, and is thought 
to be
sympathetic to the idea of an accord. The position of Mr Bill Clinton,
 US
president-elect, is less clear, though Mr Jorge Cardenas, of the Colombi
an
National Growers Federation, says he is not worried that a change in the

White House means the US will cool to the idea of a deal.
In September a ser
ious hurdle was overcome with agreement on the concept of
universal quotas, 
covering exports of producers to all destinations rather
than just to ICO me
mbers, and guaranteeing that exports offered to member
countries would be on
 at least as good terms as to non-members. Under the
previous agreement, pro
ducers sold surplus supplies to non-members at
cheaper prices, which then so
ld the coffee on to member countries.
The remaining obstacles include a syst
em for controlling shipments, agreeing
on prices and quota sizes. The issue 
of selectivity will also have to be
resolved to allow consumers to obtain th
e types of coffee they prefer, such
as robusta or the milder arabica.
Mr Bel
trao stresses that the return to a pact would not mean the sector had
lost i
ts taste for the free market. 'I don't see a pact as an alternative
but as a
 five-year transition period,' he says.
Whether the worst is over for those 
whose livelihood depends on coffee rests
largely on the outcome of this mont
h's negotiations. Although a new pact
might push up prices for coffee lovers
, the hope is that the ensuing price
stability and quality would act like a 
caffeine shot to stimulate
consumption above the 72m bags at which it has st
uck. Mr Paiva warns: 'We
must remember that coffee is not the only drink in 
the world.'
 -----------------------------------------------
         A LOT 
LESS COFFEE IN BRAZIL
 -----------------------------------------------
The t
op overall consumers
 -----------------------------------------------
1991  
             60kg bags      Kg per
                   (million)      capita

 -----------------------------------------------
US                   18.89 
        4.52
Germany              10.48         7.92
Brazil                9
.20         3.78
Japan                 6.00         2.92
France             
   5.56         5.84
 -----------------------------------------------
The to
p drinkers
 -----------------------------------------------
1991            
     Kg per
                 capita a year
 --------------------------------
---------------
Finland              11.51
Sweden               11.13
Norway
               10.66
Denmark              10.59
 ---------------------------
--------------------
The top exporters
 ------------------------------------
-----------
Coffee year            60kg bags
1991/92                (million
)
 -----------------------------------------------
Brazil                   
21.74
Colombia                 15.42
Indonesia                 4.02
Ivory Co
ast               3.57
Guatemala                 3.29
Mexico                
    2.98
Costa Rica                2.27
 -----------------------------------
------------
Source: ICO
 -----------------------------------------------
</
TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 139 ==============================================
Transaction #:    139       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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Selec. Rec. #:     10

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-17084</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DACAXAB9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
102
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 JAN 93 / Commodities (Year in the Markets): Pr
ices end back at square one after another turbulent year </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE
>    By DAVID BLACKWELL and RICHARD MOONEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
RECESSION and co
ntinued turbulence in the former Soviet Union have left
commodity prices lit
tle changed at the end of the year from those seen last
January. But that ba
ld statement belies the level of activity in the
markets.
On the London Meta
l Exchange the flood of imports from the former Soviet
Union pushed nickel p
rices sharply down and kept a firm lid on the aluminium
market, where wareho
use stocks now stand above 1.5m tonnes. The zinc market
suffered a classic s
queeze. Copper, still traded in sterling, appears to
have risen sharply unti
l the figures are converted to dollars - around
Dollars 1 a lb looks set to 
be the going rate this January as last.
Gold has fallen further, hit by an a
lmost total lack of interest from
investors. Both platinum and silver have c
ontinued to settle into their
relatively new roles as industrial metals.
Coc
oa and coffee prices have touched their lowest levels for 20 years or
more b
efore recovering. The lack of activity in the sugar market has left
London w
ith virtually no futures trading.
Gold fell to a six-year low in late March 
as it crashed through what many
traders had seen as the last line of defence
 - Dollars 342 a troy ounce.
Persistent selling, some of it thought to be on
 behalf of an eastern
European central bank, coincided with Ramadan, the Isl
amic fast, which kept
most Middle Eastern operators away from the market.
By
 Easter gold was at a fresh low of Dollars 336.80 a troy ounce, with
dealers
 predicting that the price was bottoming out. They were proved right
for a t
ime as the market started to climb, brushing aside an announcement by
the Be
lgian central bank that it had sold 202 tonnes from its reserves.
Platinum w
as also rising as South African unrest made users reluctant to go
short in c
ase of a miners' strike. In July the platinum price hit the year's
high of j
ust over Dollars 390 a troy ounce. But some analysts pointed out
that the ma
rket was ignoring weak demand from Japan and continuing recession
in the US.

Gold reached its peak for the year of just under Dollars 360 a troyounce a

few days after platinum - and then both markets slid steeply, leaving one
an
alyst just two weeks later describing Dollars 355 for gold as 'like the
Matt
erhorn'. On one mid-August day gold fell by more than Dollars 8 and
platinum
 by Dollars 16 a troy ounce.
The withdrawal of US investment funds sparked t
he gold fall, which was
exacerbated by more news of central bank selling - t
his time from Uruguay,
which unloaded 50,000 troy ounces in July in order to
 buy fixed term
deposits denominated in US dollars and D-marks. Platinum sli
d along with the
Japanese equity market.
The European currency market jitter
s of September gave some support to gold,
but South African and Australian p
roducers were able to lock in profits in
their own currencies through forwar
d selling. Gold has not had a good year;
Middle East sales in November finis
hed the battering from central bank sales
and the total lack of investor int
erest and took the market to a 7-year low
of Dollars 329.30. It has not made
 much headway since, closing at Dollars
333.05 a troy ounce on Thursday, dow
n about Dollars 20 on the year.
Platinum ended the year at Dollars 355.25 a 
troy ounce, some Dollars 20
above its price at the beginning of the year. Op
timism about a recovery in
Japanese demand and positive charts point to furt
her gains, analysts
believe.
Silver hit an 18-month low of 364.75 cents at t
he end of August and closed
at 367.5 on Thursday, 20 cents down on the year.
 The biggest excitement of
the year was the Saudi sale via the National Comm
ercial Bank of Jeddah of
Dollars 160m-worth of silver - equivalent to more t
han 10 per cent of world
demand - in just two hours early in July, knocking 
more than 20 cents off
the price.
Like most of the base metals copper began 
the year in a fairly hopeful mood.
Chilean strike fears and technical factor
s had helped to lift prices to 2
1/2 -month highs by mid-February, before so
me of the gains were relinquished
in response to reports that Russia, hungry
 for hard curency, was planning to
cut export duties on the metal. In the sp
ring talk of Chinese buying was
partly counteracted by concern about the eff
ects of a possible strike in
Germany, one of the biggest importers of copper
, but as London Metal
Exchange warehouse stocks began to be reduced and US r
ecovery hopes started
to grow prices climbed to 12-month highs by mid-June.

Bullish sentiment continued - fuelled by concern about supply tightness,
Pol
ish labour tension, bad weather in Chilean producing areas and expected
dema
nd growth - and a month later copper prices stood at the highest level
for 1
8 months.
From that point the picture becomes blurred by sterling's extreme 
weakness
against the US dollar, in which base metals are traded worldwide. T
he effect
of the pound's decline, most of which was concentrated in the dram
atic
mid-September devaluation, on copper prices is illustrated by the fact 
that
the two-year sterling high reached in early November equated to a nine-
month
dollar low. And that factor has continued to dominate the market.
The 
three months copper price closed on Thursday at Pounds 1,538 a tonne,
Pounds
 350 up on the year. But once the currency disportion is stripped out
the 12
-month advance comes down to a much less impressive Pounds 78 a tonne.
For l
ead, the LME's other sterling-denominated contract, the devaluation
effect i
s even more pronounced, turning what would have been a Pounds 60
fall into a
n apparent Pounds 8 rise on the year, at Pounds 308.75 a tonne
for three mon
ths metal.
After a flat start to the year, depressed by sluggish car battery
 sales, the
LME lead market found support in production problems, notably in
 Italy and
Yugolslavia, followed by signs of a technical squeeze on nearby s
upplies and
reports of Chinese buying. Between them, and helped by the pound
's weakness,
these factors lifted the lead market to a 12-month peak in July
. And that
was exceeded in the September as a direct result of sterling's pl
unge. By
the end of November, however, the market's fundamental weakness had
 been
reasserted and prices were back to five-month lows.
Another LME market
 to feel the effects of a squeeze this year was zinc.
Signs of the coming te
chnical suppy tightness were apparent from the start
of the year, though the
y tended to be obscured by the effects of production
problems in Italy, Peru
, Canada, Mexico and the US, among others. Hopes of a
US retail upturn were 
also cited as zinc prices reached 15-month highs in
March.
But from then on 
the squeeze was the undoubted dominant factor. The normal
'contango' situati
on, with the cash price at a discount to forward
positions, was reversed in 
late March and the 'backwardation', as a cash
premium is known, widened inex
orably until it reached an extraordinary
Dollars 189 a tonne in the middle o
f June.
In normal circumstances a backwardation would suggest a shortage of 
metal
available for delivery, but that hardly fitted in with this year's sus
tained
rise in LME warehouse stocks of zinc, which, by the time the cash pre
mium
appeared, had grown from 152,000 tonnes at the start of the year to 221
,000
tonnes. It was clear, therefore, that some sort of distortion (not to s
ay
manipulation) was afoot. The exchange responded by imposing a descending

ceiling on the one-day backwardation  - ie on the cost of carrying forward a

short position for one day. The backwardation had disappeared by the end of

July, though it made frequent reappearances before the squeeze, suspected t
o
be the work of a group of producers, could confidently be said to be over 
in
early October.
With fundamental considerations taking over direction of t
he market and the
rise in LME stocks continuing the ensuing price slide saw 
the three months
price retreat some Dollars 300 from its summer level to end
 the year at
Dollars 1,079.50 a tonne, down Dollars 35.50 on balance.
The al
uminium market had been weighed down in 1991 by the unprecedented
growth of 
the stockpile in LME warehouses, which began 1992 by passing the
unwelcome m
ilestone of 1m tonnes. There were hopes that the flood of metal
from the for
mer Soviet Union that had been largely responsible for swelling
LME stocks w
ould soon abate, especially in view of the inefficiency of
smelters in the n
ewly independent republics and their much-vaunted espousal
of market economi
cs. But the republics' hunger for hard currency proved
greater than their co
mmitment to industrial efficiency and with CIS exports
remaining very high t
he LME stockpile grew by another 500,000 tonnes.
Perhaps surprisingly, the m
arket took this pretty much in its stride and the
three months LME price end
ed the year Dollars 110 to the good at Dollars
1,260.50 a tonne.
Gains early
 in the year were mostly lost in the summer as hopes of economic
recovery fa
ded and the gloomy truth about CIS export prospects became
apparent. But in 
the latter part of the year the market was encouraged by
the announcement of
 production cuts.
The biggest loser on the LME last year was nickel. The moo
d was bright
enough early on as traders looked forward to big production cut
s in response
to the low price level and, as with aluminium, a slackening of
 CIS exports.
The former came too late, however, and the latter came not at 
all, and the
six-month highs seen in February proved to be the year's peak.

By the time Inco of Canada instituted a round of output cuts in October
nick
el prices had fallen to two-year lows and LME stocks of the metal had
risen 
by 300 per cent on the year so far to nearly 50,000 tonnes. In those
circums
tances the market was looking for an upturn in demand, especially in
the sta
inless steel sector, to give it the necessary shot in the arm, not
simply a 
reduction in output. Further production cuts were subsequently
announced by 
Falconbridge of Canada, Cuba's state-run producer and Western
Mining of Aust
ralia - amounting in all to nearly 38,00 tonnes in a full year
 -but the pri
ce slide continued and LME three months nickel closed on
Thursday at Dollars
 6,023 a tonne, down Dollars 1,192 on the year.
By comparison, the tin marke
t had a good year. LME stocks rose by only 7.4
per cent to 14,710 tonnes and
 the three months price ended 1992 up Dollars
240 at Dollars 5,845 a tonne.

A life-of-contract low of Dollars 5,485 had been registered at the beginning

of the year but by mid-February the market was at a six-month high,
reflect
ing concern about shipment delays from Brazil and Malaysia, the two
biggest 
suppliers. The bullish mood continued throughout the first half,
lifting the
 price to a 25-month high of Dollars 6,950 a tonne, before a
reaction was ca
used by Brazilian and Chinese selling and bearish technical
factors. But the
 market was moving higher again before the new year,
encouraged by buying in
 Kuala Lumpur and activity in the options market.
For the oil market in gene
ral 1992 proved a disappointing year and for
members of the Organisation of 
Petroleum Exporting Countries a worrying one.
Having started at the low leve
l of about Dollars 17 a barrel the Brent crude
price was buoyed in the sprin
g by optimism about the prospects for demand
when the expected industrial re
covery began. And the price moved above
Dollars 20 a barrel for the first ti
me in six months when Opec ministers
agreed unexpectedly in May to roll over
 its second quarter production
ceiling of 22.98m b/d into the third quarter,
 rather than anticipate the
rise in demand.
But by November, in the absence 
of the expected demand boost, the market was
looking for Opec ministers to a
gree substantial production cuts at their
meeting in Vienna. When this did n
ot happen prices fell sharply and it took
the political turmoil in Russia, t
he world's biggest producer, to lift Brent
crude back above Dollars 18 a bar
rel last month.
Of the softs, cocoa began the year in the most optimistic mo
od as the market
looked forward eagerly to the first annual supply deficit f
or eight years.
But, with collapsing demand from the former Soviet Union, ho
pes of higher
prices proved to be a pipe dream, with the market failing to r
egain the 1991
peak of Pounds 829 a tonne.
The second postion contract on Lo
ndon Fox opened the year at Pounds 745 a
tonne. The market continued an almo
st unbroken decline for the next six
months. The nadir came at the end of Ju
ne, when the second position contract
fell to Pounds 509 a tonne, the lowest
 level for more than 16 years. At
these levels countries of origin, includin
g the Ivory Coast, were reluctant
to sell, and were also pinning some hope o
n the outcome of Geneva talks on a
new international agreement.
The market b
egan a slow climb back to more than Pounds 750 a tonne in early
November, gi
ven a boost by sterling's devaluation and an Ivory Coast
decision to ban the
 sale of small beans. But London prices have ended close
to Pounds 700 a ton
ne, and it is worth noting that the nearby New York
contract which began the
 year at Dollars 1,245 a tonne, closed it at Dollars
936.
The Economist Inte
lligence Unit is predicting a small deficit of 43,000
tonnes for 1992-93, wh
ile the US Agriculture Department estimates production
and supply in balance
 at 2.35m tonnes. The EIU expects the next round of
talks on a cocoa pact in
 February to end with a purely administrative pact,
and is predicting prices
 to average about the same as in 1991 at 55 cents a
lb.
Coffee prices, like 
cocoa, went into a steep slide from the beginning of the
year. The London ro
busta market fell by more than Dollars 300 to hit 22-year
lows at the beginn
ing of May. The high level of consumer stocks - 19m bags
(60 kg each) - left
 producers with little option but to sell for what they
could get.
Throughou
t the summer the market edged higher, keeping an eye on the
International Co
ffee Organisation's interminable negotiations on a new
international agreeme
nt. The different supply and demand picture for
robustas and arabicas kept L
ondon steady while New York arabicas went below
50 cents a lb in September.

But by the end of October both markets were rallying strongly as traders
enj
oyed a total change in sentiment, mainly on perceptions of a smaller
1992-93
 crop in Brazil, the biggest producer, and Colombia. In December,
London's s
econd position robusta contract broke through the Dollars 1,000 a
tonne leve
l for the first time since January 8.
The EIU believes the recent rise has b
een overdone. Consumer stocks are
still high and this month's ICO talks are 
likely to be inconclusive, pushing
a new coffee agreement back to 1994.
The 
centre of gravity for world sugar prices has moved decisively from
London to
 New York, where speculative money provides liquidity. The second
position N
ew York raw sugar futures contract has ranged between 8 and 10
cents a lb th
roughout the year - another market with more than enough
production to satis
fy demand. For much of the last few months the market has
been stuck between
 8.5 and 9 cents - a narrow range with depressingly low
traded volumes, acco
rding to ED & F. Man's latest sugar report. But this
contrasted with increas
ed volumes of freely traded sugar following the
dissolution of the Cuban tra
ding arrangements with Comecon, Man pointed out.
A November report from the 
UN Food and Agricultural Organisation predicted
trade expansion for sugar, b
ut believed that by the turn of the century
prices would still be about 10 c
ents a lb in 1990 terms.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN
>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0179  Fruits and Tree Nuts, NEC.
    P3339  P
rimary Nonferrous Metals, NEC.
    P0722  Crop Harvesting.
    P2062  Cane S
ugar Refining.
    P1311  Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:
-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Market Data.
    COSTS  Commodity prices.
</TP>
<PUB>The F
inancial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 10 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 140 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-4130</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFJB6AF3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
10
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  10 JUN 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Brazil's 
low-grade crystals worry New York traders </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By LAURIE 
MORSE and REUTER </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    CHICAGO, PARIS </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
N
EW YORK'S Coffee, Sugar, and Cocoa Exchange, which administers the world's
m
ost traded sugar futures contract, is under pressure from the world's
bigges
t refiners to tighten its definition of what is deliverable against
its No. 
11 raw sugar contract.
The controversy, which has been simmering since April
, is crucial to traders
who have been in the midst of a supply-driven rally 
following crop disasters
in Thailand and Cuba and reduced output from other 
of the world's major
sugar exporters.
Unusual market conditions have re-arra
nged traditional price relationships
between raw sugar and other grades. Whi
te sugar usually trades at a premium
to raw sugar, and so would not be deliv
ered against the New York futures
contract.
However, as world raw sugar supp
lies tighten, prices have at times moved
above those for low-grade Brazilian
 white crystals. The Brazilian product is
of too low quality to be delivered
 against the London white sugar market,
but technically meets New York's del
ivery specifications, even though it is
not raw sugar.
New York sugar trader
s at one point believed as much as 200,000 tonnes of
the Brazilian crystals 
would be delivered against the expiring July
contract.
The crystals, accordi
ng to Mr Peter Hulme, divisional trading director for
Tate and Lyle Internat
ional, are difficult to handle, produce dust that
poses safety concerns for 
warehouses and could meet with import restrictions
at some international bor
ders.
Now, with July futures well below their high of 13.26 cents a lb, the

immediate threat of white crystal deliveries seems to have faded.
However, t
he controversy remains, and Mr Hulme, who says he represents the
position of
 a consortium of sugar refiners, has asked the exchange clearly
to exclude t
he crystals from delivery before the problem arises again.
The CSCE's sugar 
committee met briefly Tuesday to discuss the issue, but did
not communicate 
any findings. The exchange's board was attending a regular
meeting yesterday
 but an official would not say if the sugar delivery issue
was on the agenda
.
French trade house Sucres et Denrees yesterday denied rumors that it sold

white sugar to Russia's Prodintorg trade agency in the past few days,
report
s Reuter from Paris.
'I don't know where these rumours come from. They're fa
lse. We haven't
signed a deal with Prodintorg recently, but we do sell sugar
 every day to
Russia through private buyers,' said Sucden's co-president, Mr
 Serge
Varsano. Private business with Russia was likely to reach 1m to 1.5m 
tonnes
this year, through small but almost daily sales of 20,000 to 40,000 t
onnes,
he added.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of Am
erica.
    BRZ  Brazil, South America.
    FRZ  France, EC.
    RUZ  Russia,
 East Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P6221 Commodity Contracts Br
okers, Dealers.
    P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX
>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The 
Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 141 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-4579</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DLCDFABGFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9312
03
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  03 DEC 93 / World Trade News: Cruise ship lifeline
 for Cuban economy - Castro's latest attempt to attract dollars from tourism
 </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ROSIE HAYES and STEPHEN FIDLER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

When the cruise ship Santiago de Cuba sails later this month from Havana, it

will underline the extent to which revolutionary fervour is giving way to
p
ragmatism as Cuba tries to adjust to economic hardship.
On board ship, there
 will be gambling - although it will not be allowed in
Cuban ports. The gove
rnment of President Fidel Castro is now accepting an
activity it banned when
 it closed Havana's notorious gambling parlours after
the 1959 revolution.
C
ompared with the previous policy shifts forced on the Cuban government by
th
e collapse of the Soviet Union and its financial support for Cuba, this is
s
mall. Among other things, the government has been aggressively pursuing
prev
iously unwelcome foreign investors and has legalised use of the
once-banned 
US dollar.
The cruise operation - a joint venture between the state-owned Ha
vanatur and
European interests, including the Italian ship agents Fratelli C
osulich - is
the latest attempt to attract tourist dollars to the country.
M
r Castro is now laying much emphasis on the promotion of tourism. He turned

up last month on the holiday island of Cayo Coco at a ceremonial signing of

a Spanish-Cuban joint venture and mingled with tourists, even at one stage
w
atching a dance performance in a discotheque. The joint venture involves
the
 Spanish group Guitart Hotels investing Dollars 20m (Pounds 13.4m) over
10 y
ears and the local Cubanacana SA contributing the equivalent in local
curren
cy.
He spoke of fighting the country's financial problems through tourism an
d
told Cubans to prepare for an influx of foreign visitors.
The president ha
s also heaped praise on Spain, probably the most important
source of foreign
 investment in the Cuban tourist industry, and has
described Spanish skill a
nd enterprise as a great advantage to the island.
He even told an audience o
f Havana Communist party delegates this month that
sugar was 'no longer the 
country's main economic source' and that the
tourist industry had developed 
to such an extent it was now 'Cuba's main
financial lifeline'.
The number of
 visitors to Cuba has increased from 289,000 in 1987 to 460,000
last year, a
nd is forecast to grow again this year. Visitors are also
spending more. Acc
ording to the government, daily spending rose to Dollars
67 a day in 1990 to
 Dollars 89 in 1992, and is predicted to increase to
Dollars 100 in 1995.
Bu
t there are doubts among external observers whether tourism is as
important 
as the government suggests. Mr Jorge Dominguez, a Harvard
professor and visi
ting fellow at the Washington-based study group
InterAmerican Dialogue, says
 that total foreign direct investment in Cuba is
an elusive figure, but prob
ably amounts to less than Dollars 1bn. 'That
means the claim that tourism is
 significant rests on its generation of
foreign exchange.'
Yet the foreign e
xchange earnings usually quoted by Cuban sources represent
gross, rather tha
n net earnings. A report produced in March by the Cuban
Grupo de Turismo sai
d that tourism generated Dollars 530m in gross
hard-currency receipts in 199
2 - four times the 1987 level - and directly
accounted for 62,000 jobs, 1.6 
per cent of total employment.
A report published in April by La Sociedad Eco
nomica, a moderate
London-based exile group which favours the country's tran
sformation to a
market economy, also points out that the policy of keeping t
ourists in
enclaves 'limits the market for locally-produced goods and servic
es, so
reducing the beneficial effect that tourism could generate in the wid
er
economy'.
The net hard-currency benefit is thus significantly less than t
he gross
receipts. Tourists have to be serviced by imports, such as Scotch w
hisky and
video cassettes. Sales commissions, tour operating profits, and av
iation
expenses must also be paid.
This suggests, says Mr Dominguez, the net
 annual hard currency gain to Cuba
is between Dollars 100m and Dollars 300m.

While this compares with the Dollars 220m earned in 1992 from nickel
export
s, it is still significantly less than its earnings from sugar
exports, even
 though they fell to their lowest level this year since 1963.
This year's ha
rvest of 4.2m tonnes would generate Dollars 800m-Dollars 900m
in export reve
nues.
'Tourism, as at present structured, offers only very limited relief to

Cuba's economic crisis,' argues La Sociedad Economica. This could change if

Americans were allowed to go to Cuba - but the end of the US embargo still

appears a long way off.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Havanatur.
    Fr
atelli Cosulich.
    Guitart Hotels.
    Cubanacana.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-

</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
    ITZ  Italy, EC.
    ESZ  Spain, EC.
</CN
>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P7999 Amusement and Recreation, NEC.
    P7011
 Hotels and Motels.
    P4481 Deep Sea Passenger Transportation, Ex Ferry.
<
/IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Strategic links & Joint venture.
    CMMT 
 Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pag
e 6 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 142 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-3603</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCMBUADIFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Problems 
piling up for Caribbean sugar sector - A wave of labour unrest is adding to 
the woes of a struggling industry, writes Canute James </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE> 
   By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A WAVE of industrial unrest in the Carib
bean sugar industry has compounded
earlier problems caused by falling produc
tion and changes in important
markets.
Exporters are having difficulty in re
taining traditional markets and no new
ones are available; some export quota
s have been reduced while some export
commitments are not being fulfilled.
T
he pain is most evident in Barbados, for which the sugar industry is a
relat
ively small but important pillar of the troubled economy. An eight-week
stri
ke that delayed the start of this year's harvest has reduced production
at a
 time when the financially strapped industry has been trying to catch
its br
eath.
The industry was shut down late last year because it ran out of money.
 The
privately-owned Barbados Sugar Industry Ltd, which operates the island'
s
mills, owes a state-owned bank about USDollars 87m. New money has not been

available because the government is under pressure to reduce state spending
.
It took a loan of Pounds 5m from Barclays Bank of the UK to get the indust
ry
up on its feet again, but preparations by millers to start processing can
e
in January were frustrated by a strike. Unions demanded an increase in wag
es
but the millers said they were unable to pay because of their weak financ
es.
It took the intervention of the country's prime minister to break the
im
passe.
The industry is forecasting production of 50,000 tonnes for this year
, which
will not be enough to meet its quotas to the European Community and 
the US
while satisfying domestic demand, for which about 73,000 tonnes would
 be
needed.
Failure to fill export quotas has also been a major worry for th
e Guyanese
sugar industry. In each of the past three years the country has p
leaded
force majeure on scheduled shipments to the European Community as pro
duction
has faltered because of strikes and poor weather.
The industry expec
ts to meet its EC quota of 167,000 tonnes this year
although production was 
only 155,000 tonnes last year, 25,000 tonnes more
than in 1990. Like other c
ountries that fear a loss of their quotas if they
do not meet the supply sch
edules, Guyana and Barbados may be forced to
import sugar for the domestic m
arket.
'The logic here is quite simple,' explains a Jamaican trade official.
 'The
preferential markets such as the EC pay more than the exporters would 
get on
the world market. So they ensure they meet their quotas and then buy 
cheaply
on the world market for domestic consumption. The EC and the US do n
ot like
this practice, but it is done fairly often.'
In Guyana and Barbados 
efforts are being made to improve the management of
the sugar industry and r
aise productivity. Booker Tate, a subsidiary of
Booker of the UK, is managin
g the state-owned industry in Guyana, and will
begin running the Barbados in
dustry later this year.
The marginal improvement in output by the Jamaican i
ndustry over the past
two years was halted by a two-week strike at the islan
d's nine mills that
ended this week. This year's target of 230,000 tonnes, i
f it is achieved,
will allow the island to meet its quota commitments.
The a
dministrators of the industry in the Caribbean complain that region's
market
ing and production plans are being adversely affected by changing
conditions
 in important markets, such as the US, where adjustments to import
quotas ar
e frequent. In the current crop year, for example, most of the
Caribbean pro
ducers have had their US quota cut by 35 per cent, and others
by 10 per cent
.
These changes, which are influenced mainly by the level of domestic US
pro
duction, are expected to reduce the Caribbean region's earnings by about
USD
ollars 70m. The reduction is hitting hardest in the Dominican Republic,
wher
e industry has been in decline for the past decade. The cut of 35 per
cent i
n its US quota to 232,500 tonnes this year might have been less
painful had 
it not been for uncertainty over another valuable market. The
Dominicans had
 been supplying between 50,000 tonnes and 225,000 tonnes a
year to the Sovie
t Union. But with the break-up of the union Dominican
industry officials and
 bankers say there is uncertainty about future of
sales to the Commonwealth 
of Independent States, as it is now called.
Like most of the other Caribbean
 producers, production costs in the
Dominican Republic, which produced 628,0
00 tonnes last year, exceed world
market prices.
Strikes and production cost
s are not likely to be among the problems facing
the sugar sector in Cuba, t
he region's largest producer. Since the break-up
of the Soviet Union, which 
was the island's major market, short term
contracts with members of the CIS 
have brought some relief. But a
significant reduction in output is likely th
is year because of a late start
to harvesting and a shortage of fuel which h
as overtaken the embattled
economy. There are indications that output this y
ear will be about 1m tonnes
less than last year's 7.6m tonnes.
The US indust
ry, however, is already weighing the consequences of the
changes in Cuba's m
arkets, with suggestions that this could leave the island
with millions of t
onnes to dispose of on the world market. Depression of
prices would be compo
unded by a likely loss of market for some of Cuba's
neighbours, particularly
 if there were political changes on the island.
'In a post-Castro Cuba, the 
US would try to assist a new government if it is
democratic,' suggests Mr Ju
lio Herrera, president of the Caribbean Basin
Sugar Producers Group. 'Cuba w
ill inevitably turn to the US as a market for
its sugar. The US will be told
 that it has a moral obligation to buy Cuban
sugar.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 143 ==============================================
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<DOCNO>FT921-3603</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCMBUADIFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Problems 
piling up for Caribbean sugar sector - A wave of labour unrest is adding to 
the woes of a struggling industry, writes Canute James </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE> 
   By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A WAVE of industrial unrest in the Carib
bean sugar industry has compounded
earlier problems caused by falling produc
tion and changes in important
markets.
Exporters are having difficulty in re
taining traditional markets and no new
ones are available; some export quota
s have been reduced while some export
commitments are not being fulfilled.
T
he pain is most evident in Barbados, for which the sugar industry is a
relat
ively small but important pillar of the troubled economy. An eight-week
stri
ke that delayed the start of this year's harvest has reduced production
at a
 time when the financially strapped industry has been trying to catch
its br
eath.
The industry was shut down late last year because it ran out of money.
 The
privately-owned Barbados Sugar Industry Ltd, which operates the island'
s
mills, owes a state-owned bank about USDollars 87m. New money has not been

available because the government is under pressure to reduce state spending
.
It took a loan of Pounds 5m from Barclays Bank of the UK to get the indust
ry
up on its feet again, but preparations by millers to start processing can
e
in January were frustrated by a strike. Unions demanded an increase in wag
es
but the millers said they were unable to pay because of their weak financ
es.
It took the intervention of the country's prime minister to break the
im
passe.
The industry is forecasting production of 50,000 tonnes for this year
, which
will not be enough to meet its quotas to the European Community and 
the US
while satisfying domestic demand, for which about 73,000 tonnes would
 be
needed.
Failure to fill export quotas has also been a major worry for th
e Guyanese
sugar industry. In each of the past three years the country has p
leaded
force majeure on scheduled shipments to the European Community as pro
duction
has faltered because of strikes and poor weather.
The industry expec
ts to meet its EC quota of 167,000 tonnes this year
although production was 
only 155,000 tonnes last year, 25,000 tonnes more
than in 1990. Like other c
ountries that fear a loss of their quotas if they
do not meet the supply sch
edules, Guyana and Barbados may be forced to
import sugar for the domestic m
arket.
'The logic here is quite simple,' explains a Jamaican trade official.
 'The
preferential markets such as the EC pay more than the exporters would 
get on
the world market. So they ensure they meet their quotas and then buy 
cheaply
on the world market for domestic consumption. The EC and the US do n
ot like
this practice, but it is done fairly often.'
In Guyana and Barbados 
efforts are being made to improve the management of
the sugar industry and r
aise productivity. Booker Tate, a subsidiary of
Booker of the UK, is managin
g the state-owned industry in Guyana, and will
begin running the Barbados in
dustry later this year.
The marginal improvement in output by the Jamaican i
ndustry over the past
two years was halted by a two-week strike at the islan
d's nine mills that
ended this week. This year's target of 230,000 tonnes, i
f it is achieved,
will allow the island to meet its quota commitments.
The a
dministrators of the industry in the Caribbean complain that region's
market
ing and production plans are being adversely affected by changing
conditions
 in important markets, such as the US, where adjustments to import
quotas ar
e frequent. In the current crop year, for example, most of the
Caribbean pro
ducers have had their US quota cut by 35 per cent, and others
by 10 per cent
.
These changes, which are influenced mainly by the level of domestic US
pro
duction, are expected to reduce the Caribbean region's earnings by about
USD
ollars 70m. The reduction is hitting hardest in the Dominican Republic,
wher
e industry has been in decline for the past decade. The cut of 35 per
cent i
n its US quota to 232,500 tonnes this year might have been less
painful had 
it not been for uncertainty over another valuable market. The
Dominicans had
 been supplying between 50,000 tonnes and 225,000 tonnes a
year to the Sovie
t Union. But with the break-up of the union Dominican
industry officials and
 bankers say there is uncertainty about future of
sales to the Commonwealth 
of Independent States, as it is now called.
Like most of the other Caribbean
 producers, production costs in the
Dominican Republic, which produced 628,0
00 tonnes last year, exceed world
market prices.
Strikes and production cost
s are not likely to be among the problems facing
the sugar sector in Cuba, t
he region's largest producer. Since the break-up
of the Soviet Union, which 
was the island's major market, short term
contracts with members of the CIS 
have brought some relief. But a
significant reduction in output is likely th
is year because of a late start
to harvesting and a shortage of fuel which h
as overtaken the embattled
economy. There are indications that output this y
ear will be about 1m tonnes
less than last year's 7.6m tonnes.
The US indust
ry, however, is already weighing the consequences of the
changes in Cuba's m
arkets, with suggestions that this could leave the island
with millions of t
onnes to dispose of on the world market. Depression of
prices would be compo
unded by a likely loss of market for some of Cuba's
neighbours, particularly
 if there were political changes on the island.
'In a post-Castro Cuba, the 
US would try to assist a new government if it is
democratic,' suggests Mr Ju
lio Herrera, president of the Caribbean Basin
Sugar Producers Group. 'Cuba w
ill inevitably turn to the US as a market for
its sugar. The US will be told
 that it has a moral obligation to buy Cuban
sugar.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 144 ==============================================
Transaction #:    144       Transaction Code:  38 (Record Deselected)      

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-3603</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCMBUADIFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Problems 
piling up for Caribbean sugar sector - A wave of labour unrest is adding to 
the woes of a struggling industry, writes Canute James </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE> 
   By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A WAVE of industrial unrest in the Carib
bean sugar industry has compounded
earlier problems caused by falling produc
tion and changes in important
markets.
Exporters are having difficulty in re
taining traditional markets and no new
ones are available; some export quota
s have been reduced while some export
commitments are not being fulfilled.
T
he pain is most evident in Barbados, for which the sugar industry is a
relat
ively small but important pillar of the troubled economy. An eight-week
stri
ke that delayed the start of this year's harvest has reduced production
at a
 time when the financially strapped industry has been trying to catch
its br
eath.
The industry was shut down late last year because it ran out of money.
 The
privately-owned Barbados Sugar Industry Ltd, which operates the island'
s
mills, owes a state-owned bank about USDollars 87m. New money has not been

available because the government is under pressure to reduce state spending
.
It took a loan of Pounds 5m from Barclays Bank of the UK to get the indust
ry
up on its feet again, but preparations by millers to start processing can
e
in January were frustrated by a strike. Unions demanded an increase in wag
es
but the millers said they were unable to pay because of their weak financ
es.
It took the intervention of the country's prime minister to break the
im
passe.
The industry is forecasting production of 50,000 tonnes for this year
, which
will not be enough to meet its quotas to the European Community and 
the US
while satisfying domestic demand, for which about 73,000 tonnes would
 be
needed.
Failure to fill export quotas has also been a major worry for th
e Guyanese
sugar industry. In each of the past three years the country has p
leaded
force majeure on scheduled shipments to the European Community as pro
duction
has faltered because of strikes and poor weather.
The industry expec
ts to meet its EC quota of 167,000 tonnes this year
although production was 
only 155,000 tonnes last year, 25,000 tonnes more
than in 1990. Like other c
ountries that fear a loss of their quotas if they
do not meet the supply sch
edules, Guyana and Barbados may be forced to
import sugar for the domestic m
arket.
'The logic here is quite simple,' explains a Jamaican trade official.
 'The
preferential markets such as the EC pay more than the exporters would 
get on
the world market. So they ensure they meet their quotas and then buy 
cheaply
on the world market for domestic consumption. The EC and the US do n
ot like
this practice, but it is done fairly often.'
In Guyana and Barbados 
efforts are being made to improve the management of
the sugar industry and r
aise productivity. Booker Tate, a subsidiary of
Booker of the UK, is managin
g the state-owned industry in Guyana, and will
begin running the Barbados in
dustry later this year.
The marginal improvement in output by the Jamaican i
ndustry over the past
two years was halted by a two-week strike at the islan
d's nine mills that
ended this week. This year's target of 230,000 tonnes, i
f it is achieved,
will allow the island to meet its quota commitments.
The a
dministrators of the industry in the Caribbean complain that region's
market
ing and production plans are being adversely affected by changing
conditions
 in important markets, such as the US, where adjustments to import
quotas ar
e frequent. In the current crop year, for example, most of the
Caribbean pro
ducers have had their US quota cut by 35 per cent, and others
by 10 per cent
.
These changes, which are influenced mainly by the level of domestic US
pro
duction, are expected to reduce the Caribbean region's earnings by about
USD
ollars 70m. The reduction is hitting hardest in the Dominican Republic,
wher
e industry has been in decline for the past decade. The cut of 35 per
cent i
n its US quota to 232,500 tonnes this year might have been less
painful had 
it not been for uncertainty over another valuable market. The
Dominicans had
 been supplying between 50,000 tonnes and 225,000 tonnes a
year to the Sovie
t Union. But with the break-up of the union Dominican
industry officials and
 bankers say there is uncertainty about future of
sales to the Commonwealth 
of Independent States, as it is now called.
Like most of the other Caribbean
 producers, production costs in the
Dominican Republic, which produced 628,0
00 tonnes last year, exceed world
market prices.
Strikes and production cost
s are not likely to be among the problems facing
the sugar sector in Cuba, t
he region's largest producer. Since the break-up
of the Soviet Union, which 
was the island's major market, short term
contracts with members of the CIS 
have brought some relief. But a
significant reduction in output is likely th
is year because of a late start
to harvesting and a shortage of fuel which h
as overtaken the embattled
economy. There are indications that output this y
ear will be about 1m tonnes
less than last year's 7.6m tonnes.
The US indust
ry, however, is already weighing the consequences of the
changes in Cuba's m
arkets, with suggestions that this could leave the island
with millions of t
onnes to dispose of on the world market. Depression of
prices would be compo
unded by a likely loss of market for some of Cuba's
neighbours, particularly
 if there were political changes on the island.
'In a post-Castro Cuba, the 
US would try to assist a new government if it is
democratic,' suggests Mr Ju
lio Herrera, president of the Caribbean Basin
Sugar Producers Group. 'Cuba w
ill inevitably turn to the US as a market for
its sugar. The US will be told
 that it has a moral obligation to buy Cuban
sugar.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 145 ==============================================
Transaction #:    145       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-3603</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCMBUADIFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Problems 
piling up for Caribbean sugar sector - A wave of labour unrest is adding to 
the woes of a struggling industry, writes Canute James </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE> 
   By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A WAVE of industrial unrest in the Carib
bean sugar industry has compounded
earlier problems caused by falling produc
tion and changes in important
markets.
Exporters are having difficulty in re
taining traditional markets and no new
ones are available; some export quota
s have been reduced while some export
commitments are not being fulfilled.
T
he pain is most evident in Barbados, for which the sugar industry is a
relat
ively small but important pillar of the troubled economy. An eight-week
stri
ke that delayed the start of this year's harvest has reduced production
at a
 time when the financially strapped industry has been trying to catch
its br
eath.
The industry was shut down late last year because it ran out of money.
 The
privately-owned Barbados Sugar Industry Ltd, which operates the island'
s
mills, owes a state-owned bank about USDollars 87m. New money has not been

available because the government is under pressure to reduce state spending
.
It took a loan of Pounds 5m from Barclays Bank of the UK to get the indust
ry
up on its feet again, but preparations by millers to start processing can
e
in January were frustrated by a strike. Unions demanded an increase in wag
es
but the millers said they were unable to pay because of their weak financ
es.
It took the intervention of the country's prime minister to break the
im
passe.
The industry is forecasting production of 50,000 tonnes for this year
, which
will not be enough to meet its quotas to the European Community and 
the US
while satisfying domestic demand, for which about 73,000 tonnes would
 be
needed.
Failure to fill export quotas has also been a major worry for th
e Guyanese
sugar industry. In each of the past three years the country has p
leaded
force majeure on scheduled shipments to the European Community as pro
duction
has faltered because of strikes and poor weather.
The industry expec
ts to meet its EC quota of 167,000 tonnes this year
although production was 
only 155,000 tonnes last year, 25,000 tonnes more
than in 1990. Like other c
ountries that fear a loss of their quotas if they
do not meet the supply sch
edules, Guyana and Barbados may be forced to
import sugar for the domestic m
arket.
'The logic here is quite simple,' explains a Jamaican trade official.
 'The
preferential markets such as the EC pay more than the exporters would 
get on
the world market. So they ensure they meet their quotas and then buy 
cheaply
on the world market for domestic consumption. The EC and the US do n
ot like
this practice, but it is done fairly often.'
In Guyana and Barbados 
efforts are being made to improve the management of
the sugar industry and r
aise productivity. Booker Tate, a subsidiary of
Booker of the UK, is managin
g the state-owned industry in Guyana, and will
begin running the Barbados in
dustry later this year.
The marginal improvement in output by the Jamaican i
ndustry over the past
two years was halted by a two-week strike at the islan
d's nine mills that
ended this week. This year's target of 230,000 tonnes, i
f it is achieved,
will allow the island to meet its quota commitments.
The a
dministrators of the industry in the Caribbean complain that region's
market
ing and production plans are being adversely affected by changing
conditions
 in important markets, such as the US, where adjustments to import
quotas ar
e frequent. In the current crop year, for example, most of the
Caribbean pro
ducers have had their US quota cut by 35 per cent, and others
by 10 per cent
.
These changes, which are influenced mainly by the level of domestic US
pro
duction, are expected to reduce the Caribbean region's earnings by about
USD
ollars 70m. The reduction is hitting hardest in the Dominican Republic,
wher
e industry has been in decline for the past decade. The cut of 35 per
cent i
n its US quota to 232,500 tonnes this year might have been less
painful had 
it not been for uncertainty over another valuable market. The
Dominicans had
 been supplying between 50,000 tonnes and 225,000 tonnes a
year to the Sovie
t Union. But with the break-up of the union Dominican
industry officials and
 bankers say there is uncertainty about future of
sales to the Commonwealth 
of Independent States, as it is now called.
Like most of the other Caribbean
 producers, production costs in the
Dominican Republic, which produced 628,0
00 tonnes last year, exceed world
market prices.
Strikes and production cost
s are not likely to be among the problems facing
the sugar sector in Cuba, t
he region's largest producer. Since the break-up
of the Soviet Union, which 
was the island's major market, short term
contracts with members of the CIS 
have brought some relief. But a
significant reduction in output is likely th
is year because of a late start
to harvesting and a shortage of fuel which h
as overtaken the embattled
economy. There are indications that output this y
ear will be about 1m tonnes
less than last year's 7.6m tonnes.
The US indust
ry, however, is already weighing the consequences of the
changes in Cuba's m
arkets, with suggestions that this could leave the island
with millions of t
onnes to dispose of on the world market. Depression of
prices would be compo
unded by a likely loss of market for some of Cuba's
neighbours, particularly
 if there were political changes on the island.
'In a post-Castro Cuba, the 
US would try to assist a new government if it is
democratic,' suggests Mr Ju
lio Herrera, president of the Caribbean Basin
Sugar Producers Group. 'Cuba w
ill inevitably turn to the US as a market for
its sugar. The US will be told
 that it has a moral obligation to buy Cuban
sugar.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 146 ==============================================
Transaction #:    146       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-12873</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CDOBJAC3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
415
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 APR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Cuba fac
ed with worst sugar crop in years </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE
>
<DATELINE>    HAVANA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA IS straining to finish what c
ould be its worst sugar harvest in recent
years because it says it needs eve
ry tonne to help keep its crisis-hit
economy afloat, reports Reuter from Hav
ana.
After maintaining a virtual news blackout on the 1991-1992 sugar crop f
or
five months, the Caribbean island's government is now making the harvest 
a
national public issue. 'Our sole option. . . is not to lose a single tonne

of sugar,' it said.
The government urged the country's sugar workers to mak
e a maximum effort
over the next few weeks, a message reinforced by daily te
levision propaganda
spots focusing on the harvest.
The official media descri
be the current season as one of the most difficult
ever experienced by Cuba,
 which has traditionally been the world's biggest
exporter of sugar.
The 199
1-1992 harvest started late and has been bedevilled by shortages of
oil, lub
ricants and spare parts that are essential to keep mechanical
harvesters and
 mills running.
Adding to the urgency is the possible onset of spring rains 
in May which
could disrupt a late-finishing harvest.
Even more worrying for 
Cuba, the difficulties come at a time when it needs
every tonne of sugar it 
can produce to exchange for vital imports of oil,
machinery spares and food.

</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC
>

============= Transaction # 147 ==============================================
Transaction #:    147       Transaction Code:  38 (Record Deselected)      

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-12873</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CDOBJAC3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
415
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 APR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Cuba fac
ed with worst sugar crop in years </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE
>
<DATELINE>    HAVANA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA IS straining to finish what c
ould be its worst sugar harvest in recent
years because it says it needs eve
ry tonne to help keep its crisis-hit
economy afloat, reports Reuter from Hav
ana.
After maintaining a virtual news blackout on the 1991-1992 sugar crop f
or
five months, the Caribbean island's government is now making the harvest 
a
national public issue. 'Our sole option. . . is not to lose a single tonne

of sugar,' it said.
The government urged the country's sugar workers to mak
e a maximum effort
over the next few weeks, a message reinforced by daily te
levision propaganda
spots focusing on the harvest.
The official media descri
be the current season as one of the most difficult
ever experienced by Cuba,
 which has traditionally been the world's biggest
exporter of sugar.
The 199
1-1992 harvest started late and has been bedevilled by shortages of
oil, lub
ricants and spare parts that are essential to keep mechanical
harvesters and
 mills running.
Adding to the urgency is the possible onset of spring rains 
in May which
could disrupt a late-finishing harvest.
Even more worrying for 
Cuba, the difficulties come at a time when it needs
every tonne of sugar it 
can produce to exchange for vital imports of oil,
machinery spares and food.

</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC
>

============= Transaction # 148 ==============================================
Transaction #:    148       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-5210</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CK0B0AFQFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9211
27
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 NOV 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Barbadian
 collapse deepens shadow over Caribbean sugar - The region, faced with high 
costs and low productivity, relies on guaranteed market access </HEADLINE>
<
BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE COLLAPSE of Barbados' sugar 
industry late last month is the latest
indication of the sometimes terminal 
difficulties which beset Caribbean
producers. The region is faced with high 
production costs and often low
productivity, and is unable to survive withou
t guaranteed access to markets
such as the European Community and the US, an
d which pay higher than
prevailing world market prices.
The problems caused 
by inefficiency and indebtedness are exacerbated by what
many producers see 
as a threat to current preferential market arrangements.
Many are worried by
 the recent reduction in US import quotas, and are
uncertain how they will f
are if the North American Free Trade Agreement is
implemented and Mexican pr
oduction becomes a market factor.
In the case of Barbados, the island has be
en unable to produce enough even
to meet its quota obligations to these guar
anteed markets. Efforts are under
way to jump-start the industry after the s
tate-owned Barbados National Bank,
exercising tighter credit control as part
 of a government austerity
programme, and which is owed Dollars 50m by the i
ndustry, suspended all
further loans.
This followed production of 55,000 ton
nes from the 1992 harvest, the lowest
in 60 years, according to official fig
ures. In order to make use of its
opportunities on the EC and US markets the
 island has had to import sugar to
meet domestic demand. Ironically, the col
lapse of the industry came after
indications that it was being put under new
 management by Booker Tate, a
subsidiary of Booker, the UK food and farming 
group.
The company has become an important factor in the region's troubled s
ugar
industry, and has been called in to help the industries in Guyana, Beli
ze
and St Kitts-Nevis, and to run two of Jamaica's nine mills. Trinidad and

Tobago is the only producer in the Commonwealth Caribbean in which Booker
Ta
te is not involved. In all cases the company contracted to give corporate
ma
nagement and technical services to sugar industries in the five countries.
I
t provides engineers, technologists, agriculturalists, economists,
marketing
 specialists and support staff.
The industries in both Guyana and Jamaica ha
ve attracted financial
assistance from multilateral institutions as a result
 of the management
contracts given to Booker Tate, But assessments to the co
mpany's
effectiveness differ in the two countries. Jamaican officials say th
e
performance of the two mills managed by the company since 1985 has been
'd
isappointing'.
Yet the case of Guyana shows that the regional sugar industry
 is not beyond
redemption. From output of 330,000 tonnes a year in the mid-1
970s, Guyana's
production, plagued by labour unrest and poor weather, slumpe
d to 135,000
tonnes in 1990. The industry declared shortfalls on its Europea
n Community
quota for three years, and shipped none of its quota to the US. 
Booker
Tate's takeover of the management of the industry has been followed,

however, by a decisive turnaround. Production is up this year and export
quo
tas have been met.
In the Dominican Republic, the region's second largest pr
oducer after Cuba,
the problems of financial viability have been compounded 
by a shortage of
labour. Foreign criticism of the treatment of workers from 
neighbouring
Haiti, and the subsequent expulsion of thousands of Haitian wor
kers, has
resulted in the state-owned producer suffering a painful drop in o
utput.
Production this year is 8 per cent less than the 326,000 tonnes of la
st year
and sugar has had to be imported to meet domestic demand.
The outloo
k for the industry, like that of others in the region, has been
depressed by
 the recent reduction in global imports by the US. The
Caribbean's cumulativ
e quota has been reduced by 11 per cent to 276,341
tonnes, causing an estima
ted Dollars 15m reduction in earnings. It is the
second consecutive cut for 
the Caribbean holders of US quotas, which were
allowed to supply 471,710 ton
nes in 1991.
Sugar industry officials in the region say one area of uncertai
nty is
Mexico's future access to the US market under the Nafta. They say Mex
ico's
current and modest US quota of 7,500 tonnes a year can be increased 20
-fold
in seven years, at the expense of existing suppliers.
Cuba's troubled 
industry has received a fillip with a new trade agreement
between the island
 and the Russian republic. Cuba will receive 23m barrels
of Russian oil a ye
ar for 2m tonnes of sugar - significantly less than the
country had sold in 
past years to the former Soviet Union. But the island's
economic problems ha
ve depressed output this year to just over 6.9m tonnes.
 -------------------
-------------------------------
            Caribbean Sugar Production
     
        ('000 tonnes, raw value)
 ------------------------------------------
--------
                      1987-88    1989-90   1991-92
 ---------------
-----------------------------------
Barbados                   81         69
        57
Cuba                    7,547      7,932     7,000
Dominican Rep.
            758        632       670
French W. Indies           82         4
6        38
Guyana                    178        135       238
Haiti        
              30         31        30
Jamaica                   225        2
19       224
Trinidad                   95        120       110
 -----------
---------------------------------------
Source: ED and F. Man.
 ------------
--------------------------------------
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 149 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-7110</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CKRCBACRFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9211
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 NOV 92 / A storm in a coffee cup: Falling price
s and a world glut have led coffee producers and consumers to seek a new quo
ta pact </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CHRISTINA LAMB </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
For the p
ast two years, the world's coffee producers have been forced to
swallow a bi
tter brew. Plummeting prices and excess supply threaten the
livelihood of mo
re than 25m coffee workers from Brazil to Indonesia. The
product, once known
 as green gold, is losing its lustre as the economic
mainstay of many develo
ping countries.
An experiment with the free market has left the industry, wi
th total sales
estimated at Dollars 34bn a year and a daily consumption of 2
bn cups, in its
worst crisis for decades. After the collapse in 1989 of the 
International
Coffee Agreement - a pact between producers and consumers cont
rolling
exports to ensure price stability - a world glut caused coffee price
s to
slump to almost a third of the level of the late 1980s. Most growers ha
ve
been selling at well below cost for the past two years.
The current state
 of the industry is so serious that growers, exporters,
processors and buyer
s - led by Brazil, the largest producer, and the US, the
largest consumer an
d processor - have put aside competing interests to come
to the negotiating 
table. Following a first round in September, crucial
talks will begin next M
onday at the International Coffee Organisation (ICO)
in London to try to con
clude a new coffee pact, re-establishing quotas to
limit exports and stabili
se prices in an admission that the free market has
not worked.
Hitting 22-ye
ar price lows in August of less than 50 cents a pound in New
York, coffee ha
s been overtaken by sugar as the developing countries' main
earner after oil
.
Unlike oil, however, coffee supply cannot simply be turned on and off, so

growers in the 50 main producing countries have to sell at the lower prices

or stop production. Their ability to boost prices through holding back
suppl
ies is weakened by the considerable stocks in the hands of consuming
countri
es. The results are abandoned plantations across the developing world
and ou
t-of-work coffee pickers, whose anger threatens to spill over into
social un
rest. In some countries, such as Colombia, the principal
alternative crop is
 the coca leaf, the raw material of cocaine.
The outcome of the talks is kee
nly awaited, particularly in Brazil, which
has been the biggest producer alm
ost continuously since the 1760s when
Cappuchin monks in Rio de Janeiro bega
n growing seeds smuggled from French
Guyana.
Mr Jose Dias de Goveia, a 76-ye
ar-old farmer in Pocos de Caldas, Brazil's
coffee heartland, says: 'I've bee
n in coffee all my life but the last four
years have been the worst I've eve
r seen. We're talking survival.'
Production costs are Dollars 65 a 60-kilo b
ag, but he is forced to sell at
Dollars 40. He has cut staff to a third, red
uced land under cultivation from
500 to 400 hectares, and is producing what 
he calls 'ecological coffee',
because he cannot afford fertilisers.
In south
ern Minas Gerais, the world's most productive coffee belt, such
stories are 
common. Growers are abandoning coffee, which has always been a
volatile comm
odity and sensitive to climatic changes, for eucalyptus, nuts
and passion fr
uit. On many farms cattle graze between the remaining coffee
bushes. In the 
past three years the number of coffee bushes in Brazil has
fallen from 4.2bn
 to 3.2bn. Only 20 per cent are thought to be properly
cultivated; quality i
s suffering and thus flavour is deteriorating because
coffee prices are too 
low for growers to invest in fertilisers and
technology. The current crop is
 expected to yield fewer than 20m bags
compared with 43m in 1987-88.
Althoug
h these figures are significant, the impact of the coffee price slump
is eve
n greater on many smaller coffee-producing nations, where coffee is
the prin
cipal foreign exchange earner. Growers have little alternative but
to turn t
o cocaine production to sustain their families. In Colombia,
disenchanted pi
ckers are raw fodder for recruitment into cocaine production
cartels.
In Bra
zil, industrialisation has diminished coffee's contribution to export
earnin
gs to less than 4 per cent this year compared with 21.5 per cent 15
years ag
o and 50 per cent in the early 1960s. However, coffee cultivation
remains a 
labour-intensive business and Mr Christian Ottoni, head of the
Pocos do Cald
as Rural Union, warns: 'The social consequences of the price
collapse have b
een devastating.' He estimates that 1.5m to 2m of the 10m
workers dependent 
on Brazil's coffee sector are unemployed and adding to the
growing number of
 slum-dwellers in the cities.
Ironically, it was Brazil that scuppered the c
offee accord. It was angered
by US attempts to reduce its export quota to al
low Colombia and Central
America, which produce the milder varieties of coff
ee favoured by Americans,
to increase their exports. The Bush administration
 was motivated by a
determination to provide economic support for these coun
tries in return for
co-operation in the war against drugs.
The Brazilian Exp
orters Federation (Febec), which had been convinced that
the world's largest
 producer could only stand to benefit from a free market,
has had its hopes 
shattered as the country has seen coffee income fall from
Dollars 2.5bn a ye
ar to little more than Dollars 1bn since 1989. Despite the
glut on world mar
kets, Brazil is struggling to fulfil its export commitments
this year of 13m
 bags. It is reportedly even importing low-grade coffee to
meet the requirem
ents of its home market - now the second-largest in the
world at 10m bags. B
y contrast, Colombia more than doubled its crop since
1989 to 18m bags and h
as seen earnings increase to match those of Brazil.
Brazil's growers put par
t of the blame on disgraced President Fernando
Collor's policy of deregulati
on. While Colombian growers have received
government subsidies and support i
n technology and marketing since the pact
collapsed, the Brazilian governmen
t in 1990 closed its Coffee Institute,
which controlled supply and sales. Th
e government's curbs on subsidies for
agriculture meant growers had no acces
s to cheap finance, domestic prices
were subjected to successive price freez
es and exports were hit by an
overvalued cruzeiro. The Brazilian coffee sect
or was also discredited
internationally by charges in New York of insider tr
ading in coffee futures
 -after the government's sudden suspension of coffee
 exports in March last
year - allegedly linked to the corruption scandal whi
ch caused Mr Collor's
downfall last month.
But Mr Luiz Sergio de Paiva, from
 Brazil's National Coffee Council, says
most of the blame for the current cr
isis must be laid at the door of the
small group of processors which dominat
es the market. 'It was not a free
market at all,' he says, pointing at a map
 on his wall. 'All the world's
coffee grows between the tropics of Cancer an
d Capricorn in the third world
and thus lacks planning and development. The 
consumers are all in Europe and
the northern hemisphere. Five big first-worl
d companies process half the
world's coffee. In a so-called free market it w
ill always be producers that
lose and processors that gain.'
With many Febec
 members facing bankruptcy, the federation has yielded to
growers' demands a
nd is backing a new agreement. 'We did not expect that
being without an acco
rd would be so hard or so long,' admits Mr Oswaldo
Aranha Neto, Febec presid
ent.
But coffee diplomacy is a delicate business. The International Coffee
O
rganisation includes 50 coffee-exporting nations (representing 97 per cent
o
f world production) and 21 importing countries (responsible for 80 per cent

of consumption). Negotiations bring together countries as diverse as
Germany
, Cuba, Vietnam and Ethiopia, and previous talks have been
acrimonious.
The 
producers might seem to be in the weak position. Mr Alexandre Beltrao,
head 
of the ICO, estimates that producers have been losing Dollars
4bn-Dollars 5b
n a year worldwide since the accord collapsed. But the tables
may soon turn.
 The price has started to recover quite rapidly over the past
few weeks as B
razil has admitted its crop is lower than expected, and now
stands at more t
han 70 cents a pound. Consumers and processors are beginning
to be worried a
bout a possible dearth of supplies, particularly as it takes
four years for 
a bush to start producing beans.
Industrialists worry that the low prices ha
ve caused quality to drop even
further. Mr Beltrao points out that the incom
e lost by producers 'is money
which should have been directed towards invest
ment'. The price recovery is
generating renewed optimism among producers tha
t the sector may be poised
for revival, rendering a pact academic. But price
s were at 130 cents when
the accord collapsed and Mr Beltrao says: 'Prices h
ave not risen enough to
dissuade anyone of the need for a new accord. I thin
k by the end of the year
we'll have a framework agreement.' Negotiations on 
a pact may, however, be
affected by a change of administration in the two ma
in participating
countries. The new Brazilian president, Mr Itamar Franco, i
s from Minas
Gerais, which produces half of Brazil's coffee, and is thought 
to be
sympathetic to the idea of an accord. The position of Mr Bill Clinton,
 US
president-elect, is less clear, though Mr Jorge Cardenas, of the Colombi
an
National Growers Federation, says he is not worried that a change in the

White House means the US will cool to the idea of a deal.
In September a ser
ious hurdle was overcome with agreement on the concept of
universal quotas, 
covering exports of producers to all destinations rather
than just to ICO me
mbers, and guaranteeing that exports offered to member
countries would be on
 at least as good terms as to non-members. Under the
previous agreement, pro
ducers sold surplus supplies to non-members at
cheaper prices, which then so
ld the coffee on to member countries.
The remaining obstacles include a syst
em for controlling shipments, agreeing
on prices and quota sizes. The issue 
of selectivity will also have to be
resolved to allow consumers to obtain th
e types of coffee they prefer, such
as robusta or the milder arabica.
Mr Bel
trao stresses that the return to a pact would not mean the sector had
lost i
ts taste for the free market. 'I don't see a pact as an alternative
but as a
 five-year transition period,' he says.
Whether the worst is over for those 
whose livelihood depends on coffee rests
largely on the outcome of this mont
h's negotiations. Although a new pact
might push up prices for coffee lovers
, the hope is that the ensuing price
stability and quality would act like a 
caffeine shot to stimulate
consumption above the 72m bags at which it has st
uck. Mr Paiva warns: 'We
must remember that coffee is not the only drink in 
the world.'
 -----------------------------------------------
         A LOT 
LESS COFFEE IN BRAZIL
 -----------------------------------------------
The t
op overall consumers
 -----------------------------------------------
1991  
             60kg bags      Kg per
                   (million)      capita

 -----------------------------------------------
US                   18.89 
        4.52
Germany              10.48         7.92
Brazil                9
.20         3.78
Japan                 6.00         2.92
France             
   5.56         5.84
 -----------------------------------------------
The to
p drinkers
 -----------------------------------------------
1991            
     Kg per
                 capita a year
 --------------------------------
---------------
Finland              11.51
Sweden               11.13
Norway
               10.66
Denmark              10.59
 ---------------------------
--------------------
The top exporters
 ------------------------------------
-----------
Coffee year            60kg bags
1991/92                (million
)
 -----------------------------------------------
Brazil                   
21.74
Colombia                 15.42
Indonesia                 4.02
Ivory Co
ast               3.57
Guatemala                 3.29
Mexico                
    2.98
Costa Rica                2.27
 -----------------------------------
------------
Source: ICO
 -----------------------------------------------
</
TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 150 ==============================================
Transaction #:    150       Transaction Code:  14 (Search Results Displayed)

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============= Transaction # 151 ==============================================
Transaction #:    151       Transaction Code:   6 (Direct Rank Search)     

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zfind "(topic {cuba sugar}) and (topic {trade})"

============= Transaction # 152 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 153 ==============================================
Transaction #:    153       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-7881</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBTB0AC9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
20
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar dem
and estimate reduced </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>
<T
EXT>
DEVELOPMENTS IN the Commonwealth of Independent States have forced
Czar
nikow, the London trade house, to reduce its forecasts for this year's
world
 sugar production and consumption for the second time.
Production for 1991-9
2 is now estimated at 112.27m tonnes, compared with
estimates of 112.86m ton
nes and 113m tonnes in made last August and November
respectively. The lates
t figure reflects increased output projections for
Thailand, China, Argentin
a and the EC, but these were more than offset by
sharp falls in the CIS (to 
6.75m tonnes) and Cuba (to 6.5m tonnes), says
Czarnikow in its latest Sugar 
Review.
Consumption is put at 110.89m tonnes, compared with August and Novem
ber
predictions of 112.15m tonnes and 113.14m tonnes. The latest figure has 
been
overshadowed by the CIS, where stocks held by consumers are high, and t
he
picture is further obscured by overseas food aid prospects. Czarnikow now

estimates Soviet consumption at 11.2m tonnes.
After allowing for unrecorded
 disappearance, estimated at 600,000 tonnes,
the latest figures imply a net 
addition of 770,000 tonnes to world stocks.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times
 </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 154 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-8126</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBSB3AC8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
19
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  19 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Raw sugar
 shortage hits Russian refineries </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By LEYLA BOULTON <
/BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    MOSCOW </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE RUSSIAN authorities sai
d yesterday sugar refinery output had reached a
historic low but that relief
 was on its way in the form of imports from Cuba
and France.
Mr Vasili Sever
in, head of the sugar production department at the Russian
agriculture minis
try, told Itar-Tass that only four of 95 refineries were
functioning because
 of a shortfall of raw sugar. He said refineries had last
year received only
 4m tonnes of the 7.5m tonnes of raw sugar they were
supposed to receive und
er the state plan.
His deputy, Mr Anatoly Kholudov, said that the 'situation
 with sugar was
serious' and that supplies would be worse this year than las
t. But he added
that some more plants would be opened in March to process im
ported supplies.
Mr Severin said the first shipments would arrive from Cuba 
and France in
late February.
Prodintorg, a state trading body, said it was t
alking with more potential
suppliers but declined to give details.
Mr Boris 
Orlov, head of the government's department for agricultural
products, said t
hat sugar refining was a seasonal process and that only a
few more refinerie
s would be open at this time of year any way. 'The plants
usually function f
or three to four months starting in September.' He said
Russia required 7m t
onnes of raw sugar this year, some of which would
materialise only this autu
mn.
He said the shortfall was caused by producers' refusal to sell raw sugar
 to
the state because they were waiting for prices to rise. They had sold th
eir
raw sugar to private markets instead. Mr Alexei Ulyuakev, an adviser to 
the
Russian government, said earlier this week the government was considerin
g
liberalising from next month the prices of sugar and vegetable oil, two
co
mmodities which are in particularly short supply in the shops.
</TEXT>
<PUB>
The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-8126</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBSB3AC8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
19
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  19 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Raw sugar
 shortage hits Russian refineries </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By LEYLA BOULTON <
/BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    MOSCOW </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE RUSSIAN authorities sai
d yesterday sugar refinery output had reached a
historic low but that relief
 was on its way in the form of imports from Cuba
and France.
Mr Vasili Sever
in, head of the sugar production department at the Russian
agriculture minis
try, told Itar-Tass that only four of 95 refineries were
functioning because
 of a shortfall of raw sugar. He said refineries had last
year received only
 4m tonnes of the 7.5m tonnes of raw sugar they were
supposed to receive und
er the state plan.
His deputy, Mr Anatoly Kholudov, said that the 'situation
 with sugar was
serious' and that supplies would be worse this year than las
t. But he added
that some more plants would be opened in March to process im
ported supplies.
Mr Severin said the first shipments would arrive from Cuba 
and France in
late February.
Prodintorg, a state trading body, said it was t
alking with more potential
suppliers but declined to give details.
Mr Boris 
Orlov, head of the government's department for agricultural
products, said t
hat sugar refining was a seasonal process and that only a
few more refinerie
s would be open at this time of year any way. 'The plants
usually function f
or three to four months starting in September.' He said
Russia required 7m t
onnes of raw sugar this year, some of which would
materialise only this autu
mn.
He said the shortfall was caused by producers' refusal to sell raw sugar
 to
the state because they were waiting for prices to rise. They had sold th
eir
raw sugar to private markets instead. Mr Alexei Ulyuakev, an adviser to 
the
Russian government, said earlier this week the government was considerin
g
liberalising from next month the prices of sugar and vegetable oil, two
co
mmodities which are in particularly short supply in the shops.
</TEXT>
<PUB>
The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOCNO>FT921-9644</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBKBQACWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
11
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  11 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Low Cuban
 sugar crop forecast </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAMIAN FRASER </BYLINE>
<DAT
ELINE>    MEXICO CITY </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA'S SUGAR crop is at best likely
 to be 6.5m tonnes in 1991-92, about 1.1m
tonnes less than in 1990-91, accor
ding to a group of sugar experts who
gathered together in the Dominican repu
blic under the auspices of the
(moderate) Cuban exile group, Sociedad Econom
ica de los Amigos del Pais.
The experts - who included a senior official fro
m the US Department of
Agriculture, analysts from FO Licht, the German sugar
 statistics agency,
Scudder Group, Czarnikow, the London trade house, and as
sorted academics -
believed that Cuba failed to harvest any sugar in the las
t two months of
1991. This would reduce the seasonal (November-June) harvest
 by between
300,000 and 1m tonnes.
In January harvesting appears to have bee
n very slow. Even if the weather
holds up, the experts agreed that Cuba woul
d be lucky to produce 6.5m tonnes
this year, given the shortages of spare pa
rts, poor maintenance of
equipment, and problems in the field. The onset of 
rain would push the
forecast even lower, said Mr Gerry Hagelberg, of FO Lich
t.
In November the USDA estimated that Cuba's production would reach 7.3m
to
nnes. Mr Peter Buzzanell, the official responsible for estimates,
suggested 
that the department would formally revise its estimate downwards
as early as
 this week.
The drop of production, if it materialises, will hit Cuba's batt
ered economy
hard - for the first time it is having to sell sugar (usually 7
5 per cent of
exports) at world, rather than preferential prices. But it wil
l come as
welcome news to the world sugar market, which has been bracing its
elf for a
flood of sugar after the collapse of Cuba's barter trade with the

former-Soviet Union.
In the nine months to last September, Cuba exported 6.1
5m tonnes of sugar,
of which 3.7m tonnes went to the Soviet Union, 740,000 t
onnes to China,
about 500,000 tonnes to Japan and Canada and the remainder t
o assorted
countries. In the full year Cuba promised to send the Soviet Unio
n 4m tonnes
of sugar in return for 10m tonnes of oil and other products. (An
 exchange
that valued Cuban sugar at about 24 cents a lb, compared with a wo
rld price
of 8 cents a lb).
This year, however, Cuba has had to renegotiate 
with ex-Soviet Union states.
So far Russia has agreed to buy (with oil) 500,
000 tonnes of Cuban sugar,
with an option to buy another 500,000 tonnes; Kaz
akhstan will take another
200,000 tonnes, with an option for 200,000 tonnes;
 and Latvia 50,000 tonnes.
Cuba will thus have to find a home for about 1.5m
 tonnes of sugar that in
the past went to the Soviet Union, assuming product
ion at the lower 6.5m
tonnes (and exports at around 5.4m tonnes), and the op
tions fully taken up.
Some of this excess sugar will go to other ex-Soviet s
tates that have yet to
sign trade agreements with Cuba, and, says Mr Hagelbe
rg, perhaps as much as
400,000 tonnes to Iran and South Korea.
Nevertheless 
the world markets could still be expected to absorb about 1m
tonnes of extra
 Cuban sugar this year - unless Cuba's crop deteriorates
still further.
</TE
XT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-9644</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBKBQACWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
11
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  11 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Low Cuban
 sugar crop forecast </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAMIAN FRASER </BYLINE>
<DAT
ELINE>    MEXICO CITY </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA'S SUGAR crop is at best likely
 to be 6.5m tonnes in 1991-92, about 1.1m
tonnes less than in 1990-91, accor
ding to a group of sugar experts who
gathered together in the Dominican repu
blic under the auspices of the
(moderate) Cuban exile group, Sociedad Econom
ica de los Amigos del Pais.
The experts - who included a senior official fro
m the US Department of
Agriculture, analysts from FO Licht, the German sugar
 statistics agency,
Scudder Group, Czarnikow, the London trade house, and as
sorted academics -
believed that Cuba failed to harvest any sugar in the las
t two months of
1991. This would reduce the seasonal (November-June) harvest
 by between
300,000 and 1m tonnes.
In January harvesting appears to have bee
n very slow. Even if the weather
holds up, the experts agreed that Cuba woul
d be lucky to produce 6.5m tonnes
this year, given the shortages of spare pa
rts, poor maintenance of
equipment, and problems in the field. The onset of 
rain would push the
forecast even lower, said Mr Gerry Hagelberg, of FO Lich
t.
In November the USDA estimated that Cuba's production would reach 7.3m
to
nnes. Mr Peter Buzzanell, the official responsible for estimates,
suggested 
that the department would formally revise its estimate downwards
as early as
 this week.
The drop of production, if it materialises, will hit Cuba's batt
ered economy
hard - for the first time it is having to sell sugar (usually 7
5 per cent of
exports) at world, rather than preferential prices. But it wil
l come as
welcome news to the world sugar market, which has been bracing its
elf for a
flood of sugar after the collapse of Cuba's barter trade with the

former-Soviet Union.
In the nine months to last September, Cuba exported 6.1
5m tonnes of sugar,
of which 3.7m tonnes went to the Soviet Union, 740,000 t
onnes to China,
about 500,000 tonnes to Japan and Canada and the remainder t
o assorted
countries. In the full year Cuba promised to send the Soviet Unio
n 4m tonnes
of sugar in return for 10m tonnes of oil and other products. (An
 exchange
that valued Cuban sugar at about 24 cents a lb, compared with a wo
rld price
of 8 cents a lb).
This year, however, Cuba has had to renegotiate 
with ex-Soviet Union states.
So far Russia has agreed to buy (with oil) 500,
000 tonnes of Cuban sugar,
with an option to buy another 500,000 tonnes; Kaz
akhstan will take another
200,000 tonnes, with an option for 200,000 tonnes;
 and Latvia 50,000 tonnes.
Cuba will thus have to find a home for about 1.5m
 tonnes of sugar that in
the past went to the Soviet Union, assuming product
ion at the lower 6.5m
tonnes (and exports at around 5.4m tonnes), and the op
tions fully taken up.
Some of this excess sugar will go to other ex-Soviet s
tates that have yet to
sign trade agreements with Cuba, and, says Mr Hagelbe
rg, perhaps as much as
400,000 tonnes to Iran and South Korea.
Nevertheless 
the world markets could still be expected to absorb about 1m
tonnes of extra
 Cuban sugar this year - unless Cuba's crop deteriorates
still further.
</TE
XT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-8126</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBSB3AC8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
19
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  19 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Raw sugar
 shortage hits Russian refineries </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By LEYLA BOULTON <
/BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    MOSCOW </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE RUSSIAN authorities sai
d yesterday sugar refinery output had reached a
historic low but that relief
 was on its way in the form of imports from Cuba
and France.
Mr Vasili Sever
in, head of the sugar production department at the Russian
agriculture minis
try, told Itar-Tass that only four of 95 refineries were
functioning because
 of a shortfall of raw sugar. He said refineries had last
year received only
 4m tonnes of the 7.5m tonnes of raw sugar they were
supposed to receive und
er the state plan.
His deputy, Mr Anatoly Kholudov, said that the 'situation
 with sugar was
serious' and that supplies would be worse this year than las
t. But he added
that some more plants would be opened in March to process im
ported supplies.
Mr Severin said the first shipments would arrive from Cuba 
and France in
late February.
Prodintorg, a state trading body, said it was t
alking with more potential
suppliers but declined to give details.
Mr Boris 
Orlov, head of the government's department for agricultural
products, said t
hat sugar refining was a seasonal process and that only a
few more refinerie
s would be open at this time of year any way. 'The plants
usually function f
or three to four months starting in September.' He said
Russia required 7m t
onnes of raw sugar this year, some of which would
materialise only this autu
mn.
He said the shortfall was caused by producers' refusal to sell raw sugar
 to
the state because they were waiting for prices to rise. They had sold th
eir
raw sugar to private markets instead. Mr Alexei Ulyuakev, an adviser to 
the
Russian government, said earlier this week the government was considerin
g
liberalising from next month the prices of sugar and vegetable oil, two
co
mmodities which are in particularly short supply in the shops.
</TEXT>
<PUB>
The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 159 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-9644</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBKBQACWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
11
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  11 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Low Cuban
 sugar crop forecast </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAMIAN FRASER </BYLINE>
<DAT
ELINE>    MEXICO CITY </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA'S SUGAR crop is at best likely
 to be 6.5m tonnes in 1991-92, about 1.1m
tonnes less than in 1990-91, accor
ding to a group of sugar experts who
gathered together in the Dominican repu
blic under the auspices of the
(moderate) Cuban exile group, Sociedad Econom
ica de los Amigos del Pais.
The experts - who included a senior official fro
m the US Department of
Agriculture, analysts from FO Licht, the German sugar
 statistics agency,
Scudder Group, Czarnikow, the London trade house, and as
sorted academics -
believed that Cuba failed to harvest any sugar in the las
t two months of
1991. This would reduce the seasonal (November-June) harvest
 by between
300,000 and 1m tonnes.
In January harvesting appears to have bee
n very slow. Even if the weather
holds up, the experts agreed that Cuba woul
d be lucky to produce 6.5m tonnes
this year, given the shortages of spare pa
rts, poor maintenance of
equipment, and problems in the field. The onset of 
rain would push the
forecast even lower, said Mr Gerry Hagelberg, of FO Lich
t.
In November the USDA estimated that Cuba's production would reach 7.3m
to
nnes. Mr Peter Buzzanell, the official responsible for estimates,
suggested 
that the department would formally revise its estimate downwards
as early as
 this week.
The drop of production, if it materialises, will hit Cuba's batt
ered economy
hard - for the first time it is having to sell sugar (usually 7
5 per cent of
exports) at world, rather than preferential prices. But it wil
l come as
welcome news to the world sugar market, which has been bracing its
elf for a
flood of sugar after the collapse of Cuba's barter trade with the

former-Soviet Union.
In the nine months to last September, Cuba exported 6.1
5m tonnes of sugar,
of which 3.7m tonnes went to the Soviet Union, 740,000 t
onnes to China,
about 500,000 tonnes to Japan and Canada and the remainder t
o assorted
countries. In the full year Cuba promised to send the Soviet Unio
n 4m tonnes
of sugar in return for 10m tonnes of oil and other products. (An
 exchange
that valued Cuban sugar at about 24 cents a lb, compared with a wo
rld price
of 8 cents a lb).
This year, however, Cuba has had to renegotiate 
with ex-Soviet Union states.
So far Russia has agreed to buy (with oil) 500,
000 tonnes of Cuban sugar,
with an option to buy another 500,000 tonnes; Kaz
akhstan will take another
200,000 tonnes, with an option for 200,000 tonnes;
 and Latvia 50,000 tonnes.
Cuba will thus have to find a home for about 1.5m
 tonnes of sugar that in
the past went to the Soviet Union, assuming product
ion at the lower 6.5m
tonnes (and exports at around 5.4m tonnes), and the op
tions fully taken up.
Some of this excess sugar will go to other ex-Soviet s
tates that have yet to
sign trade agreements with Cuba, and, says Mr Hagelbe
rg, perhaps as much as
400,000 tonnes to Iran and South Korea.
Nevertheless 
the world markets could still be expected to absorb about 1m
tonnes of extra
 Cuban sugar this year - unless Cuba's crop deteriorates
still further.
</TE
XT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 160 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-13094</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CAWAWACSFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
123
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 JAN 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Broker c
uts estimate of 1991-92 sugar surplus </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACK
WELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FALLS in the sugar production of the former Soviet Uni
on and Cuba have led
ED & F. Man, the London trade house, to cut its estimat
e for the world sugar
supply surplus for 1991-92 to 1.58m tonnes from a Sept
ember estimate of
2.06m tonnes.
This compares with a surplus of 990,000 tonn
es predicted last week by FO
Licht, the German sugar statistics agency, whic
h stated categorically:
'There is no large surplus overhanging the market.'

Man, which now puts production at 113.05m tonnes and consumption at 111.47m

tonnes, points out that the revolutionary changes in the world political
are
na have plunged the sugar market into 'the greatest period of uncertainty
ov
er three decades'.
The immediate impact has been the forecast decline in imp
orts to the former
Soviet Union, coupled with a fall in its trade with Cuba.
 'A shift away from
agreements that by-passed the international free market 
is a favourable
development for the world sugar market but, coming at a time
 when the raw
sugar import demand of the ex-centrally planned economies of E
ast and
Central Europe is falling, it is depressing for prices,' Man says in
 its
latest sugar market report.
It is assuming a 15 per cent fall in sugar 
consumption in the former Soviet
Union to 10.6m tonnes of whites. Raw produc
tion is put at 7.5m tonnes. The
consumption figure is conservative 'given th
e hoarding that has apparently
taken place over the past two years and the e
stimated 2m tonnes of sugar
that is used in making home-brewed alcohol'.
</T
EXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 34 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-2957</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCQBDAC4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar pri
ces forecast to remain in narrow range </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLAC
KWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
WORLD SUGAR prices are set to remain locked in the 'd
esperately narrow' 1.5
cents a lb trading range of the last 12 months, accor
ding to the latest
sugar report from ED & F. Man, the London trade house.
Th
e resistance to movement in spite of a volatile trading environment is due
t
o fear of uncertainty at a time of revolutionary change in the eastern
Europ
ean and Cuban markets, Man suggests. It also coincides with 'an
unprecedente
d convergence of views about the overall supply and demand
balance'.
While u
ncertainty surrounds crop prospects in both Cuba, the biggest
exporter, and 
the CIS, the biggest importer, the convergence can be
explained by favourabl
e growing conditions in many exporting countries.
Output in Brazil, Thailand
 and India in the year to the end of last month
has exceeded the previous ye
ar by 24, 30 and 8 per cent respectively. 'The
full impact of these potentia
lly bumper crops has not as yet been felt on
the market,' says Man.
</TEXT>

<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-12623</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CDPBOADHFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
416
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 APR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Supply f
ears buoy sugar prices </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>

<TEXT>
FEARS OF a tighter sugar supply/demand balance in 1992-93 are support
ing the
world market, according to reports from two London trade houses.
Raw
 sugar prices have recently touched eight-month highs, nudging 10 cents a
lb
 in the New York market, on fears of tight nearby supplies following
damage 
to the South African crop because of drought.
The trade houses, ED & F. Man 
and Czarnikow, both point out in reports
published today that in the short t
erm the changing export potential in
several countries will keep the lid on 
prices. The increasing likelihood of
a 1m-tonne increase in Thailand's crop,
 compared with the previous season,
together with the availability of export
able surpluses from India and Cuba,
should 'keep significant advances at bay
', Man's latest sugar report says.
Man believes that reports of a catastroph
ic Cuban crop this season at 5m to
5.5m tonnes are unsupported by the eviden
ce and estimates that the crop will
come in at about 6.5m tonnes. It is fore
casting a crop of more than 5m
tonnes in Thailand and 12.6m tonnes in India.

The overall balance for the 1991-92 season remains marginally in surplus,
M
an says, but it suggests that the situation is likely to be even more
tightl
y balanced in 1992-93.
Czarnikow's sugar review points out that the extent o
f the South African
drought has raised questions about the timing and covera
ge of the El Nino
weather phenomenon.
'Already a major drought is developing
 in Thailand which, if relief does not
arrive this month, could have serious
 implications for the next crop,' the
Czarnikow review says. 'If this is par
t of a regional phenomenon there might
be problems later in the year with th
e monsoon in India and this will need
to be monitored carefully.'
</TEXT>
<P
UB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 38 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-14632</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CDFBYAAGFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
406
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  06 APR 92 / Survey of Latin American Finance and 
Investment (7): Privatisation at a glance </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
SOUTH AMERICA
A
rgentina
1. 1990 privatisations of airline and telephone network seen as mis
handled.
2. New programme devised. Plans to sell controlling stakes in follo
wing
companies or as concessions: five long-distance rail lines; seven Bueno
s
Aires commuter lines; Buenos Aires underground rail system; ELMA shipping

line; ports; SEGBA; Hidronor hydroelectric power generator; Agua y Energia
h
ydroelectric generator; Gas del Estado, national gas company; OSN, Buenos
Ai
res water company; Encotel post and telegraph service; Buenos Aires
expressw
ays; National Mint; CNAS national savings and insurance bank;
National Grain
 Board; Liniers cattle market; SOMISA steelmill; Petroquimica
Gen Mosconi; P
etroquimica Bahia Blanca. YPF oil company being restructured
for future priv
atisation. About 30 other small federally-owned companies
also listed for sa
le, plus 2,500-odd buildings, and real estate. 3. No
restrictions on foreign
 ownership of privatised companies. No exchange
controls or limits on divide
nds. Payment determined case by case, but
combination of cash and conversion
 of foreign and domestic debt into equity
for utilities. Manufacturing compa
nies to be sold for cash. Government plans
to privatise all state companies 
by the end of the year, except for YPF.
Sale of controlling stakes in seven 
leading utilities expected to net more
than Dollars 6bn, at least Dollars 1.
9bn in cash.
BOLIVIA
1. None completed
2. Negotiations under way to transfer
 mining corporation Comibol's Bolivar
zinc and silver mine to Comsur, part-o
wned by RTZ. On list: Lloyd Aereo
Boliviano airline: up to 49 per cent to fo
reign investors perhaps by mid
year; hotels; and a group of small sugar, mil
k, glass,vegetable oil
companies, and a foundry. Customs service.
3. Payment
 in cash. Foreign investment legislation treats local and foreign
capital eq
ually. No exchange control. Profit remittances unrestricted, but
subject to 
withholding tax.
BRAZIL
1. Started October 1991: Usiminas steel concern rais
ed Dollars 1.11bn for
voting shares and Dollars 264.3m for non-voting. Recei
pts total Dollars
1.65bn, with further sales of Celma (aircraft maintenance)
 Dollars 90.7m,
Mafersa (transport) Dollars 48.4m, Cosinor (steel) Dollars 1
3.6m, SNBP
(river transport), Indag (fertiliser) Dollars 6.8m, Piratini (ste
el) Dollars
106.2m.
2. 1992 programme: Petroflex (petrochemicals) minimum pr
ice Dollars 180m,
April 10; Enasa (navigation) Dollars 17.1m, April 30; Cope
sul
(petrochemicals) Dollars 650m, May 15; Arafertil (fertiliser); Tubarao
(
steel); Caraiba (copper mining); Cosipa (steel).
3. Foreigners can hold up t
o 40 per cent of voting capital (under
discussion). Money must stay in Brazi
l six years. Privatisation currency:
all types of domestic debt including Si
derbras debentures at face value,
privatisation certificates, blocked cruzad
os, PFAs at par, MYDFAs at
discount of 25 per cent (may be changed).
CHILE
1
. Three stages: (i) 1973-1974: 350 companies expropriated under preceding
so
cialist government, for Dollars 1bn; (ii) 1975-1982: State holding
company, 
CORFO, privatised 135 companies and 16 banks: Dollars 1bn; (iii)
1985-1989: 
Electricity, telecommunications, civil aviation, steel, nitrates
and chemica
l sectors. Sugar monopoly and insurance business: Dollars 1.4bn.
2. Aylwin g
overnment (1990- ) slowed programme, arguing nothing left to
sell. Sale envi
saged of rail freight services, with government keeping
track. Seeking priva
te sector partners for remaining state companies,
including copper concern C
odelco seekingto develop new mines.
3. Diverse methods used for sales.
COLOM
BIA
1. Banks, taken over in 1980s, being sold to private sector. Banco de
Tr
abajadores sold to Banco Mercantil of Venezuela; Banco Tequendama to the
Ven
ezuela Banco de Construccion. Rubbish collection in some areas.
2. Law allow
ing the privatisation of telecommunications with Congress.
National and fore
ign investors to be invited to bid for part of Telecom's
shares; company emp
loyees get priority for up to 10 per cent. Banks: Talk of
privatising the Ag
rarian Bank. IFI, the development institute, to sell off
most shareholdings,
 perhaps including Cerro Matoso, nickel producer part
owned with Shell. Elec
tricity: private companies now authorised to generate
and distribute electri
city - two small projects already under way. Ports:
private groups to take o
ver management. Other sales possible in health,
television, hotels and some 
public utilities.
3. General law on privatisation under preparation, but app
arent problems
with drafting.
ECUADOR
1. No Programme
2. No Programme
3. Sta
tements of two main presidential candidates, Sixto Duran and Jaime
Nebot, su
ggest some privatisation, including airline, possible after new
government t
akes office in August.
PARAGUAY
1. None completed
2. Framework privatisation
 legislation approved December 1991, created
privatisation council. Expected
 at top of list: Lineas Aereas Paraguayas,
followed by ACEPAR steel mill, ra
ilway company (principal asset:
Asuncion-Encarnacion steam railway), fuel al
cohol administration, shipping
company (assets: river boats and ocean-going 
freighter). Telephone, oil, and
electricity companies later candidates City 
of Asuncion plans to sell refuse
collection company.
3. Regulations not yet 
announced. No exchange controls. Profit remittances
free, subject to withhol
ding tax.
PERU
1. Two small state holdings in private companies sold: June 1
991, sale via
stock exchange of small share in Sogewiese Leasing and in July
 9 per cent
stake in Buenaventura mining company.
2. President Fujimori call
s 1992 'the year of privatisation'. Government
lists 14 companies for sale s
oon: Solgas (liquid gas); Petro-Peru's filling
stations; refinery at Conchan
; Petrolera Transoceanica; Quimica El Pacifico;
Bayer Industrial (shares in)
; Cementos Lima (shares in); Aeroperu (airline);
Enatru-Peru (urban transpor
t company); Minera Condestable (copper mine);
Industrias Navales; Banco de C
omercio (shares in); Reactivos Nacionales;
HierroPeru (iron monopoly). Minin
g and refining giant Centromin being valued
for sale 1992.
3. Wide range of 
sale mechanisms likely: public auction, direct sale, to
workers in lieu of h
efty severance payments and via stock exchange.
Government estimates privati
sations could bring in 1 per cent of GDP this
year, about Dollars 450m.
URUG
UAY
1. Banco Comercial, commercial bank taken under state control after fail
ure,
reprivatised in 1990.
2. Two other banks to be reprivatised. Framework 
privatisation legislation
approved October 1991, allows government to sell m
ajority stake in Pluna
airline and Antel telephone network by mid year. In 1
992 government plans to
sell right to build from scratch network to transpor
t to, and distribute in
Montevideo, natural gas from Argentina. Ancap oil, a
lcohol and cement
company to be sold. OSE water and sewerage company to be s
old in 1993.
3. Sales for cash only. No restriction on foreign ownership or 
exchange
controls. Corporation tax: 30 per cent. Equal treatment to local, f
oreign
capital.
VENEZUELA
1. Since 1990, three commercial banks; May 1991, f
ranchise for cellular
telephone system; Bell South, Racal Telecom paid Dolla
rs 98m; August 1991,
Viasa, international airline, 60 per cent stake sold fo
r Dollars 145.5m to
group led by Spain's Iberia; November 1991, CANTV teleph
one monopoly, 40 per
cent and operating control sold to group led by GTE of 
the US, for Dollars
1.89bn; sugar mill, shipyard and four tourist hotels.
2.
 1992 programme: eight or more hotels; six sugar mills, Aeropostal
airline; 
National Racetrack Institute (INH); at least two regional electric
power com
panies, Enelven and Enelbar. Other assets in line for
privatisation: Caracas
 water utility, electricity generating companies, toll
road franchises, Dian
ca shipyard; Ensal salt producer and metal-working
companies. Eight commerci
al ports being turned over to private companies to
run as concessions. Gover
nment considering sale of companies of Corporacion
Venezolana de Guayana, wh
ose activities include steel - including Sidor,
Venezuela's largest steelmak
er - aluminium smelting and products, mining,
hydroelectric
power.
3. No deb
t-for-equity swaps.
Central America
COSTA RICA
1. 1986-1990 Arias administra
tion privatised 44 of 46 companies
owned by state development corporation, C
odesa. Included national
aluminium company, Alunasa, sold in October 1987 an
d sugar operation, Catsa.
2. Two companies this year: Cempasa cement group a
nd Fertica, fertiliser.
3. Under Calderon administration (1991- ), some gove
rnment members proposing
further privatisation, including utilities, and oil
 refining. Prospects
uncertain.
GUATEMALA
1. No programme.
2. Nothing announ
ced.
3. Small public enterprise sector. Under discussion in government:
priv
atisation of utilities: telecommunications, electricity generation,
possible
 sale of assets of government holding company, including
non-operational pul
p/paper plant.
EL SALVADOR
1. Two banks partly reprivatised of banking syste
m nationalised in
early-1980s.
2. Rest of banks. Government seeking to repri
vatise power companies.
3. Discussions over divestments in agriculture/agroi
ndustry. Maximum
individual holdings in banks limited to 5 per cent: sales i
nitially to
employees/wealthy individuals, followed by public offerings.
HON
DURAS
1. Privatisation started under Azcona administration (1986-90): all bu
t one
of state sawmills sold; 10 of the 25 companies of industrial developme
nt
bank Conadi. Under Callejas administration (1990- ) cement factory, Inceh
sa,
sold to military pension fund; some hotels and state share in Tan Sahsa,

state airline, sold.
2. Dairy operation, Productos Lacteos Sula; sugar refi
ners Acensa and
Acansa; banana farm Conbasa; food factory, Mefores Alimentos
.
3. Congress blocked sale of cement factory, Cementos de Honduras, to
US-Ve
nezuelan company Ampac. Privatisation programme has hit political,
legal obs
tacles. Discussion of sale of telephone company, Hondutel, now
administered 
by armed forces.
MEXICO
1. Extensive privatisation programme which has raise
d total 51,000bn pesos
(about Dollars 17bn) Most significant sales include: 
Telmex, the telephone
monoply, sold in stages from December 1990 to Septembe
r 1991, raising more
than Dollars 4bn; 12 banks, Dollars 10bn; steel compani
es, Dollars 340m.
2. By December, six remaining banks, and assorted smaller 
industries, headed
by Aseguradora Mexicana, the insurance company, and plant
s at Fertimex, the
fertiliser producer.
3. Privatisation programme to end in
 December. Government seeking to
privatise public sector responsibilities th
rough lease-backs, temporary
concessions, and other creative financing schem
es.
NICARAGUA
1. Government allowed establishment of private banks, which ha
ve grown
quickly.
2. Chamorro administration (1991- ) proposes break up of p
ublic sector
consisting of over 400 companies, including industrial and agro
industrial
operations, such as giant sugar refinery at Timal. Tourism assets
.
3. Programme has hit legal problems, in particular claims of ex-owners of

property confiscated by Sandinista government.
PANAMA
1. None so far.
2. App
roval expected any time of two laws: (i) General privatisation,
covering sma
ll state enterprises sector: airline, hotels, agroindustry
projects. (ii) Te
lephone company privatisation.
3. Feasibility study for sale of telephone co
mpany Intel completed in
December. Sale, to citizens, could take 12 months o
nce started: estimated
proceeds Dollars 900m.
Caribbean
CUBA
1. None
2. Offi
cials say government interested in selling part of the sugar
industry, inter
national airline
and nickel production facilities.
3. Concessions for oil ex
ploration sold to European companies.
GUYANA
1. Companies in paint productio
n, wood products, food processing, transport,
telecommunications, trading se
rvices and leather products. Agreements
to be concluded soon
for companies i
n fish,
rice milling and marketing, livestock and livestock
feed and soap an
d detergent production.
2. On offer: international airline, sugar company, b
auxite company.
3. Sales by private treaty to local and foreign investors.
J
AMAICA
1. Government's majority stake in telecommunications monopoly, larges
t
commercial bank, only cement producer, and
nine resort hotels. Minority ho
lding in a radio
station has also been divested.
2. On offer: international 
and domestic airlines, railways, electricity
company, water supply authority
, post office, some port facilities.
3. Sold through offers of shares or pri
vate treaties. Foreign purchasers
with hard currency likely to be favoured.

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
1. None completed
2. Planned sale of several leading com
panies in petroleum and natural gas,
petro-chemicals, fertilisers, telecommu
nications and financial services.
3. Shares will be transferred to new Natio
nal Investment Company, to divest
the holdings through local
stock exchange 
in five years.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
1. None.
2. No programme.
3. Government sa
ys it plans to divest some state enterprises, including
international airlin
e. No agreements yet concluded.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAG
E> London Page IV </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 164 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-10781</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CG2ASAASFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
729
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  29 JUL 92 / World Trade News: Investors find the 
door ajar in Cuba - Businessmen report limited but growing foreign involveme
nt </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEPHEN FIDLER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FOREIGN involv
ement in the Cuban economy is growing significantly, according
to British bu
sinessmen recently returned from a trade mission to Cuba.
Their conclusions,
 described in a restricted circulation report, are that
the government is tr
ying to move towards a state that is 'managed rather
than intimately control
led' by the Communist Party.
The report, 'Cuba opens its doors to British bu
siness', says a kind of
'creeping privatisation' - with the notable exceptio
n of land ownership - is
under way in a bid to re-orient the economy followi
ng the collapse of trade
with the former Soviet Union and east Europe.
Compe
tition is being encouraged between autonomous and older state
enterprises, a
s is profit, and the retention of hard currency earnings is
allowable throug
h an independent banking system.
The Cubans are seeking to re-orient export 
production, obtain new markets
and find new sources of convertible currency.
 The report suggests companies
from Spain, Italy, France, Canada, Brazil, Me
xico and Argentina are taking
the lead in investment in Cuba.
The report poi
nts to two main growth areas: biotechnology and tourism. In
biotechnology, t
he aim is to link laboratories to the production and
commercialisation of ad
vanced research finished or nearing completion.
Biotechnological research is
 likely to be marketed in the EC through joint
ventures with Spanish, Dutch 
and Hungarian companies.
In tourism, already the country's largest foreign e
xchange earner, the
development of new facilities has become the highest pri
ority. In 1991, Cuba
received more than 400,000 visitors and expects to rece
ive more than 500,000
this year, projected to reach 1m by 1995 of which 80 p
er cent will come from
Europe.
Cuba plans to build a further 3,000-4,000 roo
ms a year to 1995. Based on
projects already implemented and other feasibili
ty studies, foreign partners
can recover investment in three years.
Spain ha
s been the most aggressive investor in tourism, while Austrian,
Italian, Ger
man, Swiss and Mexican companies have also shown interest.
Projects are bein
g discussed with Ramada, Inter-Continental, Camino Real,
Lonhro Metropole Gr
oup, Club Med and other companies, including some from
the US.
A recent deci
sion to encourage joint ventures and commercial arrangements in
other sector
s may in reality be somewhat limited. The report notes that the
government i
s not interested in joint ventures in the production of sugar,
health care, 
education, tobacco or in infrastructure outside Havana.
Cuba has, however, p
roposed to the Russian government a joint venture in
Russia to refine sugar.
 Cuba is also looking at the possibilities of
providing health care, hospita
l clinics and other social services to
republics of the former Soviet Union.

The report suggests changes made thus far are likely to be followed by yet

more dramatic changes and innovation in developing new commercial
relationsh
ips and towards acquiring more advanced technology.
'Almost every aspect of 
traditional Cuban central planning has been
abandoned in the autonomous sect
or and for joint ventures and there are
signs that this process is now sprea
ding to the internal sector,' the report
says.
Already all enterprises and g
overnment agencies are meant to cover
expenditure from income. Even the spor
ts ministry now has to earn its hard
currency requirements from its training
 and other activities in third
countries.
The State Committee for Economic C
o-operation, whose historical role was as
co-ordinator of government-to-gove
rnment negotiations and with which the
predominant responsibility for joint 
ventures now lies, says some 50-60
joint venture agreements or other forms o
f economic association have been
signed, and about 200 are under discussion.

However, the report says Cuban ministers acknowledge that most investment
o
pportunities will be through economic association since a true joint
venture
 is difficult to structure.
There are other difficulties too, not mentioned 
in the report. Some British
businessmen considering business with Cuba say t
hey have received hints that
it might have adverse consequences on their reg
ulatory treatment in the US.
The Administration has already tightened regula
tions on shipping goods to
Cuba.
Congressional proposals to tighten the econ
omic noose around Cuba are
causing concern as they could trigger a row with 
the British and other
governments over the extraterritorial ambitions of US 
law. 'It is for the
British government not the US Congress to determine the 
UK's policy on trade
with Cuba,' one UK official warned.
Companies have also
 experienced not-so-subtle pressure from Cuban exile
groups, which sometimes
 have significant knowledge about companies'
investment proposals in Cuba.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-1106</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIXB5AFYFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
24
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  24 SEP 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Cuban sug
ar growers face more problems </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE>
<D
ATELINE>    HAVANA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA, which in 1991-92 produced its lo
west sugar crop in a decade, faces an
even more difficult harvest in 1992-93
, according to Mr Juan Herrera, the
Cuban sugar minister, Reuter reports fro
m Havana.
The Cuban domestic news agency AIN said Mr Herrera told Cuba's off
icial
workers' trade union that 'in the coming harvest there will be even gr
eater
difficulties'.
Cuba produced 7m tonnes of sugar in the 1991-92 harvest
, which was plagued
by shortages of oil, lubricants, spare parts, herbicides
, pesticides and
fertilisers. Mr Herrera said a fall in the number of availa
ble sugar cane
harvesting machines would mean an increase in cane cutting by
 manual workers
next season.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> 
London Page 34 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-5210</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CK0B0AFQFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9211
27
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 NOV 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Barbadian
 collapse deepens shadow over Caribbean sugar - The region, faced with high 
costs and low productivity, relies on guaranteed market access </HEADLINE>
<
BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE COLLAPSE of Barbados' sugar 
industry late last month is the latest
indication of the sometimes terminal 
difficulties which beset Caribbean
producers. The region is faced with high 
production costs and often low
productivity, and is unable to survive withou
t guaranteed access to markets
such as the European Community and the US, an
d which pay higher than
prevailing world market prices.
The problems caused 
by inefficiency and indebtedness are exacerbated by what
many producers see 
as a threat to current preferential market arrangements.
Many are worried by
 the recent reduction in US import quotas, and are
uncertain how they will f
are if the North American Free Trade Agreement is
implemented and Mexican pr
oduction becomes a market factor.
In the case of Barbados, the island has be
en unable to produce enough even
to meet its quota obligations to these guar
anteed markets. Efforts are under
way to jump-start the industry after the s
tate-owned Barbados National Bank,
exercising tighter credit control as part
 of a government austerity
programme, and which is owed Dollars 50m by the i
ndustry, suspended all
further loans.
This followed production of 55,000 ton
nes from the 1992 harvest, the lowest
in 60 years, according to official fig
ures. In order to make use of its
opportunities on the EC and US markets the
 island has had to import sugar to
meet domestic demand. Ironically, the col
lapse of the industry came after
indications that it was being put under new
 management by Booker Tate, a
subsidiary of Booker, the UK food and farming 
group.
The company has become an important factor in the region's troubled s
ugar
industry, and has been called in to help the industries in Guyana, Beli
ze
and St Kitts-Nevis, and to run two of Jamaica's nine mills. Trinidad and

Tobago is the only producer in the Commonwealth Caribbean in which Booker
Ta
te is not involved. In all cases the company contracted to give corporate
ma
nagement and technical services to sugar industries in the five countries.
I
t provides engineers, technologists, agriculturalists, economists,
marketing
 specialists and support staff.
The industries in both Guyana and Jamaica ha
ve attracted financial
assistance from multilateral institutions as a result
 of the management
contracts given to Booker Tate, But assessments to the co
mpany's
effectiveness differ in the two countries. Jamaican officials say th
e
performance of the two mills managed by the company since 1985 has been
'd
isappointing'.
Yet the case of Guyana shows that the regional sugar industry
 is not beyond
redemption. From output of 330,000 tonnes a year in the mid-1
970s, Guyana's
production, plagued by labour unrest and poor weather, slumpe
d to 135,000
tonnes in 1990. The industry declared shortfalls on its Europea
n Community
quota for three years, and shipped none of its quota to the US. 
Booker
Tate's takeover of the management of the industry has been followed,

however, by a decisive turnaround. Production is up this year and export
quo
tas have been met.
In the Dominican Republic, the region's second largest pr
oducer after Cuba,
the problems of financial viability have been compounded 
by a shortage of
labour. Foreign criticism of the treatment of workers from 
neighbouring
Haiti, and the subsequent expulsion of thousands of Haitian wor
kers, has
resulted in the state-owned producer suffering a painful drop in o
utput.
Production this year is 8 per cent less than the 326,000 tonnes of la
st year
and sugar has had to be imported to meet domestic demand.
The outloo
k for the industry, like that of others in the region, has been
depressed by
 the recent reduction in global imports by the US. The
Caribbean's cumulativ
e quota has been reduced by 11 per cent to 276,341
tonnes, causing an estima
ted Dollars 15m reduction in earnings. It is the
second consecutive cut for 
the Caribbean holders of US quotas, which were
allowed to supply 471,710 ton
nes in 1991.
Sugar industry officials in the region say one area of uncertai
nty is
Mexico's future access to the US market under the Nafta. They say Mex
ico's
current and modest US quota of 7,500 tonnes a year can be increased 20
-fold
in seven years, at the expense of existing suppliers.
Cuba's troubled 
industry has received a fillip with a new trade agreement
between the island
 and the Russian republic. Cuba will receive 23m barrels
of Russian oil a ye
ar for 2m tonnes of sugar - significantly less than the
country had sold in 
past years to the former Soviet Union. But the island's
economic problems ha
ve depressed output this year to just over 6.9m tonnes.
 -------------------
-------------------------------
            Caribbean Sugar Production
     
        ('000 tonnes, raw value)
 ------------------------------------------
--------
                      1987-88    1989-90   1991-92
 ---------------
-----------------------------------
Barbados                   81         69
        57
Cuba                    7,547      7,932     7,000
Dominican Rep.
            758        632       670
French W. Indies           82         4
6        38
Guyana                    178        135       238
Haiti        
              30         31        30
Jamaica                   225        2
19       224
Trinidad                   95        120       110
 -----------
---------------------------------------
Source: ED and F. Man.
 ------------
--------------------------------------
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 168 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-3394</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DCPCCAGAFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9303
16
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 MAR 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar sto
rms to three-year highs </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>

<TEXT>
WORLD SUGAR prices, already moving ahead on successive reductions in
 the
Thai crop estimate, surged to the highest level for nearly three years

yesterday on news that the storms sweeping up the eastern seaboard of the US

had hit Cuba.
In New York the May raw sugar contract was up 0.95 at 11.50 c
ents a lb in
late trading, having touched a peak of 11.83 cents earlier. In 
London the
August white sugar contract closed at Dollars 297.50 a tonne, up 
Dollars 13
on the day.
However, analysts in London were cautious over the da
mage to Cuba's crop,
which was already expected to be well down on last year
's 7m tonnes. Some
are talking of 5m tonnes and under, but there is no hard 
evidence on which
to base a judgment.
Talk of damage to sugar mills and dock
 facilities in Cuba added further fuel
to the flames. 'The Cubans have a ves
ted interest in allowing people to
think it's terrible, ' said Mr Chris Pack
, analyst at Czarnikow. 'But it
can't have done any good to have a tremendou
s storm at the start of the
season.'
Last week the Thai government revised i
ts production estimate down to 3.51m
tonnes - the lowest level for five year
s. At the beginning of the season
production was expected to reach a record 
5m tonnes, but drought has damaged
the crop.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>

<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0722 Crop Harvesting.
</I
N>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial 
Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 38 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 169 ==============================================
Transaction #:    169       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-8150</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBUAKACNFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9302
20
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 FEB 93 / Commodities and Agriculture (Week in t
he markets): Sugar breaks into higher ground: </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RIC
HARD MOONEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A SERIES of bullish developments this week enab
led the world sugar market to
break free of the strait-jacket that had been 
confining prices for some
time.
Having traded mostly between 8 cents and 8.5
 cents a lb since last autumn
the prompt March futures position at New York'
s Cocoa, Sugar and Coffee
Exchange leapt in mid-week to 9 cents, a level las
t seen on November 2, and
moved on to a five-month high of 9.53 cents before
 edging back yesterday
afternoon.
Market sentiment has hardened in recent we
eks as analysts' assessments of
the likely sugar supply surplus in the 1992-
93 season have been reduced.
London trader ED & F. Man now expects supply to
 exceed demand by some 1.5m
tonnes (about 1.3 per cent of annual production)
, compared with the 3.4m
tonnes it was forecasting earlier. And this week C.
 Czarnikow, another
London trade house, which in November was forecasting an
 830,000-tonnes
surplus, this week adjusted this to a 370,000-tonne deficit 
(after allowing
for 'unrecorded disappearance' of 600,000 tonnes ).
However,
 the factor that changed firmness into strength this week was talk
circulati
ng among traders that Cuba had been forced to buy 100,000 tonnes of
sugar fr
om Thailand to enable it to honour supply commitments to China and
other Asi
an countries. Cuban sugar minister Mr Juan Herrera warned earlier
this month
 that lack of basic inputs had 'caused delays in the start-up of a
significa
nt number of mills'.
Also supporting the market were: a surprise announcemen
t of a 160,000-tonne
Kenyan buying tender for next Monday; a 14,000-tonne Mo
roccan buying tender;
talk of Cuban sales to Mexico and of a 100,000-tonnes 
sale to Indonesia; and
a cut in Thailand's harvest forecast from 49.15m tonn
es of cane to 43m
tonnes.
'There have been several important changes in the 
statistical outlook for
the 1992-93 crop cycle with adjustments to the suppl
y side of the balance
predominating,' said Czarnikow in the February 17 issu
e of its Sugar Review.
'Production for the season has fallen by some 1.32m t
onnes since our world
forecasts in November and is now expected to slip belo
w last season's output
by some 1.87m tonnes.'
The trade house now estimates 
world sugar production at 114.57m tonnes,
compared with 115.89m in November,
 and consumption at 114.51m tonnes,
compared with 114.46m tonnes.
Cocoa pric
es put in another steady performance as producers and consumers
prepared for
 next week's International Cocoa Agreement (ICCA) negotiations
in Geneva. In
 late trading yesterday the New York market's May position was
quoted at Dol
lars 932 a tonne, up Dollars 7 on the week. In London, however,
that firmnes
s was obscured by the dollar's decline against sterling and the
London Futur
es and Options Exchange's May cocoa contract ended Pounds 3 down
on the week
 at Pounds 734 a tonne.
The Geneva meeting will mark the fourth and final at
tempt to agree a
price-stabilisation pact to replace the moribund one that e
xpires on
September 30. Delegates were moving towards agreement at the last 
session,
in November, that efforts to steady the market should be based on t
he
withholding of between 330,000 and 380,000 tonnes of surplus beans from t
he
market. But they remained far apart on how that was to be financed and on

what price range was to be defended.
The existing ICCA, agreed in 1986, cea
sed to operate as a market support
pact early in 1988, when its buffer stock
 reached the 250,000-tonnes
ceiling.
All but one of the London Metal Exchang
e's contracts finished down on the
week, the biggest fall being in copper, w
hich closed yesterday at Pounds
1,551.25 a tonne for three months delivery, 
down Pounds 30.50 on the week.
But, as with cocoa's fall, the culprit was th
e sterling rally, but for which
the price would have been modestly higher.
D
ealers said the copper market was supported by concern over production
stopp
ages in Mexico and Papua New Guinea and the expectation of Chinese
buying on
 any dip to Dollars 2,220 a tonne, about Dollars 7 below the dollar
equivale
nt of yesterday's close. But the market remained trapped in a narrow
range, 
they added, with overhead resistance expected at Dollars 2,231 a
tonne.
Afte
r most of an early fall had been recovered in mid-week the aluminium
market 
ended on the downbeat, with the cash position closing yesterday at
Dollars 1
,204.50 a tonne, down Dollars 4 on the day and Dollars 7.75 on the
week.
The
 market had been steady in the morning, underpinned by talk of further
produ
ction cuts following Alumax's announcement on Thursday that it was
reducing 
output by about 36,000 tonnes a year at its Mount Holly smelter.
Fears that 
the Bonneville Power Administration restrictions could increase
energy costs
 for some US smelters were also providing support. But prices
again ran into
 overhead resistance and fell away during the afternoon.
Among the precious 
metals platinum and palladium prices reversed last week's
gains as confidenc
e was rocked by nervousness about US economic policy and a
report that Japan
ese car makers were to cut imports of the metals, both of
which are used in 
exhaust catalysts.
Dollar weakness helped gold to mount another assault on t
he upper end of its
recent Dollars 327-Dollars 332 a troy ounce trading rang
e on Tuesday. Once
again it was repelled, as was a fresh attempt yesterday.

 -----------------------------------
       LME WAREHOUSE STOCKS
     (As at
 Thursday's close)
 -----------------------------------
tonnes
 ------------
-----------------------
Aluminium  +2,100 to 1,650,550
Copper     unchgd at 
  319,425
Lead         -650 to   234,425
Nickel     +1,176 to    82,164
Zinc
       +7,600 to   546,600
Tin           +15 to    17,135
 -----------------
------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0179 Fruits and Tree Nuts, NEC.
    P1021 Copper Or
es.
    P0722 Crop Harvesting.
    P1099 Metal Ores, NEC.
    P33   Primary 
Metal Industries.
    P5051 Metals Service Centers and Offices.
</IN>
<XX>
T
ypes:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Market data.
    COSTS  Commodity prices.
</TP>
<PUB>
The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 11 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 170 ==============================================
Transaction #:    170       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-8150</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBUAKACNFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9302
20
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 FEB 93 / Commodities and Agriculture (Week in t
he markets): Sugar breaks into higher ground: </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RIC
HARD MOONEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A SERIES of bullish developments this week enab
led the world sugar market to
break free of the strait-jacket that had been 
confining prices for some
time.
Having traded mostly between 8 cents and 8.5
 cents a lb since last autumn
the prompt March futures position at New York'
s Cocoa, Sugar and Coffee
Exchange leapt in mid-week to 9 cents, a level las
t seen on November 2, and
moved on to a five-month high of 9.53 cents before
 edging back yesterday
afternoon.
Market sentiment has hardened in recent we
eks as analysts' assessments of
the likely sugar supply surplus in the 1992-
93 season have been reduced.
London trader ED & F. Man now expects supply to
 exceed demand by some 1.5m
tonnes (about 1.3 per cent of annual production)
, compared with the 3.4m
tonnes it was forecasting earlier. And this week C.
 Czarnikow, another
London trade house, which in November was forecasting an
 830,000-tonnes
surplus, this week adjusted this to a 370,000-tonne deficit 
(after allowing
for 'unrecorded disappearance' of 600,000 tonnes ).
However,
 the factor that changed firmness into strength this week was talk
circulati
ng among traders that Cuba had been forced to buy 100,000 tonnes of
sugar fr
om Thailand to enable it to honour supply commitments to China and
other Asi
an countries. Cuban sugar minister Mr Juan Herrera warned earlier
this month
 that lack of basic inputs had 'caused delays in the start-up of a
significa
nt number of mills'.
Also supporting the market were: a surprise announcemen
t of a 160,000-tonne
Kenyan buying tender for next Monday; a 14,000-tonne Mo
roccan buying tender;
talk of Cuban sales to Mexico and of a 100,000-tonnes 
sale to Indonesia; and
a cut in Thailand's harvest forecast from 49.15m tonn
es of cane to 43m
tonnes.
'There have been several important changes in the 
statistical outlook for
the 1992-93 crop cycle with adjustments to the suppl
y side of the balance
predominating,' said Czarnikow in the February 17 issu
e of its Sugar Review.
'Production for the season has fallen by some 1.32m t
onnes since our world
forecasts in November and is now expected to slip belo
w last season's output
by some 1.87m tonnes.'
The trade house now estimates 
world sugar production at 114.57m tonnes,
compared with 115.89m in November,
 and consumption at 114.51m tonnes,
compared with 114.46m tonnes.
Cocoa pric
es put in another steady performance as producers and consumers
prepared for
 next week's International Cocoa Agreement (ICCA) negotiations
in Geneva. In
 late trading yesterday the New York market's May position was
quoted at Dol
lars 932 a tonne, up Dollars 7 on the week. In London, however,
that firmnes
s was obscured by the dollar's decline against sterling and the
London Futur
es and Options Exchange's May cocoa contract ended Pounds 3 down
on the week
 at Pounds 734 a tonne.
The Geneva meeting will mark the fourth and final at
tempt to agree a
price-stabilisation pact to replace the moribund one that e
xpires on
September 30. Delegates were moving towards agreement at the last 
session,
in November, that efforts to steady the market should be based on t
he
withholding of between 330,000 and 380,000 tonnes of surplus beans from t
he
market. But they remained far apart on how that was to be financed and on

what price range was to be defended.
The existing ICCA, agreed in 1986, cea
sed to operate as a market support
pact early in 1988, when its buffer stock
 reached the 250,000-tonnes
ceiling.
All but one of the London Metal Exchang
e's contracts finished down on the
week, the biggest fall being in copper, w
hich closed yesterday at Pounds
1,551.25 a tonne for three months delivery, 
down Pounds 30.50 on the week.
But, as with cocoa's fall, the culprit was th
e sterling rally, but for which
the price would have been modestly higher.
D
ealers said the copper market was supported by concern over production
stopp
ages in Mexico and Papua New Guinea and the expectation of Chinese
buying on
 any dip to Dollars 2,220 a tonne, about Dollars 7 below the dollar
equivale
nt of yesterday's close. But the market remained trapped in a narrow
range, 
they added, with overhead resistance expected at Dollars 2,231 a
tonne.
Afte
r most of an early fall had been recovered in mid-week the aluminium
market 
ended on the downbeat, with the cash position closing yesterday at
Dollars 1
,204.50 a tonne, down Dollars 4 on the day and Dollars 7.75 on the
week.
The
 market had been steady in the morning, underpinned by talk of further
produ
ction cuts following Alumax's announcement on Thursday that it was
reducing 
output by about 36,000 tonnes a year at its Mount Holly smelter.
Fears that 
the Bonneville Power Administration restrictions could increase
energy costs
 for some US smelters were also providing support. But prices
again ran into
 overhead resistance and fell away during the afternoon.
Among the precious 
metals platinum and palladium prices reversed last week's
gains as confidenc
e was rocked by nervousness about US economic policy and a
report that Japan
ese car makers were to cut imports of the metals, both of
which are used in 
exhaust catalysts.
Dollar weakness helped gold to mount another assault on t
he upper end of its
recent Dollars 327-Dollars 332 a troy ounce trading rang
e on Tuesday. Once
again it was repelled, as was a fresh attempt yesterday.

 -----------------------------------
       LME WAREHOUSE STOCKS
     (As at
 Thursday's close)
 -----------------------------------
tonnes
 ------------
-----------------------
Aluminium  +2,100 to 1,650,550
Copper     unchgd at 
  319,425
Lead         -650 to   234,425
Nickel     +1,176 to    82,164
Zinc
       +7,600 to   546,600
Tin           +15 to    17,135
 -----------------
------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0179 Fruits and Tree Nuts, NEC.
    P1021 Copper Or
es.
    P0722 Crop Harvesting.
    P1099 Metal Ores, NEC.
    P33   Primary 
Metal Industries.
    P5051 Metals Service Centers and Offices.
</IN>
<XX>
T
ypes:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Market data.
    COSTS  Commodity prices.
</TP>
<PUB>
The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 11 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 171 ==============================================
Transaction #:    171       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

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                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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Selec. Rec. #:     17

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-8150</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBUAKACNFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9302
20
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 FEB 93 / Commodities and Agriculture (Week in t
he markets): Sugar breaks into higher ground: </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RIC
HARD MOONEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A SERIES of bullish developments this week enab
led the world sugar market to
break free of the strait-jacket that had been 
confining prices for some
time.
Having traded mostly between 8 cents and 8.5
 cents a lb since last autumn
the prompt March futures position at New York'
s Cocoa, Sugar and Coffee
Exchange leapt in mid-week to 9 cents, a level las
t seen on November 2, and
moved on to a five-month high of 9.53 cents before
 edging back yesterday
afternoon.
Market sentiment has hardened in recent we
eks as analysts' assessments of
the likely sugar supply surplus in the 1992-
93 season have been reduced.
London trader ED & F. Man now expects supply to
 exceed demand by some 1.5m
tonnes (about 1.3 per cent of annual production)
, compared with the 3.4m
tonnes it was forecasting earlier. And this week C.
 Czarnikow, another
London trade house, which in November was forecasting an
 830,000-tonnes
surplus, this week adjusted this to a 370,000-tonne deficit 
(after allowing
for 'unrecorded disappearance' of 600,000 tonnes ).
However,
 the factor that changed firmness into strength this week was talk
circulati
ng among traders that Cuba had been forced to buy 100,000 tonnes of
sugar fr
om Thailand to enable it to honour supply commitments to China and
other Asi
an countries. Cuban sugar minister Mr Juan Herrera warned earlier
this month
 that lack of basic inputs had 'caused delays in the start-up of a
significa
nt number of mills'.
Also supporting the market were: a surprise announcemen
t of a 160,000-tonne
Kenyan buying tender for next Monday; a 14,000-tonne Mo
roccan buying tender;
talk of Cuban sales to Mexico and of a 100,000-tonnes 
sale to Indonesia; and
a cut in Thailand's harvest forecast from 49.15m tonn
es of cane to 43m
tonnes.
'There have been several important changes in the 
statistical outlook for
the 1992-93 crop cycle with adjustments to the suppl
y side of the balance
predominating,' said Czarnikow in the February 17 issu
e of its Sugar Review.
'Production for the season has fallen by some 1.32m t
onnes since our world
forecasts in November and is now expected to slip belo
w last season's output
by some 1.87m tonnes.'
The trade house now estimates 
world sugar production at 114.57m tonnes,
compared with 115.89m in November,
 and consumption at 114.51m tonnes,
compared with 114.46m tonnes.
Cocoa pric
es put in another steady performance as producers and consumers
prepared for
 next week's International Cocoa Agreement (ICCA) negotiations
in Geneva. In
 late trading yesterday the New York market's May position was
quoted at Dol
lars 932 a tonne, up Dollars 7 on the week. In London, however,
that firmnes
s was obscured by the dollar's decline against sterling and the
London Futur
es and Options Exchange's May cocoa contract ended Pounds 3 down
on the week
 at Pounds 734 a tonne.
The Geneva meeting will mark the fourth and final at
tempt to agree a
price-stabilisation pact to replace the moribund one that e
xpires on
September 30. Delegates were moving towards agreement at the last 
session,
in November, that efforts to steady the market should be based on t
he
withholding of between 330,000 and 380,000 tonnes of surplus beans from t
he
market. But they remained far apart on how that was to be financed and on

what price range was to be defended.
The existing ICCA, agreed in 1986, cea
sed to operate as a market support
pact early in 1988, when its buffer stock
 reached the 250,000-tonnes
ceiling.
All but one of the London Metal Exchang
e's contracts finished down on the
week, the biggest fall being in copper, w
hich closed yesterday at Pounds
1,551.25 a tonne for three months delivery, 
down Pounds 30.50 on the week.
But, as with cocoa's fall, the culprit was th
e sterling rally, but for which
the price would have been modestly higher.
D
ealers said the copper market was supported by concern over production
stopp
ages in Mexico and Papua New Guinea and the expectation of Chinese
buying on
 any dip to Dollars 2,220 a tonne, about Dollars 7 below the dollar
equivale
nt of yesterday's close. But the market remained trapped in a narrow
range, 
they added, with overhead resistance expected at Dollars 2,231 a
tonne.
Afte
r most of an early fall had been recovered in mid-week the aluminium
market 
ended on the downbeat, with the cash position closing yesterday at
Dollars 1
,204.50 a tonne, down Dollars 4 on the day and Dollars 7.75 on the
week.
The
 market had been steady in the morning, underpinned by talk of further
produ
ction cuts following Alumax's announcement on Thursday that it was
reducing 
output by about 36,000 tonnes a year at its Mount Holly smelter.
Fears that 
the Bonneville Power Administration restrictions could increase
energy costs
 for some US smelters were also providing support. But prices
again ran into
 overhead resistance and fell away during the afternoon.
Among the precious 
metals platinum and palladium prices reversed last week's
gains as confidenc
e was rocked by nervousness about US economic policy and a
report that Japan
ese car makers were to cut imports of the metals, both of
which are used in 
exhaust catalysts.
Dollar weakness helped gold to mount another assault on t
he upper end of its
recent Dollars 327-Dollars 332 a troy ounce trading rang
e on Tuesday. Once
again it was repelled, as was a fresh attempt yesterday.

 -----------------------------------
       LME WAREHOUSE STOCKS
     (As at
 Thursday's close)
 -----------------------------------
tonnes
 ------------
-----------------------
Aluminium  +2,100 to 1,650,550
Copper     unchgd at 
  319,425
Lead         -650 to   234,425
Nickel     +1,176 to    82,164
Zinc
       +7,600 to   546,600
Tin           +15 to    17,135
 -----------------
------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0179 Fruits and Tree Nuts, NEC.
    P1021 Copper Or
es.
    P0722 Crop Harvesting.
    P1099 Metal Ores, NEC.
    P33   Primary 
Metal Industries.
    P5051 Metals Service Centers and Offices.
</IN>
<XX>
T
ypes:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Market data.
    COSTS  Commodity prices.
</TP>
<PUB>
The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 11 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 172 ==============================================
Transaction #:    172       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-8550</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBRCKAF9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9302
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 FEB 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Talk of C
uban buying helps to keep sugar price surge going </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By
 DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
WORLD SUGAR prices continued to surge yest
erday as a spate of bullish news
this week pushed the market out of the narr
ow trading range of recent
months.
New York's May raw sugar contract, which 
rose by 0.5 cents on Tuesday, was a
further 0.18 ahead in early trading yest
erday at 9.69 cents a lb before
easing towards the close. At the beginning o
f the month it was trading at
8.5 cents.
Cuba has been reported buying 100,0
00 tonnes of sugar from Thailand to meet
its commitments in China and elsewh
ere in Asia. Cuba's harvest is being
delayed once again by problems with the
 country's infrastructure. Mr Juan
Herrera, the Cuban sugar minister, said e
arlier this month that a lack of
basic inputs had 'caused delays in the star
t-up of a significant number of
mills'.
Thailand, which in November forecast
 a record 1992-93 harvest of 49.15m
tonnes, now expects only 43m tonnes of c
ane, compared with 47.43m tonnes
last year.
Kenya surprised the market with 
the announcement that it would hold a tender
next Monday for 160,000 tonnes 
of white sugar. Morocco is tendering for
14,000 tonnes of raws, and there is
 talk of Cuban sales to Mexico and of a
100,000-tonne sale to Indonesia.
'Th
ere is a buoyant physical sector, and that has brought the funds back
into N
ew York,' said one US analyst yesterday. 'Fund buying spurred the
market thr
ough stubborn resistance at 8.65 to 8.70, and then took it through
9 cents.'

'Basically the market is looking a lot better,' said a London trader. 'Good

news has arrived when the market was at its weakest.' He pointed out that
e
stimates for the world sugar surplus in 1992-93 were coming down. ED &. F.
M
an, the London trade house, has reduced its forecast surplus from 3.4m
tonne
s to 1.5m tonnes.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0722 Crop Harvesting.
    P2062 Cane Sugar Refining.

</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
    MKTS  Market data
.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 173 ==============================================
Transaction #:    173       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-8840</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBQC0AETFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9302
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 FEB 93 / World Commodities Prices: Market Repor
t </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
GOLD moved ahead on the
 London bullion market after Comex opened ahead
following the US Presidents'
 Day holiday. New York traders said investor
interest had been sparked by ea
rly sell-offs in the Dow Jones Industrial
Average and the dollar, which had 
been put on the defensive by uncertainty
over President Clinton's economic p
lans. New York raw SUGAR prices were
sharply higher at midday, buoyed by hea
vy commission house and fund buying
as well as bullish chart factors. The ga
ins were fuelled by market rumours
that Cuba had had to buy 100,000 tonnes o
f Thai sugar to fulfil its Chinese
contracts, and that Kenya was said to be 
tendering for physical sugar.
London COCOA futures were depressed by sterlin
g's advance against the
dollar. On the LME BASE METAL trading continued in n
arrow ranges. Dealers
said the lacklustre markets might prevail for some tim
e yet, as overall
physical interest and activity was slow and stocks continu
ed to build.
Compiled from Reuters
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  U
nited Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P333  Primary Nonferrou
s Metals.
    P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
    P0179 Fruits and Tree Nut
s, NEC.
    P6231 Security and Commodity Exchanges.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>

<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> L
ondon Page 26 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 174 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-17084</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DACAXAB9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
102
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 JAN 93 / Commodities (Year in the Markets): Pr
ices end back at square one after another turbulent year </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE
>    By DAVID BLACKWELL and RICHARD MOONEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
RECESSION and co
ntinued turbulence in the former Soviet Union have left
commodity prices lit
tle changed at the end of the year from those seen last
January. But that ba
ld statement belies the level of activity in the
markets.
On the London Meta
l Exchange the flood of imports from the former Soviet
Union pushed nickel p
rices sharply down and kept a firm lid on the aluminium
market, where wareho
use stocks now stand above 1.5m tonnes. The zinc market
suffered a classic s
queeze. Copper, still traded in sterling, appears to
have risen sharply unti
l the figures are converted to dollars - around
Dollars 1 a lb looks set to 
be the going rate this January as last.
Gold has fallen further, hit by an a
lmost total lack of interest from
investors. Both platinum and silver have c
ontinued to settle into their
relatively new roles as industrial metals.
Coc
oa and coffee prices have touched their lowest levels for 20 years or
more b
efore recovering. The lack of activity in the sugar market has left
London w
ith virtually no futures trading.
Gold fell to a six-year low in late March 
as it crashed through what many
traders had seen as the last line of defence
 - Dollars 342 a troy ounce.
Persistent selling, some of it thought to be on
 behalf of an eastern
European central bank, coincided with Ramadan, the Isl
amic fast, which kept
most Middle Eastern operators away from the market.
By
 Easter gold was at a fresh low of Dollars 336.80 a troy ounce, with
dealers
 predicting that the price was bottoming out. They were proved right
for a t
ime as the market started to climb, brushing aside an announcement by
the Be
lgian central bank that it had sold 202 tonnes from its reserves.
Platinum w
as also rising as South African unrest made users reluctant to go
short in c
ase of a miners' strike. In July the platinum price hit the year's
high of j
ust over Dollars 390 a troy ounce. But some analysts pointed out
that the ma
rket was ignoring weak demand from Japan and continuing recession
in the US.

Gold reached its peak for the year of just under Dollars 360 a troyounce a

few days after platinum - and then both markets slid steeply, leaving one
an
alyst just two weeks later describing Dollars 355 for gold as 'like the
Matt
erhorn'. On one mid-August day gold fell by more than Dollars 8 and
platinum
 by Dollars 16 a troy ounce.
The withdrawal of US investment funds sparked t
he gold fall, which was
exacerbated by more news of central bank selling - t
his time from Uruguay,
which unloaded 50,000 troy ounces in July in order to
 buy fixed term
deposits denominated in US dollars and D-marks. Platinum sli
d along with the
Japanese equity market.
The European currency market jitter
s of September gave some support to gold,
but South African and Australian p
roducers were able to lock in profits in
their own currencies through forwar
d selling. Gold has not had a good year;
Middle East sales in November finis
hed the battering from central bank sales
and the total lack of investor int
erest and took the market to a 7-year low
of Dollars 329.30. It has not made
 much headway since, closing at Dollars
333.05 a troy ounce on Thursday, dow
n about Dollars 20 on the year.
Platinum ended the year at Dollars 355.25 a 
troy ounce, some Dollars 20
above its price at the beginning of the year. Op
timism about a recovery in
Japanese demand and positive charts point to furt
her gains, analysts
believe.
Silver hit an 18-month low of 364.75 cents at t
he end of August and closed
at 367.5 on Thursday, 20 cents down on the year.
 The biggest excitement of
the year was the Saudi sale via the National Comm
ercial Bank of Jeddah of
Dollars 160m-worth of silver - equivalent to more t
han 10 per cent of world
demand - in just two hours early in July, knocking 
more than 20 cents off
the price.
Like most of the base metals copper began 
the year in a fairly hopeful mood.
Chilean strike fears and technical factor
s had helped to lift prices to 2
1/2 -month highs by mid-February, before so
me of the gains were relinquished
in response to reports that Russia, hungry
 for hard curency, was planning to
cut export duties on the metal. In the sp
ring talk of Chinese buying was
partly counteracted by concern about the eff
ects of a possible strike in
Germany, one of the biggest importers of copper
, but as London Metal
Exchange warehouse stocks began to be reduced and US r
ecovery hopes started
to grow prices climbed to 12-month highs by mid-June.

Bullish sentiment continued - fuelled by concern about supply tightness,
Pol
ish labour tension, bad weather in Chilean producing areas and expected
dema
nd growth - and a month later copper prices stood at the highest level
for 1
8 months.
From that point the picture becomes blurred by sterling's extreme 
weakness
against the US dollar, in which base metals are traded worldwide. T
he effect
of the pound's decline, most of which was concentrated in the dram
atic
mid-September devaluation, on copper prices is illustrated by the fact 
that
the two-year sterling high reached in early November equated to a nine-
month
dollar low. And that factor has continued to dominate the market.
The 
three months copper price closed on Thursday at Pounds 1,538 a tonne,
Pounds
 350 up on the year. But once the currency disportion is stripped out
the 12
-month advance comes down to a much less impressive Pounds 78 a tonne.
For l
ead, the LME's other sterling-denominated contract, the devaluation
effect i
s even more pronounced, turning what would have been a Pounds 60
fall into a
n apparent Pounds 8 rise on the year, at Pounds 308.75 a tonne
for three mon
ths metal.
After a flat start to the year, depressed by sluggish car battery
 sales, the
LME lead market found support in production problems, notably in
 Italy and
Yugolslavia, followed by signs of a technical squeeze on nearby s
upplies and
reports of Chinese buying. Between them, and helped by the pound
's weakness,
these factors lifted the lead market to a 12-month peak in July
. And that
was exceeded in the September as a direct result of sterling's pl
unge. By
the end of November, however, the market's fundamental weakness had
 been
reasserted and prices were back to five-month lows.
Another LME market
 to feel the effects of a squeeze this year was zinc.
Signs of the coming te
chnical suppy tightness were apparent from the start
of the year, though the
y tended to be obscured by the effects of production
problems in Italy, Peru
, Canada, Mexico and the US, among others. Hopes of a
US retail upturn were 
also cited as zinc prices reached 15-month highs in
March.
But from then on 
the squeeze was the undoubted dominant factor. The normal
'contango' situati
on, with the cash price at a discount to forward
positions, was reversed in 
late March and the 'backwardation', as a cash
premium is known, widened inex
orably until it reached an extraordinary
Dollars 189 a tonne in the middle o
f June.
In normal circumstances a backwardation would suggest a shortage of 
metal
available for delivery, but that hardly fitted in with this year's sus
tained
rise in LME warehouse stocks of zinc, which, by the time the cash pre
mium
appeared, had grown from 152,000 tonnes at the start of the year to 221
,000
tonnes. It was clear, therefore, that some sort of distortion (not to s
ay
manipulation) was afoot. The exchange responded by imposing a descending

ceiling on the one-day backwardation  - ie on the cost of carrying forward a

short position for one day. The backwardation had disappeared by the end of

July, though it made frequent reappearances before the squeeze, suspected t
o
be the work of a group of producers, could confidently be said to be over 
in
early October.
With fundamental considerations taking over direction of t
he market and the
rise in LME stocks continuing the ensuing price slide saw 
the three months
price retreat some Dollars 300 from its summer level to end
 the year at
Dollars 1,079.50 a tonne, down Dollars 35.50 on balance.
The al
uminium market had been weighed down in 1991 by the unprecedented
growth of 
the stockpile in LME warehouses, which began 1992 by passing the
unwelcome m
ilestone of 1m tonnes. There were hopes that the flood of metal
from the for
mer Soviet Union that had been largely responsible for swelling
LME stocks w
ould soon abate, especially in view of the inefficiency of
smelters in the n
ewly independent republics and their much-vaunted espousal
of market economi
cs. But the republics' hunger for hard currency proved
greater than their co
mmitment to industrial efficiency and with CIS exports
remaining very high t
he LME stockpile grew by another 500,000 tonnes.
Perhaps surprisingly, the m
arket took this pretty much in its stride and the
three months LME price end
ed the year Dollars 110 to the good at Dollars
1,260.50 a tonne.
Gains early
 in the year were mostly lost in the summer as hopes of economic
recovery fa
ded and the gloomy truth about CIS export prospects became
apparent. But in 
the latter part of the year the market was encouraged by
the announcement of
 production cuts.
The biggest loser on the LME last year was nickel. The moo
d was bright
enough early on as traders looked forward to big production cut
s in response
to the low price level and, as with aluminium, a slackening of
 CIS exports.
The former came too late, however, and the latter came not at 
all, and the
six-month highs seen in February proved to be the year's peak.

By the time Inco of Canada instituted a round of output cuts in October
nick
el prices had fallen to two-year lows and LME stocks of the metal had
risen 
by 300 per cent on the year so far to nearly 50,000 tonnes. In those
circums
tances the market was looking for an upturn in demand, especially in
the sta
inless steel sector, to give it the necessary shot in the arm, not
simply a 
reduction in output. Further production cuts were subsequently
announced by 
Falconbridge of Canada, Cuba's state-run producer and Western
Mining of Aust
ralia - amounting in all to nearly 38,00 tonnes in a full year
 -but the pri
ce slide continued and LME three months nickel closed on
Thursday at Dollars
 6,023 a tonne, down Dollars 1,192 on the year.
By comparison, the tin marke
t had a good year. LME stocks rose by only 7.4
per cent to 14,710 tonnes and
 the three months price ended 1992 up Dollars
240 at Dollars 5,845 a tonne.

A life-of-contract low of Dollars 5,485 had been registered at the beginning

of the year but by mid-February the market was at a six-month high,
reflect
ing concern about shipment delays from Brazil and Malaysia, the two
biggest 
suppliers. The bullish mood continued throughout the first half,
lifting the
 price to a 25-month high of Dollars 6,950 a tonne, before a
reaction was ca
used by Brazilian and Chinese selling and bearish technical
factors. But the
 market was moving higher again before the new year,
encouraged by buying in
 Kuala Lumpur and activity in the options market.
For the oil market in gene
ral 1992 proved a disappointing year and for
members of the Organisation of 
Petroleum Exporting Countries a worrying one.
Having started at the low leve
l of about Dollars 17 a barrel the Brent crude
price was buoyed in the sprin
g by optimism about the prospects for demand
when the expected industrial re
covery began. And the price moved above
Dollars 20 a barrel for the first ti
me in six months when Opec ministers
agreed unexpectedly in May to roll over
 its second quarter production
ceiling of 22.98m b/d into the third quarter,
 rather than anticipate the
rise in demand.
But by November, in the absence 
of the expected demand boost, the market was
looking for Opec ministers to a
gree substantial production cuts at their
meeting in Vienna. When this did n
ot happen prices fell sharply and it took
the political turmoil in Russia, t
he world's biggest producer, to lift Brent
crude back above Dollars 18 a bar
rel last month.
Of the softs, cocoa began the year in the most optimistic mo
od as the market
looked forward eagerly to the first annual supply deficit f
or eight years.
But, with collapsing demand from the former Soviet Union, ho
pes of higher
prices proved to be a pipe dream, with the market failing to r
egain the 1991
peak of Pounds 829 a tonne.
The second postion contract on Lo
ndon Fox opened the year at Pounds 745 a
tonne. The market continued an almo
st unbroken decline for the next six
months. The nadir came at the end of Ju
ne, when the second position contract
fell to Pounds 509 a tonne, the lowest
 level for more than 16 years. At
these levels countries of origin, includin
g the Ivory Coast, were reluctant
to sell, and were also pinning some hope o
n the outcome of Geneva talks on a
new international agreement.
The market b
egan a slow climb back to more than Pounds 750 a tonne in early
November, gi
ven a boost by sterling's devaluation and an Ivory Coast
decision to ban the
 sale of small beans. But London prices have ended close
to Pounds 700 a ton
ne, and it is worth noting that the nearby New York
contract which began the
 year at Dollars 1,245 a tonne, closed it at Dollars
936.
The Economist Inte
lligence Unit is predicting a small deficit of 43,000
tonnes for 1992-93, wh
ile the US Agriculture Department estimates production
and supply in balance
 at 2.35m tonnes. The EIU expects the next round of
talks on a cocoa pact in
 February to end with a purely administrative pact,
and is predicting prices
 to average about the same as in 1991 at 55 cents a
lb.
Coffee prices, like 
cocoa, went into a steep slide from the beginning of the
year. The London ro
busta market fell by more than Dollars 300 to hit 22-year
lows at the beginn
ing of May. The high level of consumer stocks - 19m bags
(60 kg each) - left
 producers with little option but to sell for what they
could get.
Throughou
t the summer the market edged higher, keeping an eye on the
International Co
ffee Organisation's interminable negotiations on a new
international agreeme
nt. The different supply and demand picture for
robustas and arabicas kept L
ondon steady while New York arabicas went below
50 cents a lb in September.

But by the end of October both markets were rallying strongly as traders
enj
oyed a total change in sentiment, mainly on perceptions of a smaller
1992-93
 crop in Brazil, the biggest producer, and Colombia. In December,
London's s
econd position robusta contract broke through the Dollars 1,000 a
tonne leve
l for the first time since January 8.
The EIU believes the recent rise has b
een overdone. Consumer stocks are
still high and this month's ICO talks are 
likely to be inconclusive, pushing
a new coffee agreement back to 1994.
The 
centre of gravity for world sugar prices has moved decisively from
London to
 New York, where speculative money provides liquidity. The second
position N
ew York raw sugar futures contract has ranged between 8 and 10
cents a lb th
roughout the year - another market with more than enough
production to satis
fy demand. For much of the last few months the market has
been stuck between
 8.5 and 9 cents - a narrow range with depressingly low
traded volumes, acco
rding to ED & F. Man's latest sugar report. But this
contrasted with increas
ed volumes of freely traded sugar following the
dissolution of the Cuban tra
ding arrangements with Comecon, Man pointed out.
A November report from the 
UN Food and Agricultural Organisation predicted
trade expansion for sugar, b
ut believed that by the turn of the century
prices would still be about 10 c
ents a lb in 1990 terms.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN
>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0179  Fruits and Tree Nuts, NEC.
    P3339  P
rimary Nonferrous Metals, NEC.
    P0722  Crop Harvesting.
    P2062  Cane S
ugar Refining.
    P1311  Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:
-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Market Data.
    COSTS  Commodity prices.
</TP>
<PUB>The F
inancial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 10 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 175 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-2324</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DCUAGACMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9303
20
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 MAR 93 / Commodities and Agriculture (Week in t
he Markets): Cocoa support scheme abandoned </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RICHA
RD MOONEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
INTERNATIONAL COCOA Organisation delegates decide
d yesterday to abandon
efforts to negotiate a market stabilisation pact base
d on a stock
withholding scheme.
With time quickly running out for reaching 
an agreement that could be
ratified in time to replace the present moribund 
pact when it expires at the
end of September, and with wide gaps remaining b
etween producers and
consumers on several crucial issues, the delegates deci
ded to consider the
softer option of an agreement based on voluntary product
ion control,
promotion of consumption and running down the organisation's 23
3,000-tonne
buffer stock.
A special session of the ICCO council will be held
 on June 8-11 to discuss
this plan, which an official described yesterday as
 more than an
administrative pact but well short of a full economic accord.

The announcement, which came too late to produce any response at the London

cocoa futures market, is unlikely to have come as much of a surprise to
trad
ers, most of whom had long ago given up hope of an effective market
support 
pact being agreed. Late trading in New York showed little sign of a
reaction
, though prices were tending lower.
Sugar continued to be the brightest star
 in the commodities firmament this
week as New York futures prices surged to
 three-year peaks and their London
counterparts to the highest levels since 
April 1991. The August contract in
London closed yesterday at Dollars 265.20
 a tonne, up Dollars 25.20 on the
week, while New York's July contract moved
 above the 12 cents-a-lb mark. In
late trading it was quoted at 12.50 cents 
a lb, up 1.72 cents from the end
of last week and three cents from a month a
go.
Having been wakened from its torpor a few weeks ago by drought-induced c
uts
in the Thai crop projection - down from the initial 5m tonnes to 3.51m,

which would be the lowest level for five years - the sugar market was given

a further boost by news that Cuba had been hit by the storms that swept the

eastern seaboard of the US last weekend.
London analysts were dubious from t
he first about the extent of the damage
to Cuba's sugar crop, which was alre
ady expected to be well down from last
year's 7m tonnes, possibly as low as 
5m tonnes. And in its daily Commodity
Report yesterday GNI, the London trade
 house, noted that a Cuban request for
United Nations aid revealed that 'onl
y Dollars 46m of damage was done to the
sugar crop - or 190,000 tonnes'. Tha
t figure was well below some of the
earlier estimates, GNI said, 'and adds w
eight to our negative view point'.
Traders were in no mood to be dissuaded f
rom their new-found bullishness,
however. 'The market is still tight,' one L
ondon analysts told the Reuter
news agency yesterday. 'It's on an uptrend an
d it has recovered a long way.'
But he was not sure that it could sustain pr
esent price levels, which
offered attractive profit-taking opportunities for
 speculators and might
tempt producers to sell from their stocks. 'There is 
a lot of material to be
sold short term and if selling begins, we could see 
the top of the market,'
he suggested.
In contrast, the coffee market extende
d last week's heavy fall. The London
Futures and Options Exchange's May robu
stas price closed yesterday at
Dollars 879 a tonne, up Dollars 6 on the day 
but Dollars 34 down on the
week. In the absence of fundamental developments 
traders attributed the
market's continued weakness to the high level of cons
umer stocks and
pessimism about the prospects for progress towards the reviv
al of the
International Coffee Organisation's export quota system being made
 at next
week's London meeting.
GNI suggested yesterday that lack of enthusi
asm from the US, the biggest
coffee consumer, could scupper the negotiations
. 'It is likely that the US
delegation has not received a fresh mandate from
 (President) Clinton,' it
said in its Commodity Report, 'in which case the m
eetings will merely be to
set another date for talks, but if (delegates) hav
e had word that the US
position has not changed under Clinton, then everyone
 might as well pack up
and go home early.'
At the London Metal Exchange tin 
proved the brightest spark as commission
house buying fuelled a late rally i
n prices. Dealers said labour unrest in
the Bolivian mining industry also pr
ovided support as an accelerating
Dollars 230 surge over three days wiped ou
t an earlier Dollars 142.50 fall
and left the cash position at Dollars 5,755
 a tonne.
The cash copper price ended Pounds 61.50 down on the week at Pound
s 1,459.50
a tonne, but most of that resulted from sterling's strength again
st the
dollar, in terms of which the pice was only down about Dollars 12. De
spite
high stocks, poor demand growth outside North America and Japanese sel
ling
early in the week, copper made several attempts to break long-standing

resistance at just above Dollars 2,200 for three months metal. Dealers said

buyers were encouraged by concern over the situation in Zaire, labour unrest

in Chile and falls in stocks at the New York Commodity Exchange (Comex),
su
ggesting that output losses caused by widespread flooding in Arizona this
ye
ar had been heavier than thought earlier.
The gold price moved steadily high
er this week, ending yesterday at Dollars
331.45 a troy ounce, up Dollars 3.
70 on balance. But dealers expected any
closer approach to the ceiling of th
e recent Dollars 326/333 price range to
attract producer selling, especially
 as in South African rand terms the
price near a record.
 ------------------
--------------------------------
LME WAREHOUSE STOCKS
(As at Thursday's clos
e)
tonnes
 --------------------------------------------------
Aluminium    +
3,425    to    1,715,075
Copper       +1,250    to      347,350
Lead        
 +7,275    to      242,425
Nickel          -12    to       85,740
Zinc      
   +6,050    to      593,450
Tin            -125    to       19,045
 -------
-------------------------------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<
CN>USZ  United States of America.
    GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
In
dustries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0179 Fruits and Tree Nuts, NEC.
    P0133 Sugarcane an
d Sugar Beets.
    P6231 Security and Commodity Exchanges.
    P333  Primary
 Nonferrous Metals.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
 
   COSTS  Commodity prices.
    MKTS  Market data.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial 
Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 9 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 176 ==============================================
Transaction #:    176       Transaction Code:  14 (Search Results Displayed)

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============= Transaction # 177 ==============================================
Transaction #:    177       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-4641</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFHCQAF2FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
08
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 JUN 93 / World Commodities Prices: Market Repor
t </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
GOLD drifted lower on t
he London bullion market, but dealers said that it
had survived several test
s of support at Dollars 372 a troy ounce. There was
a lot of nervousness aro
und the morning fix after Friday's 40-minute fix
when the price jumped Dolla
rs 3-Dollars 4. 'Nobody really wanted to buy this
morning and the price just
 came right off,' one dealer said. The market
found little encouragement fro
m New York, which opened weaker. London's
robusta COFFEE closed just above t
he day's lows, but dealers noted some
early signs that the downward move mig
ht be running out of steam. The market
continued to be driven by technical f
actors in New York, where the breach of
support at 60 cents a lb for the Jul
y contract late last week put it on the
defensive. New York raw SUGAR prices
 were easier at midday as the market
continued to absorb Cuba's declaration 
of a 45-day force majeure last week.
Analysts said that uncertainty over whe
ther Russia and China would look for
alternative supplies inspired nervousne
ss. COPPER appeared to be
consolidating on the LME after Friday's volatile t
rading, with three-month
metal settling into a range between Dollars 1,820 a
nd Dollars 1,850.
Compiled from Reuters
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>U
SZ  United States of America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P1041 Gold O
res.
    P0179 Fruits and Tree Nuts, NEC.
    P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beet
s.
    P1021 Copper Ores.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity pric
es.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 26 </PAGE>
</DO
C>

============= Transaction # 178 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-5104</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFFAXACAFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 93 / Commodities (Week in the Markets): Cop
per surge gets bears on the run </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RICHARD MOONEY </
BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE LONDON Metal Exchange copper market this week staged its 
first
substantial rally since it went into free-fall in mid-April.
The uptur
n, which began after an initial post-holiday dip to Dollars 1,785 a
tonne fo
r three months metal, was stalled for a while by resistance around
the Dolla
rs 1,850 area; but when this barrier was breached on Thursday fresh
momentum
 was provided as investors who had gambled on further falls
scrambled to cov
er their short positions.
That pattern was continued yesterday morning, when
 the three months delivery
position peaked at Dollars 1,940 a tonne, but as 
bearish fundamentals were
underlined by another rise in LME warehouse stocks
 to a fresh nine-year high
profit-taking pared the price back to Dollars 1,8
55 a tonne at the end of
after-hours trading, down Dollars 10 on the day and
 up Dollars 60 on the
week. The sterling quotation, which was given an extra
 boost by the pound's
weakness, had closed afternoon ring trading at Pounds 
1,262.25 a tonne, up
Pounds 101.75 on the week.
Dealers said the market's st
rength had been bolstered by concern about
possible supply disruptions in th
e US and Chile. Labour contracts at Phelps
dodge's Chino mine, Asarco's Ray 
mine and RTZ Corporation's Bingham Canyon
all expire at the end of this mont
h; while in Chile, unions at Chuquicamata,
the world's biggest copper mine, 
on Wednesday rejected the first offer of a
new two-year contract from Codelc
o, the state-owned mining corporation.
Meanwhile Asarco and Phelps Dodge exe
cutives told institutional investors in
London this week that a sharp increa
se in US copper demand was far
outweighing the downturn in Europe.
Mr Richar
d Osborne, Asarco's chairman, predicted that, as a result of this
and of mod
estly reduced exports from former Soviet bloc countries, stocks in
LME and N
ew York Commodity Exchange (Comex) warehouses would begin to fall
in the sec
ond half of this year.
He was less hopeful about the outlook for zinc as sto
cks were so high that
it would take a long time for price-induced production
 cuts to make a
significant impact on them.
Nevertheless copper's more bulli
sh sentiment spilled over into the LME zinc
market this week and the three m
onths price, which dipped to a six-year low
of Dollars 937 a tonne on Tuesda
y, recovered to touch Dollars 970 yesterday,
before closing at Dollars 968.5
0 a tonne, up Dollars 2 on the week.
Lead's slide to record lows in real ter
ms was halted in mid-week after two
more smelters announced production cuts.
 Nuova Samim, the Italian
state-owned group, said it would close its Portove
sme smelter for two months
at a production cost of 30,000 tonnes, while MIM 
Holdings of Australia
revealed that it planned to reduce output by 3,000 ton
nes at its Britannia
Refined Metals plant in Northfleet, UK, by shutting sec
ondary (recycling)
furnaces. These cuts take recently announced output reduc
tions to between
160,000 and 200,000 tonnes a year.
Although analysts though
t a retrenchment of this order was bound to
influence market sentiment befor
e long the market's initial reaction was
hesitant, with the price slide bein
g halted rather than reversed. On
Thursday, however, LME quotations started 
to move upwards and at yesterday's
close three months lead was at Pounds 275
.75 a tonne, up Pounds 8 on the
week and Pounds 10.25 above Tuesday's low.
A
luminium put in a robust performance, shrugging off the continuing flow of
m
etal into bulging LME warehouses and news early in the week that labour
cont
racts had been agreed at Aluminium Company of America, the world's
biggest p
roducer, and Reynolds Metals, also of the US, the third biggest,
thus averti
ng the threat of serious supply disruptions.
Tuesday's price decline was rev
ersed on the following day and Thursday saw
the three months price break thr
ough resistance above the Dollars
1,150-a-tonne mark. That allowed buyers to
 get the upper hand yesterday,
when three months metal closed at Dollars 1,1
69.25 a tonne, up Dollars 17 on
the day and Dollars 19 on the week.
At the L
ondon bullion market the gold price retreated to just above Dollars
370 a tr
oy ounce in mid-week and traders were talking of a test of support
in the Do
llars 366 area. But continental buyers were back in the market on
Thursday a
nd by yesterday's after noon fix the price had recovered to
Dollars 377.60 a
n ounce.
At that point traders were looking forward to a successful test of

resistance at Dollars 378, but in the event the price slid back Dollars 3 to

end Dollars 5.15 down on the week.
Cuba brought the sugar market back to li
fe yesterday with a force majeure
declaration that pushed the New York marke
t's October futures price, which
had been easing, up by 0.66 of a cent a lb 
at one stage. In late trading the
rise had been trimmed to 0.55 at 11.33 cen
ts a lb.
The Cuban move, which refers to June shipments, was reported to hav
e been
prompted by the recent torrential rain, which has made extremely diff
icult
to move sugar to the ports.
Bad weather had already hit the Cuban suga
r-cane crop, as had shortages of
inputs and fuel caused in part by the break
-up of the Soviet Union, the
island republic's ally and main customer for su
gar. Last week Cubazucar, the
state sugar agency announced that the 1992-93 
crop would reach only about
4.2m tonnes, down from 7m tonnes in the previous
 year.
 -------------------------------
LME WAREHOUSE STOCKS
(As at Thursday
's close)
tonnes
 -------------------------------
Aluminium     +50  to  1,8
14,875
Copper     +4,400  to  424,800
Lead         +825  to  258,700
Nickel 
      +372  to  95,652
Zinc       +4,450  to  664,625
Tin          -110  to 
 20,125
 -------------------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>
GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P1021 Copper Ores
.
    P1031 Lead and Zinc Ores.
    P1041 Gold Ores.
    P1099 Metal Ores, N
EC.
    P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS 
 Commodity prices.
    MKTS  Market data.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </P
UB>
<PAGE> London Page 13 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 179 ==============================================
Transaction #:    179       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-6585</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DE0B8AG0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9305
27
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 MAY 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar pri
ce down further despite lower Cuban crop </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BL
ACKWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FINAL CONFIRMATION that Cuba's sugar crop will be o
nly 4.2m tonnes compared
with last year's 7m tonnes did not prevent a furthe
r decline in New York raw
sugar prices, writes David Blackwell.
In late trad
ing yesterday the July contract was down 0.63 at 11.15 cents a
lb - well off
 the high of 13.26 on May 17.
The fall came in spite of Monday night's annou
ncement from Cubazucar, which
put the outcome of the troubled harvest well b
elow all recent trade
estimates. Czarnikow, the London trade house, last wee
k estimated Cuban
production at 5.5m tonnes, a figure matched this week by E
D & F. Man, also
of London.
Production in Cuba, the world's biggest exporter
, has been hit by bad
weather and problems with the country's crumbling infr
astructure.
Falls in production in Cuba, Thailand and India have led to earl
y
predictions of a world surplus this year being changed to predictions of a

deficit, averaging around 2m tonnes below consumption.
This has been enough
 to drive prices sharply higher after a flat period
between last September a
nd February, when nearby New York traded between 8
and 9 cents a lb.
However
, the market has eased back recently as physical demand for sugar has
not be
en evident, partly because of the high prices.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX
>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcan
e and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
</T
P>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 34 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 180 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-7462</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DEXCBAA2FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9305
24
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  24 MAY 93 / Cuba and Russia boost ties </HEADLINE>

<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    HAVANA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Cub
a and Russia have agreed to try to boost their flagging bilateral
economic t
ies and signed a memorandum outlining joint trade, production and
investment
 initiatives in sugar, oil, machinery parts and fertilisers,
Reuter reports 
from Havana.
Cuban state media said the memorandum outlined ways for the two
 countries to
put their trade relations on a new footing by setting up joint
 ventures and
production-sharing initiatives.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>

<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
    RUZ  Russia, East Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industri
es:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
    P1311 Crude Petroleum an
d Natural Gas.
    P3599 Industrial Machinery, NEC.
    P9721 International 
Affairs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Fin
ancial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 6 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 181 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-7733</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DEUB0AHDFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9305
21
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  21 MAY 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Bigger su
gar deficit forecast </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>
<T
EXT>
WORLD SUGAR production will fall 2.84m tonnes below consumption in 1992
-93,
according to Czarnikow, the London trade house.
The group's latest suga
r review puts production at 111.6m tonnes, down 3m
tonnes from the last esti
mate in February, and substantially below last
year's 116.42m tonnes.
Consum
ption is now estimated at 113.9m tonnes, and 600,000 tonnes has been
allowed
 for what Czarnikow terms 'unrecorded disappearance'. The deficit is
well ah
ead of the International Sugar Organisation's figure of 1.61m tonnes,
announ
ced earlier this week.
Mr Chris Pack, analyst at Czarnikow, said yesterday t
hat the latest figures
showed a swing from last season's surplus to this sea
son's deficit of 7m
tonnes.
'It is not surprising that the market has moved 
sharply ahead,' he said. 'It
is trying to find a new level.'
For most of the
 six months between last September and February, the New York
nearby raw sug
ar contracts were trading between 8 and 9 cents a lb. But as
perceptions inc
reased of much lower crops than expected in Cuba, Thailand
and India, the ma
rket has risen sharply. On Monday the New York July
contract reached a high 
of 13.26 cents a lb before profit taking set in.
Yesterday in late trading i
t was at 11.98 cents a lb.
Czarnikow estimates Cuban production at 5.5m tonn
es, on the high side
compared with other forecasters but still well down on 
last year's 7m
tonnes. Indian production is put at 11.5m tonnes, down 3m ton
nes from last
year, while Thailand is expected to produce 3.8m tonnes, down 
from 1991-92's
5.1m tonnes.
Mr Pack said that now a clearer picture of produ
ction was emerging, the
market was looking for signs of demand, which has be
en restricted by the
higher price levels. 'This market is fundamentally driv
en,' he said, 'but
demand is a little cool for some of the rampant bulls to 
follow.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>
Industrie
s:-
</XX>
<IN>P2061 Raw Cane Sugar.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comme
nt & Analysis.
    MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<
PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 182 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-7937</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DEUB0ABNFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9305
21
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  21 MAY 93 / IMF watches as Kyrgyzstan fights the b
attle of the som </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN LLOYD </BYLINE>
<DATELINE> 
   BISHKEK </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
A REMARKABLE experiment is taking place in Kyr
gyzstan, the poorest of the
former Soviet republics. It has introduced a new
 currency with strong
support from the west. On its success depends the futu
re of the state
itself, the viability of new currencies in the post-Soviet w
orld and the
reputation of the multilateral financial institutions.
Kyrgyzst
an is a small, landlocked state on the Chinese border. It has an
ethnically 
divided population - the Kyrgyz are a bare majority with a 25 per
cent Russi
an-speaking minority which dominates production and forms the
majority in th
e capital Bishkek.
The industrial sector of Kyrgyzstan is like that of all e
x-Soviet states,
but more so. The Frunze agricultural machinery plant made o
ne type of
machinery for the former Soviet trading bloc which is no longer i
n demand
and for which it usually cannot get steel anyway. A sugar refinery 
got its
raw material from Cuba, hauled across central Asia from the Black Se
a. Both
have all but stopped production.
This is a grim position in which to
 find oneself 'independent' - especially
since its years as a Soviet state h
ave left what Kyrgyzstan's foremost
economist, Mr Turar Koichuyev, calls a '
psychology of dependence'.
But in introducing the som ('catfish' in Russian)
 in place of the rouble, it
blazes a trail for the other members of the Comm
onwealth of Independent
States - only one of which, Ukraine, has introduced 
its own currency, and
that without an accompanying programme approved by the
 International
Monetary Fund.
The effects of the introduction of the som hav
e so far been both
dramatically good and disturbingly bad. Its first trading
 session took place
on Monday in the street outside the National Bank, where
 some Dollars 2m was
exchanged for som issued the week before.
It held its i
ntroductory rate of 4 to the dollar, while on the black market
the official 
rate of Rbs150 to a som doubled to around Rbs300. A government
decree that, 
after a five-day transition period, the rouble may no longer be
used seems t
o have been obeyed.
But it has caused an inflamed reaction in neighbouring U
zbekistan. The
border between the two states has been closed, money transfer
s and trading
of any kind stopped and gas supplies shut off. Uzbek President
 Islam
Karimov, no friend of the pro-western leaders of Kyrgyzstan, accused 
the
Kyrgyz of plotting to flood his republic with unwanted roubles. His acti
on
threatens to strain further the bad relations between the Kyrgyz and the

ethnic Uzbeks who live in the border areas of Kyrgyzstan.
The currency's int
roduction was badly executed and badly advertised; the
result has been that 
only Rbs7bn to Rbs10bn of the estimated stock of
Rbs30bn in the country were
 exchanged for som in the five days. Residents of
Bishkek grumble about the 
bright new currency - accusing the government of
raising prices under its co
ver, and fearing that the government had given
them an unconvertible currenc
y.
The som is a test case in two ways. First, it poses a colossal challenge 
to
the leadership of Kyrgyzstan: a leadership which, under the presidency of
 Mr
Askar Akayev and the premiership of Mr Tursumbek Chyngyshev, attempts to

chart a pro-market course.
Mr Chyngyshev says: 'We believe we had no choice
 but to introduce the som:
it allows us to escape from the inflation of the 
rouble and to create our
own economy.'
The chance is there, but the task is 
difficult.
The second test is of the IMF and, to a lesser extent, the other

multilateral financial agencies. The IMF, some six months ago, switched its

policy advice dramatically: having previously advised the former Soviet
stat
es to stay in the rouble zone, it concluded - after observing the
actions of
 the central bank of Russia in supporting enterprises with a flood
of credit
 - that the only way ex-Soviet states could fight inflation was to
control t
heir own currencies.
Says Mr Harry Trines, the resident man from the IMF: 'I
t became clear that
in the present circumstances no one could reduce inflati
on while remaining
tied to the rouble. And thus the IMF executive board deci
ded that if the
(ex-Soviet) countries wanted their own programmes with the I
MF they must
have their own currency.'
This decision. meant that the IMF, an
d through it the richer countries of
the world who provide aid to the former
 Soviet Union, were implicitly
offering to support the new currencies if the
 state could commit itself to
an IMF programme with its familiar features of
 monetary stability, budget
stringency and rapid privatisation.
Kyrgyzstan, 
uniquely - outside the Baltic states which are not part of the
CIS - has don
e so, earlier this month signing on to a tough programme and
receiving Dolla
rs 23m as a first tranche of an Dollars 85m package of
support. These funds 
form the reserves with which the National Bank has
supported the currency.
I
n all, Kyrgyzstan should receive Dollars 400m in loans, including a Rbs75bn

(about Dollars 100m) from Russia which is promised but the delivery of which

must be in some doubt. The World Bank and the Japanese government are to pu
t
in about Dollars 110m in budget support - in the form of goods which will 
be
sold in Kyrgyzstan.
For the foreign experts now in Bishkek, the future se
ems clear enough: a
programme (barely begun) which pushes enterprises into t
he private sector -
though there are signs that the state favours worker-own
ership, with which
the Fund would be unhappy. It will also trade on its few 
assets - wool;
fruit and vegetables; hydro-electric power; natural beauty; m
inerals
including gold; and a relatively well-educated population.
A final a
sset is the harsh realism of people and leaders alike. Says Mr
Chyngyshev: '
We have things we can sell, but they are not yet of world
quality. We haven'
t got the equipment or the experience, and we lack the
money to buy the equi
pment. It's going to be very hard - it's inevitable.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries
:-
</XX>
<CN>KGZ  Kyrgyzstan, East Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN
>P9311 Finance, Taxation, and Monetary Policy.
    P9611 Administration of G
eneral Economic Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analy
sis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 5 </PAGE>
</DO
C>

============= Transaction # 183 ==============================================
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<DOCNO>FT932-13472</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DDWC9ABPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
423
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 APR 93 / World Trade News: Cuba in barter deal
 with Italians </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HAIG SIMONIAN </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>
    MILAN </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Italgrani, the Italian cereals and foods group 
based in Naples, has signed a
L100bn (Pounds 42m) agreement with the Cuban g
overnment to supply
semi-finished food products in return for sugar, writes 
Haig Simonian in
Milan.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Italgrani.
</CO>

<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</X
X>
<IN>P2043 Cereal Breakfast Foods.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Buy-
in & Buy-out.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </P
AGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 184 ==============================================
Transaction #:    184       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-13472</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DDWC9ABPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
423
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 APR 93 / World Trade News: Cuba in barter deal
 with Italians </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HAIG SIMONIAN </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>
    MILAN </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Italgrani, the Italian cereals and foods group 
based in Naples, has signed a
L100bn (Pounds 42m) agreement with the Cuban g
overnment to supply
semi-finished food products in return for sugar, writes 
Haig Simonian in
Milan.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Italgrani.
</CO>

<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</X
X>
<IN>P2043 Cereal Breakfast Foods.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Buy-
in & Buy-out.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </P
AGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 185 ==============================================
Transaction #:    185       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-13472</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DDWC9ABPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
423
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 APR 93 / World Trade News: Cuba in barter deal
 with Italians </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HAIG SIMONIAN </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>
    MILAN </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Italgrani, the Italian cereals and foods group 
based in Naples, has signed a
L100bn (Pounds 42m) agreement with the Cuban g
overnment to supply
semi-finished food products in return for sugar, writes 
Haig Simonian in
Milan.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Italgrani.
</CO>

<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</X
X>
<IN>P2043 Cereal Breakfast Foods.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Buy-
in & Buy-out.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </P
AGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 186 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-13478</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DDWC9ABJFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
423
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 APR 93 / World Trade News: Cuba barters its su
gar </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HAIG SIMONIAN </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    MILAN <
/DATELINE>
<TEXT>
ITALGRANI, the Italian cereals and foods group based in Na
ples, has signed a
L100bn (Pounds 42m) agreement with Cuba to supply semi-fi
nished food
products in return for sugar, writes Haig Simonian in Milan.
The
 deal is a further sign of the current revival in countertrade for
countries
 with problems obtaining hard currencies or in economic
difficulties.
The Cu
ban economy has faced a growing crisis following the gradual
withdrawal of a
id and supplies from the former Soviet Union. It has also
suffered from the 
fall in price of some raw-material exports, notably sugar.
Italgrani will su
pply cereals, vegetable oils and pasta products, worth
about L100bn, in retu
rn for Cuban sugar of a similar value.
Italgrani's deal, double the size of 
a similar one between July and November
last year, will take effect in the s
econd half of this year.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Italgrani.
</CO>

<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</
XX>
<IN>P2043 Cereal Breakfast Foods.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Buy
-in & Buy-out.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </
PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 187 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-14052</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DDUCWABIFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
421
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  21 APR 93 / World Trade News: Cuba makes progress
 in regional trading links </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>

<DATELINE>    KINGSTON </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE Cuban government's attempts t
o broaden trade links with its neighbours
in Latin America and the Caribbean
 have been given a fillip by a series of
joint venture agreements with sever
al privately-owned Brazilian companies,
following a visit to the island by B
razilian businessmen.
The agreements coincided with a decision by the heads 
of government of the
Caribbean Community (Caricom) to establish a joint comm
ission with Cuba to
improve trade and other relations with the island, follo
wing statements by
some Caribbean leaders that it was time the US ended its 
30-year trade
embargo on Cuba.
The Brazilian businessmen ended five days of 
talks in Havana with agreements
in principle on 10 ventures which will be fu
rther studied by both parties.
The island's struggling nickel industry, trou
bled by inefficient plants and
insufficient fuel, is of particular interest 
to the Brazilians, who want to
buy the product from Cuba.
The agreements als
o cover Brazilian-funded citrus plants in Cuba, production
of sugar cane har
vesters in Brazil, and the creation of a shipping line to
operate between th
e two countries.
The decision of the Caricom heads of government to establis
h the joint
commission with Cuba follows the island's application for the st
atus of an
observer to the 13-nation community.
Several of Cuba's Caribbean 
neighbours have been upset by the implementation
of legislation six months a
go by the US to prevent foreign subsidiaries of
US companies from trading wi
th Cuba and penalising shipping companies
calling at Cuban ports.
Dame Eugen
ia Charles, the prime minister of Dominica, and traditionally
among the more
 conservative of the region's leaders, has argued in favour of
an end to the
 trade embargo.
Privately-owned Dominica Coconut Products has become a leadi
ng exporter to
Cuba, and is planning the construction of a processing plant 
in Cuba.
Cuba's attempts to develop economic ties with its neighbours have a
lso
benefited from the island's admission to the Caribbean Tourism Organisat
ion
after three years of trying.
There is, however, likely to be US objectio
n to Cuba's growing trade links
with Brazil and those it is developing with 
its neighbours in the Caribbean
archipelago. The island gained entry to the 
regional tourism body over the
objections of two members, Puerto Rico and th
e United States Virgin Islands,
both US possessions.
Caricom countries have 
been warned against closer ties with Cuba by Ms Sally
Cowal, US ambassador t
o Trinidad and Tobago.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbe
an.
    DMZ  Dominica, Caribbean.
    BRZ  Brazil, South America.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P1099 Metal Ores, NEC.
    P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar
 Beets.
    P0174 Citrus Fruits.
    P4449 Water Transportation of Freight, 
NEC.
    P4481 Deep Sea Passenger Transportation, Ex Ferry.
    P0173 Tree N
uts.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Strategic links & Joint venture.
</T
P>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 6 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 188 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-15243</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DDNB2AE9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
414
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 APR 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Fox halt
s trade in raw sugar as volumes plunge </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLAC
KWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
TRADING IN London's raw sugar contract was suspended 
yesterday by the London
Futures and Options Exchange (Fox). But the search i
s on for a replacement
contract, which it is thought could be launched this 
summer.
Mr Robin Woodhead. Fox chief executive, said a report by Landell Mil
ls
Commodities Studies had suggested that no single factor had been behind t
he
sharp decline in the exchange's raw sugar volumes. But moves from sterlin
g
to dollars, from floor to screen and back again, and the addition of Cuba 
as
a country of deliverable origin had all done harm. Business switched to t
he
relatively young and very liquid New York market.
Last month London raw s
ugar volume fell to 1,399 lots compared with 4,384
lots in March last year. 
In January 1991, when trading was switched to
screens in a bid to boost volu
mes, the contract traded 120,176 lots.
Sugar trading, which began in London 
in the late 1880s, will go on in the
screen-based white contract - probably 
the world's most successful
screen-traded commodity. But Mr Woodhead reporte
d a groundswell of support
from trade and brokerage houses for the exchange 
to create a new raws
contract.
Response from the trade in London and New Yor
k yesterday was mixed. 'It is
essentially the main sugar trade in London who
 dropped the contract in the
first place. Why do they now say they want it c
ontinued?' asked one seasoned
observer. Changing any contract was always a s
ure way to lose volume, he
said, pointing out that London's virtually untouc
hed cocoa contract was
Fox's most successful market.
However, another London
 trader said reports of the death of raw sugar
trading in London were greatl
y exaggerated. He suggested that a new contract
 -possibly screen based - wo
uld attract arbitrage business with New York.
Several US traders pointed out
 that their companies had stopped using London
when it decided to accept Cub
an sugar for delivery, as dealing in Cuban
sugar was against US law. They wo
uld welcome a revived London market,
especially in the light of recent renew
ed interest in sugar.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom
, EC.
    USZ  United States of America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P
0131 Cotton.
    P6231 Security and Commodity Exchanges.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-

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<TP>MKTS  Market data.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Fi
nancial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-8084</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DHRCGABJFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9308
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 AUG 93 / World Trade News: Caribbean pact with 
Cuba draws US fire - A look at the regional repercussions of plans for trade
 and technical co-operation </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE
>
<TEXT>
SEVERAL Central American states have stepped into a simmering diplo
matic
dispute between the US and the Caribbean Community (Caricom) over a re
cent
trade and technical co-operation agreement between the community and Cu
ba.
Amid indications of increasing US concern over the agreement, Central
Am
erican diplomats in Washington told US congressmen their governments
opposed
 the pact. They fear the region could suffer from any action taken by
the US
 against the Caribbean countries.
Earlier this month a US House of Represent
atives foreign affairs
subcommittee sent a letter to the governments of the 
13 members of Caricom
condemning the Cuban agreement. It said that the pact 
could have adverse
implications for future trade agreements between the Cari
bbean and the US,
and that Caricom should rescind its decision.
The US gover
nment says the agreement does not oblige Cuba to improve its
human rights re
cord or move towards democratic government.
But leaders of Caricom - set up 
in 1973 and consisting of English-speaking
countries in the Caribbean basin,
 Belize in Central America and Guyana in
South America - have rejected the U
S criticism. They say the agreement is
part of a programme to improve relati
ons with all countries in the region,
and that they have not asked other cou
ntries with which they have concluded
similar pacts for commitments on human
 rights and democracy.
Discontent in Washington has been fuelled by revelati
ons that the draft of
the agreement setting up a joint commission between Ca
ricom and Cuba did
contain references to human rights and democracy.
The sch
eduled signing of the pact in Havana in April was aborted when Cubans
object
ed to the 'political' nature of the draft. But at the annual summit in
the B
ahamas last month, Caricom's leaders agreed to the changes.
'Clearly we are 
disappointed that the agreement signed by Caricom with Cuba
did not include 
any human rights or democracy conditions,' Ms Donna Hrinak,
deputy assistant
 secretary of state for inter-American affairs in the US
State Department, s
aid in a radio interview.
'I think it is particularly unfortunate as it is c
oming from Caribbean
countries which have their own, very strong democratic 
traditions, and which
have been supporting efforts to restore democracy in H
aiti.'
While some Caricom leaders, including Mr P J Patterson, the Jamaican 
prime
minister, say that they understand the reaction, they are not moved by
 it.
'I think there are particular groups in the US which will have reservat
ions,
but we have to decide on our own affairs,' Mr Patterson said. 'The col
d war
is over. Countries in Europe are negotiating with Cuba. It is appropri
ate
for us to have agreements with Cuba in the framework of a joint commissi
on.'
The community represents a market of 5.5m people and is attempting to c
reate
a customs union and a common market by next year. The setting up of th
e
joint commission with Cuba to oversee co-operation in several areas follow
s
several years of Cuban efforts - with little reward - to improve relations

with its neighbours.
The commission is aimed at increasing the volume of tr
ade between Cuba and
Caricom, enhancing sugar cane yields, boosting co-opera
tion in developing
livestock and fisheries, and will combine research in bio
technology,
particularly for agricultural and technical applications.
Carico
m officials say the wording of the agreement was changed to make it
consiste
nt with that of similar agreements signed with countries such as
Venezuela a
nd Mexico, and one which is being negotiated with Colombia.
'People will nee
d to have it explained to them why Caricom believed that
Cuba should, in eff
ect, be given a bye on democracy,' said Ms Hrinak. US
officials had earlier 
complained that Caricom was 'rewarding' Cuba by
improving links without winn
ing commitment to political change.
'I do not expect the US to be happy with
 what Caricom has done,' said Mr
John Compton, the prime minister of St Luci
a. 'But the Caribbean is
consistent in its position. Mexico and Canada never
 broke ties with Cuba,
yet the US has embraced both of these countries warml
y in the North American
Free Trade Agreement.'
US President Bill Clinton has
 invited the leaders of Bahamas, Guyana,
Jamaica, Barbados, and Trinidad and
 Tobago to discuss hemispheric issues on
August 30.
'The meeting will provid
e an opportunity for the president and the Caribbean
leaders to advance thei
r common agenda of promoting democracy and good
governance, stimulating trad
e opportunities and job creation, protecting the
environment and fighting dr
ug trafficking,' a statement from the White House
said yesterday.
Meanwhile,
 Cubans are clearly happy that the agreement with their neighbours
has been 
concluded to their satisfaction. Mr Lazaro Cabezas, Cuba's
ambassador to the
 eastern Caribbean, said it represented a deepening of
links between his cou
ntry and others in the region.
'Cuba has been training doctors from Caricom 
countries and providing
technical assistance to many,' he said. 'But the pro
spects for trade between
Cuba and the Caricom states has increased significa
ntly with this agreement
on the joint commission.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-

</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
    CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX
>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9721 International Affairs.
    P8651 Political Or
ganizations.
    P01   Agricultural Production-Crops.
    P9311 Finance, Tax
ation, and Monetary Policy.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>ECON  Economic Indi
cators.
    MKTS  Market data.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> 
London Page 7 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-3399</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BDYBFAATFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9104
25
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 APR 91 / Survey of Greece (12): Tribal feelings
 strained - The pressure of immigrants from Albania and the Soviet Union </H
EADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By KIERAN COOKE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
DOWN AMONG the newspap
er booths and merchant stalls in Omonia Square in
central Athens, clusters o
f thin, weather-beaten men chat quietly. Any time
of the day and much of the
 night they are there, dressed in old-fashioned
jackets and ragged bell-bott
omed trousers.
These are the Albanians, some of the many thousands who have 
crossed over
into Greece in recent months. The Greek authorities say that to
 date more
than 20,00 Albanians have arrived in Greece. Some have returned b
ut at least
12,000 look like becoming permanent residents.
Most of the new a
rrivals are members of the Greek minority in southern
Albania - a region tha
t for long has been claimed by Greece and that is
referred to as north Epiru
s in the political textbooks.
For years, Greece had expressed its concern ab
out the Greek minority in
Albania. Now, with the government in Tirana no lon
ger capable of, or willing
to, implement rigid border controls, the minority
 is flooding out. To the
Greeks, their arrival is something of a mixed bless
ing.
However, Greece cannot turn back its north Epirot brethren. Athens is a
lso
aware that the new immigrants will at least bolster the Greek population
.
That is now a little over 10m. The birth rate is declining and there is mu
ch
concern about what is called 'the shrinking of Hellenism'.
But the immigr
ants from Albania arrive with only the clothes they wear and
with few skills
. Most are farm workers in their early 20s. Greece faces
enormous economic p
roblems and is ill-equipped to deal with an immigrant
influx.
Athens estimat
es the Greek minority in Albania to be more than 350,000
though the governme
nt in Tirana says it is 57,000. Mr Constantine
Mitsotakis, the Greek Prime M
inister, has appealed to the Greek minority to
stay at home and await the ou
tcome of political reforms.
Greece also faces pressures in dealing with othe
r immigrants, both legal and
illegal. Thousands of Bulgarians have entered G
reece from the north. There
are numbers of Poles living for the most part il
legally in various parts of
the country. Members of Turkey's Kurdish communi
ty regularly ask for
political asylum.
The Pontians are one of the more intr
iguing groups to arrive on Greek soil
in recent months. Pontians are an ethn
ic minority of Greek origin who once
inhabited an area on the southern coast
 of the Black Sea - referred to as
'Pontos' in ancient Greek.
According to t
he Greek government up to 500,000 Pontians are now dispersed
through the sou
thern Soviet Union. With the freeing of Soviet emigration
controls, more tha
n 25,000 Pontians have already arrived in Greece. Few
speak modern Greek but
 this group is unlikely to be a heavy burden on the
state.
Pontians are the 
butt of Greek jokes in much the same way as the Irish are
to the English or 
the Poles in some parts of the US. But the Pontians are a
resourceful group 
who through even the toughest times in the Soviet Union
survived and often p
rospered.
In many parts of Athens, Pontians have set up stalls selling goods
 brought
from the Soviet Union. As new residents of Greece, they have taken 
advantage
of entitlements on car imports, buying luxury models and selling t
hem for
handsome profits.
To cope with these new immigrant groups, the gover
nment has set up a special
bureau to co-ordinate educational and resettlemen
t activities. It is a
formidable task, fraught with social and political dan
gers.
Already, some concern has been raised about government plans to settle

several thousand Pontians in Thrace - a region where Muslims predominate an
d
one of the poorest in the country.
Greece wants to welcome its 'returnees'
. But it is fully aware that its
resources are severely limited. In some way
s the homecoming could not have
come at a worse time.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Finan
cial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page V </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-3399</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BDYBFAATFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9104
25
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 APR 91 / Survey of Greece (12): Tribal feelings
 strained - The pressure of immigrants from Albania and the Soviet Union </H
EADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By KIERAN COOKE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
DOWN AMONG the newspap
er booths and merchant stalls in Omonia Square in
central Athens, clusters o
f thin, weather-beaten men chat quietly. Any time
of the day and much of the
 night they are there, dressed in old-fashioned
jackets and ragged bell-bott
omed trousers.
These are the Albanians, some of the many thousands who have 
crossed over
into Greece in recent months. The Greek authorities say that to
 date more
than 20,00 Albanians have arrived in Greece. Some have returned b
ut at least
12,000 look like becoming permanent residents.
Most of the new a
rrivals are members of the Greek minority in southern
Albania - a region tha
t for long has been claimed by Greece and that is
referred to as north Epiru
s in the political textbooks.
For years, Greece had expressed its concern ab
out the Greek minority in
Albania. Now, with the government in Tirana no lon
ger capable of, or willing
to, implement rigid border controls, the minority
 is flooding out. To the
Greeks, their arrival is something of a mixed bless
ing.
However, Greece cannot turn back its north Epirot brethren. Athens is a
lso
aware that the new immigrants will at least bolster the Greek population
.
That is now a little over 10m. The birth rate is declining and there is mu
ch
concern about what is called 'the shrinking of Hellenism'.
But the immigr
ants from Albania arrive with only the clothes they wear and
with few skills
. Most are farm workers in their early 20s. Greece faces
enormous economic p
roblems and is ill-equipped to deal with an immigrant
influx.
Athens estimat
es the Greek minority in Albania to be more than 350,000
though the governme
nt in Tirana says it is 57,000. Mr Constantine
Mitsotakis, the Greek Prime M
inister, has appealed to the Greek minority to
stay at home and await the ou
tcome of political reforms.
Greece also faces pressures in dealing with othe
r immigrants, both legal and
illegal. Thousands of Bulgarians have entered G
reece from the north. There
are numbers of Poles living for the most part il
legally in various parts of
the country. Members of Turkey's Kurdish communi
ty regularly ask for
political asylum.
The Pontians are one of the more intr
iguing groups to arrive on Greek soil
in recent months. Pontians are an ethn
ic minority of Greek origin who once
inhabited an area on the southern coast
 of the Black Sea - referred to as
'Pontos' in ancient Greek.
According to t
he Greek government up to 500,000 Pontians are now dispersed
through the sou
thern Soviet Union. With the freeing of Soviet emigration
controls, more tha
n 25,000 Pontians have already arrived in Greece. Few
speak modern Greek but
 this group is unlikely to be a heavy burden on the
state.
Pontians are the 
butt of Greek jokes in much the same way as the Irish are
to the English or 
the Poles in some parts of the US. But the Pontians are a
resourceful group 
who through even the toughest times in the Soviet Union
survived and often p
rospered.
In many parts of Athens, Pontians have set up stalls selling goods
 brought
from the Soviet Union. As new residents of Greece, they have taken 
advantage
of entitlements on car imports, buying luxury models and selling t
hem for
handsome profits.
To cope with these new immigrant groups, the gover
nment has set up a special
bureau to co-ordinate educational and resettlemen
t activities. It is a
formidable task, fraught with social and political dan
gers.
Already, some concern has been raised about government plans to settle

several thousand Pontians in Thrace - a region where Muslims predominate an
d
one of the poorest in the country.
Greece wants to welcome its 'returnees'
. But it is fully aware that its
resources are severely limited. In some way
s the homecoming could not have
come at a worse time.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Finan
cial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page V </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-3399</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BDYBFAATFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9104
25
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 APR 91 / Survey of Greece (12): Tribal feelings
 strained - The pressure of immigrants from Albania and the Soviet Union </H
EADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By KIERAN COOKE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
DOWN AMONG the newspap
er booths and merchant stalls in Omonia Square in
central Athens, clusters o
f thin, weather-beaten men chat quietly. Any time
of the day and much of the
 night they are there, dressed in old-fashioned
jackets and ragged bell-bott
omed trousers.
These are the Albanians, some of the many thousands who have 
crossed over
into Greece in recent months. The Greek authorities say that to
 date more
than 20,00 Albanians have arrived in Greece. Some have returned b
ut at least
12,000 look like becoming permanent residents.
Most of the new a
rrivals are members of the Greek minority in southern
Albania - a region tha
t for long has been claimed by Greece and that is
referred to as north Epiru
s in the political textbooks.
For years, Greece had expressed its concern ab
out the Greek minority in
Albania. Now, with the government in Tirana no lon
ger capable of, or willing
to, implement rigid border controls, the minority
 is flooding out. To the
Greeks, their arrival is something of a mixed bless
ing.
However, Greece cannot turn back its north Epirot brethren. Athens is a
lso
aware that the new immigrants will at least bolster the Greek population
.
That is now a little over 10m. The birth rate is declining and there is mu
ch
concern about what is called 'the shrinking of Hellenism'.
But the immigr
ants from Albania arrive with only the clothes they wear and
with few skills
. Most are farm workers in their early 20s. Greece faces
enormous economic p
roblems and is ill-equipped to deal with an immigrant
influx.
Athens estimat
es the Greek minority in Albania to be more than 350,000
though the governme
nt in Tirana says it is 57,000. Mr Constantine
Mitsotakis, the Greek Prime M
inister, has appealed to the Greek minority to
stay at home and await the ou
tcome of political reforms.
Greece also faces pressures in dealing with othe
r immigrants, both legal and
illegal. Thousands of Bulgarians have entered G
reece from the north. There
are numbers of Poles living for the most part il
legally in various parts of
the country. Members of Turkey's Kurdish communi
ty regularly ask for
political asylum.
The Pontians are one of the more intr
iguing groups to arrive on Greek soil
in recent months. Pontians are an ethn
ic minority of Greek origin who once
inhabited an area on the southern coast
 of the Black Sea - referred to as
'Pontos' in ancient Greek.
According to t
he Greek government up to 500,000 Pontians are now dispersed
through the sou
thern Soviet Union. With the freeing of Soviet emigration
controls, more tha
n 25,000 Pontians have already arrived in Greece. Few
speak modern Greek but
 this group is unlikely to be a heavy burden on the
state.
Pontians are the 
butt of Greek jokes in much the same way as the Irish are
to the English or 
the Poles in some parts of the US. But the Pontians are a
resourceful group 
who through even the toughest times in the Soviet Union
survived and often p
rospered.
In many parts of Athens, Pontians have set up stalls selling goods
 brought
from the Soviet Union. As new residents of Greece, they have taken 
advantage
of entitlements on car imports, buying luxury models and selling t
hem for
handsome profits.
To cope with these new immigrant groups, the gover
nment has set up a special
bureau to co-ordinate educational and resettlemen
t activities. It is a
formidable task, fraught with social and political dan
gers.
Already, some concern has been raised about government plans to settle

several thousand Pontians in Thrace - a region where Muslims predominate an
d
one of the poorest in the country.
Greece wants to welcome its 'returnees'
. But it is fully aware that its
resources are severely limited. In some way
s the homecoming could not have
come at a worse time.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Finan
cial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page V </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-4795</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BDQBPADPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9104
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 APR 91 / Survey of Telford & Shropshire (9): Tw
in attractions of rural idyll and industrial heritage - Efforts to encourage
 tourism </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEWART DALBY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
LIKE othe
r parts of the old industrial north of England, Telford and
Shropshire have 
realised that tourism is big business and that they have a
number of assets 
which can be turned to good account to attract visitors.
Telford itself coul
d hardly be described as a tourist attraction. It is a
modern town, which in
 its present form has been built by the Development
Corporation. But some of
 the scenes of dereliction have been transformed by
imaginative landscaping 
and other improvements, so visitors staying in
business hotels such as the H
oliday Inn or the Moat House will not find
Telford unappealing.
As well as t
he modern shopping area with sports grounds and an ice rink in
the new centr
e, there are 450 acres of open countryside in the middle of the
town. There 
is a miniature steam railway and lakeside amphitheatre, the
award winning Ch
elsea garden and the Maxell Japanese Cherry garden.
What Telford may lack in
 historical perspective is more than made good by
nearby Ironbridge. The ind
ustrial revolution was born at nearby
Coalbrookdale, where in 1709 the Quake
r ironmaster Abraham Darby discovered
the secret of smelting iron ore using 
coke, which was cheap and plentiful,
instead of the more expensive charcoal 
- a discovery which opened the way to
large-scale industrial production of i
ron.
The presence of coal, iron ore and limestone turned east Shropshire int
o the
centre of Britain's iron trade. It was at Coalbrookdale the first iron
 rails
were made for railways, together with the first iron cylinders for st
eam
engines and, of course, the world's first iron bridge in the appropriate
ly
named village of Ironbridge.
Other industries sprang up alongside iron an
d coal, particularly pottery and
porcelain at Coalport, before the region be
gan to decline in the mid-19th
century.
The industrial past is commemorated 
by the Ironbridge Gorge Museum which has
seven sites spread over six square 
miles of stunning scenery. These include
Blists Hill, which is a reconstruct
ion of a Victorian working community. At
Coalbrookdale, the Great Warehouse 
contains the story of ironmaking, while
the Rosehill House shows how the Dar
by family lived.
Mr Richard Bifield, tourism officer at Wrekin District Coun
cil, estimates
that in 1989 the area (Wrekin covers greater Telford and the 
towns around
Ironbridge) had 800,000 visitors, compared with 250,000 ten yea
rs ago. These
visitors spent around Pounds 20m, and more than half of that w
as spent by
leisure tourists.
The reason that the district council started t
o take tourism seriously,
however, was that it provided jobs in an area of t
raditionally high
unemployment. Although still a small employer compared to 
other more
established areas, tourism now accounts for 1,400 jobs, or just u
nder 2 per
cent of the work force. Ten years ago the sector employed only 17
0 people.
Like Bradford with its photography museum, Burton with its beer mu
seum and
Liverpool with the Albert Dock complex, Telford has used its indust
rial past
to establish revenue producing assets, giving it a foothold in an 
important,
growing industry.
Of course, there is more to Shropshire than Tel
ford. The county is largely
rural, with rolling hills and vales, quiet, pict
uresque villages and
hamlets, medieval castles, ancient churches and grand c
ountry houses.
Shrewsbury is perhaps England's finest remaining Tudor town, 
while Ludlow
has its Norman castle. There are other 'products' (as such site
s are known
in the tourism business) dotted around the county, including the
 renowned
Severn Valley Steam Railway and the new Childhood and Costume Muse
um, both
at Bridgnorth; the Midland Motor Museum at Weston Park; and the aer
ospace
museum at Cosford. Charles Darwin, of theory of evolution fame, and R
obert
Clive - Clive of India - both sprang from Shropshire and their respect
ive
birth places are well noted.
Although final figures have not yet been es
tablished, there were probably
more than 1.5m visitors to Shropshire and its
 attractions in 1990, and they
spent a total of Pounds 49m.
Shropshire has t
he beginnings of modest tourism industry, which probably
accounts for over 5
,000 jobs or around 5-6 per cent of the workforce. The
county and district a
uthorities have been examining whether more could be
done to encourage extra
 business.
Together with the English Tourist Board and the Heart of England 
Tourist
Board (which covers six counties in the middle of England), the coun
ty
council and the six district councils have been engaged in a Tourism
Deve
lopment Action Plan.
The TDAP, which cost Pounds 300,000 and is now coming t
o an end after three
years, looked at ways of improving standards, at signpo
sting and raising
awareness of the county's heritage, at setting up informat
ion centres and in
training and business advice.
It also examined ways in wh
ich tourism might move forward. Two main areas
were identified: more could b
e done to develop and widen business tourism
and, in the leisure field, more
 overseas staying visitors could be
attracted.
Only around 7-8 per cent of v
isitors to Telford and Wrekin are from
overseas. Unlike Chester, York or Str
atford-upon-Avon, Shropshire is not on
the 'circuit' for visiting Americans.
 Yet evidence of a rich past is as
abundantly evident in Shrewsbury as it is
 in Chester. A strong promotion in
the US might enable the county to tap thi
s potential vein of business.
In business tourism, while Telford gets many v
isitors for strictly business
purposes, the idea should be get them to bring
 their wives and children and
stay for weekends. Telford should also try and
 develop gatherings such as
board meetings and conferences. It has the hotel
s, but should try and
broaden their use.
While occupancy rates in other main
 hotels are down to around 50 per cent in
the current tourism climate, they 
were running at over 70 per cent a year
ago. With the Gulf war over and peop
le beginning to travel again, there is
no reason why Telford and Shropshire 
should not gain a larger share of niche
markets.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial 
Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 Photograph (Omitted). Photograph Blists H
ill, left, and Shrrewsbury, right, not yet on the major tourist circuit (Omi
tted). </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-3399</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BDYBFAATFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9104
25
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 APR 91 / Survey of Greece (12): Tribal feelings
 strained - The pressure of immigrants from Albania and the Soviet Union </H
EADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By KIERAN COOKE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
DOWN AMONG the newspap
er booths and merchant stalls in Omonia Square in
central Athens, clusters o
f thin, weather-beaten men chat quietly. Any time
of the day and much of the
 night they are there, dressed in old-fashioned
jackets and ragged bell-bott
omed trousers.
These are the Albanians, some of the many thousands who have 
crossed over
into Greece in recent months. The Greek authorities say that to
 date more
than 20,00 Albanians have arrived in Greece. Some have returned b
ut at least
12,000 look like becoming permanent residents.
Most of the new a
rrivals are members of the Greek minority in southern
Albania - a region tha
t for long has been claimed by Greece and that is
referred to as north Epiru
s in the political textbooks.
For years, Greece had expressed its concern ab
out the Greek minority in
Albania. Now, with the government in Tirana no lon
ger capable of, or willing
to, implement rigid border controls, the minority
 is flooding out. To the
Greeks, their arrival is something of a mixed bless
ing.
However, Greece cannot turn back its north Epirot brethren. Athens is a
lso
aware that the new immigrants will at least bolster the Greek population
.
That is now a little over 10m. The birth rate is declining and there is mu
ch
concern about what is called 'the shrinking of Hellenism'.
But the immigr
ants from Albania arrive with only the clothes they wear and
with few skills
. Most are farm workers in their early 20s. Greece faces
enormous economic p
roblems and is ill-equipped to deal with an immigrant
influx.
Athens estimat
es the Greek minority in Albania to be more than 350,000
though the governme
nt in Tirana says it is 57,000. Mr Constantine
Mitsotakis, the Greek Prime M
inister, has appealed to the Greek minority to
stay at home and await the ou
tcome of political reforms.
Greece also faces pressures in dealing with othe
r immigrants, both legal and
illegal. Thousands of Bulgarians have entered G
reece from the north. There
are numbers of Poles living for the most part il
legally in various parts of
the country. Members of Turkey's Kurdish communi
ty regularly ask for
political asylum.
The Pontians are one of the more intr
iguing groups to arrive on Greek soil
in recent months. Pontians are an ethn
ic minority of Greek origin who once
inhabited an area on the southern coast
 of the Black Sea - referred to as
'Pontos' in ancient Greek.
According to t
he Greek government up to 500,000 Pontians are now dispersed
through the sou
thern Soviet Union. With the freeing of Soviet emigration
controls, more tha
n 25,000 Pontians have already arrived in Greece. Few
speak modern Greek but
 this group is unlikely to be a heavy burden on the
state.
Pontians are the 
butt of Greek jokes in much the same way as the Irish are
to the English or 
the Poles in some parts of the US. But the Pontians are a
resourceful group 
who through even the toughest times in the Soviet Union
survived and often p
rospered.
In many parts of Athens, Pontians have set up stalls selling goods
 brought
from the Soviet Union. As new residents of Greece, they have taken 
advantage
of entitlements on car imports, buying luxury models and selling t
hem for
handsome profits.
To cope with these new immigrant groups, the gover
nment has set up a special
bureau to co-ordinate educational and resettlemen
t activities. It is a
formidable task, fraught with social and political dan
gers.
Already, some concern has been raised about government plans to settle

several thousand Pontians in Thrace - a region where Muslims predominate an
d
one of the poorest in the country.
Greece wants to welcome its 'returnees'
. But it is fully aware that its
resources are severely limited. In some way
s the homecoming could not have
come at a worse time.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Finan
cial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page V </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-3399</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BDYBFAATFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9104
25
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 APR 91 / Survey of Greece (12): Tribal feelings
 strained - The pressure of immigrants from Albania and the Soviet Union </H
EADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By KIERAN COOKE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
DOWN AMONG the newspap
er booths and merchant stalls in Omonia Square in
central Athens, clusters o
f thin, weather-beaten men chat quietly. Any time
of the day and much of the
 night they are there, dressed in old-fashioned
jackets and ragged bell-bott
omed trousers.
These are the Albanians, some of the many thousands who have 
crossed over
into Greece in recent months. The Greek authorities say that to
 date more
than 20,00 Albanians have arrived in Greece. Some have returned b
ut at least
12,000 look like becoming permanent residents.
Most of the new a
rrivals are members of the Greek minority in southern
Albania - a region tha
t for long has been claimed by Greece and that is
referred to as north Epiru
s in the political textbooks.
For years, Greece had expressed its concern ab
out the Greek minority in
Albania. Now, with the government in Tirana no lon
ger capable of, or willing
to, implement rigid border controls, the minority
 is flooding out. To the
Greeks, their arrival is something of a mixed bless
ing.
However, Greece cannot turn back its north Epirot brethren. Athens is a
lso
aware that the new immigrants will at least bolster the Greek population
.
That is now a little over 10m. The birth rate is declining and there is mu
ch
concern about what is called 'the shrinking of Hellenism'.
But the immigr
ants from Albania arrive with only the clothes they wear and
with few skills
. Most are farm workers in their early 20s. Greece faces
enormous economic p
roblems and is ill-equipped to deal with an immigrant
influx.
Athens estimat
es the Greek minority in Albania to be more than 350,000
though the governme
nt in Tirana says it is 57,000. Mr Constantine
Mitsotakis, the Greek Prime M
inister, has appealed to the Greek minority to
stay at home and await the ou
tcome of political reforms.
Greece also faces pressures in dealing with othe
r immigrants, both legal and
illegal. Thousands of Bulgarians have entered G
reece from the north. There
are numbers of Poles living for the most part il
legally in various parts of
the country. Members of Turkey's Kurdish communi
ty regularly ask for
political asylum.
The Pontians are one of the more intr
iguing groups to arrive on Greek soil
in recent months. Pontians are an ethn
ic minority of Greek origin who once
inhabited an area on the southern coast
 of the Black Sea - referred to as
'Pontos' in ancient Greek.
According to t
he Greek government up to 500,000 Pontians are now dispersed
through the sou
thern Soviet Union. With the freeing of Soviet emigration
controls, more tha
n 25,000 Pontians have already arrived in Greece. Few
speak modern Greek but
 this group is unlikely to be a heavy burden on the
state.
Pontians are the 
butt of Greek jokes in much the same way as the Irish are
to the English or 
the Poles in some parts of the US. But the Pontians are a
resourceful group 
who through even the toughest times in the Soviet Union
survived and often p
rospered.
In many parts of Athens, Pontians have set up stalls selling goods
 brought
from the Soviet Union. As new residents of Greece, they have taken 
advantage
of entitlements on car imports, buying luxury models and selling t
hem for
handsome profits.
To cope with these new immigrant groups, the gover
nment has set up a special
bureau to co-ordinate educational and resettlemen
t activities. It is a
formidable task, fraught with social and political dan
gers.
Already, some concern has been raised about government plans to settle

several thousand Pontians in Thrace - a region where Muslims predominate an
d
one of the poorest in the country.
Greece wants to welcome its 'returnees'
. But it is fully aware that its
resources are severely limited. In some way
s the homecoming could not have
come at a worse time.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Finan
cial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page V </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 204 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-1803</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCWA7AACFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
23
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 MAR 92 / Survey of Republic of Cyprus (3): Sign
s of overheating - The economy </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By KERIN HOPE </BYLIN
E>
<TEXT>
THE unofficial indicators of prosperity in eastern Mediterranean c
ountries -
weekend traffic jams, supermarkets filled with well-groomed shopp
ers and
crowded seaside restaurants - are much in evidence in Cyprus.
A heav
y emphasis on consumer spending is one enduring consequence of the
upheaval 
in 1974 when about 180,000 Greek Cypriots were driven from the
north of the 
island, leaving behind hotels, factories and citrus orchards
that represente
d more than 60 per cent of the island's resources.
Another is the Greek Cypr
iot insistence on acquiring skills abroad, a
reflection both of high unemplo
yment in the early years of rebuilding and
the sense of security derived fro
m being able, if necessary, to earn a
living outside the island. In fact, ec
onomic recovery came swiftly in the
south, with priority given to short-term
 infrastructure projects financed
through foreign aid and borrowing. It took
 only five years for incomes to
return to pre-1974 levels.
Exports rose as n
ew, labour-intensive manufacturing exploited demand in the
Gulf states durin
g the oil boom, while services benefited from Beirut's
decline as a business
 centre. When mass tourism took off in the south, the
growth rate also soare
d, averaging more than 5 per cent in the late 1980s.
However, the Gulf war d
ealt the tourist industry a harsh blow last year.
Although bookings picked u
p as the season advanced, hoteliers were obliged
to accept sharply reduced p
rices to ensure occupancy rates that would cover
the year's costs.
Exports w
ere also affected with a number of small plants dependent on orders
from the
 Gulf being forced to shut down, while port activity at Limassol, a
regional
 transhipment centre, slowed down.
As if this were not enough to contend wit
h, a severe drought hit Cyprus last
winter. With little water available for 
irrigation despite a sustained
conservation effort, agricultural output fell
 by 10.1 per cent. The economy
grew by just 1.5 per cent in 1991.
Yet this a
ppears to have been only a temporary setback, according to the
government pl
anning bureau. Projected growth for 1992 is 7 per cent, led by
a recovery in
 exports and what seems likely to be a record year for tourism.
But as Cypru
s heads into an election year, signs of overheating are
emerging. Inflation 
reached 6 per cent last year; the introduction of value
added tax this summe
r may bring it to 7.5 per cent this year.
While exports remained steady at C
Pounds 390m in 1991, imports surged by 20
per cent as consumers launched a s
pending spree in advance of VAT. This,
coupled with a decline in tourism ear
nings, transformed a current account
surplus of CPounds 40m in 1990 into a C
Pounds 110.8m deficit, equivalent to
3.8 per cent of GDP.
With collective wa
ge agreements in several sectors coming up for renewal
this year, the unions
 will be asking for larger rises on top of index-linked
increases twice a ye
ar. Their bargaining power is enhanced by a labour
shortage which has forced
 employers to import short-term contract workers,
mostly from eastern Europe
.
'Real increases of 3-4 per cent a year are standard now, and the unions ar
e
a militant bunch. It will be hard to restrain demand in an election year,'

says one analyst.
The government has little room to manoeuvre, after being 
forced by
Parliament not only to limit VAT to a single 5 per cent rate but t
o postpone
its introduction for six months. In the meantime, a new tax packa
ge,
including across-the-board cuts in income tax, had already come into eff
ect.
The resulting budget deficit amounted to 5.1 per cent of GDP, double th
e
previous year's figure. But given the pre-electoral commitment to spending

on high profile projects such as port and road improvements, the deficit is

unlikely to shrink much this year.
Still, whatever the imbalances in southe
rn Cyprus, they pale into
insignificance against the problems facing the sel
f-styled Turkish Cypriot
republic.
The collapse in 1990 of the fruit-to-elec
tronics empire of Mr Asil Nadir, a
Cypriot by birth, cut short a brief perio
d of optimism about the future.
About 8,000 Turkish Cypriots, some 12 per ce
nt of the workforce, were
employed in a dozen companies he controlled in nor
thern Cyprus, from citrus
exporting to packaging, hotels and newspaper publi
shing. With three-quarters
of Mr Nadir's employees now out of work, northern
 Cyprus again relies
heavily on aid from Turkey, amounting to more than Doll
ars 60m yearly. Over
the years, Turkish state banks have also financed const
ruction of roads, two
airports and expansion at Kyrenia port. Yet per capita
 income in the north
is less than one-third that in internationally-recognis
ed Cyprus and appears
to be falling further behind. No official figures are 
available, but growth
last year is thought to have been negative, after a 5.
5 per cent rise in
1990.
While crossing the Green Line that divides Cyprus i
s officially forbidden,
several hundred Turkish Cypriots slip into the south
 daily to put in a few
hours of work on a Greek Cypriot construction site.
A
s in the south, tourism is the mainstay of the economy, with some 600,000
vi
sitors from Turkey last year but only 42,000 foreign tourists. Northern
Cypr
us was also hit badly by cancellations due to the Gulf crisis. This
year, a 
30 per cent increase in foreign arrivals is forecast, the result of
more eff
ective marketing in western Europe, and receipts may rise to Dollars
25m.
Bu
t sharing a currency with Turkey means that northern Cyprus imports a
Turkis
h inflation rate of more than 70 per cent. Index-linking of wages now
lags s
everal months behind, adding to the gloomy mood.
With each year that passes,
 it becomes clearer that without a political
settlement, the economic gap be
tween Greek and Turkish Cypriots can only
continue to widen.
</TEXT>
<PUB>Th
e Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page II </PAGE>
</DOC>

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zfind "(topic {birth}) and (topic {decline})"

============= Transaction # 206 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 207 ==============================================
Transaction #:    207       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-4795</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BDQBPADPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9104
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 APR 91 / Survey of Telford & Shropshire (9): Tw
in attractions of rural idyll and industrial heritage - Efforts to encourage
 tourism </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEWART DALBY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
LIKE othe
r parts of the old industrial north of England, Telford and
Shropshire have 
realised that tourism is big business and that they have a
number of assets 
which can be turned to good account to attract visitors.
Telford itself coul
d hardly be described as a tourist attraction. It is a
modern town, which in
 its present form has been built by the Development
Corporation. But some of
 the scenes of dereliction have been transformed by
imaginative landscaping 
and other improvements, so visitors staying in
business hotels such as the H
oliday Inn or the Moat House will not find
Telford unappealing.
As well as t
he modern shopping area with sports grounds and an ice rink in
the new centr
e, there are 450 acres of open countryside in the middle of the
town. There 
is a miniature steam railway and lakeside amphitheatre, the
award winning Ch
elsea garden and the Maxell Japanese Cherry garden.
What Telford may lack in
 historical perspective is more than made good by
nearby Ironbridge. The ind
ustrial revolution was born at nearby
Coalbrookdale, where in 1709 the Quake
r ironmaster Abraham Darby discovered
the secret of smelting iron ore using 
coke, which was cheap and plentiful,
instead of the more expensive charcoal 
- a discovery which opened the way to
large-scale industrial production of i
ron.
The presence of coal, iron ore and limestone turned east Shropshire int
o the
centre of Britain's iron trade. It was at Coalbrookdale the first iron
 rails
were made for railways, together with the first iron cylinders for st
eam
engines and, of course, the world's first iron bridge in the appropriate
ly
named village of Ironbridge.
Other industries sprang up alongside iron an
d coal, particularly pottery and
porcelain at Coalport, before the region be
gan to decline in the mid-19th
century.
The industrial past is commemorated 
by the Ironbridge Gorge Museum which has
seven sites spread over six square 
miles of stunning scenery. These include
Blists Hill, which is a reconstruct
ion of a Victorian working community. At
Coalbrookdale, the Great Warehouse 
contains the story of ironmaking, while
the Rosehill House shows how the Dar
by family lived.
Mr Richard Bifield, tourism officer at Wrekin District Coun
cil, estimates
that in 1989 the area (Wrekin covers greater Telford and the 
towns around
Ironbridge) had 800,000 visitors, compared with 250,000 ten yea
rs ago. These
visitors spent around Pounds 20m, and more than half of that w
as spent by
leisure tourists.
The reason that the district council started t
o take tourism seriously,
however, was that it provided jobs in an area of t
raditionally high
unemployment. Although still a small employer compared to 
other more
established areas, tourism now accounts for 1,400 jobs, or just u
nder 2 per
cent of the work force. Ten years ago the sector employed only 17
0 people.
Like Bradford with its photography museum, Burton with its beer mu
seum and
Liverpool with the Albert Dock complex, Telford has used its indust
rial past
to establish revenue producing assets, giving it a foothold in an 
important,
growing industry.
Of course, there is more to Shropshire than Tel
ford. The county is largely
rural, with rolling hills and vales, quiet, pict
uresque villages and
hamlets, medieval castles, ancient churches and grand c
ountry houses.
Shrewsbury is perhaps England's finest remaining Tudor town, 
while Ludlow
has its Norman castle. There are other 'products' (as such site
s are known
in the tourism business) dotted around the county, including the
 renowned
Severn Valley Steam Railway and the new Childhood and Costume Muse
um, both
at Bridgnorth; the Midland Motor Museum at Weston Park; and the aer
ospace
museum at Cosford. Charles Darwin, of theory of evolution fame, and R
obert
Clive - Clive of India - both sprang from Shropshire and their respect
ive
birth places are well noted.
Although final figures have not yet been es
tablished, there were probably
more than 1.5m visitors to Shropshire and its
 attractions in 1990, and they
spent a total of Pounds 49m.
Shropshire has t
he beginnings of modest tourism industry, which probably
accounts for over 5
,000 jobs or around 5-6 per cent of the workforce. The
county and district a
uthorities have been examining whether more could be
done to encourage extra
 business.
Together with the English Tourist Board and the Heart of England 
Tourist
Board (which covers six counties in the middle of England), the coun
ty
council and the six district councils have been engaged in a Tourism
Deve
lopment Action Plan.
The TDAP, which cost Pounds 300,000 and is now coming t
o an end after three
years, looked at ways of improving standards, at signpo
sting and raising
awareness of the county's heritage, at setting up informat
ion centres and in
training and business advice.
It also examined ways in wh
ich tourism might move forward. Two main areas
were identified: more could b
e done to develop and widen business tourism
and, in the leisure field, more
 overseas staying visitors could be
attracted.
Only around 7-8 per cent of v
isitors to Telford and Wrekin are from
overseas. Unlike Chester, York or Str
atford-upon-Avon, Shropshire is not on
the 'circuit' for visiting Americans.
 Yet evidence of a rich past is as
abundantly evident in Shrewsbury as it is
 in Chester. A strong promotion in
the US might enable the county to tap thi
s potential vein of business.
In business tourism, while Telford gets many v
isitors for strictly business
purposes, the idea should be get them to bring
 their wives and children and
stay for weekends. Telford should also try and
 develop gatherings such as
board meetings and conferences. It has the hotel
s, but should try and
broaden their use.
While occupancy rates in other main
 hotels are down to around 50 per cent in
the current tourism climate, they 
were running at over 70 per cent a year
ago. With the Gulf war over and peop
le beginning to travel again, there is
no reason why Telford and Shropshire 
should not gain a larger share of niche
markets.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial 
Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 Photograph (Omitted). Photograph Blists H
ill, left, and Shrrewsbury, right, not yet on the major tourist circuit (Omi
tted). </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 208 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-1199</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BEHBSABAFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9105
08
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 MAY 91 / Foreign Affairs: Problem awaiting a so
lution - After the Gulf war, the west can no longer afford to regard Turkey 
as an insoluble difficulty </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EDWARD MORTIMER </BYLI
NE>
<TEXT>
President Turgut Ozal must be furious. Since Iraq invaded Kuwait 
last
August, he has acted with bold and imaginative statesmanship, going aga
inst
the tide of Turkish public opinion to secure long-term strategic advant
ages
for his country. He used the crisis to reassert not only Turkey's strat
egic
importance to the west, but also its credentials as a European state.
H
e called for democracy in Iraq, and took steps to remove some
anti-democrati
c clauses in the Turkish constitution - notably those banning
parties based 
on group interests and banning press publications in languages
(such as Kurd
ish) that are forbidden by law.
Even more remarkably, Mr Ozal invited Iraqi 
Kurdish leaders to Ankara, where
they were told by senior foreign ministry o
fficials that the president would
support a federal solution for Iraq, givin
g autonomy to the Kurdish and
Turkmen minorities. There were even hints that
 he was contemplating
something similar in Turkey itself, as a way to isolat
e and defeat the
violent separatism of the Workers' Party of Kurdistan.
Perh
aps most remarkably of all, Mr Ozal has established direct and friendly
ties
 with Soviet Armenia.
This week, as if to cap all these efforts, Mr Ozal pub
lishes the English
edition of his book, Turkey in Europe and Europe in Turke
y. Alas, the
actions of his local subordinates on the Iraqi frontier have ru
ined the
effect.
The dominant images of the past few weeks, as far as wester
n public opinion
is concerned, have been those of Turkish soldiers barring t
he road to
Kurdish refugees, beating and even shooting them. Finally, in a s
pectacular
public relations own goal typical of Middle Eastern rather than m
odern
European governments, the authorities in south-east Turkey arrested an
d
expelled a leading British journalist who had reported, on the evidence of

British and American servicemen, that Turkish soldiers were looting refugee

supplies.
Clearly Turkey has a long way to go before public opinion in west
ern Europe
will be persuaded that it is a country eligible for EC membership
. Many
Turks recognise this, including (privately at least) some of those wh
ose
difficult task it is to represent the Turkish government in other Europe
an
capitals. 'We have to solve our own problems first,' they say. 'But if we

succeed, by 2000 it will be Europe knocking on Turkey's door, not the other

way round.' That second part of the proposition remains hard to swallow.
Pe
rhaps by then Turkey's high growth rate - 9.2 per cent last year - will
have
 significantly narrowed the gap between its purchasing power and the EC
aver
age, at present a ratio of roughly one to three.
Perhaps the birth rate will
 have begun to fall. (But hardly enough to change
the expectation that Turke
y will 'eventually have a bigger population than
any Community member state'
, to which the European Commission referred with
some alarm in its avis on T
urkey's membership application in December 1989.)
Perhaps Turkish inflation 
- 60 per cent last year - will have been brought
under control.
Perhaps publ
ic opinion in western Europe will by then have grasped the
economic case for
 opening the EC labour market to able-bodied people from
relatively backward
 countries, willing to do the low-paid jobs that no
longer find indigenous t
akers, and able, through their social security
contributions, to support the
 growing number of old age pensioners.
Perhaps the prejudice with which so m
any west Europeans currently regard
their Moslem fellow-citizens will have b
een so far overcome that they will
welcome a Moslem country as a leading mem
ber of the EC. ('To embrace
Turkey,' says Mr Ozal's book, 'Europe's view of 
her own history will need to
be as secular and universal as ours is.')
Perha
ps the Cyprus problem will have been solved, and Greece will therefore
have 
lifted the veto it currently imposes even on the release of agreed EC
aid to
 Turkey, let alone Turkish membership.
Perhaps freedom of expression and ass
ociation will have been guaranteed to
all Turkish citizens, including those 
who campaign by non-violent methods
for Kurdish independence; and perhaps th
e humanitarian standards of Turkish
soldiers and policemen will be no worse 
than those of their counterparts
elsewhere in Europe. (There are signs, unfo
rtunately, that this convergence
is occurring from both sides.)
All the abov
e developments are highly desirable. Few of them are very
likely. The first 
two may not be more than marginally affected either way by
government decisi
ons. The others require, as a necessary if not sufficient
condition, determi
ned action by public authorities - some in Turkey, some in
the EC, some in b
oth.
Up to now the general west European attitude has been to regard Turkey 
as an
insoluble problem, but one which could safely be left unsolved, especi
ally
once the decline of the Soviet threat seemed to reduce its strategic
im
portance. The Gulf war, and Turkey's role in it, have made that attitude
mor
e difficult to sustain. They have led, among other things, to renewed US
pre
ssure on Europe to accommodate Turkey.
'Turkey has earned the right to join 
the EC,' an article in the current
issue of Foreign Affairs boldly asserts. 
More immediately, the US wishes to
see Turkey, as an important member of Nat
o, included in any attempt to
organise a 'European pillar' of the Atlantic A
lliance, for instance through
the Western European Union. This pressure is h
otly resented by those, such
as the French government, who wish WEU to devel
op, if at all, as an arm of
the future European Political Union rather than 
of Nato. They hope to see
WEU membership sooner or later coincide with that 
of the EC, and they do not
regard the membership of these European bodies as
 being any business of the
US. Britain, by contrast, opposes any expansion o
f WEU membership for the
time being, and especially any suggestion that Gree
ce be admitted while
Turkey is kept out.
Europeans are right to feel their i
nstitutions should not be treated as mere
adjuncts of Nato, but wrong if tha
t leads them to ignore Turkey's role in a
European 'defence identity' which 
seems likely to be called on to manifest
itself, if anywhere, in the Middle 
East and/or the Balkans. Turkey's views
should be taken seriously in any dis
cussion of future European security
arrangements, and the question of its re
lationship to the future European
Union cannot be left to fester.
Hard thoug
h it is to believe that all the obstacles to Turkish EC membership
could be 
removed within the next nine years, that does not mean we should
wait nine y
ears before even attempting to solve them. A more positive
approach would be
 an open-ended negotiation on all the issues. In this,
Turkey and the EC tog
ether would seek to define the long-term relationship
that would best suit b
oth their interests; the stages by which it could be
reached; and the condit
ions to be fulfilled before proceeding from one stage
to the next. Perhaps, 
as with economic and monetary union among the 12, they
should also assign a 
target date or deadline to each successive stage.
Geographically speaking, T
urkey is in eastern Europe; and for Turks, as for
other east Europeans, memb
ership of the EC is not a purely economic matter.
It is the anchor by which 
they hope to attach themselves to the democratic
industrialised world. If we
stern Europe were to say 'yes' unconditionally
the device would not work. Ha
ppily there is no danger of that. But it will
fail equally certainly, and pe
rhaps disastrously, if western Europe shows no
interest and has nothing to o
ffer.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 19 Illustra
tion (Omitted). </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 209 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-2291</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BEABLAA0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9105
01
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  01 MAY 91 / Migrants halt decline in Scottish popu
lation </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JAMES BUXTON, Scottish Correspondent </BYL
INE>
<TEXT>
THE long-running gentle decline in the Scottish population was r
eversed last
year for the first time since the mid-1970s as Scotland, normal
ly a reliable
source of emigrants, received an influx of migrants.
In the ye
ar to June 30 1990 the estimated population rose by 11,700 to
5,102,400, acc
ording to Scotland's registrar general.
A net 13,500 people migrated into Sc
otland, most of them from the rest of
Britain, but also from abroad.
This of
fset a natural fall in the population of 1,400 caused by a high
number of de
aths from influenza in the winter of 1989-90 and a relatively
low number of 
births.
The gradual decline in the Scottish population and, until recently, 
high
levels of emigration have long been a matter of concern to the governme
nt,
as well as a source of political point scoring by opposition parties,
no
tably the Scottish National party.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<
PAGE> London Page 8 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 210 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-2291</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BEABLAA0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9105
01
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  01 MAY 91 / Migrants halt decline in Scottish popu
lation </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JAMES BUXTON, Scottish Correspondent </BYL
INE>
<TEXT>
THE long-running gentle decline in the Scottish population was r
eversed last
year for the first time since the mid-1970s as Scotland, normal
ly a reliable
source of emigrants, received an influx of migrants.
In the ye
ar to June 30 1990 the estimated population rose by 11,700 to
5,102,400, acc
ording to Scotland's registrar general.
A net 13,500 people migrated into Sc
otland, most of them from the rest of
Britain, but also from abroad.
This of
fset a natural fall in the population of 1,400 caused by a high
number of de
aths from influenza in the winter of 1989-90 and a relatively
low number of 
births.
The gradual decline in the Scottish population and, until recently, 
high
levels of emigration have long been a matter of concern to the governme
nt,
as well as a source of political point scoring by opposition parties,
no
tably the Scottish National party.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<
PAGE> London Page 8 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 211 ==============================================
Transaction #:    211       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-2291</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BEABLAA0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9105
01
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  01 MAY 91 / Migrants halt decline in Scottish popu
lation </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JAMES BUXTON, Scottish Correspondent </BYL
INE>
<TEXT>
THE long-running gentle decline in the Scottish population was r
eversed last
year for the first time since the mid-1970s as Scotland, normal
ly a reliable
source of emigrants, received an influx of migrants.
In the ye
ar to June 30 1990 the estimated population rose by 11,700 to
5,102,400, acc
ording to Scotland's registrar general.
A net 13,500 people migrated into Sc
otland, most of them from the rest of
Britain, but also from abroad.
This of
fset a natural fall in the population of 1,400 caused by a high
number of de
aths from influenza in the winter of 1989-90 and a relatively
low number of 
births.
The gradual decline in the Scottish population and, until recently, 
high
levels of emigration have long been a matter of concern to the governme
nt,
as well as a source of political point scoring by opposition parties,
no
tably the Scottish National party.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<
PAGE> London Page 8 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 212 ==============================================
Transaction #:    212       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-135</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BENBQAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>91051
4
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 MAY 91 / Survey of Computers in Manufacturing (6
): Fuzzy logic and robots spell technological advantage - Japan, modifying p
roduction philosophies as emphasis shifts back to the human workforce </HEAD
LINE>
<BYLINE>    By LORI VALIGRA </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    TOKYO </DATELINE>

<TEXT>
IT seemed laughable at the time: a couple years ago a Japanese manufa
cturer
replaced some factory line workers with automation machinery, then se
t up
full-sized cardboard human dummies to keep the remaining workers from
g
etting lonely.
The completely workerless factory is a decade away, but there
 are a few
showcase examples including Fanuc, the machine tool manufacturer'
s factory
near Mount Fuji, where robots make robots. But until no-human fact
ories are
realised on a broad scale, factory automation system makers will f
ocus their
research on bridging the awkward interaction between humans and t
he ever
increasing number of machines working by their side.
In past years m
anufacturers put the emphasis on installing labour-saving
machines to raise 
production. They focused on maximising the use of people,
money, time and ma
terials, and humans had to find a way to fit in with the
complex machinery b
eginning to surround them.
'Until now humans have had to adapt to use machin
es, so the man-machine
interface was not well matched,' says Mr Hiroshi Mats
uyama, a manager at
Omron the programmable controller maker in Tokyo.
'Japan
ese industry is now modifying its philosophy. The centre of production
has s
hifted to human workers, and computers should be matched with humans,'
he sa
ys. That means designing new software that allows production machinery
to be
 more easily used and changed quickly for different jobs. For example,
weldi
ng or insertion and using artificial intelligence techniques such as
fuzzy l
ogic to help robots and computers make better decisions, such as
finding an 
operational failure, through inferences, as humans do.
The escalating skille
d labour shortage, brought about by a declining birth
rate and a more afflue
nt and highly educated society, makes robots an
important component of facto
ry automation, a do-or-die decision for some
companies.
Strong competition i
n industries such as shipping has resulted in waves of
investment in labour-
saving technology such as steel and aluminium cutting
tools, processing mach
ines and welding robots. The rise in the labour force
is expected to be 0.8 
per cent a year until 1993, then it is likely to fall
off by half to 0.4 per
 cent until 2000, according to Japanese government
statistics. During that t
ime Japan expects to keep about a 4 per cent annual
economic growth rate.
'T
o achieve this it is necessary to introduce automation technology,' says
Mr 
Kanji Yonemoto, vice-chairman of the Japan Industrial Robot Association
(Jir
a) in Tokyo. An even more remarkable shift in Japan's economy is the
switch 
from a manufacturing to a service economy.
Jobs in services pay better. Mr Y
onemoto says there will be 1.5m fewer
blue-collar workers in manufacturing b
y 2000 than in 1989, when there was a
shortage of 715,800 people. Today's yo
ung people are a different breed of
worker from those who laboured long hour
s for little pay to build Japan's
industrial miracle.
They want to avoid so-
called '3K' work: 'kiken' (dangerous), 'kitanai'
(dirty) and 'kitsui' (hard)
. 'Older men were very patient and had the
Bushido (warrior) morale, but it 
is hard to find these people today,' says
Mr Matsuyama.
Replacing them with 
machinery takes time and money. Omron, which produces
programmable controlle
rs and other electronics products, sees the
improvements that can be made in
 factory automation as almost limitless and
including diagnosing system fail
ures and other management tasks.
The improvements span a broad factory autom
ation market valued at almost
Y2,000bn and covering every aspect of making a
 product from design through
production and inspection. The important compon
ents of automating a factory
are numerical controllers, the largest chunk of
 the market, as well as
computer-aided design and manufacturing software and
 equipment, industrial
robots, programmable controllers, automated warehouse
s, computers and
automatic guided vehicles that transport products throughou
t a plant site.
Japan leads the world in both producing and using these prod
uction
components. It has replaced Germany as the biggest exporter of machin
e
tools, an important indicator of industrial development and economic power
.
Japan has an estimated 23 per cent of the world market compared to the 16

per cent held by Germany.
Five Japanese companies are making machine tools i
n Europe. Mazak Yamazaki,
for example, has a Dollars 50m factory in Worceste
r, in the UK which
produces some 100 computer-controlled machines a month, a
ccording to
industry estimates. Japan's worldwide share of the fast-growing 
robot market
is even more impressive: it has 57.5 per cent of the robot inst
allations
worldwide, with western Europe having 14.5 per cent and the US 9.5
 per cent.
Japan's main advantages are that workers in automotive, electroni
cs and
other factories are accustomed to and readily accept automation techn
ology,
product demand is still strong in the home market, and Japanese
manuf
acturers make most of the machines they use for automation, so there is
litt
le competition from imports.
The electronics industry is the biggest user of
 automation technology. At
its Ome design and manufacturing works west of To
kyo, Toshiba uses its own
laptop computers for design, development and assem
bly of new Toshiba
laptops.
The laptops are used to compute how easily a new
 computer model can be
assembled by a line of 12 workers, who can slap toget
her one notebook-size
Dynabook computer in a few minutes. That's important, 
because the company is
making about 1m laptops a year at Ome, and the life s
pan of each new product
is getting increasingly shorter amid hot competition
.
'Often it's the case with some products that the effective life span is
al
ready over by the time it goes to the market place,' says Mr Masao Suga,
who
 heads the personal computer research and development department at Ome.
How
ever, the shortening product life spans, which run from six months for a
Jap
anese word processor to about three years for laptops, made it
increasingly 
difficult for Toshiba to continue using robots. Toshiba
replicates about 70 
per cent of design work from current models in new ones.
While it took Toshi
ba three years to develop the T3100 and J3100 laptops
from scratch, it took 
only nine months to design the smaller-size Dynabook.
Though its factory is 
about 70-80 per cent automated, visitors to the
company often comment about 
the number of people still present on the
manufacturing lines, but Mr Suga s
ays that with the fast-paced product life
cycles, humans are needed. 'There 
are problems with automated systems. They
can't catch up with new technology
, so humans are acting as universal super
robots,' he adds.
Fuzzy logic may 
help close the gap. Mr Yonemoto of Jira says fuzzy logic,
software that can 
help make a decision from unclear information, will help
increase the versat
ility of robots in the future by affording better control
of their movements
. Omron, a leader in using fuzzy technology, has developed
a test robot that
 can grasp soft or fragile items, such as tofu (bean curd).
In a New Year's 
address to employees, Mr Yoshio Tateisi, company president,
identified fuzzy
 logic as an important research area for the 1990s. By 1994,
more than 20 pe
r cent of Omron's product line will include some type of
fuzzy logic. Accord
ing to Mr Matsuyama, fuzzy logic has many benefits. As
part of a computer-in
tegrated manufacturing (Cim) system it can be used in
production and in mana
ging the company.
'Another merit of fuzzy technology is to replace a person 
where computers
are hard to use, for example, controlling a nuclear power ge
neration plant's
circulation control system to clean water and to make decis
ions. Perhaps the
Chernobyl or Mihama plant accidents could have been avoide
d with these
systems,' he says.
Fuzzy logic, along with more flexible robots
 and other components, spell
another technological advantage for Japan in th
e future: being able to
change small-scale production quickly, so that multi
ple products can be
produced on the same factory line in one day. Mr Matsuya
ma predicts Japanese
manufacturers will become very good at this small-scale
 production, which is
a difficult technology demanding ultimate flexibility.

Computerisation would be all the more necessary in production in the sense

that market information should be more effectively connected with the
produc
tion process or with the factory itself. But large-scale flexible
production
 without man will take 8-10 years says Matsushita Electric in
Osaka.
The com
pany believes fuzzy logic, along with neurocomputing technology which
more c
losely mimics the human brain, will be the main technologies once they
are r
efined.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page IV </PAGE
>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 213 ==============================================
Transaction #:    213       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

Usr Interface:   Prob          Time Cmd Sent: 16:00:00
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Selec. Rec. #:      5

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Associated Variable Length Text:

<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-135</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BENBQAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>91051
4
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 MAY 91 / Survey of Computers in Manufacturing (6
): Fuzzy logic and robots spell technological advantage - Japan, modifying p
roduction philosophies as emphasis shifts back to the human workforce </HEAD
LINE>
<BYLINE>    By LORI VALIGRA </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    TOKYO </DATELINE>

<TEXT>
IT seemed laughable at the time: a couple years ago a Japanese manufa
cturer
replaced some factory line workers with automation machinery, then se
t up
full-sized cardboard human dummies to keep the remaining workers from
g
etting lonely.
The completely workerless factory is a decade away, but there
 are a few
showcase examples including Fanuc, the machine tool manufacturer'
s factory
near Mount Fuji, where robots make robots. But until no-human fact
ories are
realised on a broad scale, factory automation system makers will f
ocus their
research on bridging the awkward interaction between humans and t
he ever
increasing number of machines working by their side.
In past years m
anufacturers put the emphasis on installing labour-saving
machines to raise 
production. They focused on maximising the use of people,
money, time and ma
terials, and humans had to find a way to fit in with the
complex machinery b
eginning to surround them.
'Until now humans have had to adapt to use machin
es, so the man-machine
interface was not well matched,' says Mr Hiroshi Mats
uyama, a manager at
Omron the programmable controller maker in Tokyo.
'Japan
ese industry is now modifying its philosophy. The centre of production
has s
hifted to human workers, and computers should be matched with humans,'
he sa
ys. That means designing new software that allows production machinery
to be
 more easily used and changed quickly for different jobs. For example,
weldi
ng or insertion and using artificial intelligence techniques such as
fuzzy l
ogic to help robots and computers make better decisions, such as
finding an 
operational failure, through inferences, as humans do.
The escalating skille
d labour shortage, brought about by a declining birth
rate and a more afflue
nt and highly educated society, makes robots an
important component of facto
ry automation, a do-or-die decision for some
companies.
Strong competition i
n industries such as shipping has resulted in waves of
investment in labour-
saving technology such as steel and aluminium cutting
tools, processing mach
ines and welding robots. The rise in the labour force
is expected to be 0.8 
per cent a year until 1993, then it is likely to fall
off by half to 0.4 per
 cent until 2000, according to Japanese government
statistics. During that t
ime Japan expects to keep about a 4 per cent annual
economic growth rate.
'T
o achieve this it is necessary to introduce automation technology,' says
Mr 
Kanji Yonemoto, vice-chairman of the Japan Industrial Robot Association
(Jir
a) in Tokyo. An even more remarkable shift in Japan's economy is the
switch 
from a manufacturing to a service economy.
Jobs in services pay better. Mr Y
onemoto says there will be 1.5m fewer
blue-collar workers in manufacturing b
y 2000 than in 1989, when there was a
shortage of 715,800 people. Today's yo
ung people are a different breed of
worker from those who laboured long hour
s for little pay to build Japan's
industrial miracle.
They want to avoid so-
called '3K' work: 'kiken' (dangerous), 'kitanai'
(dirty) and 'kitsui' (hard)
. 'Older men were very patient and had the
Bushido (warrior) morale, but it 
is hard to find these people today,' says
Mr Matsuyama.
Replacing them with 
machinery takes time and money. Omron, which produces
programmable controlle
rs and other electronics products, sees the
improvements that can be made in
 factory automation as almost limitless and
including diagnosing system fail
ures and other management tasks.
The improvements span a broad factory autom
ation market valued at almost
Y2,000bn and covering every aspect of making a
 product from design through
production and inspection. The important compon
ents of automating a factory
are numerical controllers, the largest chunk of
 the market, as well as
computer-aided design and manufacturing software and
 equipment, industrial
robots, programmable controllers, automated warehouse
s, computers and
automatic guided vehicles that transport products throughou
t a plant site.
Japan leads the world in both producing and using these prod
uction
components. It has replaced Germany as the biggest exporter of machin
e
tools, an important indicator of industrial development and economic power
.
Japan has an estimated 23 per cent of the world market compared to the 16

per cent held by Germany.
Five Japanese companies are making machine tools i
n Europe. Mazak Yamazaki,
for example, has a Dollars 50m factory in Worceste
r, in the UK which
produces some 100 computer-controlled machines a month, a
ccording to
industry estimates. Japan's worldwide share of the fast-growing 
robot market
is even more impressive: it has 57.5 per cent of the robot inst
allations
worldwide, with western Europe having 14.5 per cent and the US 9.5
 per cent.
Japan's main advantages are that workers in automotive, electroni
cs and
other factories are accustomed to and readily accept automation techn
ology,
product demand is still strong in the home market, and Japanese
manuf
acturers make most of the machines they use for automation, so there is
litt
le competition from imports.
The electronics industry is the biggest user of
 automation technology. At
its Ome design and manufacturing works west of To
kyo, Toshiba uses its own
laptop computers for design, development and assem
bly of new Toshiba
laptops.
The laptops are used to compute how easily a new
 computer model can be
assembled by a line of 12 workers, who can slap toget
her one notebook-size
Dynabook computer in a few minutes. That's important, 
because the company is
making about 1m laptops a year at Ome, and the life s
pan of each new product
is getting increasingly shorter amid hot competition
.
'Often it's the case with some products that the effective life span is
al
ready over by the time it goes to the market place,' says Mr Masao Suga,
who
 heads the personal computer research and development department at Ome.
How
ever, the shortening product life spans, which run from six months for a
Jap
anese word processor to about three years for laptops, made it
increasingly 
difficult for Toshiba to continue using robots. Toshiba
replicates about 70 
per cent of design work from current models in new ones.
While it took Toshi
ba three years to develop the T3100 and J3100 laptops
from scratch, it took 
only nine months to design the smaller-size Dynabook.
Though its factory is 
about 70-80 per cent automated, visitors to the
company often comment about 
the number of people still present on the
manufacturing lines, but Mr Suga s
ays that with the fast-paced product life
cycles, humans are needed. 'There 
are problems with automated systems. They
can't catch up with new technology
, so humans are acting as universal super
robots,' he adds.
Fuzzy logic may 
help close the gap. Mr Yonemoto of Jira says fuzzy logic,
software that can 
help make a decision from unclear information, will help
increase the versat
ility of robots in the future by affording better control
of their movements
. Omron, a leader in using fuzzy technology, has developed
a test robot that
 can grasp soft or fragile items, such as tofu (bean curd).
In a New Year's 
address to employees, Mr Yoshio Tateisi, company president,
identified fuzzy
 logic as an important research area for the 1990s. By 1994,
more than 20 pe
r cent of Omron's product line will include some type of
fuzzy logic. Accord
ing to Mr Matsuyama, fuzzy logic has many benefits. As
part of a computer-in
tegrated manufacturing (Cim) system it can be used in
production and in mana
ging the company.
'Another merit of fuzzy technology is to replace a person 
where computers
are hard to use, for example, controlling a nuclear power ge
neration plant's
circulation control system to clean water and to make decis
ions. Perhaps the
Chernobyl or Mihama plant accidents could have been avoide
d with these
systems,' he says.
Fuzzy logic, along with more flexible robots
 and other components, spell
another technological advantage for Japan in th
e future: being able to
change small-scale production quickly, so that multi
ple products can be
produced on the same factory line in one day. Mr Matsuya
ma predicts Japanese
manufacturers will become very good at this small-scale
 production, which is
a difficult technology demanding ultimate flexibility.

Computerisation would be all the more necessary in production in the sense

that market information should be more effectively connected with the
produc
tion process or with the factory itself. But large-scale flexible
production
 without man will take 8-10 years says Matsushita Electric in
Osaka.
The com
pany believes fuzzy logic, along with neurocomputing technology which
more c
losely mimics the human brain, will be the main technologies once they
are r
efined.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page IV </PAGE
>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 214 ==============================================
Transaction #:    214       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

Usr Interface:   Prob          Time Cmd Sent: 16:00:00
  Rec. Format:  Short      Time Cmd Complete: 14:23:42
Selec. Rec. #:      5

Boolean Indexes Used:

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Associated Variable Length Text:

<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-135</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BENBQAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>91051
4
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 MAY 91 / Survey of Computers in Manufacturing (6
): Fuzzy logic and robots spell technological advantage - Japan, modifying p
roduction philosophies as emphasis shifts back to the human workforce </HEAD
LINE>
<BYLINE>    By LORI VALIGRA </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    TOKYO </DATELINE>

<TEXT>
IT seemed laughable at the time: a couple years ago a Japanese manufa
cturer
replaced some factory line workers with automation machinery, then se
t up
full-sized cardboard human dummies to keep the remaining workers from
g
etting lonely.
The completely workerless factory is a decade away, but there
 are a few
showcase examples including Fanuc, the machine tool manufacturer'
s factory
near Mount Fuji, where robots make robots. But until no-human fact
ories are
realised on a broad scale, factory automation system makers will f
ocus their
research on bridging the awkward interaction between humans and t
he ever
increasing number of machines working by their side.
In past years m
anufacturers put the emphasis on installing labour-saving
machines to raise 
production. They focused on maximising the use of people,
money, time and ma
terials, and humans had to find a way to fit in with the
complex machinery b
eginning to surround them.
'Until now humans have had to adapt to use machin
es, so the man-machine
interface was not well matched,' says Mr Hiroshi Mats
uyama, a manager at
Omron the programmable controller maker in Tokyo.
'Japan
ese industry is now modifying its philosophy. The centre of production
has s
hifted to human workers, and computers should be matched with humans,'
he sa
ys. That means designing new software that allows production machinery
to be
 more easily used and changed quickly for different jobs. For example,
weldi
ng or insertion and using artificial intelligence techniques such as
fuzzy l
ogic to help robots and computers make better decisions, such as
finding an 
operational failure, through inferences, as humans do.
The escalating skille
d labour shortage, brought about by a declining birth
rate and a more afflue
nt and highly educated society, makes robots an
important component of facto
ry automation, a do-or-die decision for some
companies.
Strong competition i
n industries such as shipping has resulted in waves of
investment in labour-
saving technology such as steel and aluminium cutting
tools, processing mach
ines and welding robots. The rise in the labour force
is expected to be 0.8 
per cent a year until 1993, then it is likely to fall
off by half to 0.4 per
 cent until 2000, according to Japanese government
statistics. During that t
ime Japan expects to keep about a 4 per cent annual
economic growth rate.
'T
o achieve this it is necessary to introduce automation technology,' says
Mr 
Kanji Yonemoto, vice-chairman of the Japan Industrial Robot Association
(Jir
a) in Tokyo. An even more remarkable shift in Japan's economy is the
switch 
from a manufacturing to a service economy.
Jobs in services pay better. Mr Y
onemoto says there will be 1.5m fewer
blue-collar workers in manufacturing b
y 2000 than in 1989, when there was a
shortage of 715,800 people. Today's yo
ung people are a different breed of
worker from those who laboured long hour
s for little pay to build Japan's
industrial miracle.
They want to avoid so-
called '3K' work: 'kiken' (dangerous), 'kitanai'
(dirty) and 'kitsui' (hard)
. 'Older men were very patient and had the
Bushido (warrior) morale, but it 
is hard to find these people today,' says
Mr Matsuyama.
Replacing them with 
machinery takes time and money. Omron, which produces
programmable controlle
rs and other electronics products, sees the
improvements that can be made in
 factory automation as almost limitless and
including diagnosing system fail
ures and other management tasks.
The improvements span a broad factory autom
ation market valued at almost
Y2,000bn and covering every aspect of making a
 product from design through
production and inspection. The important compon
ents of automating a factory
are numerical controllers, the largest chunk of
 the market, as well as
computer-aided design and manufacturing software and
 equipment, industrial
robots, programmable controllers, automated warehouse
s, computers and
automatic guided vehicles that transport products throughou
t a plant site.
Japan leads the world in both producing and using these prod
uction
components. It has replaced Germany as the biggest exporter of machin
e
tools, an important indicator of industrial development and economic power
.
Japan has an estimated 23 per cent of the world market compared to the 16

per cent held by Germany.
Five Japanese companies are making machine tools i
n Europe. Mazak Yamazaki,
for example, has a Dollars 50m factory in Worceste
r, in the UK which
produces some 100 computer-controlled machines a month, a
ccording to
industry estimates. Japan's worldwide share of the fast-growing 
robot market
is even more impressive: it has 57.5 per cent of the robot inst
allations
worldwide, with western Europe having 14.5 per cent and the US 9.5
 per cent.
Japan's main advantages are that workers in automotive, electroni
cs and
other factories are accustomed to and readily accept automation techn
ology,
product demand is still strong in the home market, and Japanese
manuf
acturers make most of the machines they use for automation, so there is
litt
le competition from imports.
The electronics industry is the biggest user of
 automation technology. At
its Ome design and manufacturing works west of To
kyo, Toshiba uses its own
laptop computers for design, development and assem
bly of new Toshiba
laptops.
The laptops are used to compute how easily a new
 computer model can be
assembled by a line of 12 workers, who can slap toget
her one notebook-size
Dynabook computer in a few minutes. That's important, 
because the company is
making about 1m laptops a year at Ome, and the life s
pan of each new product
is getting increasingly shorter amid hot competition
.
'Often it's the case with some products that the effective life span is
al
ready over by the time it goes to the market place,' says Mr Masao Suga,
who
 heads the personal computer research and development department at Ome.
How
ever, the shortening product life spans, which run from six months for a
Jap
anese word processor to about three years for laptops, made it
increasingly 
difficult for Toshiba to continue using robots. Toshiba
replicates about 70 
per cent of design work from current models in new ones.
While it took Toshi
ba three years to develop the T3100 and J3100 laptops
from scratch, it took 
only nine months to design the smaller-size Dynabook.
Though its factory is 
about 70-80 per cent automated, visitors to the
company often comment about 
the number of people still present on the
manufacturing lines, but Mr Suga s
ays that with the fast-paced product life
cycles, humans are needed. 'There 
are problems with automated systems. They
can't catch up with new technology
, so humans are acting as universal super
robots,' he adds.
Fuzzy logic may 
help close the gap. Mr Yonemoto of Jira says fuzzy logic,
software that can 
help make a decision from unclear information, will help
increase the versat
ility of robots in the future by affording better control
of their movements
. Omron, a leader in using fuzzy technology, has developed
a test robot that
 can grasp soft or fragile items, such as tofu (bean curd).
In a New Year's 
address to employees, Mr Yoshio Tateisi, company president,
identified fuzzy
 logic as an important research area for the 1990s. By 1994,
more than 20 pe
r cent of Omron's product line will include some type of
fuzzy logic. Accord
ing to Mr Matsuyama, fuzzy logic has many benefits. As
part of a computer-in
tegrated manufacturing (Cim) system it can be used in
production and in mana
ging the company.
'Another merit of fuzzy technology is to replace a person 
where computers
are hard to use, for example, controlling a nuclear power ge
neration plant's
circulation control system to clean water and to make decis
ions. Perhaps the
Chernobyl or Mihama plant accidents could have been avoide
d with these
systems,' he says.
Fuzzy logic, along with more flexible robots
 and other components, spell
another technological advantage for Japan in th
e future: being able to
change small-scale production quickly, so that multi
ple products can be
produced on the same factory line in one day. Mr Matsuya
ma predicts Japanese
manufacturers will become very good at this small-scale
 production, which is
a difficult technology demanding ultimate flexibility.

Computerisation would be all the more necessary in production in the sense

that market information should be more effectively connected with the
produc
tion process or with the factory itself. But large-scale flexible
production
 without man will take 8-10 years says Matsushita Electric in
Osaka.
The com
pany believes fuzzy logic, along with neurocomputing technology which
more c
losely mimics the human brain, will be the main technologies once they
are r
efined.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page IV </PAGE
>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-6189</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CB1BLAFUFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
28
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  28 FEB 92 / The Mood Of Britain: Clearing up after
 one hell of a party - Michael Cassell concludes his pre-election trip aroun
d the UK. He finds a sense of optimism in Essex, in contrast to the deep pes
simism that persists in other areas of the country which have lost their pas
t and not found a future </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By MICHAEL CASSELL </BYLINE
>
<TEXT>
BOSS CARS, one of the flashier motor dealers out along the Romford 
Road,
stands ominously empty. It seems the customers went first, followed in
 quick
succession by the cars and then the boss.
'We've got more motors to f
log than Fergie's got fellas,' claims Trevor
Satoretti, one of the surviving
 cheeky-chappy dealers kicking their heels on
car lots to the east of centra
l London. 'If you offered a free motor with
every gallon of petrol you still
 wouldn't shift them,' he says. Trade is
bad, he adds, but declines to put h
is theory to the test.
Much of the route from the City out through Bow, Stra
tford, Forest Gate and
Manor Park towards Essex proper, the land of conspicu
ous consumption, is
lined by unchanging inner-urban neglect.
In spite of app
earances the local economy has until recently been thriving.
In places like 
Chadwell Heath the fortunes of first-generation retailers
have flourished on
 the strength of fat pay packets and easy credit. Video
super-markets vied f
or business with satellite television distributors and
camcorder and compute
r-game specialists.
Beyond Dagenham, with its rows of privatised, customised
 council homes
boasting satellite dishes and festoon curtains, lie Gidea Par
k and Harold
Wood.
Here, people like Henry France, an office equipment suppl
ier, have made a
'quick turn' on privatisation share issues and have begun t
o worry about
inheritance taxes. Driveways are jammed with Mitsubishi Shogun
s and Suzuki
Vitaras. 'Some of these houses need car park attendants,' mutte
rs Nesta
Beglan, a cleaning lady heading along The Ridgeway.
The good times 
rolled in Essex in the 1980s. It became a cliche for base
materialism and th
e butt of jokes in which the local youth are portrayed as
sex-crazed simplet
ons loaded with cash. (By way of a printable example -
Essex girl to friend:
 'Do you like Chanel No. 5?' Answer: 'No, I only watch
Sky One.')
Lynne Tran
som is the real thing; a 22-year old Essex girl who lives in
Barking and com
mutes into the City to work. She says of the jokes: 'Many are
based on the i
dea we've got above our station, that we're better off but
can't handle it. 
Talk about a classless society - it's pure snobbery.'
Lynne and her family r
emain optimistic in spite of the recession. 'Times are
harder, but we haven'
t done badly at all and want to do better,' she says.
The Greek island of My
konos, not Leigh-on-Sea, is this year's holiday
destination.
But if the 1980
s saw a materialistic binge, the early 1990s brought the
hangover. Mallards,
 the Ilford jewellers, advertises cash loans against the
diamonds or Rolex w
atches bought in better times.
'Mrs Thatcher invited everyone to the party, 
then made them pay for their
own drinks and left them to clear up afterwards
,' claims George Wickham, a
former police sergeant from Brentwood. 'We had a
 brief spell of prosperity,
but I doubt we've made much real progress.' He p
oints to the alienation of
the 'have nots' from the 'haves'.
The plight of t
hose who have temporarily tasted a better life, only to have
their aspiratio
ns dashed by the recession, can seem particularly hard. At
Seven Kings, beyo
nd Ilford, the streets are lined with Victorian villas
converted into double
-glazed castles. Dozens are for sale.
Roy Ellis, a 30-year-old toolmaker, wa
nts Pounds 67,000 for his
three-bedroomed home close to the station. A forme
r council tenant, he has
no regrets about buying but needs something cheaper
 to ease the family
budget: 'Buying a home was supposed to be a one-way bet.
 But loads of owners
here have had to jack it in.'
Ellis is not exaggerating
. Mortgage arrears hearings at Ilford County Court
rose by more than three q
uarters last year, with about half the cases
resulting in repossession.
With
 nearly 10,000 jobless people on the Ilford register, local job centres
rece
ntly had just 64 vacancies. Winston Simms, an unemployed roofer from
Hornchu
rch, is looking for building work: 'I did well for a bit but I'm
right back 
where I was seven years ago,' he says. 'Isn't everyone?'
In spite of reposse
ssions and the credit card debts, the answer to that
question for most Essex
 men and women appears to be 'No'. Working people
here have invariably asser
ted themselves and live their lives the way they
want; they rarely reminisce
 about some past golden age. There may be anger,
a feeling of betrayal borne
 out of a return to relative hardship, but for
most there remains more of a 
sense of delayed advancement which they expect
to resume.
The optimism is by
 no means universally shared around the country, and deep
pessimism persists
 in areas which have lost their past and not found a
future. It is, however,
 possible at the end of the journey to draw together
some common strands jou
rney which will form the backdrop to the coming
election.
For the majority, 
most of the 1980s were materially good. Real household
incomes rose by more 
than a quarter; many people surprised themselves and
bought homes, shares an
d even timeshares.
The British became sceptical of government's ability to i
ntervene and
prevent industrial decline; coalmines and steelworks were shut,
 eliciting
human sympathy but invoking a new realism about the value of stat
e-sponsored
rescues.
About 1m more people became self-employed - though not 
always because they
wanted to.
The British were not weaned off the state; th
e economic shake-out forced the
many jobless to become directly dependent up
on it. And though people may yet
accept the princi-ple of more choice in the
 public sector, it is to the
state they expect to turn for education, health
 and public transport.
By the end of the 1980s, deep reservations also persi
sted about the
legitimate parameters of private enterprise. In the end, high
er bills and
higher boardroom salaries helped give privatisation a rather sh
ady
reputation. The 'divided nation' of north against south is not a cliche,

though this recession has temporarily inverted the old order, with the sout
h
faring worst.
The most notable division, however, is not purely geographic
 but also
economic. Since 1979 the top half of the population raised its inc
ome by
four times, the poorer half by only one quarter. The solidarity which
 bound
those in and out of work in areas of deprivation has also broken down
.
Surveys invariably show Britain as a contented nation, but it has the
seco
nd-highest divorce rate in Europe, a quarter of all households consist
of a 
single person and births outside wedlock have more than doubled in 10
years.
 The family, another political pedestal of the 1980s, is being
redefined.
'L
arge numbers of people have no one close to them to talk to, but they now
ap
pear more prepared to seek out someone who may help,' says Philip Hills,
bra
nch director of the Samaritans in Colchester, trying to explain the 50
per c
ent increase in cases on his books. 'Many have done very well for
themselves
 and their families in recent years. But human hopes and problems
remain bas
ically the same.'
In the 1987 general election, with Thatcherism at its heig
ht, Labour made a
play for the nation's social conscience. The argument cent
red on the case
for lower taxes for some or better public provision for all.
 The Tories
claimed they could do both.
Five years ago, Labour resoundingly 
lost the debate and the vote. This time
it is trying the same tack, appealin
g to the voters' to follow it on to the
higher, more expensive moral ground.
 Its real challenge is to convince the
voters that, like them, it no longer 
has hang-ups about wealth-creation and
prosperity and that it can deliver, i
n a constructive partnership between
state and private enterprise, a better 
future.
Mr John Major, who must strive to sharpen the contrast in political 
messages
when most of the differences seem slight, must demonstrate that unp
opular
elements of his political bequest have been exorcised. His task is to

promote a kinder, gentler Toryism, capable of looking after those knocked
o
ff the ladder of opportunity, but primarily intent on promoting individual
r
ights, choices and personal ownership.
If the opinion polls are to be believ
ed, people from the Isle of Skye to the
Isle of Sheppey remain divided on wh
ich flag to follow.
Other articles in this series: Monday, Skye; Tuesday, Ne
wcastle upon Tyne;
Wednesday, Lincolnshire; Thursday, Birmingham and the Rho
ndda.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 Map (Omit
ted). Photograph Driving a bargain, Essex became the butt of jokes and a cli
che for base materialism (Omitted). </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-7010</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBYA2ADVFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
25
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 FEB 92 / Russia braced for large output cuts </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By LEYLA BOULTON </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    MOSCOW </DATE
LINE>
<TEXT>
A FURTHER sharp fall in Russia's industrial production is inevi
table but
action will be taken to stimulate sectors which decline by more th
an 50 per
cent over the next few months, the Russian government said yesterd
ay.
Mr Andrei Nechayev, head of the newly recreated Economics Ministry, fore
cast
that output would fall 'significantly' in the next two months as a resu
lt of
the government's tight monetary and credit policy. The first sector li
kely
to experience a slump was agricultural machinery, but taxation and othe
r
financial benefits would be deployed to help.
The minister also announced 
plans to free the domestic price of oil and gas
at the end of April as part 
of the effort to stabilise prices. The step will
deal a further blow to indu
stry accustomed to cheap energy.
The state-controlled domestic price of oil 
is Rbs350 a tonne. The price of
coal is also to be freed on April 15, althou
gh the price of coking coal,
crucial to the metallurgy industry, is to remai
n fixed.
Pleading for restraint on the part of workers to help avoid hyperin
flation,
Mr Nechayev said that the government's agreement under duress to in
crease
the pay of coalminers in the northern Voruta region was a dangerous
p
recedent which could spark a chain reaction and torpedo the government's
who
le reform programme. He said prices this month had risen 10-12 per cent
comp
ared to last February.
The Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs
 produced figures
showing that industrial output in the whole of the former 
Soviet Union had
fallen 17 per cent in January.
Although the defence industr
y is being cut, the 27 per cent fall in steel
production for January will hu
rt other industries such as agricultural
machinery. Coal output was down 10 
per cent and oil 12 per cent.
Professor Yeveny Yasin, the industrialists' pr
ominent economist, warned that
production in the next two months could fall 
to half last year's level. He
said the decline was partly because of the dis
ruption of traditional
supplies between enterprises, and partly because of t
ight credit.
Russia, the only one of the former Soviet republics to have mad
e debt
payments, is refusing to attend debt talks organised by the Ukrainian
s in
Kiev today. Russian officials said they were irritated by Ukraine's fai
lure
to send a high-level official to a meeting on the more than Dollars 60b
n
debt in Moscow yesterday, as well as by the fact it had not taken part in

previous debt meetings.
Ukraine, which wants to pay its share separately and
 rejects a memorandum
undertaking joint and several responsibility for the d
ebt, joined the
meeting in Moscow, but did not adhere to any of its conclusi
ons.
Painful birth, Page 18
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> L
ondon Page 3 Photograph President Boris Yeltsin braves the snow to visit the
 Russian Orthodox Patriarch Alexis yesterday at the Danilovsky Monastery in 
Moscow (Omitted). </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-10372</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBFBEAD5FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
206
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  06 FEB 92 / Mohammed is favourite name for Israel
i babies </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HUGH CARNEGY and REUTER </BYLINE>
<DATEL
INE>    JERUSALEM, WASHINGTON </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
IN ISRAEL last year, the mo
st popular name for newborn babies was not Moshe,
or Rachel, but Mohammed. T
hird most popular, according to Interior Ministry
figures, was Ahmed.
The ex
planation lies in the fact that the birth rate among Israel's Arab
minority 
is much greater, proportionately, than among the Jewish population,
a trend 
which has profound long-term political implications.
Official figures show t
hat in 1991, Israel's 4.1m Jews produced 71,000
babies, while the Arab popul
ation of 900,000 produced 30,000. The official
Arab numbers include 150,000 
in occupied East Jerusalem but not those in the
West Bank and Gaza.
Israeli 
concern to prevent a steady erosion of the Jewish majority is one of
the rea
sons the country's leaders have rejoiced at the flood of Jewish
immigration 
from the former Soviet Union over the past two years. It is also
one of the 
reasons why there is anxiety over a recent fall in the numbers of
olim, or i
mmigrants, arriving from the Commonwealth of Independent States.
In 1991 and
 1990, immigration totalled more than 370,000, the vast majority
coming from
 Russia and other former Soviet states. This boosted annual
Jewish populatio
n growth to more than 5 per cent, ahead of the Arab rate of
about 3 per cent
 for the first time in some years.
With officials confidently predicting the
 arrival of a further 600,000 to
700,000 Jews from the CIS by mid-decade, th
e Israeli fear that the Arab
minority would within three decades account fro
m more than one quarter of
the population - gaining, for example, enough ele
ctoral power to make or
break governments - receded. Officials talked of the
 Jewish state gaining
'critical mass'.
However, the severe economic difficul
ties engendered by immigration,
particularly unemployment of 10 per cent and
 rising, have recently been
blamed for a sharp decline in the the numbers of
 immigrants from the CIS.
In January, immigration totalled just under 7,375,
 of whom 6,237 were from
former Soviet territories, the lowest monthly count
 since the explosion of
Soviet emigration in late 1989.
'I think we are on t
he verge of missing a big opportunity for immigration
because of the hardshi
ps of severe unemployment and housing problems,' said
Mr Uri Gordon, a senio
r official at the Jewish Agency, the body responsible
for immigration, last 
week. 'Continuation of the current situation could
slowly extinguish immigra
tion.' That view is seen by many as too
pessimistic. A few years ago, monthl
y Jewish immigration of more than 5,000
would have been seen as a spectacula
r achievement by the government.
If so, the Jewishness of the Jewish state w
ill be cemented. But in the
broader context of both Israel and the occupied 
West Bank and Gaza Strip,
the immigration wave is not expected to delay for 
very long the catch-up
effect of a faster Arab birth-rate.
Reuter adds from 
Washington: Mr James Baker, the secretary of state, said
yesterday the US wo
uld not grant Israel the Dollars 10bn loan guarantees
unless it was sure the
 money would not be used to promote policies it
opposed.
Speaking to the Sen
ate foreign relations committee, Mr Baker made it clear
the US was by no mea
ns committed to giving Israel any or all of the aid it
has requested to pay 
for the immigration of hundreds of thousands of people
from the former Sovie
t Union. He did not mention the word 'settlements' but
that clearly was his 
intent when he said: 'We should give consideration to
those things that woul
d make it clear that if we were going to do this we
would do it in a manner 
that supported United States policy and not in
manner that ran counter to Un
ited States policy.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-11463</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CA4AUADKFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
131
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  31 JAN 92 / Survey of World Industrial Review (1)
: Engines of growth slow down - The down-turn may be more than merely cyclic
al </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CHARLES LEADBEATER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
TWO of the
 world's youngest and healthiest industries, electronics and the
aerospace a
nd aviation sector, have reached a painful turning point.
Last year there wa
s a growing recognition that these industries have reached
a moment which co
uld change the course of their evolution and their role as
engines of growth
. The changes sweeping through these industries will
profoundly affect the c
ompanies which make them up, the people who work
within them, their customer
s and suppliers in the next few years.
Their travails in 1992 will be set ag
ainst the backdrop of slower economic
growth, intensifying competition in ol
der industries such as cars, and
painful restructuring in steel and chemical
s.
Electronics and the aviation/aerospace industry have both enjoyed near
pe
rmanent growth since their birth after World War Two. They have not
suffered
 the cyclical swings in demand which have become common in older
manufacturi
ng industries established in the 1920s and 1930s such as
chemicals, motor ca
rs and electrical goods.
In the past year, both electronics and aviation/aer
ospace have been hit by
slower economic growth, in the wake of the Gulf War.
 But doubts about their
health run deeper than the chill they have caught fr
om the recession. Both
industries face structural challenges which could sap
 their dynamism.
In electronics, the doubts have been raised largely by succ
ess in generating
new technology. Semi-conductor manufacturers used to a rea
dy demand for
their products are cutting production and investment because o
f doubts about
the demand for their most sophisticated chips.
The computer i
ndustry has been accustomed to growth rates of 20 per cent a
year over the 3
0 years since its birth. In the past year it has come to a
shuddering halt.

The choices facing computer makers are daunting. The cost of backing a
techn
ology which proves unpopular is huge. But the costs of success -
research on
 successive generations of hardware and software - are also huge,
while marg
ins earned on finished products are falling as computing power
becomes an ov
ersupplied commodity. Computer users who even five years ago
might have been
 so dazzled by new technology have become more dubious about
the benefits of
 information technology. Consumer electronics companies for
years they have 
made money through incremental improvements to familiar
products such as tel
evisions and hi-fis.
Now its growth prospects depend on technological leaps 
of faith into new
products such as high-definition television.
In aerospace 
and aviation the doubts are different. For the first time since
World War Tw
o, passenger traffic suffered a decline last year. Just as IBM,
the heart of
 the old computer industry, is suffering heavily, so Pan
American, the illus
trious airline, disappeared last year.
Just as significantly for aerospace m
anufacturers the end of the Cold War
probably spells a permanent reduction i
n military funding for expensive
aerospace programmes. Meanwhile, there is o
nly one major new civil aircraft
planned for this decade the Boeing 777. Aro
und the world, engine and
airframe makers are shedding labour as they adjust
 to this environment.
More mature industries, such as cars, chemicals and st
eel are also beset by
different degrees of difficulty. In steel, especially 
in the US and Europe,
lower demand has exposed the fragility of the steel ma
kers' recovery during
the 1980s. The more stable chemical industry is cuttin
g costs in a bout of
restructuring which has highlighted the strength of pha
rmaceuticals. In the
western car industry, the lumbering corporate giants su
ch as General Motors
are still reeling from mounting competition from Japan.

None of the problems afflicting these industries will be eased by the
econo
mic climate in the next year. World growth in 1992 should be marginally
stro
nger in the second half of the year. However, there are significant
risks of
 a 'growth recession' in the OECD, with the US, UK and Australia
taking long
er than expected to recover just as Germany and Japan slow down.
Painful str
uctural change within vital industries combined with slower
economic growth 
will make it more difficult to resolve some of the most
pressing political i
ssues which will set the framework for industry's
development. Five politica
l questions will be central.
The Japanese economy has grown with its industr
ies' exports largely
protected by a political umbrella provided by US guardi
anship With tension
growing over trade in US-Japanese relations, is the Japa
nese political class
capable of ensuring the umbrella remains in place?
The 
US presidential elections, with the economy still mired in recession,
and th
e country increasingly troubled by its loss of competitiveness, will
test th
e strength of protectionism. The next year may prove crucial in
European eco
nomic integration, determining whether the single market
programme succeeds 
or is overcome by mounting tensions over economic and
monetary union. The he
alth of the reunified German economy will be central
to the rest of Europe.

The economic disruption which will flow from the collapse of the Soviet
Unio
n could impose heavy direct costs upon east European economies as well
as gr
eat uncertainty in the west. Perhaps the most important issue will be
the ou
tcome of the Gatt talks to further liberalise world trade. A liberal
trading
 order, enforced by strengthened rules covering virtually all
countries and 
almost all trade flows is within the world's grasp.
However, the US is incre
asingly attracted to bilateral negotiations to
manage trade. In the EC and J
apan agricultural lobbies are still powerful.
The significance of a failure 
to secure a Gatt deal would be huge. World
trade has led the growth of outpu
t through each successive economy cycle
since the 1960s, partly because of t
he gradual liberalisation of world
trade. A failure at Gatt might put in dou
bt the role of world trade as an
engine of world growth.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Fi
nancial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 11 Illustration (Omitted). </PAGE>
<
/DOC>

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============= Transaction # 220 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-12447</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CA0BDAA5FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
127
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 JAN 92 / Letter: All not lost in family planni
ng </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    From Dr MALCOLM POTTS </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Sir, How d
ifficult it is to deal sensibly with family planning. The FT
survey on Egypt
 (January 21) has a story headlined 'Lost: 20m condoms'; but
it fails to men
tion the progress made in family planning.
Few things are more important for
 the future of Egypt than slowing the
growth of human numbers; there are 1m 
more births than deaths every nine
months and the population is likely to do
uble by the year 2020. Fortunately,
Egyptians want smaller families. Fertili
ty is declining and a recent survey
found about half of all couples are now 
using modern contraceptives. This is
the result of a successful partnership 
between the government of Egypt,
non-governmental bodies, the private sector
 and international donors.
Indeed, the demand for contraception in the devel
oping world is so strong
that the lost condoms given such prominence in the 
FT may have been
illicitly sold to neighbouring countries. This is embarrass
ing for the
monitors of US Agency for International Development, but the con
traceptives
almost certainly continued to save lives and plan families; it i
s neither
statistically plausible nor culturally likely that every other Egy
ptian is
playing with an odd-shaped, lubricated balloon.
Malcolm Potts,
Fami
ly Health International,
Cairo, Egypt
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB
>
<PAGE> London Page 13 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 221 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-12455</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CA0BDAAXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
127
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 JAN 92 / Arts: Milton Keynes, the view from th
e grid - Architecture </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By COLIN AMERY </BYLINE>
<TEXT
>
Cities are dense and difficult places. They both elevate and depress the
h
uman spirit. God and Mammon fight for the city's heart while mere mortals
sc
urry about their business hoping to find solace from the daily grind.
Cities
 are more than paper diagrams of imposed order. They flower out of
adversity
 and take time to establish their character and culture. They need
a purpose
 higher than mere accommodation, a status beyond statistics.
Milton Keynes i
n Buckinghamshire is celebrating 25 years of birth pangs this
month. It is d
escribed as the fastest growing city in Britain - its
population when it was
 designated in 1967 was 18,350, today it is around
150,000. It is the last n
ew town to be commissioned in England and in many
ways it demonstrates the e
asy solution to the problems of our declining
cities. It is relatively strai
ghtforward to take 22,000 acres of
Buckinghamshire farm land and turn it int
o an efficient new suburb; it is
much harder to plan and organise the rejuve
nation of those English cities
that exploded in the 19th century and have ne
ver quite recovered their
equilibrium.
No one underestimates the skill and h
ard work that goes into persuading
people and businesses to relocate to a ne
w town. But it cannot be denied
that it helps to have a blank sheet, and it 
certainly helps if your blank
sheet can be laid across some desirable meadow
s half way between London and
Birmingham and near good motorways and railway
s.
What does Milton Keynes look like after 25 years? How successful is it? C
an
it be described in any way as a city?
When it comes to visibility and civ
ic appearances Milton Keynes does not
score highly. What you see derives str
ictly from the plan created in the
late 1960s by Llewelwyn-Davies Weekes For
estier-Walker and Bor under the
particular guidance of one partner, Richard 
Llewelwyn-Davies. He was
described at the time as 'the intellectual leader o
f the scientific wing of
English architects'. He was subsequently to become 
a Labour peer.
His plan was for a town dedicated to ease of movement by moto
r car. The
basis of the plan is a grid of roads; and each kilometre square o
f the grid
formed the boundary for local development. The grid linked the ex
isting
settlements at Bletchley, Wolverton and Stony Stratford with the new 
centre
of Milton Keynes. A famous perspective view of the future new city wa
s drawn
early on by Helmut Jacoby, in which a bubble helicopter hovered over
 a leafy
grid of roads, water and low-rise buildings.
His vision was accurat
e. You can visit Milton Keynes today and not really
notice the town at all b
ecause of the effectiveness of the tree planting and
landscaping. Actually y
ou could just spend your time exploring the double
grid: at one level there 
is the superior network of landscaped roads for
cars, and below there is ano
ther network of 'Redways', landscaped pedestrian
and cycle tracks. In summer
, with a bicycle, you could have quite a good day
out on the grid.
Since the
 inception of the town, some 15 million trees have been planted,
wide plante
d verges are everywhere and there must be hundreds of planted
roundabouts. B
ecause all the buildings are low rise - indeed there was
apparently a planni
ng instruction that nothing was to be higher than a tree
 -the town is large
ly invisible.
Because of this strange sense of arboreal limbo it is quite a 
shock to dive
off the road grid into the housing neighbourhoods. But it is a
 salutary
shock. Here is written the history of British housing design over 
the last
two decades. It is also the history of British architecture.
The ne
w town assembled good teams of well known architects. Influenced by
the grid
, early housing like Netherfield ran long, low, flat roofed terraces
across 
half a mile of landscape. Netherfield was designed by Jeremy Dixon,
Ed Jones
, Chris Cross and Mike Gold. It had aluminium roofs and plastic fins
dividin
g house from house in the terrace. As the land dropped so did the
houses, bu
t the long flat roofs continued at one level height throughout,
sometimes le
aving large gaps between the houses and the roof.
Norman Foster's office als
o designed some housing for Milton Keynes in the
early days at Beanhill. The
 houses had flat aluminium roofs clad with
profiled aluminium panels. This e
xperiment failed and after a law suit,
pitched roofs were added to the terra
ces.
Today those sorts of terrible architectural experiments would not be al
lowed
and the idea of regimented workers' housing - however much part of
Lle
welwyn-Davies's and others' Leninist dreams - has vanished. A tour of the
ho
using areas today is, if anything, like a visit to the Ideal Home
Exhibition
; 69 per cent of the population are house owners and houses are
largely buil
t by private developers following standard guidelines. There are
good vernac
ular 'fishing village' designs by architects like Richard Mac
Cormac, Waylan
d Tunley, Peter Aldington and Ralph Erskine. There are also
mock Tudor house
s, Georgian houses, thatched houses, regency houses, and
every conceivable v
ariety of gingerbread houses. Both Hansel and Gretel
would be happy here.
Th
e town centre and almost all the public and commercial/industrial
buildings 
are in marked contrast to the housing. The enormous shopping
centre, which p
rovides an indoor street almost as long as Oxford Street, is
cool and Miesia
n. It has a faint air of Mussolini's new Rome about it, but
perhaps that is 
because of all the travertine. The railway station and
offices are mainly gl
ass boxes, but there are some more interesting, very
new buildings like the 
polytechnic by Ted Cullinan and the headquarters of
Pharmacia by Hobbs Archi
tects. There is the brand new ecumenical church,
with its dome, at the centr
e of the town, designed by PDD architects. This
ought to have been much bigg
er: the dome does not do what domes are meant to
do and sail over the lower 
buildings. Instead it looks as though it tried to
rise above its surrounding
s but sighed so deeply that it sank down again.
That somehow sums up what I 
feel about Milton Keynes - it ought to have been
wonderful but it isn't. Non
e of our really good architects worked on any of
the public buildings - and 
although all the trees are splendid, the built
fabric of Milton Keynes is no
t of the calibre needed to make it a city. It
is the garden suburb adapted f
or the car, and oh so carefully planned.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </
PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 11 Photograph The dome that tried to rise but sighed
 too deeply, the brand new ecumenical church in the town centre designed by 
PDD architects (Omitted). </PAGE>
</DOC>

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zfind "(topic @ {birth rate decline})"

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============= Transaction # 224 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-11076</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHBDUAAYFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
802
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 AUG 94 / Italian birth rate shrinks </HEADLINE
>
<BYLINE>    By ROBERT GRAHAM </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    ROME </DATELINE>
<TEX
T>
Italians risk becoming a vanishing race if current demographic trends
con
tinue. In 1993 Italy registered a 'birth deficit', with deaths
outnumbering 
the newly born for the first time this century outside the
first world war. 
According to Istat, the national statistics institute, the
number of births 
fell to 538,168 - the lowest level since the unification of
Italy. In contra
st, the number of deaths rose to 543,433. Compared to 1992,
the birth rate f
ell from 9.9 to 9.4 per 1,000. If the present trend
continues, one recent re
search paper suggests Italy's population could fall
from 57m to 12m by the y
ear 2100. However, the south continues to be
prolific and its baby 'surplus'
 almost compensates for the 'deficit' in the
centre and north. Increased wea
lth is the main explanation for the decline.
But unlike northern European co
untries, Italy does not possess an immigrant
population with a high birth ra
te.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>ITZ  Italy, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries
:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>

<TP>STATS  Statistics.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-11076</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHBDUAAYFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
802
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 AUG 94 / Italian birth rate shrinks </HEADLINE
>
<BYLINE>    By ROBERT GRAHAM </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    ROME </DATELINE>
<TEX
T>
Italians risk becoming a vanishing race if current demographic trends
con
tinue. In 1993 Italy registered a 'birth deficit', with deaths
outnumbering 
the newly born for the first time this century outside the
first world war. 
According to Istat, the national statistics institute, the
number of births 
fell to 538,168 - the lowest level since the unification of
Italy. In contra
st, the number of deaths rose to 543,433. Compared to 1992,
the birth rate f
ell from 9.9 to 9.4 per 1,000. If the present trend
continues, one recent re
search paper suggests Italy's population could fall
from 57m to 12m by the y
ear 2100. However, the south continues to be
prolific and its baby 'surplus'
 almost compensates for the 'deficit' in the
centre and north. Increased wea
lth is the main explanation for the decline.
But unlike northern European co
untries, Italy does not possess an immigrant
population with a high birth ra
te.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>ITZ  Italy, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries
:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>

<TP>STATS  Statistics.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-11076</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHBDUAAYFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
802
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 AUG 94 / Italian birth rate shrinks </HEADLINE
>
<BYLINE>    By ROBERT GRAHAM </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    ROME </DATELINE>
<TEX
T>
Italians risk becoming a vanishing race if current demographic trends
con
tinue. In 1993 Italy registered a 'birth deficit', with deaths
outnumbering 
the newly born for the first time this century outside the
first world war. 
According to Istat, the national statistics institute, the
number of births 
fell to 538,168 - the lowest level since the unification of
Italy. In contra
st, the number of deaths rose to 543,433. Compared to 1992,
the birth rate f
ell from 9.9 to 9.4 per 1,000. If the present trend
continues, one recent re
search paper suggests Italy's population could fall
from 57m to 12m by the y
ear 2100. However, the south continues to be
prolific and its baby 'surplus'
 almost compensates for the 'deficit' in the
centre and north. Increased wea
lth is the main explanation for the decline.
But unlike northern European co
untries, Italy does not possess an immigrant
population with a high birth ra
te.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>ITZ  Italy, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries
:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>

<TP>STATS  Statistics.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-9226</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHLDRAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
12
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  12 AUG 94 / Children neither seen nor heard: A ste
ep fall in the birth rate means demographic worries for east Germany </HEADL
INE>
<BYLINE>    By JUDY DEMPSEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The British author, PD Jam
es, recently wrote a novel called The Children of
Men. It is set in England 
in 2021 and describes how infertility has spread
like a plague. The human ra
ce faces extinction as scientists try to reverse
the trend. At the end of th
e book, a woman gives birth, but whether this is
enough to save the human ra
ce is left open.
German demographers and doctors could identity with this wo
rk of fiction:
five years since the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the birth r
ate in east
Germany continues to plummet.
Mr Horst Halle, head of the matern
ity department at the Charite, east
Berlin's largest hospital, first noticed
 the trend in early 1990. 'You just
had to look at the statistics,' he expla
ined. 'Before 1989, there were about
16,000 babies born each year in east Be
rlin. Today, that figure has slumped
to 6,800, a decline of about 60 per cen
t.
'In the Charite itself, we used to record about 2,200 births a year. Toda
y,
we have fewer than 1,800, and we are doing better than most maternity
hos
pitals in east Berlin.'
Such an unprecedented fall in the birth rate would h
ave shocked the former
communist regime in East Germany. It prided itself on
 its wide range of
social services aimed at providing women with excellent c
hildcare facilities
to encourage them to have children.
Then, day-care centr
es were free. Women could take a year's paid maternity
leave and return to a
 guaranteed job, or take off three years with generous
state support and sti
ll have the same job to go back to. Indeed, more than
90 per cent of the fem
ale working population were employed, compared with 49
per cent in west Germ
any. By the age of 21, east German women started having
children, unlike the
ir west German counterparts, who generally started a
family in their mid-to-
late 20s.
Despite these incentives, however, the birth rate in east Germany 
was
relatively low compared with most other east European countries under th
e
communists. Mr Jurgen Dorbritz, a demographer at the Federal Statistics
Of
fice, says: 'What we are now seeing in eastern Germany is a birth rate
which
 is falling from a low base. That is the worrying aspect. That's what
makes 
the statistics so extraordinary.'
In 1989, there were 198,922 live births in
 east Germany, the equivalent of
12 births per 1,000, or about 1.6 children 
per family. This was the same as
in west Germany. By 1993, the number of eas
t German births had fallen to
79,926 - or about 60 per cent of the 1989 rate
 - the equivalent of 0.8
children per family, or only half the west German l
evel.
'We just don't know how long this trend will continue. One thing is ce
rtain.
There will be very few children born between the years 2015 and 2020 
because
of the lack of women of child-bearing age. Can you imagine how diffi
cult it
is going to be to pay for the number of old people in our country?' 
said Mr
Dorbritz.
According to the latest statistics from the German Associa
tion for Pension
Insurance, the number of people under the age of 20 in east
 Germany will
fall from 3.84m in 1993 to 2.6m in 2020; the number of people 
aged between
20 and 60 will fall from 8.7m to 7.6m; and those over 60 will r
ise from 3m
to 4.13m. The percentage of pensioners per 100 contributors to t
he state
pension insurance system will rise from 26 per cent in 1993 to more
 than 50
per cent by 2020.
Mr Halle, who has worked in the Charite for 28 ye
ars, believes there are
several reasons why east German women are remaining 
childless. 'Demographers
tend to ignore the fact that we had been expecting 
a sharp fall in the birth
rate in the year 1995, regardless of unification. 
This is because the east
German abortion law of 1972 made abortion available
 on demand. We knew we
were not going to have many child-bearing women in th
e mid-1990s,' he
explained. In 1972, the birth rate fell to about 6 per 1,00
0, climbing back
to about 12 births per 1,000. Today it is fewer than 5.1.
B
ut Mr Halle also believes that the process of German unification itself has

had a profound social effect on east German women. 'A young east German
woma
n knows that if she becomes pregnant, the chances she will find a job
are no
w far less, especially given the high level of unemployment,' he said.
East 
German women have borne the brunt of unemployment, which is officially
16 pe
r cent of the working population, excluding those on short-time work,
early 
retirement schemes, or job creation programmes.
By the end of the first quar
ter of this year, more than 790,000 east German
women had lost their jobs, r
epresenting a female unemployment rate of 23 per
cent. In west Germany, 1.1m
 women, or 9.3 per cent, are out of work. 'East
German women today have free
dom of choice, but they have lost their status
in society,' said Mr Dorbritz
.
The other pressure arising from unification is that many east German women

have had to seek new qualifications, retrain, or change jobs more often,
un
like the former days when a job was for life. 'There is no more security.
Th
e widespread sense of uncertainty has played a major role in the decline
of 
the birth rate,' said Mr Dorbritz.
The freedom to travel has played its part
 in the decline of the birth rate
as well: young east German women have an u
nprecedented chance to go abroad
before they settle and start a family.
'The
re was hardly anything else to do before 1989,' said Mr Dorbritz. 'East
Germ
an society was geared towards encouraging young women to procreate. All
thos
e social planks of free kindergartens, both parents in a job, heavily
subsid
ised or free children's clothes and shoes, have now disappeared.'
Greater mo
bility and open borders have led to a sharp rise in migration from
east Germ
any to west Germany. More than 1.2m from a population of 17m east
Germans we
nt to live in west Germany between late 1989 and early 1991.
'Many of these 
people were young and skilled,' said Mr Nicholas Eberstadt, a
demographer at
 the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
'Of the overa
ll drop in the birth rate, roughly one-ninth can be attributed
to the sheer 
decline of east Germany's population during those two years.'
Staff at the C
harite hospital know that, unless the birth rate increases,
the obstetrician
s, doctors and nurses could be without a job. 'We have 2,000
beds here,' sai
d Mr Halle. 'Before unification, we were dealing with more
than 2,200 women 
a year. If we cannot account for all the beds, we will be
under pressure to 
make savings. That means cutting jobs.'
But his main concern is the kind of 
society which will evolve in east
Germany in the next century. 'The prognosi
s is very bad,' said Mr Halle. 'I
do not know how we are going to fend for t
he elderly. Who is going to pay
for them?' One answer might be to allow immi
grants into the country under a
quota system to replenish the population - a
 solution advanced by some
liberals.
One thing is clear. Mr Eberstadt believ
es that, if the present trends in
east Germany continue, it will be virtuall
y impossible for what he calls
'generational replacement' to occur.
'For gen
erational replacement, eastern Germany's women of child-bearing age
today wo
uld have to give birth to an average of about 2.07 infants over the
course o
f their lives. They are now having 0.8 children, less than one birth
per wom
an per lifetime. This is not enough for a net population
replacement.'
</TEX
T>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  Germany, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX
>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMM
T  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 228 ==============================================
Transaction #:    228       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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Associated Variable Length Text:

<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-9226</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHLDRAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
12
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  12 AUG 94 / Children neither seen nor heard: A ste
ep fall in the birth rate means demographic worries for east Germany </HEADL
INE>
<BYLINE>    By JUDY DEMPSEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The British author, PD Jam
es, recently wrote a novel called The Children of
Men. It is set in England 
in 2021 and describes how infertility has spread
like a plague. The human ra
ce faces extinction as scientists try to reverse
the trend. At the end of th
e book, a woman gives birth, but whether this is
enough to save the human ra
ce is left open.
German demographers and doctors could identity with this wo
rk of fiction:
five years since the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the birth r
ate in east
Germany continues to plummet.
Mr Horst Halle, head of the matern
ity department at the Charite, east
Berlin's largest hospital, first noticed
 the trend in early 1990. 'You just
had to look at the statistics,' he expla
ined. 'Before 1989, there were about
16,000 babies born each year in east Be
rlin. Today, that figure has slumped
to 6,800, a decline of about 60 per cen
t.
'In the Charite itself, we used to record about 2,200 births a year. Toda
y,
we have fewer than 1,800, and we are doing better than most maternity
hos
pitals in east Berlin.'
Such an unprecedented fall in the birth rate would h
ave shocked the former
communist regime in East Germany. It prided itself on
 its wide range of
social services aimed at providing women with excellent c
hildcare facilities
to encourage them to have children.
Then, day-care centr
es were free. Women could take a year's paid maternity
leave and return to a
 guaranteed job, or take off three years with generous
state support and sti
ll have the same job to go back to. Indeed, more than
90 per cent of the fem
ale working population were employed, compared with 49
per cent in west Germ
any. By the age of 21, east German women started having
children, unlike the
ir west German counterparts, who generally started a
family in their mid-to-
late 20s.
Despite these incentives, however, the birth rate in east Germany 
was
relatively low compared with most other east European countries under th
e
communists. Mr Jurgen Dorbritz, a demographer at the Federal Statistics
Of
fice, says: 'What we are now seeing in eastern Germany is a birth rate
which
 is falling from a low base. That is the worrying aspect. That's what
makes 
the statistics so extraordinary.'
In 1989, there were 198,922 live births in
 east Germany, the equivalent of
12 births per 1,000, or about 1.6 children 
per family. This was the same as
in west Germany. By 1993, the number of eas
t German births had fallen to
79,926 - or about 60 per cent of the 1989 rate
 - the equivalent of 0.8
children per family, or only half the west German l
evel.
'We just don't know how long this trend will continue. One thing is ce
rtain.
There will be very few children born between the years 2015 and 2020 
because
of the lack of women of child-bearing age. Can you imagine how diffi
cult it
is going to be to pay for the number of old people in our country?' 
said Mr
Dorbritz.
According to the latest statistics from the German Associa
tion for Pension
Insurance, the number of people under the age of 20 in east
 Germany will
fall from 3.84m in 1993 to 2.6m in 2020; the number of people 
aged between
20 and 60 will fall from 8.7m to 7.6m; and those over 60 will r
ise from 3m
to 4.13m. The percentage of pensioners per 100 contributors to t
he state
pension insurance system will rise from 26 per cent in 1993 to more
 than 50
per cent by 2020.
Mr Halle, who has worked in the Charite for 28 ye
ars, believes there are
several reasons why east German women are remaining 
childless. 'Demographers
tend to ignore the fact that we had been expecting 
a sharp fall in the birth
rate in the year 1995, regardless of unification. 
This is because the east
German abortion law of 1972 made abortion available
 on demand. We knew we
were not going to have many child-bearing women in th
e mid-1990s,' he
explained. In 1972, the birth rate fell to about 6 per 1,00
0, climbing back
to about 12 births per 1,000. Today it is fewer than 5.1.
B
ut Mr Halle also believes that the process of German unification itself has

had a profound social effect on east German women. 'A young east German
woma
n knows that if she becomes pregnant, the chances she will find a job
are no
w far less, especially given the high level of unemployment,' he said.
East 
German women have borne the brunt of unemployment, which is officially
16 pe
r cent of the working population, excluding those on short-time work,
early 
retirement schemes, or job creation programmes.
By the end of the first quar
ter of this year, more than 790,000 east German
women had lost their jobs, r
epresenting a female unemployment rate of 23 per
cent. In west Germany, 1.1m
 women, or 9.3 per cent, are out of work. 'East
German women today have free
dom of choice, but they have lost their status
in society,' said Mr Dorbritz
.
The other pressure arising from unification is that many east German women

have had to seek new qualifications, retrain, or change jobs more often,
un
like the former days when a job was for life. 'There is no more security.
Th
e widespread sense of uncertainty has played a major role in the decline
of 
the birth rate,' said Mr Dorbritz.
The freedom to travel has played its part
 in the decline of the birth rate
as well: young east German women have an u
nprecedented chance to go abroad
before they settle and start a family.
'The
re was hardly anything else to do before 1989,' said Mr Dorbritz. 'East
Germ
an society was geared towards encouraging young women to procreate. All
thos
e social planks of free kindergartens, both parents in a job, heavily
subsid
ised or free children's clothes and shoes, have now disappeared.'
Greater mo
bility and open borders have led to a sharp rise in migration from
east Germ
any to west Germany. More than 1.2m from a population of 17m east
Germans we
nt to live in west Germany between late 1989 and early 1991.
'Many of these 
people were young and skilled,' said Mr Nicholas Eberstadt, a
demographer at
 the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
'Of the overa
ll drop in the birth rate, roughly one-ninth can be attributed
to the sheer 
decline of east Germany's population during those two years.'
Staff at the C
harite hospital know that, unless the birth rate increases,
the obstetrician
s, doctors and nurses could be without a job. 'We have 2,000
beds here,' sai
d Mr Halle. 'Before unification, we were dealing with more
than 2,200 women 
a year. If we cannot account for all the beds, we will be
under pressure to 
make savings. That means cutting jobs.'
But his main concern is the kind of 
society which will evolve in east
Germany in the next century. 'The prognosi
s is very bad,' said Mr Halle. 'I
do not know how we are going to fend for t
he elderly. Who is going to pay
for them?' One answer might be to allow immi
grants into the country under a
quota system to replenish the population - a
 solution advanced by some
liberals.
One thing is clear. Mr Eberstadt believ
es that, if the present trends in
east Germany continue, it will be virtuall
y impossible for what he calls
'generational replacement' to occur.
'For gen
erational replacement, eastern Germany's women of child-bearing age
today wo
uld have to give birth to an average of about 2.07 infants over the
course o
f their lives. They are now having 0.8 children, less than one birth
per wom
an per lifetime. This is not enough for a net population
replacement.'
</TEX
T>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  Germany, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX
>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMM
T  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 229 ==============================================
Transaction #:    229       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

Usr Interface:   Prob          Time Cmd Sent: 16:00:00
  Rec. Format:  Short      Time Cmd Complete: 14:27:31
Selec. Rec. #:      2

Boolean Indexes Used:

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   0 Organization   0 LCCN       0 Topic      0 Host Item
   0 Series         0 ISSN       0 Keyword    0 Conf

Boolean Conjunctions:

   Button 1: and   Button 2: OR    Button 3: or 
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Associated Variable Length Text:

<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-9226</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHLDRAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
12
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  12 AUG 94 / Children neither seen nor heard: A ste
ep fall in the birth rate means demographic worries for east Germany </HEADL
INE>
<BYLINE>    By JUDY DEMPSEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The British author, PD Jam
es, recently wrote a novel called The Children of
Men. It is set in England 
in 2021 and describes how infertility has spread
like a plague. The human ra
ce faces extinction as scientists try to reverse
the trend. At the end of th
e book, a woman gives birth, but whether this is
enough to save the human ra
ce is left open.
German demographers and doctors could identity with this wo
rk of fiction:
five years since the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the birth r
ate in east
Germany continues to plummet.
Mr Horst Halle, head of the matern
ity department at the Charite, east
Berlin's largest hospital, first noticed
 the trend in early 1990. 'You just
had to look at the statistics,' he expla
ined. 'Before 1989, there were about
16,000 babies born each year in east Be
rlin. Today, that figure has slumped
to 6,800, a decline of about 60 per cen
t.
'In the Charite itself, we used to record about 2,200 births a year. Toda
y,
we have fewer than 1,800, and we are doing better than most maternity
hos
pitals in east Berlin.'
Such an unprecedented fall in the birth rate would h
ave shocked the former
communist regime in East Germany. It prided itself on
 its wide range of
social services aimed at providing women with excellent c
hildcare facilities
to encourage them to have children.
Then, day-care centr
es were free. Women could take a year's paid maternity
leave and return to a
 guaranteed job, or take off three years with generous
state support and sti
ll have the same job to go back to. Indeed, more than
90 per cent of the fem
ale working population were employed, compared with 49
per cent in west Germ
any. By the age of 21, east German women started having
children, unlike the
ir west German counterparts, who generally started a
family in their mid-to-
late 20s.
Despite these incentives, however, the birth rate in east Germany 
was
relatively low compared with most other east European countries under th
e
communists. Mr Jurgen Dorbritz, a demographer at the Federal Statistics
Of
fice, says: 'What we are now seeing in eastern Germany is a birth rate
which
 is falling from a low base. That is the worrying aspect. That's what
makes 
the statistics so extraordinary.'
In 1989, there were 198,922 live births in
 east Germany, the equivalent of
12 births per 1,000, or about 1.6 children 
per family. This was the same as
in west Germany. By 1993, the number of eas
t German births had fallen to
79,926 - or about 60 per cent of the 1989 rate
 - the equivalent of 0.8
children per family, or only half the west German l
evel.
'We just don't know how long this trend will continue. One thing is ce
rtain.
There will be very few children born between the years 2015 and 2020 
because
of the lack of women of child-bearing age. Can you imagine how diffi
cult it
is going to be to pay for the number of old people in our country?' 
said Mr
Dorbritz.
According to the latest statistics from the German Associa
tion for Pension
Insurance, the number of people under the age of 20 in east
 Germany will
fall from 3.84m in 1993 to 2.6m in 2020; the number of people 
aged between
20 and 60 will fall from 8.7m to 7.6m; and those over 60 will r
ise from 3m
to 4.13m. The percentage of pensioners per 100 contributors to t
he state
pension insurance system will rise from 26 per cent in 1993 to more
 than 50
per cent by 2020.
Mr Halle, who has worked in the Charite for 28 ye
ars, believes there are
several reasons why east German women are remaining 
childless. 'Demographers
tend to ignore the fact that we had been expecting 
a sharp fall in the birth
rate in the year 1995, regardless of unification. 
This is because the east
German abortion law of 1972 made abortion available
 on demand. We knew we
were not going to have many child-bearing women in th
e mid-1990s,' he
explained. In 1972, the birth rate fell to about 6 per 1,00
0, climbing back
to about 12 births per 1,000. Today it is fewer than 5.1.
B
ut Mr Halle also believes that the process of German unification itself has

had a profound social effect on east German women. 'A young east German
woma
n knows that if she becomes pregnant, the chances she will find a job
are no
w far less, especially given the high level of unemployment,' he said.
East 
German women have borne the brunt of unemployment, which is officially
16 pe
r cent of the working population, excluding those on short-time work,
early 
retirement schemes, or job creation programmes.
By the end of the first quar
ter of this year, more than 790,000 east German
women had lost their jobs, r
epresenting a female unemployment rate of 23 per
cent. In west Germany, 1.1m
 women, or 9.3 per cent, are out of work. 'East
German women today have free
dom of choice, but they have lost their status
in society,' said Mr Dorbritz
.
The other pressure arising from unification is that many east German women

have had to seek new qualifications, retrain, or change jobs more often,
un
like the former days when a job was for life. 'There is no more security.
Th
e widespread sense of uncertainty has played a major role in the decline
of 
the birth rate,' said Mr Dorbritz.
The freedom to travel has played its part
 in the decline of the birth rate
as well: young east German women have an u
nprecedented chance to go abroad
before they settle and start a family.
'The
re was hardly anything else to do before 1989,' said Mr Dorbritz. 'East
Germ
an society was geared towards encouraging young women to procreate. All
thos
e social planks of free kindergartens, both parents in a job, heavily
subsid
ised or free children's clothes and shoes, have now disappeared.'
Greater mo
bility and open borders have led to a sharp rise in migration from
east Germ
any to west Germany. More than 1.2m from a population of 17m east
Germans we
nt to live in west Germany between late 1989 and early 1991.
'Many of these 
people were young and skilled,' said Mr Nicholas Eberstadt, a
demographer at
 the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
'Of the overa
ll drop in the birth rate, roughly one-ninth can be attributed
to the sheer 
decline of east Germany's population during those two years.'
Staff at the C
harite hospital know that, unless the birth rate increases,
the obstetrician
s, doctors and nurses could be without a job. 'We have 2,000
beds here,' sai
d Mr Halle. 'Before unification, we were dealing with more
than 2,200 women 
a year. If we cannot account for all the beds, we will be
under pressure to 
make savings. That means cutting jobs.'
But his main concern is the kind of 
society which will evolve in east
Germany in the next century. 'The prognosi
s is very bad,' said Mr Halle. 'I
do not know how we are going to fend for t
he elderly. Who is going to pay
for them?' One answer might be to allow immi
grants into the country under a
quota system to replenish the population - a
 solution advanced by some
liberals.
One thing is clear. Mr Eberstadt believ
es that, if the present trends in
east Germany continue, it will be virtuall
y impossible for what he calls
'generational replacement' to occur.
'For gen
erational replacement, eastern Germany's women of child-bearing age
today wo
uld have to give birth to an average of about 2.07 infants over the
course o
f their lives. They are now having 0.8 children, less than one birth
per wom
an per lifetime. This is not enough for a net population
replacement.'
</TEX
T>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  Germany, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX
>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMM
T  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 230 ==============================================
Transaction #:    230       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

Usr Interface:   Prob          Time Cmd Sent: 16:00:00
  Rec. Format:  Short      Time Cmd Complete: 14:27:50
Selec. Rec. #:      3

Boolean Indexes Used:

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   0 Organization   0 LCCN       0 Topic      0 Host Item
   0 Series         0 ISSN       0 Keyword    0 Conf

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-9688</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBNCXAAEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 FEB 94 / Russia faces population crisis as deat
h rate soars </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN LLOYD </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    M
OSCOW </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Russia is facing a double population crisis - a dra
matic rise in death rates
and a sharp fall in the birth rate, according to o
fficial figures which have
largely been kept hidden from public debate.
In t
he past year alone, the death rate jumped 20 per cent, or 360,000 deaths
mor
e than in 1992. Researchers now believe that the average age for male
mortal
ity in Russia has sunk to 59 - far below the average in the
industrialised w
orld and the lowest in Russia since the early 1960s.
The results, which have
 been a matter of close concern at the level of
Russia's National Security C
ouncil, are only now trickling out. Some were
given at a conference last wee
k at the New York Harriman Institute by Ms
Natalia Rimashevskaya, head of th
e Institute for Socio-Economic Studies of
the Population, while further rese
arch into the figures has been done by Ms
Judith Shapiro, a British academic
 working with the macroeconomic and
finance unit which was attached to the R
ussian finance ministry until last
month.
Ms Rimashevskaya's findings showed
, she said, an 'unprecedented' rise in the
death rate, with much of the incr
ease due to 'killings, suicides and
conflicts'. However, infant mortality ha
d also gone up sharply, from 17.4 in
1,000 in 1990 to 19.1 in 1,000 last yea
r.
The average age of death (for men and women) was now, she said, 'at 66 or

lower' - the same level as in the early to mid-1960s and four or five years

below the figure that had been achieved more recently. In 1993, 1.4m people

were born and 2.2m died - although inward migration of Russians from former

Soviet republics compensated to some extent, bringing the net fall in
popul
ation to 500,000 last year.
Ms Shapiro's findings, based like Ms Rimashevska
ya's on figures from the
state statistical committee Goskomstat, which have 
had very limited
availability, show men to be the main victims of earlier de
aths. The average
death rate has been brought down to 59, she says, largely 
through two causes
 -a higher rate of coronary disease and strokes, and more
 violent deaths.
Of the total of 360,000 extra deaths in 1993, nearly 50 per
 cent were from
heart and circulatory failure and more than 25 per cent were
 from violent
causes.
Ms Shapiro says that simple poverty, and the state of 
the post-Soviet health
service, are probably minor causes of the phenomenon.
 More significant is
what she calls a 'psycho-social crisis' with greatly ri
sing insecurity.
Ms Rimashevskaya says the decline of births is partly due t
o a simple
shortage of women - but more because women of child-bearing age p
ostpone
having children or decide not to give birth 'because of the poor sit
uation
in the society'.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>RUZ  Russia, East
 Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishme
nts.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financi
al Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 1 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 231 ==============================================
Transaction #:    231       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOCNO>FT941-9688</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBNCXAAEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 FEB 94 / Russia faces population crisis as deat
h rate soars </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN LLOYD </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    M
OSCOW </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Russia is facing a double population crisis - a dra
matic rise in death rates
and a sharp fall in the birth rate, according to o
fficial figures which have
largely been kept hidden from public debate.
In t
he past year alone, the death rate jumped 20 per cent, or 360,000 deaths
mor
e than in 1992. Researchers now believe that the average age for male
mortal
ity in Russia has sunk to 59 - far below the average in the
industrialised w
orld and the lowest in Russia since the early 1960s.
The results, which have
 been a matter of close concern at the level of
Russia's National Security C
ouncil, are only now trickling out. Some were
given at a conference last wee
k at the New York Harriman Institute by Ms
Natalia Rimashevskaya, head of th
e Institute for Socio-Economic Studies of
the Population, while further rese
arch into the figures has been done by Ms
Judith Shapiro, a British academic
 working with the macroeconomic and
finance unit which was attached to the R
ussian finance ministry until last
month.
Ms Rimashevskaya's findings showed
, she said, an 'unprecedented' rise in the
death rate, with much of the incr
ease due to 'killings, suicides and
conflicts'. However, infant mortality ha
d also gone up sharply, from 17.4 in
1,000 in 1990 to 19.1 in 1,000 last yea
r.
The average age of death (for men and women) was now, she said, 'at 66 or

lower' - the same level as in the early to mid-1960s and four or five years

below the figure that had been achieved more recently. In 1993, 1.4m people

were born and 2.2m died - although inward migration of Russians from former

Soviet republics compensated to some extent, bringing the net fall in
popul
ation to 500,000 last year.
Ms Shapiro's findings, based like Ms Rimashevska
ya's on figures from the
state statistical committee Goskomstat, which have 
had very limited
availability, show men to be the main victims of earlier de
aths. The average
death rate has been brought down to 59, she says, largely 
through two causes
 -a higher rate of coronary disease and strokes, and more
 violent deaths.
Of the total of 360,000 extra deaths in 1993, nearly 50 per
 cent were from
heart and circulatory failure and more than 25 per cent were
 from violent
causes.
Ms Shapiro says that simple poverty, and the state of 
the post-Soviet health
service, are probably minor causes of the phenomenon.
 More significant is
what she calls a 'psycho-social crisis' with greatly ri
sing insecurity.
Ms Rimashevskaya says the decline of births is partly due t
o a simple
shortage of women - but more because women of child-bearing age p
ostpone
having children or decide not to give birth 'because of the poor sit
uation
in the society'.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>RUZ  Russia, East
 Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishme
nts.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financi
al Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 1 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 232 ==============================================
Transaction #:    232       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-9688</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBNCXAAEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 FEB 94 / Russia faces population crisis as deat
h rate soars </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN LLOYD </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    M
OSCOW </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Russia is facing a double population crisis - a dra
matic rise in death rates
and a sharp fall in the birth rate, according to o
fficial figures which have
largely been kept hidden from public debate.
In t
he past year alone, the death rate jumped 20 per cent, or 360,000 deaths
mor
e than in 1992. Researchers now believe that the average age for male
mortal
ity in Russia has sunk to 59 - far below the average in the
industrialised w
orld and the lowest in Russia since the early 1960s.
The results, which have
 been a matter of close concern at the level of
Russia's National Security C
ouncil, are only now trickling out. Some were
given at a conference last wee
k at the New York Harriman Institute by Ms
Natalia Rimashevskaya, head of th
e Institute for Socio-Economic Studies of
the Population, while further rese
arch into the figures has been done by Ms
Judith Shapiro, a British academic
 working with the macroeconomic and
finance unit which was attached to the R
ussian finance ministry until last
month.
Ms Rimashevskaya's findings showed
, she said, an 'unprecedented' rise in the
death rate, with much of the incr
ease due to 'killings, suicides and
conflicts'. However, infant mortality ha
d also gone up sharply, from 17.4 in
1,000 in 1990 to 19.1 in 1,000 last yea
r.
The average age of death (for men and women) was now, she said, 'at 66 or

lower' - the same level as in the early to mid-1960s and four or five years

below the figure that had been achieved more recently. In 1993, 1.4m people

were born and 2.2m died - although inward migration of Russians from former

Soviet republics compensated to some extent, bringing the net fall in
popul
ation to 500,000 last year.
Ms Shapiro's findings, based like Ms Rimashevska
ya's on figures from the
state statistical committee Goskomstat, which have 
had very limited
availability, show men to be the main victims of earlier de
aths. The average
death rate has been brought down to 59, she says, largely 
through two causes
 -a higher rate of coronary disease and strokes, and more
 violent deaths.
Of the total of 360,000 extra deaths in 1993, nearly 50 per
 cent were from
heart and circulatory failure and more than 25 per cent were
 from violent
causes.
Ms Shapiro says that simple poverty, and the state of 
the post-Soviet health
service, are probably minor causes of the phenomenon.
 More significant is
what she calls a 'psycho-social crisis' with greatly ri
sing insecurity.
Ms Rimashevskaya says the decline of births is partly due t
o a simple
shortage of women - but more because women of child-bearing age p
ostpone
having children or decide not to give birth 'because of the poor sit
uation
in the society'.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>RUZ  Russia, East
 Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishme
nts.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financi
al Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 1 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 233 ==============================================
Transaction #:    233       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-5793</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EICAFABGFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9409
02
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 SEP 94 / Falling prosperity hurts family planni
ng </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PAUL ADAMS </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    LAGOS </DAT
ELINE>
<TEXT>
In a continent where population growth outstrips economic grow
th, Nigeria at
90m people is by far the biggest nation in Africa.
Until 1988
, when Prof Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, then health minister, launched a
national 
population policy, Nigerians had been so proud of their self-styled
tag as t
he 'giant of Africa' that, as long as the oil money rolled in, they
regarded
 high population growth as healthy and saw little point in
controlling the r
ate of growth.
Nigeria was then believed to have at least 110m people, putti
ng it among the
10 largest populations in the world. The 1991 census caused 
a surprise:
Nigeria had only 88.5m. The over-estimate was a result of inflat
ed numbers
by tribal chiefs and regional governors hoping to boost their pol
itical
clout and revenue allocation.
The United Nations Population Fund has 
projected the average population
growth rate between 1990 and 1995 as 3.1 pe
r cent (which would double the
population in about 30 years) with the birth 
rate at 45 per 1,000 persons
and death rate at 14 per 1,000 (including an in
fant mortality rate of 96).
The UN estimates the fertility rate at 6.1 child
ren per woman, while the
national policy set a target of only four. Since th
e 1970s the urban
population has risen from 30 per cent to nearly half and t
he rate of growth
in the towns is higher at 5.5 per cent.
Generalising about
 Nigeria, a country of over 200 ethnic groups and very
diverse cultures, is 
often deceptive and never more so than in attitudes to
education and the rol
e of women.
In the mainly Christian south, female education and literacy are
 far higher
than in the predominantly Moslem north, where even the discussio
n of birth
control is not widely accepted.
In the south-east there is a high
 percentage of Catholics especially among
the Ibo tribe. The alarming declin
e in social services during the 1990s has
halted the progress towards family
 planning clinics and universal primary
education, especially in the north, 
bolstering the influence of the Koranic
schools.
Even nationally, the UN pai
nts a bleak picture. 'The status of women in
Nigeria has improved little ove
r the last decade. In general, they are
considered second-class citizens not
 by law but because of the social and
cultural climate', says the UNFPA's 19
93 review of the national programme.
The literacy rate for women was 31 per 
cent (54 per cent for men) and more
than half of all Nigerian women were mar
ried at the age of 15.
The problem of education lies not just with women. As
 a prominent women's
group in Nigeria points out, there may be a target of f
our children per
woman, but in a polygamous society many men far exceed that
 figure.
If the prospect of curtailing population growth is limited, the out
look for
economic growth has become bleak. Despite the massive oil boom in t
he 1970s,
the GDP income per capita is down to around Dollars 290, about the
 level of
1963. In the period, Indonesia has risen from a lower per capita i
ncome to a
level three times that of Nigeria.
In January's budget speech the
 finance minister, Mr Kalu I Kalu, commented
on three years of political unc
ertainty, capital flight government
over-spending, which 'resulted in a furt
her decline in GDP growth rate from
4.8 per cent in 1991 to 2.9 per cent in 
1993. A comparison with the average
growth rate of 5 per cent from 1988-91 d
emonstrates the enormity of the task
involved in resuscitating the economy i
n 1994 and beyond,' concluded Mr
Kalu.
Since then strikes, shortages and a d
earth of foreign exchange have taken
the economy further down hill. Nigeria 
accounts for about half of West
Africa's population and whereas Ghanaians on
ce poured into Nigeria for a
better life, the chances of reverse migration l
ook more likely.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>NGZ  Nigeria, Africa.
</
CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Public Health Progra
ms.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financia
l Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 234 ==============================================
Transaction #:    234       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<PROFILE>_AN-DAVB3AA6FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
122
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 JAN 93 / N African birth rate falls steeply </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EDWARD MORTIMER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE population exp
losion in North Africa is over, according to a leading
French demographer, P
rof Youssef Courbage, writes Edward Mortimer.
Birth rates in the region are 
falling rapidly, and European fears of a flood
of Arab immigrants are wildly
 exaggerated, Mr Courbage told a conference in
Brussels yesterday.
In fact, 
he added, the working-age population in Algeria, Morocco and
Tunisia will le
vel off in about 2005, when the number of job applicants will
begin to decre
ase.
'Just as Europe's bulging baby-boom generation leaves working life for

retirement, and will need to rely on a sufficient labour force - foreign
wor
kers in particular - to finance it, the Maghreb labour markets, where
labour
 will be in short supply, will be hard-pressed to meet export
demands.'
Mr C
ourbage, a senior researcher at the Institut National d'Etudes
Demographique
s in Paris, was speaking at a workshop on Europe and the
Mediterranean at th
e Centre for European Policy Studies.
The decrease in fertility in the Maghr
eb countries is acknowledged by the UN
and the World Bank, he said, but thos
e organisations had not yet taken the
full measure of the decline.
The UN ha
d significantly overestimated fertility in all three countries.
</TEXT>
<XX>

Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XMZ  Africa.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P99  N
onclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>PEOP  Personnel 
News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 3 </PAGE>
</D
OC>

============= Transaction # 235 ==============================================
Transaction #:    235       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DATE>930
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</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 JAN 93 / N African birth rate falls steeply </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EDWARD MORTIMER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE population exp
losion in North Africa is over, according to a leading
French demographer, P
rof Youssef Courbage, writes Edward Mortimer.
Birth rates in the region are 
falling rapidly, and European fears of a flood
of Arab immigrants are wildly
 exaggerated, Mr Courbage told a conference in
Brussels yesterday.
In fact, 
he added, the working-age population in Algeria, Morocco and
Tunisia will le
vel off in about 2005, when the number of job applicants will
begin to decre
ase.
'Just as Europe's bulging baby-boom generation leaves working life for

retirement, and will need to rely on a sufficient labour force - foreign
wor
kers in particular - to finance it, the Maghreb labour markets, where
labour
 will be in short supply, will be hard-pressed to meet export
demands.'
Mr C
ourbage, a senior researcher at the Institut National d'Etudes
Demographique
s in Paris, was speaking at a workshop on Europe and the
Mediterranean at th
e Centre for European Policy Studies.
The decrease in fertility in the Maghr
eb countries is acknowledged by the UN
and the World Bank, he said, but thos
e organisations had not yet taken the
full measure of the decline.
The UN ha
d significantly overestimated fertility in all three countries.
</TEXT>
<XX>

Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XMZ  Africa.
</CN>
<XX>
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</XX>
<IN>P99  N
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<XX>
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</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 3 </PAGE>
</D
OC>

============= Transaction # 236 ==============================================
Transaction #:    236       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

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<PROFILE>_AN-DAVB3AA6FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
122
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 JAN 93 / N African birth rate falls steeply </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EDWARD MORTIMER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE population exp
losion in North Africa is over, according to a leading
French demographer, P
rof Youssef Courbage, writes Edward Mortimer.
Birth rates in the region are 
falling rapidly, and European fears of a flood
of Arab immigrants are wildly
 exaggerated, Mr Courbage told a conference in
Brussels yesterday.
In fact, 
he added, the working-age population in Algeria, Morocco and
Tunisia will le
vel off in about 2005, when the number of job applicants will
begin to decre
ase.
'Just as Europe's bulging baby-boom generation leaves working life for

retirement, and will need to rely on a sufficient labour force - foreign
wor
kers in particular - to finance it, the Maghreb labour markets, where
labour
 will be in short supply, will be hard-pressed to meet export
demands.'
Mr C
ourbage, a senior researcher at the Institut National d'Etudes
Demographique
s in Paris, was speaking at a workshop on Europe and the
Mediterranean at th
e Centre for European Policy Studies.
The decrease in fertility in the Maghr
eb countries is acknowledged by the UN
and the World Bank, he said, but thos
e organisations had not yet taken the
full measure of the decline.
The UN ha
d significantly overestimated fertility in all three countries.
</TEXT>
<XX>

Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XMZ  Africa.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P99  N
onclassifiable Establishments.
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<XX>
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</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 3 </PAGE>
</D
OC>

============= Transaction # 237 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-10784</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EEIC5AC6FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
509
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  09 MAY 94 / Observer: Green surprise </HEADLINE>

<TEXT>
Europe's 'green' parties come in all sorts of political shades, but n
one
comes near to matching the performance of the Hungarian 'greens'. Instea
d of
campaigning for population control, the Hungarian greens' TV broadcasts
 call
on Hungarian men to do the 'daily triple' with their wives.
The party 
does not spell out in detail what it is Hungarian men should do
three times 
a day. But party officials believe it would 'increase the birth
rate and lea
d to a decline in homosexuality, prostitution and the divorce
rate'.
However
, this brave rallying cry has yet to capture the imagination of the
Hungaria
n electorate. Early returns suggest that the party has as much
chance of cap
turing a seat as Britain's Screaming Lord Sutch.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</
XX>
<CN>HUZ  Hungary, East Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P8651 P
olitical Organizations.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</T
P>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 17 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 238 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-8321</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHRD3AAZFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 AUG 94 / Fertility rates are down but not enoug
h </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By BRONWEN MADDOX </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The UN's popula
tion report tells of a dramatic drop in fertility rates in
the past 40 years
, even in some of the world's poorest countries, Bronwen
Maddox reports.
In 
Asia and Latin America the fertility rate has nearly halved from 5.9 to
abou
t 3 children per woman in that period, although Africa (including
northern A
frican states) has showed a smaller decline from 6.6 to 5.8. Even
in develop
ed countries, rates have fallen from 2.8 to 1.7 over that period.
These patt
erns have forced demographers to modify the old assumption of a
link between
 low birth rates and economic wealth in favour of a more complex
picture. So
me countries, such as Bangladesh, have achieved steep falls in
fertility rat
es despite relative lack of economic growth. Others, notably
Pakistan and Mi
ddle Eastern countries, continue to have large average family
sizes despite 
relatively high levels of economic prosperity.
The UNFPA draws a close conne
ction between low fertility rates and the
availability of contraception, eve
n where gross domestic product per head
has not risen greatly. It attributes
 roughly half of the fall in worldwide
fertility rates to improved distribut
ion of contraceptives.
The other half, it says, is due simply to the determi
nation of parents to
have fewer children, even when contraception is not ava
ilable. Even the
poorest families, UNFPA officials say, work out that they c
an spend more on
each child if they have fewer children.
Demographers have l
ong agreed that improving women's education plays an
important part in reduc
ing family sizes. But the UN report suggests that
newer pressures are also p
roviding powerful motivation. When workers move to
towns from the countrysid
e they tend to delay having children and to have
fewer. Anecdotal evidence f
rom west African countries also suggests that
looming land shortages are cur
bing the size of rural families.
These new factors may be helping to push do
wn fertility rates even in Africa
and central America, the regions which hav
e persistently had the highest
rates, Mr Alex Marshall of UNFPA suggests. Si
nce the first half of the
1980s, Tanzania has seen fertility rates drop from
 6.7 to 5.9 children per
woman, Namibia from 5.8 to 5.3 and South Africa fro
m 4.8 to 4.1.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XOZ  Asia.
    XCZ  Latin A
merica.
    XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administrati
on of Public Health Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>STATS  Statistics
.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 239 ==============================================
Transaction #:    239       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-5357</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EIECYAA8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9409
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 SEP 94 / Youthful Brazil faces problems of old 
age: Life expectancy is rising while the birth rate is continuing to fall </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANGUS FOSTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Brazil looks set to e
nter the next century with 40m people 'missing'.
According to projections ma
de in the 1970s, its population would reach 212m
by the year 2000. But accor
ding to latest predictions, the total will be far
less, probably 172m.
The r
easons for the sharp slowdown in population growth are also seen in
other La
tin American countries. They include a drastic fall in female
fertility rate
s, mainly due to increased use of contraceptives and rapid
urbanisation. The
 consequences, which include an ageing society and serious
strains on social
 and employment needs, have not yet been addressed.
'It is the population ab
ove 65 which will grow the most in the next decades.
Brazil will have to liv
e with this phenomenon, which is well known in
developed countries, without 
having overcome typical problems related to
under-development,' says demogra
phics professor Jose de Carvalho.
Brazil's population change started in the 
1940s. Improved medical and basic
services led to falling mortality rates. F
ertility rates remained high until
the end of the 1960s, leading to rapid po
pulation growth and a society with
more than half its members under 20 years
 old.
It also encouraged a belief, still held by many today, that Brazil was

blessed with an eternally young and fast growing population. At the first
i
nternational population conference in Bucharest in 1974, Brazil's
population
 was 100m and expected to double rapidly.
But the female fertility rate - th
e average number of births per
child-bearing woman - began a startling fall 
from 5.8 in 1970 to 4.3 in 1975
and 3.6 by 1984. In a recent study of Sao Pa
ulo state, Brazil's richest, the
fertility rate was 2.3, in line with some d
eveloped countries.
The fall was partly due to rising education and urbanisa
tion, as families
moved from agricultural to industrial jobs. But the main r
eason was
increased access to, and demand for, contraception. By 1986, 66 pe
r cent of
women of child-bearing age said they were using some form of contr
aceptive.
Of these, about 40 per cent had been sterilised and a further 40 p
er cent
used the pill. By 1990, contraception use had risen to 69 per cent.

These rates are high, considering Brazil is the world's largest Catholic
cou
ntry with a still conservative church hierachy. Abortion is illegal
unless t
he woman has been raped or is in medical danger.
Officially, the church prom
otes the Billings method, which teaches couples
to avoid sex during ovulatio
n. But very few couples obey, suggesting the
church is, unofficially, more l
iberal than it appears or losing its sway.
Padre Antonio Carlos Frizzo, whos
e parish is in the poor suburbs of Sao
Paulo, says couples must choose. 'If 
a couple asked advice on sterilisation,
which is rare, I would take into acc
ount their economic situation and number
of children, the love between them 
and whether another method is possible.
'But the couple must decide, and tha
t's something we should not and cannot
try to stop. And their decision has t
o be supported, too. This might be
criticised in the Vatican, but we are dea
ling with people in real
situations,' he says.
The increasing demand for ste
rilisation has a startling side-effect - it has
helped make Brazil the world
 leader for caesarian births. These account for
roughly one in three deliver
ies, about twice the rate for England and Wales.
The reasons are complex. So
me women think caesarian section a 'modern' way
to give birth, a view hospit
als encourage, while others fear the pain
involved in vaginal deliveries. An
other reason is that when giving birth by
caesarian, a woman can request to 
be sterilised at the same time and the
government pays. Outside pregnancy, w
omen have to pay to be sterilised,
usually at semi-legal clinics.
The declin
ing birth rate will transform Brazil over the coming decades.
Population gro
wth, which in the 1970s was 2.4 per cent, has fallen to 1.9
per cent and is 
still declining.
Today, 35 per cent of the country's 157m population is unde
r 15 years old.
By 2020, the percentage will have fallen to 24 per cent. By 
about 2040, with
a rapidly aging society, the population will reach about 22
0m and stabilise
or even fall.
This prompts the church and other anti-aborti
on groups to argue that
population control is now obsolete in Brazil, especi
ally given the country's
undeveloped agricultural land. A more stable popula
tion will also allow
better government planning. In the past, rapid populati
on growth in cities,
for example, has prevented governments developing long-
term urban plans.
But the changes will also provide some sobering challenges
. The number of
people of working age is set to grow 2.4 per cent a year for
 the next
decade, adding to pressures on the economy to create jobs.
The soc
ial security system, established when the average age at death was
45, must 
be reformed to cope with life expectancies of 64 and 69 for men and
women re
spectively.
The country's under-funded public health system must emphasise p
reventative
medicine if it is to cope with the increasing demands of an agei
ng
population. Finally, the growing number of elderly from smaller families

will need extra services.
Unfortunately, Brazil does not seem greatly aware 
of these challenges.
Because of the government's economic problems, the 1990
 census was postponed
to 1991. After further spending cuts, only basic findi
ngs are available.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>BRZ  Brazil, South Ame
rica.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Public Healt
h Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PU
B>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 5 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 240 ==============================================
Transaction #:    240       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-5357</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EIECYAA8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9409
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 SEP 94 / Youthful Brazil faces problems of old 
age: Life expectancy is rising while the birth rate is continuing to fall </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANGUS FOSTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Brazil looks set to e
nter the next century with 40m people 'missing'.
According to projections ma
de in the 1970s, its population would reach 212m
by the year 2000. But accor
ding to latest predictions, the total will be far
less, probably 172m.
The r
easons for the sharp slowdown in population growth are also seen in
other La
tin American countries. They include a drastic fall in female
fertility rate
s, mainly due to increased use of contraceptives and rapid
urbanisation. The
 consequences, which include an ageing society and serious
strains on social
 and employment needs, have not yet been addressed.
'It is the population ab
ove 65 which will grow the most in the next decades.
Brazil will have to liv
e with this phenomenon, which is well known in
developed countries, without 
having overcome typical problems related to
under-development,' says demogra
phics professor Jose de Carvalho.
Brazil's population change started in the 
1940s. Improved medical and basic
services led to falling mortality rates. F
ertility rates remained high until
the end of the 1960s, leading to rapid po
pulation growth and a society with
more than half its members under 20 years
 old.
It also encouraged a belief, still held by many today, that Brazil was

blessed with an eternally young and fast growing population. At the first
i
nternational population conference in Bucharest in 1974, Brazil's
population
 was 100m and expected to double rapidly.
But the female fertility rate - th
e average number of births per
child-bearing woman - began a startling fall 
from 5.8 in 1970 to 4.3 in 1975
and 3.6 by 1984. In a recent study of Sao Pa
ulo state, Brazil's richest, the
fertility rate was 2.3, in line with some d
eveloped countries.
The fall was partly due to rising education and urbanisa
tion, as families
moved from agricultural to industrial jobs. But the main r
eason was
increased access to, and demand for, contraception. By 1986, 66 pe
r cent of
women of child-bearing age said they were using some form of contr
aceptive.
Of these, about 40 per cent had been sterilised and a further 40 p
er cent
used the pill. By 1990, contraception use had risen to 69 per cent.

These rates are high, considering Brazil is the world's largest Catholic
cou
ntry with a still conservative church hierachy. Abortion is illegal
unless t
he woman has been raped or is in medical danger.
Officially, the church prom
otes the Billings method, which teaches couples
to avoid sex during ovulatio
n. But very few couples obey, suggesting the
church is, unofficially, more l
iberal than it appears or losing its sway.
Padre Antonio Carlos Frizzo, whos
e parish is in the poor suburbs of Sao
Paulo, says couples must choose. 'If 
a couple asked advice on sterilisation,
which is rare, I would take into acc
ount their economic situation and number
of children, the love between them 
and whether another method is possible.
'But the couple must decide, and tha
t's something we should not and cannot
try to stop. And their decision has t
o be supported, too. This might be
criticised in the Vatican, but we are dea
ling with people in real
situations,' he says.
The increasing demand for ste
rilisation has a startling side-effect - it has
helped make Brazil the world
 leader for caesarian births. These account for
roughly one in three deliver
ies, about twice the rate for England and Wales.
The reasons are complex. So
me women think caesarian section a 'modern' way
to give birth, a view hospit
als encourage, while others fear the pain
involved in vaginal deliveries. An
other reason is that when giving birth by
caesarian, a woman can request to 
be sterilised at the same time and the
government pays. Outside pregnancy, w
omen have to pay to be sterilised,
usually at semi-legal clinics.
The declin
ing birth rate will transform Brazil over the coming decades.
Population gro
wth, which in the 1970s was 2.4 per cent, has fallen to 1.9
per cent and is 
still declining.
Today, 35 per cent of the country's 157m population is unde
r 15 years old.
By 2020, the percentage will have fallen to 24 per cent. By 
about 2040, with
a rapidly aging society, the population will reach about 22
0m and stabilise
or even fall.
This prompts the church and other anti-aborti
on groups to argue that
population control is now obsolete in Brazil, especi
ally given the country's
undeveloped agricultural land. A more stable popula
tion will also allow
better government planning. In the past, rapid populati
on growth in cities,
for example, has prevented governments developing long-
term urban plans.
But the changes will also provide some sobering challenges
. The number of
people of working age is set to grow 2.4 per cent a year for
 the next
decade, adding to pressures on the economy to create jobs.
The soc
ial security system, established when the average age at death was
45, must 
be reformed to cope with life expectancies of 64 and 69 for men and
women re
spectively.
The country's under-funded public health system must emphasise p
reventative
medicine if it is to cope with the increasing demands of an agei
ng
population. Finally, the growing number of elderly from smaller families

will need extra services.
Unfortunately, Brazil does not seem greatly aware 
of these challenges.
Because of the government's economic problems, the 1990
 census was postponed
to 1991. After further spending cuts, only basic findi
ngs are available.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>BRZ  Brazil, South Ame
rica.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Public Healt
h Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PU
B>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 5 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 241 ==============================================
Transaction #:    241       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-5357</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EIECYAA8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9409
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 SEP 94 / Youthful Brazil faces problems of old 
age: Life expectancy is rising while the birth rate is continuing to fall </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANGUS FOSTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Brazil looks set to e
nter the next century with 40m people 'missing'.
According to projections ma
de in the 1970s, its population would reach 212m
by the year 2000. But accor
ding to latest predictions, the total will be far
less, probably 172m.
The r
easons for the sharp slowdown in population growth are also seen in
other La
tin American countries. They include a drastic fall in female
fertility rate
s, mainly due to increased use of contraceptives and rapid
urbanisation. The
 consequences, which include an ageing society and serious
strains on social
 and employment needs, have not yet been addressed.
'It is the population ab
ove 65 which will grow the most in the next decades.
Brazil will have to liv
e with this phenomenon, which is well known in
developed countries, without 
having overcome typical problems related to
under-development,' says demogra
phics professor Jose de Carvalho.
Brazil's population change started in the 
1940s. Improved medical and basic
services led to falling mortality rates. F
ertility rates remained high until
the end of the 1960s, leading to rapid po
pulation growth and a society with
more than half its members under 20 years
 old.
It also encouraged a belief, still held by many today, that Brazil was

blessed with an eternally young and fast growing population. At the first
i
nternational population conference in Bucharest in 1974, Brazil's
population
 was 100m and expected to double rapidly.
But the female fertility rate - th
e average number of births per
child-bearing woman - began a startling fall 
from 5.8 in 1970 to 4.3 in 1975
and 3.6 by 1984. In a recent study of Sao Pa
ulo state, Brazil's richest, the
fertility rate was 2.3, in line with some d
eveloped countries.
The fall was partly due to rising education and urbanisa
tion, as families
moved from agricultural to industrial jobs. But the main r
eason was
increased access to, and demand for, contraception. By 1986, 66 pe
r cent of
women of child-bearing age said they were using some form of contr
aceptive.
Of these, about 40 per cent had been sterilised and a further 40 p
er cent
used the pill. By 1990, contraception use had risen to 69 per cent.

These rates are high, considering Brazil is the world's largest Catholic
cou
ntry with a still conservative church hierachy. Abortion is illegal
unless t
he woman has been raped or is in medical danger.
Officially, the church prom
otes the Billings method, which teaches couples
to avoid sex during ovulatio
n. But very few couples obey, suggesting the
church is, unofficially, more l
iberal than it appears or losing its sway.
Padre Antonio Carlos Frizzo, whos
e parish is in the poor suburbs of Sao
Paulo, says couples must choose. 'If 
a couple asked advice on sterilisation,
which is rare, I would take into acc
ount their economic situation and number
of children, the love between them 
and whether another method is possible.
'But the couple must decide, and tha
t's something we should not and cannot
try to stop. And their decision has t
o be supported, too. This might be
criticised in the Vatican, but we are dea
ling with people in real
situations,' he says.
The increasing demand for ste
rilisation has a startling side-effect - it has
helped make Brazil the world
 leader for caesarian births. These account for
roughly one in three deliver
ies, about twice the rate for England and Wales.
The reasons are complex. So
me women think caesarian section a 'modern' way
to give birth, a view hospit
als encourage, while others fear the pain
involved in vaginal deliveries. An
other reason is that when giving birth by
caesarian, a woman can request to 
be sterilised at the same time and the
government pays. Outside pregnancy, w
omen have to pay to be sterilised,
usually at semi-legal clinics.
The declin
ing birth rate will transform Brazil over the coming decades.
Population gro
wth, which in the 1970s was 2.4 per cent, has fallen to 1.9
per cent and is 
still declining.
Today, 35 per cent of the country's 157m population is unde
r 15 years old.
By 2020, the percentage will have fallen to 24 per cent. By 
about 2040, with
a rapidly aging society, the population will reach about 22
0m and stabilise
or even fall.
This prompts the church and other anti-aborti
on groups to argue that
population control is now obsolete in Brazil, especi
ally given the country's
undeveloped agricultural land. A more stable popula
tion will also allow
better government planning. In the past, rapid populati
on growth in cities,
for example, has prevented governments developing long-
term urban plans.
But the changes will also provide some sobering challenges
. The number of
people of working age is set to grow 2.4 per cent a year for
 the next
decade, adding to pressures on the economy to create jobs.
The soc
ial security system, established when the average age at death was
45, must 
be reformed to cope with life expectancies of 64 and 69 for men and
women re
spectively.
The country's under-funded public health system must emphasise p
reventative
medicine if it is to cope with the increasing demands of an agei
ng
population. Finally, the growing number of elderly from smaller families

will need extra services.
Unfortunately, Brazil does not seem greatly aware 
of these challenges.
Because of the government's economic problems, the 1990
 census was postponed
to 1991. After further spending cuts, only basic findi
ngs are available.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>BRZ  Brazil, South Ame
rica.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Public Healt
h Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PU
B>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 5 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 242 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-5103</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFBA3ADDFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
02
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 JUN 92 / Survey of The Earth Summit (8): Popula
tion surge is a crucial issue - There may well be 10bn people on the earth b
y the year 2050 </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HILARY DE BOERR </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

THE WORLD'S population is growing at an unprecedented rate, consuming more
r
esources than ever - nearly a billion people will be added to the planet
dur
ing the 1990s, according to the Worldwatch Institute. As the number of
poor 
people is increasing, human migration is growing and renewable
resources, su
ch as water and land are increasingly under threat.
Such realities make the 
population issue a crucial one for sustainable
development. There are about 
5.5bn people in the world, with an average
annual increase of 97m projected 
for the coming decade. International
experts agree that population growth ra
tes will have to be reduced, and the
pattern of human activities changed, if
 ecological catastrophe is to be
averted.
The two go hand-in-hand because it
 is not simply high population growth
rates that are threatening the environ
ment. Developed countries, with
relatively low birth rates, consume most of 
the world's resources. A
Bangladeshi, for example, consumes energy equivalen
t to three barrels of oil
a year, a US citizen 55 barrels.
As Oxfam puts it:
 'Industrialised countries generate significantly more
damage per person to 
the global environment than do people in developing
countries.'
Sustainable 
development therefore calls for a fairer distribution of the
benefits of dev
elopment among the world's people.
High population growth rates in developin
g countries - where 80 per cent of
the world's population lives - will, neve
rtheless, put even greater pressure
on the world's resources.
The higher the
 population in developing countries, the higher their energy
use and polluti
on, especially as economies develop. More water is needed,
more forests are 
cleared, inappropriate agricultural practices increase and
wildlife species 
disappear. Population growth in developing countries is
responsible for abou
t 79 per cent of deforestation, 72 per cent of arable
land expansion and 69 
per cent of the growth in livestock numbers.
Such problems are further compo
unded by the increasing migration of people -
to urban areas and to environm
entally sensitive inland areas - in search of
productive land and jobs.
Addr
essing high birth rates means addressing poverty in such countries, say
inte
rnational agencies. More than 1bn people live in absolute poverty
without ad
equate food, clothing or housing.
North-South relationships regarding debt, 
trade, aid and technology transfer
are seen as longer-term means of tackling
 poverty. Programmes to tackle high
birth rates focus on improving third wor
ld health and education, and
providing readily available and affordable fami
ly planning.
Practice shows that birth rates can be reduced voluntarily by r
aising the
status of women through education and providing them with opportu
nities
other than the traditional child bearing role. It is thought that mor
e than
one in five births in developing countries may be unwanted.
The worst
 case scenario for the population explosion is that there could be
12.5bn pe
ople in the world by 2050 if immediate action is not taken. The
most likely 
scenario is a figure of 10bn people.
Fertility patterns can change in just o
ne decade. Development and
consumption patterns will have to follow suit, sa
ys the United Nations
Population Fund.
'World resources are adequate for the
 sustained development of the planet -
if they are carefully used,' it warns
.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page V </PAGE>
</DOC
>

============= Transaction # 243 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-14657</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CAOBBABPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
115
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 JAN 92 / The Lex Column: UK economy </HEADLINE
>
<TEXT>
The trouble with declining inflation is that it is a mixed blessing
 when
nominal interest rates are stuck at a high level. Yesterday's UK produ
cer
price figures showed both a healthy decline - to a year-on-year rate of 
3.8
per cent - in underlying output price inflation and a welcome 12-month d
rop
in input prices. Admittedly the data only cover the manufacturing sector
:
services inflation is more stubborn, thanks to the likes of British Rail
w
ith its annual fare increases.
But producer price trends still point in theo
ry to a gentle economic
stimulus from declining manufacturing costs and to s
cope for an eventual
sharp fall in interest rates as decelerating wholesale 
inflation feeds
through to the retail level. All the more so, since the annu
al rate of
producer price increases should fall even more sharply next month
 as last
January's exceptionally large 1.2 per cent rise falls out of the eq
uation.
Unfortunately membership of the Exchange Rate Mechanism means UK int
erest
rates are affected less by domestic inflation than by their differenti
al
with those of Germany. Recent French experience suggests that is unlikely
 to
change even if headline UK inflation falls below that of Germany in Febr
uary
or March. With a showdown over wages looming in the German steel indust
ry,
the Bundesbank is unlikely to start cutting rates soon. Until it does,
d
eclining inflation in the UK will simply mean higher real interest rates.
Th
at in turn is likely to negate any economic benefit from weak commodity
pric
es.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 20 </PAGE>
</
DOC>

============= Transaction # 244 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 245 ==============================================
Transaction #:    245       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-9415</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBODHADOFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
15
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 FEB 94 / Personal View: Positive aspects of Ire
land's economy </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By GARRET FITZGERALD </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

European Union statistics shows that there is one member state whose growth

over the past five years is spectacularly ahead of all the others - almost

three times faster than the rest of the EU - and which has by far the best
E
U record in relation to the expansion of manufacturing employment. It also
h
as the lowest rate of inflation during this period. Moreover, it has for
som
e years had the lowest level of public borrowing and by far the fastest
expo
rt growth and biggest external payments surplus in the European Union.
This 
state is also unusual in that the increase in the purchasing power of
its av
erage wage since 1988 has been matched only by one other EU country -
Portug
al. Other striking features are that it has the lowest death rate in
the wor
ld for mothers and for children under five, the highest level of food
consum
ption and the second-highest rate of home ownership. Its rate of
female part
icipation in parliament and government is a third higher than in
Britain and
 the EU respectively.
The state in question is Ireland.
Of course, this is n
ot the whole story. There are two other aspects of the
Irish state which are
 equally notable and less positive: its average level
of living standards, m
easured in terms of its disposable income per head of
population, is 22 per 
cent below that of the EU as a whole, and its
unemployment rate is higher th
an in any other EU country except Spain.
Both of these features are, however
, largely time-lagged consequences of a
very high birth rate, which as recen
tly as the late 1970s was as much as
four-fifths higher than in many other E
uropean countries. However, this
exceptionally high rate is now a thing of t
he past. For, despite the
increase of more than half in the number of young 
people in its population
during the past two decades, a virtual halving of t
he fertility rate has
reduced the Irish birth rate by more than a third. Thi
s was brought about by
the almost universal adoption of contraceptive practi
ces, in disregard of
the attitude of the Roman Catholic authorities. It is q
uite possible that
within a few years the rate will have fallen to the kind 
of very low level
that prevails in countries in southern Europe.
Why has the
 Irish birth rate been such a crucial factor influencing
ultimately a countr
y's living standards as internationally measured? For the
simple reason that
 a country whose birth rate has been very high in the
recent past is bound t
o have a much higher ratio of dependants to workers:
not only children and s
tudents, but also, eventually, unemployed. This is
because there is a limit 
to any modern industrial state's ability to absorb
very large flows of young
 people emerging annually from the education
system. This is why the Irish s
tate's dependency ratio is 215 per 100
workers as against about 130 dependen
ts per 100 workers in the UK and 157
per 100 in the EU as a whole.
Vis a vis
 the UK, this factor helps explain the Irish state's lower level of
output p
er capita. For after a five-year period in which Irish gross
domestic produc
t has risen by 26 per cent, against a net 2 per cent in the
UK, the level of
 disposable income per worker in Ireland measured at
purchasing power pariti
es is now the same as that of Britain and higher than
that of Scandinavia.
T
he level of Irish unemployment is also largely a function of the past high
b
irth rate. Because Ireland's population was a fifth smaller up to 30 years
a
go, the number of annual retirements is currently relatively low. At the
sam
e time, the high birth rate up to the 1980s has been yielding - and will
con
tinue to yield until after 1998 - a high rate of entry into the Irish
labour
 force. The result: a need for a net annual increase of more than 3
per cent
 in jobs - whereas in the EU as a whole the rate has been only a
fifth of 1 
per cent. With annual births down from 74,000 in 1980 to fewer
than 52,000 i
n 1989, and now dropping below 50,000, it is clear that this
problem will ha
ve largely solved itself within about 15 years.
Meanwhile, the short-term gr
owth prospects of the Irish economy are probably
better even than forecast b
y the European Commission. There are now marked
signs of a recovery in consu
mer demand, which will generate increased
employment later this year.
This i
s the background to the recent Irish budget, which should have a
moderately 
stimulating effect on the economy, mainly through income tax
reliefs.
The au
thor is the former taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland
 ------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
CHANGES 1988-1993 %
 -
----------------------------------------------------------------------
     
                                Ireland           UK
 ----------------------
-------------------------------------------------
GDP                       
             +26           +2
GDP per worker                         +23    
       +6.5
Total employment manufacturing          +3           -4.5
Employ
ment                              +5          -18
Real wages                
             +16           +9
Consumer prices                        +13    
      +30.5
Investment                             +11.5         -7.5
Person
al consumption                   +16           +3.5
 -----------------------
------------------------------------------------
Percentage of GDP 1993
 ---
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Public 
borrowing                         2.5          7.2
Current external balance 
               +6.5         -2.3
 ------------------------------------------
-----------------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>IEZ  Irelan
d, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance, Taxation, and Moneta
ry Policy.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>STATS  Statistics.
    ECON  Gross d
omestic product.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Time
s </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 17 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 246 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-9415</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBODHADOFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
15
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 FEB 94 / Personal View: Positive aspects of Ire
land's economy </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By GARRET FITZGERALD </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

European Union statistics shows that there is one member state whose growth

over the past five years is spectacularly ahead of all the others - almost

three times faster than the rest of the EU - and which has by far the best
E
U record in relation to the expansion of manufacturing employment. It also
h
as the lowest rate of inflation during this period. Moreover, it has for
som
e years had the lowest level of public borrowing and by far the fastest
expo
rt growth and biggest external payments surplus in the European Union.
This 
state is also unusual in that the increase in the purchasing power of
its av
erage wage since 1988 has been matched only by one other EU country -
Portug
al. Other striking features are that it has the lowest death rate in
the wor
ld for mothers and for children under five, the highest level of food
consum
ption and the second-highest rate of home ownership. Its rate of
female part
icipation in parliament and government is a third higher than in
Britain and
 the EU respectively.
The state in question is Ireland.
Of course, this is n
ot the whole story. There are two other aspects of the
Irish state which are
 equally notable and less positive: its average level
of living standards, m
easured in terms of its disposable income per head of
population, is 22 per 
cent below that of the EU as a whole, and its
unemployment rate is higher th
an in any other EU country except Spain.
Both of these features are, however
, largely time-lagged consequences of a
very high birth rate, which as recen
tly as the late 1970s was as much as
four-fifths higher than in many other E
uropean countries. However, this
exceptionally high rate is now a thing of t
he past. For, despite the
increase of more than half in the number of young 
people in its population
during the past two decades, a virtual halving of t
he fertility rate has
reduced the Irish birth rate by more than a third. Thi
s was brought about by
the almost universal adoption of contraceptive practi
ces, in disregard of
the attitude of the Roman Catholic authorities. It is q
uite possible that
within a few years the rate will have fallen to the kind 
of very low level
that prevails in countries in southern Europe.
Why has the
 Irish birth rate been such a crucial factor influencing
ultimately a countr
y's living standards as internationally measured? For the
simple reason that
 a country whose birth rate has been very high in the
recent past is bound t
o have a much higher ratio of dependants to workers:
not only children and s
tudents, but also, eventually, unemployed. This is
because there is a limit 
to any modern industrial state's ability to absorb
very large flows of young
 people emerging annually from the education
system. This is why the Irish s
tate's dependency ratio is 215 per 100
workers as against about 130 dependen
ts per 100 workers in the UK and 157
per 100 in the EU as a whole.
Vis a vis
 the UK, this factor helps explain the Irish state's lower level of
output p
er capita. For after a five-year period in which Irish gross
domestic produc
t has risen by 26 per cent, against a net 2 per cent in the
UK, the level of
 disposable income per worker in Ireland measured at
purchasing power pariti
es is now the same as that of Britain and higher than
that of Scandinavia.
T
he level of Irish unemployment is also largely a function of the past high
b
irth rate. Because Ireland's population was a fifth smaller up to 30 years
a
go, the number of annual retirements is currently relatively low. At the
sam
e time, the high birth rate up to the 1980s has been yielding - and will
con
tinue to yield until after 1998 - a high rate of entry into the Irish
labour
 force. The result: a need for a net annual increase of more than 3
per cent
 in jobs - whereas in the EU as a whole the rate has been only a
fifth of 1 
per cent. With annual births down from 74,000 in 1980 to fewer
than 52,000 i
n 1989, and now dropping below 50,000, it is clear that this
problem will ha
ve largely solved itself within about 15 years.
Meanwhile, the short-term gr
owth prospects of the Irish economy are probably
better even than forecast b
y the European Commission. There are now marked
signs of a recovery in consu
mer demand, which will generate increased
employment later this year.
This i
s the background to the recent Irish budget, which should have a
moderately 
stimulating effect on the economy, mainly through income tax
reliefs.
The au
thor is the former taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland
 ------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
CHANGES 1988-1993 %
 -
----------------------------------------------------------------------
     
                                Ireland           UK
 ----------------------
-------------------------------------------------
GDP                       
             +26           +2
GDP per worker                         +23    
       +6.5
Total employment manufacturing          +3           -4.5
Employ
ment                              +5          -18
Real wages                
             +16           +9
Consumer prices                        +13    
      +30.5
Investment                             +11.5         -7.5
Person
al consumption                   +16           +3.5
 -----------------------
------------------------------------------------
Percentage of GDP 1993
 ---
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Public 
borrowing                         2.5          7.2
Current external balance 
               +6.5         -2.3
 ------------------------------------------
-----------------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>IEZ  Irelan
d, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance, Taxation, and Moneta
ry Policy.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>STATS  Statistics.
    ECON  Gross d
omestic product.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Time
s </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 17 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 247 ==============================================
Transaction #:    247       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-9415</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBODHADOFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
15
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 FEB 94 / Personal View: Positive aspects of Ire
land's economy </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By GARRET FITZGERALD </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

European Union statistics shows that there is one member state whose growth

over the past five years is spectacularly ahead of all the others - almost

three times faster than the rest of the EU - and which has by far the best
E
U record in relation to the expansion of manufacturing employment. It also
h
as the lowest rate of inflation during this period. Moreover, it has for
som
e years had the lowest level of public borrowing and by far the fastest
expo
rt growth and biggest external payments surplus in the European Union.
This 
state is also unusual in that the increase in the purchasing power of
its av
erage wage since 1988 has been matched only by one other EU country -
Portug
al. Other striking features are that it has the lowest death rate in
the wor
ld for mothers and for children under five, the highest level of food
consum
ption and the second-highest rate of home ownership. Its rate of
female part
icipation in parliament and government is a third higher than in
Britain and
 the EU respectively.
The state in question is Ireland.
Of course, this is n
ot the whole story. There are two other aspects of the
Irish state which are
 equally notable and less positive: its average level
of living standards, m
easured in terms of its disposable income per head of
population, is 22 per 
cent below that of the EU as a whole, and its
unemployment rate is higher th
an in any other EU country except Spain.
Both of these features are, however
, largely time-lagged consequences of a
very high birth rate, which as recen
tly as the late 1970s was as much as
four-fifths higher than in many other E
uropean countries. However, this
exceptionally high rate is now a thing of t
he past. For, despite the
increase of more than half in the number of young 
people in its population
during the past two decades, a virtual halving of t
he fertility rate has
reduced the Irish birth rate by more than a third. Thi
s was brought about by
the almost universal adoption of contraceptive practi
ces, in disregard of
the attitude of the Roman Catholic authorities. It is q
uite possible that
within a few years the rate will have fallen to the kind 
of very low level
that prevails in countries in southern Europe.
Why has the
 Irish birth rate been such a crucial factor influencing
ultimately a countr
y's living standards as internationally measured? For the
simple reason that
 a country whose birth rate has been very high in the
recent past is bound t
o have a much higher ratio of dependants to workers:
not only children and s
tudents, but also, eventually, unemployed. This is
because there is a limit 
to any modern industrial state's ability to absorb
very large flows of young
 people emerging annually from the education
system. This is why the Irish s
tate's dependency ratio is 215 per 100
workers as against about 130 dependen
ts per 100 workers in the UK and 157
per 100 in the EU as a whole.
Vis a vis
 the UK, this factor helps explain the Irish state's lower level of
output p
er capita. For after a five-year period in which Irish gross
domestic produc
t has risen by 26 per cent, against a net 2 per cent in the
UK, the level of
 disposable income per worker in Ireland measured at
purchasing power pariti
es is now the same as that of Britain and higher than
that of Scandinavia.
T
he level of Irish unemployment is also largely a function of the past high
b
irth rate. Because Ireland's population was a fifth smaller up to 30 years
a
go, the number of annual retirements is currently relatively low. At the
sam
e time, the high birth rate up to the 1980s has been yielding - and will
con
tinue to yield until after 1998 - a high rate of entry into the Irish
labour
 force. The result: a need for a net annual increase of more than 3
per cent
 in jobs - whereas in the EU as a whole the rate has been only a
fifth of 1 
per cent. With annual births down from 74,000 in 1980 to fewer
than 52,000 i
n 1989, and now dropping below 50,000, it is clear that this
problem will ha
ve largely solved itself within about 15 years.
Meanwhile, the short-term gr
owth prospects of the Irish economy are probably
better even than forecast b
y the European Commission. There are now marked
signs of a recovery in consu
mer demand, which will generate increased
employment later this year.
This i
s the background to the recent Irish budget, which should have a
moderately 
stimulating effect on the economy, mainly through income tax
reliefs.
The au
thor is the former taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland
 ------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
CHANGES 1988-1993 %
 -
----------------------------------------------------------------------
     
                                Ireland           UK
 ----------------------
-------------------------------------------------
GDP                       
             +26           +2
GDP per worker                         +23    
       +6.5
Total employment manufacturing          +3           -4.5
Employ
ment                              +5          -18
Real wages                
             +16           +9
Consumer prices                        +13    
      +30.5
Investment                             +11.5         -7.5
Person
al consumption                   +16           +3.5
 -----------------------
------------------------------------------------
Percentage of GDP 1993
 ---
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Public 
borrowing                         2.5          7.2
Current external balance 
               +6.5         -2.3
 ------------------------------------------
-----------------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>IEZ  Irelan
d, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance, Taxation, and Moneta
ry Policy.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>STATS  Statistics.
    ECON  Gross d
omestic product.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Time
s </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 17 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 248 ==============================================
Transaction #:    248       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-1806</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DCXCKAG8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9303
23
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 MAR 93 / Wave of immigration at new peak: Weste
rn Europe and North America each take over 1m a year in 1991 and 1992 </HEAD
LINE>
<BYLINE>    By BRONWEN MADDOX </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    GENEVA </DATELIN
E>
<TEXT>
WESTERN Europe and North America each received more than 1m immigr
ants in
1991 and 1992, a United Nations Conference on European population, w
hich
opens today in Geneva, is to be told.
The total, mainly relatives joini
ng earlier immigrants and a new wave of
asylum seekers, is higher than the p
revious peak in the early 1960s,
according to Mr David Coleman, a demographe
r at Oxford University.
Immigrants are not generally economically beneficial
 to their host
countries, he argues, although they may solve short-term labo
ur problems.
'Only around 60 per cent of the potential workforce in western 
Europe is
actually working and there is plenty of slack to cope with future 
labour
demand,' he says. The past availability of cheap labour may be one fa
ctor
behind Europe's relative lack of investment in high technology industri
es,
he adds.
The immigration numbers include 250,000 leaving Yugoslavia last
 year.
Germany last year took 438,000 asylum seekers, two thirds of the Euro
pean
total.
But so far 'it is Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia which are t
aking the
brunt of Russians, gipsies and Romanians from the east,' Mr Colema
n says.
An outbreak of fighting in Russia could intensify the pressure for w
estward
migration, and pressure will come too from the projected rise of nea
rly 2bn
in the populations of the south Mediterranean, tropical Africa and s
outh
Asia in the next 12 years.
The conference, one of five regional debates
 before next year's UN World
Population Conference in Cairo, is expected to 
call for more money to be
spent on family planning to curb high rates of pop
ulation growth in
developing countries.
The UN Population Fund wants the tot
al amount of money spent each year to
double from the present level of Dolla
rs 4.5bn by the year 2000. Developed
countries contribute only Dollars 800m 
of the total, and the Population Fund
the main UN family planning agency, ha
s seen its budget frozen at Dollars
238m.
The conference will also hear warn
ings that current projections of the
world's population could need considera
ble revision.
By the year 2050, the world's stable population could be anywh
ere between
5bn and 20bn, according to Mr Miroslav Macura, of the UN Economi
c Commission
for Europe. Present estimates of a doubling in population from 
the present
5.5bn by that date could be altered by small changes in fertilit
y rates, he
said.
Scientists are also arguing that traditional assumptions b
etween economic
development and falling birth rates - captured in the phrase
 'Development is
the best contraception' - no longer appear true. Gulf state
s have seen
fertility rates - the average family size if the current birth r
ate were
maintained - of around three, compared to a European average of aro
und 1.7,
despite a huge increase in wealth. Mr Macura also points out that T
hailand,
Sri Lanka, and Bulgaria have seen sharp falls in birth rate despite
 low
prosperity levels.
Social changes in Europe are causing sharp fluctuati
ons in birth rate. East
German fertility rates, which were 1.6 before German
 unification compared to
West Germany's 1.4, have now fallen to 0.8 because 
of uncertainty. However
the increasing prosperity of Italy and Spain is thou
ght to be responsible
for the fall in fertility rates to about 1.2, below We
st German levels.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XGZ  Europe.
    CAZ  C
anada.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9721 International Affairs.
</IN>

<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>GOVT  Government News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times
 </PUB>
<PAGE> International Page 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 249 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-13122</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EA0DIACDFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
127
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 JAN 94 / Family loses out in social changes: M
ore people live alone - Sharp increase in divorce rate </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE> 
   By ALAN PIKE, Social Affairs Correspondent </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
An apparently
 unequal struggle between the conventional family and social
and demographic
 change is shown today in Social Trends, the Central
Statistical Office's an
nual compendium of British life.
Political controversies over the future of 
the welfare state and the causes
of crime have brought the role of tradition
al family values into sharp
focus. But Social Trends shows that, while the d
ebate continues, so does the
decline of the traditional family.
Couples with
 dependent children formed the majority of households as
recently as the ear
ly 1970s. By 1992 they constituted less than 40 per cent,
and it is now incr
easingly likely that such couples will not be married.
One significant reaso
n for the change is a growing proportion of people
living alone. Single peop
le now account for more than a quarter of all
households - there has been a 
threefold increase in the proportion of people
living alone during the past 
30 years.
The biggest recent growth has been among men of working age, but t
he ageing
of the population is another factor that will fuel a continuing in
crease in
single-person households. By the year 2031 there will be more than
 16m
people of pensionable age in Britain's population - more than double th
e
1961 number.
Recent years have seen an even more striking rise in the prop
ortion of
lone-parent families - these have quadrupled since the early 1960s
. The
government's General Household Survey, also published this week, shows
 that
21 per cent of families were headed by lone parents in 1992. The main

increase in single-parent households occurred during the 1970s and 1980s,
an
d there has been little further change in the proportion since 1990, the
gov
ernment's household survey adds.
Allied to this change is Social Trends' now
-familiar soaring graph showing
the remarkable rise in births outside marria
ge. Unmarried mothers now
account for almost one-in-three births - an increa
se from the one-in-20
level that, apart from the two world wars, had persist
ed throughout the
century until the 1960s. In Scotland and the north-east of
 England, 90 per
cent of mothers under 20 were unmarried in 1992.
The propor
tion of births outside marriage more than doubled during the 1980s
alone. Bu
t the children do not all grow up in single-parent families - in
1992, 75 pe
r cent of babies born outside marriage were registered by both
parents.
Divo
rce, as well as births outside marriage, is contributing to the growth
in si
ngle-parent households. Marriages have declined by nearly 16 per cent
during
 the past 20 years, while divorces have more than doubled.
Some politicians 
hope that a renewed appreciation of the importance of
community involvement 
will fill the gaps created by fragmenting family
relationships. However, evi
dence in Social Trends suggests that this may be
wishful thinking.
Surveys s
how that only 4 per cent of the population has taken an active part
in a pol
itical campaign. The proportion of churchgoers is, at 15 per cent,
lower tha
n in many other European countries.
Almost 75 per cent of the population has
 done no recent voluntary work. Some
of the active minority who do volunteer
 put in more than 10 hours a month -
but this compares with nearly 27 hours 
a week spent by the average citizen
watching television.
Social Trends 24. H
MSO. Pounds 27.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.

</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P8732 Commercial Nonphysical Research.
</I
N>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>STATS  Statistics.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times 
</PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 8 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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============= Transaction # 252 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 253 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-808</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EI0DNAGMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>94092
7
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 SEP 94 / Survey of Business Locations in Europe 
(3): Later retirement with smaller pensions - Eva Kaluzynska examines the im
plications of an ageing population </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EVA KALUZYNSKA
 </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Europe's workforce is ageing - 15 per cent of the populati
on is already aged
65 or over, compared with an average of 6 per cent in the
 rest of the world.
'We're moving towards the low 20s (%) at the turn of the
 century,' said Dr
David Coleman, a demographer at Oxford University, specia
lising in trends
affecting Europe.
There are relatively minor variations in 
birth and death rates among the 17
countries in the European Economic Area (
EEA), but the picture is very
clear. Any company considering relocation will
 obviously factor in current
levels of social costs, lowest in Portugal, Gre
ece, Spain and the UK;
highest in Germany, Denmark and Belgium. But employer
s must tune into
demographic trends now if they want to get a sustainable, l
ong-term
personnel policy off the ground.
'Companies may be thinking of movi
ng now to a country where costs are low,
but they must plan now to keep them
 low,' said employee-benefits specialist
David Formosa, of Sedgwick Noble Lo
wndes.
The baby boom after the war was followed by what demographers at Euro
stat,
in Luxembourg, call a 'baby bust' in the 1970s. A marked decline in na
tural
population growth throughout the EEA is continuing, while the death ra
te
remains stable. In 1993, the birth rate was 11.2 per thousand, down from

11.5 per thousand in 1992; while the death rate stayed at 10.1 per thousand.

Women, currently 51.2 per cent of the population in the European Union (EU)
,
are having fewer children, and they are having them later if at all. Only 
in
Ireland (and Poland, in central Europe) are women still having two or mor
e
children each. In 1993, there were 4.19m births in the 17 countries of the

EEA - 110,000 fewer than the previous year.
Demographers are ringing alarm 
bells about the need to adjust policies now,
both at company and government 
level. 'Germany is the forerunner,' said
Harri Cruijsen, team leader at Euro
stat's project on demography. 'In the
next five to 10 years it is going to h
ave the most acute problems in
adjusting to an ageing workforce.'
Italy and 
Spain lag by about five to 10 years. The situation is less serious
in France
, which has had a policy of financial incentives for would-be
mothers. The U
K could also buck the trend up to a point, due to what
Cruijsen calls an abn
ormally high rate of teenage pregnancies not seen
elsewhere in Europe.
The o
verall implications are stark. Employers who stay on the continent,
rather t
han move nearer to markets in Asia, must make the most of the
existing pool 
of potential labour, given the lack of youngsters. Experts
agree on the need
 for two significant shifts in policy and attitude:
postponing the age of re
tirement, and recruiting more women into the labour
force. 'Seniors will sta
y on, females will come on,' as Cruijsen puts it.
Many employees able to do 
so have retired early over the past decade, and
many still expect to do so. 
'This will stop,' said Cruijsen bluntly. Italy
and Japan are already plannin
g to raise the statutory age of retirement, and
other countries will follow 
suit, experts say.
'The notion of early retirement has overshot its usefulne
ss,' said Coleman.
'Active, employable life is getting longer. The notion th
at a person is old
and past it at 65 is increasingly obsolete.'
The idea of 
older people giving up their places in the workforce to
youngsters gathered 
favour during the recession, though without any
significant effect in reduci
ng unemployment. Employers encouraged the trend,
rejuvenating their workforc
es in the belief that younger people adapted
better to new technologies.
But
 Formosa urges managers to be innovative in adapting to new realities:
'Empl
oyers will have to start thinking differently.' Replacing key staff who
have
 specialised knowledge and experience will become far more difficult,
and fl
exible solutions, such as part-time schemes for key older employees
could be
 part of the answer. He would recommend phased retirement: 'Maybe
people wil
l still be doing one or two days a week when they're aged 70.'
Employers cas
ting round for reserves in the labour force will have to make
better use of 
women, experts say. Women currently make up about 40 per cent
of the labour 
force in the EU. Denmark has the highest rate of female
participation, at 46
.6 per cent, followed by France (44.3), Portugal (43.2)
and the UK(43.2). Ir
eland has the lowest rate, at 34.1 per cent. 'All
projections for modest gro
wth in the labour force at the turn of the century
come from increased level
s of female participation,' says Coleman.
Formosa thinks employers will come
 round to offering women with caring
responsibilities for children or older 
people more flexible working
arrangements, as they realise the value of doin
g so. 'I believe employers
will make more of an effort to keep women, as the
re is more difficulty in
finding replacements.'
Coleman estimates that, if a
ll EU countries matched Denmark's rate of female
participation in the labour
 force, the recruits would more than make up for
any shortfall. 'There is a 
hidden labour force of at least 30m, which will
be mobilised as married wome
n increasingly take up work or return to work.'
Europe's ageing workforce ca
n expect lower statutory pensions, with higher
retirement ages as the ratio 
of taxpayers to recipients descends from the
current 2.4:1 to under two. Inc
entives to retire early will go, and the
prospect of lower incomes will obli
ge seniors to work on.
Employers are likely to become involved in improving 
pension provisions,
partly through helping employees to set up appropriate s
chemes to which they
are the main contributors, partly through incentives fo
r later retirement.
Formosa says there is still time to avoid scenarios in w
hich pensions
systems collapse under the burden of payments due. Later retir
ement will cut
the cost of pensions by reducing the duration of payments.
So
me experts have suggested migration as a potential solution to the
imbalance
 in western Europe's age structure. Coleman is adamant that this is
no quick
 fix. The EEA countries cannot absorb significant numbers of legal
migrants,
 other than those with specific skills for specific periods, he
says: 'It se
ems eccentric to propose immigration for low-grade labour,
especially since 
future demand emphasises high skills.'
Importing cheap young labour would ex
acerbate one of Europe's biggest
problems, its low productivity. Coleman arg
ues that western Europe must deal
with the impending crisis through making t
he best use of its own resources.
It should, he says, retrain to reduce unem
ployment and invest in more
capital-intensive processes to improve productiv
ity. And it should mobilise
more of its potential working population by maki
ng it easier for women to
work, as well as by recruiting those beyond curren
t retirement age. Canny
employers can start planning now.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Count
ries:-
</XX>
<CN>XGZ  Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9441 Admini
stration of Social and Manpower Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT 
 Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pag
e II </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-808</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EI0DNAGMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>94092
7
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 SEP 94 / Survey of Business Locations in Europe 
(3): Later retirement with smaller pensions - Eva Kaluzynska examines the im
plications of an ageing population </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EVA KALUZYNSKA
 </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Europe's workforce is ageing - 15 per cent of the populati
on is already aged
65 or over, compared with an average of 6 per cent in the
 rest of the world.
'We're moving towards the low 20s (%) at the turn of the
 century,' said Dr
David Coleman, a demographer at Oxford University, specia
lising in trends
affecting Europe.
There are relatively minor variations in 
birth and death rates among the 17
countries in the European Economic Area (
EEA), but the picture is very
clear. Any company considering relocation will
 obviously factor in current
levels of social costs, lowest in Portugal, Gre
ece, Spain and the UK;
highest in Germany, Denmark and Belgium. But employer
s must tune into
demographic trends now if they want to get a sustainable, l
ong-term
personnel policy off the ground.
'Companies may be thinking of movi
ng now to a country where costs are low,
but they must plan now to keep them
 low,' said employee-benefits specialist
David Formosa, of Sedgwick Noble Lo
wndes.
The baby boom after the war was followed by what demographers at Euro
stat,
in Luxembourg, call a 'baby bust' in the 1970s. A marked decline in na
tural
population growth throughout the EEA is continuing, while the death ra
te
remains stable. In 1993, the birth rate was 11.2 per thousand, down from

11.5 per thousand in 1992; while the death rate stayed at 10.1 per thousand.

Women, currently 51.2 per cent of the population in the European Union (EU)
,
are having fewer children, and they are having them later if at all. Only 
in
Ireland (and Poland, in central Europe) are women still having two or mor
e
children each. In 1993, there were 4.19m births in the 17 countries of the

EEA - 110,000 fewer than the previous year.
Demographers are ringing alarm 
bells about the need to adjust policies now,
both at company and government 
level. 'Germany is the forerunner,' said
Harri Cruijsen, team leader at Euro
stat's project on demography. 'In the
next five to 10 years it is going to h
ave the most acute problems in
adjusting to an ageing workforce.'
Italy and 
Spain lag by about five to 10 years. The situation is less serious
in France
, which has had a policy of financial incentives for would-be
mothers. The U
K could also buck the trend up to a point, due to what
Cruijsen calls an abn
ormally high rate of teenage pregnancies not seen
elsewhere in Europe.
The o
verall implications are stark. Employers who stay on the continent,
rather t
han move nearer to markets in Asia, must make the most of the
existing pool 
of potential labour, given the lack of youngsters. Experts
agree on the need
 for two significant shifts in policy and attitude:
postponing the age of re
tirement, and recruiting more women into the labour
force. 'Seniors will sta
y on, females will come on,' as Cruijsen puts it.
Many employees able to do 
so have retired early over the past decade, and
many still expect to do so. 
'This will stop,' said Cruijsen bluntly. Italy
and Japan are already plannin
g to raise the statutory age of retirement, and
other countries will follow 
suit, experts say.
'The notion of early retirement has overshot its usefulne
ss,' said Coleman.
'Active, employable life is getting longer. The notion th
at a person is old
and past it at 65 is increasingly obsolete.'
The idea of 
older people giving up their places in the workforce to
youngsters gathered 
favour during the recession, though without any
significant effect in reduci
ng unemployment. Employers encouraged the trend,
rejuvenating their workforc
es in the belief that younger people adapted
better to new technologies.
But
 Formosa urges managers to be innovative in adapting to new realities:
'Empl
oyers will have to start thinking differently.' Replacing key staff who
have
 specialised knowledge and experience will become far more difficult,
and fl
exible solutions, such as part-time schemes for key older employees
could be
 part of the answer. He would recommend phased retirement: 'Maybe
people wil
l still be doing one or two days a week when they're aged 70.'
Employers cas
ting round for reserves in the labour force will have to make
better use of 
women, experts say. Women currently make up about 40 per cent
of the labour 
force in the EU. Denmark has the highest rate of female
participation, at 46
.6 per cent, followed by France (44.3), Portugal (43.2)
and the UK(43.2). Ir
eland has the lowest rate, at 34.1 per cent. 'All
projections for modest gro
wth in the labour force at the turn of the century
come from increased level
s of female participation,' says Coleman.
Formosa thinks employers will come
 round to offering women with caring
responsibilities for children or older 
people more flexible working
arrangements, as they realise the value of doin
g so. 'I believe employers
will make more of an effort to keep women, as the
re is more difficulty in
finding replacements.'
Coleman estimates that, if a
ll EU countries matched Denmark's rate of female
participation in the labour
 force, the recruits would more than make up for
any shortfall. 'There is a 
hidden labour force of at least 30m, which will
be mobilised as married wome
n increasingly take up work or return to work.'
Europe's ageing workforce ca
n expect lower statutory pensions, with higher
retirement ages as the ratio 
of taxpayers to recipients descends from the
current 2.4:1 to under two. Inc
entives to retire early will go, and the
prospect of lower incomes will obli
ge seniors to work on.
Employers are likely to become involved in improving 
pension provisions,
partly through helping employees to set up appropriate s
chemes to which they
are the main contributors, partly through incentives fo
r later retirement.
Formosa says there is still time to avoid scenarios in w
hich pensions
systems collapse under the burden of payments due. Later retir
ement will cut
the cost of pensions by reducing the duration of payments.
So
me experts have suggested migration as a potential solution to the
imbalance
 in western Europe's age structure. Coleman is adamant that this is
no quick
 fix. The EEA countries cannot absorb significant numbers of legal
migrants,
 other than those with specific skills for specific periods, he
says: 'It se
ems eccentric to propose immigration for low-grade labour,
especially since 
future demand emphasises high skills.'
Importing cheap young labour would ex
acerbate one of Europe's biggest
problems, its low productivity. Coleman arg
ues that western Europe must deal
with the impending crisis through making t
he best use of its own resources.
It should, he says, retrain to reduce unem
ployment and invest in more
capital-intensive processes to improve productiv
ity. And it should mobilise
more of its potential working population by maki
ng it easier for women to
work, as well as by recruiting those beyond curren
t retirement age. Canny
employers can start planning now.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Count
ries:-
</XX>
<CN>XGZ  Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9441 Admini
stration of Social and Manpower Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT 
 Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pag
e II </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 255 ==============================================
Transaction #:    255       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-808</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EI0DNAGMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>94092
7
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 SEP 94 / Survey of Business Locations in Europe 
(3): Later retirement with smaller pensions - Eva Kaluzynska examines the im
plications of an ageing population </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EVA KALUZYNSKA
 </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Europe's workforce is ageing - 15 per cent of the populati
on is already aged
65 or over, compared with an average of 6 per cent in the
 rest of the world.
'We're moving towards the low 20s (%) at the turn of the
 century,' said Dr
David Coleman, a demographer at Oxford University, specia
lising in trends
affecting Europe.
There are relatively minor variations in 
birth and death rates among the 17
countries in the European Economic Area (
EEA), but the picture is very
clear. Any company considering relocation will
 obviously factor in current
levels of social costs, lowest in Portugal, Gre
ece, Spain and the UK;
highest in Germany, Denmark and Belgium. But employer
s must tune into
demographic trends now if they want to get a sustainable, l
ong-term
personnel policy off the ground.
'Companies may be thinking of movi
ng now to a country where costs are low,
but they must plan now to keep them
 low,' said employee-benefits specialist
David Formosa, of Sedgwick Noble Lo
wndes.
The baby boom after the war was followed by what demographers at Euro
stat,
in Luxembourg, call a 'baby bust' in the 1970s. A marked decline in na
tural
population growth throughout the EEA is continuing, while the death ra
te
remains stable. In 1993, the birth rate was 11.2 per thousand, down from

11.5 per thousand in 1992; while the death rate stayed at 10.1 per thousand.

Women, currently 51.2 per cent of the population in the European Union (EU)
,
are having fewer children, and they are having them later if at all. Only 
in
Ireland (and Poland, in central Europe) are women still having two or mor
e
children each. In 1993, there were 4.19m births in the 17 countries of the

EEA - 110,000 fewer than the previous year.
Demographers are ringing alarm 
bells about the need to adjust policies now,
both at company and government 
level. 'Germany is the forerunner,' said
Harri Cruijsen, team leader at Euro
stat's project on demography. 'In the
next five to 10 years it is going to h
ave the most acute problems in
adjusting to an ageing workforce.'
Italy and 
Spain lag by about five to 10 years. The situation is less serious
in France
, which has had a policy of financial incentives for would-be
mothers. The U
K could also buck the trend up to a point, due to what
Cruijsen calls an abn
ormally high rate of teenage pregnancies not seen
elsewhere in Europe.
The o
verall implications are stark. Employers who stay on the continent,
rather t
han move nearer to markets in Asia, must make the most of the
existing pool 
of potential labour, given the lack of youngsters. Experts
agree on the need
 for two significant shifts in policy and attitude:
postponing the age of re
tirement, and recruiting more women into the labour
force. 'Seniors will sta
y on, females will come on,' as Cruijsen puts it.
Many employees able to do 
so have retired early over the past decade, and
many still expect to do so. 
'This will stop,' said Cruijsen bluntly. Italy
and Japan are already plannin
g to raise the statutory age of retirement, and
other countries will follow 
suit, experts say.
'The notion of early retirement has overshot its usefulne
ss,' said Coleman.
'Active, employable life is getting longer. The notion th
at a person is old
and past it at 65 is increasingly obsolete.'
The idea of 
older people giving up their places in the workforce to
youngsters gathered 
favour during the recession, though without any
significant effect in reduci
ng unemployment. Employers encouraged the trend,
rejuvenating their workforc
es in the belief that younger people adapted
better to new technologies.
But
 Formosa urges managers to be innovative in adapting to new realities:
'Empl
oyers will have to start thinking differently.' Replacing key staff who
have
 specialised knowledge and experience will become far more difficult,
and fl
exible solutions, such as part-time schemes for key older employees
could be
 part of the answer. He would recommend phased retirement: 'Maybe
people wil
l still be doing one or two days a week when they're aged 70.'
Employers cas
ting round for reserves in the labour force will have to make
better use of 
women, experts say. Women currently make up about 40 per cent
of the labour 
force in the EU. Denmark has the highest rate of female
participation, at 46
.6 per cent, followed by France (44.3), Portugal (43.2)
and the UK(43.2). Ir
eland has the lowest rate, at 34.1 per cent. 'All
projections for modest gro
wth in the labour force at the turn of the century
come from increased level
s of female participation,' says Coleman.
Formosa thinks employers will come
 round to offering women with caring
responsibilities for children or older 
people more flexible working
arrangements, as they realise the value of doin
g so. 'I believe employers
will make more of an effort to keep women, as the
re is more difficulty in
finding replacements.'
Coleman estimates that, if a
ll EU countries matched Denmark's rate of female
participation in the labour
 force, the recruits would more than make up for
any shortfall. 'There is a 
hidden labour force of at least 30m, which will
be mobilised as married wome
n increasingly take up work or return to work.'
Europe's ageing workforce ca
n expect lower statutory pensions, with higher
retirement ages as the ratio 
of taxpayers to recipients descends from the
current 2.4:1 to under two. Inc
entives to retire early will go, and the
prospect of lower incomes will obli
ge seniors to work on.
Employers are likely to become involved in improving 
pension provisions,
partly through helping employees to set up appropriate s
chemes to which they
are the main contributors, partly through incentives fo
r later retirement.
Formosa says there is still time to avoid scenarios in w
hich pensions
systems collapse under the burden of payments due. Later retir
ement will cut
the cost of pensions by reducing the duration of payments.
So
me experts have suggested migration as a potential solution to the
imbalance
 in western Europe's age structure. Coleman is adamant that this is
no quick
 fix. The EEA countries cannot absorb significant numbers of legal
migrants,
 other than those with specific skills for specific periods, he
says: 'It se
ems eccentric to propose immigration for low-grade labour,
especially since 
future demand emphasises high skills.'
Importing cheap young labour would ex
acerbate one of Europe's biggest
problems, its low productivity. Coleman arg
ues that western Europe must deal
with the impending crisis through making t
he best use of its own resources.
It should, he says, retrain to reduce unem
ployment and invest in more
capital-intensive processes to improve productiv
ity. And it should mobilise
more of its potential working population by maki
ng it easier for women to
work, as well as by recruiting those beyond curren
t retirement age. Canny
employers can start planning now.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Count
ries:-
</XX>
<CN>XGZ  Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9441 Admini
stration of Social and Manpower Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT 
 Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pag
e II </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 256 ==============================================
Transaction #:    256       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-4933</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-ECICYACPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9403
09
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  09 MAR 94 / Can Europe Compete?: Balance of econom
ic power begins to shift - David Marsh sees opportunities in Europe's laggin
g performance </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID MARSH </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Europe
ans are no strangers to periods of lagging economic performance. The
fortune
s of ancient Egypt waxed and waned over 2,000 years, while most of
Europe wa
s a barbaric wilderness populated by goatherds.
The cycles of world history 
have since accelerated and become
interconnected, to a degree barely conceiv
able even a generation ago. As it
tackles the problem of fading dynamism, Eu
rope must weather a phase of
unsettling political and economic transition.
'
Europe can be under no illusion that it faces very strong competition from
t
he US and Asia,' says Mr Ernst-Antoine Selliere, vice-president in charge
of
 economic affairs at the French Patronat employers' organisation. 'But,
prov
ided we loosen constraints on our competitiveness, this can be an
opportunit
y.'
The European nations that launched the manufacturing revolutions of the 
18th
and 19th centuries ceded industrial leadership to the US after the firs
t
world war. Now, as a result of global upheavals in technology and
communic
ations, another shift in the balance of economic power may be
imminent - thi
s time, towards the rapidly expanding economies of the Pacific
Rim.
Using Wo
rld Bank data and its own assumptions about future growth, Union
Bank of Swi
tzerland (UBS) projects that, in the first decade of next
century, purchasin
g power income per head in Singapore and Korea will exceed
that of the US. I
ncomes in Singapore are already close to the west European
average.
Accordin
g to similarly derived projections by UK accountants Coopers and
Lybrand, th
e share of world GDP taken by Asian developing countries
(including both Chi
na and India) could rise to 28 per cent in 2010 from 18
per cent in 1990. We
stern Europe's share would fall to 17 per cent from 22
per cent, while the U
S's would fall to 18 per cent from 23 per cent.
This projection assumes annu
al growth in both western Europe and the US of
2.5 per cent, against 6 per c
ent in Asia. Even if the growth differential is
less, Europe will drop down 
the economic rankings. But Europe's likely
decline needs to be put into pers
pective.
First, it is natural that less well-off countries move closer to we
althy
ones. Over the past 20 years, the gulf between many rich and poor coun
tries
has widened. Where gaps have narrowed, they normally remain large. Acc
ording
to World Bank figures (based on constant dollar exchange rates rather
 than
purchasing power parities), by 2000 the ratio between average GDP per 
capita
in western Europe and east Asia will be an 18 to 1, compared with 48 
to 1 in
1970.
Second, as living standards rise in less developed countries, 
wealth should
flow back to Europe through increased trade and investment. Pr
ovided
European companies match international advances in management and
tec
hnology, Europe can maintain a strong competitive advantage in goods and
ser
vices the rest of the world wants. This requires that borders remain open
an
d protectionist pressure is resisted.
Professor Richard Portes, director of 
the London-based Centre for Economic
Policy Research, believes a narrowing o
f the wealth gap between Europe and
the rest of the world need not be disast
rous. 'I'm very sceptical about the
views of the doomsayers.'
Differences in
 real wages between western Europe and other manufacturing
regions will narr
ow, he says, in the same way that US wages, relative to
those in Europe, hav
e fallen since the 1950s. This need not stop European
living standards risin
g.
According to UBS's projections, western Europe's growth rate will pick up

early in the 21st century, as the continent benefits from the 'catch up'
ph
enomenon, under which countries that lag adopt innovations from the
leaders.

A striking example of 'catch up' has been US success in the 1980s in
reacti
ng to the competitive threat from Japan by importing 'just-in-time'
Japanese
 production technology, says Mr Bill Gasser, UBS's senior
international econ
omist.
But, as it tries to adapt, Europe has one big disadvantage. The
fast-
increasing share of GDP taken by government spending in the past decade
 -a 
rise well under way before the onset of the European recession in
1992-93 - 
has imposed a growing burden on business.
Social spending is the biggest sin
gle portion of these outlays. The OECD
says social security transfers in the
 EU will account for 21.5 per cent of
GDP in 1994, up from 16.4 per cent in 
1989 - double the percentage rise in
the last downturn in 1979-1982. In rela
tion to GDP, EU social transfers
exceed US and Japanese levels by 50 per cen
t and 78 per cent.
As a community of nation states, western Europe faces gre
ater difficulties
than the US did a decade ago in adopting common policies t
o recover
dynamism. But Europe's diversity is also a trump card. Different p
arts of
the continent can draw upon varying strengths and specialisations.
T
here is little disagreement on the diagnosis of Europe's core problems. The

task is to implement corrective measures:
Growth of public spending on welfa
re is placing intolerable strains on
budget deficits - one reason for high t
axes and interest rates. Beyond
simply cutting benefits, governments need a 
new balance between public and
private sector social security provision.
The
 number of old people in Europe could outstrip resources to care for
them. I
maginative solutions will be required, returning the elderly to
family envir
onments and using technological advances to moderate medical
costs.
More fle
xible labour markets are needed, including improved possibilities
for part-t
ime work and less rigid wage-bargaining mechanisms. The collapse
in demand f
or unskilled labour creates the potential for an integrated tax
and welfare 
system allowing low-paid workers to be paid partly by employers
and partly b
y tax credits.
Europe must overcome its technological lag. Companies at the 
forefront of
scientific advance must improve links both to the markets they 
serve and the
education establishments on which they draw. Europe needs a be
tter balance
between the costs and benefits of environmental regulation. Env
ironmental
rules have not yet been a significant spur to innovation or compe
titive
advantage. Plans for further integration, including widening (early n
ext
century) to central and eastern Europe, need to be based on liberal,
ope
n-market principles.
Governments know Europe can prosper only if companies t
hink globally. This
can lead to some sharp modifications. Pointing to the la
rge number of German
companies shifting production abroad to escape high dom
estic costs, Mr
Ludolf von Wartenberg, general manager of the Federation of 
German Industry,
says companies are moving away from a 'Made in Germany' tow
ards a 'Designed
in Germany' concept. German industry will regain competitiv
eness, he says.
But he admits doubts on how German society will cope with th
e strain.
This type of corporate reaction can be painful, but the absence of

adjustment would have still more disturbing consequences. If European
enter
prises and employees can muster the flexibility to manage change and
the fla
ir to master it, salvation is assured.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>US
Z  United States of America.
    JPZ  Japan, Asia.
    QRZ  European Economi
c Community (EC).
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance, Taxation,
 and Monetary Policy.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.

    MKTS  Market shares.
    ECON  Gross domestic product.
    ECON  Econom
ic Indicators.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 14 <
/PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 257 ==============================================
Transaction #:    257       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-1590</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CLQCFAC7FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9212
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 DEC 92 / Europe isn't working: As the single ma
rket approaches, rising unemployment has pushed inflation out of the limelig
ht </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID GOODHART </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
In the run-up 
to next year's single European market, many of the continent's
biggest emplo
yers are shedding tens of thousands of employees. IBM, British
Petroleum and
 Ford joined the list this week, and the UK government will
today unveil fig
ures showing more than 30,000 joined the dole queues in
November.
Unemployme
nt in the European Community, consistently higher than elsewhere
in the indu
strial world and rising rapidly again, is rudely elbowing its way
back into 
the limelight.
Between 1985 and 1991 it was tempting to believe that unemplo
yment rates
could return to the low single figures of the 1960s as, led by t
he UK, the
EC created 11.4m jobs. That performance was better than the US, J
apan and
non-EC Europe, but still not good enough to bring EC unemployment r
ates down
to their levels.
One reason is that only a third of the 11.4m jobs
 went to the registered
unemployed, resulting in a disappointingly small fal
l in the EC's
unemployment rate, from 10.9 per cent at the end of 1985 to 8.
4 per cent at
the end of 1990. About 30 per cent of the new jobs went to par
t-timers and
70 per cent to women. Many of the women, according to European 
Commission
officials, now form a reserve army of the semi-employed who come 
on to the
jobs market when jobs are plentiful and disappear again when they 
are
scarce.
Thanks to the rising level of female participation in the EC wor
kforce, a
static, or slightly falling, EC birth rate will not lead to a shor
tage of
workers or the disappearance of unemployment by the end of the centu
ry.
Indeed, the Commission expects the labour force to grow 15 per cent,
req
uiring 25m jobs, by 2010, largely because female participation will catch
up
 with the rest of the industrialised world.
But the medium-term prospects ar
e not good. Industrialists point out that,
on top of the unemployment arisin
g from slower growth, is the extra loss of
jobs that will arise because of t
he single market. Companies' profit margins
in the new competitive environme
nt are coming under pressure so they are
cutting overheads in the form of jo
bs. The combined result is that for the
past year unemployment has been risi
ng in almost all countries, with the
exception of the Netherlands, and EC-wi
de unemployment is now edging back up
towards 10 per cent - about 16m people
.
The UK, where labour-market deregulation has made it easier to hire and
fi
re, is the leader in the loss of jobs just as it was in job creation, and
ac
counted for almost 50 per cent of the increase in EC joblessness in the
year
 to August 1992. The continuing rapid increase in the UK will help to
propel
 the EC-wide unemployment rate to a new peak of more than 11 per cent
later 
in 1993, where the Commission expects it to remain until 1996.
The total sho
uld fall after that, but the continuing underlying upward
trend, which began
 with the first oil shock of the early 1970s, will leave
joblessness at the 
end of the 1990s six times higher than it was in the
1960s. The Commission e
stimates that 10m new jobs will be needed by 2000
merely to cut the unemploy
ment rate to 7 per cent, something the tough
economic convergence criteria o
f the Maastricht treaty will almost certainly
rule out.
EC labour markets we
re not always such international laggards. Indeed it was
only in the early 1
980s that EC unemployment overtook that of the US, but
academics and policym
akers seem at a loss to find a convincing explanation
for what has gone wron
g over the past 20 years.
Mr Charles Bean, of the Centre for Economic Perfor
mance at the London School
of Economics, concluded a recent survey of Europe
an unemployment thus: 'The
reader may feel that we are not much further on i
n understanding the causes
of high unemployment than 10 years ago. There are
 plenty of plausible
suspects, quite a few smoking guns, but little really d
efinite proof.'
The basic pattern of EC unemployment has remained similar fo
r 20 years,
although the problem is now spreading beyond the unskilled, the 
young and
the old to affect better-qualified, middle-aged workers. But the c
urrent
wave differs in one important respect from the early 1980s - there is
 no
surge in youth unemployment, which accounted for 45 per cent of total EC

unemployment in the early 1980s and now accounts for less than 30 per cent.

There remain large differences between countries within the EC -
particular
ly between northern and southern member states. As Mr John Morley,
head of e
mployment policy at the European Commission, points out: 'Unlike
the United 
States we do have some very undeveloped parts of the EC with low
participati
on rates and a large black market.'
EC unemployment can be divided into thre
e groups: the high-unemployment
countries (Ireland and Spain); the medium-un
employment countries (the UK,
Italy, France, Denmark, Belgium and Greece); a
nd the low-unemployment
countries (the Netherlands, west Germany, Portugal a
nd Luxembourg).
In some countries, such as France, Italy and Greece, unemplo
yment has
remained relatively static for almost a decade; others such as the
 UK have
ridden the rollercoaster up, down and now up again. A virtuous trio
 of
Portugal, the Netherlands and west Germany have seen a consistent downwa
rd
trend since 1985, although Germany, following reunification, is now start
ing
to shed jobs rapidly.
Southern states such as Spain, Greece and Italy te
nd to have lower
participation rates, higher youth and female unemployment, 
and higher
self-employment rates. But Spain's very high unemployment rate st
ems from
its slow growth between 1975 and 1985; inflexible employment rules 
for
employers plus capital-intensive investment have done little to dent thi
s.
Portugal, on the other hand, enjoys low unemployment because it has low
p
roductivity.
There are other regional differences, such as high graduate une
mployment in
Spain and Greece which results from people queueing for the bet
ter-paid jobs
in the public sector. But there is no single explanation for t
he EC's poor
employment performance which would help policymakers bring the 
rate down to
the low single figures that prevails in Japan, the US and non-E
C Europe.
The EC's failures compared with other leading industrial countries
 (see
chart) cannot simply be attributed to slower growth. Though growth has
 been
below Japanese levels since the early 1970s it has been comparable wit
h the
US and non-EC Europe.
Neither, as the UK government believes, can the 
failure be attributed to the
over-regulation of EC labour markets. Britain's
 own laisser-faire hire and
fire system is hardly a model - with the third-h
ighest unemployment in the
EC - while two of the most regulated EC labour ma
rkets, the Netherlands and
west Germany, have relatively low unemployment. R
elated arguments about high
unionisation or generous benefit systems are dis
proved by the Nordic
countries, which have both, as well as historically low
 unemployment.
So was labour market deregulation and the reduction in union 
influence
pursued by some EC countries in the 1980s misconceived? Mr Robert 
Lindley,
of the Institute for Employment Research at the University of Warwi
ck,
believes that the strategy hit the wrong target. Instead of forcing
full
-time, well-paid 'insiders', from skilled manual workers to the
professions,
 to share out some of their job security and high pay, it has
merely made 'a
lready weak workers even weaker and divided up the same amount
of work into 
smaller, part-time, parcels'. The percentage of French workers
in part-time 
employment has increased by 50 per cent over the past decade
and one-fifth o
f UK employment is now part-time.
The dominance of the insiders also helps e
xplain the failure of EC wage
rates to respond first to the external shocks 
of the 1970s oil price rises
and then to the high unemployment of the early 
1980s. Japanese workers took
a sharp drop in real wages in the 1970s and, at
 least for the past 10 years,
US workers have had static real wages. By cont
rast the EC saw a significant
increase in real wages in the 1980s. In Britai
n, for example, they rose by
39 per cent and in Italy by 31 per cent.
One re
ason that the insiders have remained so well-placed in the EC is the
high in
cidence of people out of work for more than one year who cease to
function a
s an effective pressure on the employed. The long-term unemployed
make up ab
out 50 per cent of the EC unemployed, compared with only 6 per
cent in the U
S and 18 per cent in Japan.
The Commission wants a more 'integrated' labour 
market to accommodate the
longer-term unemployed but is unlikely to get it. 
EC employers are
fragmenting the labour market and, where regulations allow,
 increasing the
number of part-time, or temporary, service-sector jobs, whic
h are often
insecure and low-paid.
To overcome the mismatch between the skil
ls and aptitudes of the long-term
unemployed and the sort of jobs increasing
ly on offer, the unemployed will
have to adapt to the job market. Mr Morley 
says governments must help them
by adjusting their social security and taxat
ion systems to encourage the
outsiders back into the labour market, making i
t easier for people to
combine two part-time jobs for example. Governments s
hould also spend less
on 'passive' benefits - currently more than two-thirds
 of the 2.25 per cent
of EC gross domestic product spent on the unemployed -
 and more on
retraining, counselling and other active labour market measures
.
Such reforms could take years to yield benefits. In the meantime it would 
be
unrealistic to expect greater labour mobility in the EC to help reduce
st
rains - only 2m EC citizens currently work permanently in another EC
country
, fewer than the number 10 years ago.
There are, however, two grounds for op
timism about EC unemployment. First,
thanks to lower productivity and the gr
owth of labour-intensive services, it
now requires EC growth of only about 1
.5 per cent to create jobs, compared
with 3 to 4 per cent 10 years ago. Seco
nd, a growing number of politicians
in the EC are starting to focus on high 
unemployment as a structural, not
just a cyclical, problem. As Mr Morley say
s: 'It's not much, but at least
it's a start.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Ti
mes </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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============= Transaction # 259 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-6848</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EE0DLAHMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9405
27
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 MAY 94 / Survey of Relocation in the UK (3): Po
pulation grows grey / A look at how Britain compares with the rest of Europe
 </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PHILIP COGGAN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The UK population
 is growing. And, like that of much of western Europe, it
is also greying.
B
ut while the increase in the pensioner population may cause problems in the

middle of the 21st century, there is some good news in the shorter term.
The
 number of people of working age (defined as men aged 16-64, and women
aged 
16-59) is still increasing, according to the Office of Population
Censuses a
nd Surveys. From around 35.5m in 1992, the working population is
expected to
 increase to around 37.4m by 2011, while the overall UK
population grows fro
m just under 58m to 61.25m over the same period.
The birth rate in the UK ha
s edged up in recent years after the lows of the
late 1970s and early 1980s;
 live births per 1,000 people were 13.5 in 1992,
compared with an average of
 12.9 in 1981-85.
Nevertheless, the fertility rate is still below the replac
ement level of
2.1. Children were 25 per cent of the population in 1971, but
 are expected
to be only 18 per cent in 2031.
It is only a low death rate, a
s life expectancy marches ever upwards, that
keeps the population growing. (
Immigration plays a small part. The UK had a
net inflow of 34,000 people in 
1992.) The average male born in 1990 had a
life expectancy of 73 years, comp
ared with 67.9 years in 1961; female life
expectancy grew from 73.8 to 78.5 
years over the same period.
The UK's population profile is not too bad in Eu
ropean terms. In terms of
maintaining a future workforce, the key is the num
ber of those aged 0-19 as
a proportion of those people of working age. Here 
the champion is Ireland,
which has more than one child for every person of w
orking age, while the UK
ranks seventh out of 17 countries surveyed by the O
PCS in 1990-91.
Bottom of the league is Germany, which has only one child fo
r every three
people of working age.
The number of 16-year-olds joining the 
UK workforce has been steadily
declining from a peak of 936,000 in 1981 and 
may have reached a trough of
628,000 in 1993. It is now expected to rise gen
tly during the rest of the
century.
The UK does not rank quite so well on th
e greying factor. There were 39
people aged over 60 for every 100 of working
 age in 1990-91, the third
highest total of the European nations studied. (S
weden was the greyest with
43 people over 60 for every 100 of working age.)

According to the OPCS, there were 8.93m people of pensionable age in England

and Wales in 1981, 18 per cent of the total; by 1991, there were 9.45m, 18.
5
per cent of the total. And within the ranks of the pensioners, the number 
of
people aged over 75 increased from 2.93m (5.9 per cent of the total
popul
ation) in 1981 to 3.62m (7.1 per cent) in 1991.
The growing numbers of the e
lderly will undoubtedly create social costs
(particularly in terms of health
 and pensions provision) which will probably
be reflected in higher taxes fo
r the working population.
However, greying is a European-wide problem. About
 a fifth of the European
Union's 320m citizens are aged over 60 (with 20m ag
ed over 74). By 2010, the
proportion of over-60s is projected to grow to 23 
per cent and to 25 per
cent by 2040. The only countries expected to have a p
ensioner population of
less than 20 per cent in 2010 are Portugal and Irelan
d.
Steps may be taken to alleviate potential problems by increasing the
pens
ionable age. In the UK, the plan is for the retirement age for women to
be i
ncreased to 65, to match that of men. This change will be phased in
between 
the years 2010 and 2020.
The effect, according to the OPCS, is that the numb
er of pensioners in the
UK will peak at 15.2m in 2038, compared with a total
 of 16.8m had the change
not occurred.
Within England, population rose in ev
ery region bar two between 1981 and
1991. The exceptions were the north and 
the north-west, which experienced a
fall of 0.1 per cent per year. East Angl
ia and the south-west saw the
fastest growth rates, at 0.9 and 0.7 per cent 
a year respectively.
In 1992, the English region with the highest proportion
 of people of working
age was the south-east with 61.2 per cent (64.1 per ce
nt in greater London
itself). The region with the lowest proportion was the 
south-west, with 59.2
per cent.
In terms of the future, the region with the 
highest proportion of those
under 16 is the north-west, with 21.2 per cent, 
while the south-west is the
lowest with 19.2 per cent.
Looking at the rest o
f the UK, Northern Ireland has a higher proportion of
children than any Engl
ish region, at 25.7 per cent, while Scotland beats all
the English regions i
n terms of the proportion of people of working age, at
62 per cent.
OPCS pro
jections show that, in 2011, the south-east region will still have
the lowes
t proportion of pensioners and the highest proportion of those of
working ag
e in England; the south-west will still be at the opposite end of
the scale 
on both counts. The south-east will also have moved to top the
scale in term
s of the proportion of children.
However, a study of migration flows shows t
hat people have been leaving the
south-east for the rest of England. In the 
five years between 1988 and 1992,
the south-east experienced a net migration
 outflow to the rest of the UK of
206,000. In fact, all of that and more was
 a loss from greater London, which
had an outflow of 250,000.
The region whi
ch saw the biggest inflow was the south-west, which gained
119,000. The east
 midlands and East Anglia both gained, while the west
midlands and the north
-west were net losers.
Within the UK as a whole, there has been a small migr
ation from England to
the other three countries. And there has been a steady
 shift away from
cities towards more rural areas. Perhaps as the elderly ret
reat from the
towns to retire to 'rural bliss', this trend will continue.
 -
--------------------------------------------------------------------
       
                UK population (thousands)
 ---------------------------------
------------------------------------
Mid-year              UK     England   
Wales   Scotland   N Ireland
figures
 --------------------------------------
-------------------------------
1961*               52,807    43,561   2,635
     5,184      1,427
1971*               55,928    46,412   2,740     5,236
      1,540
1976*               56,216    46,660   2,799     5,233      1,52
4
1981*               56,352    46,821   2,813     5,180      1,538
1986*   
            56,850    47,342   2,820     5,121      1,567
1987*             
  57,008    47,488   2,833     5,112      1,575
1988*               57,159  
  47,633   2,854     5,094      1,578
1989*               57,352    47,809  
 2,869     5,091      1,583
1990*               57,561    47,992   2,878    
 5,102      1,589
1991*               57,801    48,208   2,891     5,107    
  1,594
1992*               57,998    48,378   2,899     5,111      1,610
 o
f which, percentages
 0-4                  6.7      6.7      6.6       6.4  
      8.0
 5-15                13.7     13.5     14.0      13.7       17.7
 
16-44               42.0     42.0     39.6      42.6       42.1
 45-64M/59F 
         19.3     19.3     19.8      19.5       17.2
 65M/60F-74          11
.4     11.3     12.6      11.5        9.8
 75 and over          7.0      7.0
      7.4       6.4        5.2
 --------------------------------------------
-------------------------
Projections (based on mid-1992 population estimate
s)
1996                58,784    49,067   2,930     5,146      1,642
2001   
             59,800    50,023   2,966     5,143      1,667
2006             
   60,610    50,814   2,993     5,115      1,687
2111                61,257 
   51,458   3,013     5,077      1,709
 of which, percentages
 0-4          
        5.7      5.8      5.6       5.5        6.7
 5-15                13.5
     13.5     12.9      13.6       15.3
 16-44               37.4     37.5  
   35.9      36.2       39.7
 45-64M/59F          23.6     23.6     23.2    
  24.5       21.2
 65M/60F-74          12.0     11.9     13.4      12.4     
  10.7
 75 and over          7.8      7.8      9.0       7.9        6.4
 ---
------------------------------------------------------------------
*=Estimat
es
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
So
urce: Office of Population Censuses and Surveys
 ---------------------------
------------------------------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<C
N>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9441 Administr
ation of Social and Manpower Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Co
mment & Analysis.
    STATS  Statistics.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page II </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 260 ==============================================
Transaction #:    260       Transaction Code:  15 (Terms Cleared)          

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