"Journal Article","","Adams, James W.R.//U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","","","Rebuilding the beaches of Florida","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","April, 1979, 1979","","47","","2","3 - 6","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Rebuilding the beaches of Florida","","","Florida; beaches; beach restoration"
"K","","Adams, J.W.R.//Walton, T.L. Jr.//Leahy, T.M.""","","Rebuilding the beaches of Florida","","","","","Papers Presented at Beach Seminar '78","","","October, 1978, 1978","","","","","","","","","","","","","102-119","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Rebuilding the beaches of Florida","     Beach erosion control studies and projects represent only a part of the effort throughout the state to control erosion and the loss of one of Florida's most valuable natural resources, its sandy beaches.  In addition to planned beach restoration projects, emergency beach fill projects have been constructed to ameliorate damages to designated 'disaster areas' following major storms.  Over the past 10 years and at 15 sites in Florida, the beach fill material normally obtained from offshore borrow sources has been reduced by the placement of 5.5 million cubic yards of suitable material obtained from adjacent Federal navigation projects during maintenance operations.  The Corps of Engineers has taken an active role in environmental protection on beach erosion control projects and is constantly going through an environmentally sensitive evaluation process in all stages of planning and design.  The Corps continualy monitors project operations to increase knowledge and improve methodology for minimizing environmental impacts and have developed the capability to assist in any phase of beach erision control desired by the state of local governments.""","beach erosion; shore protection; erosion control; Florida;"
"E","","Adams, M.V.//John, C.B.//Kelley, R.F.//LaPointe, A.E.//Meurer, R.W.""","","","","","","","Mineral resource management of the outer continental shelf,""","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","","1978, 1978","","","U.S. Geological Survey Circular 720, 32 p.""","","32","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Mineral resource management of the outer continental shelf,""     An important function of the Geological Survey is the evaluation and management of the mineral resources of the Outer Continental Shelf, particularaly with respect to oil and gas, salt, and sulfur.
     Production of oil and gas from the Outer Continental Shelf of the United States has increased substantially over the past 20 years and represents an increasing percentage of total United States production.  As discovery of major onshore production of oil and gas has become more difficult, the search has moved into the surrounding waters where submerged sedimentary formations are conductive to the accumulation of oil and gas.  Increased energy demands of recent years have accelerated the pace of offshore operations with a corresponding improvement in technology as exploration and development have proceeded further from shore and into deeper water.  While improved technology and enforcement of more stringent regulations have made offshore operations safer, it is urealistic to believe that completely accident-free operations can ever be achieved.
     Only slightly more than six percent of the world's continental terrace is adjacent to the United States, but less than one percent has been explored for oil and gas.  Since the lead time for the development of offshore oil and gas resources can be as much as a decade, they do not provide an immediate energy supply but should be viewed in the light of a near-term source with a potential of becoming a medium-range source of supply pending the development of alternative energy sources.
     Revenues from the Outer Continental Shelf are deposited to the general fund of the United States Treasury.  A major portion of these funds is allocated to the Land and Water Conservation Fund, the largest Federal grant-in-aid program of assistance to States, countries, and cities for the acquisition and development of public parks, open space, and recreation lands and water.""","General"
"E","","Allen-Lafayette, Zehdreh//Uptegrove, Jane//Waldner, Jeffrey S.//Hall, David W.//Smith, Peter C.//Ashley, Gail M.//Sheridan, Robert E.//Goss, Matthew C.//Muller, Frederick L.//Keller, Eugene","","","","Open-File Report","","","","Identified potential beach replenishment sand sources, onshore and offshore New Jersey","","","","","","","","","Champaign, IL, United States","U.S. Geological Survey","May 27-30, 1998, 1998","","","Open-File Report 98-0487, Online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/openfile/of98-487/brief.html","","","104-105","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","This document is a summary of several posters and/or oral talks that were given at Digital Mapping Techniques '98.  They are not full reports. Short Title: Identified potential beach replenishment sand sources, onshore and offshore New Jersey","","","beach nourishment; beaches; clastic sediments; coastal environment; dredging; erosion; erosion control; littoral erosion; mapping; New Jersey; preventive measures; sand; sediments; shore features; shorelines; USGS; Geomorphology"
"K","","Allen-Lafayette, Zehdreh//Uptegrove, Jane//Waldner, Jeffrey S.//Hall, David W.//Smith, Peter C.//Ashley, Gail M.//Sheridan, Robert E.//Goss, Matthew C.//Muller, Frederick L.//Keller, Eugene","","","Identified potential beach replenishment sand sources, onshore and offshore New Jersey","","","Soller, David R.""","Digital Mapping Techniques '98, Champaign, IL, 1998","","","May 27-30, 1998, 1998","Proceedings: Champaign, IL","","","","","","","","","","","","104-105","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","A summary of this document can be found at http://pubs.usgs.gov/openfile/of98-487/brief.html, which is a summary of several posters and/or oral talks that were given at Digital Mapping Techniques '98.  They are not full reports. Short Title: Identified potential beach replenishment sand sources, onshore and offshore New Jersey","","","beach nourishment; beaches; clastic sediments; coastal environment; dredging; erosion; erosion control; littoral erosion; mapping; New Jersey; preventive measures; sand; sediments; shore features; shorelines; USGS; Geomorphology"
"E","","Alpine Geophysical Associates","","","","","","","","Final report on data reduction for CERC New Jersey Offshore Sand Inventory Program","","","","","","","","","Norwood, NJ","Coastal Engineering Research Center, 48 p.""June 15, 1969, 1969","","","","","","48","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Final report on data reduction for CERC New Jersey Offshore Sand Inventory Program","","","New Jersey; sand inventory"
"E","","Amato, Roger V.""","","","Circular","","","","The Georgia-Federal Nonenergy Minerals Task Force","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U.S. Geological Survey","Nov. 14-16, 1989, 1989","","","Circular, Report C 1052, p. 40-44","","","59-64","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","sketch maps, 13 refs
See also:
Editors: Lockwood, Millington; McGregor, Bonnie A 
Affiliation: Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Adm., Natl. Ocean Serv., Rockville, MD, United States (USA) 
Conference: 1989 Exclusive Economic Zone symposium on Mapping and research; Federal-State partners in EEZ mapping, Reston, VA, United States, Nov. 14-16, 1989 Short Title: The Georgia-Federal Nonenergy Minerals Task Force","","","Atlantic Ocean; continental shelf; economic geology; Georgia; gravel deposits; heavy mineral deposits; North American Atlantic; oceanography; phosphate deposits; sands; technical cooperation; United States Exclusive Economic Zone; USGS; Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits; Oceanography"
"L","","","","","Sand and gravel maps of the Atlantic Continental Shelf with explanatory text, U.S. Minerals Management Service OCS Monograph MMS 93-0037","OCS Monograph","","Amato, Roger V.""","","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service OCS Monograph","1994","","","","","","","","","1:1,000,000, 35 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","One map on 4 folded leaves. 
Includes index map (p.2.). 
Bibliography: p. 30-35. Short Title: Sand and gravel maps of the Atlantic Continental Shelf with explanatory text, U.S. Minerals Management Service OCS Monograph MMS 93-0037","","MMS 93-0037",""
"K","","Amato, Roger V.""","","Management of sand resources on the continental shelf off New Jersey [abs.]","","","","","Geological Society of America, Northeastern Section, Annual Meeting, 32nd, King of Prussia, PA, 1997, Proceedings: Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America","","","March 17-19, 1997, 1997","","","","","","","","","","29","","","27","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Management of sand resources on the continental shelf off New Jersey [abs.]","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Atlantic Ocean; continental shelf; land leases; New Jersey; North Atlantic; offshore; sands; United States
Economic geology; economics of nonmetal deposits"
"K","","Amato, R. V.//Leverette, Steven J.""","","Sand and gravel resources on the Atlantic continental shelf; a new look","","","","","Offshore Technology Conference, 24th, Houston, TX., 1992","","","May 4-7, 1992, 1992","Houston, TX, United States","","","","","","Proceedings: Houston, TX, Geology, Earth Sciences and Environment","","","24","","","19-24","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Contains 7 references, illus. incl. 1 table, sketch maps Short Title: Sand and gravel resources on the Atlantic continental shelf; a new look","","","Atlantic Ocean; continental shelf; Eastern U.S.; economic geology; gravel deposits; offshore; sands; United States
Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits"
"Journal Article","","American Shore & Beach Preservation Association","","","Shoreline preservation strategy for the San Diego region","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","1995","","63","","2","17-30","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","illus. incl. 1 table, sketch maps Short Title: Shoreline preservation strategy for the San Diego region Alternate Journal: Shore & Beach","","","beach nourishment; California; erosion; financing; human activity; land use; littoral cells; littoral erosion; planning; preventive measures; protection; recreation; regional planning; San Diego County California; shorelines; United States
Engineering geology"
"K","","Anders, Fred J.//Bocamazo, Lynn M.//Tanski, Jay//Davies, DeWitt S.""","","A cooperative shoreline erosion monitoring program, Atlantic Coast of New York [abs.]","","","Edge, Billy L.""","Coastal Zone '95","","","July 16-21, 1995, 1995","Tampa, FL","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","","","","496-497","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: A cooperative shoreline erosion monitoring program, Atlantic Coast of New York [abs.]","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Central Atlantic Coastal Plain; coastal environment; erosion; land use; littoral erosion; methods; monitoring; New York; shorelines; United States; Engineering geology"
"E","","Anders, Fred J.//Hansen, Mark","","","","Report","","","","Beach and borrow site sediment investigation for a beach nourishment at Ocean City, Maryland","","","","","","","","","Vicksburg, MS","Coastal Engineering Research Center","1990","","","Technical Report CERC/TR-90-5, 103 p.""","","103","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach and borrow site sediment investigation for a beach nourishment at Ocean City, Maryland","Native beach sediment and sediment from 9 potential borrow sites were investigated in 1986-87. The project, as finally completed, constructed a beach 8 miles long with a 100-ft-wide berm. A total of 2.7 million cu yd was removed from two borrow sites and placed on the beach. This report discusses the method used in sampling and analyzing sediment from the native beach and each borrow site.""","Atlantic Coastal Plain; beaches; engineering geology; management; Maryland; Ocean City Maryland; sediments; shorelines; Worcester County Maryland; Engineering geology"
"E","","Anderson, James A.""","","","Bulletin","","","","California's industrial-mineral resources","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1990","","","Bulletin 1958","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology Short Title: California's industrial-mineral resources","","","California; economic geology; industrial minerals; resources; USGS; Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits"
"K","","Anima, Roberto J.//Tait, James//Griggs, Gary B.//Brown, Kristin M.""","","Nearshore morphology and sedimentation using side-scanning sonar and underwater video along the Central California coast","","","","","American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting","","","Dec. 6-10, 1993, 1993","San Francisco, CA","","","","","","American Geophysical Union","","","74","","","348","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Nearshore morphology and sedimentation using side-scanning sonar and underwater video along the Central California coast","","","acoustical methods; bathymetry; bottom features; California; Central California; continental shelf; geophysical methods; imagery; littoral drift; nearshore environment; North Pacific; ocean floors; Pacific Ocean; sedimentation; shore features; shorelines; side-scanning methods; sonar methods; video methods
Oceanography; Applied geophysics"
"Journal Article","","Anonymous","","","A beach from the deep","","","","","","Shore and Beach","","","","","","","","","","October 1969, 1969","","37","","2","38 - 39","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection
3 photos, map, about a page of text cross the two pages. 
This article discusses bringing sand up from the deep ocean to save a beach in Los Angeles. Short Title: A beach from the deep","","","California; beaches; Los Angeles"
"Journal Article","","Anonymous","","","Michigan's coastal dunes; a heritage worth saving","","","","","","Michigan Natural Resources","","","","","","","","","","February 1, 1990, 1990","","59","","1","26-29","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Michigan's coastal dunes; a heritage worth saving Alternate Journal: Michigan Natural Resources","","","blowouts; dunes; geomorphology; Michigan; parabolic dunes; perched dunes; popular geology; shore features; Geomorphology"
"Journal Article","","Anonymous","","","Replenishing the shoreline","","","","","","Virginia Marine Resources Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","Winter/Spring 1990, 1990","","22","","1","14 - 15","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Replenishing the shoreline","The conventional technical wisdom of today calls for using "soft structures," specifically sand, to compensate for sand lost to everyday erosion and to storms. In the past, sand was taken from upland pits to replenish shorelines; however, those upland areas have more value now in terms of their development potential and are not readily available for mining. Above all, foresight is crucial in shoreline protection. Not only do back-up sources for long-term projects need to be found, but a large quantity of material could be needed immediately after a violent storm. With this in mind, scientists at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) conducted various studies to locate deposits.""","Virginia; coastal engineering; shore protection; beach erosion; beach nourishment; sand; beaches"
"Journal Article","","Anonymous","","","Restoration of southern California's beaches","","","","","","World Dredging, Mining and Construction","","","","","","","","","","2000, 2000","","36","","2","8 - 9, 16","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Restoration of southern California's beaches","     Mans on Construction Co.'s three-year contract from the US Army Corps of Engineers for beach restoration at Oceanside in California calls for 500,000 m3 to to be dredged and placed on the beach.  The H.R. Morris cutter suction drege has been used in the project.  Other Manson dredging projects include beach reclamation at Ventura and Redondo Beach and deepening the access channels to Marina Del Ray Harbor.""","California; Southern California; beach restoration"
"Journal Article","","Anonymous","","","Maintenance dredging for Long Beach","","","","","","World Dredging, Mining and Construction","","","","","","","","","","2000, 2000","","36","","9","6 - 7, 15","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Maintenance dredging for Long Beach","     The City of Long Beach, California, USA, has conducted it's own maintenance dredging operations since 1972 using its hydraulic suction dredge.  The Cataline Cruises Terminal Basin project is described.  Cataline Cruises expressed concerns about shallow depths in the terminal basin used for commercial passenger vessels.  Tetra Tech, Inc. was contracted to conduct a detailed bathymetric survey and to carry out sediment sampling and eelgrass surveys.  The surveys showed that dredging was required.  The dredged material was used as fill in the Port of Long Beach, saving the cost of upland disposal.""","California; Long Beach California; dredging"
"Book Chapter","","Antoine, John W.//Martin, Ray G., Jr.//Pyle, T.G.//Bryant, William R.""","","Continental margins of the Gulf of Mexico","","","Burk, C.A., Drake, C.L.""editor","The Geology of Continental Margins","","","","","","","","","New York, NY","Springer-Verlag","1974","","","","","1009","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Continental margins of the Gulf of Mexico","","","Gulf of Mexico; continental margin"
"E","","Armstrong","","","","","","","","An economic and environmental assessment of offshore sand mining","","","","","","","","","","Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Geological Survey Division,""1978, 1978","","","Open-File Report 78-6, 174 p.""","","174","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: An economic and environmental assessment of offshore sand mining","","","Michigan; offshore sand mining; sand mining"
"E","","Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station","","","","Technical report","","","","Prediction of cross-shore movement of dredged material berms","","","","","","","","","Vicksburg, MS","Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station","May, 1992, 1992","","","Technical Report WES/TR/DRP/-1-09, 17 p.""","","17","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Product reproduced from digital image; S.J. WIlliams reference collection Short Title: Prediction of cross-shore movement of dredged material berms","","","General; berms; dredged materials; dredged material berms"
"E","","Arthur, Jonathan D.//Applegate, Joseph//Melkote, Shekhar//Scott, Thomas M.""","","","","","","","Heavy mineral reconnaissance off the coast of the Apalachicola River delta, northwest Florida","","","","","","","","","","In cooperation with U.S. Minerals Management Service, Contract number 14-12-001-30115, 77 p.""August 16, 1985, 1985","","","","","","77","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Heavy mineral reconnaissance off the coast of the Apalachicola River delta, northwest Florida","","Contract number 14-12-001-30115","Florida; heavy minerals; Apalachicola River"
"Journal Article","","Ashley, G.M.//Sheridan, R.E.""","","Depositional model for valley fills on a passive continental margin: Incised-valley systems: Origin and sedimentary sequences","","","","","","SEPM Special Publication","","","","","","","","","","1994","","","","51","285 - 301","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Short Title: Depositional model for valley fills on a passive continental margin: Incised-valley systems: Origin and sedimentary sequences","","","General; models; continental margin; valley; valley fills"
"E","","Balsillie, James H.//Clark, Ralph R.""","","","Special Publication","","","","Annotated and illustrated bibliography of marine subaqueous sand resources of Florida's Gulf of Mexico","","","","","","","","","Tallahassee","Florida Geological Survey,""2001, 2001","","","Special Publication No. 48, 254 p.""","","254","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Annotated and illustrated bibliography of marine subaqueous sand resources of Florida's Gulf of Mexico","     A significant number of investigations have, over the years, been published or otherwise reported concerning offshore sediments of Florida's Gulf of Mexico.  We have attempted in this work to compile a comprehensive treatment of the subject in a regional, subregional, and county-by-county basis for Florida's Gulf Coast.  We have endeavored to annotate publications and reports to the extent that the user will have a grasp of the information and area of applicability of each included work.  The user, then, will have information from which they can decide if it is proper or not to further consult individual works for additional details.""","Florida; bibliography; Gulf of Mexico"
"Journal Article","","Barlow, DeWitt D., Jr.""","","Hydraulic dredges for beach restoration","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","April, 1962, 1962","","30","","1","15 - 17","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. reference collection Short Title: Hydraulic dredges for beach restoration","","","General; beach restoration"
"Journal Article","","Barnhardt, W.A.//Belknap, D.F.//Kelley, J.T.""","","Stratigraphic evolution of the inner continental shelf in response to late Quaternary relative sea-level change, northwestern Gulf of Maine","","","","","","Geological Society of America Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1997","","109","","","612-630","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Stratigraphic evolution of the inner continental shelf in response to late Quaternary relative sea-level change, northwestern Gulf of Maine","","","Gulf of Maine; sea level changes"
"E","","Barnhardt, W.A.//Kelley, J.T.""","","","","","","","Geomorphology and sedimentary framework of Blue Hill and Frenchmans Bays, Maine","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1991","","","Open-file Report 91-6, 39 p.""","","39","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geomorphology and sedimentary framework of Blue Hill and Frenchmans Bays, Maine","","","Gulf of Maine; Blue Hill Bay; Frenchmans Bay; Maine; Geomorphology; sedimentary framework"
"Journal Article","","Barnhardt, W.A.//Kelley, J.T.""","","Carbonate accumulation on the inner continental shelf of Maine: a modern consequence of late Quaternary glaciation and sea-level change","","","","","","Journal of Sedimentary Research","","","","","","","","","","1995","","65","","","195-207","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Carbonate accumulation on the inner continental shelf of Maine: a modern consequence of late Quaternary glaciation and sea-level change","Accumulations of skeletal carbonates are associated with late Quaternary glacigenic sediments on the inner continental shelf of Maine despite cold waters that are generally considered corrosive to calcium carbonate. These shelly lithosomes (up to 100% CaCO sub(3)) are confined to a small area in the vicinity of Mt. Desert Island, a granitic massif on the deeply embayed coast. Exposure to waves is a strong control on sediment accumulation and varies due to orientation of the coast, presence of numerous islands, and extremely irregular bathymetry. Postglacial regression and subsequent transgression have greatly influenced the nature and distribution of surficial sediments on shallow parts of the shelf (less than approximately 60 m depth). On the basis of bathymetry, bottom sediment properties, and geophysical characteristics, five major physiographic zones are recognized: nearshore basins, shelf valleys, outer basins, rocky zones, and nearshore ramps. Thick deposits of marine mud, often charged with natural gas and pockmarked in places, exist inside sheltered embayments (nearshore basins) and offshore below the influence of sea-level changes (outer basins). Shallower areas are dominated by rock outcrops (rocky zones) that support a prolific fauna of calcareous organisms such as barnacles, echinoderms, mussels, and assorted bivalves and gastropods. There are no significant sources of terrigenous sediments nearby. In their absence, abundant sand- and gravel-size shell fragments accumulate in rocky zones and adjacent nearshore ramps, form a thin layer capping glacial-marine sediments and till, and supply sediment for two carbonate sand beaches. These deposits provide a useful analog for deciphering the origins of some ancient limestone-diamictite successions.""","Gulf of Maine; carbonate; sea level changes; glaciation"
"L","","","","","Surficial geology of the inner continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Maine: Piscataqua River to Biddeford Pool:  Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-7","Maine Geological Survey Map 96-7","","Barnhardt, W.A.//Kelley, J.T.//Belknap, D.F.//Dickson, S.M.//Kelley, A.R.""","","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1996","","","","","","","","","1:100,000","","","","","","","","","","","","","This is 1 of a series of 7 maps covering coastal Maine, scale 1:100,000. Short Title: Surficial geology of the inner continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Maine: Piscataqua River to Biddeford Pool:  Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-7","This map series shows the surficial geology of the Maine inner continental shelf. Color map units showing seafloor type were determined using side-scan sonar surveys, seismic reflection profiles, grab samples, cores, and video images. Bathymetry is shown with 10 meter (33 ft.) contour intervals from National Ocean Service provisional Bathymetric and Fishing maps. The quality of these data are insufficiently detailed in some areas, and consequently, the maps are not suitable for navigation purposes. Standard NOS nautical charts (available from marinas and marine supply stores or directly from NOS) should be used for navigation. Latitude and longitude coordinate grids are plotted in 10 minute increments, and the territorial sea boundary is also shown. Geographic names on the map include some coastal towns and cities, prominent islands, bays, harbors, and peninsulas. Major roads and inland lakes and streams are provided for reference. An explanatory text describes the regional geologic setting, scientific methods used, description of seafloor types, geologic history, summary of seafloor types, and sources of additional information. The area covered by each map is one degree of longitude by half a degree of latitude. Adjacent maps have a 10 to 30% overlap. Maps are 4 feet wide and 3 feet high. Maps 96-7 and 96-9 can be joined to give complete coverage from Kittery to Pemaquid Point (without map 96-8). The scale of the maps is 1: 100,000 or one inch equals approximately 1.6 statute miles or 2.5 kilometers.(http://www.state.me.us/doc/nrimc/pubedinf/pubs/plcoast.htm#inner)","","Gulf of Maine; surficial geology; Piscataqua River, Biddeford Pool; Maine"
"L","","","","","Surficial geology of the inner continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Maine: Ogunquit to the Kennebec River:  Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-8","Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-8","","Barnhardt, W.A.//Kelley, J.T.//Belknap, D.F.//Dickson, S.M.//Kelley, A.R.""","","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1996","","","","","","","","","1:100,000","","","","","","","","","","","","","This is 1 of a series of 7 maps covering coastal Maine, scale 1:100,000. Short Title: Surficial geology of the inner continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Maine: Ogunquit to the Kennebec River:  Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-8","This map series shows the surficial geology of the Maine inner continental shelf. Color map units showing seafloor type were determined using side-scan sonar surveys, seismic reflection profiles, grab samples, cores, and video images. Bathymetry is shown with 10 meter (33 ft.) contour intervals from National Ocean Service provisional Bathymetric and Fishing maps. The quality of these data are insufficiently detailed in some areas, and consequently, the maps are not suitable for navigation purposes. Standard NOS nautical charts (available from marinas and marine supply stores or directly from NOS) should be used for navigation. Latitude and longitude coordinate grids are plotted in 10 minute increments, and the territorial sea boundary is also shown. Geographic names on the map include some coastal towns and cities, prominent islands, bays, harbors, and peninsulas. Major roads and inland lakes and streams are provided for reference. An explanatory text describes the regional geologic setting, scientific methods used, description of seafloor types, geologic history, summary of seafloor types, and sources of additional information. The area covered by each map is one degree of longitude by half a degree of latitude. Adjacent maps have a 10 to 30% overlap. Maps are 4 feet wide and 3 feet high. Maps 96-7 and 96-9 can be joined to give complete coverage from Kittery to Pemaquid Point (without map 96-8). The scale of the maps is 1: 100,000 or one inch equals approximately 1.6 statute miles or 2.5 kilometers.(http://www.state.me.us/doc/nrimc/pubedinf/pubs/plcoast.htm#inner)","","Gulf of Maine; surficial geology; Ogunquit River; Kennebec River; Maine"
"L","","","","","Surficial geology of the inner continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Maine: Cape Elizabeth to Pemaquid Point:  Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-9","Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-9","","Barnhardt, W.A.//Kelley, J.T.//Belknap, D.F.//Dickson, S.M.//Kelley, A.R.""","","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1996","","","","","","","","","1:100,000","","","","","","","","","","","","","This is 1 of a series of 7 maps covering coastal Maine, scale 1:100,000. Short Title: Surficial geology of the inner continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Maine: Cape Elizabeth to Pemaquid Point:  Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-9","This map series shows the surficial geology of the Maine inner continental shelf. Color map units showing seafloor type were determined using side-scan sonar surveys, seismic reflection profiles, grab samples, cores, and video images. Bathymetry is shown with 10 meter (33 ft.) contour intervals from National Ocean Service provisional Bathymetric and Fishing maps. The quality of these data are insufficiently detailed in some areas, and consequently, the maps are not suitable for navigation purposes. Standard NOS nautical charts (available from marinas and marine supply stores or directly from NOS) should be used for navigation. Latitude and longitude coordinate grids are plotted in 10 minute increments, and the territorial sea boundary is also shown. Geographic names on the map include some coastal towns and cities, prominent islands, bays, harbors, and peninsulas. Major roads and inland lakes and streams are provided for reference. An explanatory text describes the regional geologic setting, scientific methods used, description of seafloor types, geologic history, summary of seafloor types, and sources of additional information. The area covered by each map is one degree of longitude by half a degree of latitude. Adjacent maps have a 10 to 30% overlap. Maps are 4 feet wide and 3 feet high. Maps 96-7 and 96-9 can be joined to give complete coverage from Kittery to Pemaquid Point (without map 96-8). The scale of the maps is 1: 100,000 or one inch equals approximately 1.6 statute miles or 2.5 kilometers.(http://www.state.me.us/doc/nrimc/pubedinf/pubs/plcoast.htm#inner)","","Gulf of Maine; Cape Elizabeth; surficial geology; Pemaquid Point"
"L","","","","","Surficial geology of the inner continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Maine: Boothbay Harbor to North Haven:  Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-10","Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-10","","Barnhardt, W.A.//Kelley, J.T.//Belknap, D.F.//Dickson, S.M.//Kelley, A.R.""","","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1996","","","","","","","","","1:100,000","","","","","","","","","","","","","This is 1 of a series of 7 maps covering coastal Maine, scale 1:100,000. Short Title: Surficial geology of the inner continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Maine: Boothbay Harbor to North Haven:  Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-10","This map series shows the surficial geology of the Maine inner continental shelf. Color map units showing seafloor type were determined using side-scan sonar surveys, seismic reflection profiles, grab samples, cores, and video images. Bathymetry is shown with 10 meter (33 ft.) contour intervals from National Ocean Service provisional Bathymetric and Fishing maps. The quality of these data are insufficiently detailed in some areas, and consequently, the maps are not suitable for navigation purposes. Standard NOS nautical charts (available from marinas and marine supply stores or directly from NOS) should be used for navigation. Latitude and longitude coordinate grids are plotted in 10 minute increments, and the territorial sea boundary is also shown. Geographic names on the map include some coastal towns and cities, prominent islands, bays, harbors, and peninsulas. Major roads and inland lakes and streams are provided for reference. An explanatory text describes the regional geologic setting, scientific methods used, description of seafloor types, geologic history, summary of seafloor types, and sources of additional information. The area covered by each map is one degree of longitude by half a degree of latitude. Adjacent maps have a 10 to 30% overlap. Maps are 4 feet wide and 3 feet high. Maps 96-7 and 96-9 can be joined to give complete coverage from Kittery to Pemaquid Point (without map 96-8). The scale of the maps is 1: 100,000 or one inch equals approximately 1.6 statute miles or 2.5 kilometers.(http://www.state.me.us/doc/nrimc/pubedinf/pubs/plcoast.htm#inner)","","Gulf of Maine; Boothbay Harbor; North Haven; surficial geology; Maine"
"L","","","","","Surficial geology of the inner continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Maine: Rockland to Bar Harbor: Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-11","Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-11","","Barnhardt, W.A.//Kelley, J.T.//Belknap, D.F.//Dickson, S.M.//Kelley, A.R.""","","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1996","","","","","","","","","1:100,000","","","","","","","","","","","","","This is 1 of a series of 7 maps covering coastal Maine, scale 1:100,000. Short Title: Surficial geology of the inner continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Maine: Rockland to Bar Harbor: Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-11","This map series shows the surficial geology of the Maine inner continental shelf. Color map units showing seafloor type were determined using side-scan sonar surveys, seismic reflection profiles, grab samples, cores, and video images. Bathymetry is shown with 10 meter (33 ft.) contour intervals from National Ocean Service provisional Bathymetric and Fishing maps. The quality of these data are insufficiently detailed in some areas, and consequently, the maps are not suitable for navigation purposes. Standard NOS nautical charts (available from marinas and marine supply stores or directly from NOS) should be used for navigation. Latitude and longitude coordinate grids are plotted in 10 minute increments, and the territorial sea boundary is also shown. Geographic names on the map include some coastal towns and cities, prominent islands, bays, harbors, and peninsulas. Major roads and inland lakes and streams are provided for reference. An explanatory text describes the regional geologic setting, scientific methods used, description of seafloor types, geologic history, summary of seafloor types, and sources of additional information. The area covered by each map is one degree of longitude by half a degree of latitude. Adjacent maps have a 10 to 30% overlap. Maps are 4 feet wide and 3 feet high. Maps 96-7 and 96-9 can be joined to give complete coverage from Kittery to Pemaquid Point (without map 96-8). The scale of the maps is 1: 100,000 or one inch equals approximately 1.6 statute miles or 2.5 kilometers.(http://www.state.me.us/doc/nrimc/pubedinf/pubs/plcoast.htm#inner)","","Gulf of Maine; surficial geology; Rockland; Bar Harbor; Maine"
"L","","","","","Surficial geology of the inner continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Maine: Mt. Desert Island to Jonesport:  Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-12","Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-12","","Barnhardt, W.A.//Kelley, J.T.//Belknap, D.F.//Dickson, S.M.//Kelley, A.R.""","","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1996","","","","","","","","","1:100,000","","","","","","","","","","","","","This is 1 of a series of 7 maps covering coastal Maine, scale 1:100,000. Short Title: Surficial geology of the inner continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Maine: Mt. Desert Island to Jonesport:  Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-12","This map series shows the surficial geology of the Maine inner continental shelf. Color map units showing seafloor type were determined using side-scan sonar surveys, seismic reflection profiles, grab samples, cores, and video images. Bathymetry is shown with 10 meter (33 ft.) contour intervals from National Ocean Service provisional Bathymetric and Fishing maps. The quality of these data are insufficiently detailed in some areas, and consequently, the maps are not suitable for navigation purposes. Standard NOS nautical charts (available from marinas and marine supply stores or directly from NOS) should be used for navigation. Latitude and longitude coordinate grids are plotted in 10 minute increments, and the territorial sea boundary is also shown. Geographic names on the map include some coastal towns and cities, prominent islands, bays, harbors, and peninsulas. Major roads and inland lakes and streams are provided for reference. An explanatory text describes the regional geologic setting, scientific methods used, description of seafloor types, geologic history, summary of seafloor types, and sources of additional information. The area covered by each map is one degree of longitude by half a degree of latitude. Adjacent maps have a 10 to 30% overlap. Maps are 4 feet wide and 3 feet high. Maps 96-7 and 96-9 can be joined to give complete coverage from Kittery to Pemaquid Point (without map 96-8). The scale of the maps is 1: 100,000 or one inch equals approximately 1.6 statute miles or 2.5 kilometers.(http://www.state.me.us/doc/nrimc/pubedinf/pubs/plcoast.htm#inner)","","Gulf of Maine; surficial geology; Mt. Desert Island; Mount Desert Island; Jonesport; Maine"
"L","","","","","Surficial geology of the inner continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Maine: Petit Manan Point to West Quoddy Head: Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-13","Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-13","","Barnhardt, W.A.//Kelley, J.T.//Belknap, D.F.//Dickson, S.M.//Kelley, A.R.""","","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-13","1996","","","","","","","","","1:100,000","","","","","","","","","","","","","This is 1 of a series of 7 maps covering coastal Maine, scale 1:100,000. Short Title: Surficial geology of the inner continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Maine: Petit Manan Point to West Quoddy Head: Maine Geological Survey Geologic Map 96-13","This map series shows the surficial geology of the Maine inner continental shelf. Color map units showing seafloor type were determined using side-scan sonar surveys, seismic reflection profiles, grab samples, cores, and video images. Bathymetry is shown with 10 meter (33 ft.) contour intervals from National Ocean Service provisional Bathymetric and Fishing maps. The quality of these data are insufficiently detailed in some areas, and consequently, the maps are not suitable for navigation purposes. Standard NOS nautical charts (available from marinas and marine supply stores or directly from NOS) should be used for navigation. Latitude and longitude coordinate grids are plotted in 10 minute increments, and the territorial sea boundary is also shown. Geographic names on the map include some coastal towns and cities, prominent islands, bays, harbors, and peninsulas. Major roads and inland lakes and streams are provided for reference. An explanatory text describes the regional geologic setting, scientific methods used, description of seafloor types, geologic history, summary of seafloor types, and sources of additional information. The area covered by each map is one degree of longitude by half a degree of latitude. Adjacent maps have a 10 to 30% overlap. Maps are 4 feet wide and 3 feet high. Maps 96-7 and 96-9 can be joined to give complete coverage from Kittery to Pemaquid Point (without map 96-8). The scale of the maps is 1: 100,000 or one inch equals approximately 1.6 statute miles or 2.5 kilometers.(http://www.state.me.us/doc/nrimc/pubedinf/pubs/plcoast.htm#inner)","","Gulf of Maine; Petit Manan Point; West Quoddy Head; Maine"
"Journal Article","","Barnhardt, W.A.//Kelley, J.T.//Dickson, S.M.//Belknap, D.F.""","","Mapping the Gulf of Maine with side-scan sonar: a new bottom-type classification for complex seafloors","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","1998","","14","","","646-659","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Mapping the Gulf of Maine with side-scan sonar: a new bottom-type classification for complex seafloors","The bedrock-framed seafloor in the northwestern Gulf of Maine is characterized by extreme changes in bathymetric relief and covered with a wide variety of surficial materials. Traditional methods of mapping cannot accurately represent the great heterogeneity of such a glaciated region. A new mapping scheme for complex seafloors, based primarily on the interpretation of side-scan sonar imagery, utilizes four easily recognized units: rock, gravel, sand and mud. In many places, however, the seafloor exhibits a complicated mixture or extremely 'patchy' distribution of the four basic units, which are too small to map individually. Twelve composite units, each a two-component mixture of the basic units, were established to represent this patchiness at a small scale (1:100,000). Using a geographic information system, these and all other available data (seismic profiles, grab samples, submersible dives and cores) were referenced to a common geographic base, superimposed on bathymetric contours and then integrated into surficial geologic maps of the regional inner continental shelf. This digital representation of the seafloor comprises a multidimensional, interactive model complete with explicit attributes (depth, bottom type) that allow for detailed analysis of marine environments.""","Gulf of Maine; side scan sonar; bottom type"
"E","","Barry, J.H., Jr.""","","","Technical Report","","","","Characterization of sand deposits on the insular shelf of southern Oahu, off western Molokai, and on Penguin Bank","","","","","","","","","Honololu, HI","Hawaii Energy Institute, Marine Technology Center","1995","","","SOEST Technical Report 95-02, 128 p.""","","128","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Hampton reference collection Short Title: Characterization of sand deposits on the insular shelf of southern Oahu, off western Molokai, and on Penguin Bank","","","Hawaii; Sand deposits; Oahu; southern Oahu; Molokai; Penguin Bank; insular shelf"
"Journal Article","","Beacher, Kim E.//Higgins, Stephen H.""","","Hollywood/Hallandale building Florida's beaches in the 1990's","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","July, 1992, 1992","","60","","3","15 - 22","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Hollywood/Hallandale building Florida's beaches in the 1990's","     The construction of the Hollywood and Hallandale Beach Renourishment Project was completed on August 3, 1991.  This is the first renourishment of a project that was initially constructed by Broward County in 1979.  It is the culmination of a process of design and approvals which began in early 1989.  The project represents an integrated effort by the project sponsor (Broward County) and the project engineers (Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc.).
     Since Broward County first initiated their beach nourishment program in the early 1970's, at Pompano Beach, there have been a number of changes in the design and approval process for these projects.  Beach nourishment programs have always been an evolving process and many elements incorporated in this project were not a consideration in the 1979, Hollywood/Hallandale nourishment project.
     An overview of the Hollywood/Hallandale project has shown that the beach nourishment design and construction process has advanced and will continue to advance as more knowledge is gained through study and experience.  The project has demonstrated that beach nourishment can be constructed with no long term environmental impact and can in fact provide environmental enhancements to nesting sea turtles and through construction of artificial reefs.  An active role in the construction process helps assure that the construction goes smoothly and no environmental damage occurs.  Because beach nourishment design is an evolving process it is necessary to consider the latest theoretical and practical design elements at the outset of the project.
     Federal authorization provides the County with the option of designing and constructing the project themselves and then seeking reimbursement from the Federal government.  This option has proven to be valuable.  The results are a scheduled program for renourishment which means projects are done as needed and maintained.  Close coordination with State and Federal permitting and funding agencies is accomplished to facilitate scheduling.""","Florida; beaches; beach restoration; Broward County Florida"
"Journal Article","","Beaubien, Debra//Moran, Robert J.""","","Offshore development and the marine environment; emerging environmental issues in the outer continental shelf","","","","","","AAPG Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1994","","78","","9","1450","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Offshore development and the marine environment; emerging environmental issues in the outer continental shelf","","","air; Atlantic Ocean; continental shelf; development; discharge; drilling; environmental geology; Gulf of Mexico; industry; legislation; marine environment; North American Atlantic; North Atlantic; offshore; outer shelf; petroleum exploration; pollution; regulations; toxic materials; waste disposal; water; Economic geology; geology of energy sources; Environmental geology; General"
"K","","Beauchamp, R.G.//Cruickshank, M.J.""","","The role of minerals management service in OCS mining","","","","","Oceans '84 Industry, Government, Education.  Designs for the Future, Washington, DC, 1984, Proceedings: Washington, DC, Marine Technology Society","","","1984, 1984","","","","","","","","","","1","","","475","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: The role of minerals management service in OCS mining Accession Number: 0792535","     On January 19, 1982, the Secretary of the Interior requested that the Minerals Management Service (MMS) proceed with the development of an offshore leasing program for minerals other than oil, gas, and sulphur.  This program would permit exploration for, and development of a wide variety of strategic and critical mineral resources located throughout all U.S. offshore areas.  on March 10, 1983, President Reagan signed the 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Proclamation for the United States.  Among the more significant points of the Proclamation was the confirmation of U.S. sovereign rights over the mineral resource within 200 nautical miles of the United States, Puerto Rico, the Northern Marinas, and U.S. overseas possessions and territories.""","mineral resources; resource management; Exclusive Economic Zone; outer continental shelf; deep-sea mining; government policy; General"
"Book Chapter","","Belknap, D.//Kelley, J.//Shipp, C.""","","Quaternary stratigraphy of representative Maine estuaries: initial examination by high resolution seismic reflection profiling","","","Rosen, P.//FitzGerald, D.""editor","A treatise on glaciated coastlines","","","","","","","","","","Academic Press","1987","","","","","177-207","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Quaternary stratigraphy of representative Maine estuaries: initial examination by high resolution seismic reflection profiling","","","Gulf of Maine; stratigraphy; Maine; Seismic profiles"
"Journal Article","","Belknap, D.//Shipp, R.//Kelley, J.""","","Depositional setting and Quaternary stratigraphy of the Sheepscot Estuary, Maine, a preliminary report","","","","","","Geographie Physique et Quaternaire","","","","","","","","","","1986","","40","","1","55-69","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: Depositional setting and Quaternary stratigraphy of the Sheepscot Estuary, Maine, a preliminary report","","","Gulf of Maine; Sheepscot Estuary; Maine; stratigraphy"
"K","","Belknap, Daniel F.""","","Preservation potential of the Delaware Atlantic coast barrier; backbarrier system","","","Kraus, N. C. //Gingerich, Kathryn J. //Kriebel, David L.""","Specialty Conference on Quantitative Approaches to Coastal Sediment Processes, Seattle, WA, 1991, Proceedings: Coastal Sediments '91","","","June 25-27, 1991, 1991","","","","","","","Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., New York, NY","","","","","","1269-1283","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","20; illus. incl. 3 tables Short Title: Preservation potential of the Delaware Atlantic coast barrier; backbarrier system","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Cenozoic; Delaware; erosion; geomorphology; Holocene; Indian River Bay; lagoons; lithosomes; lithostratigraphy; Quaternary; Rehoboth Bay; sea-level changes; sedimentary petrology; shore features; shorelines; stratigraphy; Sussex County Delaware; transgression; Geomorphology"
"Journal Article","","Belknap, D.F.//Kraft, J. C.""","","Preservation potential of transgressive coastal lithosomes on the U.S. Atlantic shelf","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1981","","42","","","429-442","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Preservation potential of transgressive coastal lithosomes on the U.S. Atlantic shelf","Migration of coastal lithosomes across the continental shelf is a response to the latest Quaternary rise in sea level. Variable fractions of the transgressive sequence may be preserved, depending on pre-existing topography, depth of erosion, wave energy, sediment supply, erosion resistance, tidal range, and rate of relative sea-level change. Materials at greater depth in the stratigraphic column are more likely to be preserved. Sediment samples, seismic profiles, and bathymetric observations, indicate better preservation of shoreline elements on the outer shelf and more reworking on the inner shelf. This is hypothesized to be due primarily to the rate of sea-level rise.""","Atlantic coast; lithology; lithogenous material; transgression; migrations; sediment consolidated; continental shelves"
"E","","Bell, Christy","","","","","","","","Inventory of active and abandoned sand and gravel mining operations in New Jersey","","","","","","","","","","New Jersey Geological Survey","1991, 1991","","","Report 25, 88 p.""","","88","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Inventory of active and abandoned sand and gravel mining operations in New Jersey","","","New Jersey; sand and gravel; sand; gravel; Mining; sand and gravel mining"
"E","","Berg, Richard C.""","","","Environmental Geology Notes","","","","Land resources for beach nourishment along the Illinois shore of Lake Michigan","","","","","","","","","Champaign, IL","Illinois State Geological Survey","January, 1981, 1981","","","Environmental Geology Notes 93, 28 p.""","","28","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Land resources for beach nourishment along the Illinois shore of Lake Michigan","     Lake Michigan littoral sediment resources in illinois are relatively meager and are much too fine grained to provide effective supplies for nourishment of eroding beaches.  Land-based sand resources, on the other hand, are readily available and are sufficiently coarse in texture.  This study discusses the sources of land-based beach nourishment materials and evaluates how well beaches nourished with these materials have held up over time.
     Data on the location and characteristics of land supplies were gathered from materials supply companies and from local, state, and federal agencies.  Records of performance were acquired from the municipalities of Chicago, Evanston, Highland Park, Lake Bluff, and the federal installation at Fort Sheridan.  These records and high altitude aerial photos form the Illinois Division of Water Resources were used to evaluatre beach conditions.  In all cases the nourishment materials used consisted of medium to coarse sand (coarser than the native beach sand), and in all cases the nourished beaches remained resonably stable.
     Evaluation of commodity and transportation costs suggests that it is generally less expensive to truck sand to the shoreline than to dredge nearshore resources.""","Lake Michigan; Illinois; Great Lakes; beach nourishment"
"Journal Article","","Berkheiser, Samuel W., Jr.""","","Erie Sand and Gravel Company, suction hopper dredging on Lake Erie","","","","","","Pennsylvania Geology","","","","","","","","","","June, 1987, 1987","","18","","3","2 - 6","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Erie Sand and Gravel Company, suction hopper dredging on Lake Erie","","","Pennsylvania; Lake Erie; Great Lakes; dredging; suction hopper"
"G","","Berquist, C.R., Jr.""","","Stratigraphy and heavy mineral analysis in the lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia","Ph.D. Disseration","","","","","","","","","","","","","Gloucester Point","College of William & Mary","1986","","","","","","105","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Dissertation Abstracts International Part B: Science and Engineering [DISS. ABST. INT. PT. B - SCI. & ENG.], vol. 47, no. 8, 1987, 125 pp ; Diss. Ph.D.: Order No.: FAD DA8626063.
also in Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Academic Department: Virginia Institute of Marine Science Short Title: Stratigraphy and heavy mineral analysis in the lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia","Spatially continuous patterns of heavy mineral distributions in three dimensions characterized the sandy Holocene sediments of the lower Chesapeake Bay. A pilot study using Q-mode factor analysis on data from an earlier study determined mineral assemblages and mineral composition gradients; the gradients suggested that surficial sediments entered the Bay from offshore and from older deposits to the west. Principal components analysis of the same data indicated that the abundances of only 5 out of 21 minerals were adequate to explain most of the mineral variance.""","Virginia; Chesapeake Bay; heavy minerals; stratigraphy"
"E","","Berquist, C. R., Jr. (editor)","","","","","","","","Heavy-mineral studies; Virginia inner continental shelf","","","","","","","","","","Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication, v. 103, 124 p.""1990","","","","","","124","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Heavy-mineral studies; Virginia inner continental shelf","","","Atlantic Ocean; continental shelf; economic geology; heavy mineral deposits; heavy minerals; North American Atlantic; North Atlantic; oceanography; Virginia; Economic geology; general; deposits"
"Book Chapter","","Berquist, C. R., Jr.""","","Chemical analyses of offshore heavy-mineral samples, Virginia inner continental shelf","","","Berquist, C. R., Jr.""editor","Heavy-mineral studies; Virginia inner continental shelf","","","","","","","","","","Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 103","1990","","103","","","109 - 124","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Chemical analyses of offshore heavy-mineral samples, Virginia inner continental shelf","     Major oxide, multi-element and electron-probe point-count analyses were made on the magnetic fractions of eight samples and on 34 bulk samples from 390 offshore heavy-mineral samples.  The results of the analyses were tabulated without interpretation.

(abstract from the Program and Abstracts of the Third Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins - A Summary of Year-Five and Year-Six Activities)
     Cooperative studies on the inner continental shelf of Virginia were conducted by the Virginia Division of Mineral Resources and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science.  The investigations were funded in part by the U.S. Minerals Management Service from 1984 through 1988 and supported the collection and analysis of shallow seismic and sidescan sonar records and 490 sediment samples from vibracores and the seafloor surface.  With year-five support, major oxide, multielement and electron-probe point-count analyses were made on the magnetic fractions of 8 samples and on 34 bulk samples selected from the 390 samples obtained previously.  These geochemical analyses further characterized heavy minerals offshore of Virginia, and the results were tabulated and published (Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication103) without interpretation.""","Virginia; heavy minerals; chemical analysis"
"Book Chapter","","Berquist, C. R., Jr.//Fischler, C. T.//Calliari, L. J.//Dydak, S.M.//Ozalpasan, H.//Skrabal, A.""","","Heavy mineral concentrations in sediments of the Virginia inner continental shelf","","","Berquist, C. R., Jr.""editor","Heavy mineral studies - Virginia inner continental shelf","","","","","","","","","","Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 103","1990","","","","","32 - 94","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Heavy mineral concentrations in sediments of the Virginia inner continental shelf","     The Virginia Division of Mineral Resources and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science investigated the occurrence of heavy minerals in the offshore sediments of Virginia.  We began the project because earlier reconnaissance studies reported high heavy-mineral concentrations from several samples collected off the Eastern Shore of Virginia.  Our work confirms the previously reported mineral values and locates additional high concentrations up to 20 nautical miles offshore.  Furthermore, we show that potentially economic mineral values are not restricted to surficial sediments, but also are found in the upper 15 to 20 feet of inner continental shelf sediments.
     Several core samples indicate that potential economic values of heavy minerals are clustered offshore of Hog Island, Smigh Island, Virginia Beach, and False Cape.  These areas are likely targets for resource assessment studies of heavy minerals and construction or beach nourishment sand.  The high heavy-mineral concentrations suggest that further investigations are warranted.  The current effort to investigate resources offshore has only begun, because our area of study comprises only 3 percent of the Exclusive Economic Zone off Virginia.
     Sample sites are located along the entire Atlantic coast-line of Virginia and nearly all are within 5 nautical miles of land.  Three-hundred and ninety large-volume samples were analyzed, 290 of which came from vibracores; over three tons of sediment were processed.  The total heavy-mineral concentration of 78 samples is equal to or exceeds 5 percent.  Fifty-two samples have concentrations of one or more economic minerals equal to or greater than threshold values for land-based deposits (ilmenite 45%, leuxozene 5%, rutile 2%, zircon 5%, monazite 1%, and total heavy mineral concentrations 5%, Garnar, 1978).  The total heavy mineral concentration for all samples averaged 3.3 percent and the highest value was 14.7 percent.
     Offshore sediments sampled by vibracores average about 5 meters in thickness and are probably Holocene in age.  Core penetration into underlying Pleistocene or Tertiary sediments is suspected based on oxidized sediment at depth in cores.  Microfauna were not studied.
     The U.S. Minerals Management Service and the Subaqueous Minerals and Materials Study Commission, Commonwealth of Virginia also provided funding for the study.  This report describes the mineral compositions and other characteristics we derived from offshore sediments from 1986 through 1988.""","Virginia; heavy minerals; Eastern Shore"
"E","","Berquist, C.R., Jr.//Hobbs, C.H., III,""","","","Open-File Report","","","","Assessment of economic heavy minerals of the Virginia inner continental shelf","","","","","","","","","","Virginia Division of Mineral Resources","1986","","","Open-File Report 86-1, Virginia Institute of Marine Science Contribution No. 1287, 15 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","References: 3; illus. incl. 3 tables, sketch maps
Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Assessment of economic heavy minerals of the Virginia inner continental shelf","","","Virginia; heavy minerals"
"E","","Berquist, C.R., Jr.//Hobbs, C.H., III,""","","","","","","","Reconnaissance of economic heavy minerals of the Virginia inner continental shelf","","","","","","","","","","Virginia Institute of Marine Science","1988","","","Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Open-file Report 88-1, Contribution No. 1425, 74 p.""","","74","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Reconnaissance of economic heavy minerals of the Virginia inner continental shelf","","","Virginia; heavy minerals"
"E","","Berquist, C.R., Jr.//Hobbs, C.H., III,""","","","Open-File Report","","","","Study of economic heavy minerals of the Virginia inner continental shelf","","","","","","","","","","Virginia Division of Mineral Resources","1988","","","Open-File Report 88-4, 149 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Study of economic heavy minerals of the Virginia inner continental shelf","","","Virginia; heavy minerals"
"Generic","","Berryhill, H.L.//Moslow, T.F.//Penland, S.//Suter, J.R.""","","Shelf and shoreline sands: northwest Gulf of Mexico, Continuing Education Short Course","","","","","AAPG National Meeting, March 23 - 24, 1985","","","","","","","","","New Orleans, Louisiana","","1985","March 23 - 24, 1985","","","","181","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Shelf and shoreline sands: northwest Gulf of Mexico, Continuing Education Short Course","","Gulf of Mexico; sand; sands; shoreline sands"
"G","","Bishop, K.J.""","","Assessment of offshore sediments in Area C (offshore Barnegat Inlet) from the New Jersey Continental Shelf for potential use in beach replenishment","Senior Thesis Project","","","","","","","","","","","","","Lawrenceville, NJ","Rider University","2000","","","","","","36","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Academic Department: Department of Geological and Marine Sciences Short Title: Assessment of offshore sediments in Area C (offshore Barnegat Inlet) from the New Jersey Continental Shelf for potential use in beach replenishment","","","New Jersey; Barnegat Inlet; beach replenishment"
"E","","Bliss, James D.""","","","","","","","Modeling sand and gravel deposits -- initial strategy and preliminary examples","","","","","","","","","Tucson, AZ","U.S. Geological Survey","1993, 1993","","","Open-File Report 93-0200, 31 p.""","","31","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","1 table, 38 refs Short Title: Modeling sand and gravel deposits -- initial strategy and preliminary examples","","","General; models; sand and gravel deposits; sand; gravel; sand and gravel"
"E","","Bliss, James D.""","","","Circular","","","","Development of predictive models of sand and gravel deposits in the Southwest United States","","","","","","","","","Tucson, AZ, United States","U.S. Geological Survey","1994","","","Circular 1103-A","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Development of predictive models of sand and gravel deposits in the Southwest United States","","","Miscellaneous; General; models; sand; sand and gravel; gravel; sand and gravel deposits"
"Journal Article","","Bliss, James D.//Page, Norman J.""","","Modeling surficial sand and gravel deposits","","","","","","Nonrenewable Resources","","","","","","","","","","1994, 1994","","3","","3","237 - 249","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Modeling surficial sand and gravel deposits","","","sand and gravel; aggregate; volume model; area model; frequency distribution; mineral-resource assessment; regressional model; General; models"
"Journal Article","","Bocamazo, Lynn Marie","","","Sea Bright to Manasquan, New Jersey, beach erosion control projects","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","1991","","59","","3","37-42","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sea Bright to Manasquan, New Jersey, beach erosion control projects Alternate Journal: Shore & Beach","","","beaches; erosion; littoral erosion; Manasquan New Jersey; Monmouth County New Jersey; New Jersey; Sea Bright New Jersey; seawalls; shore features; shorelines; Engineering geology"
"Journal Article","","Bodge, Kevin R.//Olsen, Erik J.""","","Aragonite beachfill at Fisher Island, Florida","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","1992","","60","","1","3-8","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","References: 19; illus. incl. sketch map Short Title: Aragonite beachfill at Fisher Island, Florida Alternate Journal: Shore & Beach","","","aragonite; beaches; beachfill; carbonates; construction; Dade County Florida; erosion; Fisher Island; Florida; littoral erosion; Miami Florida; shore features; shorelines; Engineering geology"
"Journal Article","","Bokuniewicz, H.""","","Sand mining in New York Harbor","","","","","","Marine Mining","","","","","","","","","","1988, 1988","","7","","1/2","7 - 18","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand mining in New York Harbor Accession Number: 1688982","     During the past several decades, the Lower Bay of New York Harbor has been an important source of sand and gravel for fill and construction aggretate in the New York Metropolitan area.  In the late 1970s, increasing environmental concerns prompted studies to be done of the impact of underwater mining the bay.  Although these studies were a qualified success at addressing the concerns, no completely acceptable sites emerged.  By 1978 sand mining in the bay had virtually ceased.  To increase the potential for a continuing mining operation, a new plan was proposed for restoring mined areas by filling borrow pits with dredged sediments.  The new plan was studied by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as an alternative method of dredged sediment disposal, and plans are nor being made to implement this option.""","sand; mining; resource management; New York; New York Harbor"
"Journal Article","","Bokuniewicz, H.J.""","","The study of subaqueous sand mining in New York Harbor","","","","","","Marine Mining","","","","","","","","","","1988","","7","","1","7-18","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: The study of subaqueous sand mining in New York Harbor","","","New York; sand mining"
"E","","Bokuniewicz, H.J.//Fray, C.T.""","","","Special Report","","","","The volume of sand and gravel resources in the lower bay of New York Harbor","","","","","","","","","Stony Brook, New York","Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York","December, 1979, 1979","","","Special Report No. 32, 34 p.""","","34","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: The volume of sand and gravel resources in the lower bay of New York Harbor","     The shallow (<100 ft) stratigraphy of the Lower Bay floor was investigated in order to estimate the volume of sand and gravel deposits under the Lower Bay.  Four types of information were studied.  These were: (1) core and boring logs, (2) seismic reflection profiles, (3) the surficial sediment distribution on the floor of the Lower Bay, (4) the stratigraphy in Long Island, Staten Island, northern New Jersey, and New York Bight.  In general, marine sands overlie glacial outwash sands which, in turn, overlie unconsolidated Cretaceous sediments.  Along the margins of the Bay, sands are known to rest on fine-grained deposits at depth; the composition of layers underlying the surfucial sand deposits in the central and eastern Bay is unknown.  Surficial mud deposits are confined primarily to Raritan and Sandy Hook bays.  They may be as much as 150 feet thick.  Sand deposits were identified that have a total volume of 3,429 million cubic yards.""79-16","New York; New York Harbor; sand and gravel; Sand resources; volume; sand; gravel"
"Journal Article","","Boon, John D.//Berquist, C. R., Jr.""","","Evaluation of sediment dynamics and the mobility of heavy minerals on a linear sand shoal","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","1991","","7","","4","989-1002","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Evaluation of sediment dynamics and the mobility of heavy minerals on a linear sand shoal","Two instrumented tripods were deployed in summer and fall, 1987, at Smith Island Shoal, a coast-parallel sand ridge near the 10-meter depth contour just north of the Chesapeake Bay entrance on the Virginia inner shelf. Previous studies of the shoal have noted a high abundance of heavy minerals (up to 16 percent by weight) contained within the surficial sediments (fine- to very-fine sands) on its flanks, as compared to much lower concentrations elsewhere. Measurements of near-bottom current, wave-orbital velocity, wave height and optically-sensed suspended sediment concentration within a meter of the sea bed show that the flank areas of the shoal frequently experience wave-induced, bottom orbital velocities well in excess of the critical level needed to produce grain motion.""","Chesapeake Bay; Delmarva Peninsula; heavy minerals; inlets; marine sediments; marine transport; mineral composition; Northampton County Virginia; sediment transport; sediments; shoals; shore features; Smith Island; suspended materials; Virginia; Oceanography"
"Journal Article","","Boothroyd, Jon C.""","","The role of geology in Rhode Island coastal resources management plan [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America,  Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","March 19-21, 1998, 1998","","30","","1","6","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: The role of geology in Rhode Island coastal resources management plan [abs.]","","","beach nourishment; dredging; habitat; lagoons; Narragansett Bay; natural resources; New England; Rhode Island; shore features; Environmental geology"
"E","","Boss, S.K. //Hoffman, C.W.""","","","","","","","Geologic framework derived from high-resolution seismic reflection, side-scan sonar, and vibracore data offshore Oregon Inlet to Duck, Dare County, North Carolina  [unpublished]:""","","","","","","","","","","","","","Final contract report prepared for U. S. Minerals Management Service (Cooperative Agreement 14-12-0001-30348), 46 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Geologic framework derived from high-resolution seismic reflection, side-scan sonar, and vibracore data offshore Oregon Inlet to Duck, Dare County, North Carolina  [unpublished]:""","","North Carolina; side scan sonar; Seismic reflection; vibracores; Oregon Inlet; Duck North Carolina; Dare County North Carolina; geologic framework"
"E","","Boss, S.K.//Hoffman, C.W.""","","","","","","","Areas of potential sand resources in federal waters off the Outer Banks of North Carolina: Preliminary findings","","","","","","","","","","Report to the U.S. Minerals Management Service, March 1997","1997","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Areas of potential sand resources in federal waters off the Outer Banks of North Carolina: Preliminary findings","","","North Carolina; Sand resources; Outer Banks; North Carolina"
"E","","Boss, S.K.//Hoffman, C.W.""","","","","","","","Digital image archive of high-resolution seismic profile data offshore the North Carolina Outer Banks","","","","","","","","","","North Carolina Geological Survey and U.S. Minerals Management Service,1 CD-ROM","July 1997, 1997","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Digital image archive of high-resolution seismic profile data offshore the North Carolina Outer Banks","","","North Carolina; seismic data; Seismic profiles; Outer Banks; archives; digital images"
"E","","Boss, Stephen K.//Hoffman, Charles W.""","","","","","","","Sand resources of the North Carolina Outer Banks Interim Report I: Assessment of Diamond Shoals study area","","","","","","","","","Fayetteville, AR and Raleigh, NC","prepared for Outer Banks Task Force and North Carolina Department of Transportation and North Carolina Geological Survey","April, 1999, 1999","","","Final Report, 26 p.""","","25","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Sand resources of the North Carolina Outer Banks Interim Report I: Assessment of Diamond Shoals study area","","","North Carolina; Sand resources; Outer Banks; Diamond Shoals"
"E","","Boss, S.K.//Hoffman, C.W.""","","","","","","","Sand resources of the North Carolina Outer Banks Interim Report II: Assessment of Buxton Study Area","","","","","","","","","","prepared for Outer Banks Task Force and North Carolina Department of Transportation,""May 1999, 1999","","","27 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Sand resources of the North Carolina Outer Banks Interim Report II: Assessment of Buxton Study Area","","","North Carolina; Buxton; Sand resources; Outer Banks"
"E","","Boss, S.K.//Hoffman, C.W.""","","","","","","","Sand resources of the North Carolina Outer Banks Interim Report III: Assessment of Frisco-Ocracoke Study Area","","","","","","","","","","prepared for Outer Banks Task Force and North Carolina Department of Transportation,""August 1999, 1999","","","32 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Sand resources of the North Carolina Outer Banks Interim Report III: Assessment of Frisco-Ocracoke Study Area","","","North Carolina; Frisco-Ocracoke; Frisco; Ocracoke; Sand resources; Outer Banks"
"E","","Boss, S.K.//Hoffman, C.W.""","","","","","","","Sand resources of the North Carolina Outer Banks Interim Report IV: Assessment of Pea Island Study Area","","","","","","","","","","prepared for Outer Banks Task Force and North Carolina Department of Transportation,""November 1999, 1999","","","38 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Sand resources of the North Carolina Outer Banks Interim Report IV: Assessment of Pea Island Study Area","","","North Carolina; Pea Island; Outer Banks; Sand resources"
"Journal Article","","Boss, S.K.//Hoffman, C.W.""","","Sand resources of the North Carolina Outer Banks I: Diamond Shoals [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1999","","31","","7","A-461","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Sand resources of the North Carolina Outer Banks I: Diamond Shoals [abs.]","","","North Carolina; Outer Banks; Sand resources; Diamond Shoals"
"E","","Boss, S.K.//Hoffman, C.W.""","","","","","","","Sand resources of the North Carolina Outer Banks Final Report","","","","","","","","","","prepared for Outer Banks Task Force and North Carolina Department of Transportation","February 2000, 2000","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Sand resources of the North Carolina Outer Banks Final Report","","","North Carolina; Sand resources; Outer Banks"
"Journal Article","","Boss, S.K.//Hoffman, C.W.""","","Relationship of stratigraphy, geomorphology and sediment texture on coastal erosion, Pea Island, North Carolina [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","2000","","32","","2","543","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Relationship of stratigraphy, geomorphology and sediment texture on coastal erosion, Pea Island, North Carolina [abs.]","A review of single-channel seismic reflection profiles and vibracore data from the shoreface and inner shelf offshore Pea Island, North Carolina was undertaken to determine relations between stratigraphy, geomorphology, and sediment type and coastal erosion. Six principal seismic reflectors (designated R0 through R5) were correlated throughout the study area and form the upper and lower boundaries of five principal stratigraphic units (designated S1 through S5) extending from the seafloor to approximately 60 m sub-sea. Individual seismic units vary in thickness from 1 to 20 m, but average 6 to 8 m thick. A prominent bathymetric trough parallels Pea Island and trends south-southeast before turning seaward in the southern-most portion of the study area. This trough begins 2 km from shore, is 3 to 4 km wide, attains depths in excess of 22 m, and separates the Pea Island shoreface from offshore shoals. The trough is observed to truncate seismic Unit S1, leaving seismic Unit S2 exposed near the margins and on the floor of the trough. Forty-four vibracores collected within the study area range in length from 0.73 m to 6.08 m (average 3.83 m). Gross textural attributes of core sediments correlate well with geographic location; cores from the bathymetric trough contain significantly higher proportions of mud than those from the shoreface and offshore shoals, indicating that Unit S2 is dominantly muddy whereas Unit S1 is an overlying sandy deposit. The presence of the prominent bathymetric trough along Pea Island exacerbates beach erosion because it produces a relatively steep and narrow shoreface and allows more wave energy to reach this portion of the coast. Additionally, natural replenishment of beach sand is not possible since sediment within the trough is dominantly muddy and because the trough separates offshore sand shoals from the active beach-shoreface system. As a result of the interplay of stratigraphy, geomorphology, and sedimentology, the Pea Island shoreline is among the most rapidly eroding portions of the North Carolina Outer Banks.""","North Carolina; Pea Island; stratigraphy; Geomorphology; sediment; sediment texture; coastal erosion"
"E","","Boss, S.K.//Hoffman, C.W.""","","","","","","","Sand resources of the North Carolina Outer Banks [unpublished]:""","","","","","","","","","","2000","","","Final contract report prepared for the Outer Banks Transportation Task Force and the North Carolina  Department of Transportation, 85 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Sand resources of the North Carolina Outer Banks [unpublished]:""","","North Carolina; Sand resources; Outer Banks"
"E","","Boss, S.K.//Hoffman, C.W.""","","","","","","","Geologic framework derived from high-resolution seismic reflection, side-scan sonar, and vibracore data offshore Oregon Inlet to Duck, Dare County, North Carolina","","","","","","","","","","Technical Report prepared for United States Minerals Management Service, 46 p.""February 2001, 2001","","","","","","46","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Geologic framework derived from high-resolution seismic reflection, side-scan sonar, and vibracore data offshore Oregon Inlet to Duck, Dare County, North Carolina","","","North Carolina; geologic framework; seismic data; seismic reflection; side scan sonar; vibracores; Oregon Inlet; Duck North Carolina; Dare County North Carolina"
"Journal Article","","Boss, S.K.//Hoffman, C.W.""","","A river ran through it: the geologic framework of the continental shelf between Oregon Inlet and Duck, North Carolina, USA [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","2001","","33","","6","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: A river ran through it: the geologic framework of the continental shelf between Oregon Inlet and Duck, North Carolina, USA [abs.]","Digital seismic profile data collected offshore of the northern Outer Banks, North Carolina were processed and interpreted to delineate principal reflecting horizons and develop a three-dimensional seismic stratigraphic framework for the insular continental shelf between Oregon Inlet and Duck, North Carolina. Interpretation and three-dimensional mapping of seismic data indicated six principal reflecting horizons (designated R (sub 0) through R (sub 5) ) bounding five seismic stratigraphic units (designated S (sub 1) through S (sub 5) ) within the upper 60 m of the shelf stratigraphic succession. Three-dimensional mapping of Reflector R (sub 1) demonstrated its origin from fluvial incision of the continental shelf during sea-level lowstands. Fluvial processes responsible for development of Reflector R (sub 1) included erosion, reworking, and re-deposition of sediment such that stratigraphic units S (sub 2) and S (sub 3) were truncated and removed throughout much of the northern half of the study area during development of Unit S (sub 1) . Remnants of S (sub 2) and S (sub 3) were found only in interfluvial divides. Vibracores obtained from stratigraphic units indicated both sand-prone and mud-prone deposits. Sand prone sediments were interpreted to represent sediment eroded, reworked, and re-deposited by fluvial processes during shelf emergence whereas mud-prone sediments accumulated as back-filling estuarine facies during transgression and inundation of incised fluvial channels. Knowledge of the three-dimensional subsurface stratigraphic architecture of the continental shelf enhances understanding of the development of continental shelf depositional successions offshore North Carolina. In addition, archiving these data in a geographic information system makes them compatible with other data from the continental shelf and enhances the ability of scientists, resource managers, and decision makers to analyze relationships among different data sets.""","North Carolina; geologic framework; Oregon Inlet; Duck North Carolina"
"Journal Article","","Boss, S.K.//Hoffman, C.W.//Cooper, B.""","","Influence of fluvial processes on the Quaternary geologic framework of the continental shelf, North Carolina, USA","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","2002","","183","","1-4","45-65","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Influence of fluvial processes on the Quaternary geologic framework of the continental shelf, North Carolina, USA","Digital, single-channel, high-resolution seismic reflection profiles were acquired from the insular continental shelf of North Carolina, USA along a data grid extending from Oregon Inlet northward 48 km to Duck, North Carolina and from the nearshore zone seaward approximately 28 km (total surveyed area=1334 km super(2)). These data were processed and interpreted to delineate principal reflecting horizons and develop a three-dimensional seismic stratigraphic framework for the continental shelf that was compared to stratigraphic data from the shoreward back-barrier (estuarine) and barrier island system. Six principal reflecting horizons (designated R sub(0) through R sub(5)) were present within the upper 60 m of the shelf stratigraphic succession. Three-dimensional mapping of reflector R sub(1) demonstrated its origin from fluvial incision of the continental shelf during an episode (or episodes) of lowered sea-level. Fluvial processes during development of reflector R sub(1) were responsible for extensive reworking and re-deposition of sediment throughout most of the northern half of the study area. Five seismic stratigraphic units (designated S sub(1) through S sub(5)) were tentatively correlated with depositional sequences previously identified from the North Carolina back-barrier (estuarine) and barrier island system. These five stratigraphic units span the Quaternary Period (S sub(1)=early Holocene; S sub(2)=51-78 ka; S sub(3)=330-530 ka; S sub(4)=1.1-1.8 Ma; S sub(5)=earliest Pleistocene). Unit S sub(1) is composed of fine-grained fluvial/estuarine sediment that back-filled incised streams during early Holocene sea-level rise. The four other stratigraphic units (S sub(2)-S sub(5)) display tabular depositional geometries, low total relief, and thicken toward the east-southeast as their basal reflectors dip gently between 0.41 m km super(-1) (0.02 degree ) and 0.54 m km super(-1) (0.03 degree ). Knowledge of the three-dimensional subsurface stratigraphic architecture of the continental shelf enhances understanding of the development of shelf depositional successions and provides a framework for development of better Quaternary sea-level data, especially offshore North Carolina where such data are sparse.""","North Carolina; geologic framework; fluvial processes"
"E","","Boss, S.K.//Hoffman, C.W.//Riggs, S.R.""","","","","","","","Interpretation of side-scan sonar records of a portion of the inner North Carolina continental shelf between Oregon Inlet and Kitty Hawk","","","","","","","","","","Report to U.S. Minerals Management Service under Cooperative agreement 14-12-0001-30348","July 1998, 1998","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Interpretation of side-scan sonar records of a portion of the inner North Carolina continental shelf between Oregon Inlet and Kitty Hawk","","","North Carolina; side scan sonar; Oregon Inlet; Kitty Hawk"
"Journal Article","","Boss, S.K.//Hoffman, C.W.//Riggs, S. R.""","","Seafloor mapping and sand resource assessment of the North Carolina inner continental shelf (Oregon Inlet to Kitty Hawk) [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1998","","30","","7","A-228","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: Seafloor mapping and sand resource assessment of the North Carolina inner continental shelf (Oregon Inlet to Kitty Hawk) [abs.]","Side-scan sonar records, vibracores, bathymetry, and seismic reflection profiles were used to map seafloor and assess sand resources over 1183 sq. km. of the North Carolina inner continental shelf (Oregon Inlet to Kitty Hawk). Five seafloor categories were defined by acoustic characteristics observed on side-scan sonar records (and correlated to sediment types using textural analyses of vibracores). These are: 1) uniform, light gray sonar record (fine sand); 2) medium- to dark-gray sonar record (medium to coarse sand); 3) mixed acoustic returns producing a "patchwork" of light gray and medium- to dark-gray areas (mixed fine and medium-coarse sand); 4) a relatively weak acoustic return with small areas of stronger (darker) reflections producing a characteristic "pock-marked" appearance (mud with fine-medium sand lenses); 5) small scarps evident on the side-scan sonar records (eroded compact, cohesive mud). These seafloor categories (and associated sediment types) can be predicted from bathymetry and shallow stratigraphy derived from single-channel seismic reflection profiles. Seafloor category 1 (fine sand) occurs on bathymetric highs, whereas category 2 (medium-coarse sand) occurs in bathymetric lows. Both categories are widespread within the study area and potentially constitute a large sand resource. Seafloor category 3 (mixed fine and medium-coarse sand) occurs on slopes joining bathymetric highs and lows. Seafloor categories 4 and 5 (mixed mud/sand and compact mud) are restricted to relatively deep, flat-lying seafloor in the northern portion of the study area and constitute a very poor sand resource. These conclusions provide an important step toward understanding relationships among seafloor geomorphology, stratigraphy, and the distribution of sand resources across this portion of the North Carolina inner continental shelf and demonstrate the utility of integrated geophysical, sedimentological, and stratigraphic data sets for sand resource evaluation.""","North Carolina; Sand resources; Oregon Inlet; Kitty Hawk; seafloor mapping"
"E","","Boss, S.K.//Hoffman, C.W.//Riggs, S.R.""","","","","","","","Interpretation of side-scan sonar records of a portion of the inner North Carolina continental shelf between Oregon Inlet and Kitty Hawk, NC","","","","","","","","","","North Carolina Geological Survey Contract Report","1999","","","to Minerals Management Service, 18 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: Interpretation of side-scan sonar records of a portion of the inner North Carolina continental shelf between Oregon Inlet and Kitty Hawk, NC","","","North Carolina; side scan sonar; Oregon Inlet; Kitty Hawk"
"Journal Article","","Boss, S.K.//Zaiger, K.K.//Riggs, S.R.//Cleary, W.J.//Hoffman, C.W.""","","Acoustic expression of fining upward Miocene depositional cycles, Onslow Bay, North Carolina Shelf [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1998","","30","","7","A-77","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Acoustic expression of fining upward Miocene depositional cycles, Onslow Bay, North Carolina Shelf [abs.]","Gently dipping Cenozoic strata are truncated by the modern seafloor across Onslow Bay, North Carolina. Thus, cross-shelf transects encounter successive Cenozoic strata (primarily Miocene to Pleistocene) from the shoreface to the shelf-slope break. Side-scan sonograms, normal-incidence seismic reflection profiles, vibracores, grab samples and diver observations were obtained to relate seafloor acoustic characteristics to Cenozoic stratigraphy. Results of this cross-shelf transect reveal a unique side-scan sonar signature associated with the expression of fining upward depositional cycles within previously identified Miocene (Burdigalian) Frying Pan Sequences 1 through 6 (FPS 1 through FPS 6). In general, FPS cycles display a fining-upward depositional fabric with medium to fine quartz sand containing abundant phosphatic grains at the base grading upward to very muddy phosphatic silt, dolosilt or compact mud at the top. This upward change in sediment texture yields a characteristic signature on side-scan sonograms. The basal phosphatic sand has relatively high acoustic reflectance yielding a medium to dark gray sonar signature. Acoustic reflectance diminishes with upward fining such that the medium to dark gray signature becomes uniform light gray through the middle of each sequence. Near the tops of sequences, muddy sediment also has weak acoustic reflectance but produces a characteristic "scaly" signature on sonograms because the compact, cohesive mud erodes irregularly producing innumerable low-relief scarps. It is possible to determine locations of stratigraphic contacts from side-scan sonograms because the "scaly" acoustic signature of cycle tops is juxtaposed with the medium to dark gray signature of the basal sand of the overlying depositional cycle. Stratigraphic boundaries determined using this method correspond very well with stratigraphic contacts observed on normal-incidence seismic reflection profiles and in vibracores, providing independent confirmation of the position of Miocene depositional cycle boundaries across the continental shelf.""","North Carolina; Miocene; Onslow Bay"
"Journal Article","","Bottin, Robert R., Jr.""","","Case study of a successful beach restoration project","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","1990","","6","","1","1-14","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","
Contains 12 references, illus. incl. 1 table, sketch maps Short Title: Case study of a successful beach restoration project Alternate Journal: Journal of Coastal Research","A numerical model and two physical models were used to investigate shoreline erosion problems at Buhne Point (Humboldt Bay), California.""","beaches; breakwaters; Buhne Point; California; case studies; deposition; engineering geology; erosion control; Eureka California; groins; Humboldt Bay; Humboldt County California; marine installations; models; Northern California; replenishment; shorelines; simulation; stabilization; tides; Engineering geology"
"K","","Bottin, Robert R., Jr.""","","Model testing of shore protection schemes at Surfside-Sunset Beach, CA","","","Kraus, N. C.//Gingerich, Kathryn J.//Kriebel, David L.""","Specialty Conference on Quantitative Approaches to Coastal Sediment Processes, Seattle, WA, 1991, Proceedings: Coastal Sediments '91","","","June 25-27, 1991, 1991","","","","","","","Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., New York, NY","","","","","","1613-1624","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","illus. incl. geol. sketch map Short Title: Model testing of shore protection schemes at Surfside-Sunset Beach, CA","","","beaches; California; engineering geology; erosion; experimental studies; hydraulics; Long Beach California; Los Angeles County California; models; Orange County California; preventive measures; shorelines; Southern California; stabilization; Engineering geology"
"K","","Brampton, A. H.""","","Effects of dredging on the coast","","","","","Problems Associated with the Coastline, Newport, Isle of Wright, April 17 - 18, 1985","","","April 17 - 18, 1985, 1985","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Effects of dredging on the coast","","","General; dredging"
"E","","Breslau, Lloyd//Edgerton, H.""","","","Informational Report","","","","A technique for the location of buried sand and gravel deposits in shallow-water areas","","","","","","","","","Washington, D.C.""Naval Oceanographic Office","October 7, 1968, 1968","","","Informational Report No. 68-77, 11 p.""","","11","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: A technique for the location of buried sand and gravel deposits in shallow-water areas","     The location and delineation of buried sand and gravel deposits in shallow water areas can be accomplished by continuous seismic profiling from a ship underway.  A survey using the EG&G "Mud Penetrator" seismic profiling system has previously been performed in the Gulf of La Spezia, Italy, and resulted in the mapping of a sand and gravel bar burried more than 10 feet below the floor of this mud-bottomed area.  Recently, continuous seismic profiling was performed in a river in the Mekong Delta, South Vietnam, and evidence of the existence of some sub-bottom structure was observed.
     The continuous seismic profiling technique operates on the principle of generating an acoustic pulse in the water and recording the arrival times of the acoustic echoes from the bottom and sub-bottom on an analogue correlation recorder.  Echoes returned from acoustic discontinuities are synthesized by the correlation recorder so that a graph of the bathymetry and sub-bottom structure along a profile is directly obtained.  A satisfactory record of sub-bottom structure can usually be obtained by the "Mud Penetrator" when the geological situation consists of a high density material overlain by up to 50 feet of mud.  Consequently, the continuous seismic profiling technique using the "Mud Penetrator" is applicable to the military task of prospecting for constructional materials in water-covered mud-bottomed areas.""","General; sand and gravel deposits; sand and gravel; sand; gravel; techniques; shallow water"
"E","","Briggs, Scott R.""","","","Open-File Report","","","","Geology report for proposed Beaufort Sea OCS sand and gravel lease sale","","","","","","","","","Menlo Park, CA","U.S. Geological Survey","1983, 1983","","","Open-File Report 83-606, 65 p.""","","65","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geology report for proposed Beaufort Sea OCS sand and gravel lease sale","","","Beaufort Sea; Alaska; lease sale; sale;lease; OCS; outer continental shelf; geology"
"Journal Article","","Brooks, Gregg R.//Kindinger, Jack L.//Penland, Shea//Williams, S. Jeffress//McBride, Randolph A.""","","East Louisiana continental shelf sediments; a product of delta reworking","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","1995","","11","","4","1026-1036","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: East Louisiana continental shelf sediments; a product of delta reworking Alternate Journal: Journal of Coastal Research","Data from 77 vibracores were integrated with 6,700 line-km of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles collected off the eastern Louisiana coast in the region of the St. Bernard Delta, the first of the Holocene highstand deltas of the Mississippi River. Seismic facies and sediment facies were integrated in order to establish the stratigraphic details within this relict delta. Results provide a regional geologic framework from which comparisons can be made with other areas. Holocene deposits in the study area overlie a heavily dissected surface interpreted to represent a lowstand erosional surface. Resting on this surface is a thin unit of relatively clean, quartz sand interpreted to have been deposited during early transgression. This unit is overlain by sediments of the St. Bernard Delta, a seaward-prograding, coarsening-upward wedge of sands and muds that contain vertically-stacked units of deltaic succession. Two or more prograding units separated by an unconformity, delineated from regional seismic profiles, may represent laterally shifting subdelta lobes. Surficial sediments consist of a thin unit of sands and muds derived from and reflecting the individual subenvirons of the underlying delta. Holocene inner-shelf development off eastern Louisiana has been controlled by relative sea-level rise and sediment supply. Sediment supply and deposition are a product of delta progradation and delta-lobe switching. The modern shelf configuration and surficial sediment distribution patterns reflect reworking of underlying deltaic deposits. The lack of modern sediment input helps to maintain the imprint of this ancient delta on the modern shelf surface.""","Atlantic Ocean; Cenozoic; continental shelf; cores; deltaic environment; deltaic sedimentation; geophysical profiles; geophysical surveys; Gulf Coastal Plain; Gulf of Mexico; Holocene; Louisiana; marine sediments; Mississippi Delta; nearshore environment; North Atlantic; provenance; Quaternary; reworking; Saint Bernard Delta; sedimentation; sediments; seismic profiles; surveys; Oceanography; Applied geophysics"
"Book Chapter","","Brooks, Gregg R.//Kindinger, Jack L.//Penland, S.//Williams, S. J.//Suter, J.R.//McBride, Randolph A.""","","Recent geologic development of the eastern Louisiana continental shelf","","","Williams, S. Jeffress//Cichon, Helana A.//Westphal, Karen A.//Ramsey, Karen E.""editor","Representative publications from the Louisiana Barrier Island Erosion Study","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-0530","1991","","","","","407-409","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Recent geologic development of the eastern Louisiana continental shelf","     The eastern Louisiana continental shelf (Fig. 1) has been the site of extensive sediment accumulation during the Holocene.  The St. Bernard Delta, previously described as the fist of the Holocene sea-level highstand deltas, was actively depositing large quantities of sediments on the shelf from approximately 4-1 ka.  With the abandonment of the delta, through the process known as delta switching, relatively little deposition has occurred since that time on the shelf.  The topic of this paper is to discuss the processes and controls governing the Holocene development of the east Louisiana continental shelf, and to what extent the abandoned St. Bernard Delta influences the modern shelf configuration.
     Over 6,700 line-km of seismic reflection data and 77 vibracores were collected in order to determine the geologic development of the area.  Initial data analysis has been completed; detailed analyses are continuing.
     The base of the Holocene sediment package is a highly irregular, dissected seismic reflector representing an erosional unconformity (Fig. 2).  This surface has been correlated throughout the study area and is interpreted to represent a sea-level lowstand erosional surface formed by subaerial processes. 
     Overlying this basal erosional surface is a relatively thin (few meters) unit with an extremely flat reflection surface (Fig. 2).  Internal reflectors are dominantly parallel and continuous.  Sediments consist primarily of relatively clean, fine-grained quartz sands exhibiting various degrees of bioturbation.  This unit, also correlated throughout most of the study area, is interpreted to represent a transgressive sand sheet (Fig. 3) deposited during early flooding by the most recent sea-level rise.
     Overlying the transgressive sand sheet is a thick (several meters to a few 10s of meters), seaward prograding, coarsening upward wedge of sands and muds containing vertically stacked units of deltaic succession (Fig. 2 and 3).  A variety of seismic facies have been identified, but a general pattern of parallel and continuous reflectors in lower sections, overlain by channelized, cut and fill structure, persists.  Sediments consist dominantly of homogeneous or thinly laminated prodelta muds at the base, overlain by slightly burrowed, delta fringe sandy muds exhibiting a variety of structures including lenticular bedding and ripple cross stratification.  Overlying delta fringe sediments, is the channelized section consisting of alternating layers of burrowed sands and muds exhibiting lenticular, wavy and flaser bedding.  This unit is interpreted to represent the distributary facies of the delta and reflects the seaward most progradation of the delta proper.
     Surficial sediments consist of a combination of sands and muds (Fig. 3), the distribution of which is a reflection of the underlying, abandoned St. Bernard Delta.  The north-central portion of the study area is dominated by well-sorted, shelly, quartz sands, a product of reworking of underlying St. Bernard Delta distributary channel sands.  The central shelf in this region is occupied by the St. Bernard Shoals representing the most acrive portion of the delta distributary.
     Flanking the north-central, mid-shelf reworked distributary surface sands are heavily bioturbated shelly muds and sandy muds, found most extensively in the north-west portion of the study area.  Surficial mud-rich sediments are a product of reworking of prodelta and delta fringe deposits and represent the margins of the delta where the distributary was least active.
     Surficial sands in the northeast region are not reworked delta sediments, but originate from outside the study area to the east.  Sands are prograding westward, possibly in response to long-shore current processes, where they are actively burying deltaic surficial muds.  This northeast surficial sand sheet is the only surficial unit resolved on seismic profiles, represented as a westward thinning wedge pinching out against St. Bernard delta muds.
     Holocene development of the shelf has been controlled by sea level and deltaic construction/destruction processes.  During the most recent sea level lowstand, approximately 18 ka, the shelf surface was eroded by subaerial processes.  The ancestral Mississippi river dissected the shelf on its way to the sea.  It is during this time period that a lowstand sediment wedge was deposited on what is now the upper continental slope.  During early flooding by the ensuing sea-level rise, a thin transgressive sand sheet was deposited over the lowstand erosional surface.  During the late transgression, as sea level reached near its present position, the St. Bernard Delta began to develop.  The delta was active for approximately 3,000 years as it prograded eastward depositing large quantities of sands and muds on the shelf surface.
     The modern configuration of the shelf is controlled principally by the underlying St. Bernard Delta.  Although the delta was active for a relatively short segment of the Holocene, it has had a profound effect on the modern configuration.  With abandonment of the delta approximately 1 ka began the destructional phase of the delta cycle.  Reworking of delta sediments by shallow marine biological and physical processes is slowly concealing the influence of the delta.  The lack of significant modern sediment accumulation in the study area, however, has helped to preserve the imprint of the underlying delta.""","Louisiana; barrier islands; eastern Louisiana"
"Journal Article","","Browder, A.E.//Dean, R.G.""","","Monitoring and comparison to predictive models of the Perdido Key beach nourishment project, Florida, USA","","","","","","Coastal Engineering","","","","","","","","","","2000, 2000","","39","","2/3","173 - 191","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Monitoring and comparison to predictive models of the Perdido Key beach nourishment project, Florida, USA","     This paper summarizes the results of over 8 years of data describing the performance of a large beach nourishment project on Perdido Key, immediately adjacent to Pensacola Pass in Escambia County, FL, USA.  As a result of a major excavation of the entrance channel to Pensacola Bay, over 7 million m3 of beach-quality sand were placed along the easternmost 7.5km of Perdido Key, adjoining the entrance chanel at Pensacola Pass.  The project included the placement of 4.1 million m3 of sand directly upon the shoreline in 1989 - 1990, followed by the placement of an additional 3 million m3 as an underwater berm just offshore of the beach nourishment project in water depths roughly 6m.  Monitoring of the performance of the beacn nourishment project and the offshore berm has been conducted since 1989, beginning with a pre-construction survey of the project area.  Monitoring surveys have been conducted on an annual or perennial basis since that time, with the most recent suvey occuring in July/August, 1998.  Over 8 years of monitoring data indicate that the beach nourishment project has retained approximately 56% of the original volume placed within the 7.5-km project length.  In addition, according to the latest monitoring survey, the dry beach width of the project, initially constructed as 135m on average, is still 53m wider than pre-project conditions.  Approximately 41% of the originally placed dry planform area remains as of July 1998.  The most recent monitoring surveys in 1995, 1997, and 1998 encompass the effects of two major storm systems, Hurricanes Erin (August 1995) and Opal (October 1995).  Monitoring of the offshore berm area indicates only a slight landward migration of the berm, accompanied by a minor decrease in volume, over the entire monitoring period.  The performance of both the beach nourishment project and the offshore berm appear to be significantly related to the two storm events, particularly Hurricane Opal, and the proximity of the project to the tidal entrance at Pensacola Pass.  Comparison of the documented performance of the beach nourishment project to simple existing analytical models of beach-fill evolution have yielded encouraging results in terms of preliminary design aids for future beach nourishment projects in the vicinity of deep tidal entrances.""","Florida; models; predictive models; Perdido Key Beach; beach nourishment"
"K","","Brown, Sydney","","","Save the coast or save the beach? A geologist's view of beach protection for recreational purposes, The California coastal zone experience","","","","","Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, 7th, Long Beach, CA, 1991","","","Jul. 8-12, 1991, 1991","Long Beach, CA, United States","","","","","","","","","","","","298-306","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Save the coast or save the beach? A geologist's view of beach protection for recreational purposes, The California coastal zone experience","","","beaches; California; California Department of Parks and Recreation; conservation; erosion; management; natural resources; programs; shorelines; Engineering geology; Environmental geology"
"Journal Article","","Bruun, P.""","","Beach nourishment - Improved economy through better profiling and backpassing from offshore sources","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","September, 1990, 1990","","6","","2","265-277","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach nourishment - Improved economy through better profiling and backpassing from offshore sources","Recent professional literature on artificial nourishment of beaches includes a number of papers criticizing nourishment as inefficient and not long lasting. Part of the criticism, admittedly for any objective and experienced professional, is well taken and reasoned by practical experiences. Losses associated with normal beach nourishment procedures are mainly caused by too fine material and by the lack of proper consideration to profile geometry. This paper discusses various options to improve beach fill stability by proper "profiling" that means nourishment on the beach and on the nearshore offshore bottom simultaneously and to the extent available equipment permits. It also considers backpassing to the shore by the introduction of non-conventional equipment available or in the development stage.""","General; beach nourishment; backpassing; articificial nourishment; articificial beaches"
"Journal Article","","Burger, Robert L.//Belitz, Kenneth","","","Measurement of anisotropic hydraulic conductivity in unconsolidated sands; a case study from a shoreface deposit, Oyster, Virginia","","","","","","Water Resources Research","","","","","","","","","","1997","","33","","6","1515-1522","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Measurement of anisotropic hydraulic conductivity in unconsolidated sands; a case study from a shoreface deposit, Oyster, Virginia Alternate Journal: Water Resources Research","","","anisotropy; Atlantic Coastal Plain; Butler's Bluff Member; Cenozoic; clastic sediments; controls; Delmarva Peninsula; Holocene; hydraulic conductivity; iron oxides; Nassawadox Formation; Northampton County Virginia; oxides; Oyster Virginia; preferred orientation; Quaternary; sand; sediments; unconsolidated materials; Virginia; Hydrogeology"
"Book Chapter","","Burns, Virginia Mee","","","Marine placer minerals","","","Burns, Roger G.""editor","Marine Minerals, Mineralogical Society of America Short Course Notes","","","","","","","","","","Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC","1979","","6","","","347 - 380","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Marine placer minerals","","","General; minerals; placer"
"E","","Bury, A.S.//Van Dolah, R.F.""","","","","","","","Spatial analysis of bottom habitats and sand deposits on the continental shelf off South Carolina","","","","","","","","","","South Carolina Task Force on Offshore Resources","1995","","","Final Report to the Minerals Management Service, 26 p. + app.""","","26 + app.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","L. Poppe reference collection Short Title: Spatial analysis of bottom habitats and sand deposits on the continental shelf off South Carolina","","","South Carolina; spatial analysis; bottom habitats; Sand deposits"
"Journal Article","","Butman, B.//Noble, M.//Folger, D.""","","Long term observations of bottom current and bottom sediment movement  on the middle Atlantic continental shelf","","","","","","Journal of Geophysical Research","","","","","","","","","","1979","","84","","","1187-1205","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Long term observations of bottom current and bottom sediment movement  on the middle Atlantic continental shelf","","","Atlantic coast; sediment; sediment movement; bottom currents"
"K","","Byrnes, M.R.//Groat, C.G.""","","Characterization of the development potential of Ship Shoal sand for beach replenishment of the Isles Dernieres: an introduction","","","","","Annual Information Transfer Meeting, 12th, New Orleans, LA, 1992, Proceedings: New Orleans, LA, U.S. Minerals Management Service","","","1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","75-78","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Byrnes reference collection Short Title: Characterization of the development potential of Ship Shoal sand for beach replenishment of the Isles Dernieres: an introduction","","","Louisiana; Isles Dernieres; Ship Shoal; beach replenishment; Sand resources"
"E","","Byrnes, M.R.//Hammer, R.M.//Vittor, B.A.//Ramsey, J.S.//Snyder, D.B.//Bosma, K.F.//Wood, J.D.//Thibaut, T.D.//Phillips, N.W.""","","","","","","","Environmental study of identified sand resource areas offshore Alabama:  Volume I: Main Text, Volume II: Appendices","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, International Activities and Marine Minerals Division (INTERMAR), Herndon, VA.""1999","","","OCS Report MMS 99-0052, 458 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","326 pp. + 132 pp. appendices., M. Byrnes reference collection Short Title: Environmental study of identified sand resource areas offshore Alabama:  Volume I: Main Text, Volume II: Appendices","","","Alabama; Sand resources"
"E","","Byrnes, M.R.//Hammer, R.M.//Vittor, B.A.//Ramsey, J.S.//Snyder, D.B.//Wood, J.D.//Bosma, K.F.//Thibaut, T.D.//Philips, N.W.""","","","OCS Report","","","","Environmental survey of potential sand resource sites: offshore New Jersey. Volume I: Main Text, Volume II: Appendices","","","","","","","","","Herndon, VA","U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, International Activities and Marine Minerals Division (INTERMAR),""2001","","","OCS Report MMS 2000-052, 664 p.""","","664","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Volume I: Main Text 380 pp. + Volume II: Appendices 284 pp., M. Byrnes reference collection Short Title: Environmental survey of potential sand resource sites: offshore New Jersey. Volume I: Main Text, Volume II: Appendices","","","New Jersey; Sand resources"
"K","","Byrnes, M.R.//McBride, R.A.""","","Northeast Gulf of Mexico hard mineral resources study","","","","","Annual Information Transfer Meeting, 15th, New Orleans, 1996, Proceedings: New Orleans, LA, U.S. Minerals Management Service","","","1996","","","","","","","","","","","","","481-486","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Byrnes reference collection Short Title: Northeast Gulf of Mexico hard mineral resources study","","","Gulf of Mexico; hard minerals; hard mineral resources"
"K","","Byrnes, M.R.//Patnaik, P.""","","An evaluation of physical environmental impacts of sand dredging on Ship Shoal","","","","","Annual Information Transfer Meeting, 12th, New Orleans, LA, 1992, Proceedings: New Orleans, LA, U.S. Minerals Management Service","","","1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","84-87","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Byrnes reference collection Short Title: An evaluation of physical environmental impacts of sand dredging on Ship Shoal","","","Louisiana; sand dredging; Ship Shoal; environmental impact"
"E","","Byrnes, M.R.//Penland, S.//Ramsey, K.E.//Crawford, T.G.//Kelly, R.F.//Chisholm, T.A.""","","","Final Report to the U.S. Minerals Management Service, Office of Marine Minerals International Affairs, Herndon, VA,""","","","Characterization of the development potential of Ship Shoal sand for beach replenishment of Isles Dernieres,""","","","","","","","","","","1991","","","Final Report to the U.S. Minerals Management Service, Office of Marine Minerals International Affairs, Herndon, VA, 164 p.""","","164","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Byrnes reference collection Short Title: Characterization of the development potential of Ship Shoal sand for beach replenishment of Isles Dernieres,""","","Louisiana; Isles Dernieres; Ship Shoal; beach replenishment; Sand resources"
"K","","Byrnes, M.R.//Penland, S.//Ramsey, K.E.//Crawford, T.G.//Kelly, R.F.//Rowland, J.""","","Offshore sand resources for coastal erosion in Louisiana: physical environmental considerations and economic feasibility","","","","","Marine Technology Society, '91, Washington, DC, 1991 Proceedings: Washington, DC, Marine Technology Society","","","1991","","","","","","","","","","","","","755-761","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Byrnes reference collection Short Title: Offshore sand resources for coastal erosion in Louisiana: physical environmental considerations and economic feasibility","","","Louisiana; Sand resources; coastal erosion"
"E","","Byrnes, M.R.//Ramsey, J.S.//Hammer, R.M.//Wadman, E.A.""","","","","","","","Assessing potential environmental impacts of offshore sand and gravel mining,""","","","","","","","","","","2000","","","Final Report to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Executive Office of Environmental Affairs, Coastal Zone Management, 48 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Byrnes reference collection Short Title: Assessing potential environmental impacts of offshore sand and gravel mining,""","","General; sand and gravel; sand and gravel mining"
"Journal Article","","Cacchione, David A.//Drake, David E.""","","Shelf sediments transport; an overview with applications to the Northern California continental shelf","","","","","","The Sea","","","","","","","","","","1990","","9, Part B","","","729-773","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Contains 121 references, illus. incl. 2 tables, sketch maps Short Title: Shelf sediments transport; an overview with applications to the Northern California continental shelf","","","boundary layer; California; continental shelf; flows; marine environment; marine sediments; Northern California; processes; Russian River; sediment transport; sediments; shelf environment; suspended materials;Oceanography"
"G","","Calliari, L.J.""","","Cross-shore and longshore sediment size distribution on southern Currituck Spit, North Carolina","Ph.D. Dissertation","","","","","","","","","","","","","Gloucester Point","College of William & Mary","1990","","","","","","193","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Academic Department: Virginia Institute of Marine Science Short Title: Cross-shore and longshore sediment size distribution on southern Currituck Spit, North Carolina","","","North Carolina; Currituck Spit; southern Currituck Spit; sediment; size; size distribution; cross-shore"
"Journal Article","","Calliari, L.J.""","","Cross-shore and longshore sediment size distribution on southern Currituck Spit, North Carolina: Implications for beach differentiation","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","1994","","10","","2","360-373","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Cross-shore and longshore sediment size distribution on southern Currituck Spit, North Carolina: Implications for beach differentiation","Beaches along the North Carolina coastline between Corolla and Oregon Inlet only a few kilometers apart are markedly different. Beaches at Duck are narrow and steep with strongly bimodal sediments. In contrast, beaches at Corolla and Coquina are broad and flat with mainly medium to fine unimodal sands. The occurrence of proximate beaches with different morphosedimentary characteristics provides a opportunity to improve our knowledge about the spatial and temporal grain-size distributions across beaches. Using Q-mode factor analysis, 178 surficial sediment samples from Duck and Coquina beaches representing three and one half years of sampling at monthly intervals were analyzed. The cross-shore patterns which represent an average of the sedimentary processes occurring under fair weather and storm conditions indicate that coarse sediments are concentrated on the backshore. In contrast, fine sediments show a tendency to be concentrated landward or shoreward of this zone. Using the Q-mode factor model, 350 new sediment samples from beaches located between Duck and Oregon Inlet were "mapped" in the factor space defined by the Duck-Coquina data set. The study demonstrates that Q-mode factor analysis simplifies the relationship among the grain-size characteristics of sediment samples obtained across beaches with different sediment texture. The along-coast results indicate that there are several localized sources of coarse relict sediments between Duck and Oregon Inlet. Previous sedimentologic, stratigraphic and seismic data offshore and landward of the barrier substantiate these findings and demonstrate that differences in subaerial beach morphology and morphodynamic behavior in the area are primarily due to the availability of coarse relict sediments from the paleodrainage of the Albemarle River.""","North Carolina; Currituck Spit; southern Currituck Spit; sediment; size; size distribution; cross-shore; beach differentiation"
"Book Chapter","","Calliari, L. J.//Fischler, C. T.//Berquist, C. R., Jr.""","","Heavy mineral variability and provenance of the Virginia inner shelf and lower Chesapeake Bay","","","Berquist, C. R., Jr.""editor","Heavy mineral studies - Virginia inner continental shelf","","","","","","","","","","Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 103","1990","","","","","95 - 107","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Heavy mineral variability and provenance of the Virginia inner shelf and lower Chesapeake Bay","     The mineral composition of the 3- to 4-phi (0.125 to 0.063 mm) size fraction of 49 surficial grab samples, located north and south of the entrance to Chesapeake Bay and of 38 surficial samples, located in the bay mouth, was determined during this study.  Although up to 17 minerals were identified, principal components analysis indicated that seven minerals accounted for 96 percent of the composition variance in the bay samples.  By using Q-mode factor analysis, three mineral composition end-members (factors) were selected from the sample data and provided an adequate description of the spatial variation in heavy-mineral composition.  The end-members suggest possible mineral sources.
     One end-member (amphibole, pyroxene, and epidote), shows that the interior of the bay is a possible source for the amphibole and pyroxene in the samples.  A second end-member, comprised of zircon, garnet, and amphibole, suggests two different sources for the sediments, (one source is in the lower bay and the other is south of the bay mouth).  The sample composition gradient of a third end-member, comprised of garnet, amphibole, and epidote, suggests sediment transport into the bay resulting from southerly littoral drift along the Delmarva Peninsula.  This sediment flux from the north does not apear to bypass the bay mouth and move south, at least not in the sampled area extending up to 5 km offshore.""","Virginia; Chesapeake Bay; heavy minerals"
"Journal Article","","Cameron, E.N.""","","Our mineral problems - the context of ocean mining","","","","","","Marine Mining","","","","","","","","","","1977, 1977","","1","","1/2","73 - 84","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Our mineral problems - the context of ocean mining","     Since World War II the supply of minerals from domestic mines in the United States has not kept pace with increases in domestic mineral consumption.  There are two major consequences: (1) the United States has become increasingly dependent on sources of minerals scattered widely over the world; (2) certain mineral-based industries of the United States are moving toward sources of mineral production abroad.  Ocean mining is already important to the country in supplying petroleum and natural gas.  Mining of deep sea nodules could make a major contribution to the national economy by supplying manganese, nickel, cobalt, and copper.  Other additions to United States mineral supply may be possible if the range of oceanic deposits is widened by future exploration.""","Mining; mineral resources; General"
"E","","Campbell, J.F.""","","","","","","","Size analysis of offshore sand, final report","","","","","","","","","","The Marine Affairs Coordinator, Office of the Governor, State of Hawaii,""1979","","","unpaginated","","","unpaginated","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Hampton reference collection Short Title: Size analysis of offshore sand, final report","","","Hawaii; size analysis; sand; offshore sand"
"E","","Campbell, J.F.//Coulbourn, W.T.//Moberley, R., Jr.//Rosendahl, B.R.""","","","","","","","Reconnaissance sand inventory: off leeward Oahu","","","","","","","","","Honolulu, HI","Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawaii,""1970","","","SEAGRANT 70-16, 14 p.""","","14","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Hampton reference collection Short Title: Reconnaissance sand inventory: off leeward Oahu","","","Hawaii; sand; sand inventory; Oahu"
"E","","Campbell, J.F.//Rosendahl, B.R.//Coulbourn, W.T.//Moberly, R.""","","","","","","","Reconnaissance sand inventory: off leeward Molokai and Maui","","","","","","","","","Honolulu, HI","Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawaii","1971","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Hampton reference collection Short Title: Reconnaissance sand inventory: off leeward Molokai and Maui","","","Hawaii; sand; sand inventory; Molokai; Maui"
"Journal Article","","Campbell, K.M.//Duncan, J.G.""","","Summary of sand, gravel, and heavy-mineral resource potential of Holocene sediments offshore of Florida, Cape Canaveral to the Georgia border [abs.]","","","","","","Third Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins, Programs and Abstracts","","","","","","","","","","November 15 - 18, 1992, 1992","","","","","26 - 27","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Summary of sand, gravel, and heavy-mineral resource potential of Holocene sediments offshore of Florida, Cape Canaveral to the Georgia border [abs.]","    The year-five investigation resulting from the cooperative program of the U.S. Minerals Management Service and The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology with the Florida Geological Survey focused on a study of the sand, gravel, and heavy-mineral types and abundances in surficial sediments offshore Cape Canaveral, Florida (Phase II).  A total of 79 sediment samples, averaging 9 kg each, derived from 44 vibracores and 93 surface samples collected from the offshore Cape Canaveral area were analyzed.  In addition, a total of 174 km of high-resolution seismic lines were run in the study area, mostly in the Southeast Shoal area.
     Sediment deposits containint less than 2 weight percent mud are common in the offshore Cape Canaveral area. Mud-rich zones occupy nonshoal zones like that in between Chester and Southeast Shoals and areas farther offshore.  Chester and Southeast Shoals are very sandy (>90%) to a depth of 3 m.  Overall, the upper 1.5 m of sediment is more sand rich than the lower 1.5 m of sediment.
     The heavy-mineral assemblage in the study regions is composed of (in decreasing order of abundance) epidote, ilmenite, aluminosilicates, zircon, pyroxene/amphibole, staurolite, garnet, tourmaline, rutile, monazite, and others (including magnetite, phosphorite, sulfides, unidentified opaques/nonopaques, quartz, coated grains, etc.).  The average total heavy-mineral (THM) content is 0.26 weight percent.  The economic heavy-mineral (EHM) suite consisting of ilmenite, rutile, and zircon composes about 39.2 weight percent of the THM; on a bulk sample basis, the average is 0.7 weight percent.
          The seismic survey revealed four significant stratigraphic relationships:
          (1) The Hawthorn Group (Miocene) occurs within 20 m of the seafloor throughout the offshore Cape Cenaveral area.
          (2) Internal reflectors within the Ocala Limestone show significant deformation.
          (3) An unconformity of unknown age is found as an undulatory boundary at a depth of 18 to 22 m below sea level and crops out on the seafloor in areas not covered by shoal sands.
          (4) The large sand bodies forming shoals offshore Cape Canaveral appear to be relict features.
     The year-six investigation focused on the sand, gravel, and heavy-mineral resource potential of the Atlantic inner continental shelf offshore of northeast Florida (Phase II).  A total of 70 sediment samples, averaging 7 kg each, derived from 49 vibracores collected from the region between Cape Canaveral and the Florida - Georgia state line were analyzed.
     Deposits of sand and gravel with mud content less than 2 weight percent are located offshore of St. Augustine and Fernandina Beach, and if laterally and vertically persistent, they may be locally suitable for beach replenishment projects.  Other areas within the region of study have higher mud percentages.
     The heavy-mineral assemblage (specific gravity >2.96) in the study region is composed (in decreasing order of abundance) of epidoe, ilmenite, aluminosilicates (sillimanite, kyanite, and andalusite), zircon, staurolite, rutile, garnet, pyroboles (undifferentiated pyroxenes and amphiboles), tourmaline, and monazite, and others (phoshorite, sulfides, unidentified opaques/nonopazues, quartz, spinel, etc.).  The average THM content is 0.49 weight percent.  The EHM suite consisting of ilmenite, rutile, zircon, monazite, and aluminosilicates composes about 50 percent of the THM assemblage; on a bulk sample basis the average is 0.2 percent by weight.  The concentrations of EHM, on the average, are an order of magnitude lower than those found in commercial deposits onshore in Florida, and thus the potential for offshore placer resources appears to be limited.""","Florida; Cape Canaveral; Georgia; sand; gravel; heavy minerals; resources; Sand resources; gravel resources; heavy mineral resources"
"K","","Capobianco, Michele//de Vriend, Huib J.//Nicholls, Robert J.//Stive, Marcel J. F.""","","Application of a parametric long term model concept to the Delray Beach nourishment program","","","Arcilla, A. S. //Stive, M. J. F. //Kraus, N. C.""","International Conference on the Role of the Large Scale Experiments in Coastal Research, Coastal Dynamics '94","","","Feb. 21-25, 1994, 1994","Barcelona, Spain","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","","","","391-401","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Contains 11 references, illus. incl. sketch map Short Title: Application of a parametric long term model concept to the Delray Beach nourishment program","","","applications; arenaceous texture; Atlantic Coastal Plain; beach nourishment; beach profiles; concepts; Delray Beach Florida; Florida; hydrodynamics; models; monitoring; Palm Beach County Florida; shorelines; textures; Engineering geology"
"E","","Carlisle, D.//Wallace, W.A.""","","","","","","","Sand and gravel in the greater New York area: what kind and how much?""","","","","","","","","","New York Sea Grant Series, 68 p.""1978","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","F. Manheim reference collection Short Title: Sand and gravel in the greater New York area: what kind and how much?""","","New York; sand and gravel; sand; gravel"
"E","","Carter, Charles H.//Williams, S. Jeffress//Fuller, Jonathan A.//Meisburger, Edward P.""","","","Miscellaneous Report","","","","Regional geology of the southern Lake Erie (Ohio) bottom: a seismic reflection and vibracore study","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir","Department of the Army, Miscellaneous Report","December, 1982, 1982","","","Miscellaneous Report 82-15, 109 p.""","","109","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Regional geology of the southern Lake Erie (Ohio) bottom: a seismic reflection and vibracore study","     The southern part of the Ohio waters of Lake Erie between Conneaut and Marblehead was surveyed in August of 1977 and 1978 to acquire knowledge of the nature, distribution, and geometry of the lake deposits.  Primary data consist of 576 kilometers of seismic reflection trackline profiles and 58 vibracores ranging from 0.7 to 6.1 meters long.  About 23 percent of Ohio's part of Lake Erie was covered by the survey.
     Devonian shale overlain by Quaternary glacial tills and portglacial deposits underlies most of the survey area.  In general, the shale is exposed nearest the shore and is succeeded offshore by till and postglacial deposits.  The shale surface is commonly more irregular than the till and postglacial deposit surfaces; slopes on the lakeward dipping shale surface range from about 5 to 20 meters per kilometer.
      Pleistocene tills -- both basal and flow tills -- also underlie most of the survey area with extensive exposures between Fairport Harbor and Avon Lake and off Loraine.  Interlaminated silts and clays are interbedded with the flow till in some cores;  three cores contain both basal and flow tills.  The tills are made up largely of silt and clay-size particles composed of quartz and illite.  The till has a flatter and more uniform surface than that of the underlying shale, with lakeward slopes ranging from about 1 to 4 meters per kilometer.  The till varies in thickness from 0 to 26 meters and thickens lakeward at about 5 meters per kilometer.
     Sand, muddy sand, sandy mud, and mud are the four principal postglacial deposits.  These deposits commonly lie lakeward and overlie rock and till.  In general, the coarser deposits lie nearset the shore.  However, the two principal sand deposits at Fairport Harbor and Lorain-Vermilion are well offshore.  Also, the finer deposits are found closer to shore and in shallower water west of Cleveland.  Combined postglacial deposit thicknesses range from 0 to 22 meters and like the till, the postglacial sediment thickens lakeward.
     The tills were first deposited on an irregular, erosional shale surface.  Till deposition continued intermittently on both shale and previously deposited till until eastward retreat of the last Wisconsinal glacier from the Erie basin.  Drainage of the lake ponded west of the glacier then exposed the till to subaerial erosion which led to the formation of stream channels in the till of Lorain and Fairport Harbor.  Isostatic rebound of the outlet then led to a rise in lake level with associated erosion and deposition along the expanding lakeshore, which teneded to smooth the till surface.  The early postglacial (Holocene) deposits, which accumulated during the rise in lake level and cover the underlying till and shale, were deposited in a complex of fluvial, deltaic, and lacustrine environments.  Modern lacustrine muds are now being deposited over these early Holocene deposts.""","Geomorphology; Lake Erie; Ohio; Sand resources; Sediments; Seismic reflection; Vibracores; Great Lakes"
"E","","Casciano, F.M.//Palmer, R.Q.""","","","","","","","Sand coring in the Halekulani Sand Channel with the Beachor 67 coring system","","","","","","","","","Honolulu, HI","Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawaii,""1970","","","SEAGRANT 70-1, 25 p","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Hampton reference collection Short Title: Sand coring in the Halekulani Sand Channel with the Beachor 67 coring system","","","Hawaii; Halekulani; Halekulani Sand Channel; cores; sand coring"
"Journal Article","","Caston, V.N.D.//Stride, A.H.""","","Influence of older relief on the location of sand waves in a part of the southern North Sea","","","","","","Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science","","","","","","","","","","1973, 1973","","1","","","379 - 396","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Influence of older relief on the location of sand waves in a part of the southern North Sea","     Thirteen well-fixed echo-sounding traverses, repeated on three occasions during a winter and spring, have provided new data about the northern limit of a field of large sand waves that occupies much of the southern bight of the North Sea.  The large sand waves were found to occur as narrow tongues up to about 11.5 km long by 3.5 km broad, which lie between low, northerly-trending ridges presumed to be of Pleistocene age.  The sinuosity of the boundary as now known, coupled with the large, inherent navigational errors of earlier surveys, may well account for many of the previous indications that the boundary could have migrated for tens of kilometers.  Evidence of the growth of a new sand wave is presented which, if accepted, implies an effective localized movement of the boundary of 1450m to the north.""","North Sea; sand waves'"
"Journal Article","","Charlier, Roger H.//De Meyer, Christian P.""","","Save the beaches","","","","","","Sea Frontiers","","","","","","","","","","May/June, 1988, 1988","","34","","","177 - 183","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Save the beaches","     Shorelines are receding all over the world.  Natural factors, including a general increase in the mean sea level, are a part of the problem, but man-made dams, harbors, and coastal colonies and structures have contributed as well.  Groins, jetties, offshore barriers, sea walls, and other types of hard defenses against the advance of the sea can be effective but are expensive to maintain.  The most promising solution may be vegitation barriers, artificial dunes, and beach nourishment, in which a beach is replenished with sand similar to that of the original shoreline.  If managed carefully, the latter form of reconstruction can produce an environmentally and aesthetically satisfying beach.""","General; beach replenishment; beach restoration; beaches"
"Journal Article","","Charlier, R.H.//De Meyer, C.P.""","","Ask nature to protect and build-up beaches","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","2000, 2000","","16","","2","385 - 390","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Ask nature to protect and build-up beaches Accession Number: 4726407","     The Belgian coast is protected for 50% by hard constructions including slanting seawalls and groins.  Most of them were built after the extremely severe 1953 storm. The other 50% of the coast consists of dune-belts and beaches.  More than a century ago a groin field was implanted in front of the dune barrier protecting the coastal plain.  But both nature and man's activities encroached on this natural defense and by the forties several east coast resorts were left without a beach at high water.  Hard structures did not provide adequate protection, they even seemed to worsen problems, and yet, some new techniques like the use of the HARO were welcome innovations.  The extension of Zeebrugge Harbour procided an opportunity to consider artificial nourishment using the dredgings.  The approach provided some satisfaction but recharges were necessary.  Meanwhile the west coast started to show signs of erosion.  Various beach protection and restoration methods were tested but discarded for a variety of reasons.  Then nourishment with a feeder berm was decided upon for the De Haan sector and has yielded excellent results.  The paper, while focusing on Belgian approaches, reviews alternative approaches such as artificial reefs and dewatering, but also methods that call upon nature to rebuild beaches, among which Berosin and Beachbuilder.""","Belgium; Zeebrugge Harbour; erosion control; construction; harbors; alternative planning; reefs; rehabilitation; sea walls; groins; dunes; beach erosion; beaches; beach accretion; beach nourishment; dredge spoil; shore protection; breakwaters; coastal morphology; coastal engineering; building and construction; renovation; coastal structures; West Flaanderen; Miscellaneous; General"
"G","","Chen, Z. Q.""","","An investigation of the Late Pleistocene Paleochannel systems in the continental shelf, south of the Chesapeake Bay mouth","M.A. Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","Gloucester Point","College of William & Mary","1992","","","","","","100","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Academic Department: Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences Short Title: An investigation of the Late Pleistocene Paleochannel systems in the continental shelf, south of the Chesapeake Bay mouth","","","Virginia; Chesapeake Bay; paleochannels; paleochannel systems"
"Journal Article","","Chen, Z. Q.//Hobbs, C. H., III//Kimball, S. M.""","","Late Pleistocene-early Holocene paleochannel systems and the episodic sea level framework on the continental shelf, south of Chesapeake Bay entrance, Virginia [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","April 1-2, 1993, 1993","","25","","4","7","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Late Pleistocene-early Holocene paleochannel systems and the episodic sea level framework on the continental shelf, south of Chesapeake Bay entrance, Virginia [abs.]","","","Atlantic Ocean; Cenozoic; continental shelf; drainage patterns; environmental analysis; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; Holocene; isotope ratios; isotopes; lower Holocene; North Atlantic; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleochannels; paleorelief; Pleistocene; Quaternary; reconstruction; sea-level changes; seismic methods; southeastern Virginia; stable isotopes; surveys; upper Pleistocene; Virginia; Quaternary geology"
"Journal Article","","Chen, Z.-Q.//Hobbs, C.H., III,//Wehmmiller, J.F.//Kimball, S.M.""","","Late Quaternary paleochannel systems on the Continental Shelf, South of the Chesapeake Bay Entrance","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","1995","","11","","3","605-614","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Late Quaternary paleochannel systems on the Continental Shelf, South of the Chesapeake Bay Entrance","Analyses of an extensive network of high-resolution seismic-reflection records and borehole samples outlined three distinct paleochannel systems beneath the continental shelf south of the entrance to Chesapeake Bay. Amino acid racemization analyses of mollusks from the fill sequences are used for estimation of the ages of channel cutting and filling. The principal periods of channel cutting appear to be during the sea-level minima associated with marine oxygen isotope Stages 2 and 6. An older channel-filling phase (Stage 13 or 15) is also recognized based on aminostratigraphic results. These aminostratigraphic results are consistent with the results of previous studies on the mid-Atlantic coastal plain.""","Virginia; Chesapeake Bay; paleochannel systems; paleochannels;"
"Journal Article","","Childress, Janice O.""","","Shifting sands challenge seashore life","","","","","","Geotimes","","","","","","","","","","June 1996, 1996","","41","","6","8 - 10","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","magazine published by the American Geological Institute Short Title: Shifting sands challenge seashore life","     Beach nourishment can be useful in combating shore erosion.  The recent report by the National Research Council Beach Nourishment and Protection supports beach nourishment as an effective way of protecting shorelines from erosion and of restoring lost beaches.  However, the geologists and engineers involved in the report caution that such a policy may be technically infeasible or too costly at some sites, such as those with high erosion rates.  It is advisable that beach nourishment projects can be carried out through a broad coalition of professional disciplines and local citizens.""","General; beach nourishment; beach restoration"
"E","","Chin, J. L.//Wolf, Steven C.""","","","","","","","Reconnaissance high-resolution geophysical survey of the Monterey Bay, California, inner shelf: Implications for sand resources","","","","","","","","","Menlo Park, CA","U.S. Geological Survey","1988, 1988","","","Open-File Report 88-410, 33 p.""","","33","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Reconnaissance high-resolution geophysical survey of the Monterey Bay, California, inner shelf: Implications for sand resources","","","California; Monterey Bay; Sand resources; geophysical survey;"
"E","","Chrzastowski, Michael J.//Trask, C. Brian","","","","","","","","Nearshore geology and geologic processes along the Illinois shore of Lake Michigan from Waukegan Harbor to Wilmette Harbor: contributions to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Shoreline Erosion Study","","","","","","","","","","Illinois State Geological Survey","1995","","","Open-file Series 1995-10, 93 p.""","","93","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Nearshore geology and geologic processes along the Illinois shore of Lake Michigan from Waukegan Harbor to Wilmette Harbor: contributions to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Shoreline Erosion Study","","","Illinois; Lake Michigan; Great Lakes; Wilmette Illinois; Wilmette Harbor; geologic processes"
"E","","Circe, Ronald C.//Wertz, Robert R., Jr.//Harrison, D. George//Williams, S. Jeffress","","","","","","","","Map showing distribution of surficial sediments on the inner continental shelf off central Louisiana, Scale: 1:100,000","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1988","","","Open-file Report 88-411, 1 sheet","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Scale: 1:100,000 Short Title: Map showing distribution of surficial sediments on the inner continental shelf off central Louisiana, Scale: 1:100,000","","","Louisiana; surficial sediment distribution; map"
"Journal Article","","Clark, Michael K.""","","Experts evaluate marine resources","","","","","","Sea Technology","","","","","","","","","","August, 1986, 1986","","27","","8","10 - 31","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Experts evaluate marine resources","","","Energy sources; Estuaries; Gravel deposits; Land use; Metal ores; Mineral resources; Possibilities; Production; Reserves; Resources; Shore features; Shore lines; General"
"Journal Article","","Clarke, Thomas L.//Stubblefield, William L.//Swift, Donald J.P.""","","Use of power spectra to estimate characteristics of sand ridges of continental shelves","","","","","","Journal of Geology","","","","","","","","","","1983","","91","","","93 - 97","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Use of power spectra to estimate characteristics of sand ridges of continental shelves","     Attempts to explain the origin of sand ridges on continental shelves require objective means for quantifying their wavelengths and orientations.  Two-dimensional power spectral analysis is such an approach.  However, mathematical peculiarities may lead to apparent discrepancies between the result of spectral analysis and wavelength estimates from bathymetric maps.  This discrepancy may explain much of the reported difference between wavelength predictions based on hydrodynamic stability theory and measurements from bathymetric maps.  Such a discrepancy can be significantly reduced by a modified spectral analysis technique which utilizes power spectra of bottom slopes rather than bathymetry.""","General; power spectra; sand ridges; continental shelves"
"Book Chapter","","Cleary, W. J.""","","Environmental coastal geology; Cape Lookout to Cape Fear, NC","","","Cleary, W. J.""editor","Guide book for field trip on Nov 8-10, 1996, Wrightsville Beach, NC","","","","","","","","","Wrightsville","Carolina Geological Society","1996","","","","","138","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Environmental coastal geology; Cape Lookout to Cape Fear, NC","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; beaches; field trips; guidebook; North Carolina; Onslow Bay; shore features; shorelines; Geomorphology"
"K","","Cleary, W.J.//Garcia del Cura, M.A.//Soria, J.//Canaveras, J.C.//Melendez Hevia, A.//Soria, A.R.""","","Sand resources on hardbottom dominated shorefaces in southeastern North Carolina, USA; an overview of the beach renourishment needs and potential target site characteristics [abs.]","","","","","International Sedimentological Congress, 15th, Alicante, Spain, 1998 [Proceedings]","","","1998, 1998","","","","","","","","","","","","","263","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Affiliation (analytic): Center of Marine Science Research, Wilmington, NC, United States
Affiliation (monograph): Univ. Alicante, Alicante, Spain
GeoRef ID (Update Code): 2001-006552
Summary only
Document Type: Book; Conference Document
Bibliographic level: Analytic
sedimentology at the dawn of the third millennium; abstracts Short Title: Sand resources on hardbottom dominated shorefaces in southeastern North Carolina, USA; an overview of the beach renourishment needs and potential target site characteristics [abs.]","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; beach nourishment; beaches; clastic sediments; dust storms; Eastern U.S.; erosion; geologic hazards; hurricanes; landform evolution; littoral erosion; North Carolina; sand; sediments; shore features; shorelines; southeastern North Carolina; Environmental geology"
"E","","Cleary, W.J.//Riggs, S.R.""","","","Comprehensive Geologic Characteristics Report","","","","Beach erosion and hurricane protection plan for Onslow Beach, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina","","","","","","","","","Camp Lejeune, NC","U.S. Marine Corps","1998","","","Comprehensive Geologic Characteristics Report, 115 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: Beach erosion and hurricane protection plan for Onslow Beach, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina","","","North Carolina; Onslow Beach; Camp Lejeune; beach erosion; hurricane protection"
"E","","Cleary, W.J.//Riggs, S.R.""","","","","","","","Beach erosion and hurricane protection plan for Onslow Beach, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: Management Plan","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Marine Corps,""1999","","","Camp Lejeune, NC, 134 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: Beach erosion and hurricane protection plan for Onslow Beach, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: Management Plan","","","North Carolina; Onslow Beach; Camp Lejeune; beach erosion; hurricane protection; management plan;"
"K","","Clemens, Karen E.//Komar, Paul D.""","","Tracers of sand movement on the Oregon coast","","","","","Coastal Engineering Conference, 21st, 1988","","","1988","Costa del Sol-Malaga, Spain","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","","","","14","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Tracers of sand movement on the Oregon coast","     The study of sand mineralogy and grain rounding can help answer many questions of immediate concern to coastal engineers or to broader issues of beach preservation.  The heavy-mineral contents of sands, together with statistical techniques such as factor analysis, can be used to delineate sediment sources, trace transport paths, and map out patterns of mixing during sediment dispersal.  Variations in the degree of grain rounding can similarly be used to trace sand movements, or to obtain additional information concerning the history of the sediment particles.
     The techniques of studying sand mineralogies and grain rounding, and the types of problems they can address, are illustrated by research on the Oregon coast.  Heavy mineral compositions of Oregon beach sands are the products of mixing contributions from four sources; the Columbia River on the north, the smaller rivers draining the Coast Range, the Umpqua River on the southern Oregon coast, and the Kalmath Mountains of southern Oregon and northern California.  Numerous headlands now prevent the longshore transport and mixing of sands from these multiple sources.  The beach-sand compositions instead reflect along-coast mixing during Pleistocene lowered sea levels when blockage by headlands was absent.  At that time there was a net littoral sand transport to the north, evident from the dispersal of Kalmath -derived sands.  With a rise in sea level and accompanying migrations of the beaches, headlands eventually interrupted the along-coast mixing of nearshore sands.  Therefore, the north to south variation in compositions of beach sands is in part a relict pattern inherited from mixing during lowered sea levels.  This has been modified during the past several thousand years by some additions of sand to the beaches from sea-cliff erosion and from rivers.  However, studies of sediment mineralogy and grain rounding indicate that sands derived from most rivers draining the Coast Range are presently trapped in estuaries and so are not significant sources of beach sand.  The Columbia River now supplies sand to Oregon beaches only to the first headland, Tillamook Head.  At that headland there is a marked change in mineralogy and grain rounding with angular, recently suplied Columbia River sand to the north and rounded relict sand to the south.""","Oregon; Pacific; sand; tracers"
"Book Chapter","","Clifton, H. Edward//Luepke, G.""","","Heavy-mineral placer deposits of the continental margin of Alaska and the Pacific coast states; Chapter 30","","","Scholl, David W.//Gantz, Arthur//Vedder, John G.""editor","Geology and resource potential of the continental margin of western North America and adjacent ocean basins- Beaufort Sea to Baja California","","","","","","","","","Houston","Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources","1987","","","","","691 - 738","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Heavy-mineral placer deposits of the continental margin of Alaska and the Pacific coast states; Chapter 30","     The potential for economic heavy-mineral placers on the continental shelf and coastal areas of Alaska and the Pacific Coast states remains uncertain.  With few exceptions, sampling for heavy-mineral content has been inadequate for economic evaluations of the total heavy-mineral assemblage (few three-dimensional studies), and few areas have been sampled sufficiently to assess the potential for a specific commodity.  A further problem is that the heavy-mineral studies are commonly confined to the sand-size fraction of a sediment, and only a limited grain-size range is examined.
     The tectonic and climatic settings of the western margin of North America produce a characteristically immature (and economically less interesting) assemblage of heavy minerals.  The active tectonism and commonly arid climates are not conducive to development of heavy-mineral placers such as those presently mined from the Atlantic Coast of the United States or the coasts of Brazil, Australia, or Africa.
     Mining of marine placers along the margin of Alaska and the Pacific Coast states has been directed largely toward the recovery of gold, with minor emphasis on platinum, chromite, and titanium-bearing minerals.  This mining has historically been restricted to the most highly enriched natural concentrations.  As a result, the mining operations have traditionally been of very small scale.  The potential for many undiscovered deposits, particularly of gold, remains fairly high around the Seward Peninsula, along the Gulf of Alaska, and localy in the inland waterways of southeastern Alaska.  Coastal primary sources and alluvial placers of cassiterite and platinum suggest a possibility of undiscovered resources of these minerals locally in sediment of the Bering Sea.  A modest potential for gold and chromite exists along the coast of southern Oregon and northern California.  In all areas, an adequate three-dimensional sampling program is a requisite for further economic evaluation.""","Pacific; Beaufort Sea; California; Alaska"
"Journal Article","","Coakley, George J.""","","Coastal and marine energy and mineral resources","","","","","","A Presentation to the Industrial College of the Armed Forces Regional Security Study on the World Ocean","","","","","","","","","","October 2, 1997, 1997","","","","","37","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Coastal and marine energy and mineral resources","","","General; Mineral resources; energy resources"
"E","","Coastal Geoscience Laboratory//Center for Coastal Energy & Environmental Resources Louisiana State University","","","","","","","","Stratigraphic assessment of the mineral aggregate resources in the St. Bernard Shoals, offshore Louisiana","","","","","","","","","Baton Rouge, LA","Louisiana State University, 54 p.""June, 1993, 1993","","","","","","54","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","David Pope, Paul Connor, Jr., Shea Penland
S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Stratigraphic assessment of the mineral aggregate resources in the St. Bernard Shoals, offshore Louisiana","","","Louisiana; Mineral resources; aggregate; aggregate resources; St. Bernard Shoals; stratigraphy"
"E","","Cobb, Edward H.""","","","U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin","","","","Placer deposits of Alaska","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1973, 1973","","","Bulletin 1374, 213 p.""","","213","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","See also: Cobb, E.H., 1972, Placer deposits of Alaska:  U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-0071, 132 p. Short Title: Placer deposits of Alaska","Inventory and description of districts","","Alaska; placer deposits"
"E","","Cobb, James C.//Fraser, Gordon S.""","","","Illinois Mineral Notes","","","","Application of sedimentology to development of sand and gravel resources in McHenry and Kane counties, northeastern Illinois","","","","","","","","","Champaign, IL","Illinois State Geological Survey,""December , 1981, 1981","","","Illinois Mineral Notes 82, 17 p.""","","17","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Application of sedimentology to development of sand and gravel resources in McHenry and Kane counties, northeastern Illinois","     The application of the sedimentological model of an outwash plain to appropriate sand and gravel deposits in McHenry and Kane Counties permits reasonably accurate predictions concerning the textures of the various materials in the deposit.  These predictions can be of use to pit operators who wish to locate the most desirable type of material for extraction, to landowners in outwash plain areas who want general information about their property, and to land-use planners who must allocate land for specific uses.
     The sand and gravel deposit, an important source of aggregate, consists of a heterogeneous mixture of materials.  Different areas of the deposit are characterized by certain combinations of sediments.  These combinations (assemblages) include: (1) a coarse-grained, highly heterogeneous marginal assemblage found on the eastern margin of the outwash deposit; (2) a coarse-grained, but somewhat less heterogeneous, proximal assemblage occurring in a band paralleling the marginal assemblate; (3) a relatively finer grained and better sorted  medial assemblage occurring in a band paralleling the western edge of the proximal assemplage; and (4) a fine-grained distal assemblage found beneath the proximal and medial assemblages.
     These sediments were deposited in a series of coalescing outwash fans extending westward from the glacial ice margin.  The change in characteristics of the sediments within the outwash deposit can be attributed to a progressive change in sedimentary processes, particularly a decrease in stream flow away from the glacial ice margin.""","Illinois; Great Lakes; sand; sand and gravel; gravel; Sand and gravel resources; Sand resources; gravel resources; McHenry County; Kane County"
"Journal Article","","Cocker, Mark D.//Shapiro, Earl A.""","","Distribution of heavy minerals on the Georgia coastal plain and continental shelf [abs.]","","","","","","Third Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins, Programs and Abstracts","","","","","","","","","","November 15 - 18, 1992, 1992","","","","","22","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Distribution of heavy minerals on the Georgia coastal plain and continental shelf [abs.]","     In Georgia, heavy minerals are concentrated in a variety of sedimentary environments including pleistocene paleobarrier islands, Holocene deltaic and beach deposits, and Pleistocene to Holocene deposits on the continental shelf.  Recent studies by the Georgia Geologic Survey have focused on the Pleistocene paleobarrier system, modern deposition in and adjacent to the Altamaha delta, and nearshore sands off of the Altamaha delta.  In addition, the U.S. Geological Survey has cooperatively investigated surficial sediments on the continental shelf offshore of Georgia.
     The distribution of heavy minerals on land and on the continental shelf suggest that the Savannah, Altamaha, St. Mary's, and Satilla Rivers transport heavy minerals derived from high-grade metasedimentary rocks in the Piedmont and other clastic sediments to the Georgia coastal waters.  In addition, limited southward transport by longshore currents results in the concentration of heavy minerals immediately south of the source rivers.  Each of the known heavy mineral deposits, which are associated with paleobarrier island complexes in Georgia and adjacent parts of Florida, lies immediately to the south of a major source river.  Samples collected form Pleistocene and Holocene barrier islands and Holocene beach and delta deposits adjacent (within 20 km) to the Altamaha River indicate southward transport of heavy minerals.  Fractionation of the heavy-mineral suite results in displacement of the lighter minerals (epidote and amphiboles) to a grater degree to the south.  The heavier minerals (ilmenite, leucoxene, zircon, tourmaline, aluminosilicates, and monazite) are concentrated nearer to the Altamaha River.  Other factors, such as length of stillstand and strength of longshore currents, probably influence the size of the heavy-mineral deposit and the amount to southwatd displacement from the river's mouth.  Heavy minerals are then concentrated onshore in various depositional microenvironments by other forces active in the littoral zone.
     Distribution patterns of minerals and sediment textures suggest that shelf sedimentation is related primarily to the major source rivers and, to a lesser extent, the southward, longshore currents.  These patterns are modified by other distribution patterns suggestive of subaerial weathering related to a sea-level stillstand.  Lobate concentrations of heavy minerals extend out aross the continental shelf from the major source rivers.  Longshore, southward seidment transport is indicated by the fractionation of the lighter and heavier heavy minerals. A -14-m-sea-level still stand is suggested by corelation of decreases in the epidote + amphibole + garnet + magnetite content and the ilmenite/leucoxene ratio, and an increase in the zircon + tourmaline + rutile content (which suggests increased subaerial weathering) of the surficial sediments at that depth.
     The distribution of heavy minerals on the continental margin of Georgia has important exploration implications for heavy-mineral deposits in Georgia, in the continental shelf off the coast of Georgia, and in similar locations elsewhere.""","Georgia; heavy minerals"
"Journal Article","","Colgan, Chuck","","","Sands of time running out","","","","","","Explorations","","","","","","","","","","1998","","5","","1","10-14, 16-17","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sands of time running out Alternate Journal: Explorations","","","artificial beaches; beaches; California; coastal environment; conservation; design; erosion; preservation; risk assessment; shore features; Southern California; Geomorphology"
"Journal Article","","Colman, S.M.//C.R. Berquist, Jr.//Hobbs, C.H., III","","","Structure, age and origin of the bay-mouth shoal deposits, Chesapeake Bay, Virginia","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1988","","83","","1-4","95-113","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Structure, age and origin of the bay-mouth shoal deposits, Chesapeake Bay, Virginia","The mouth of Chesapeake Bay contains a distinctive shoal complex and related deposits that result from the complex interaction of three different processes. Together, these processes play a major role in changing the configuration of the estuary and filling it with sediment. The deposits at the mouth of the bay hold keys both to the evolution of the bay during the Holocene transgression and to the history of previous generations of the bay. The deposit associated with the shoals at the mouth of the bay, the bay-mouth sand, is a distinct stratigraphic unit composed mostly of uniform, gray, fine sand. The position and internal structure of the unit shows that it is related to near-present sea level, and thus is less than a few thousand years old. The processes affecting the upper surface of the deposit and the patterns of erosion and deposition at this surface are complex, but the geometry and structure of the deposit indicate that it is a coherent unit that is prograding bayward and tending to fill the estuary.""","Virginia; Chesapeake Bay; shoal deposits; age; origin; structure"
"Journal Article","","Colman, S.M.//Halka, J.P.//Hobbs, C.H., III//Mixon, R.B.//Foster, D.S.""","","Ancient channels of the Susquehanna River beneath Chesapeake Bay and the Delmarva Peninsula","","","","","","Geological Society of America Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1990","","102","","9","1268-1279","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Ancient channels of the Susquehanna River beneath Chesapeake Bay and the Delmarva Peninsula","","","Virginia; Delaware; Chesapeake Bay; Delmarva; Susquehannah; ancient channels; Delmarva Peninsula"
"L","","","","","Quaternary geology of the southern Virginia part of the Chesapeake Bay:  U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Investigations Map MF-1948-A, 2 sheets","","","Colman, S.M.//Hobbs, C.H., III","","","","","","","","","","","","","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Two sheets. Lat about 36 degrees50#PR to about 37 degrees25#PR, long 75 degrees50#PR to about 76 degrees25#PR. Sheet 1, 41 by 42 inches; sheet 2, 39 by 39 inches.
Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Quaternary geology of the southern Virginia part of the Chesapeake Bay:  U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Investigations Map MF-1948-A, 2 sheets","","","Geologic maps
areal geology
Cenozoic
Chesapeake Bay
geologic maps
maps
Quaternary
southern Virginia
stratigraphy
United States
USGS
Virginia"
"E","","Conkwright, R.D.//Gast, R.A.""","","","Open-File report","","","","Potential offshore sand resources in northern Maryland shoal fields","","","","","","","","","Baltimore, M.D.""Maryland Geological Survey","1994","","","Open-File Report 94-8, 48 p.""","","48","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Potential offshore sand resources in northern Maryland shoal fields","","","Maryland"
"E","","Conkwright, R.D.//Gast, R.A.""","","","Open-File report","","","","Potential offshore sand resources in central Maryland shoal fields","","","","","","","","","Baltimore, MD","Maryland Geological Survey","1994","","","Open-File Report 94-9, 49 p.""","","49","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Potential offshore sand resources in central Maryland shoal fields","","","Maryland"
"E","","Conkwright, R.D.//Gast, R.A.""","","","Open-File report","","","","Potential offshore sand resources in southern Maryland shoal fields","","","","","","","","","Baltimore, MD","Maryland Geological Survey","1995","","","Open-File Report 95-4, 43 p.""","","43","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Potential offshore sand resources in southern Maryland shoal fields","Extensive beach restoration projects on the Maryland coast are placing increased pressure on known offshore sand resources within State waters. Assessment of potential sand resources in Federal waters will encourage both the development of new resources, and further restoration projects. Previous studies suggest that most usable sand deposits will occur within linear shoals on the inner continental shelf. A shoal field in waters off Assateague Island, containing eight linear shoals, was examined for potential sand resources. This field, designated Shoal Field III, is located approximately  of a nautical mile off Assateague Island, and extends eastward 14 miles. Seismic surveys and vibracore samples were used to estimate the quality and quantity of sediments contained within the shoals. Shoals K and F have a high potential for containing sands with desirable grain size parameters, and are in sufficiently shallow waters. Five other shoals have moderate potentials, limited by finer sediments and, in some cases, deeper waters. Shoal G, within two miles of the shore, appears to contain sediments too fine and thinly distributed to be of potential use for beach restoration.""","Maryland"
"E","","Conkwright, R.D.//Williams, C.P.""","","","Open-File report","","","","Offshore sand resources in central Maryland shoal fields","","","","","","","","","Baltimore, MD","Maryland Geological Survey","1996","","","Open-File Report 96-3, 57 p.""","","57","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Offshore sand resources in central Maryland shoal fields","Extensive beach restoration projects on the Maryland coast are placing increased pressure on known offshore sand resources within state waters. Assessment of potential sand resources in Federal waters will encourage both the development of new resources, and further restoration projects. Previous studies suggest that most usable sand deposits will occur within linear shoals on the inner continental shelf. A shoal field in waters off Assateague Island, MD was sampled for potential sand resources. This field, designated Shoal Field II, is located approximately 6 kilometers off Assateague Island. The eastern edge of the shoal field extends to 20 kilometers offshore. Vibracore samples were used to estimate the quality and quantity of sediments contained in five shoals. The following figures represent the minimum amount of sand contained in the shoals, suitable for beach nourishment projects: Shoal B - 30.l million cubic meters Shoal C - 2.5 million cubic meters Shoal D - 12.3 million cubic meters Great Gull Bank - 11.5 million cubic meters Little Gull Bank - 19.3 million cubic meters These sand resources are similar in character to native beach sands found on Assateague and Ocean City beaches.""","Open-"
"E","","Conkwright, R.D.//Williams, C.P.//Christiansen, L.B.""","","","Open-File report","","","","Offshore sand resources in northern Maryland shoal fields","","","","","","","","","Baltimore, MD","Maryland Geological Survey","2000","","","Open-File Report 00-2, 94 p.""","","94","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Offshore sand resources in northern Maryland shoal fields","Extensive beach restoration projects on the Maryland coast are placing increased pressure on known offshore sand resources within state waters. Assessment of potential sand resources in Federal waters will encourage both the development of new resources, and further restoration projects. Previous studies suggest that most usable sand deposits will occur within linear shoals on the inner continental shelf. A shoal field in waters off Fenwick Island, MD was sampled for potential sand resources in 1992 and again in 1997. This field, designated Shoal Field I, is located approximately 6.4 kilometers off Fenwick Island at the Maryland - Delaware state line. The eastern edge of the shoal field extends to 14.5 kilometers offshore. Vibracore samples were used to estimate the quality and quantity of sediments contained in the three shoals of Shoal Field I. The following figures represent the minimum amount of sand contained in the shoals, suitable for beach nourishment projects: 
Fenwick Shoal -95.8 million cubic meters 
Weaver Shoal - 57.6 million cubic meters 
Isle of Wight - 72.6 million cubic meters 
These sand resources are similar in character to native beach sands found on Assateague and Ocean City, Maryland, beaches.""","Maryland"
"E","","Continental Shelf Associates","","","","Executive Summary","","","","Synthesis and analysis of existing information regarding environmental effects of marine mining","","","","","","","","","Jupiter, FL","U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Office of International Activities and Marine Minerals (INTERMAR)","March, 1993, 1993","","","Executive Summary  and Final Report 93-0005 and 93-0006, 392 p.""","","38","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Synthesis and analysis of existing information regarding environmental effects of marine mining","","","General"
"Journal Article","","Coulbourn, W.T.//Campbell, J.F.//Anderson, P.N.//Daugherty, P.M.//Greenberg, V.A.//Izuka, S.K.//Lauritzen, R.A.//Tsutsui, B.O.//Yan, C.""","","Sand deposits offshore Oahu, Hawaii","","","","","","Pacific Science","","","","","","","","","","1988","","42","","","267-299","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Hampton reference collection Short Title: Sand deposits offshore Oahu, Hawaii","The value of sand as aggregated for concrete for the construction industry and as sediment for artificial beach replenishment at tourist destinations on Oahu has increased following a legislative moratorium on the mining of beach sand. Concern for future shortfalls of sand supply prompted prospecting for offshore deposits. Sand channels extend offshore from major valleys and coastal embayments on Oahu. Most of these accumulations join sinuous deposits of sediment ponded on ancient terraces that parallel the coastline. Sand cores were collected from these mapped deposits. Statistical analysis of particle size distributions of 279 samples from these cores reveals local areas that are promising for future exploitation. Comparisons between samples from different locales reveals relationships primarily to submarine geomorphology and secondarily to coastal wave climate.""","Hawaii"
"E","","Courtenay, Walter R.//Hartig, Ben C.//Loisel, Gerard R.//Marsh, G.Alex","","","","Miscellaneous Report","","","","Ecological evaluation of a beach nourishment project at Hallandale (Broward County), Florida, Volume 1: Evaluation of fish populations adjacent to borrow areas of beach nourishment project, Hallandale (Broward County), Florida","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir, VA","U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research center","1980, 1980","","","Miscellaneous Report 80-1 (1), 23 p.""","","23","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Ecological evaluation of a beach nourishment project at Hallandale (Broward County), Florida, Volume 1: Evaluation of fish populations adjacent to borrow areas of beach nourishment project, Hallandale (Broward County), Florida","A study of the fish populations within the surf zone and over the first and second reefs off Hallandale was conducted, 7 years following dredging for a beach restoration project. This study utilized an observational and recording technique adapted from Jones and Thomson (1978). The data were compared with those of an earlier study conducted in 1971-72. In the 1971-72 study, conducted during and subsequent to dredging activities, 42 species of fishes belonging to 24 families were found. The present study revealed the presence of 114 species of fishes belonging to 36 families. The dusky jawfish (Opistognathus whitehursti ), common along the first reef platform in 1971-72, was found to be absent. The absence of this fish is attributed to an alteration of the substrate on the first reef by incursion of fine sediments. Damage to the second reef observed during 1971-72 was not evident during this study.""","Florida
coral reefs; dredging; environmental impact; beach nourishment; Opistognathus whitehursti; Pisces; ASW; Hallandale"
"E","","Courtenay, Walter R.//Hartig, Ben C.//Loisel, Gerard R.//Marsh, G.Alex","","","","Miscellaneous Report","","","","Ecological evaluation of a beach nourishment project at Hallandale (Broward County), Florida, Volume 2: Evaluation of benthic communities adjacent to a restored beach, Hallandale (Broward County), Florida","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir, VA","U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research center","1980, 1980","","","Miscellaneous Report  80-1 (2), 32 p.""","","32","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Ecological evaluation of a beach nourishment project at Hallandale (Broward County), Florida, Volume 2: Evaluation of benthic communities adjacent to a restored beach, Hallandale (Broward County), Florida","Benthic communities adjacent to a restored beach at Hallandale (Broward County), Florida were analyzed and compared to similar communities at nearby Golden Beach (Dade County). Five sand stations and four reef stations were sampled at each locality along a transect from the intertidal zone through the second reef. This study assesses the postnourishment condition of sandy-bottom and reef-dwelling communities approximately 7 years after beach nourishment and offshore dredging. The study also provides prenourishment data for an impact analysis of a fill project underway at Hallandale in September 1979. Core samples at sand stations yielded 114 invertebrate species, not including nemerteans and oligochaete annelids. More than 90% of the fauna occurred at the two outer stations in densities of up to 17,144 individuals per square meter. Quadrat samples of reef biota showed a maximum abundance and diversity of corals, alcyonarians, and sponges in the middle and outer regions of the second reef. The reefs appeared in good condition, and showed no apparent effects from a 1971 beach nourishment project.""","Florida
benthos; dredging; environmental impact; beach nourishment; ASW; Hallandale"
"Journal Article","","Coyne, Melanie//Mullane, Robert A.//Fletcher, Charles H.//Richmond, Bruce M.""","","Losing Oahu; erosion on the Hawaiian coast","","","","","","Geotimes","","","","","","","","","","1996","","41","","12","23-26","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Losing Oahu; erosion on the Hawaiian coast Alternate Journal: Geotimes","","","beaches; coastal environment; East Pacific Ocean Islands; erosion; Hawaii; Honolulu County Hawaii; Kaaawa Beach; Kailua Beach; Lanikai Beach; Maili Beach; Makaha Beach; Mokuleia Beach; Oahu; Oceania; Polynesia; processes; protection; shore features; shorelines; United States
Engineering geology"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","Cronan, David S.""","Marine minerals in Exclusive Economic Zones (Topics in the Earth Sciences, 5)","","","","","","","","translator","London, United Kingdom","Chapman and Hall","1992","","5","","","","209","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Marine minerals in Exclusive Economic Zones (Topics in the Earth Sciences, 5)","Synopsis (from amazon.com)
In the last ten years offshore mineral exploration programmes have increasingly concentrated on the 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zones adjacent to coastal states. This book gives an integrated treatment of the various mineral types occuring in these zones, their genesis, distribution and economic importance. The book opens with a broad overview of the subject and discusses the legislative issues relevant to marine and mineral exploitation. Chapters then deal in turn with aggregates, placers, precious coral, phosphorites, manganese nodules, cobalt-rich manganese crusts and hydrothermal deposits. An international set of case studies illustrates each type of deposit, many studies based on the author's own experience in marine mineral evaluation programmes around the world during the past 25 years. This book should be of interest to economic and mining geologists, marine geologists and mineral economists.""","aggregate; Anthozoa; chemically precipitated rocks; Coelenterata; economic geology; global; Invertebrata; marine environment; mineral resources; nodules; phosphate rocks; placers; resources; sedimentary rocks; United States Exclusive Economic Zones
Economic geology; General; deposits"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","Cronan, D.S.""","Handbook of marine mineral deposits","","","","","","","","translator","Boca Raton, FL","CRC Press","2000","","","","","","406","","","","Cronan, D.S.""","Marine science series","","","","","","","","","","Book Description (from amazon.com)
This handbook summarizes the main advances in our understanding of marine minerals and concentrates on the deposits of proven economic potential. In cases where our knowledge may be too limited to allow defining of their economic potential, those minerals are covered regionally or by deposit type. Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits is divided into three sections; Marine placers, manganese nodules and crusts, and deep-sea hydrothermal mineralization. All of these mineral deposits have great potential importance to economic geologists and marine mines.Edited by an acknowledged expert in the field, this handbook includes work by internationally renowned contributors. The new United Nations Law of the Sea, ratified by over 100 countries within the past two years, provides a framework and guidelines for deep-sea mineral exploration that increases international interest in this book. The Handbook serves as a platform from which to launch the more detailed evaluation studies that will need to take place in the 21st century before recovery can continue or commence. Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits is useful to mineralogists, economic geologists, marine geologists, marine miners, and conservationists.Features 

Book Info (from amazon.com)
Summarizes the main advances in our understanding of marine minerals. Serves as a platform from which to launch the more detailed evaluation studies that will be needed in the 21st century before recovery of marine mineral deposits can commence. DLC: Marine mineral resources. Short Title: Handbook of marine mineral deposits","","","Atlantic Ocean; beach placers; continental margin; diamonds; dredging; gold ores; hydrothermal alteration; Indian Ocean; manganese ores; massive deposits; massive sulfide deposits; metal ores; metasomatism; mineral deposits; genesis; mineral exploration; nodules; ocean floors; Pacific Ocean; placers; plate tectonics; rift zones; stream placers; volcanism; zinc ores; General"
"E","","Cruickshank, Michael//Flanagan, Joseph//Holt, Buford//Padan, John","","","","Environmental Effects Overview","","","","Marine mining on the outer continental shelf","","","","","","","","","","Minerals Management Service","1987, 1987","","","Environmental Effects Overview OCS Report MMS 87-0035, 62 p.""","","62","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Marine mining on the outer continental shelf","","","General"
"Journal Article","","Cruickshank, M.J.""","","Marine sand and gravel mining and processing technologies","","","","","","Marine Sand and Gravel Mining","","","","","","","","","","1988, 1988","","7","","2","149 - 163","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Marine sand and gravel mining and processing technologies","     Mining and processing technologies for marine sand and gravel are available as state of the art, and many options for the selection of systems components are also available.  The selection of specific options will be based on analysis of site-specific characteristics including the nature of the deposit, the geography of the site and market areas, the prevailing weather and oceanic conditions, and the nature of the seabed.  Within that context methods for excavation, lifting, processing, and transporting the saleable material and any waste products may be selected.  Marine sand and gravel dredging is economically pursued in the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Canada, and Japan.  In general, costs are particularly sensitive to transport distance and dredge capacity.  At the present time dredging technology is adequate to permit economic sand and gravel mining ofshore in the United States.""","sands
gravel
mining
mineral processing
marine technology
mineral recovery
General"
"Magazine Article","","Cruickshank, Michael J.""","","Offshore sources for construction aggregates","","","","","","Sea Technology","","","","","","","","","","April, 1990, 1990","","","","April 1990","70 - 72","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Offshore sources for construction aggregates","","","General"
"Journal Article","","Cruickshank, M.J.""","","Ocean mining: Offshore sand production...and politics","","","","","","Sea Technology","","","","","","","","","","1998","","39","","4","111","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","L. Poppe reference collection Short Title: Ocean mining: Offshore sand production...and politics","","","General"
"K","","Cruickshank, Michael J.//Dai, Jun","","","Progress in beach maintenance efforts for the State of Hawaii","","","","","Offshore Technology Conference, 31st","","","May 3-6, 1999, 1999","Houston, TX, 1999","","","","","","Proceedings: Houston, TX, Offshore Technology Conference","","","1","","","277-283","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Progress in beach maintenance efforts for the State of Hawaii","","","beach nourishment; beaches; East Pacific Ocean Islands; environmental analysis; erosion; feasibility studies; Hawaii; islands; littoral erosion; marine environment; Oceania; Polynesia; sands; tropical environment; United States
Environmental geology"
"Journal Article","","Cruickshank, Michael J.//Hess, Harold D.""","","Marine sand and gravel mining","","","","","","Oceanus","","","","","","","","","","1975","","19","","1","32 - 44","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Marine sand and gravel mining","Sands and gravels account for the greatest vol of non-energy minerals mined annually in the US. Production from all sources in 1974 amounted to {approx} 904 million tons valued at $1.6 billion, involving {approx} 5600 commercial operations. Tonnages produced in the US represent {approx} 13-14% world production. The major use of sand and gravel is the construction industry. Details are given of nature and occurrence of sand and gravel, mining methods, environmental problems, future operations and research needs.""","General"
"E","","Cruickshank, Michael J.//Rowland, T. John","","","","","","","","Mining for phosphorites on the United States outer continental shelf; opportunities for development","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","Minerals Management Service, 20 p.""","","","","","","20","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","See also: Rowland, TJ; Cruickshank, MJ, 1983,  Mining for phosphorites on the United States outer continental shelf: Opportunities for development, in Conference on Effective Use of the Sea: an Update, Oceans '83, San Francisco, CA, Aug 29 - Sept 1,1983, Proceedings: San Francisco, CA, Oceans '83 Conference, p. 703-707

Abstract:
The marine phosphorites are principally composed of carbonate fluorapatite, and occur as crusts, plates, nodules, muds, and sands at depths generally less than 1,000 meters. Techniques for exploration and mining systems are available that consider the environmental and geological factors. Marine phosphorites in potentially economic quantities occur in a number of regions in the United States continental margins. Major known deposits are located off southern California, off the coasts of Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina; off the North Carolina in the vicinity of Onslow Bay, and the northwest portion of the Blake Plateau. They may also be located in other areas under U.S. jurisdiction or control, such as the Hawaiian archipelago and the Trust Territories. These phoshorite deposits which are economically attractive should be exploitable with current technology and mining methods. Short Title: Mining for phosphorites on the United States outer continental shelf; opportunities for development","     The United States production of phosphate in 1980 accounted for 40 percent of the world production; however, the ability to sustain such a production level throughout the remainder of the century is questionable.  In light of anticipated depletion of onshore resources coupled with increasing onshore landuse conflicts, the value of further assessment of marine phofphorite mining is becoming increasingly more apparent.
     The marine phosphorites are principally composed of carbonate fluorapatite, and occur as crusts, plates, nodules, muds, and sands at depths generally less than 1,000 meters.  Techniques for exploration and mining systems are available that consider the environmental and geological factors.
     Marine phosphorites in potentially economic quantities occur in a number of regiouns in the United States continental margins.  Major known deposits are located off southern California, off the coasts of Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina; off North Carolina in the vicinity of Onslow Bay, and the northwest portion of the Blake Plateau.  They may also be located in other areas under U.S. Jurisdiction or control, such as the Hawaiian archipelago and the Trust Territories.  These phosphorite deposits which are economically attractive should be exploitable with current technology and mining methods.""","General"
"Journal Article","","Culliton, Barbara J.""","","Save the beaches, not the buildings","","","","","","Nature","","","","","","","","","","1992","","357","","6379","535","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Save the beaches, not the buildings Alternate Journal: Nature","","","beaches; conservation; environment; environmental geology; erosion; legislation; shorelines; storms; United States
Environmental geology"
"E","","Culter, J.K.//Mahadevan, S.""","","","","","","","Long-term effects of beach nourishment on the benthic fauna of Panama City Beach, Florida","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir, VA","Coastal Engineering Research Center","1982, 1982","","","Miscellaneous Report 82-2, 94 p.""","","94","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Long-term effects of beach nourishment on the benthic fauna of Panama City Beach, Florida","","","Florida"
"Book Chapter","","Curray, J.R.""","","Late Quaternary history, continental shelves of the United States","","","Wright, H.E.//Frey, D.G.""editor","The Quaternary of the United States","","","","","","","","","Princeton","Princeton University Press","1965","","","","","723-735","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Late Quaternary history, continental shelves of the United States","In late Quaternary, the continental shelves were alternately exposed and inundated. The most recent maximum exposure occurred about 18,000 years ago, and was followed by rapid marine transgression. The rate of rise of sea level decreased markedly about 7,000 years ago, and has remained at approximately its present position since. The shelf off the eastern United States is covered almost entirely by relict nearshore sands of the transgression; recent muds are trapped in estuaries. Much of the Florida and northeastern Gulf of Mexico shelf is covered with calcareous facies. The northwestern Gulf and Pacific Coast shelves are covered with patches of both mud and relict nearshore sands. It is suggested that eustatic sea-level fluctuations may be the best basis for correlation of Quaternary events.""","General"
"E","","Cutter, G.R., Jr.//Diaz, R.J.//Musick, John A.//Olney, John, Sr.//Bilkovic, Donna M.//Maa, J. P. -Y.//Kim, Sung-Chan//Hardaway, C. S., Jr.//Milligan, D.A.//Brindley, Rebecca//Hobbs, C. H., III","","","","","","","","Environmental survey of potential sand resource sites offshore Delaware and Maryland","","","","","","","","","","Minerals Management Service, College of William & Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science","August, 2000, 2000","","","Final Report OCS Study 2000-055","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Environmental survey of potential sand resource sites offshore Delaware and Maryland","","","Delaware; Maryland"
"G","","Dame, James Knox, II","","","Origin of a solitary sand shoal offshore of Sandbridge Beach, Virginia","Master's Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","Gloucester Point","College of William & Mary","1990","","","","","","106","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Academic Department: Virginia Institute of Marine Science Short Title: Origin of a solitary sand shoal offshore of Sandbridge Beach, Virginia","Offshore of Sandbridge Beach, Virginia, the surface of the inner continental shelf is a featureless, gently sloping plain with the exception of a solitary sand shoal. This shoal, referred to here as the Sandbridge Shoal, is located approximately 5.5 km from the shoreline in 10 to 12 m of water. This study uses stratigraphic relationships to evaluate six models of shoal origin. Because the shoal is situated over a large paleochannel system, the models represent depositional environments ranging from completely fluvial conditions to completely marine conditions. Correlation of seismic data with vibracores and surface grab samples indicate the Sandbridge Shoal is roughly 6X8 km in areal extent, and has a barcan or horseshoe shape in map view. The Sandbridge Shoal contains approximately 80 million cubic meters of clean, well-sorted, medium to coarse sand. The shoal is best described as a wedge of sand, with the thickest amounts of material occurring in the southwest quadrant. Its surface tapers and thins to the north and east. Stratigraphically, the Sandbridge Shoal is composed of two distinct units. The surface morphology and character of the surficial sediments suggest the sands of the upper unit have been transported landward or to the southwest. Both the upper and lower units contain shell material which indicate they were deposited in marine environments. However, geochronology data indicate the upper unit is modern, and the lower unit is late Pleistocene in age. Furthermore, the age relationships suggest the lower unit is more closely related to the underlying strata which lies within the paleochannel system. Stratigraphic relationships and faunal analyses indicate the upper portion of the paleochannel system represents an estuarine environment. Therefore, a two-stage formation is believed to have occurred. The lower unit of the Sandbridge Shoal represents the relatively thin remains of a relict barrier or submerged bar which survived marine transgression. The upper unit of the Sandbridge Shoal was then deposited over the lower unit by a landward transport of material from the shelf during the Holocene transgression. Thus, the traditional theories of linear shoal origin (i.e. either an entirely relict or an entirely modern feature) do not apply in the case of the Sandbridge Shoal.""","Virginia"
"Journal Article","","D'Angremond, K.//De Jong, A.J.//Van Oorschot, J.H.""","","Beach replenishment - design elements and implementation","","","","","","Terra et Aqua","","","","","","","","","","August, 1988, 1988","","","","37","19 - 27","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach replenishment - design elements and implementation","","","General"
"Journal Article","","Daniel, H.""","","Replenishment versus retreat: The cost of maintaining Delaware's beaches","","","","","","Ocean and Coastal Management","","","","","","","","","","2001, 2001","","44","","1/2","87 - 104","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Replenishment versus retreat: The cost of maintaining Delaware's beaches","     The dynamic nature of Delaware's Atlantic coastline coupled with high shoreline property values and a growing coastal tourism industry combine to create a natural resources managament problem that is particularly difficult to address.  The problem of communities threatened with storm damage and loss of recreational beaches is serious.  Local and state officials are dealing with the conflicts that arise from development occurring on coastal barriers.  Delaware must decide which erosion control option is the most beneficial and economically sound choice.  Debates over beach management options began with the discussion of a long-term management strategy.  Beach nourishment and retreat were the primary approaches discussed during the development of a comprehensive management plan, entitled Beaches 2000.  This plan was developed to deal with beach erosion through the year 2000.  Beaches 2000 recommends a series of actions that incorporate a variety of issues related to the management and protection of Delaware's Atlantic coastline.  The recommendations are intended to guide state and local policy regarding the state's beaches.  The goal of Beaches 2000 is to ensure that this important natural resource and tourist attraction continues to be abailable to the citizens of Delaware and out-of-state beach visitors.  Since the publication of this document, the state has managed Delaware's shorelines through nourishment activities.  Nourishment projects have successfully maintained beach widths.  Moreover, tourism, recreational use, and real estate values continue to grow.  The plan refers to retreat only as an object for the distant future.""","Delaware"
"G","","Darigo, Nancy","","","Quaternary stratigraphy and sedimentation of the mainland shelf of San Diego County, CA","Masters Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","","University of Southern California","1984","","","","","","447","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference colletion Short Title: Quaternary stratigraphy and sedimentation of the mainland shelf of San Diego County, CA","","","California"
"Journal Article","","Davenport, Joan M.""","","Incentives for ocean mining, a case study of sand and gravel","","","","","","MTS Journal","","","","","","","","","","July - August, 1971, 1971","","5","","4","35 - 43","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Incentives for ocean mining, a case study of sand and gravel","     Establishment of an offshore sand and gravel industry on the Outer Continental Shelf near major metropolitan areas may be necessary within this decade.  As onshore producers are forced farther from their markets, the cities , delivered prices of sand and gravel may continue to rise reflecting higher transportation charges.  A hypothetical cast study using a large hopper dredge for a long term offshore mining operation is presented.  This model indicates that such an operation could be economically feasible given certain assumptions.""","General"
"K","","Davies, David J.//Parker, Steven J.""","","Stratigraphic framework of inner shelf storm-dominated sand ridges, Alabama EEZ; implications for sequence stratigraphy, global climate change, and petroleum exploration","","","","","Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 43rd","","","Oct. 20-22, 1993, 1993","Shreveport, LA, 1993","","","","","","Proceedings: Shreveport, LA, Gulf Coast Section SEPM","","","43","","","511","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Stratigraphic framework of inner shelf storm-dominated sand ridges, Alabama EEZ; implications for sequence stratigraphy, global climate change, and petroleum exploration","","","Alabama; Atlantic Ocean; bedding plane irregularities; climate; Exclusive Economic Zone; facies; global change; Gulf Coastal Plain; Gulf of Mexico; marine environment; North Atlantic; paleoclimatology; petroleum; petroleum exploration; reservoir rocks; sand ridges; sedimentary structures; sediments; sequence stratigraphy; shelf environment; storm environment; stratigraphy; United States
Economic geology; geology of energy sources; Sedimentary petrology"
"K","","Davis, Richard A., Jr.""","","Performance of a beach nourishment project based on detailed multi-year monitoring; Redington Beach, FL","","","Kraus, N. C.//Gingerich, Kathryn J.//Kriebel, David L.""","Specialty Conference on Quantitative Approaches to Coastal Sediment Processes, Coastal Sediments '91","","","June 25-27, 1991, 1991","Seattle, WA, 1991","","","","","","Proceedings: Seattle, WA, Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.""","","","","","2101-2115","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Performance of a beach nourishment project based on detailed multi-year monitoring; Redington Beach, FL","","","beaches; engineering geology; erosion; Florida; granulometry; Gulf Coastal Plain; Pinellas County Florida; preventive measures; Redington Beach; sediments; shorelines; stabilization; United States
Engineering geology"
"Journal Article","","Davis, R.A., Jr.//Wang, P.//Silverman, B.R.""","","Comparison of the performance of three adjacent and differently constructed beach nourishment projects on the Gulf Peninsula of Florida","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","2000, 2000","","16","","2","396 - 407","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Comparison of the performance of three adjacent and differently constructed beach nourishment projects on the Gulf Peninsula of Florida","     Detailed beach-profile monitoring was conducted at the three phases of Sand Key beach nourishment on the Gulf Coast of Florida.  The nourishment at Indian Rocks Beach, Indian Shores, and Redington Beach was monitored during six years, four years, and eight years respectively after nourishment.  Quaterly or more frequent beach and nearshore profile surveys were conducted in order to determine short-term (1 year) and long-term (4 to 8 years) rates of shoreline and beach-nearshore volume changes.  The overall performance of the Sand Key beach nourishment is excellent.  Redington Beach project has already exceeded the design lifetime of 7 years, and Indian Rocks Beach and Indian Shore projects are likely to exceed the design lifetime.  The measured beach-nearshore volume loss is small: 31% at Indian Rocks Beach over six years, 30% at Indian Shores over four years, and only 10% at Redington Beach during eight years.  Performance of beach nourishment is influenced by many factors.  Those that are directly related to the three nourishment projects include: (1) relative location in the regional longshore sediment transport regime, (2) magnitude of wave energy, (3) sediment characteristics of the borrow material, (4) local reversal and/or gradient in longshore transport, (5) presence of hard structures, (6) adjacent beach nourishment, (7) variation of shoreline orientation, and (8) sand transfer and beach-fill construction technique.  The shoreline and beach-nearshore volume change patterns at the three nourishment projects were different due to the different degrees of influence form the above factors, however, construction style is deemed to be an important contributor.  The much less costly dragline and conveyor-belt transfer technique used in the construction of Indian Shores project does not prove to be most cost effective for long-term performance.""","Florida"
"K","","Davison, A. Todd","","","State and federal public policy and beach nourishment; are technical issues really important?""","","Edge, Billy L.""","Coastal Zone '95","","","July 16-21, 1995, 1995","Tampa, FL, 1995","","","","","","","","","","","","90-91","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: State and federal public policy and beach nourishment; are technical issues really important?""","","beach nourishment; coastal environment; geologic hazards; National Flood Insurance Reform Act 1994; public policy; shorelines; Engineering geology; General"
"Journal Article","","Davison, A. Todd//Nocholls, Robert J.//Leatherman, Stephen P.""","","Beach nourishment as a coastal management tool: an annotated bibliography on developments associated with the artificial nourishment of beaches","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","1992","","8","","4","984 - 1022","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Laboratory for Coastal Research
University of Maryland
College Park, MD  20742 Short Title: Beach nourishment as a coastal management tool: an annotated bibliography on developments associated with the artificial nourishment of beaches","This bibliography reviews the evolution of beach nourishment as a coastal management tool from the earliest undesigned efforts in the 1920s to the much more sophisticated approaches utilized today. The major controversy concerning overall success of beach nourishment, the essence of which is exemplified in a series of papers by Pilkey and Leonard (1990 and 1991) and rejoinders to them by Houston (1990, 1991a), is also considered. This debate addresses one of the critical issues in this bibliography: Does beach nourishment provide the benefits claimed by the coastal engineering community?""","General"
"G","","de Figueiredo, Albert Garcia, Jr.""","","Submarine sand ridges: geology and development, New Jersey, USA","Ph.D. Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","Coral Gables, Florida","University of Miami","1984","","","","","","524","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Academic Department: Marine Geology and Geophysics Short Title: Submarine sand ridges: geology and development, New Jersey, USA","Four areas with submarine sand ridges are studied on the New Jersey continental shelf. Two areas located on the nearshore, one on the mid-shelf and one on the outer shelf are studied through extensive use of high resolution seismic and vibracores. Despite their different orientations, the nearshore and the mid-shelf ridges are believed to have similar origins 
 The ridges and underlying strata are subdivided into seismic units of distinct character. The upper unit of the ridges (Green seismic unit) lacks internal reflectors and is bounded by a horizontal reflector on its lower contact. The undelying seismic unit (Red Unit) has a variety of internal reflectors, including channel structures and inclined and irregular reflectors. In some cases, the Red unit, as well as the Green unit, are included in the ridge topography. Below the Red unit are other units which are mostly transparent to seismic (Brown in Area 1A, Blue in Areas 1B and 2, and Orange in Area 3) 
 Correlation of vibracore data with seismic indicates that the upper seismic unit (Green unit) is made of fine- to medium-grained sand and is deposited in the shoreface to shelf environment. The underlying seismic unit (Red unit) corresponds to a shell-rich, poorly-sorted sand and mud and represents inlet and backbarrier channel deposits. The deeper, mostly transparent units (Brown, Blue, and Orange), are inferred to be mud strata from a backbarrier or bay environments 
 The upper unit (Green) is Holocene in age while the underlying unit (Red) can include Holocene and Pleistocene sediments. The deepest mapped units are inferred to be Pleistocene or older in age 
 It is hypothesized that the nearshore submarine sand ridges begin forming at inlets and develop as sea level rises and shoreface retreats. The closing of inlets does not halt ridge development. The process of formation of the mid-shelf ridges is considered to be a variation of that of the nearshore ridges. It is suggested that the mid-shelf ridges are formed sub-parallel to the shore because of the large offset of the inlet downdrift margin","","New Jersey"
"E","","Dean, R.G.//Abramian, J.""","","","Technical Report","","","","Rational techniques for evaluating the potential of sands for beach nourishment","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir, VA","Coastal Engineering Research Center","August, 1993, 1993","","","Technical Report CERC-DRP-93-2, 179 p.""","","179","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Florida University, Grainseville, Department of Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering;
S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Rational techniques for evaluating the potential of sands for beach nourishment","","","General"
"E","","Demoran, William J.""","","","","","","","A survey and assessment of reef shell resources in Mississippi Sound","","","","","","","","","","University of Mississippi, Mississippi Mineral Resources Institute (MMRI)","December, 1979, 1979","","","Report of Investigations No. 794, 19 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: A survey and assessment of reef shell resources in Mississippi Sound","","","Mississippi"
"Journal Article","","Dickson, Robert//Lee, Arthur","","","Gravel extraction: effects on seabed topography","","","","","","Offshore Services","","","","","","","","","","1973","","","","","32 - 61","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Gravel extraction: effects on seabed topography","","","General"
"E","","Dickson, S.M.//Kelley, J.T.//Barnhardt, W.A.""","","","","","","","Geomorphology and sedimentary framework of the inner continental shelf of downeast Maine","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1994","","","Open-File Report 94-11, 55 p.""","","55","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geomorphology and sedimentary framework of the inner continental shelf of downeast Maine","Seismic reflection profiles, side-scan sonar images, bottom sediment composition and texture. Offshore coverage from Schoodic Point to Oak Bay.""","Gulf of Maine"
"E","","Dimock, Brian","","","","","","","","An assessment of alluvial sampling systems for offshore placer exploration","","","","","","","","","Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","Canada Oil and Gas Lands Administration, 69 p.""January, 1986, 1986","","","","","","69","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: An assessment of alluvial sampling systems for offshore placer exploration","This report is an assessment of the ability of existing sampling systems to obtain representative samples of prospective placer deposits in the Canadian offshore. The design and performance criteria of the "ideal" representative sampling system were defined within set economic, environmental and technological constraints. Sampling systems were reviewed in terms of their design and operation and their exploration experiences. A total of 17 systems were examined and compared to the defined criteria.""","General"
"E","","Dingler, John R.""","","","Open-File Report","","","","Offshore sand resources along the south shore of Tutuila Island, American Samoa","","","","","","","","","Menlo Park, CA","U.S. Geological Survey","September 30, 1086, 1986","","","Open-File Report 86-0112,  43 p.""","","43","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Offshore sand resources along the south shore of Tutuila Island, American Samoa","","","Miscellaneous"
"E","","Doan, David B.//Siegrist, Galt","","","","","","","","Beaches, coastal environments, and alternative sources of fine aggregate in the northern Mariana Islands, 108 p.""","","","","","","","","","","December 20, 1979, 1979","","","","","","108","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Beaches, coastal environments, and alternative sources of fine aggregate in the northern Mariana Islands, 108 p.""","","Miscellaneous"
"Journal Article","","Dobkowski, Aleksandra H.""","","Dumptrucks versus dredges; an economic analysis of sand sources for beach nourishment","","","","","","Coastal Management","","","","","","","","","","1998","","26","","4","303-314","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Dumptrucks versus dredges; an economic analysis of sand sources for beach nourishment","This article examines the use of inland mined sand and offshore dredged sand for beach nourishment projects in North Carolina, focusing on the question of whether inland mined sand is economically preferential for hot-spot erosion control. Excavation, processing, and transport costs are presented, and cost efficiencies of hypothetical beach nourishment projects are compared. Cost analyses indicate that inland mined sand is economical for small projects (10,000-50,000 cubic yards), given that a clean sand source can be located within 15 miles of the nourishment site. The two factors primarily influencing per cubic yard costs of inland sand are overland transportation expenses and processing costs. The use of dredged offshore sand is less expensive for large projects (>100,000 cubic yards) due to the economies of scale affecting dredge mobilization. Large beach nourishment projects in North Carolina will most likely continue to utilize offshore dredged sand.""","analysis; Atlantic Coastal Plain; beach nourishment; clastic sediments; dredging; economics; erosion control; exploitation; groins; jetties; marine installations; North Carolina; offshore; resources; sand; seawalls; sediments; shorelines; United States
Engineering geology; General"
"Journal Article","","Dock and Harbour Authority","","","Nourishing a Dutch beach with marine dredged sand","","","","","","Dock and Harbour Authority","","","","","","","","","","1974","","IV","","639","353 - 354","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Nourishing a Dutch beach with marine dredged sand","","","Miscellaneous"
"Journal Article","","Dolan, R.//Hayden, B. //Felder, W.""","","Shoreline periodicities and linear offshore shoals","","","","","","Journal of Geology","","","","","","","","","","July 1979, 1979","","87","","4","393-402","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","See also:
Swift, D.J.P., 1980, Shoreline periodicities and linear offshore shoals: a discussion: Journal of Geology, v. 88, no. 3, p. 365 - 369.

Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Shoreline periodicities and linear offshore shoals","","","Accomack County Virginia; Assateague Island; Atlantic Coastal Plain; barriers; bathymetry; Central Atlantic Coastal Plain; changes; coastal environment; data processing; Delaware; Delmarva Peninsula; dynamics; Fenwick Island; geomorphology; graphic methods; linear orientation; marine transport; Maryland; ocean waves; offshore; periodicity; rates; sedimentation; shoals; shore features; Sussex County Delaware; transport; Virginia; Worcester County Maryland"
"E","","Dollar, S.J.""","","","","","","","Sand mining in Hawaii: research, restrictions, and choices for the future","","","","","","","","","Honolulu, HI","The University of Hawaii Sea Grant Program","1979","","","Sea Grant Technical Paper, UNIHI-SEAGRANT-TP-79-01, 106 p.""","","106","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Hampton reference collection Short Title: Sand mining in Hawaii: research, restrictions, and choices for the future","","",""
"K","","Domurat, George W.//Wakeman, Thomas H.""","","The California coastal zone experience","","","Domurat, George W. //Wakeman, Thomas H.""","Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, 7th","","","Jul. 8-12, 1991, 1991","Long Beach, CA, 1991","","","","","","Proceedings: Long Beach, CA, Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.,""","","","","","311","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Individual papers within scope are cited separately Short Title: The California coastal zone experience","","","California; conservation; engineering geology; environment; environmental geology; management; natural resources; reclamation; shore features; shorelines; symposia; United States
Environmental geology; Engineering geology"
"Journal Article","","Donovan-Ealy, Patricia F.//Gayes, Paul T.//Harris, Michael S.//Batten, Brian K.//Nelson, D. D.""","","Nearshore marine geology of the Myrtle Beach region, South Carolina [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","Oct. 20-23, 1997, 1997","","29","","6","90","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Nearshore marine geology of the Myrtle Beach region, South Carolina [abs.]","Integrating results of multiple geologic mapping methods has shown the close interrelation between modern nearshore processes, sediment distribution, coastal physiography and the pronounced effect of older geologic features along the northern coast of South Carolina. This coastal region is a mainland beach on the southern flank of the Cape Fear Arch. Relevant data have been obtained from 370 km of high resolution seismic profiles, side scan mosaics covering 50 km (super 2) , 370 km of RoxAnn and fathometer traces, 50 vibracores, 310 grab samples, ocean bottom video, diver observations and samples, 70 beach sediment samples, and precision beach surveys every 0.8 km. Outcrop and very shallow subcrop of Cretaceous through Quaternary rocks in the nearshore affects not only bottom topography but the shape of the coast line, magnitude of beach erosion and supply of offshore pebbles to the beach. The submarine outcrops correlate with seaward protrusions of the coast. During storms, coastal erosion is reduced where rock outcrops in less than 10 m water depth. Pebbles and cobbles from these outcrops are supplied to adjacent beaches but are not widely diffused along shore. Shoreward sediment transport associated with marine transgression has left a paucity of sandy offshore sediments except as fills within incised channels. Locally, these channels have provided coarser sand to the beach. However, substantial seaward transport of sand may also occur locally. In this section of the coast with few inlets and moderate wave and tidal energies, on-offshore sand transport is substantial and may be enhanced by antecedent topography.""","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Atlantic Ocean; beaches; Cape Fear Arch; Cenozoic; cores; Cretaceous; erosion; geophysical profiles; high-resolution methods; Horry County South Carolina; mapping; marine environment; marine geology; marine sediments; Mesozoic; Myrtle Beach South Carolina; nearshore environment; North Atlantic; North Carolina; ocean floors; outcrops; processes; samples; sea-level changes; sediment transport; sediments; seismic profiles; shore features; side-scanning methods; South Carolina; spatial distribution; surveys; transgression; United States
Oceanography"
"Journal Article","","Donovan-Ealy, Patricia F.//Gayes, Paul T.//Nelson, Douglas D.//Van Dolah, Robert F.""","","Development of an INTERMAR database of beach renourishment and critical habitats on the South Carolina continental shelf [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","Oct. 25-28, 1993, 1993","","25","","6","313","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Development of an INTERMAR database of beach renourishment and critical habitats on the South Carolina continental shelf [abs.]","","","acoustical methods; Atlantic Coastal Plain; beach nourishment; beaches; carbonates; clastic sediments; clay; continental shelf; data bases; data processing; Eastern U.S.; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; grain size; heavy minerals; INTERMAR; mineral composition; mineral resources; phosphates; sand; sands; SEAMAP; sediments; seismic methods; shore features; silt; South Carolina; Southeastern U.S.; surveys; United States
Oceanography; Economic geology; general; deposits"
"Journal Article","","Douglass, Scott L.""","","Estimating landward migration of nearshore constructed sand mounds","","","","","","Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","","","","","","","","","","1995","","121","","5","247-250","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Estimating landward migration of nearshore constructed sand mounds Alternate Journal: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","A model for the migration of submerged mounds constructed offshore of the day-to-day surf zone but within the depths disturbed by waves during storm events is developed. The model considers net shoreward sand transport due to the velocity asymmetry of finite-amplitude waves, and is based on Bagnold's bed-load-sand transport equation with Stoke's second-order wave theory. Conservation of sand considerations lead to an equation that indicates mounds will behave according to a nonlinear convection-diffusion model. The "convection coefficient"-like parameter, which is based on the wave and sand-transport models only, is proposed as an estimate of the migration rate for submerged mounds. The expected value of mound movement in different depths can be estimated with site-specific wave-climate data. The full sediment-transport equations successfully simulate the migration of a mound at Silver Strand State Park, California, in 1989. The expected value of the mound-movement parameter gives results that agree reasonably well with measured migration rates both at Silver Strand and offshore of Mobile, Alabama.""","Alabama; beach nourishment; beaches; bedload; California; case studies; coastal environment; dunes; Mobile Alabama; Mobile County Alabama; models; mounds; offshore; San Diego Bay; San Diego County California; sediment transport; sedimentation; shorelines; Silver Strand State Park; simulation; submergence; General
Engineering geology"
"K","","Drucker, B.S.""","","Ongoing environmental studies in support of the U.S. Minerals Management Service's offshore hard minerals program","","","","","Challenges and Opportunities in the Marine Environment, MTS '94","","","September 7 - 9, 1994, 1994","Washington, DC, 1994","","","","","","Proceedings: Washington, DC., Marine Technology Society","","","","","","88 - 94","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Ongoing environmental studies in support of the U.S. Minerals Management Service's offshore hard minerals program Accession Number: 3697365","     As the potential for exploration and development of offshore minerals on the United States Outer Continental Shelf increases, environmental considerations have and will continue to generate a need for technical information and studies.  Such information will aid the Minerals Management Service (MMS) in making leasing decisions and will ensure that offshore minerals are developed in a safe and environmentally sound manner.  The MMS Office of International Activities and Marine Minerals (INTERMAR) is developing and procuring contracts to provide some of this needed information.  Several environmental studies are in progres and several are in the planning stage.  Studies in progress include a field study off the west coast of Florida to evaluate the long-term biological effects of offshore dredging operations and the degree to which benthic organisms may repopulate the seabed after dredging occurs in a shallow open-ocean area; a study to evaluate, develop, and recommend mitigative techniques to lessen or alleviate potential impacts to the marine environment associated with various marine mineral extraction technologies; a study to examine the physical characteristics of the benthic and surface plumes associated with marine aggregate dredging; and a wave-modeling study to ascertain the physical effects of sand removal in the Ship Shoal area, offshore Louisiana.  Planning is underway on a study to evaluate the possible biological and physical effects of dredging at identified sand borrow areas off the coast of Virginia.""","environmental conditions
baseline studies
outer continental shelf
environmental impact 
development projects
mining
seabed deposits
USA Coasts
benthos
USA
coastal zones
General"
"Journal Article","","Duane, D.B.""","","Sand inventory program in Florida","","","","","","Shore and Beach","","","","","","","","","","1968","","36","","1","12 - 15","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Sand inventory program in Florida","","","Florida"
"K","","Duane, David B.""","","Sand deposits on the continental shelf: a presently exploitable resource","","","","","National Symposium on Ccean Sciences and Engineering of the Atlantic Shelf","","","March 19 - 20, 1968, 1968","Philadelphia, PA, 1968","","","","","","Proceedings: Philadelphia, PA, Marine Technology Society","","","","","","289 - 299","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand deposits on the continental shelf: a presently exploitable resource","Large volumes of sand may be involved in plans for shore restoration and periodic nourishment. It has become increasingly difficult to obtain suitable sand from lagoons or inland sources for beach fill. This difficulty has led to an exploration program focused offshore to explore and inventory deposits for future requirements. To date more than 6,000 statute miles of seismic profiles and more than 900 subbottom cores have been collected. Analysis indicates numerous accumulations in excess of 10 million cubic yards.""","General"
"Journal Article","","Duane, David B.""","","Sand inventory program, a study of New Jersey and northern New England coastal waters","","","","","","Shore and Beach","","","","","","","","","","1969","","37","","2","12 - 16","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand inventory program, a study of New Jersey and northern New England coastal waters","     The Corps of Engineers, through the Coastal Engineering Research Center, is continuing its program of finding and delineating offshore deposits of sand suitable for beach restoration and stabilization.  Seismic reflection profiling is supplemented by coring of the bottom.  Off New Jersey, the study indicated three billion cubic yards of sand available within a depth of 60 feet; increasing depth to 100 feet would add at least another billion.  The New England survey extended from the western end of Long Island Sound to Portland, Maine.  The 458 million cubic yards delimited so far is considered a minimum quantity.  Areas studied in both regions are described briefly.  Federal engineering projects call for 75 million cubic yards of sand, including a 50-year maintenance program; there will also be local needs.""","New Jersey; New England"
"Journal Article","","Duane, D.B.""","","The Coastal Engineering Research Center sand inventory program: study of New Jersey and northern New England coastal waters","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","1969","","37","","2","12 - 16","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: The Coastal Engineering Research Center sand inventory program: study of New Jersey and northern New England coastal waters","","CERC Reprint 2-70","New Jersey; New England"
"Journal Article","","Duane, D.B.""","","Sand and gravel deposits in the nearshore continental shelf, Sandy Hook to Cape May, New Jersey [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Meeting, Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1969","","Part 7","","","53-54","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand and gravel deposits in the nearshore continental shelf, Sandy Hook to Cape May, New Jersey [abs.]","","","New Jersey"
"Book Chapter","","Duane, David B.""","","Sedimentation and ocean engineering: placer mineral resources, Chapter 23","","","Stanley, D.J. //Swift, D.J.P.""editor","Marine Sediment Transport and Environmental Management","","","","","","","","","New York, NY","John Wiley & Sons, Inc.""1976","","","","","535 - 556","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sedimentation and ocean engineering: placer mineral resources, Chapter 23","","","General"
"Book Chapter","","Duane, David B.""","","Sedimentation and coastal engineering: beaches and harbors, Chapter 21","","","Stanley, D.J.//Swift, D.J.P.""editor","Marine Sediment Transport and Environmental Management","","","","","","","","","New York, NY","John Wiley & Sons, Inc.""1976","","","","","493 - 517","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sedimentation and coastal engineering: beaches and harbors, Chapter 21","","",""
"Book Chapter","","Duane, D.B.//Field, M.E.//Meisburger, E.P.//Swift, D.J.//Williams, S.J.""","","Linear shoals on the Atlantic inner continental shelf, Florida to Long Island, Chapter 21","","","Swift, D.J.P., Duane, D.B., Pilkey, O.H.""editor","Shelf Sediment Distribution: Process and Pattern","","","","","","","","","Straudsburg, PA","Dowden Hutchinson and Ross","1972","","","","","447-495","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Linear shoals on the Atlantic inner continental shelf, Florida to Long Island, Chapter 21","","","Atlantic coast"
"E","","Duane, D.B.//Meisburger, E.P.""","","","Technical memorandum","","","","Geomorphology and sediments of the nearshore continental shelf Miami to Palm Beach, Florida","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center","1969","","","Technical Memorandum 29, 47 p.""","","47","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Geomorphology and sediments of the nearshore continental shelf Miami to Palm Beach, Florida","","AD No. 699339","Florida"
"Book Chapter","","Duane, D.B.//Stubblefield, W.L.""","","Sand and gravel resources: U.S. Atlantic continental shelf","","","Sheridan, R. E.//Grow, J.A.""editor","The Geology of North America, vol. 1-2, The Atlantic Continental Margin","","","","","","","","","","Geological Society of America","1986","","1-2","","","481-500","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Sand and gravel resources: U.S. Atlantic continental shelf","","","Atlantic coast"
"G","","Dydak, S.M.""","","The hydraulic sorting of light and heavy minerals, heavy-mineral concentrations, and grain size","Master's Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","Gloucester Point","College of William & Mary","1991","","","","","","90","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Academic Department: Virginia Institute of Marine Science Short Title: The hydraulic sorting of light and heavy minerals, heavy-mineral concentrations, and grain size","The heavy-mineral fractions of twelve samples from Smith Island shoals and offshore of False Cape, on the inner continental shelf of Virginia, have been examined in an effort to characterize the relationship between grain size and heavy-mineral concentrations for these areas. The study is concerned primarily with the hydraulic sorting of minerals by size and density and the effect of this sorting on heavy-mineral concentrations. The distinctions among the overall concentration of a mineral, its concentration within a particular size fraction, and its abundance within that size fraction have, out of necessity, been emphasized. Initial concentration of the heavy minerals was accomplished using a Humphreys spiral; this was followed by separation in a heavy liquid. The heavy-mineral fraction was then divided into 1/2-phi size fractions, and the minerals in each size fraction were identified. A computer spreadsheet program was used to calculate concentrations and grain-size distributions for each mineral. The results show that amphibole, the pyroxenes, apatite, and, to some extent, garnet increase in overall concentration in the liner samples, probably as a result of abrasion. Staurolite, kyanite, sillimanite, and tourmaline have greater overall concentrations in the coatser samples; these minerals also tend to be coarser than the other heavy minerals and to be concentrated in the coarser size fractions within samples. The overall concentrations of both zircon and andalusite were found to be independent of sample grain size, even though zircon is liner than the other minerals and is concentrated in the liner fractions within samples. The results for magnetite/ilmenite, a major component of the heavy-mineral fraction, are inconclusive. In order to determine which processes were largely responsible for the hydraulic sorting of these sediments, the relative grain sizes of the light and heavy minerals within samples were compared with those predicted for sediments in settling, entrainment, and dispersive equivalence, and for lag deposits enriched in heavy minerals. Hydraulic equivalence, for the sandy samples, appears to be a function of both settling and entrainment, with an increase in the relative effect of entrainment corresponding to an increase in the mean grain size of the sample. For the muddy samples, the effects of flocculation and cohesion apparently have altered the usual hydraulic-equivalence relationships. In general, the patterns of overall concentration exhibited by the heavy minerals of this study depend largely upon the influence of source and the effects of transport. Local hydraulic processes do not seem to be working to concentrate these minerals, although they are responsible for determining the relative sizes of the various minerals within a deposit.""","Virginia"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","Earney, Fillmore C. F.""","Marine mineral resources (ocean management and policy)","","","","","","","","translator","London, United Kingdom","Routledge","1990","","","","","","387","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Marine mineral resources (ocean management and policy)","from Amazon.com:
Earney (geography, Northern Michigan U.) gives an overview of the marine mineral endowment, and details how it is being exploited. He examines present and future prospects of ocean mining, especially for the hard minerals, and considers programs directed at expanding the ability to exploit the ocean's mineral wealth. He also identifies the economic, political, and technological problems which now hinder or prevent ocean mining, and examines the Law of the Sea negotiations and the resulting UN Convention. Acidic paper. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.""","General"
"Journal Article","","Ebersole, Bruce A.//Neilans, Peter J.//Dowd, Millard W.""","","Beach-fill performance at Folly Beach, South Carolina (1 year after construction) and evaluation of design methods","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","1996","","64","","1","11-26","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach-fill performance at Folly Beach, South Carolina (1 year after construction) and evaluation of design methods Alternate Journal: Shore & Beach","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; beach nourishment; beach profiles; Charleston County South Carolina; construction; data processing; design; Folly Beach South Carolina; Folly Island; methods; monitoring; shorelines; South Carolina; United States
Engineering geology"
"E","","Economic Associates//National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development","","","","","","","","The economic potential of the mineral and botanical resources of the U.S. continental shelf and slope:  a study prepared for the National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development,""","","","","","","","","Washington, D.C.""","1968, 1968","","","Report PB 180 118, 520 p.""","","520","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: The economic potential of the mineral and botanical resources of the U.S. continental shelf and slope:  a study prepared for the National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development,""","","General"
"E","","Eittreim S.L. (ed.)","","","","Open-File Report","","","","Southern Monterey Bay continental shelf investigations; former Fort Ord restricted zone","","","","","","","","","Menlo Park, CA","U.S. Geological Survey","1997","","","Open-File Report 97-0450, 113 p.""","","113","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Southern Monterey Bay continental shelf investigations; former Fort Ord restricted zone","","","bathymetry; biota; California; continental shelf; environmental analysis; military facilities; Monterey Bay; ocean floors; pollutants; pollution; USGS; Fort Ord California; Oceanography; Environmental geology"
"Journal Article","","Elsner, Harald","","","Granulometry and mineralogy of some northeastern Florida placers; a consequence of heavy mineral concentration in nearshore bars","","","","","","Sedimentary Geology","","","","","","","","","","1992","","76","","4","233-255","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Granulometry and mineralogy of some northeastern Florida placers; a consequence of heavy mineral concentration in nearshore bars Alternate Journal: Sedimentary Geology","Heavy mineral placer deposits of Pleistocene age in northeastern Florida were examined sedimentologically.

Neither general setting, nor granulometric or mineralogic results are in agreement with a concentration of the heavy minerals in a beach, eolian or fluvial environment.

Granulometric moment parameters of the ore sands seem to be distinctive. They include moderate sorting, high positive skewness, high kurtosis and a distinctive fine tail. Similarities of grain size curves of the placer sands with nearshore-offshore sands exist.

Mineralogically the samples are more variable but always impoverished in epidote. This scarcity of epidote is atypical for eolian sediments in the study area, and the lack of garnet and the fineness of ore sands are uncommon for beach placers of northeast Florida.

Underlain by dune ridges, which acted as obstacles on the shallow sea floor during the Penholoway transgression (1.3  0.1 Ma B.P.), heavy minerals in the Boulogne and Green Cove Springs main ore body must have been concentrated in bars by the interplay of longshore and transverse bottom currents. Lighter heavy minerals were deposited in smaller nearshore bars closer to the former coast (Green Cove Springs small ore body) or in dunes of barrier islands (Green Cove Springs western ore body). As is true today, layers of noteworthy concentrations of economic minerals in the swash zone of Florida beaches were formed only rarely during storms, contrary to the coasts of Australia or India, where higher energetic conditions prevail.

The proposed model of concentration of heavy minerals in certain outer nearshore bars has long been assumed but never been proven.""","Cenozoic; changes of level; deposition; economic geology; Florida; granulometry; heavy mineral deposits; heavy minerals; models; nearshore sedimentation; placers; Pleistocene; Quaternary; sedimentation; stratigraphy; United States
Economic geology; general; deposits; Sedimentary petrology"
"K","","Emery, K.O.""","","Geology of the continental margin off eastern United States","","","Whitland, W.F.//Bradshaw, R.""","Colston Research Society Symposium: Submarine Geology and Geophysics, 17th","","","1965","Bristol, England, 1965","","","","","","Proceedings: Bristol, England, Colston Research Society","","","","","","1-20","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","See also: Emery, K.O., 1965, Geology of the continental margin off eastern United States, in, Whitland, W.F. and R. Bradshaw (eds.) Submarine Geology and Geophysica. London: Butterworth, p. 1-20 Short Title: Geology of the continental margin off eastern United States","The lithology and structure of the region indicate the presence of Paleozoic intrusive igneous and sedimentary rocks, and of Mesozoic sedimentary strata deeply underlying most of the continental shelf. Throughout most of the continental shelf and on Blake Plateau these rocks are overlain by Plio-Miocene strata. The suggestion is advanced that the continental slope and associated lesser slopes were formed by faulting during early Tertiary and were modified by submarine erosion. Sediments of later Tertiary took the form of prograded beds on the continental side of the slope and of flysch-type beds on the oceanic side. Topography and sediments of the surface of the continental shelf indicate both erosion and deposition during Pleistocene glacial stages of lowered sea-level. Post-glacial sedimentation has been unable to modify the surface except locally.""","Atlantic coast"
"E","","Emery, K.O.""","","","Professional Paper","","","","Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States, a geologic background","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1966","","","Professional Paper 0529-A, p. 1 - 23","","","1-23","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States, a geologic background","A joint investigation of the geology of the continental margin off the Atlantic coast of the United States was begun during 1962 by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. It includes studies of topography, sedimentology, lithology, structure, water, and biology. Background information and general results of the program are given in this chapter to establish a framework for subsequent chapters on detailed results. Topographic maps for the entire region have been completed as bases for plotting field and laboratory results and for making physiographic interpretations. About 2,000 well-distributed samples of surface sediment are being analyzed. Dredgings have yielded new samples of bedrock, and several thousand kilometers of continuous seismic profiles provide information about the stratigraphy and structure of the region.""","Atlantic coast"
"Journal Article","","Emery, K.O.""","","Relict sediments on continental shelves of the world","","","","","","American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1968","","52","","3","445-464","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Relict sediments on continental shelves of the world","The sediments that were deposited on the continental shelves during and immediately after the latest glacial stage of the Pleistocene epoch are unrelated to their present environments. The rise of sea level during the past 19,000 yrs has caused previously deposited subaerial, lacustrine, and paludal sediments to become submerged in shallow-marine waters, and later to become deeply submerged. Land-laid or shallow-marine sediments which occur in deep water, such as those near the seaward edge of the continental shelf, are properly termed 'relict.' Eventually, new detrital sediments that are contributed to the ocean by streams or shore erosion should prograde entirely across the continental shelf and bury the relict sediments. This burial should be hastened if the rise of sea level remains as slow as it has been during the past few thousand years; nevertheless, several tens of thousands of years probably will be required before most of the relict sediment becomes buried.""","General"
"Journal Article","","Emery, K.O.//Milliman, J.D.""","","Quaternary sediments of the Atlantic continental shelf off the United States","","","","","","Quaternaria","","","","","","","","","","1979","","12","","","3-18","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Quaternary sediments of the Atlantic continental shelf off the United States","","","Atlantic coast"
"G","","Esker, Dominic","","","Synthetic seismograms from vibracores; a tool for correlating the seismic record to the sediment record of Barnegat Inlet, New Jersey","Master's Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","New Brunswick, NJ","Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick","1993","","","","","","198","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Short Title: Synthetic seismograms from vibracores; a tool for correlating the seismic record to the sediment record of Barnegat Inlet, New Jersey","Median grain size values of dry sediment from four Vibracores (super Tm) obtained from the Barnegat Inlet, New Jersey area, and empirical mathematical relationships in the literature, density and sonic logs were created, were used to create acoustic impedance logs and finally, statistically valid synthetic seismograms with the use of the Geosim (super Tm) Synthetics Plus computer program. These Vibracores (super Tm) contained between 4 and 6 meters of late Quaternary sediment. Using dry Vibracore (super Tm) samples to produce synthetic seismograms eliminates the effects that coring disturbances and preservation variables have on the cores' water content, and their continuous nature allows for more thorough and detailed interpretations. The empirical mathematical relationships from the literature were determined using only shallow marine and inner shelf (<200 m), low carbonate sediment data. These data showed a linear increase in the bulk density of the sediment with median grain size. The seismic velocity of the sediment increased exponentially with median grain size. This procedure for creating synthetic seismograms also provided detailed sedimentological information (in the form of median grain size)(every 10 cm or less). Changes in median grain sizes and texture reveal the progradation of the New Jersey barrier system and the subsequent retreat of depositional environments during the Holocene transgression. Also evident were the presence of coarse-to-fine couplets. These couplets (30-40 cm) may represent flood tide deposits introduced into lagoonal environments. Since the synthetic seismograms are a product of the sediment record, their seismic characteristics are directly linked to that record. Major reflections in the seismic record were precisely correlated with sharp lithologic contrasts in the sediment record. Medium to strong reflections were correlated with sharp lithologic contrasts and interfaces which produced single medium amplitude, positive polarity reflections sandwiched between lower amplitude, positive polarity reflections. Reflections from less sharp lithologic contrasts and thinner beds were studied and their patterns of interference were determined. The origins of weak, single wavelet reflections (such as the R3 reflector) versus strong reverberatory reflections (such as the R2 reflector) were determined to be impedance inversions and thin interbedded impedance contrasts, respectively. Transparent reflections were correlated to uniform fine-grained sediment layers.""","Barnegat Inlet; barrier islands; Cenozoic; grain size; Holocene; methods; New Jersey; Ocean County New Jersey; progradation; Quaternary; sediments; seismograms; shore features; synthetic seismograms; vibracores"
"Journal Article","","Esker, D.//Sheridan, R. E.//Ashley, G. M.//Waldner, J. S.//Hall, D. W.""","","Synthetic seismograms from vibracores; a case study in correlating the late Quaternary seismic stratigraphy of the New Jersey inner continental shelf","","","","","","Journal of Sedimentary Research","","","","","","","","","","November 1, 1996, 1996","","66","","6","1156-1168","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Short Title: Synthetic seismograms from vibracores; a case study in correlating the late Quaternary seismic stratigraphy of the New Jersey inner continental shelf","","","Atlantic Ocean; Barnegat Bay; case studies; Cenozoic; continental shelf; cores; correlation; grain size; inner shelf; lithostratigraphy; marine sediments; New Jersey; North Atlantic; Northwest Atlantic; Ocean County New Jersey; Quaternary; sediments; seismic stratigraphy; seismograms; synthetic seismograms; textures; upper Quaternary; well-logging"
"Journal Article","","Esteves, Luciana S.//Finkl, Charles W., Jr.""","","The problem of critically eroded areas (CEA); an evaluation of Florida beaches","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","May 19-23, 1998, 1998","","Special issue 26","","","11-18","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Proceedings of the International Coastal Symposion (ICS98) Short Title: The problem of critically eroded areas (CEA); an evaluation of Florida beaches Alternate Journal: Journal of Coastal Research","","","beaches; coastal environment; erosion; Florida; geomorphology; inlets; littoral erosion; protection; shore features; United States
Geomorphology"
"Journal Article","","Evans, James R.//Dabai, George S.//Levine, Charles R.""","","Mining and marketing sand and gravel, outer continental shelf southern California","","","","","","California Geology","","","","","","","","","","December 1, 1982, 1982","","35","","12","259 - 276","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Mining and marketing sand and gravel, outer continental shelf southern California","","","California
Continental Shelf
Distribution
Economic Geology
Economics
Geological methods
Gravel deposits
Mineral Exploration
Mining
Offshore
Outer Shelf
Production
Resources
San Diego Shelf
San Pedro Shelf
Sands
South California
United States
Utilization"
"E","","Farrell, S.C.//Leatherman, Stephen","","","","","","","","Computer-based coastal erosion rate maps for the State of New Jersey and its inlets","","","","","","","","","Trenton, NJ","New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Div. Of Coastal Resources, 43 p., 143 maps.""1989","","","","","","43 p., 143 maps.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Computer-based coastal erosion rate maps for the State of New Jersey and its inlets","","","New Jersey"
"Journal Article","","Field, M.E.""","","Buried strandline deposits on the central Florida inner continental shelf","","","","","","Geological Society of America Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1972","","85","","1","57-60","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Buried strandline deposits on the central Florida inner continental shelf","","","Florida"
"Journal Article","","Field, M.E.""","","Morphology and structure of the Atlantic inner continental shelf off Delaware, Maryland, and northern Virginia [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1974","","6","","7","734","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Morphology and structure of the Atlantic inner continental shelf off Delaware, Maryland, and northern Virginia [abs.]","","","Delaware; Maryland; Virginia"
"Journal Article","","Field, M.E.""","","Geometry, internal sediment relations and history of linear shoals on the Atlantic shelf off Maryland [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1976","","8","","2","170","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geometry, internal sediment relations and history of linear shoals on the Atlantic shelf off Maryland [abs.]","","","Maryland"
"G","","Field, M.E.""","","Quaternary evolution and sedimentary record of a coastal plain shelf: central Delmarva Peninsula, Mid-Atlantic bight, USA","Ph.D. Dissertation","","","","","","","","","","","","","Washington, D.C.""George Washington University","1976","","","","","","217","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Diss. Abstr. Int., Vol. 37, No. 1, p. 124B-125B, 1976
Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Quaternary evolution and sedimentary record of a coastal plain shelf: central Delmarva Peninsula, Mid-Atlantic bight, USA","","","Quaternary geology; Atlantic Coastal Plain; Atlantic Ocean; bottom features; Cenozoic; channels; continental shelf; cores; Delaware; Delmarva Peninsula; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; inner shelf; marine transport; Maryland; North America; oceanography; Quaternary; reflection; sedimentation; seismic methods; shelf; shoals; surveys; transport; Virginia; Mid-Atlantic Bight"
"E","","Field, Michael E.""","","","Technical paper","","","","Sediments, shallow subbottom structure, and sand resources of the inner continental shelf, Central Delmarva Peninsula","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center","June, 1979, 1979","","","Technical Paper 79-2, 122 p.""","","122","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Sediments, shallow subbottom structure, and sand resources of the inner continental shelf, Central Delmarva Peninsula","     A data base consisting of 880, 180, and 35 kilometers (475, 97, and 19 nautical miles) each of high-resolution seismic reflection, bathymetric, and side-scan sonar profilings was obtained in 1970 and 1974, along with 71 vibratory cores and 3 onshore borings.  These data were analyzed to assess the resource potential of sand suitable for use in beach restoration and to establish the Quaternary evolutionary framework of the northern Delmarva inner Shelf.
     Shallow subsurface strata consist of gently dipping Neogene sedimentary beds that conform to the gradient and direction of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and display no evidence of tectonic deformation.  Eleven major acousitc surfaces, including the presumed Tertiary-Quaternary nonconformity at about -30.5 to -61 meters (-100 to -200 feet), are present within the upper 122 meters (400 feet) of the shelf subbottom.  Buried channels are common to the sea floor of the entire region; in the Delaware Bay entrance, most channels are cut to 46 meters (150 feet) below sea level and are filled laterally from both the New Jersey and Delaware shelves.  Many small channels on the Maryland shelf are alined with existing onshore drainage or historical inlet sites.
     The upper 6 meters (20 feet) of the inner shelf consists of terrigenous sands and silts derived from the adjacent Coastal Plain and Piedmont Province.  Environments of deposition represented on the shallow shelf are: modern marine, back barrier, lagoonal, and fluvial.  Gray-brown , fine to coarse, well-sorted quartz sand is the dominant lithology on the surface and decreases in relative abundance with depth.  The shoal sands unconformably overlie poorly sorted fine sands and muds remnant form Holocene back-barrier and lagoonal deposition, which are periodically exposed and eroded on the sea floor.  
     Linear shoals are a dominant topographic feature of the U.S. mid-Atlantic shelf and off the Maryland shelf.  They have a high potential as an offshore source of sand for use in beach restoration.  Individual shoals typically contain between 15 and 54 million cubic meters (20 and 70 million yards) of fine to coarse, well sorted to moderately sorted quartz sand.  Total estimated volume of suitable material is about 1.7 X 109 cubic meters (2.2 X 109 cubic yards).""","Artificial beach nourishment; Central Delmarva Peninsula; Geomorphology ; Sediments; Seismic reflection; Delaware"
"Journal Article","","Field, Michael E.""","","Sand bodies on coastal plain shelves; Holocene records of the U.S. Atlantic inner shelf of Maryland","","","","","","Sedimentary Petrology","","","","","","","","","","1980","","50","","2","505-528","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Sand bodies on coastal plain shelves; Holocene records of the U.S. Atlantic inner shelf of Maryland","The inner continental shelf of Maryland, Delaware, and northern Virginia has been examined with high-resolution seismic reflection equipment and vibracores to develop an understanding of Quaternary processes and history on a coastal plain shelf. Morphology of the study region is dominated by the large shelf valley of the ancestral Delaware River and estuary and a linear-ridge field. Shallow subsurface strata consist of gently seaward-dipping Neogene sedimentary units showing no evidence of tectonic deformation. Buried channels are common to the seafloor of the entire region; in the Delaware Bay entrance, most are cut to 45 m below sea level and were filled laterally by split platform progradation from both the New Jersey and Delaware shelves. Many small channels on the Maryland shelf are aligned with existing onshore drainage or historical inlet sites and display a linear relationship between maximum thalweg depth and distance from shore. Linear ridges are a dominant topographic feature of the US mid-Atlantic shelf, and they are particularly well-defined on the Maryland shelf. Marked similarities in geometry and sediment relations of these features provide evidence of their origin on the Holocene shoreface and later segmentation and isolation on the shelf. Individual ridges commonly display a progressive south to north change from a well-defined, narrow, single-crested shape to a poorly defined, broad, multi-crested shape. This axial trend and the variation in coastal intersection angle are inherited from the ridge's origin in the shoreface where growth and bifuraction occur along the northeastern tip.""","Maryland"
"E","","Field, Michael E.""","","","Yearbook","","","","Mapping the California continental shelf","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1992","","","Yearbook, Fiscal Year 1991, p. 6-7","","","6-7","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Mapping the California continental shelf","","","California; continental shelf; oceanography; USGS; Oceanography"
"E","","Field, Michael E.//Barber, John H., Jr.//Cacchione, David A.//Drake, David E.//Wong, Florence L.""","","","U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report","","","","Holocene sediment map of the Central California continental shelf, 1:250,000","","","","","","","","","","U. S. Geological Survey","1992","","","Open-File Report 92-0338, 1 sheet","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Holocene sediment map of the Central California continental shelf, 1:250,000","","","California; Cenozoic; Central California; Commonwealth of Independent States; continental shelf; distribution; Holocene; maps; marine geology maps; marine sediments; North American Pacific; oceanography; Pacific Ocean; Quaternary; sediments; USSR
Oceanography"
"Journal Article","","Field, M.E.//Duane, D.B.""","","Regional geology of the U.S. Atlantic inner Shelf applied to coastal zone planning [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1973","","5","","7","619-620","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Regional geology of the U.S. Atlantic inner Shelf applied to coastal zone planning [abs.]","","","applications; Atlantic Coastal Plain; coastal; continental shelf; east; effects; environmental geology; geology; geomorphology; glacial geology; land use; landform description; morphology; New England; processes; regional planning; shore features; shorelines; subsurface; United States"
"E","","Field, Michael E.//Duane, David B.""","","","Technical memorandum","","","","Geomorphology and sediments of the inner Continental Shelf, Cape Canaveral, Florida","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir","U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center","March, 1974, 1974","","","Technical Memorandum 42, 87 p.""","","87","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Geomorphology and sediments of the inner Continental Shelf, Cape Canaveral, Florida","     The Atlantic Inner Continental Shelf off central Florida was surveyed by the Coastal Engineering Research Center to obtain information on morphology, structure, and sediments of the seafloor bottom and shallow subbottom for use in interpretation of Quaternary history and delineation of sand deposits suitable for restoration of nearby beaches.  Basic survey data consists of 360 statute miles of high resolution seismic reflection profiling and 90 sediment cores (10 to 20 feet long) collected in water depths of 25 to 90 feet below sea level.
     Analysis shows the shallow subbottom is characterized by two continuous mappable acoustic horizons which lie nearly parallel to the present surface.  The lower one lies at about 40 to 80 feet subsurface and is mid-Pleistocene in age.  The upper sonic reflector lies between 10 and 40 feet below bottom, and correlates well with a marked lithologic change from overlying unconsolidated sediments to deposit partially lithified by blocky, mosiac, calcite cement.  Radiocarbon dates of intertidal shells and of overlying peats indicate this horizon is a pre-Holocene regressive surface.  Slightly oolitic sediments comprising the layer are interpreted to represent a coastal complex deposited during a late Pleistocene (mid-Wisconsin) high sea level.  Tertiary strata are truncated by a Pleistocene erosion surface lying at between -120 and -160 feet MSL.  Overlying Quaternary sediments overage about 80 feet in thickness.
     Surficial sediments adjacent to Cape Canaveral are medium to coarse, wellsorted quartzose-mollusk sand.  Areal distribution and thickness (up to 40 feet) of this modern sand is directly related to topography: deposits are thickest beneath topographic highs, generally less than 5 feet thick on flat areas, and absent in depressions.  Late Pleistocene regressive sediments, which locally crop out, and overlying mid-Holocene, transgressive coastal (lagoon, barrier) sediments, have been reworked and reshaped to form an undulatory surface of active sediments.  Late Quaternary and modern deposition has centered around the large, south trending, cape-associated shoals.  The large plano-convex isolated shoals lying seaward of cape shoals, particularly The Bull Shoal, represent remnants of earlier cape-associated shoals segmented and stranded during late Holocene sea-level rise.
     Studies of area beach sediments show them to be derived from: erosion of the shoreface; onshore transport from adjacent shoal regions; and southerly longshore transport into the area.  Petrology, faunal assemblages, and textural characteristics indicate that local coastal and shelf sources have been more important in the genesis of modern areal beach sands than southerly longshore drift.
     Nearly all of the surficial sand deposits are suitable for beach restoration, and the thick deposits associated with topographic highs are the most suitable.  Extensive deposits of sand suitable as a borrow source comprise The Bull, Ohio-Hetzel, Chester and Souteast Shoals, which have minimum volumes of 32, 79, 9, and 15 (x106) cubic yards, respectively.  Volumes of suitable sand in surveyed portions of Chester Shoal and Southeast Shoal are likely an order of magnitude larger.  Total volume of surficial medium-grained sands within the confines of the study area is over 2 x 109 cubic yards.""AD No. 779513","Geomorphology; Continental Shelf; Seismic reflection; Sediments; Artificial beach nourishment; Sand sources; Cape Canaveral; Florida"
"Journal Article","","Field, M.E.//Duane, D.B.""","","Post-Pleistocene history of the United States inner continental shelf: Significance to origin of barrier islands","","","","","","Geological Society of America Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1976","","87","","5","691-702","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Post-Pleistocene history of the United States inner continental shelf: Significance to origin of barrier islands","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Atlantic Ocean; barrier islands; Cenozoic; changes of level; continental shelf; evolution; geomorphology; Holocene; inner shelf; migration; oceanography; processes; Quaternary; sedimentation; shore features; shorelines; spits; United States"
"Journal Article","","Field, M.E.//Meisburger, E.P.""","","Erosional origin of inner shelf sediments, evidence from North Florida","","","","","","American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1973","","57","","4","778","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Erosional origin of inner shelf sediments, evidence from North Florida","","","Florida"
"Journal Article","","Field, M.E.//Meisburger, E.P.""","","Shallow structural trends of the Atlantic inner shelf off Florida [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1976","","8","","2","170","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Shallow structural trends of the Atlantic inner shelf off Florida [abs.]","","","Florida"
"Journal Article","","Field, M.E.//Meisburger, E.P.//Duane, D.B.""","","Late Pleistocene-Holocene sedimentation history of the Cape Kennedy inner continental shelf [abs.]","","","","","","American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1971","","55","","2","337-338","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Late Pleistocene-Holocene sedimentation history of the Cape Kennedy inner continental shelf [abs.]","","","Florida"
"Journal Article","","Field, Michael E.//Nelson, C. Hans//Cacchione, David A.//Drake, David E.""","","Sand waves on an epicontinental shelf: northern Bering Sea","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1981, 1981","","42","","1-4","233 - 258","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand waves on an epicontinental shelf: northern Bering Sea","     Sand waves and current ripples occupy the crests and flanks of a series of large linear sand ridges (20 km X 5 km X 10 m high) lying in an open-marine setting in the northern Bering Sea.  The sand wave area, which lies west of Seward Peninsula and southeast of Bering Strait, is explosed to the strong continuous flow of coastal water northward toward Bering Strait.  A heirarchy of three sizes of superimposed bedforms, all facing northward, was obserbed in successive cruises in 1976 and 1977.  Large sand waves (height 2 m; spacing 200m) have smaller sand waves (height 1m; spacing 20m) lying at a small oblique angle on their stoss slopes.  The smaller sand waves in turn have longuoid ripples on their stoss slopes.
     Repeated studies of the sand wave fields were made both years with high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, side-scan sonographys, underwater photographs, current-meter stations, vibracores, and suspended-sediment samplers.  Comparison of seismic and side-scan data collected along profile lines run both years chowed changes in sand wave shape that indicate significant bedload transport within the year.  Gouge marks made in sediment by keels of floating ice also showed significantly different patterns each year, further documenting modification to the bottom by sediment transport.
     During calm sea conditions in 1977, underwater video and camera observations showed formation and active migration of linguoid and straight-crested current ripples.  Current speeds 1m above the bottom were between 20 and 30cm/s.  Maximum current velocities and sand wave migration apparently occur when strong southwesterly winds enhance the steady nourtherly flow of coastal water.  Many cross-stratified sand bodies in the geologic record are interpreted as having formed in a tidal- or storm-dominated setting.  This study provides an example of formation and migration of large bedforms by the interaction of storms with strong uniform coastal currents in an open-marine setting.""","Bering Sea; Alaska"
"Journal Article","","Figueiredo, A.G.//Sanders, J.F.//Swift, D.J.P.""","","Storm graded layers on inner continental shelves: Examples from southern Brazil and the Atlantic coast of the central United States","","","","","","Sedimentary Geology","","","","","","","","","","1982","","31","","3-4","171-190","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Storm graded layers on inner continental shelves: Examples from southern Brazil and the Atlantic coast of the central United States","Size-graded layers have been reported from the United States and Brazilian Atlantic continental shelves, amid a bedform association that includes ripples, megaripples, sand waves, and sand ridges. Graded layers are most apparent in the lag gravels and shell hashes that overlie an older substrate in the troughs between sand ridges, but also occur as thinner, isolated beds within the sand ridges.

At least four different models seem to be applicable to graded bed formation. The stratigraphic graded model, grading occurs within and immediately above the basal lag gravel of the Holocene transgressive sand sheet. It is a consequence of the generation of the sand sheet by erosional shoreface retreat. Such graded sequences are formed by landward facies displacement over thousands of years, but the process is storm-mediated, and sequences may contain thinner storm-graded layers.

The storm-graded model calls for entrainment of sediment by storm flow and subsequent graded deposition under waning energy.

In the bedform migration model, the migration of megaripples and sand waves may produce thin graded beds at any level within the Holocene sand sheet, and sand ridge migration can cause graded sequences in the basal part of the Holocene sand sheet.

The bottom liquefaction model relies on storm-wave pumping of the seafloor sands with their resultant liquefaction and settling of coarser clasts. Beds in which sorting is confined to coarse shell material may be of this origin.

These models are believed to be complementary rather than mutually exclusive.""","Miscellaneous; Atlantic coast"
"Journal Article","","Figueiredo, A.G.//Swift, D.J.P.//Stubblefield, W.C.//Clarke, T.""","","Sand ridges on the inner Atlantic shelf of North America: morphometric comparisons with Huthnance stability model","","","","","","Geo-Marine Letters","","","","","","","","","","1981","","1","","3-4","187-191","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Sand ridges on the inner Atlantic shelf of North America: morphometric comparisons with Huthnance stability model","Sand ridge fields on the inner shelf of the Middle Atlantic Bight are generally thought to have formed in response to northeasterly storm flows as the shoreface underwent erosional retreat with postglacial sea-level rise. However, the hydrodynamic mechanism is poorly understood. Coastal boundary models see the ridges as responses of the seafloor to distortions in the flow induced by the coastal boundary. Stability models propose that an irregular initial topography will evolve toward an ordered array of bedforms in response to repeated flow events. The two classes of models are not mutually exclusive nor are members within each class mutually exclusive. Results of measurements of ridge spacing on the inner Atlantic shelf of North America agree with the predictions of stability models.""","Atlantic coast; Middle Atlantic Bight"
"Journal Article","","Finkl, Charles W., Jr.""","","Pre-emptive strategies for enhanced sand bypassing and beach replenishment activities in southeast Florida; a geological perspective, from the Workshop on beach/inlet processes and management; a Florida perspective","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","Oct. 26-28, 1992, 1993","","Special Issue 18","","","59-89","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Pre-emptive strategies for enhanced sand bypassing and beach replenishment activities in southeast Florida; a geological perspective, from the Workshop on beach/inlet processes and management; a Florida perspective","","","beach nourishment; beaches; clastic sediments; coastal environment; dredging; erosion; Florida; geomorphology; preventive measures; public policy; sand; sediments; shore features; shorelines; southeastern Florida; tidal inlets; United States
Engineering geology"
"Journal Article","","Finkl, C. W., Jr.""","","Detection and tracking of suspended particulate matter eroded from replenished beaches in Southeast Florida using thematic mapper satellite imagery, American Geophysical Union, 1994 spring meeting","","","","","","EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","","","","","","","","","","May 23-27, 1994, 1994","","75","","16, Suppl.""179","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Detection and tracking of suspended particulate matter eroded from replenished beaches in Southeast Florida using thematic mapper satellite imagery, American Geophysical Union, 1994 spring meeting","","","applications; Atlantic Coastal Plain; beach nourishment; beaches; currents; detection; fines; Florida; geophysical surveys; imagery; offshore; Port Everglades Florida; remote sensing; satellite methods; southeastern Florida; surveys; suspension; thematic mapper; turbidity; turbidity currents; Sedimentary petrology; Applied geophysics"
"Journal Article","","Finkl, Charles W.""","","What might happen to America's shorelines if artificial beach replenishment is curtailed; a prognosis for southeastern Florida and other sandy regions along regressive coasts","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","1996","","12","","1","iii-ix","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: What might happen to America's shorelines if artificial beach replenishment is curtailed; a prognosis for southeastern Florida and other sandy regions along regressive coasts","Beach replenishment in Florida consumes about one-third of what the federal government spends nationally on battling coastal erosion. Recent proposals from Washington are to cut the federal share of hurricane and storm surge protection, inlet maintenance, sand bypassing, beach restoration, and periodic renourishment projects in Florida. Although Florida has more beach erosion control projects than all the other states combined, erosion is still a problem for some 700 km of shore and has reached "critical" levels along 370 km of Florida beachfront where development or recreation are threatened. Of 215 km of erosion that have been studied, 140 km have been restored; the remainder has been abandoned because erosion rates are too high. If the average federal 50% cost-share for coastal protection is eliminated, local governments will have to support future projects at a minimal rate of $20-40 million per year. The annual cost of shore protection is modest compared to income generated by beach-related activities in Florida which overall bring in about $1.5 billion in annual sales. Alternative proposals to forego beach renourishment altogether, because it is "too expensive," suggest that new lines will be drawn in the sand for construction control and erosion setbacks. Due to relative sea-level rise (which includes land subsidence), natural background shoreline recession rates for the Florida Atlantic coast now average between 0.3-0.4 m a (super -1) . Accelerated rates of coastal erosion are associated with beaches backed by seawalls and coastal segments lying downdrift from stabilized inlets. Because jetties are littoral drift blockers, they are responsible for about 85% of Florida's beach erosion problem. Erosion fronts, which migrate downbeach from jetties at a rate of about 1 km a (super -1) , can quickly impact long coastal segments in a few years. Just south of the Port Everglades inlet, for example from DEP monuments R86-R91, beach fill placed in 1989 eroded 60 m in 6 years for an annual shoreline recession rate of 10 m a (super -1) , or a volume loss of 10 m (super 3) m (super -1) a (super -1) . Additional erosion hot spots occur downcoast from other trained (jettied) inlets and elsewhere along the coast. With the present total annual net loss at 3-5% by volume of beach sand in Broward County, about two-thirds to one-half of the Atlantic dry beach width will remain within a decade, by around 2007. This new line in the sand will reflect loss of both artificially replenished beaches and natural beaches alike. Without replenishment, the volume of eroded beach sand in Broward County alone will probably amount to something on the order of 5.2X10 (super 6) to 8.6X10 (super 6) m (super 3) . This magnitude of unrecovered decadel sand volume loss translates into future problems of greater magnitude than exist today. Salient among them is the prospect that fewer tourists will visit narrower, eroded beaches and the Florida economy will realize significantly less income from a major but declining economic resource. A management policy of "no new beach replenishment activities" will in the first decade: (1) cause accelerated loss of beaches, (2) place a larger proportion of the coastal population at risk from flooding, (3) increase vulnerability of coastal infrastructure to floods and inundation, (4) decrease revenue from tourism, and (5) result in higher costs for future shore protection. The proposed federal policy would be environmentally shortsighted, fiscally irresponsible, and negligent of proper methods of beach management. It is perhaps ironic to note that America has no national shore protection policy, that sand has become a restorative resource of choice (opposed to hard, structural stabilization methods), and at a time when sand resources on the outer continental shelf may become available for beach renourishment, the Clinton Administration is proposing to put the brakes on soft shoreline stabilization.""","beach nourishment; Broward County Florida; cost; economics; effects; erosion; financing; Florida; land management; littoral erosion; mitigation; prediction; programs; protection; shorelines; southeastern Florida; storms; subsidies; United States
Environmental geology; Engineering geology"
"Journal Article","","Finkl, Charles W., Jr.//Khalil, Syed M.//Andrews, Jeffrey L.""","","Offshore sand sources for beach replenishment; potential borrows on the continental shelf of the eastern Gulf of Mexico","","","","","","Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","","","","","","","","","","1997","","15","","2","155-173","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Offshore sand sources for beach replenishment; potential borrows on the continental shelf of the eastern Gulf of Mexico","","","acoustical methods; Atlantic Ocean; bathymetry; beach nourishment; clastic sediments; continental shelf; engineering properties; erosion; Florida; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; Global Positioning System; grain size; Gulf of Mexico; Long Boat Key Florida; mathematical models; North Atlantic; ocean floors; physical properties; sediments; seismic methods; shorelines; silt; sonar methods; surveys; United States
Engineering geology"
"Journal Article","","Firek, F.//Shideler, G.L.//Fletcher, P.""","","Heavy mineral variability in bottom sediments of the lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1977","","23","","3","217-235","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Heavy mineral variability in bottom sediments of the lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia","Heavy minerals in bottom-sediment samples of the lower Chesapeake Bay show distribution patterns and interrelationships that denote characteristic mineral suites associated with defined geographic provinces. The Bay mouth province has a garnet-hornblende-pyroxene suite, which is largely attributed to the influx of littoral and shelf sediments; the Eastern Shore province has a similar suite, derived largely from coastal erosion of the Eastern Shore Peninsula. The Northern and Combined River provinces have a zircon-tourmaline-staurolite assemblage, which reflects derivation from an Apalachian Piedmont-Atlantic Coastal Plain sourceland. The Western shore provinces is associated with a zircon-epidote- staurolite assemblage, apparently derived jointly from tributary influx and coastal erosion of the western shore. Factor analysis identified 2 major factors that account for 63% of the total variation in the relative amounts of the 7 most common heavy minerals. The dominant factor (44%) is based on a zircon-hornblende-staurolite-pyroxene relationship, which indicates that mineral stability, as influenced by sediment maturity, is a major contributing factor. The 2nd factor (19%) based on a tourmaline-epidote-staurolite-garnet relationship indicates that provenance is another major cause of heavy-mineral variability with in the lower bay.""","Chesapeake Bay; Virginia; heavy minerals; Eastern Shore"
"E","","Fischer, Peter J.//Kreutzer, Paul A.//Morrison, Lowell R.//Rudat, John A.//Ticken, Edward J.//Webb, James F.//Woods, Madeline M.//Berry, Richard W.//Henry, Michael J.//Hoyt, Daniel H.//Young, Marc","","","","","","","","Study on Quaternary shelf deposits (sand and gravel) of Southern California","","","","","","","","","Sacramento, CA","submitted to State of California, Department of Boating and Waterways, Beach Erosion Control Project,""June 1, 1983, 1983","","","FR 82-11, 66 p.""","","66","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Study on Quaternary shelf deposits (sand and gravel) of Southern California","","","California"
"K","","Fisher, C.H.""","","Mining the ocean for beach sand","","","","","Civil Engineering in the Oceans II American Society of Civil Engineers Conference","","","1969","","","","","","","","","","","","","717 - 723","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Mining the ocean for beach sand","","",""
"K","","Fisher, J.J.""","","Preliminary quantitative analysis of surface morphology of inner continental shelf surface - Cape Henry, Virginia to Cape Fear, North Carolina","","","Margolis, A.E.//Steere, R.C.""","National Symposium on Ocean Sciences and Engineering of the Atlantic Shelf, Transactions","","","1968","Philadelphia, PA, 1968","","","","","","Washington, DC, Marine Technology Society","","","","","","143-149","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Preliminary quantitative analysis of surface morphology of inner continental shelf surface - Cape Henry, Virginia to Cape Fear, North Carolina","Bottom contour maps were constructed from published U.S. Coast and Geodetic soundings of part of the Atlantic continental shelf along the Virginia-North Carolina coast. Soundings were contoured at a six foot interval and resulting topography quantitatively analyzed. zed. The following index parameters were determined: local relief, morphology, slope, elongation, profile, and crestal-trough. Terrain cell distributions were established on the basis of these parameters. Analysis of terrain cells suggests existence of drowned former mainland areas on the inner shelf in the Cape Henry to Cape Hatteras region. Further south on the shelf, in the Cape Hatteras to Cape Fear area, there is little evidence of constructional forms although scattered east-west cells may represent drowned barrier islands.""","Virginia; North Carolina"
"E","","Fleischer, Peter//McRee, Griffith J.//Brady, James J.""","","","Technical Report","","","","Beach dynamics and erosion control, Ocean View Section, Norfolk, Virginia","","","","","","","","","Norfolk, Virginia","Old Dominion University, Institute of Oceanography","1977","","","Technical Report 30, 185 p.""","","185","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach dynamics and erosion control, Ocean View Section, Norfolk, Virginia","","","Virginia"
"E","","Florida Geological Survey","","","","","","","","Heavy-mineral reconnaissance off the Gulf Coast of Northwest Florida","","","","","","","","","","Florida Geological Survey","1988, 1988","","","Open-File Report 28, 66 p.""","","66","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Heavy-mineral reconnaissance off the Gulf Coast of Northwest Florida","","","Florida"
"Book Chapter","","Florsheim, Joan//Goodwin, Peter","","","Geomorphic effects of gravel extraction in the Russian River, California","","","Marcus, Laurel//Bobrowsky, Peter T.""editor","Aggregate Resources; A Global Perspective","","","","","","","","","Rotterdam, Netherlands","A.A. Balkema","1998","","","","","87-99","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geomorphic effects of gravel extraction in the Russian River, California","","","California"
"Journal Article","","Foster, David S.//Folger, David W.//Chrzastowski, Michael J.//Fisher, Michael","","","Nearshore distribution of sand and exposed till in Lake Michigan between Waukegan and Wilmette, Illinois [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","Nov. 6-9, 1995, 1995","","27","","6","91","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Nearshore distribution of sand and exposed till in Lake Michigan between Waukegan and Wilmette, Illinois [abs.]","","","acoustical methods; beach nourishment; bluffs; clastic sediments; erosion; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; Great Lakes; Illinois; Lake Forest Illinois; Lake Michigan; Naval Training Center Harbor; nearshore environment; North America; sand; sediments; shorelines; side-scanning methods; spatial distribution; surveys; thickness; till; variations; Waukegan Illinois; Wilmette Illinois; Engineering geology"
"G","","Foyle, Anthony Maurice","","","Quaternary seismic stratigraphy of the inner shelf and coastal zone, southern Delmarva Peninsula, Virginia","Ph.D. Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA","1994","","","","","","604","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Quaternary seismic stratigraphy of the inner shelf and coastal zone, southern Delmarva Peninsula, Virginia","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Cenozoic; Chesapeake Bay; continental shelf; correlation; Delmarva Peninsula; eustacy; fluvial environment; geometry; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; Holocene; inner shelf; lithostratigraphy; Pleistocene; Quaternary; reconstruction; reflection methods; sea-level changes; seismic methods; seismic stratigraphy; sequence stratigraphy; southeastern Virginia; subsidence; surveys; thickness; uplifts; Virginia; Quaternary geology; Applied geophysics"
"Journal Article","","Foyle, A.M.//Oertel, G.F.""","","Seismic stratigraphy and coastal drainage patterns in the Quaternary section of the southern Delmarva Peninsula, Virginia, USA","","","","","","Sedimentary Geology","","","","","","","","","","1992","","80","","3-4","261-277","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Seismic stratigraphy and coastal drainage patterns in the Quaternary section of the southern Delmarva Peninsula, Virginia, USA","Seismic-stratigraphic analysis of the coastal zone and inner shelf of Virginia's southern Delmarva Peninsula has revealed three geochronologically significant surfaces of post-Tertiary age that impose a relative chronostratigraphic framework on Quaternary marine transgressive and regressive events. Characteristics of these surfaces indicate that two are sequence boundaries, and one is a ravinement surface.

Lying at depths of 1870 m (msl datum), the LPb surface (a late Pleistocene basal unconformity) represents the sequence boundary separating the Tertiary Chesapeake Group from the overlying late Pleistocene Nassawadox Formation. High relief (approximately 50 m) on the LPb surface is associated with large fluvial channels. Higher in the stratigraphic section, the LPr, surface is found at depths of 628 m, and corresponds to a late Pleistocene transgressive, or ravinement surface. The surface dips southeastward with a regional dip of 0.04 and has local relief of less than 2 m. The LPr surface may represent a ravinement which extended to the west side of the Chesapeake Bay prior to the development of the Nassawadox barrier spit. However, the LPr surface may steepen between the axis of the southern Delmarva Peninsula and the Holocene lagoon to form a shoreface attached to one of several known late Pleistocene shorelines. 

Lying at depths of 020 m, the Hb surface is a basal unconformity that marks the Holocene sequence boundary. It deepens seaward, with maximum local relief of about 15 m, and has a topographic expression very similar to the present-day lagoonal drainage pattern.
Maximum thicknesses of Holocene and Pleistocene sediments (12 and 70 m, respectively) are found above channels on the Hb and LPb surfaces. The Pleistocene channels are large and limited in number and represent high-order channels of a drainage system that drained the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. The greater density of low-order stream channels on the Hb surface suggests a relationship to much smaller drainage basins that were confined to the seaward part of the Coastal Plain east of the Delmarva Peninsula. These late Wisconsinan smaller Hb channels do not re-occupy the former drain paths of the much larger high-order LPb channels.""","Virginia; Delmarva"
"E","","Fraser, Gordon S.//Hester, Norman C.""","","","","","","","Sediment distribution in a beach ridge complex and its application to artificial beach replenishment","","","","","","","","","","Illinois State Geological Survey","1974","","","Environmental Geology Notes 67, 26 p.""","","26","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sediment distribution in a beach ridge complex and its application to artificial beach replenishment","","","Illinois, Great Lakes"
"K","","Freedenberg, Henry//Chen, Zi-Qiang//Hoenstine, Ron//Hine, Albert C.//Halley, Robert B.""","","Sedimentary characteristics of central Florida east coast sands","","","","","SEPM Congress on Sedimentary geology: Linked Earth Systems, 1st","","","Aug. 13-16, 1995, 1995","St. Pete Beach, FL, 1995","","","","","","Proceedings: St. Pete Beach, FL, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists","","","1","","","56","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sedimentary characteristics of central Florida east coast sands","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; beaches; carbonate sediments; clastic sediments; cores; east-central Florida; Florida; sampling; sand; sediments; siliciclastics; United States
Sedimentary petrology"
"E","","Freeland, George L.//Swift, Donald J.P.""","","","","","","","MESA New York Bight Atlas Monograph 10","","","","","","","","","Albany, NY","New York Sea Grant Institute, 93 p.""December, 1978, 1978","","","","","","93","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: MESA New York Bight Atlas Monograph 10","     The surficial sediment cover of the continental shelf in New York Bight consists of a sheet of sand up to 10m thick with small areas of gravel and muddy sand.  Off the shelf edge, mud increases to become the dominant sediment.  Most sediment was first deposited during or soon after the last glacial maxima when the present shelf was land and has been reworked by the advancing shoreline.  Most shelf morphologic features also reflect these conditions.
     Modification of the natural pattern of sedimentation has occurred in the Bight apex where man has dumped his wastes for over 60 years.  Dredge spoil dumping has created several knolls on the bottom, and with outfalls, the dumping of sewage sludge, acid wastes, construction, and other rubble, has made the apex a "worst case" example of ocean pollution.  With proper management of municipal and industrial wastes, however, the apex may eventually return to a near-natural setting-still in use by man, but without harmful ecological effects.""","New York"
"K","","Gadd, Peter E.//Eschen, Dennis L.""","","Low cost sand re-nourishment to combat chronic beach erosion, Long Beach, California","","","Ewing, Lesley//Magoon, Orville T.//Robertson, Sheila","","Bringing Back the Beaches, Sand Rights '99","","","Sept. 23-26, 1999, 1999","Ventura, CA, 1999","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","","","","152-160","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Low cost sand re-nourishment to combat chronic beach erosion, Long Beach, California","","","Alamitos Bay; artificial kelp; beach nourishment; breakwaters; California; clastic sediments; cost; dredged materials; erosion; groins; littoral erosion; Long Beach California; Los Angeles County California; marine installations; marine sediments; methods; Peninsula Beach; sand; sediments; shorelines; stabilization; vegetation
Engineering geology"
"E","","Galloway, John P.//Carter, L. David","","","","Open-File Report","","","","A selected bibliography of sand and gravel resources; Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska","","","","","","","","","Menlo Park, CA","U.S. Geological Survey","1997","","","Open-File Report 97-0702, 12 p.""","","12","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: A selected bibliography of sand and gravel resources; Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska","","","Alaska; Arctic Coastal Plain; Arctic region; bibliography; gravel deposits; mineral resources; publications; sands; USGS; Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits"
"Journal Article","","Garnett, R.H.T.""","","Marine mining -- this is reality","","","","","","Atlantic Geology","","","","","","","","","","1994, 1994","","30","","2","155","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Marine mining -- this is reality","     Marine mining was first attempted on a significant scale nearly a century ago.  The target was gold: the seaward extension of the famous beaches of Nome, Alaska.  Shortly thereafter the offshore dredging of tin ore was commenced in South East Asia and for decades constituted a major industry.  Activities continue to this day in Indonesian waters, despite low tin metal prices.  The 1950s witnessed a rapid growth in the offshore aggregate dredging industry in Western Europe.  Most of the sand and gravel used there is now derived from the sea.  At the other depth extreme enormous engineering dificulties were overcome in the 1970s to recover manganese nodules from the Pacific Ocean.  The pace of development has increased rapidly in the last few years.  The equipment necessary for mining a variety of marine deposits is now available from other industries.  The birthplace of new marine mining techniques has become southern Africa where offshore diamond mining, with the active encouragement of governments, now rates as a major mining industry.  The rapidly increasing activity extends from small, part-time enterprises to large scale operations by some of the world's largest major companies.  Marine mining is now a poven, profitable industry for many countries.""","mining; marine technology; marine environment; mineral industry; dredging; General"
"Journal Article","","Garratt, D.H.//Kry, P.R.""","","Construction of artificial islands as Beaufort Sea drilling platforms","","","","","","Jourmal of Canadian Petrological Technology","","","","","","","","","","1978, 1978","","17","","2","73-79","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Construction of artificial islands as Beaufort Sea drilling platforms","     The Beaufort Sea environment imposes unique constraints for drilling operations.  Activity in the area must overcome wave attacks, multi-year pack ice invasion in the summer and moving ice sheets in the winter.  As well, drilling systems must contend with a very short marine season (July to October).  For its Beaufort Sea acreage, Imperial Oil Limited decided to use artificial sand islands as drilling platforms.  The islands have been designed to withstand waves in the area plus loading of ice sheets up to 7 feet thick.  Imperial has constructed 14 islands in water depths ranging from 5 to 42 feet employing three different construction techniques.  Three of the islands were winter-constructed islands.  Ice blocks were removed at the site and the island fill was placed with material hauled by trucks from onshore gravel deposits.  Eight islands were summer-constructed 'conventional' islands.  An Imperial conventional island consists of sand fill and uses large sandbags to retain a portion of the fill and protect the slopes.  Three islands were summer-constructed 'sacrificial beach' islands, where the island is protected from wave attack by gradually sloping beaches that force the waves to break, so that their energy is dissipated before they reach the island's working surface.""","artificial islands; offshore drilling; offshore platforms; construction; PNW; Beaufort Sea; Alaska"
"G","","Gaswirth, S.B.""","","The late Pleistocene to Holocene glacial history of Raritan Bay, New Jersey","M.S. Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","New Brunswick, NJ","Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick","1999","","","","","","157","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Academic Department: Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers Short Title: The late Pleistocene to Holocene glacial history of Raritan Bay, New Jersey","Prior to oxygen isotope stage 2 (late Wisconsinan glaciation), the Raritan River flowed northeastward along the northern margin of present-day Staten Island into the Hudson River. The Laurentide Ice Sheet advanced into the Raritan watershed disrupting drainage during the last glacial maximum (LGM) ( approximately 20 ka), diverting the Raritan River southeastward, cutting a new channel and re-routing the river into the present-day Raritan Bay. Meandering incised valleys trending NW to SE were cut into outwash during falling sea-level as the continental shelf was subaerially exposed. High-resolution seismic reflection data reveal the incised channels and a package of three seismic sequence tracts overlying Cretaceous "basement" (shallowly southeast dipping sands and clays). Thirteen Vibracores documented three lithologically distinct units separated by unconformities. The lowest unit (< or =31.74 ka) of reddish-orange, coarse to medium sand and gravel derived from the Raritan River watershed represents fluvial, glacial and paraglacial deposits. This outwash is unconformably overlain by dense gray mud, fine sand, and silt with a transition to black organic-rich "industrial" sludge. Shells are present in the dense gray mud, which is correlated with a lower Holocene (9.48 ka) mud underlying Sandy Hook. Incised paleochannels and glaciofluvial channel-fill deposits are identified in the seismic reflection profiles. Two paleochannels are documented that are likely tributaries of the same river system. The recognition of a meandering channel filled with glacial outwash (sands and gravels) in a deep thalweg near the southern shoreline of Raritan Bay (and the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer) is significant for future studies of hydraulic interconnection and is pertinent to salt water intrusion problems in areas surrounding Raritan Bay. A sequence stratigraphic study of the late Pleistocene ( approximately 20 Ka) to Holocene sedimentary record from Raritan Bay will also yield important information on sea-level changes and constrains interpretations of the recent geologic history of the region.""","New Jersey"
"E","","Gayes, Paul T.//Donovan-Ealy, Patricia F.""","","","Final","","","","Assessment of beach nourishment resources near Folly Beach, South Carolina","","","","","","","","","","South Carolina Task Force on Offshore Resources","1995","","","Final report to the Minerals Management Service, 38 p. + app.""","","38 + app.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","L. Poppe reference collection Short Title: Assessment of beach nourishment resources near Folly Beach, South Carolina","","","South Carolina"
"Journal Article","","Gayes, P. T.//Nelson, Douglas D.""","","Paleodrainage and shallow subcrop stratigraphy of the South Carolina inner shelf: Bulls Bay to Little River [abs.]","","","","","","Third Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins Program and Abstracts","","","","","","","","","","November 15 - 18, 1992, 1992","","","","","34","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Paleodrainage and shallow subcrop stratigraphy of the South Carolina inner shelf: Bulls Bay to Little River [abs.]","     The paleodrainage pattern of the Santee and Pee Dee River systems and shallow subbottom stratigraphic units have been mapped on the inner shelf continental shelf of South Carolina.  This was based on 1,000 line-kilometers of high-resolution (Geopulse) and 3-element spark array seismic-reflection profiles, 100 surficial bottom grabs, and 5 vibracores.  The inner shelf of South Carolina, between Cape Fear and Charleston, is characterized by a relatively thin surficial veneer of Quaternary sediments overlying Cretaceous and Tertiary age deposits.  These older deposits are tilted up to the north along the inner shelf from Charleston to the North Carolina border.  The older deposits crop out in many areas, where they strongly influence shelf bathymetry.  Relief of up to 10 m has been found associated with some seismic sequence boundaries or eroded remnants of Tertiary deposits on the inner- to mid-shelf.
     Significant thickness of Quaternary sediment on the inner continental shelf (greater than 10 m) is generally limited to fill of incised regional drainage channels cut during sea-level lowstands.  At least three cycles of shelf incisement are recognizable on the inner shelf north of Charleston.  These paleochannels correspond well to paleochannels of the Santee and Pee Dee Rivers previously mapped onshore.  The ancestral Pee Dee River has progressively shifted to the south throughout the Quaternary.  The Santee River channel has shifted to the north from Bulls Bay to the modern Santee Delta.  Incisement of smaller local drainage can be mapped from the beach to a distance of 10 km offshore along the northern shelf.  Surficial sediment texture trends in the vicinity of these channels possess a strong correlation with paleochannels.  On the inner shelf off Bulls Bay surficial sediment characteristics are distinctly coarser directly overlying the paleo-Santee River channel identified in the subsurface.  This correlation suggests relatively limited burial since revinement during the last transgression or active erosion on the inner shelf.  More recent, fine sand from the modern Santee Delta is beginning to transit around Cape Romain and encroach the paleochannel sands on the innermost shelf.  A similar but less well developed trend is also apparent for the paleo-Pee Dee River system, suggesting more reworking or transport of paleochannel sands north of Winyah Bay.  Sand deposits within these paleochannels are being sought as a potential beach renourishment resource for the State of South Carolina.""","South Carolina"
"E","","George, K.P.""","","","Open-File Report","","","","Aggregates in Mississippi - a study of engineering characteristics","","","","","","","","","","University of Mississippi, Mississippi Mineral Resources Institute","November 1979, 1979","","","Open-File Report 79-20, 8 p.""","","8","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Aggregates in Mississippi - a study of engineering characteristics","","","Mississippi"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","Geyer, Richard A.""","CRC handbook of geophysical exploration at sea, hard minerals","","","","","","2nd","","translator","Boca Raton, FL","CRC Press","1992","","","","","","520","","","","Geyer, Richard A.""","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: CRC handbook of geophysical exploration at sea, hard minerals","","","Economic geology; general; deposits; Applied geophysics; continental shelf; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; marine methods; mineral exploration; mineral resources; programs; surveys; General"
"Journal Article","","Giordano, A.//Rowland, J.""","","Use of federal sand for beach nourishment and shore protection projects","","","","","","Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","","","","","","","","","","September, 1999, 1999","","17","","2-3","91 - 97","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Use of federal sand for beach nourishment and shore protection projects","     Coastal shoreline protection and beach nourishment are significant issues for coastal states along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.  In some areas, there is a critical need to identify suitable sources of sand for possible use in public works projects for coastal protection.  The continental shelf contains large resources of sand and gravel that could be used to support such projects.  The U.S. Department of the Interior's (DOI) Minerals Management Service (MMS) provides policy direction and guidance for development of the resources located on the federal portion of the continental shelf.  This article highlights the MMS's Sand Program, focusing on its cooperative resource and environmental studies with several coastal states, significant milestones and accomplishments, and anticipated activities in 1998 and beyond.  Management of sand resources on the federal portion of the continental shelf has been made easier by a federal-state partnership concept.  Using this cooperative concept, joint projects are being conducted to investigate offshore sand resources, potential sites, extraction methods, and related environmental conditions.  The MMS has procedures for negotiating sand agreements under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) and ensuring that the resources are developed in an environmentally sound manner.  The authority to negotiate with project sponsors, an important recent change in the OCSLA, also resides with the MMS.  This 1992 change in OCSLA faciliatates the use of Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) resources for public projects.  Further, the MMS is authorized to assess a fee based on the value of the resource and the public interest served.  The MMS has worked with local sponsors and authorized the use of OCS sand for two projects.  However, additional resource and environmental projects, as well as negotiated agreements, are anticipated within the near future with states and local governments along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.""","sands; coasts; beach profiles; environmental protection; shore protection; coastal zone management; shelf geology; beach nourishment; mineral resources; policies; resource management; regional planning; coastal states; USA Coasts; General"
"E","","Giordano, Anthony C.""","","","OCS","","","","Coastal states marine mining laws","","","","","","","","","Herndon, VA","U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service","1993","","","OCS Report MMS 93-0063, 48 p.""","","48","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","L. Poppe reference collection Short Title: Coastal states marine mining laws","","",""
"Journal Article","","Godfrey, K.A., Jr.""","","Sand and gravel - don't take them for granted","","","","","","Civil Engineering - American Society of Civil Engineers","","","","","","","","","","March, 1977, 1977","","47","","3","55 - 57","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand and gravel - don't take them for granted","One assumes the supply of sand and gravel is inexhaustible. In fact, at certain times and places it is not. At least not at todays relatively low prices. This is particularly true on New Yorks Long Island and in the Los Angeles area. Long Island may control exports of aggregates from the Island. Los Angeles suburban San Fernando Valley faced the same problem / ;  until in 1975 California passed a law mandating that supplies not be blocked from exploitation, but that after the mineral is removed, if the site is in a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, the land must be reclaimed. Case histories from Anaheim, Calif. and Dayton, Ohio, of re-use of abandoned gravel pits show how to turn an eyesore and dangerous neighbor into a community asset. Another possibility is dredging sand and gravel offshore; Britain gets much of her aggregates from this source. Heres how the U.S. can gear up to do likewise.""","General; California; Long Island; New York"
"E","","Goldsmith, V.//Sturm, S.C.//Thomas, G.R.""","","","Miscellaneous Report","","","","Becah erosion and accretion at Virginia Beach, Virginia and vicinity","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center","1977","","","Miscellaneous Report MR 77-12. 185 p.""","","185","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Becah erosion and accretion at Virginia Beach, Virginia and vicinity","","","virginia; Virginia Beach; beach erosion; beach accretion"
"E","","Goodwin, B.K.//Thomas., J.B.""","","","","","","","Inner shelf sediments off Chesapeake Bay: III: Heavy minerals","","","","","","","","","Gloucester Point","Virginia Institute of Marine Science","1973","","","Special Scientific Report No. 68, 34p.""","","34","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Inner shelf sediments off Chesapeake Bay: III: Heavy minerals","","","Chesapeake Bay; Virginia; heavy minerals"
"Journal Article","","Gorsline, D.S.""","","Bottom sediments of the Atlantic shelf and slope off the southern United States","","","","","","Journal of Geology","","","","","","","","","","1963","","71","","4","422-440","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Bottom sediments of the Atlantic shelf and slope off the southern United States","The submarine geology of the south Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the U.S. has been described using data from bottom sediment samples collected aboard the research vessel T-N. Gill in 1953-1954, combined with information from the geologic literature. Patterns of distribution of sediment types and characteristics show several broad trends. Shelf sediments are mixtures of quartz and shell fragments in various proportions with minor amounts of phosphorite (probably collophane) and a local concentration of glauconite. Offshore, the Gulf Stream has produced a pelagic bottom sediment composed of foraminiferal and pteropod tests. Locally coral fragments are common downstream from the Florida Straits and zones of irregular bottom topography in the inner margins of the Blake Plateau indicate probable strong current scour and transport. The contemporary deposition is restricted to the zone of pelagic sediments, a narrow coastal belt bordering the Georgia-South Carolina marsh coast and the nearshore S. of Cape Hatteras. Mineralogical studies suggest that 2 provinces are represented. One of these produces a predominance of epidote in the central shelf; the second is one in which staurolite is characteristic of the southern and northern shelf. Minor element contents of the carbonates reflect the high Sr aragonitic mollusk fragments on the shelf and the low-Mg, low-Sr contents of the calcitic pelagic Foraminifera. Similar sedimentological distributions have been described by Niino and Emery for the China Sea shelf and slope in the region of the Kuroshio Current.""","Atlantic coast; bottom sediments; Blake Plateau; Florida Straits; minerals; South Carolina; Georgia"
"E","","Grace, Cathy A.""","","","","","","","The evaluation of shell resources in federal waters, offshore Mississippi","","","","","","","","","","The Marine Minerals Technology Center, Continental Shelf Division, University of Mississippi, 29 p.""April 1, 1995, 1995","","","","","","29","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","L. Poppe reference collection Short Title: The evaluation of shell resources in federal waters, offshore Mississippi","","","Mississippi"
"G","","Granat, M.A.""","","Dynamics and sedimentology of Inner Middle Ground - Nine Foot Shoal, Chesapeake Bay, Virginia","M.S. Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","Norfolk","Old Dominion University","1976","","","","","","105","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Dynamics and sedimentology of Inner Middle Ground - Nine Foot Shoal, Chesapeake Bay, Virginia","","","Oceanography; Atlantic Coastal Plain; bathymetry; Chesapeake Bay; cluster analysis; dynamics; ebb currents; environment; Inner Middle Ground; marine environment; marine geology; morphology; Nine Foot Shoal; oceanography; sedimentation; sediments; shoals; statistical analysis; tides; Virginia"
"Journal Article","","Green, M.O.""","","Side-scan sonar mosaic of a sand ridge field:southern mid-Atlantic bight","","","","","","Geo-Marine Letters","","","","","","","","","","1986","","6","","1","35-40","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Side-scan sonar mosaic of a sand ridge field:southern mid-Atlantic bight","Side-scan sonar coverage of a 1.5 km by 1.5 km area of the inner shelf depicts the morphology of part of a submarine ridge field. The presence of megaripples indicates that ridge sediments are presently reworked by currents. Megaripples occur in the coarser sands of the north-facing ridge flanks. Distribution of megaripples and the ridge asymmetry support the hypothesis that sand ridges respond as large-scale bedforms to south-setting flows. Megaripple crests were observed to be aligned shore-parallel which indicates a pre-survey episode of shore-normal bedload transport.""","Middle Atlantic Bight; side scan sonar; sedimentary structures; bed forms; sand ripples; sediment transport"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","Griffin, George M.""","Cast history of a typical dredge-fill project in the northern Florida Keys -- effects on water clarity, sedimentation rates and biota","","","","","","","","translator","Fort Pierce, FL","Harbor Branch Foundation","1974","","33","","","","51","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Cast history of a typical dredge-fill project in the northern Florida Keys -- effects on water clarity, sedimentation rates and biota","","","Florida"
"Journal Article","","Griggs, Gary B.""","","California's coastal hazards, in Coastal hazards; perception, susceptibility and mitigation","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","1994","","Special Issue 12","","","1-15","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: California's coastal hazards, in Coastal hazards; perception, susceptibility and mitigation Alternate Journal: Journal of Coastal Research","","","California; cliffs; coastal dunes; coastal environment; dunes; eolian features; erosion; erosion control; erosion features; erosion rates; geologic hazards; human activity; intertidal environment; land use; littoral erosion; preventive measures; shore features; shorelines; urban environment
Environmental geology"
"E","","Groat, Charles //Banino, George//Gardner, Charles//Magnuson, Gary//Rusanowski, Paul//Weaver, Kenneth","","","","","","","","U.S. outer continental shelf sand and gravel resources","","","","","","","","","","The OCS Policy Committee's Subommittee on OCS Sand and Gravel Resources","April, 1993, 1993","","","Final Report, 65 p.""","","65","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: U.S. outer continental shelf sand and gravel resources","","","General"
"Journal Article","","Grosskopf, W.G.//Stauble, D.K.""","","Atlantic coast of  Maryland (Ocean City) shoreline-protection plan","","","","","","Shore and Beach","","","","","","","","","","1993","","61","","1","3-7","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Atlantic coast of  Maryland (Ocean City) shoreline-protection plan","","","Maryland"
"E","","Grosz, A.//Muller, Frederick L.//Uptegrove, Jane //Farnsworth, John //Bell, Christy//Maharaj, Susan V. //Muessig, Karl W. //Hathaway, John C.""","","","Open-File Report","","","","Textural, physiographic, bathymetric and geologic factors controlling economic heavy-minerals distribution in surficial sediments on the Atlantic Continental Shelf offshore of New Jersey","","","","","","","","","","USGS Open-File Report","1989","","","89-0683, 32 p.""","","32","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Geological Survey and Rutgers University;
J. Waldner reference collection Short Title: Textural, physiographic, bathymetric and geologic factors controlling economic heavy-minerals distribution in surficial sediments on the Atlantic Continental Shelf offshore of New Jersey","","","New Jersey"
"Book Chapter","","Grosz, A. E.//Berquist, C. R., Jr.//Fischler, C. T.""","","A procedure for assessing heavy-mineral resources potential of continental shelf sediments","","","Berquist, C.R., Jr.""editor","Heavy-Mineral Studies","","","","","","","","","Charlottesville, VA","Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of Conservation and Economic Development, Division of Mineral Resources Publication 103","1990","","","","","13 - 30","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: A procedure for assessing heavy-mineral resources potential of continental shelf sediments","     Supplies of placer heavy minerals, such as ilmenite, rutile, zircon, and monazite, are anticipated to be in short supply by early in the next century.  The depletion of conventional onshore deposits coupled with the declaration of the Exclusive Economic Zone in 1983 have provided the impetus to assess the resource potential of heavy-mineral concentrations in U.S. Continental Shelf sediments as future sources for these mineral commodities.
     Mineralogically imprecise assessments of placer resources result from analyses of concentrates derived from small-volume samples because of the particle-sparsity effect.  The overall low grade of heavy minerals in Atlantic Continental Shelf sediments require the analyses of mineral concentrates from large volumes of bulk sample.
     A set of procedures to extract and analyze heavy minerals from large-volume samples is presented.  These procedures were designed for general application to reconnaissance surveys; the Virginia study is given as an example.  Resulting data are appropriate for both basic research needs and for industry's requirements for information on offshore mineral grades and distribution.
     The recovery of heavy minerals was a two-stage process using a modified spiral concentrator followed by heavy-liquid separation procedures.  The mineral concentrate derived from heavy-liquid separation was magnetically fractionated to reduce the number of mineral species so that mineral identification and quantification could be facilitated.  Reflected and transmitted light microscopes were used for mineral identification and quantification.  The overall heavy-mineral composition of samples was determined by combining the percentages of heavy-mineral species distributed across the magnetic fractions by use of a computerized database.""","General"
"Book Chapter","","Grosz, Andrew E.//Escowitz, Edward C.//Williams, S. Jeffress//Lopez, Richardo//Hathaway, John C.//Botbol, Joseph M//Poppe, Laurence J.""","","Economic heavy minerals of the U.S. Atlantic continental shelf","","","Krafft, Kathleen","editor","USGS Research on Mineral Resources","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey Circular 0949","1985","","","","","16 - 17","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Economic heavy minerals of the U.S. Atlantic continental shelf","     The Nation's demand for heavy minerals, including many strategic and critical minerals, exceeds the domestic supply.  For example, in 1982 the United States imported 60 percent of the ilmenite and nearly 100 percent of the rutile it required.
     In the United States, heavy minerals, such as ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile, zircon, monazite, and other minerals resistant to weathering, have concentrated along fossil beaches, alluvial floodplains, and recent shorelines.  Major onshore deposits are located in Coastal Plain sediments of New Jersey, the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida.  Economic concentrations of heavy minerals may also be associated with former shoreline and fluvial deposits now submerged on the Continental Shelf.
     The Atlantic Continental Shelf (ACS) has an area of about 3.91 X 105 km2 and probably contains 3-7 X109 m3 of sand and gravel, at an average grade of approximately 1 percent heavy minerals.  This preliminary result is in contrast to previous estimates of 0.16 percent heavy minerals to the ACS sand and gravel.  Therefore, estimates by others of 1.3 X109m3 of sand bearing heavy minerals are almost certainly low.  The USGS is now systematically assessing placer heavy-mineral resources within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone; initial efforts are concentrated on the ACS.  The primary goal is to locate heavy-mineral deposits offshore and to understand the geologic and geochemical factors governing their distribution.
     Heavy minerals in 71 grab samples from offshore of well-studied Coastal Plain marine sediments in Virginia, South Carolina, and northeastern Florida were studied.  Results indicate that surface grab samples from an extensive area offshore of Virginia, where onshore deposits contain the lowest concentrations measured, have the highest concentrations of heavy minerals, comparable to the richest onshore control area (South Carolina) and even some commercial deposits in Florida and New Jersey.  These results are at variance with previously published hypotheses, which state that the best target areas for accumulation of heavy minerals should be situated offshore of known concentrations in onshore sediments.
     Other research focused on the ACS includes analyses of more than 500 grab samples (from the USGS-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution ACS collection) and over 1,200 sediment cores and associated 18,000 line km of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles (from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) to determine the areal and vertical distrubution and economic potential of the identified offshore heavy-mineral accumulations.  Quantitative analyses of sediment characteristics, bathymetry, and other variables show distinct patterns in areas of the ACS where high heavy-mineral concentrations are present.  These patterns are evident on many parts of the central ACS (Long Island to Cape Hatteras).  On parts of the southern ACS (Cape Hatteras to Miami), high heavy-mineral concentrations in these areas is being assessed by quantifying the individual mineral species relative to the absolute concentrations and dimensions of deposits.  A variable called ECON, which is the sum weight percent ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile, sillimanite, and monazite in a sample, is used to indicate potential economic value.  The mean ECON value for offshore Virginia, for example, is 1.13 percent.  However, the ECON reaches values of 4.58 percent in some samples.  For comparison the average ECON value for working deposits in northeastern Florida is about 2 percent.""","heavy minerals; Atlantic Coastal Plain; USGS; Virginia; South Carolina; Florida; New Jersey; placers; Atlantic continental shelf; strategic minerals; critical minerals; ilmenite; rutile; leucoxene; zircon; monazite; Exclusive Economic Zone; EEZ"
"K","","Grosz, A.E.//Hathaway, J.C.//Escowitz, E.C.""","","Placer deposits of heavy minerals in Atlantic continental shelf sediments","","","","","Offshore Technology Conference, 18th","","","1986","Houston, TX, 1986","","","","","","Proceedings: Houston, TX, Offshore Technol. Conf., v.18, no.2","","","18","","","387-394","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Placer deposits of heavy minerals in Atlantic continental shelf sediments","The Atlantic Continental Shelf (ACS) includes an area of about 3.91 x 10 super(5) km super(2) and probably contains 3-7 x 10 super(11) m super(3) of sand and gravel which may locally contain commercially exploitable placer deposits of heavy minerals. Studies indicate an average of 2.0% heavy minerals in these deposits. This contrasts with previous estimates of 0.16% heavy minerals in Shelf sand and gravel. In addition, earlier estimates that show a heavy-mineral volume of 1.3 x 10 super(9) m super(3) contained within the sands and gravels are almost certainly low. Economically valuable heavy-mineral assemblages are prominent in areas on the Shelf. This assemblage consists of titanium oxide minerals, zirconium/hafnium, and rare-earth-bearing minerals as well as foundry and abrasive minerals and precious metals.""","Atlantic coast; Atlantic continental shelf; heavy minerals"
"E","","Grosz, A.E.//Hoffman, C.W.//Gallagher, P.E.//Reid, J.C.//Hathaway, J.C.""","","","Open-File Report","","","","Heavy-mineral resource potential of surficial sediments of the Atlantic Continental Shelf of North Carolina: a reconnaissance study","","","","","","","","","","North Carolina Geological Survey","1990","","","Open-File Report 90-3, 58 p.""","","58","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Heavy-mineral resource potential of surficial sediments of the Atlantic Continental Shelf of North Carolina: a reconnaissance study","","","North Carolina"
"E","","Grosz, A.E.//Hoffman, C.W.//Gallagher, P.E.//Reid, J.C.//Hathaway, J.C.""","","","Open-File Report","","","","Heavy-mineral resource potential of surficial sediments of the Atlantic Continental Shelf of North Carolina: a reconnaissance study","","","","","","","","","","U. S. Geological Survey","1990","","","Open-File Report 90-0245,  58 p.""","","58","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Heavy-mineral resource potential of surficial sediments of the Atlantic Continental Shelf of North Carolina: a reconnaissance study","","","North Carolina"
"E","","Grosz, Andrew E.//Nelson, Douglas D.""","","","Open-File Report","","","","Textural and mineralogic analyses of surficial sediments offshore of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1989","","","Open-File Report 89-0168, 23p.""","","23","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","1 table, sketch map, 4 refs, Short Title: Textural and mineralogic analyses of surficial sediments offshore of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina","","","South Carolina"
"E","","Grove, Kurt A.//Trumbull, James V.A.""","","","Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","","","","Surficial geologic maps and data on three potential offshore sand sources on the unsular shelf of Puerto Rico","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1978","","","Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1017","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Surficial geologic maps and data on three potential offshore sand sources on the unsular shelf of Puerto Rico","","","Miscellaneous; Puerto Rico"
"E","","Grybeck, Donald J.""","","","Yearbook","","","","Tapping the potential mineral resources of Alaska","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1991","","","Yearbook, Fiscal Year 1990, p. 45-47","","","45-47","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Tapping the potential mineral resources of Alaska","","","Alaska; Alaska Mineral Resource Assessment Project; AMRAP; economic geology; mineral exploration; mineral resources; programs; USGS; Economic geology; general; deposits"
"Journal Article","","Guild, B.Q.""","","Beach restoration at Sugar Cove, Maui, Hawaii","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","July, 1999, 1999","","67","","2/3","4 - 18","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach restoration at Sugar Cove, Maui, Hawaii","     Sugar Cove is located on the north shore of Maui, Hawaii, about four miles east of Kahului Harbor, and is exposed to waves from the North Pacific Ocean.  A shallow coral fringing reef provides limited protection from the waves.  Much beach degredation resulted from sand mining in this section of coast for many decades.  The history of the deteriorating beach at Sugar Cove is presented and a description given of projects developed to protect the shore and property starting in 1989.  The first three were not successful or only partially beneficial (sandbags, old-tire/fishnet/cable-system revetment, boulder-wall/apron revetment).  The fourth project was a successful beach nourishment, with the boulder-seawall and apron left in place as a backup shore-protection structure.  The first major placement of sand was in June and July 1996, with additional sand for replenishment placed in the summer of 1997 and again in the summer of 1998 after the heavy surf from El Nino storms.  The projects were done by private initiative and funding.  An additional 6,000 cubic yards of sand were added in early summer 1998.  The background, planning, convincing property owners of its reliability and benefits, presentation to local officials, approval, implementation, and project performance are given in narrative form.  Because sand is no longer being removed, it is expected that the project will continue to be successful.  However, because some erosion occurred after the mining was stopped, it is recognized that maintenance fill (renourishment) will be required, at a rate to be established by experience.""","Hawaii; Maui; Sugar Cove; beaches; rehabilitation; El Nino; sand; beach erosion; benefits; mineral industry; shore protection; history; deterioration; coastal zone management; coastal engineering; beach nourishment; breakwaters; sea walls; man-induced effects; mining; storms; erosion control; long-term records; historical account; environment management; ISE"
"E","","Gulf Task Force","","","","Preliminary assessment","","","","Preliminary assessment of non-fuel mineral resources in the outer continental shelf exclusive economic zone of the Gulf of Mexico","","","","","","","","","Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Louisiana Geological Survey","February, 1989, 1989","","","Preliminary Assessment, 149 p.""","","149","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Preliminary assessment of non-fuel mineral resources in the outer continental shelf exclusive economic zone of the Gulf of Mexico","","","Gulf of Mexico"
"Journal Article","","Haddad, Tanya C.//Pilkey, Orrin H.""","","Summary of the New England beach nourishment experience (1935-1996)","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","January 1, 1998, 1998","","14","","4","1395-1404","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Summary of the New England beach nourishment experience (1935-1996)","Data from 121 nourished beaches in New England are presented, representing over 170 individual nourishment episodes. The regional-nourishment episode record is less fragmented at the federal level than at the state, local, or private levels. Most nourishment episodes in New England are small (<100,000 cubic yards) and state/locally funded. The total number and volume of nourishment episodes completed annually in the region is declining, and the cumulative volume of nourishment sand in the region has plateaued over time. Total known volume of sand emplaced is 12,550,881 cubic yards with 105 of 173 episodes included in this sum.""","Engineering geology; beach nourishment; beaches; cost; erosion; evaluation; history; littoral erosion; New England; programs; statistical analysis; United States"
"E","","Hale, P.B.""","","","","","","","A re-appraisal of offshore non-fuel mineral development potential","","","","","","","","","","Canada Oil and Gas Lands Administration","December, 1984, 1984","","","Division Document No. 1984-2, 43 p.""","","43","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: A re-appraisal of offshore non-fuel mineral development potential","","",""
"Journal Article","","Hale, Peter B.//Fowler, John H.""","","Ocean mining off Nova Scotia","","","","","","People and Technology Working Together","","","","","","","","","","1987","","","","","95 - 118","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Ocean mining off Nova Scotia","     The history of offshore mineral exploration and mining in Nova Scotia is presented, together with a summary of ongoing activities and the outlook for the future.  Although several placer minerals have been sought after gold appears to offer the best opportunigy for development.  Gold is known to occur in the offshore sediments and may be present in economic proportions.  Given the recent onland discoveries we will likely witness additional offshore exploration, and possibly mining sometime in the next decade.  Sand and gravel have been mined from the shallow coastal waters off Nova Scotia for several decades and conditions appear favourable for renewed activity in the vicinity of coastal urban centres.""","Miscellaneous; Nova Scotia"
"Journal Article","","Hale, Peter B.//McLaren, Patrick","","","A preliminary assessment of unconsolidated mineral resources in the Canadian offshore","","","","","","Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","September, 1984, 1984","","77","","869","51-61","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: A preliminary assessment of unconsolidated mineral resources in the Canadian offshore","     Canada, with one of the largest continental shelf areas in the world, has done little to evaluate its offshore unconsolidated mineral resources which include heavy minerals (gold, chromite, rutile etc.) and industrial materials (silica sand and aggregates).  During glaciation much of the continental shelf was covered with an ice sheet and much later subaerially exposed with the result that glacial, glaciomarine and fluvial processes deposited sediments that may contain heavy minerals by winnowing and removing the lighter mineral components.  These potentially valuable resources can be found with suitable exploration techniques such as seismic profiling and bottom sampling.  Gold deposits are known to exist off the coast of Nova Scoati, and on the basis of former beach mining, gold deposits probably occur off Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands.  Large deposits of silca sand occur near the Madeleine Islands and it appears likely that supplies of marine aggregates are present close to urban markets or sites of future mega-projects such as oil field developments.  This paper which is based upon a review of literature and consultation with members of the epartment of Energy, Mines and resources' Coordinating Committee on Ocean Mining (DCOM), is the first step in assessing the Canadian offshore for its resource potential with respect to quantified deposits, known and speculative mineral occurrences.  Although this is a subjective evaluation, the potential appears promising.  A more detailed resource inventory is required to provide a more certain assessment.""","Miscellaneous; Canada"
"Journal Article","","Halsey, Susan D.""","","Sustainable development and coastal zone management; the role of beach nourishment along developed barrier islands [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","March 21-23, 1996, 1996","","28","","3","61","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sustainable development and coastal zone management; the role of beach nourishment along developed barrier islands [abs.]","","","barrier islands; beach nourishment; beaches; coastal environment; cost; development; erosion; erosion control; human activity; New Jersey; Ocean County New Jersey; protection; shore features; shorelines; sustainability; United States
Environmental geology"
"E","","Hamidzada, Nasir//Neff, Nancy Friedrich//Cain, J. Allan","","","","Final","","","","Non-energy coastal resources, Rhode Island coastal waters","","","","","","","","","","Dept. of Geology, University of Rhode Island","1996","","","Final Report FY1992 to the Minerals Management Service, 12 p.""","","12","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","L. Poppe reference collection Short Title: Non-energy coastal resources, Rhode Island coastal waters","","","Rhode Island"
"K","","Hampton, Monty A.//Torresan, M. E.//Wong, F. L.//Frazee, C. S.//Barry, J. H. //Ericksen, M.""","","Possible sand resources on the reef front around Oahu [abs.]","","","Ewing, Lesley//Magoon, Orville T.//Robertson, Sheila","","Bringing Back the Beaches, Sand Rights '99","","","Sept. 23-26, 1999, 1999","Ventura, CA, 1999","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","","","","221","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Possible sand resources on the reef front around Oahu [abs.]","","","beach nourishment; East Pacific Ocean Islands; Hawaii; Honolulu County Hawaii; Kailua Bay; mineral exploration; mining; mining geology; northern Oahu; Oahu; Oceania; offshore; Pacific Ocean; Polynesia; potential deposits; reefs; sands; southwestern Oahu; Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits"
"K","","Hampton, M.A.//Torresan, M.E.//Wong, F.L.//Frazee, C.S.//Barry, J.H.//Ericksen, M.C.""","","Possible sand resources on the reef front around Oahu [abs.]","","","","","The Non-Steady State of the Inner Shelf and Shoreline - Coastal Change on the Time Scale of Decades to Millenia in the Late Quaternary","","","1999","Honolulu, HI, 1999","","","","","","Proceedings: Honolulu, HI, University of Hawaii","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Hampton reference collection Short Title: Possible sand resources on the reef front around Oahu [abs.]","","","Hawaii"
"K","","Hanrahan, S.//DePasquale, A.//Henry, R.//Allen, S.//Swanda, M.""","","Sand resources off the ocean coast of Delaware","","","Tait, L.S.""","National Conference on Beach Preservation Technology: Sand Wars, Sand Shortages & Sand-Holding Structures","","","25-27 Jan 1995, 1995","St. Petersburg, FL, 1995","","","","","","Proceedings: Tallahasee, FL, Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association","","","","","","383 - 398","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand resources off the ocean coast of Delaware","     This paper will discuss the results of acoustic, vibracore, benthic and magnetometer surveys performed off the Delaware ocean coast in an attempt to identify offshore sand borrow sources for the Delaware Coast from Cape Henlopen to Fenwick Island Feasibility Study.  Discussion includes the coordination of efforts between the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia District, and the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control to utilize one of the identified borrow sites for a State and locally funded emergency shore protection project constructed at Dewey Beach, Delaware in the summer of 1994.""","ANW; Delaware; marine resources; sand; resource management; coastal zone management; shore protection;"
"E","","Hardaway, C.S.//Hobbs, C.H., III//Milligan, D.A.""","","","","","","","Investigations of offshore beach sands: Virginia Beach and Sandbridge, Virginia","","","","","","","","","Gloucester Point, VA","Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, 18 p.""October, 1995, 1995","","","","","","18","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Investigations of offshore beach sands: Virginia Beach and Sandbridge, Virginia","","","Virginia"
"Journal Article","","Harris, Michael S.//Krantz, David E.//Wehmiller, John F.//Gayes, Paul T.//Kindinger, Jack L.//Flocks, James G.""","","High resolution stratigraphy and paleogeography of the upper Cenozoic system beneath the coastal plain and continental shelf, Charleston, South Carolina [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","Oct. 28-31, 1996, 1996","","28","","7","118","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: High resolution stratigraphy and paleogeography of the upper Cenozoic system beneath the coastal plain and continental shelf, Charleston, South Carolina [abs.]","Coastal deposits near Charleston, SC, consist of multiple Quaternary highstand and lowstand sequences. Vibracores taken on land and offshore, bucket and gouge auger holes, ground penetrating radar, nearshore bottom-grabs, high-resolution shallow seismics, amino acid analyses, and geomorphology are used to correlate stratigraphic and lithologic relationships between the lower Coastal Plain and the inner shelf. These data are concentrated along two shore-normal transects south of Charleston Harbor and are used to evaluate stratigraphic relationships across the emerged landscape and offshore. The northernmost profile extends from approximately 5km landward (+7m MSL) to 5km seaward (-10m MSL) of Folly Island. It crosses at least four relict shorelines, two Pleistocene highstand sequences, and a submerged barrier. The southern profile extends 12km landward (+9m) to 5km seaward (-10m) of Kiawah Island, crossing at least five relict shorelines, and three or more Pleistocene highstand sequences. The modern and Pleistocene barriers in the Kiawah transect are wider and contain more distinct regressive features than those in the Folly transect. Beneath the Quaternary System, the shallow subcropping Tertiary strata serve(d) as a highly variable (topographically, lithologically, and structurally) base and source for younger sediments. Coastal compartments reoccupied during the late Pleistocene are expressed in the geomorphology of the modern coast and may be directly related to and influenced by variations in these near-surface Tertiary strata. This paleogeographic reconstruction of the Quaternary highstand record in central South Carolina (perhaps the most complete in the Atlantic Coastal Plain) is evaluated in the context of chronostratigraphic models proposed by earlier researchers.""","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Cenozoic; Charleston County South Carolina; Charleston Harbor; Charleston South Carolina; chronostratigraphy; coastal plains; coastal sedimentation; cores; geomorphology; high-resolution methods; paleogeography; Quaternary; reconstruction; sea-level changes; sedimentation; South Carolina; upper Cenozoic
Stratigraphy"
"Book Chapter","","Harrison, Scott E. //Locker, S. D. //Hine, A. C. //Twichell, D. C.//Hine, Albert C. //Halley, Robert B.""","","Morphology and evolution of a siliciclastic sand ridge field over a carbonate bedrock substrate, Indian Rocks Beach, Florida","","","","editor","in Linked Earth Systems; Congress Program and Abstracts, v. 1","","","","","","","","","St. Pete Beach, FL","Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 66 p.""1995","","1","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Morphology and evolution of a siliciclastic sand ridge field over a carbonate bedrock substrate, Indian Rocks Beach, Florida","","","acoustical methods; Atlantic Ocean; bedding plane irregularities; bedforms; bottom features; carbonate rocks; continental shelf; cores; Florida; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; Gulf Coastal Plain; Gulf of Mexico; Indian Rocks Beach; inner shelf; lagoonal sedimentation; marine geology; marine sediments; nearshore sedimentation; North Atlantic; Pinellas County Florida; sand ridges; sedimentary rocks; sedimentary structures; sedimentation; sediments; siliciclastics; sonar methods; surveys; west-central Florida; Oceanography; Applied geophysics"
"Journal Article","","Hartgen, C.//Rowland, J.""","","State/federal cooperatives: evaluating continental shelf sand deposits for use in coastal public works","","","","","","World Dredging, Mining and Construction","","","","","","","","","","August, 2000, 2000","","36","","8","8 - 9, 20 - 22, 28","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: State/federal cooperatives: evaluating continental shelf sand deposits for use in coastal public works","     The US Department of the Interior's Minerals Management Service's Division of International Activities and Marine Minerals (INTERMAR) manages the sand and gravel resources of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS).  Cooperative studies between INTERMAR and the states of Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey to determine the potential of the OCS as sources of material for public works projects are described.  These projects include beach nourishment, wetland restoration, and hurricane protection use.  Environmental studies, interagency activities and geospatial activities are described.""","General"
"Journal Article","","Hartgen, C.//Rowland, J.""","","Offshore sand for coastal protection and beach restoration","","","","","","World Dredging, Mining and Construction","","","","","","","","","","2001, 2001","","37","","2","6 - 7, 14","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Offshore sand for coastal protection and beach restoration","     The US Department of the Interior's Minerals Management Service (MMS) is responsible for the administration of mineral resources on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS).  Legislation has authorized the Secretary of the Interior to negotiate agreements for the use of OCS sand, gravel and shell resources for shore protection, beach restoration of coastal wetlands restoration.  Recent projects are described.  These include the provision of sand for shoreline protection at Patrick Air Force Base in Florida, coastal public works in the Galveston area of Texas, and beach restoration in Virginia.  Details are given of additional projects in Alabama, Florida, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina.""","General"
"E","","Hartley, Robert P.""","","","Technical report","","","","Sand dredging areas in Lake Erie","","","","","","","","","Columbus, Ohio","Department of Natural Resources","January, 1960, 1960","","","Technical Report No. 5, 79 p.""","","79","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand dredging areas in Lake Erie","     Studies of the four commercially exploited sand and gravel deposits in the Ohio waters of Lake Erie, Maumee Bay, Cedar Point, Lorain-Vermilion, and Fairport, have been made during the period 1953 - 1957.  The areas covered by the deposits and the amounts of sand and gravel contained therein have been determined.  Commercial aspects, including sizes, sorting, composition, rounding, and available quantities of useable material have been emphasized.  Potential uses are also shown.  nearly all of the material now being taken is used as concrete, mason and fill sand.  Commercial quantities range from fair to good depending on the composition of the materials and the grain sizes abailable.  Short accounts of the origin of the deposits are included.  All deposits appear to have resulted from the reworking of morainic materials.""","Lake Erie; Great Lakes"
"Book Chapter","","Henyey, Thomas//Osborne, Robert","","","Offshore sand and gravel resources in California","","","","editor","Sea Grant Institutional Program Annual Report  1974-75","","","","","","","","","","University of Southern California, Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies","1975","","","","","20 - 22","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Offshore sand and gravel resources in California","","","California"
"Book Chapter","","Henyey, Thomas//Osborne, Robert","","","Offshore sand and gravel resources in California","","","","editor","Sea Grant Institutional Program Annual Report 1975-76","","","","","","","","","","University of Southern California, Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies","1976","","","","","12-13","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Offshore sand and gravel resources in California","     Sand and gravel are primary resources used in many phases of construction as well to maintain southern California's invaluable beaches and harbors.  Although California has led the Nation in the production of sand and gravel since 1942, deposits of saleable-grade material available under present political and economic conditions are rapidly becoming depleted and could be in short supply by 1980.  The feasibility of mining offshore deposits should be evaluated.
     The project has been assessing the sand and gravel potential on the southern California shelf adjacent to Los Angeles.  Data gathered has already been useful to a seminar on the subject attended by scientists, administrators, industrialists, and academicians.  The information will provide a useful management tool to evaluate sand and gravel resources effectively and to stimulate industrial interest in offshore exploration.""","California; Los Angeles"
"E","","Hess, Gordon R.//Nelson, C. Hans","","","","OCS sand and gravel lease sale","","","","Geology report for proposed Norton Sound; OCS sand and gravel lease sale","","","","","","","","","Menlo Park, CA","U.S. Geological Survey","1982, 1982","","","Open-File Report 82-0997, 41 p.""","","41","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geology report for proposed Norton Sound; OCS sand and gravel lease sale","Introduction - The northern Bering Sea is a broad, shallow epicontinental shelf region covering approximately 200,000 km2 of subarctic sea floor between northern Alaska and the U.S.S.R. (Fig. 1).  The shelf can be divided into four general morphologic areas: (1) the western part, an area of undulating, hummocky relief formed by glacial gravel and transgressive - marine sand substrate (Nelson and Hopkins, 1972); (2) the southeastern part, a relatively flat featureless plain with fine-grained transgressive - marine sand substrate (McManus, et al, 1977); (3) the northeastern part, a complex system of sand ridges and shoals with fine- to medium- grained transgressive sand substrate (Nelson et al, 1978); and (4) the eastern part, a broad flat marine reentrant (Norton Sound) covered by Holocene silt and very fine sand (Nelson and Creager, 1977).
     The northern Bering Sea is affected by a number of dynamic factors: winter sea ice, sea level setup, storm waves and strong currents (geostrophic, tidal, and storm).  The sea is covered by pack ice for about half the year, from November to May.  A narrow zone of shorefast ice develops around the margin of the sea during winter months.  During the open water season, the sea is subject to occasional strong northerly winds, in the fall strong southwesterly winds cause high waves and storm surges along the eintire west Alaskan coast.  Throughout the year, there is a continual northward flow of water with curents intensifying on the east side of strait areas (Coachman et al., 1976).  Although diurnal tidal ranges are small, strong tidal currents are sound in shoreline ares and within central Norton Sound (Fleming & Haggarty, 1966; Cacchione and Drake, 1979).
     This report reviews the methodology employed and the data collected over a period of nearly 20 years in the northern Bering Sea.  A brief geologic history and bachground are presented followed by a discussional of distribution of sediment types and distribution of specific sand and gravel bodies.  The limitations of the data base and needs for further study are explained and a bried summary of resource potential and environmental considerations is given.""","Norton Sound"
"E","","Hess, H.D.""","","","","","","","Marine sand and gravel mining industry of the United Kingdom","","","","","","","","","Rockville","U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Research Laboratories Report","1971","","","TR, ERL 213-MMTC 1","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Marine sand and gravel mining industry of the United Kingdom","","","Miscellaneous"
"Journal Article","","Hess, Harold D.""","","Environmental impact study of offshore sand and gravel mining","","","","","","MTS Journal","","","","","","","","","","1973","","7","","1","49 - 52","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Environmental impact study of offshore sand and gravel mining","","","General"
"E","","Hill, J.R.""","","","","","","","The Indiana dunes - legacy of sand","","","","","","","","","","Indiana Department of Natural Resources","1974","","","Special Report 8","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: The Indiana dunes - legacy of sand","","","Indiana; Great Lakes"
"Book Chapter","","Hine, A.C.//Riggs, S.R.""","","Geological framework, Cenozoic history, and modern processes of sedimentation on the North Carolina continental margin","","","Textoris, D.A.""editor","SEPM Field Guidebooks, Southeastern United States, Third annual midyear meeting, 1986, Raleigh, North Carolina","","","","","","","","","Tulsa, OK","Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists","1986","","","","","129-194","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","With contributions by Mallette, P. M., Mearns, D. L., Snyder, Scott W., and Snyder, Stephen W.
S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: Geological framework, Cenozoic history, and modern processes of sedimentation on the North Carolina continental margin","","","North Carolina"
"Journal Article","","Hobbs, Carl H., III","","","Reconnaissance exploration for heavy minerals on the inner continental shelf off Virginia","","","","","","Marine Mining","","","","","","","","","","1990","","9","","3","365-378","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Reconnaissance exploration for heavy minerals on the inner continental shelf off Virginia Alternate Journal: Marine Mining","In over three years of study of the occurrence and distribution of heavy minerals on the inner continental shelf adjacent to Virginia we have developed a general plan for sampling and geophysical investigation that has proved most serviceable. Two major problems are the determination of from where to collect the initial samples and the adaptation and development of analytical procedures capable of providing data representative of the mineral abundances in the marine environment and suitable for the needs of the exploration by industry. In the set of approximately 400 samples, both grabs and cores, the maximum concentration of heavy minerals in any sample was 14.66% by weight. Maximum concentrations of individual minerals within the bulk sample were 5.90% ilmenite, 0.26% rutile, 0.30% leucoxene, 0.08% monazite, and 0.72% zircon. Restated in terms of the percentage by weight of the heavy mineral portion of the sample, maximum concentrations were ilmenite 60.33, rutile 3.15, leucoxene 8.20, monazite 2.47, and zircon 9.22.""","continental shelf; economic geology; geochemical methods; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; heavy mineral deposits; metal ores; methods; mineral exploration; seismic methods; surveys; Virginia; Economic geology; general; deposits; Applied geophysics; ilmenite; rutile; leucoxene; monazite; zircon"
"Book Chapter","","Hobbs, C. H., III","","","Acoustic geology of a portion of Virginia's innermost continental shelf","","","Berquist, C. R., Jr.""editor","Heavy mineral studies - Virginia inner continental Shelf","","","","","","","","","","Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 103","1990","","","","","1 - 11","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Acoustic geology of a portion of Virginia's innermost continental shelf","     Side-scan sonography of the innermost continental shelf between Cape Henry and the Virginia-North Carolina border depicts a relatively typical inner shelf bottom generally characterized by medium density, meso-scale roughness.  Subbottom acoustic profiles depict the stratigraphy as a Tertiary-age basement separated from Quaternary-age deposits by a regional, angular (?) unconformity.  Holocene-age sediments form a discontinuous layer above another unconformity.  The area's topography appears to be a function of the presence of the modern sediments.""","Virginia; North Carolina; Cape Henry; acoustic geology"
"Journal Article","","Hobbs, C.H., III","","","Marine mineral resources of the U.S. middle and south Atlantic coasts","","","","","","Marine Mining","","","","","","","","","","1991, 1991","","10","","3","215 - 230","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Marine mineral resources of the U.S. middle and south Atlantic coasts Accession Number: 2742202","     The marine mineral resources of the U.S. middle and south Atlantic shelf are little utilized.  Sand and gravel, the largest resource, is used for beach nourishment and protection and, to a much, much lesser degree, for construction.  The potential for more utilization is great.  Submarine deposits of shell have been mined for lime and for use in the oyster industry.  Although significant quantities of manganese nodules and crusts are present on the Black Plateau, exploitation in the forseeable future is unlikely.  Similarly, major phosphate deposits in North Carolina's inner shelf probably will not be exploited as long as onshore deposits are available.  Placer deposits of heavy-mineral sands, especially the titanium minerals, offer the possibility of exploitation, possibly as a by-product of sand mining.""","AW; Atlantic coast; Continental shelves; mineral resources; sands; gravel; phosphates; ferromanganese nodules"
"G","","Hobbs, Carl H., III","","","The sediments and shallow stratigraphy of a portion of the continental shelf of southeastern Virginia","Ph.D. Dissertation","","","","","","","","","","","","","Oxford, MS","University of Mississippi","1997","","","","","","177","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","See Also: Dissertation Abstracts International Part B: Science and Engineering, University Microfilms International, v. 58, n. 11, p. 5854, May 1998 Short Title: The sediments and shallow stratigraphy of a portion of the continental shelf of southeastern Virginia","     A network of high-resolution, seismic-reflection profiles and grab samples of the surficial sediments of the inner continental shelf of southeastern Virginia demonstrate that the Quaternary geology of the region is more complex than indicated by earlier studies.  The spatial variability of the surficial sediments depicts active processes, such as outflow from Chesapeake Bay, as well as the underlying geology in outcrops of finer grained sediments near False Cape,  The complexity of the Quaternary geology results from large and small scale fluctuations in sea level.  Individual, relatively large-scale, seismostratigraphic units are separated by erosional surfaces formed during the major changes in sea level that created the Cape Charles, Eastville, Belle Haven, and Exmore paleochannels in Chesapeake Bay.  The low amplitude, high frequency variations in sea level that occurred during the mid-Pleistocene impacted the inner shelf forming several thin depositional strata separated by local erosional surfaces.  Substantial resources of sand exist on the inner shelf and are suitable for use in beach nourishment and construction aggregate.  The deposits occur in three disticnct stratigraphic settings: discrete shoals on the surface, filled channels, and laterally variable stratigraphic facies.  The three types of filled paleochannels within the inner shelf have different origins: (1) riverine flow, (2) back-barrier or loagoonal channels, and (3) migration of (Holocene?) tidal inlets.""","Continental shelves; shelf sedimentation; sediments; sediment composition; sand; facies; Provenance; outcrops; marine geology; stratigraphy; erosion; sedimentation; coastal morphology; seismic reflection profiles; Quaternary; sea level changes; Paleo studies; ANW; Virginia; Chesapeake Bay"
"E","","Hobbs, C. H., III//Byrne, Robert J.//Gammisch, Robert A.""","","","","","","","Inventory of sand resources in the southern portion of Chesapeake Bay: Final report to the Coastal Erosion Abatement Commission, Commonwealth of Virginia","","","","","","","","","","Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William & Mary,""1984","","","Final Report, 184 p.""","","184","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Inventory of sand resources in the southern portion of Chesapeake Bay: Final report to the Coastal Erosion Abatement Commission, Commonwealth of Virginia","","","Virginia; Chesapeake Bay"
"Journal Article","","Hobbs, C.H., III//Colman, S.M.//C.R. Berquist, Jr.""","","Sandy estuarine fill transported into the mouth of Chesapeake Bay [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1986","","18","","3","227","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","See also: Hobbs, C.H., III, Colman, S.M., and C.R. Berquist, J., 1986, Sandy estuarine fill transported into the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, in Tanner, W.F., ed, Symposium on Coastal Sedimentation: Suite Statistics and Sediment History, 7th, 1986, Tallahasee, FL, Proceedings: Tallahassee, FL, p. 180-198.

Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Sandy estuarine fill transported into the mouth of Chesapeake Bay [abs.]","","","Virginia; Chesapeake Bay; estuarine fill"
"Journal Article","","Hobbs, Carl H., III//Hardaway, C. Scott, Jr.//Berquist, C. R., Jr.""","","Submarine sand resources, southeastern Virginia; contributions from year 9 and year 10 of Virginia's continental margins program","","","","","","Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","","","","","","","","","","1999","","17","","2-3","155-163","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","See also: Hobbs, Carl H., III, Hardaway, C. Scott, Jr., and Berquist, C. R., Jr., 1999, Submarine sand resources, southeastern Virginia; contributions from year 9 and year 10 of Virginia's continental margins program, in Dellagiarino, G. Miller, L.A., and Doenges, S., eds.,  Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins; a summary of year-nine and year-ten activities, 4th, Corpus Christi, TX, Proceedings:  Corpus Christi, TX, Short Title: Submarine sand resources, southeastern Virginia; contributions from year 9 and year 10 of Virginia's continental margins program","","","aggregate; Atlantic Ocean; beach nourishment; Cenozoic; Chesapeake Bay; continental shelf; inner shelf; marine environment; marine geology; mining; North Atlantic; Northwest Atlantic; Pleistocene; Quaternary; Sandbridge shoal; sands; shoals; southeastern Virginia; submarine environment; utilization; Virginia; Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits; Oceanography"
"Journal Article","","Hobbs, Carl H., III//Kimball, Suzette M.""","","Sand resources of lower Chesapeake Bay","","","","","","Marine Mining","","","","","","","","","","1990","","9","","4","429-440","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand resources of lower Chesapeake Bay","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Chesapeake Bay; distribution; economic geology; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; Hampton Virginia; mineral exploration; Norfolk Virginia; Princess Anne County Virginia; sands; seismic methods; surveys; utilization; Virginia; Virginia Beach Virginia; Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits; Applied geophysics"
"Journal Article","","Hobbs, Carl H., III//Maa, J. P. Y.//Hardaway, C. S.""","","Investigations of southeastern Virginia's sand resources [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1997","","29","","1","52-53","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Investigations of southeastern Virginia's sand resources [abs.]","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; beaches; construction materials; continental shelf; dredging; sands; sediments; shore features; southeastern Virginia; Virginia; Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits"
"E","","Hobbs, Carl H., III//Schaffner, Linda C.""","","","Final Report","","","","Geological and benthic evaluation of sand resources in the lower Chesapeake Bay, report 2: Tail of the Horseshoe","","","","","","","","","Gloucester Point, VA","College of William & Mary, School of Marine Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science,""March, 1990, 1990","","","Final Report, 43 p.""","","43","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geological and benthic evaluation of sand resources in the lower Chesapeake Bay, report 2: Tail of the Horseshoe","","","Virginia"
"E","","Hoffman, C.W.""","","","","","","","Stratigraphic and heavy-mineral data continental shelf vibracores; Cape Fear Cuspate Foreland region, NC","","","","","","","","","","North Carolina Geological Survey","1997, 1997","","","Open-File Report 97-4","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Stratigraphic and heavy-mineral data continental shelf vibracores; Cape Fear Cuspate Foreland region, NC","","","North Carolina"
"E","","Hoffman, C.W.""","","","Contract report for U.S. Minerals Management Service, 12p.""","","","Preliminary assessment of potential sand resource areas offshore of Nags Head, Kitty Hawk, and Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina [unpublished]","","","","","","","","","","","1998","","","Contract report for U.S. Minerals Management Service, 12p.""","","12","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Preliminary assessment of potential sand resource areas offshore of Nags Head, Kitty Hawk, and Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina [unpublished]","","","North Carolina"
"Journal Article","","Hoffman, C.W.//Boss, S.K.""","","Reconnaissance survey of bedform patterns offshore of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina [abs]","","","","","","American Geophysical Union Spring Meeting","","","","","","","","","","1999","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Reconnaissance survey of bedform patterns offshore of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina [abs]","","",""
"Journal Article","","Hoffman, C.W.//Boss, S.K.""","","Sand resources of the North Carolina Outer Banks II: Offshore Buxton, NC [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1999","","31","","7","A-461","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Sand resources of the North Carolina Outer Banks II: Offshore Buxton, NC [abs.]","","","North Carolina"
"E","","Hoffman, C.W.//Boss, S.K.//Brooks, R.W.""","","","Open-File Report","","","","Interactive database: vibracores from offshore Hatteras and Ocracoke Islands, North Carolina","","","","","","","","","","North Carolina Geological Survey","2001","","","Open-File Report 2001-01, 1 CD-ROM","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","B. Hoffman reference collection Short Title: Interactive database: vibracores from offshore Hatteras and Ocracoke Islands, North Carolina","","",""
"E","","Hoffman, C.W.//Brooks, R.W.""","","","Open-File Report","","","","Interactive database: vibracores from offshore northern Dare County, North Carolina","","","","","","","","","","North Carolina Geological Survey","2001","","","Open-File Report 2001-02, 1 CD-ROM","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","B. Hoffman reference collection Short Title: Interactive database: vibracores from offshore northern Dare County, North Carolina","","",""
"E","","Hoffman, C.W.//Grosz, A. E.""","","","Open-File Report","","","","Heavy-mineral resource potential of surficial sediments on the Atlantic Continental Shelf offshore of North Carolina: a reconnaissance study","","","","","","","","","","U. S. Geological Survey","1992","","","Open-File Report 90-0245, 58 pp.""","","58","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Geological Survey; See also: North Carolina Geological Survey Open-File Report: 90-3, 58 p. Short Title: Heavy-mineral resource potential of surficial sediments on the Atlantic Continental Shelf offshore of North Carolina: a reconnaissance study","     Textual, mineralogic, and gamma-ray data derived from 87 oceanfloor grab samples collected in the 1970's from the Atlantic Continental Shelf offshore of North Carolina show a change in character at Cape Hatteras.  Sediments north of Cape Hatteras are quartz rich, finer grained, less mature (contain more feldspar), richer in heavy minerals, and more radioactive than carbonate-rich seidments to the south.
     The offshore sediments north of Cape Hatteras may contain potentially economic quantities of many important heavy minerals if concentrations and compositions measured in surficial sediments persist with depth.  Although sediments to the south of Cape Hatteras contain a more mature heavy-mineral assemblage, low overall concentrations limit the resource potential.  The heavy-mineral assemblage in sediments offshore of North Carolina includes ilmenite, rutile, zircon, monazite, sillimanite, and kyanite, as well as species of lesser economic importance such as garnet, tourmaline, and staurolite.
     Concentrations of heavy minerals in the 87 grab samples range from 0.04 to 7.79 weight percent and average 1.77 weight percent.  The economically valuable heavy minerals ilmenite, rutile, leucoxene (altered ilmenite), zircon, monazite, and aluminosilicates (sillimanite, kyanite, and andalusite) make up as much as 4.4 weight percent of some bulk samples.  The highest concentrations of heavy minerals in the study area occur in approximately coast-parallel zones on the middle and outer shelf north of Cape Hatteras.  These zones are identified as prospective targets for heavy-mineral exploration.
     Samples from the North Carolina shelf north of Cape Hatteras averaged about 3.0 weight percent, and samples from the North Carolina shelf south of Cape Hatteras averaged about 1.0 weight percent heavy minerals.  The northern and southern averages compare well with averages determined from grab samples from contiguous areas offshore of Virginia (3.1 weight percent) and South Carolina (1.2 weight percent), respectively.  Thus, the Cape Hatteras area is the boundary between differing heavy-mineral provinces.""","Atlantic Ocean; continental shelf; economic geology; heavy mineral deposits; heavy minerals; marine sediments; mineral composition; North American Atlantic; North Carolina; oceanography; resources; sediments; textures; USGS"
"K","","Hoffman, C.W.//Grosz, A.E.""","","Prospective target area for placer resources exploration on the North Carolina continental shelf","","","Dellagerino//George//Masterson, A.R. //Miller, L.A.""","Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins, 3rd,""","","November 15-18, 1992, 1994","Austin, Texas, 1992","","","","","","Proceedings: Austin, TX","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Prospective target area for placer resources exploration on the North Carolina continental shelf","","","North Carolina"
"Journal Article","","Hoffman, C.W.//Grosz, A.E.//Nickerson, J.G.""","","Stratigraphic framework and heavy minerals of the continental shelf of Onslow and Long bays, North Carolina","","","","","","Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","","","","","","","","","","1999","","17","","2-3","173-184","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S. Boss and/or B. Hoffman reference collections Short Title: Stratigraphic framework and heavy minerals of the continental shelf of Onslow and Long bays, North Carolina","One hundred fourteen vibracores from the Atlantic continental shelf offshore of southeastern North Carolina were opened, described, and processed over several contract years (years 6-9) of the Minerals Management Service - Association of American State Geologists Continental Margins program. Reports for years 9 and 10 of the program compiled the results of the work and assembled the data for release as an interactive CD-ROM report, respectively. The continental shelf of Onslow and Long bays consists predominantly of outcropping Cretaceous through late Tertiary geologic units. Nearshore these units are covered and incised by late Tertiary and Quaternary units.""","North Carolina"
"G","","Holliday, B.W.""","","Observations on the hydraulic regime of the ridge and swale topography of the inner Virginia shelf","Master's Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","Norfolk","Old Dominion University","1971","","","","","","84","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Observations on the hydraulic regime of the ridge and swale topography of the inner Virginia shelf","","","Oceanography; Atlantic Ocean; continental shelf; environment; marine; marine geology; oceanography; sedimentation; Virginia"
"L","","","","","A compilation of subsea energy and mineral resources of the United States including its possessions and trust territory of the Pacific Islands, U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1360","Miscellaneous field studies","","Holser, A.F.//Rowland, R.W.//Goud, M.R.""","","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U.S. Geological Survey","1982","","","","","","","","","1:20,000,000","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: A compilation of subsea energy and mineral resources of the United States including its possessions and trust territory of the Pacific Islands, U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1360","","Map MF-1360","Pacific; USGS"
"Journal Article","","Hoogendoorn, Eric L.//Dalrymple, Robert W.""","","Morphology, lateral migration, and internal structures of shoreface-connected ridges, Sable Island Bank, Nova Scotia, Canada","","","","","","Geology","","","","","","","","","","1986","","14","","5","400 - 403","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Morphology, lateral migration, and internal structures of shoreface-connected ridges, Sable Island Bank, Nova Scotia, Canada","     An extensive complex of shoreface-connected ridges is present around Sable Island, near the outer edge of the Canadian east coast shelf.  Two orders of ridges occur: the larger, first-order ridges are longer, wider, and higher than ridges along the east coast of the United States, whereas the superimposed second-order ridges are smaller.  All of the ridges converge eastward with the shoreface at angles up to 90.  Sediment grain size becomes finer eastward over each ridge, the finest sediment occurring at the base of the eastern flank.  Landward-facing, straight-crested megaripples and sandwaves are present in the troughs, whereas hummocky megaripples occur on the ridge crests.  Eastward migration of the ridges will produce a 3-20-m-thick, upward-coarsening sequence that rests on an upward-fining basal lag.  Cross-bedding predominates throughout the sequence, although the upper part may contain hummocky cross-stratification.  The differences between the United States and the Canadian ridges are due to a more intense storm climate and to obliquely onshore, rather than obliquely offshore, geostrophic flows in the Sable Island area; nevertheless, the sedimentological patterns over the ridges in both areas area similar.""","Nova Scotia; Canada; Miscellaneous"
"E","","Hopkins, Robin","","","","","","","","Placer gold potential, Country Harbour, Nova Scotia","","","","","","","","","","Canada Oil & Gas Lands Administration, 84 p.""September, 1985, 1985","","","","","","84","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Placer gold potential, Country Harbour, Nova Scotia","","","Nova Scotia; Miscellaneous"
"Journal Article","","Houston, James R.""","","Beachfill performance","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","1991","","59","","3","15-24","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beachfill performance","","","artificial beaches; Atlantic Coastal Plain; beachfill; erosion; littoral erosion; Maryland; Ocean City Maryland; shorelines; Worcester County Maryland; Engineering geology; General"
"Journal Article","","Houston, James R.""","","Beach nourishment","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","1995","","63","","1","21-24","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach nourishment Alternate Journal: Shore & Beach","","","beach nourishment; damage; shorelines; storms; Engineering geology; General"
"Journal Article","","Houston, J.R.""","","Beach and coastal restoration","","","","","","World Dredging, Mining and Construction","","","","","","","","","","February, 2000, 2000","","36","","2","6 - 20","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach and coastal restoration","     The history of beach and coastal nourishment in the USA Australia and Europe is outlined.  The benefits and environmental effects of beach nourishment projects are described.  Beachfill designs are discussed and problems with early beachfill designs, which failed to realize that the subaerial pat of the beach was part of a larger beach system, are considered.""","General"
"Journal Article","","Hoyt, John H.//Henry, Vernon J., Jr.""","","Origin of capes and shoals along the southeastern coast of the United States","","","","","","Geological Society of America Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","January, 1971, 1971","","82","","1","59-66","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Origin of capes and shoals along the southeastern coast of the United States","     The origin of the prominent capes and shoals along the southeastern coast has not been satisfactorily explained.  Previously proposed mechanisms, including back-set eddies of the Florida Current (Gulf Stream), longshore-off-shore drift, structural uplift, and variations in wave incidence, are improbable because of the concentration of wave energy on headlands.  Wave refraction favors the retreat of headlands, and an alternate hypothesis for the origin of the capes and offshore shoals must be considered.
     The concurrence of capes and rivers is too prevalent to be fortuitous.  Cape Fear, North Carolina, and Cape Romain-Santee Point, South Carolina, coincide with the mouths of rivers; lesser capes at Tybee and Little St. Simons Islands correspond to the discharge areas of major Georgia rivers.  Cape Lookout, North Carolina, is postulated to correspond to a shoal area seaward of the Pleistocene mouth of the Neuse River prior to capture by the Pamlico River.  Developent of the Cape Hatteras complex has been augmented by sediments from the Roanoke and Pamlico Rivers and from the Susqehanna RIver-Chesapeake Bay system.  
     These capes are not deltas under present conditions; however, at the beginning of a glacial stage, the river gradients were markedly increased by sea-level lowering and deltas developed.  As the sea retreated, the deltas formed farther seaward on the continental shelf, resulting in the depositoin of deltaic ridges of sediment perpendicular to the coast.  During the subsequent submergence which accompanied glacial melting, the deltas became the loci of barrier islands and promenent capes.  Submergence was accompanied by erosion and retreat of the barrier capes resulting in the present capes, shoals, and embayments.""","General; Southeast; Atlantic coast; Georgia; North Carolina; Florida"
"E","","Hubbard, Dennis K.//Sadd, James L.//Miller, Arnold I.//Gill, Ivan P.//Dill, Robert F.""","","","Technical report","","","","The production, transportation, and deposition of carbonate sediments on the insular shelf of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands","","","","","","","","","St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands","Marine Geology Group, West Indies Laboratory Contribution","Febuary, 1981, 1981","","","Technical Report No. MG-1, 145 p.""","","145","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: The production, transportation, and deposition of carbonate sediments on the insular shelf of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands","     This report summarizes the findings of a two-year program to inventory major sediment sources on the St. Croix insular shelf, and to assess the factors responsible for their presence.  Sand supplies fall into two categories.  They are: 1) existing sand bodies, and 2) areas of high carbonate productivity and transport.  Two major sand bodies occur along the wider, southern shelf.  The eastern sand body contains 3.65 X 106 m3 of medium- to fine-grained sand.  Further to the west, another sand body occurs which contains a larger, undetermined volume of sandy sediment.  Along the narrow northern shelf, there are no major sediment-storage sites, and most of the sediment is rapidly moved offshore into the adjacent basin.  Two submarines canyons do occur, but their storage capacity relative to that of the sand bodies on the south shore is small.  The northern shelf is characterized by active reefs.  Their annual carbonate productivity rate of 0-20 kg/m2.yr is closely matched by off-shelf transport.
     Sixteen sediment traps placed at the shelf break and twenty-five sediment tracer experiments all clearly indicate the dominance of physical processes as sediment-transporting agents on the St. Croix shelf.  At Cane Bay, transport rates of up to 3.56 kg/m.day were measured during storms, compared to 0.25 kg/m.day during fair weather.  At Salt River submarine canyon, down canyon transport rates of 4.15-12.58 kg/m.day and 0.31-0.44 kg/m.day were measured during storms and fair weather, respectively.  Sediment imput into the canyon from the adjacent shelf increased from 0.44 kg/m.day to 5.53 kg/m.day as a result of storm-wave action.  Data from other shelf areas further suport this trend.  In some instances, biological or gravitational effects can induce significant sediment transport in conjunction with physical processes.  In Great Pond Lagoon, weak background currents periodically move sediment suspended by burrowing shrimp, and result in new sediment-transport rates of up to 0.33 kg/m.day.""","Miscellaneous; Virgin Islands; U.S. Virgin Islands; St. Croix"
"Journal Article","","Hummell, Richard L.""","","Characterization of an offshore sand resource site for use in beach nourishment projects on Dauphin Island, Alabama [abs.]","","","","","","American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","Oct. 21-23, 1998, 1998","","82","","9","1783","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Characterization of an offshore sand resource site for use in beach nourishment projects on Dauphin Island, Alabama [abs.] Alternate Journal: AAPG Bulletin","As part of an ongoing assessment of the occurrence and economic potential of sand resources in the Alabama Exclusive Economic Zone, a geological investigation was conducted in a 50-square-mile area of the Gulf of Mexico continental shelf south of Dauphin Island to prospect for sand deposits that could be used to nourish eroding beaches. Subsurface geologic data were provided by analysis of 28 vibracores and four borings. Sea-bottom grab samples collected at each vibracore location were used to describe sea-floor sediment texture. Evaluation of the geologic framework of the prospect area indicates that sediments there consist of Holocene ebb-tidal delta, shelf sand sheet, and shelf sand ridge deposits overlying an erosional unconformity of late Pleistocene-early Holocene age. A shelf sand ridge containing up to 11 feet of graded shelly sand can provide a suitable quantity and quality of sand for beach nourishment projects. The vibracores and borings were used to model sediment texture, lithofacies patterns areal extent and volume of sand, three-dimensional distribution of sediment type, and compatibility for beach nourishment. These data indicate that the portion of the ridge with the highest potential for recoverable sand resources is confined to federal waters some 5 to 7 miles off the southeast coast of Dauphin Island in water depths of 40 to 55 feet. The upper surface of the prospective portion of the ridge is exposed on about 5 square miles of sea floor. The ridge shows a marked lithologic contrast with the enclosing muddy sediments, thickens toward the southwest, and has a main axis trending northeast-southwest, nearly perpendicular to shelf bathymetry.""","Alabama; Atlantic Ocean; bathymetry; beach nourishment; Cenozoic; characterization; continental shelf; cores; Dauphin Island; erosional unconformities; Gulf Coastal Plain; Gulf of Mexico; Holocene; lithofacies; lower Holocene; marine sediments; North Atlantic; ocean floors; patterns; Pleistocene; possibilities; Quaternary; resources; sands; sediments; textures; thickness; unconformities; upper Pleistocene; Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits"
"E","","Hummell, Richard L.//Smith, W. Everett","","","","","","","","Geologic, and environmental characterization and near-term lease potential of an offshore sand resource site for use in beach nourishment projects on Dauphin Island, Alabama","","","","","","","","","Tuscaloosa, Alabama","Geological Survey of Alabama, Environmental Geology Division, 165 p.""1995","","","","","","165","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","prepared by the Geological Survey of Alabama in fulfillment of the U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service Cooperative Agreement No. 14-35-0001-30630
L. Poppe reference collection Short Title: Geologic, and environmental characterization and near-term lease potential of an offshore sand resource site for use in beach nourishment projects on Dauphin Island, Alabama","","","Alabama; Dauphin Island"
"Journal Article","","Hunt, Robert E.//Swift, Donald J.P.//Palmer, Harold","","","Constructional shelf topography, Diamond Shoals, North Carolina [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","February, 1977, 1977","","88","","","299 - 311","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Constructional shelf topography, Diamond Shoals, North Carolina [abs.]","     The surficial sand sheet seaward of Diamond Shoals on the North Carolina shelf is molded into a series of coast-parallel ridges as much as 10m high and 5km apart.  An older cohesive substrate is exposed in the troughs.  Fields of sand waves as much as 7m high occur on the ridges and in the troughs.  Their crests are normal to the ridges.  Sand size varies across the sea floor in sympathy with the ridge topography.  The gently inclined landward flanks are coarser grained; the steeper seaward flanks are finer grained.
     There is evidence to indicate that the sand ridges, like the sand waves with which they are associated, are responses to flow.  However, it is not possible to demonstrate the nature of coupling between fluid motion and substrate morphology on the basis of the existing data.
     The landward part of the study area is subjected to a southward water drift that during winter is punctuated by intense southward pulses associated with storms.  The seaward part experiences a strong, predominantly northward flow throughout most of the year, and the zone of shear apprears to migrate back and forth across the study area.  Regional considerations suggest a southward sand transport.  However, during the period of observation, water flow and bedform asymmetry indicated northward transport.  It seems probably that the transport direction reverses with time.""",""
"Journal Article","","Hurme, A.K.//Pullen, E.J.""","","Biological effects of marine sand mining for beach replenishment: Lessons for other uses","","","","","","Marine Mining","","","","","","","","","","1988","","7","","2","123-136","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Biological effects of marine sand mining for beach replenishment: Lessons for other uses","Although the environmental impact of dredging offshore sand for beach nourishment purposes has been less thoroughly examined, studies of nearshore borrowing and beach replenishment have general applicability to marine mining concerns. Whether sand is applied to beach, removed from a nearshore borrow area or mined from the offshore, a new substratum is available for colonization by marine organisms. In each operation existing biota are destroyed, fine sediments may be resuspended, and the profile is altered. If at the conclusion of the operation the surface sediment is similar to the original surface material, if the final long-term profile has similar contours to the original profile, and if the relative depths have not changed greatly, the addition or removal of layers of sand and gravel will probably not have long-term adverse effects on the marine benthos.""","General"
"Journal Article","","Huthnance, J.M.""","","On one mechanism forming linear sand banks","","","","","","Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","","","","","","","","","","1982","","14","","1","79-99","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: On one mechanism forming linear sand banks","Asymmetric tidal currents (Huthnance, 1973) provide a fluid-dynamical basis for Caston's (1972) description of linear sand-bank maintenance by converging sand transport. The authors suppose (i) depth-uniform tidal currents, slightly inclined to the bank crest, (ii) bottom-drag, which retards the current more over the bank and (iii) a faster-than-linear increase of sand transport with current. Then over a sloping bank side the total tidal current having an upslope component and the associated onto-bank sand transport are stronger than the retarded reverse tidal current and transport coming off the bank. Supposing that (iv) sand is more easily transported "downhill" short-wavelength perturbations on a level sea floor are suppressed. There is a maximum bed-form growth rate at a particular wavelength (typically 250 times the water depth) and orientation (relative to the tidal currents) which probably evolve and persist during subsequent sand-bank growth. In the representative context of friction-dominated tidal currents, the banks evolve to an equilibrium profile which is flatter on top than a sinusoid owing to wind-wave erosion and the inclination to the tidal current.""","General; sand transport"
"Journal Article","","Huthnance, J.M.""","","On the formation of sand banks of finite extent","","","","","","Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","","","","","","","","","","1982","","15","","3","277-299","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: On the formation of sand banks of finite extent","The author considers a model where the fluid depth depends on both horizontal coordinates, quasi-steady depth-uniform non-divergent fluid flow is governed by inertial, pressure and bottom-frictional forces, sand transport is proportional to the cube of the instantaneous current but augmented by a down-slope component and by wind-wave action, and sand is conserved. Low parallel banks grow faster, so that in an extensive spatially uniform sea previous calculations for linear banks are appropriate. The inclination of banks to the tidal currents can be interpreted in terms of similarly inclined deposition bands resulting from vorticity generation and advection in flow over a small isolated hump. A small bump can evolve to an equilibrium bank (typically after an initial rapid extension across the tidal currents) provided that sand is sufficiently restricted and particularly if some wind-wave action prevents growth up to the sea surface.""","General; models; sand transport"
"Journal Article","","Ibrahim, Maher A. H.""","","Exploration history and mineral resource endowment of the Atlantic outer continental shelf [abs.]","","","","","","Program and abstracts from the Third Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins: a summary of year-five and year-six activities","","","","","","","","","","November 15 - 18, 1992, 1992","","","","","21","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Exploration history and mineral resource endowment of the Atlantic outer continental shelf [abs.]","     The Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) has potential for nonenergy minerals and hydrocarbon resources.  Offshore sand and gravel are of increasing interest for beach replenishment and for construction.  Several Federal-State cooperative efforts are studying heavy minerals, phosphorites, and sand and gravel resources.
     Beginning with Sale 40 in 1976, industry has paid more than $2.8 billion in bonuses for tracts offered in nine Atlantic lease sales.  Hydrocarbon exploration began with the drilling of large anticlinal structures in the Baltimore Canyon Trough, Georges Bank Basin, and Southeast Georgia Embayment.  In 1983, industry began testing a "reef trend" beneath the continental slope.  Forty-six exploration wells and five stratigraphic test wells have been drilled in the Atlantic OCS to date.  Only subeconomic quantities of hydrocarbons, mostly gas, were discovered in the Hudson Canyon blocks 598 and 642.
     The Minerals Management Service (MMS) assessment of the hydrocarbon potential of the Atlantic OCS remains optimistic, with many plays and basins still untested.  Current interest focuses on the Manteo prospect, offshore from Cape Hatteras, for which Mobil and partners have submitted an exploration plan.  The MMS 5-Year Comprehensive Leasing Plan includes Sale 164 in the Atlantic OCS, with tracts in the Baltimore Canyon Trough and the undrilled Carlina Trough.  Shelf anticlines and carbonate platform prospects are two of several untested plays in the Carolina Trough.  Offshore rift basins may be exploration targets in the future.
     Source rock analyses suggest that natural gas is more likely than oil to exist in most of the Atlantic OCS.  With this area's proximity to population centers, any significant increase in gas prices will heighten the exploration attractiveness of the Atlantic OCS.""",""
"E","","Indiana Department of Natural Resources - Division of Soil Conservation","","","","","","","","Use of sand or pea gravel in underwater beach construction","","","","","","","","","Indianapolis, IN","Lake & River Enhancement Program, 2 p.""1999","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Use of sand or pea gravel in underwater beach construction","","","General"
"Journal Article","","Jackson, Nancy L.//Nordstrom, Karl F.""","","The mobility of beach fill in front of a seawall on an estuarine shoreline, Cliffwood Beach, New Jersey, USA","","","","","","Ocean & Coastal Management","","","","","","","","","","1994","","23","","2","149-166","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: The mobility of beach fill in front of a seawall on an estuarine shoreline, Cliffwood Beach, New Jersey, USA Alternate Journal: Ocean & Coastal Management","A field investigation was conducted to identify beach change associated with emplacement of a stone seawall and beach fill designed to protect an eroding cliff near the west end of a meso-tidal estuary. Visual observations of wave processes reveal a mean breaking wave height of 0.2 m at the most exposed monitoring site, a storm-wave height of 0.43 m and a maximum longshore current velocity of 0.55 m/s. Maximum net erosion at any one monitoring site over 44 months was 26.3 m super(3)/m of beach, resulting in a rate of erosion of 2.3 m/year. Up to 6.8 m super(3)/m of eolian accretion occurred due to the overly wide nourished beach. Local differences in shoreline orientation, sheltering by headlands, position of the seawall on the beach profile, shore-perpendicular structures and sediment availability resulted in variability in beach processes and changes in beach profile. Flanking occurred at the southeast end of the seawall, where fill material bypassed the upper foreshore and moved along the low tide terrace, favored by a pronounced break in shoreline orientation. Net erosion did not occur at the west end of the seawall because sufficient fill sediment was available from updrift sources. Where no fill remained in front of the seawall, wave energy dissipation on the outer low-tide terrace at low tide and wave reflection off the structure without breaking at high tide diminished the effectiveness of wave-energy concentration and turbulence on the low-tide terrace at the base of the wall, and there was no net scour. Shore-parallel structures constructed on the low-tide terrace on meso-tidal estuarine shorelines may not require a fronting protective beach to prevent net toe scour, but nourishment may delay flanking problems on the upper foreshore at downdrift sites.""","beach nourishment; beaches; cliffs; Cliffwood Beach; coastal environment; controls; currents; erosion; estuarine environment; jetties; longshore currents; marine installations; marine terraces; Monmouth County New Jersey; New Jersey; ocean currents; Raritan Bay; Sandy Hook; seawalls; shore features; shorelines; wind transport
Engineering geology"
"K","","James, William R.""","","Beach fill stability and borrow material texture","","","Center, U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research","","Coastal Engineering Conference, 14th","","","1974","Copenhagen, Denmark","","","","","","U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Center","","","","","","1334 - 1349","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach fill stability and borrow material texture","The dependence of beach fill stability on the textural properties of borrow material requires development of quantitative methods for use in selection of borrow areas and in prediction of possible maintenance costs associated with periodic renourishment.  If a shore segment is viewed as a sediment mass transfer system, where grains of different size have different transport rates, then termination of natural sediment input to the shore segment will cause the beach to retreat and the materials in the active zone will become coarser.  The ratio of retreat rates associated with a given borrow material texture to that associated with native material can be used in optimizing economic factors involved in selection among potential borrow zones.
     With certain simplifying assumptions the relative retreat rate associated with a given borrow material texture can be predicted from observations of the modifications in textural properties of native material which occur during the eroding condition following termination of the natural supply of sediment.  Further simplifying assumptions result in an analytical expression for relative retreat rates which may not require observations of the natural beach in the eroding condition.
     The proposed method is in substantial agreement with qualitative quidelines provided in the Shore Protection Manual [2].""","General"
"E","","James, W.R.""","","","Technical Memorandum","","","","Techniques in evaluating suitability of borrow material for beach nourishment","","","","","","","","","Ft. Belvoir, VA","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","1975","","","Technical Memorandum 60, p. 95 - 102","","","95-102","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Techniques in evaluating suitability of borrow material for beach nourishment","","","General"
"Journal Article","","Jantz, S.//Webb, C.K.//Lindquist, A-L","","","Opportunistic beach fill program, Carlsbad, California","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","July, 1999, 1999","","67","","2/3","44 - 49","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Opportunistic beach fill program, Carlsbad, California Accession Number: 4603649","     The Opportunistic Beach Fill Program is being established by the City of Carlsbad, California.  The goal of the program is to streamline the permit process for on-going beach replenishment.  For the situation at Carlsbad, an opportunistic beach fill is the process of taking advantage of beach-suitable material generated from inland sources that is abailable at low or no cost.  The program objectives are to: (1) renourish the Oceanside Littoral Cell, (2) maintain a regional replenishment project and (3) improbe shore protection and recreation.  The City seeks to secure general permits from all agencies prior to any potential projects so that beach-fill opportunities can be capitalized upon as they arise.  The City has recently missed obtaining approximately 100,000 cubic yards (yd super (3)) (76,000m super (3)) of sand from upland construction projects because permits could not be secured in time to meet the respective construction schedules.  The program will enable contractors to utilize specific beaches as material disposal sites if the material is beach-compatible, thus potentially reducing disposal costs while providing the City with inexpensive beach-nourishment material.  The City of Carlsbad proporses to create a general permit for  beach-fill projects by establishing criteria related to sand properties and placement operations of the material.  The City would be granted greater discretionary approval capabilities for beach fills, while notifying resource agencies of pending projects.  Material criteria pertain to chemistry, gradation, color, particle shape, debris content, and compactibility/moldability.  City staff will apply a checklist in assessing each project.  A greater level of agency scrutiny could occur when potential beach fills are marginally acceptable (more than 15 to 25% fines) or are large quantities (greater than 100,000 to 160,000 yd super (3)).""","California; Carlsbad; Fill permits; beaches; shore protection; sands; recreation; construction materials; Urban areas; environmental management; coastal zone management; erosion control; beach erosion; beach nourishment; dredge spoil; permits; coastal engineering; regional planning; INE"
"Journal Article","","John, Chacko J.//Ramsey, Karen E.//Penland, Shea//Groat, Charles G.""","","Potential exploitable sand resources in Louisiana's Exclusive Economic Zone [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1990","","22","","4","20","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Potential exploitable sand resources in Louisiana's Exclusive Economic Zone [abs.]","","","Atlantic Ocean; economic geology; Gulf Coastal Plain; Gulf of Mexico; Louisiana; North Atlantic; offshore; sands; United States Exclusive Economic Zone; Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits"
"Journal Article","","Johnsen, Carl D.//Clearey, William J.//Marden, Tara P.""","","Sand resources on hardbottom dominated shorefaces in southeastern North Carolina [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","March 19-21, 1998, 1998","","30","","1","28","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand resources on hardbottom dominated shorefaces in southeastern North Carolina [abs.]","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; beach nourishment; Cape Fear; clastic sediments; Long Bay; New River; North Carolina; Ocean Isle; Onslow Bay; sand; sediments; shorelines; southeastern North Carolina; Engineering geology"
"Journal Article","","Johnsen, C.D.//Cleary, W.J.//Riggs, S.R.""","","Seafloor mapping of the shoreface, Onslow Beach, N. Carolina, using digital sidescan sonar and seismic reflection [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1999","","31","","2","25-26","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: Seafloor mapping of the shoreface, Onslow Beach, N. Carolina, using digital sidescan sonar and seismic reflection [abs.]","","","acoustical methods; barrier islands; bathymetry; Belgrade Formation; Browns Island; Cenozoic; erosion; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; mapping; North Carolina; ocean floors; Oligocene; Onslow Bay; Paleogene; sediment supply; seismic methods; side-scanning methods; sonar methods; surveys; Tertiary; United States"
"Journal Article","","Johnson, R.O.//Nelson, W.G.""","","Biological effects of dredging in an offshore borrow area","","","","","","Florida Scientist","","","","","","","","","","1985","","48","","3","166 - 187","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Biological effects of dredging in an offshore borrow area","    Changes in benthic fauna were monitored following excavation of an offshore borrow area in the vicinity of Fort Pierce Inlet, Florida.  Sampling stations were established along 2 transects located in the borrow area, 1 control transect north of the borrow area, and 1 control transect south of the borrow area.  Results suggest that relatively larger reductions in abundance, but not number of species, of the benthic fauna occurred in the borrow area following dredging as compared with the controls.  Therefore the decrease ovserved appears greater than can be accounted for on the basis of seasonal changes alone.  Both parameters returned to pre-dredging levels in from 9 - 12 months.  Species composition, however, was altered in the borrow area and had not returned to the pre-dredging composition after 12 months.  It is probable that this species shift is not detrimental in that it resembles the species composition at other undisturbed locations in this region.""","environmental impact; dredging; benthos; USA, Florida Coast; biocenoses; coastal water; Florida; community composition; Florida; Fort Pierce Inlet"
"Journal Article","","Johnston, Marcus K.//Cleary, William J.//Nigro, Benjamin","","","Inter-relationships between the inherited geologic framework and shoreface sediment distribution, southeastern North Carolina [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1997","","29","","1","55","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Inter-relationships between the inherited geologic framework and shoreface sediment distribution, southeastern North Carolina [abs.]","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; barrier islands; beach nourishment; beaches; Cenozoic; hardbottoms; marine sediments; New River Inlet; North Carolina; Oligocene; Paleogene; sediments; shore features; shorelines; southeastern North Carolina; Tertiary; Oceanography"
"K","","Kana, Timothy W.""","","Beach nourishment through inlet relocation","","","","","Proceedings from Beach Preservation Technology '89: Strategies and Alternatives in Erosion Control","","","February 22 - 24, 1989, 1989","","","","","","","","","","","","","293 - 302","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach nourishment through inlet relocation","     The quantity of sand trapped in ebb-tidal deltas can be very large in relation to adjacent beach/littoral profiles.  Offshore shoals associated with ebb-tidal deltas affect wave direction and energy dissipation along adjacent beaches and create irregular zones of accretion and erosion.  In some cases, particularly migrating inlets, the channel can be relocated to effect a natural renourishment of the downdrift shoreline.  An unstabilized channel was causing direct erosion along Seabrook Island and, South Carolina, as the inlet migrated to the south.  It also trapping a large volume of sand in its migrating ebb-tidal delta, contributing to a sand deficit along the downdrift beach.  This paper describes the impact of the inlet relocation project on the downdrife eroding shoreline during the fist five years of the project.  Also discussed are implications for similar settings and recommendations for incorporating inlet relocation schemes in local shoreline management plans.""","General"
"E","","Kastens, K.A.//Fray, C.T.//Schubel, J.R.""","","","Special report","","","","Environmental effects of sand mining in the lower bay of New York Harbor; phase 1","","","","","","","","","Stony Brook, NY","Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York","September, 1978, 1978","","","Special Report no. 15, 139 p.""","","139","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Includes annotated bibliography 
References: 106; illus. incl. tables, sketch maps Short Title: Environmental effects of sand mining in the lower bay of New York Harbor; phase 1","An introduction to the continuing investigation of the sand and gravel resources of Lower New York Harbor is presented. The report contains the results of Phase I, and consists of (1) an annotated bibliography and critical review of all pertinent literature; (2) a collection and interpretation of all pertinent existing data; (3) textural data for new sediment samples collected from East Bank and adjacent areas east of Ambrose Channel, and a limited number of samples from West Bank; and (4) results of a preliminary geophysical survey of Lower New York Harbor. The objective of this study was to develop a predictive capability for assessing the environmental impacts that would result from a variety of sand and gravel mining activities _ different techniques of mining, different rates and patterns of removal; and to use this information to develop appropriate plans for management of this resource.""78-3","environmental effects; underwater exploitation; mining; sand; ANW, USA, New York"
"E","","Katuna, Michael//Blythe, Robert B.//Moeller, Michael E.//Williams, Bryan P.""","","","","","","","Study of shoreline migration rates and sediment budgets for Seabrook, Kiawah and Folly Islands, South Carolina","","","","","","","","","","South Carolina Task Force on Offshore Resources","1995","","","Final Report to the Minerals Management Service, 11p. + figs and app.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","L. Poppe reference collection Short Title: Study of shoreline migration rates and sediment budgets for Seabrook, Kiawah and Folly Islands, South Carolina","","","South Carolina"
"Journal Article","","Katz, K.""","","McCormack mines the ocean floor","","","","","","Sand & Gravel","","","","","","","","","","1987","","","","August 1987","47 - 49","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: McCormack mines the ocean floor","","",""
"E","","Kehrin, R.T.//Halka, J.P.//Wells, D.V.//Hannessee, E.L.//Blakeslee, P.J.//Zoltan, N.//Cuthbertson, R.H.""","","","Report of Investigations","","","","The surficial sediments of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland: physical characteristics and sediment budget","","","","","","","","","","Maryland Geological Survey","1988","","","Report of Investigations 48, 82 p.""","","82","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: The surficial sediments of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland: physical characteristics and sediment budget","","","Chesapeake Bay; Maryland"
"E","","Kelley, Joseph T.""","","","Circular","","","","East Coast physiography and surficial sediments along the inner continental shelf of Maine [abs.]","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U.S. Geological Survey","Nov. 14-16, 1989, 1990","","","Circular, Report C 1052, p.58","","","58","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","See also:
Editors: Lockwood, Millington; McGregor, Bonnie A 
Affiliation: Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Adm., Natl. Ocean Serv., Rockville, MD, United States (USA) 
Conference: 1989 Exclusive Economic Zone symposium on Mapping and research; Federal-State partners in EEZ mapping, Reston, VA, United States, Nov. 14-16, 1989 Short Title: East Coast physiography and surficial sediments along the inner continental shelf of Maine [abs.]","","","Atlantic Ocean; bottom features; continental shelf; inner shelf; Maine; marine sediments; North American Atlantic; oceanography; sediments; United States Exclusive Economic Zone; USGS; Oceanography"
"E","","Kelley, J.T.""","","","","","","","Sea-level change and coastal erosion in Maine, NOAA Estuary-of-the-Month, 5-89","","","","","","","","","","NOAA","1991","","","Coastal Ocean Program Regional Synthesis Series No. 1, p. 27-44","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: Sea-level change and coastal erosion in Maine, NOAA Estuary-of-the-Month, 5-89","","","Gulf of Maine"
"E","","Kelley, J.T.//Barnhardt, W.A.//Belknap, D.F.//Dickson, S.M.//Kelley, A.R.""","","","","","","","The seafloor revealed - the geology of the northwestern Gulf of Maine Inner Continental Shelf","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1998, 1998","","","Open-File Report 96-6, 55 p.""","","55","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: The seafloor revealed - the geology of the northwestern Gulf of Maine Inner Continental Shelf","","","Gulf of Maine"
"E","","Kelley, J.T.//Barnhardt, W.A.//Belknap, D.F.//Dickson, S.M.//Kelley, A.R.""","","","","","","","The seafloor revealed: the geology of Maine's inner continental shelf.  A report to the Regional Marine Research Program","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1998","","","Open-file Report 98-6, 55 p.""","","55","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: The seafloor revealed: the geology of Maine's inner continental shelf.  A report to the Regional Marine Research Program","","","Gulf of Maine"
"E","","Kelley, J.T.//Belknap, D.F.""","","","Open-file Report","","","","Geomorphology and sedimentary framework of the inner continental shelf of Central Maine: Technical report to the Minerals Management Service","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1988","","","Open-file Report 88-6, 51 p.""","","51","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geomorphology and sedimentary framework of the inner continental shelf of Central Maine: Technical report to the Minerals Management Service","","","Gulf of Maine"
"E","","Kelley, J.T.//Belknap, D.F.""","","","","","","","Sedimentary framework of the Penobscot Bay and adjacent shelf, Maine: Technical report to the Minerals Management Service","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1989","","","Open-File Report 89-3, 35 p.""","","35","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: Sedimentary framework of the Penobscot Bay and adjacent shelf, Maine: Technical report to the Minerals Management Service","","","Gulf of Maine; Penobscot Bay"
"K","","Kelley, J.T.//Belknap, D.F.""","","Sedimentary framework of the inner continental shelf of Central Maine","","","","","Symposium on Continental Margins, 2nd","","","1989","Austin, TX","","","","","","","","","","","","5-89","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: Sedimentary framework of the inner continental shelf of Central Maine","","","Gulf of Maine"
"Journal Article","","Kelley, J.T.//Belknap, D.F.""","","Physiography, surficial sediments and Quaternary stratigraphy of the inner continental shelf and nearshore region of Central Maine, United States of America","","","","","","Continental Shelf Research","","","","","","","","","","1991","","11","","","1265-1283","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: Physiography, surficial sediments and Quaternary stratigraphy of the inner continental shelf and nearshore region of Central Maine, United States of America","The western margin of the Gulf of Maine is a bedrock-framed, glaciated continental shelf that has only recently been geologically mapped. The bathymetry is divisible into four physiographic areas: nearshore basins, shelf valleys, rocky zones, and outer basins. The nearshore basins are largely floored by mud except near rock outcrops where shelly gravel occurs. Shelf valleys extend seaward from nearshore basins and estuaries and generally possess less sediment than nearshore basins. Abundant exposures of Pleistocene sediment with ripple substrates suggest that contemporary reworking is occurring. Rocky zones are the most abundant physiographic area and include both exposed bedrock and glacial gravel outcrops. Below the shoreline thicker deposits of sediment exist, while all environments landward were reworked by a regression and transgression of the sea.""","Gulf of Maine"
"E","","Kelley, J.T.//Belknap, D.F.//Shipp, R.C.""","","","Open-file Report","","","","Geomorphology and sedimentary framework of the inner continental shelf of south central Maine: Technical report to the Minerals Management Service","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1986","","","Open-file Report 86-13, 51 p.""","","51","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: Geomorphology and sedimentary framework of the inner continental shelf of south central Maine: Technical report to the Minerals Management Service","","","Gulf of Maine"
"E","","Kelley, J.T.//Belknap, D.F.//Shipp, R.C.""","","","","","","","Sedimentary framework of southern Maine's inner shelf: A report to the Minerals Management Service, 11-87.""","","","","","","","","","","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: Sedimentary framework of southern Maine's inner shelf: A report to the Minerals Management Service, 11-87.""","","Gulf of Maine"
"Journal Article","","Kelley, J.T.//Belknap, D.F.//Shipp, R.C.""","","Sedimentary framework of the southern Maine inner continental shelf: influence of glaciation and sea-level change","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1989","","90","","","139-147","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: Sedimentary framework of the southern Maine inner continental shelf: influence of glaciation and sea-level change","Although the tidally influenced shoreline of Maine is longer than that of virtually any other state, almost no research on its geology has been published. In order to go some way towards remedying this, 1500 km of high-resolution seismic reflection data and 800 km of sidescan sonar imagery have been collected. On the basis of these data and observations made during ten submersible dives, more than 800 bottom samples were collected and evaluated for texture and composition. The understanding of the sedimentary framework of the southern Maine shelf and the processes that maintain it are summarized, and future research directions to evaluate the strategic mineral potential are indicated. The mineralogy of the shelf sediment is complex, and it is not yet clear whether glacial homogenization has obliterated distinctions between river drainage basins and the adjacent shelf. Studies are continuing into northern Maine and analysis of the heavy mineralogy of the shelf sediment utilizing a 2 m Humphrey Spiral to process large grab samples and cores has begun.""","Gulf of Maine"
"E","","Kelley, J.T.//D.F., Belknap.//FitzGerald, D.M.//Barber, D.C.//Dickson, S.M.//Van Heteren, S.//Fink, L.K.//Manthorp, P.A.""","","","Open-File Report","","","","A sand budget for Saco Bay","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1995","","","Open-File Report 95-1, 40 p.""","","40","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: A sand budget for Saco Bay","","","Saco Bay; Gulf of Maine"
"E","","Kelley, J.T.//Dickson, S.D.//Lehmann, C.//Barnhardt, W.A.""","","","","","","","Sedimentary framework of the inner continental shelf of Maine, with special emphasis on commercial quality sand and gravel deposits and potentially economic heavy mineral placers:  Technical report to the Minerals Management Service","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1997","","","Open-file Report 97-4","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: Sedimentary framework of the inner continental shelf of Maine, with special emphasis on commercial quality sand and gravel deposits and potentially economic heavy mineral placers:  Technical report to the Minerals Management Service","","","Gulf of Maine"
"E","","Kelley, J.T.//Dickson, S.M.//Barnhardt, W.A.//Barber, D.//Belknap, D.F.""","","","Open-File Report","","","","Volume and quality of sand and gravel aggregate in the submerged paleodelta, shorelines and modern shoreface of Saco Bay, Maine","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1995","","","Open-file Report 95-71, 28 p.""","","28","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: Volume and quality of sand and gravel aggregate in the submerged paleodelta, shorelines and modern shoreface of Saco Bay, Maine","","","Saco Bay; Gulf of Maine"
"Journal Article","","Kelley, J.T.//Dickson, S.M.//Belknap, D.F.//Barnhardt, W.A.//Barber, D.C.""","","Distribution and volume of sand bodies on the rocky, glaciated inner continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Maine","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","2000","","19","","","41-56","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Distribution and volume of sand bodies on the rocky, glaciated inner continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Maine","","","Gulf of Maine"
"E","","Kelley, Joseph T.//Dickson, Stephen M.//Belknap, Daniel F.//Friez, Julie K.""","","","","","","","Sedimentary framework of the southern Maine inner continental shelf; preliminary results from vibracores: Technical report to the Minerals Management Service","","","","","","","","","Augusta, ME","Maine Geological Survey","1990, 1990","","","Open File Report 90-1, 48 p.""","","48","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: Sedimentary framework of the southern Maine inner continental shelf; preliminary results from vibracores: Technical report to the Minerals Management Service","","","Gulf of Maine"
"Book Chapter","","Kelley, J.T.//Dickson, S.M.//Belknap, D.F.//Stuckenrath, R.""","","Sea-level change and the introduction of late Quaternary sediment to the southern Maine inner continental shelf","","","Wehmiller, J.//Fletcher, C.""editor","Quaternary Coasts of the United States, Soc. Econ. Paleo. and Mineralogists, Special Paper 48","","","","","","","","","","","1992","","","","","23-34","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: Sea-level change and the introduction of late Quaternary sediment to the southern Maine inner continental shelf","","","Gulf of Maine"
"E","","Kelley, J.T.//Dickson, S.M.//Lehman, C.//Barnhardt, W.A.""","","","","","","","Sedimentary framework of the inner continental shelf of Maine with special emphasis on commercial quality sand and gravel deposits and potentially economic heavy mineral placers","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1997, 1997","","","Open-File Report 97-4, 31 p.""","","31","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: Sedimentary framework of the inner continental shelf of Maine with special emphasis on commercial quality sand and gravel deposits and potentially economic heavy mineral placers","","","Gulf of Maine"
"E","","Kelley, J.T.//Shipp, R.C.//Belknap, D.B.""","","","","","","","Geomorphology and sedimentary framework of the inner continental shelf of southwestern Maine: Technical report to the Minerals Management Service","","","","","","","","","","Maine Geological Survey","1986","","","Open-file Report 86-12; 83 p.""","","83","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference collection Short Title: Geomorphology and sedimentary framework of the inner continental shelf of southwestern Maine: Technical report to the Minerals Management Service","","","Gulf of Maine"
"E","","Kelley, S.W.//Ramsey, J.S.//Byrnes, M.R.""","","","","","","","Numerical modeling evaluation of the cumulative physical effects of offshore sand dredging for beach nourishment","","","","","","","","","Herndon, VA.""U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, International Activities and Marine Minerals Division (INTERMAR)","2001","","","OCS Report MMS 2001-098, 186 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","96 pp. + 90 pp. appendices, M. Byrnes reference collection Short Title: Numerical modeling evaluation of the cumulative physical effects of offshore sand dredging for beach nourishment","","",""
"Journal Article","","Kelling, G.//Sheng, H.//Stanley, D.J.""","","Mineralogic composition of sand-sized sediment on the outer margin off the mid-Atlantic states: assessment of the influence of the ancestral Hudson and other fluvial systems.""","","","","","Geological Society of America Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1975","","86","","6","853-862","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Mineralogic composition of sand-sized sediment on the outer margin off the mid-Atlantic states: assessment of the influence of the ancestral Hudson and other fluvial systems.""","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Atlantic Ocean; Cenozoic; clastic sediments; composition; continental margin; continental shelf; continental slope; Delaware; dispersal; drainage systems; fluvial features; Hudson River; marine geology; marine transport; Maryland; mineral composition; New Jersey; oceanography; patterns; provenance; Quaternary; rivers; sand; sedimentation; sediments; stream transport; transport; Virginia"
"Book Chapter","","Kendell, Thomas R.//Vick, Jennifer C.//Forsman, Lars M.""","","Sand as a resource; managing and mining the Northern California coast,""","","Domurat, George W.//Wakeman, Thomas H.""editor","The California coastal zone experience","","","","","","","","","New York, NY","Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.""1991","","","","","278-297","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Seventh symposium on coastal and ocean management, Long Beach, CA, United States, Jul. 8-12, 1991 Short Title: Sand as a resource; managing and mining the Northern California coast,""","","beaches; California; coastal environment; conservation; dredging; economic geology; erosion; Humboldt Bay; management; mineral exploration; mining; Monterey Bay; natural resources; Northern California; offshore; processes; resources; sands; shorelines; United States"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","Kent, Peter//[with contributions from N.C.Fleming]","","Minerals from the marine environment","","","","","","","","translator","London (UK)","Edward Arnold","1980","","","","","","88","","","","Duntley, S.Q.""","Resource and Environmental Sciences Series","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Minerals from the marine environment","The resource potential of the seas is becoming increasingly important as the natural wealth of land areas is exhausted. Part of this potential is already being realized in the production of chemical elements directly from sea water, in the extraction of bulk minerals from the sea floor and of hydrocarbons from the continental shelves. Among the problems still to be solved are the mechanics of mineral recovery from the deep ocean floor, the recovery of dissolved elements present in large tonnages but low concentrations and the separation of granular material at sea. This book brings together the full spectrum of mineral resources development. It discusses the problems associated with each group of minerals, and relates these problems to the environmental conditions which impose constraints on their recovery. The author outlines past achievements and future problems in marine mineral resource development.""","mineral resources; marine environment ; General"
"Journal Article","","Kerhin, Randall T.//Conkwright, Robert//Wells, Darlene","","","Ten years of studies on Maryland's inner continental margin and coastal bays","","","","","","Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","","","","","","","","","","1999","","17","","2-3","127-137","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","also in: Fourth Symposuim on Studies Related to Continental Margins; a summary of year-nine and year-ten activities, Corpus Christi, TX, United States, Nov. 16-19, 1997 Short Title: Ten years of studies on Maryland's inner continental margin and coastal bays","","","Assawoman Bays; Atlantic Coastal Plain; Atlantic Ocean; bathymetry; beach nourishment; Cenozoic; coastal environment; continental margin; continental shelf; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; heavy mineral deposits; inner shelf; Isle of Wight Maryland; lithostratigraphy; marine environment; marine geology; Maryland; mineral exploration; North Atlantic; Northwest Atlantic; Ocean City Maryland; progress report; Quaternary; report; sands; seismic methods; shelf environment; surveys; utilization
Economic geology; general; deposits; Oceanography"
"K","","Kerhin, R.T.//Williams, S.J.""","","Surficial sediments and late Quaternary sediment framework of the Maryland inner continental shelf","","","","","Coastal Sediments '87","","","1987","New Orleans, LA","","","","",""," Am. Soc. Civil Engineers","","","2","","","2126-2140","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Surficial sediments and late Quaternary sediment framework of the Maryland inner continental shelf","     The Maryland Geological and U.S. Geological Surveys initiated a cooperative investigation of the surficial sediments and shallow geologic framework of Maryland's inner continental margin.  The collection of detailed geologic data will provide the State of Maryland with information on the economic potential of the shelf sediments, particularly sand and gravel and placer heavy mineral resources.
     The surficial sediments are predominantly sand with mean grain sizes ranging from 0.40phi to 2.89phi.  The sands offshore of Ocean City, Maryland are generally finer grained than the sands offshore of Assateague Island.  Mud and gravel are a significant component of the surficial sediments.  Muds are distributed along a north-south trending band seaward of the shoreface.  Gravels are mapped further offshore in 18 to 20 meters of water.  Interpretation of high-resolution seismic profiles suggests the gravels are lag deposits from the reworking of the exposed A4 horizon, as defined by Field (1979).  The muds, at the base of the shoreface, are a result of exposure of back barrier and lagoonal sediments.""","Maryland"
"Book Chapter","","Ketchum, Bostwick H.""","","Sand, gravel, and shell","","","Ketchum, Bostwick H.""editor","The Water's Edge, Critical Problems of the Coastal Zone","","","","","","","","","Cambridge, MA","MIT Press","1972","","","","","69 - 76","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand, gravel, and shell","","","coastal; conservation; engineering geology; environment; environmental geology; geomorphology; legislation; mineral resources; pollution; production; regional planning; resources; shore features; shorelines; General"
"E","","Kimball, S. M.//Berquist, C. R., Jr.""","","","","","","","Investigation of isolated sand shoals on the inner shelf of southern Virginia","","","","","","","","","Gloucester Point","College of William & Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science","1991","","","Report, 73 p.""","","73","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Investigation of isolated sand shoals on the inner shelf of southern Virginia","","","Virginia; sand shoals"
"K","","Kimball, S. M.//Berquist, C.R., Jr.""","","Investigation of isolated sand shoals on the inner shelf of southern Virginia [abs.]","","","","","Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins, 3rd","","","November 15 - 18, 1992, 1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","25","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Investigation of isolated sand shoals on the inner shelf of southern Virginia [abs.]","     Offshore of Sandbridge Beach, Virginia, the surface of the inner continental shelf is a generally featureless, gently sloping plain, broken by several isolated sand shaols.  The westernmost shoal, commonly called the Sandbridge Shoal, is located approximately 5.5 km from the shoreline in 10 to 12 m of water.  The shoal is 6 x 8 km in areal extent and has a horseshoe-shaped plan view.  A similar isolated shoal is located approximately 15 km northeast of the Sandbridge Shoal in depths greater than 15 m.
     A reconnaissance survey was conducted in 1987, during which time 534 km of trackline was surveyed with acoustic subbottom and sidescan sonar systems.  Geophysical data were recorded between 1988 and 1990, producing an additional 318 km of trackline.  In addition, 11 vibracores with a maximum length of 6 km and 18 surface grab samples were obtained.  Morphological and sedimentological similarities between the two shoal features were analyzed, and conceptual models of shoal formation were proposed.
     Correlation of seismic data with vibracores and surface samples corrobates that the Sandbridge Shoal is composed of clean, well-sorted, medium to coarse sand, tapering in the north and east to a clean gravel.  A conservative estimate of recoverable aggregate deposits is 80 million cubic meters above the surrounding seafloor.  The offshore shoal has a larger area extent but lower relief.  Both shoals are associated with large paleochannel systems, and inferred lagoonal or estuarine sediments are locatred below the landward of the sand bodies.  Sediments within the shoals fine downward, have little evidence of an eolian overprint, lack high concentrations of heavy minerals, and contain remains of only high-salinity organisms.
     Geophysical and geochronological data show that Sandbridge Shoal is composed of two separate sedimentological units of different ages.  Geophysical data from the offshore shoal are similar in terms of the geometries of the reflectors.  A model of two-stage formation is presented for these features.  The lower shoal unit represents reworked remnants of a barrier or submerged bar that was present on the shelf during a late Pleistocene highstand of sea level (Isotopic Stage 5: 60,000 - 80,000 yr B.P.).  The upper shoal unit formed during the Holocene transgression when sediment was deposited over the older sediments as an offshore bar or sand sheet.""","Virginia; sand shoals"
"E","","Kimball, Suzette M.//Dame, James K.""","","","Final Report","","","","Geotechnical evaluation of sand resources on the inner shelf of southern Virginia; Volume 1: Report and Appendices A-B, Volume II: Appendices C - E","","","","","","","","","City of Virginia Beach, Virginia","College of William & Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science","August, 1989, 1989","","","Final Report, 42 p.""","","42","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geotechnical evaluation of sand resources on the inner shelf of southern Virginia; Volume 1: Report and Appendices A-B, Volume II: Appendices C - E","","","virginia"
"E","","Kimball, S.M.//Schaffner, L.C.//C.H. Hobbs, III","","","","","","","","Geotechnical and benthic evaluation of sand resources in the lower Chesapeake Bay, Report 1, Thimble Shoal.  Report to the Council on the Environment and the City of Hampton.""","","","","","","","","Gloucester Point","College of William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science","1989","","","46 p. plus appendices","","","46","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Geotechnical and benthic evaluation of sand resources in the lower Chesapeake Bay, Report 1, Thimble Shoal.  Report to the Council on the Environment and the City of Hampton.""","","Chesapeake Bay; Virginia; Sand resources"
"E","","Kindinger, Jack L.//Flocks, James G.//Kulp, Mark//Penland, Shea//Britsch, Louis D.""","","","Open-File Report","","","","Sand resources, regional geology and coastal processes for the restoration of the Barataria Barrier shoreline","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","September 2001, 2001","","","Open-File Report 01-384, 69 p., 5 map plates, 2 CD-ROMs","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Contributions by G. Brewer, G. Brooks, S. Dadisman, C. Dreher, and N. Ferina, Center for Coastal and Marine Studies, US Geological Survey.  Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Short Title: Sand resources, regional geology and coastal processes for the restoration of the Barataria Barrier shoreline","","","Louisiana; Barataria Barrier"
"Journal Article","","Kindinger, Jack L.//Penland, S.//Williams, S. J.//Suter, J.R.""","","Inner shelf deposits of the Louisiana-Mississippi-Alabama region, Gulf of Mexico","","","","","","Transactions - Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies","","","","","","","","","","1989","","39","","","413-420","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Inner shelf deposits of the Louisiana-Mississippi-Alabama region, Gulf of Mexico","The late Quaternary morphology, shallow stratigraphy and sediment distribution of the Louisiania-Mississippi-Alabama inner shelf region are the product of transgressive and regressive sedimentary processes.  Shelf sedimentary facies were deposited by deltaic progradation, followed by shore face erosion and submergence.  This information based on interpretations and synthesis of more than 4,160 mi (6700 km) of high resolution seismic profiles, 75 grab samples and 77 vibracores.

The shelf can be divided into two main depositional regions.  The southwestern region, east and south of the Mississippi River delta plain, was formed by early Holocene delta complexes, overlying a late Wisconsinan delta.  Deposits of the late Wisconsinan delta consist of well-defined coarsening-upward sequences and represent deltaic progradation during low sea level stands.  The relatively recent Mississippi delta complexes have deposits which consist of fine-grained sands, silt and clay.  With the late Holocene rise in sea level, asymmetrical sand ridges (16 ft. or 5 m, relief) have formed due to marine reworking of shoreline features.

The northeastern region, offshore of the Mississippi-Alabama barrier islands, was formed by Pleistocene fluvial systems and Recent shoreface erosion and ravinement.  Underlying the relatively thing Holocene sediment cover are relict fluvial sand which were deposited during the Late Wisconsinan lowstand.  Subsequent sea level rise allowed marine processes to rework and redistribute sediments forming the nearshore fine-grained facies and shelf sands sheet.""","Oceanography; Quaternary geology; Alabama; Atlantic Ocean; Cenozoic; clastic sediments; continental shelf; deltaic environment; deltaic sedimentation; environmental analysis; Gulf Coastal Plain; Gulf of Mexico; Holocene; inner shelf; Louisiana; Mississippi; North American Atlantic; North Atlantic; oceanography; Pleistocene; progradation; Quaternary; sedimentation; sediments; stratigraphy; submergence; upper Pleistocene"
"Book Chapter","","Kindinger, Jack L.//Penland, S.//Williams, S. J.//Suter, J.R.//McBride, Randolph A.//Brooks, Gregg R.//Locker, S.""","","Nearshore Holocene stratigraphy, northern Gulf of Mexico: integration of regional geologic studies","","","Williams, S. Jeffress//Cichon, Helana A.//Westphal, Karen A.//Ramsey, Karen E.""editor","Representative publications from the Louisiana Barrier Island Erosion Study","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U. S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 92-0530","1991","","","","","457-463","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Reprinted from GCSSEPM foundation 12th annual research conference, program and abstracts, Dec. 5, 1991. Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Geological Survey Short Title: Nearshore Holocene stratigraphy, northern Gulf of Mexico: integration of regional geologic studies","     Late Quaternary geology of the Mississippi-Alabama Shelf Province has been intensely investigated through various cooperative federal and state projects.  Goals of the individual projects were diverse but required basic description of the geologic framework and stratigraphy.  A large data base has been accumulated including high-resolution single-channel seismic reflection data (>7,000km)(Kindinger et al., 1982; Kindinger, 1989a) and vibracores (>100)(Fig. 1).
     The Mississippi-Alabama Shelf Province encompases eastern Louisiana barrier islands and shelf, Mississippi-Alabama barrier islands and shelf, Mississippi Sound and Mobile Bay.  The morphology and stratigraphy of the eastern Louisiana barrier islands and adjacent shelf are dominated by the Mississippi River plain.  Removed from the direct influence of the Mississippi River, Mississippi Sound and Mobile Bay are estuarine systems which have evolved differently.  Mississippi Sound, initially a shallow open marine coast, has been restricted by a westward migration of barrier islands.  Mobile Bay is a classic drowned river valley, incised most recently during the last lowstand and infilled with a 10 m thick section, consisting primarily of lagoonal sediments.
     As the most recent sea-level rise flooded the shelf, very little deposition occurred on the Mississippi-Alabama shelf until the Holocene progradation of the St. Bernard delta complex (Kindinger, 1988).  Deposition began in the north-west corner of the inner shelf and has accumulated an average prodelta thickness of 4 m (Kindinger et al., 1982).  The St. Bernard delta complex systematically thins from the northwest to the southeast.  Seismic profiles reveal little internal structure for those which characterize filled distributary channels (Fig. 2) and low-angle clinoforms near the seaward pinchout.  Distributaries are the primary conduit for sediment transport to the coast and continental shelf.  This delta complex, which ceased its progradational phase approximately 1,200 yrs BP (Frazier, 1967), is now in the destructional phase of the deltaic cycle (Penland et al., 1985).
     Vibracores have been analyzed correlated with seismic profiles to produce a series of cross sections constructed from the results (Fig. 3; modified from Brooks et al., 1991).  Figure 3 C-C' is a west to east cross section from Chandeleur Sound across the Chandeleur Islands onto the shelf.  Deltaic facies identified from the vibracores, including prodelta, delta fringe, distributary, and lagoonal deposits overlain by the transgressive Chandeleur Islands.  The sands of the Chandeleur Islands were deposited in the form of distributary as mouth-bar sands (Penland et al., 1985).  These sands were reworked and have been transgressed shoreward over the lagoonal deposits that were originally behind the mouth-bar sands.  Organic samples from this lagoonal facies have given radiocarbon dates of <2000 yrs BP.
     South to north cross sections demonstrate sedimentary facies changes with increased distance from the Chandeleur Islands (Fig. 3 D-D' and E-E').  The cross sections also give dip view of facies from the Mississippi-Alabama barrier island chain.  Figure 3 D-D' primarily shows the distribution of the prodelta and delta fringe facies of the St. Bernard Delta.  St. Bernard Shoals is shown in Figure E-E'.  Also shown is the prodelta facies overlain by a delta fringe facies that has been incised by a distributary.  The distributary channel supplied sands for the formation of the St. Bernard Shoals (Penland et al., 1989).  Data show that the St. Bernard Shoals and Chandeleur Islands have formed in much the same way.
     The Mississippi-Alabama inner shelf has been repeatedly subjected to coastal and fluvial processes.  Shoreline migration and coastal processes, such as longshore transport and shoaling, have reworked the sands and winnowed much of the finer sediments delivered by fluvial transport out of the Mississippi Sound barrier island area.  An example of the effects of these processes is a sand ridge truncated by the ravinement surface (Fig. 2).  Also truncated by the ravinement surface are shingled reflectors that may be associated with the sand ridge at the east end of Petit Bois Island.
     Late Quaternary deposits of western coastal Mississippi Sound display a variety of complex stratigraphic patterns representing local fluvial-deltaic processes and distal Mississippi River deposition (Fig. 4).  Considerable channeling reflects incision during lowstands, possibly a combination of fluvial, tidal, and distributary processes.  These depositional sequences extend landward beneath the present shoreline, suggesting overall progradation of the coastline during the late Quaternary.  Sequence I, (Holocene?) is comprised primarily of acoustically reflection-free fill over an irregular Pleistocene surface.  Faint parallel reflections in the southwest area of sequence I are distal deltaic deposits which onlap from the south-southwest and do not extend closer than ~10 km from the present shoreline.
     Mobile Bay is a classic drowned river valley, incised most recently during the last lowstand and filled primarily with lagoonal sediment thinning from 10m in the center to the perimeter (Kindinger et al., 1991)(Fig. 5 and 6).  Overlying the Pleistocene-Holocene contact is this Holocene section that thickens toward the center of the bay from a bay-head delta system in the north.  This section is transitional from clayey prodelta to lagoonal facies composed of sediment supplied by the Tombigbee and Alabama rivers into the Mobile River to the bay-head delta.  The bay-head delta has reportedly filled ~65 km of Mobile Bay in the last 3,000 yrs (Smith, 1981).  The Holocene section in the lower bay is transitional with the prodelta facies interfingering with sandy deposits from the large spit known as Morgan Peninsula.  Within the Holocene section of the bay are several filled incised stream channels including Dog and Fowl rivers.
     Cross section I-I' (Fig. 6) had several samples from which radiocarbon dates were attained.  An oyster biostrome in Core 12 yield radiocarbon dates of 1,700 and 4,000 yrs BP.  The Holocene basal unconformity has been dated as 35,000 yrs BP.
     Holocene deposition on this shelf has occurred in several stages.  The St. Bernard delta complex began its initial deposition at the end of the Holocene transgression.  These deltaic sediments were reworked and winnowed to form sandy shoals that developed into islands.  Sea level rise also drowned the fluvial valley of the Mobile River concurrently.  Deposition in Mobile Bay has been relatively rapid due to the influx of sediment from the Mobile drainage basin.  As sea level rise approached present levels, the central portion of Mississippi Sound was originally a shallow, open-marine coast and then was formed by the westward mogration of barrier islands broken by natural tidal inlet system such as Petit Bois Pass.  Lagoonal sediment are now being deposited wihtin the restricted Mississippi Sound.
     Holocene development of the region has been intricately linked to sea level rise since the late Wisconsinan.  Deposition and erosion have occurred penecontemporaneously on various areas of the post-Pleistocene shelf.""","Alabama; Cenozoic; changes of level; continental shelf; cores; geophysical profiles; Gulf Coastal Plain; Holocene; lithostratigraphy; marine sediments; Mississippi; nearshore environment; Quaternary; sediments; seismic profiles; southern Alabama; southern Mississippi; USGS"
"Journal Article","","Knebel, H.J.""","","Processes controlling the characteristics of the surficial sand sheet, U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1981","","42","","1-4","349-368","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Processes controlling the characteristics of the surficial sand sheet, U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Atlantic Ocean; biogenic structures; bioturbation; Cenozoic; changes of level; clastic sediments; continental shelf; controls; currents; distribution; eolian features; glacial environment; glacial sedimentation; Holocene; marine environment; marine sedimentation; marine sediments; marine transport; nearshore environment; nearshore sedimentation; North American Atlantic; ocean circulation; oceanography; Pleistocene; processes; Quaternary; sand; sand sheets; sedimentary structures; sedimentation; sediments; tidal currents; upper Pleistocene; weathering; Atlantic coast"
"L","","","","","Map and diagrams showing the distribution, thickness, and textural characteristics of Holocene sediments, Penobscot Bay, Maine: Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1899","","","Knebel, Harley J.""","","","","","","","Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Map and diagrams showing the distribution, thickness, and textural characteristics of Holocene sediments, Penobscot Bay, Maine: Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1899","","","Penobscot Bay; Gulf of Maine"
"Journal Article","","Knebel, Harley J.""","","Sedimentary environments within a glaciated estuarine-inner shelf system; Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1993","","110","","1-2","7-30","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sedimentary environments within a glaciated estuarine-inner shelf system; Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay Alternate Journal: Marine Geology","Three modern sedimentary environments have been identified and mapped across the glaciated Boston Harbor estuary and adjacent inner shelf of Massachusetts Bay by means of an extensive set of sidescan sonar records and supplemental bathymetric, sedimentary, subbottom and bottom-current data. (1) Environments of erosion and nondeposition appear on the sonographs either as patterns with isolated reflections (caused by outcrops of bedrock, glacial drift, and coastal plain rocks) or as patterns of strong backscatter (caused by coarse-grained lag deposits). Sediments in these environments range from boulder fields to gravelly sands with megaripples. Inside the harbor, areas of erosion or nondeposition are found primarily near mainland and insular shores and within constricted tidal channels, whereas, on the shelf, they are present over extensive areas of hummocky topography near the coast and atop local bathymetric highs offshore. (2) Environments of sediment reworking are characterized on the sonographs by patterns with patches of strong to weak backscatter caused by a combination of erosional and depositional processes. These environments have diverse grain sizes that range from sandy gravels to muds. Within the harbor, the locations of reworked sediments are uncorrelated with the bottom topography, but, on the shelf, they are found on the lower flanks of bathymetric highs, within broad lows and in relatively deep water (30-50 m). (3) Environments of deposition are depicted on the sonographs as uniform patterns of weak backscatter. These areas contain relatively fine-grained muddy sands and muds. Inside the harbor, depositional environments are found over extensive subtidal flats and within sheltered depressions, whereas, on the shelf, they are restricted to broad lows mainly in deep water. The extreme patchiness of modern sedimentary environments within the Boston Harbor-Massachusetts Bay system reflects the interaction between the irregular bottom topography and both geologic and oceanographic processes. The estuarine part of the system is an effective trap for fine-grained detritus because of its protected nature, low wave climate, and large supply of sediments. The open shelf, however, is largely mantled by winnowed and sorted sediments as a result of erosion during past sea-level fluctuations, sediment resuspension and transport by modern waves and currents, and a spatially variable supply of fine-grained sediments.""","acoustical methods; Atlantic Ocean; Boston Massachusetts; bottom features; Cenozoic; continental shelf; estuarine sedimentation; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; glaciated terrains; Holocene; inner shelf; marine environment; Massachusetts; Massachusetts Bay; modern; nearshore sedimentation; North American Atlantic; North Atlantic; Quaternary; relict materials; sedimentation; shelf environment; side-scanning methods; sonar methods; Suffolk County Massachusetts; surveys; Oceanography; Quaternary geology"
"Journal Article","","Knebel, H.J.//Spiker, E.""","","Thickness and age of surficial sand sheet, Baltimore Canyon Trough area","","","","","","American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1977","","61","","6","861-871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Thickness and age of surficial sand sheet, Baltimore Canyon Trough area","Textural and radiocarbon analyses of vibracore sediments show that the outer continental shelf within the Baltimore Canyon Trough area is mantled by shelly, poorly sorted, medium to coarse sand of Holocene age. This sand sheet is underlain by muddy Pleistocene sediments, the top of which can be traced laterally in high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles. Detailed acoustic surveys within two relatively large subareas show that the thickness of the potentially mobile sand cover on this part of the shelf ranges from less than 1 to 20 m, averages between 5 and 7 m, and is related closely to the bottom morphology. Estimates of the volume of sand at the seafloor vary between 8 x 10 SUP-6 and 11 x 10 SUP-6 MT/sq km. This study shows that the irregular distribution of sand in the Baltimore Canyon Trough area reflects relict fluvial and nearshore processes, the configuration of the Pleistocene substrate, as well as modern sediment movement.""","seismic reflection; bathymetry; sands; Holocene epoch; radioactive dating; palaeoenvironments; Pleistocene epoch; absolute age; acoustical methods; age; Atlantic Coastal Plain; Atlantic Ocean; Baltimore Canyon; C-14; carbon; Cenozoic; clastic sediments; continental shelf; cores; dates; Delaware; distribution; Eastern U.S.; eolian features; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; Holocene; isotopes; marine transport; North Atlantic; oceanography; outer shelf; Quaternary; radioactive isotopes; reflection methods; sand; sand sheets; sedimentation; sediments; seismic methods; surveys; thickness; transport; volume"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","Knight, R. John//McLean J.R. (eds)","","Shelf sands and sandstones","","","","","","","","translator","Calgary, AB, Canada","Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists","1986","","11","","","","347","","","","Knight, R. John//McLean, J.R.""","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: Shelf sands and sandstones, Calgary, AB, Canada, Jun. 15-17, 1984 Short Title: Shelf sands and sandstones","","","General"
"Journal Article","","Knott, S.T.//Hoskins, H.""","","Evidence of Pleistocene events in the structure of the continental shelf of the northeastern United States","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1968","","6","","1","5-25","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Evidence of Pleistocene events in the structure of the continental shelf of the northeastern United States","In 1958 and 1959 a seismic reflection reconnaissance was made of three regions of the continental shelf off northeastern United States: the outer shelf off New Jersey and Long Island, the shelf south of Martha's Vineyard, and Georges Bank. Broadband high resolution techniques, including the first use of arrays of underwater spark sources, permitted the delineation of reflectors as little as 46 m apart to depths of 100300 m beneath the seafloor.

Profiles of the outer shelf off the New Jersey coast and Long Island suggest that the major events of the Pleistocene age can be traced in a complex series of five sedimentary sequences separated by well developed unconformities. These sedimentary sequences and the erosional surfaces separating them appear to be the products of fluvial and marine processes during regressions and transgressions of the sea. Thirty kilometers south of Martha's Vineyard folded and overthrust plates of layered sediments found along a lobate front are apparently the result of ice pressure. The shelf edge south of Martha's Vineyard was built up and out apparently without enduring the heavy erosion found off New Jersey. A strong reflector that post-dates the time when the layered sediments were disturbed south of Martha's Vineyard is overlain by more than 200 m of sediments at this shelf edge. At the northern edge of Georges Bank both the layered base-rock and the more recent sediments are cut by filled channels which drained north towards the Gulf of Maine. The southern surface of the bank is built up more than 70 m by several successive deposits. Within these deposits there are filled channels. This and other evidence suggests that glaciers overrode the northern part of the bank, and that these successive deposits are a result of glacial depositions, modified by marine reworking during successive regressions and transgressions of the sea in Pleistocene time.""","seismic reflection; New Jersey; Long Island; New York; Martha's Vineyard; Georges Bank; Massachusetts; Pleistocene"
"Journal Article","","Komar, Paul D.//Zhenlin, Li","","","Beach placers at the mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon and Washington","","","","","","Marine Mining","","","","","","","","","","1991","","10","","2","171-187","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach placers at the mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon and Washington Alternate Journal: Marine Mining","Four black-sand placer deposits exist in proximity to the mouth of the Columbia River on the northwest coast of the United States. The deposits have attracted attention for potential exploitation due to their contents of magnetite and ilmenite. The focus of our study is on the modes of formation of these placers, and on the grain-sorting patterns and processes. The most concentrated deposits are found on the modern beaches immediately north and south of the river mouth. These beaches owe their existence to the construction of the jetties on the Columbia, and it is likely that placer development has resulted in part from beach erosion adjacent to the jetties. The heavy-mineral concentrations are greatest at the river mouth, and decrease systematically with longshore distance both to the north and south. The patterns of sorting of the minerals according to their contrasting densities and grain sizes indicate that processes of selective entrainment have been primarily responsible for concentrating the placer sands.""","Columbia River; genesis; mineral deposits; genesis; Oregon; placers; sands; sedimentary processes; Washington
Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits"
"Journal Article","","Kraft, J.C.""","","Sedimentary facies patterns and geologic history of a Holocene marine transgression","","","","","","Geological Society of America Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1971","","82","","8","2131-2158","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Sedimentary facies patterns and geologic history of a Holocene marine transgression","","","Delaware; General; Holocene; marine transgression"
"Journal Article","","Kraft, John C.""","","Transgressive barriers along the Midatlantic Coast; Delmarva Peninsula [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","Mar. 14-15, 1996, 1996","","28","","2","18-19","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section, 45th annual meeting, Jackson, MS, United States, Mar. 14-15, 1996 Short Title: Transgressive barriers along the Midatlantic Coast; Delmarva Peninsula [abs.]","","","Delaware; Delmarva"
"E","","Kulm, LaVerne D.//Peterson, Curt D.//Stribling, Margaret C.""","","","Open-File report","","","","Inventory of heavy minerals and metals southern Washington, Oregon, and northern California continental shelf and coastal region","","","","","","","","","Portland, Oregon","State of Oregon, Department of Geology and Mineral Industries","1986, 1986","","","Open-File Report 0-86-10, 111 p.""","","111","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Inventory of heavy minerals and metals southern Washington, Oregon, and northern California continental shelf and coastal region","","","Washington; Oregon; California"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","Kunzendorf, H.""","Marine mineral exploration","","","","","","","","translator","Amsterdam, New York","Elsevier","1986","","41","","","","300","","","","Kunzendorf, H.""","Elsevier Oceanography Series","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Marine mineral exploration","","","General"
"Journal Article","","Laban, Cees//Schttenhelm, Ruud T.""","","Some new evidence on the origin of the Zeeland Ridges","","","","","","from the International Meeting on Holocene Marine Sedimentology in the North Sea Basin (Texel, The Netherlands)","","","","","","","","","","1979, 1979","","","","","50 - 51","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Some new evidence on the origin of the Zeeland Ridges","","","Miscellaneous; Zeeland Ridges; Zeeland"
"E","","Larsen, Mathew C.//Nelson, C. Hans//Thor, Devin R.""","","","Open-File report","","","","Geological, geochemical, and geotechnical observations on the Bering Shelf, Alaska","","","","","","","","","Menlo Park, California","U.S. Geological Survey","1980, 1980","","","Open-File Report 80-979","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geological, geochemical, and geotechnical observations on the Bering Shelf, Alaska","     A dynamic environment of strong bottom currents, storm waves, and gas-charged sediment on the shallow sea floor of nothern Bering Sea creates several potential geologic hazards for resource exploration.  Thermogenic gas seeps, sea-floor gas cratering, sediment liquefaction, ice gouging, scour-depression formation, coastal and offshore storm surge and associated deposition of storm-sand, and movement of large-scale bedforms all are active sedimentary processes in this epicontinental shelf region.
     Interaction between the precesses of liquefaction and the formation of shallow gas pockets and craters, scour depressions, storm-sand deposits, and slumps results in sediment instability.  Liquefaction of the upper 1-3 m of sediment may be caused by cyclic storm-wave loading of the Holocene coarse-grained silt and very fine-grained sand covering Norton Sound.  The widespread occurrence of gas-charged sediment with small surficial craters (3-8 m in diameter and less than 1 m deep) in central Norton Sound indicates that the sea-floor sediment is periodically disrupted by escape of biogenic gas from the underlying peaty mud.  During major storms, liquefaction may not only help trigger crater formation but also magnify erosional and depositional processes that create large-scale scour areas and pregrade storm sand sheets in the Yukon prodelta area.
     Erosional and depositional processes are most intense in the shallower parts of northern Bering Sea and along the coastline during storm surge flooding.  Ice gouges are numerous and ubiquitous in the area of the Yukon prodelta, where the sediment is gouged to depths of 1 m.  Though much less common than in the prodelta, ice gouges are present throughout the rest of northern Bering Sea where water depths are less than 20 m and at times where water is as much as 30 m deep.  In the Yukon prodelta area and in central Norton Sound, where currents are constricted by shoal areas and flow is made turbulent by local topographic irregularities (such as ice gouges), storm-induced currents have scoured large (10- to 150-m diameter), shallow (less than 1 m deep) depressions.  The many storm-sand layers in Yukon prodelta mud show that storm surge and waves have generated bottom-transport currents that deposit layers of sand as thick as 20 cm as far as 100 km from land.  Storm surge runoff may reinforce the strong geostrophic currents near Bering Strait, causing intermittent movement of even largest sand waves (10-200 m wavelengt, to 2 m height).""","Alaska"
"Journal Article","","Lewis, Ralph S.//Neff, Nancy Friedrich","","","Continental margins program - years five and six: stratigraphic and depositional history of Long Island Sound [abs.]","","","","","","Program and abstracts from the Third Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins: a summary of year-five and year-six Activities","","","","","","","","","","November 15 - 18, 1992, 1992","","","","","32","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Continental margins program - years five and six: stratigraphic and depositional history of Long Island Sound [abs.]","     During years five and six of the Minerals Management Service (MMS) Continental Margins Program, the State of Connecticut undertook vibracoring and high-resolution seismic profiling in Long Island Sound.  Analyses of these data concluded the geologic framework phase of this study.  This phase culminated in the publishing of a special volume of the Journal of Coastal Research, which summarized 10 years of research in Long Island Sound (LIS).
     Glacial deposits overlie and nearly fill an inner lowland that is floored by crystalline rocks in the north and is bounded to the south by an irregular scarp cut in the Cretaceous coastal plain strata.  The thick glacial section consists of sediment that was deposited in glacial Lake Connecticut during the systematic retreat of the last (late Wisconsinan) ice sheet.  Ice retreat from the north shore of Long Island began about 19,000 years ago.  Ice-marginal lacustrine fans and submerged moraines mark former positions of the ice margin in the LIS basin.  By about 17,600 years ago, the ice margin had retreated to what is now the south shore of Connecticut.  At that time, glacial Lake Connecticut was roughly the size of LIS today.  The lake spillway was located at the lowest point along the Roanoke-Fishers Island moraine in the vicinity of The Race.  Lake levels fell as the spillway was erosionally deepened, and gradually the lakebed became subaerially exposed.  Possibly as early as 15,000 years ago, the sea entered the LIS basin via the spillway notch.  As the sea level rose, a transgressive, wave-cut surface (ravinement) also began to form.  Extensive deposition associated with the draining of glacial Lake Hitchcock (through the Connectivut River valley), followed by a continuation of the marine transgression, has significantly reshaped the modern LIS basin.  Confirmation of the estimated ages of these events is pending the results of carbon-14 dating of several samples from the vibracores (funded by MMS year eight).""",""
"Journal Article","","Libby, Fred","","","Searching for alluvial gold deposits off Nova Scotia","","","","","","Ocean Industry","","","","","","","","","","January, 1969, 1969","","4","","1","3","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Searching for alluvial gold deposits off Nova Scotia","     An offshore mineral exploration program, started in the summer of 1968 off the southeastern coast of Nova Scotia to locate and drill sample marine gold placers, completed 268 mi of seismic acoustic profiling and drilled 187 holes in alluvium.  Seaward extensions of ancient and recent stream channels and of onshore gold-bearing structures, and scour channels and basins in gold-bearing areas were the targets; bathymetric charts were used to select priority areas.  Gold values for the first area sampled, a burried channel, varied from a few cents to over four dollars per cubic yard.  The largest deposit, found at the intersection of a fault and anticline, had values of about 30 cents per cubic yard.  Middle reaches of streams offer the most favorable environment; notable gold yields were found in coarse gravels.  A sample mining operation across the deposits is planned to assess extent, depth, and worth of each.""","alluvial plains; Canada; Eastern Canada; fluvial features; gold ores; Maritime Provinces; metal ores; mineral exploration; Nova Scotia; placers; stream sediments; miscellaneous"
"E","","Lineback, Jerry A.//Gross, David L.//Meyer, Robert P.""","","","","","","","Geologic cross-sections dereived from seismic profiles and sediment cores from southern Lake Michigan: studies of Lake Michigan bottom sediments 9","","","","","","","","","","Illinois State Geological Survey","1972","","","Environmental Geology Notes 54, 43 p.""","","43","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geologic cross-sections dereived from seismic profiles and sediment cores from southern Lake Michigan: studies of Lake Michigan bottom sediments 9","","","Lake Michigan; Great Lakes"
"E","","Lineback, Jerry A.//Gross, David L.//Meyer, Robert P.//Unger, W.L.""","","","","","","","High-resolution seismic profiles and gravity cores of sediments in southern Lake Michigan: studies of Lake Michigan bottom sediments 8","","","","","","","","","","Illinois State Geological Survey","1971","","","Environmental Geology Notes 47, 41 p.""","","41","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: High-resolution seismic profiles and gravity cores of sediments in southern Lake Michigan: studies of Lake Michigan bottom sediments 8","","","Lake Michigan; Great Lakes"
"Journal Article","","Locker, Stanley D.//Hine, Albert C.//Davis, Richard A.//Brooks, Gregg R.//Doyle//Twichell, David C.//Gelfenbaum, Guy","","","Geologic framework and recent geologic history of the West-Central Florida Inner Continental Shelf and Barrier Island System: Summary of findings","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","2001","","33","","6","A-104","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","D. Twichell reference collection Short Title: Geologic framework and recent geologic history of the West-Central Florida Inner Continental Shelf and Barrier Island System: Summary of findings","","","Florida"
"Journal Article","","Locker, Stanley D.//Hine, Albert C.//Davis, Richard A.  //Brooks, Gregg R.//Doyle//Twichell, David C.//Gelfenbaum, Guy","","","Evolution of the West-Central Florida Inner Continental Shelf  and Barrier Island System: A regional prespective on sediment accumulation patterns","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","2001","","33","","6","A-340","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","D. Twichell reference collection Short Title: Evolution of the West-Central Florida Inner Continental Shelf  and Barrier Island System: A regional prespective on sediment accumulation patterns","","","Florida"
"E","","Louisiana Geological Survey","","","","","","","","Characterization of the development potential of Ship Shoal sand for beach replenishment of Isles Dernieres","","","","","","","","","Baton Rouge, LA","Louisiana Geological Survey","September, 1991, 1991","","","Report, 164 p.""","","164","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Characterization of the development potential of Ship Shoal sand for beach replenishment of Isles Dernieres","","","Louisiana"
"Journal Article","","Lu, Yi//Osborne, Robert H.""","","Sources for Quaternary sand and the effects of selective transport on grain-shape composition, Santa Monica Bay, California [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1993","","25","","6","274","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sources for Quaternary sand and the effects of selective transport on grain-shape composition, Santa Monica Bay, California [abs.]","","","anorthosite; beach nourishment; beaches; California; Cenozoic; clastic sediments; coastal environment; continental shelf; Flandrian; fluvial environment; gabbros; geophysical profiles; gneisses; granites; granodiorites; Holocene; igneous rocks; intertidal environment; Los Angeles California; Los Angeles County California; Los Angeles River; marine environment; metamorphic rocks; nearshore environment; pebbles; plutonic rocks; provenance; Quaternary; roughness; sampling; San Gabriel Mountains; sand; Santa Monica Bay; Santa Monica Mountains; sediment transport; sediments; seismic profiles; shelf environment; shore features; United States
Oceanography"
"K","","Lubchansky, Benjamin J.""","","Stratigraphic relationships of nine core samples collected from off-shore shoals located in federal waters off Atlantic City, New Jersey","","","","","1999 Assateague Shelf and Shore Workshop, 25th","","","April 15-17, 1999, 1999","Lewes, DE","","","","","","University of Delaware, unpaginated","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Stratigraphic relationships of nine core samples collected from off-shore shoals located in federal waters off Atlantic City, New Jersey","","","Atlantic City New Jersey; Atlantic Coastal Plain; Atlantic County New Jersey; Atlantic Ocean; beach nourishment; beaches; Brigantine New Jersey; Cenozoic; clastic sediments; conservation; cores; depositional environment; granulometry; gravel; Holocene; marine sediments; mineral exploration; New Jersey; North Atlantic; Northwest Atlantic; Pleistocene; Quaternary; sands; sea-level changes; sediments; shoals; upper Pleistocene; Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits; Oceanography"
"G","","Lubchansky, B.J.""","","Stratigraphic relationships of nine core samples collected from off-shore shoals located in federal waters off Atlantic City, New Jersey","Senior Thesis Project, with appendix","","","","","","","","","","","","","Lawrenceville, NJ","Rider University","1999","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Academic Department: Department of Geological and Marine Sciences Short Title: Stratigraphic relationships of nine core samples collected from off-shore shoals located in federal waters off Atlantic City, New Jersey","","","New Jersey"
"Journal Article","","Ludwick, J.C.""","","Sand waves and tidal channels in the entrance to Chesapeake Bay","","","","","","Virginia Journal of Science","","","","","","","","","","1970","","21","","4","178-184","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Sand waves and tidal channels in the entrance to Chesapeake Bay","","","Virginia; Chesapeake Bay; sand waves; tidal channels"
"Journal Article","","Ludwick, J.C.""","","Tidal currents and zig-zag shoals in a wide estuary entrance","","","","","","Geological Society of America Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1974","","85","","","717-726","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Tidal currents and zig-zag shoals in a wide estuary entrance","","","General; tidal currents"
"Book Chapter","","Ludwick, J.C.""","","Tidal currents, sediment transport, and sand banks in Chesapeake Bay entrance, Virginia","","","Cronin, L.E.""editor","Estuarine Research, Volume II: Geology and Engineering","","","","","","","","","New York","Academic Press, Inc.""1975","","2","","","365-380","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","See also Ludwick, J.C., 1974, Tidal currents, sediment transport, and sandbanks in Chesapeake bay entrance, virginia, in International Estuarine Conference Proceedings, 2nd, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.

Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Tidal currents, sediment transport, and sand banks in Chesapeake Bay entrance, Virginia","","","Chesapeake Bay; Virginia; tidal currents; sediment transport; sand banks"
"Journal Article","","Ludwick, J.C.""","","Jet-like coastal currents and bottom sediment transport off Virginia Beach, Virginia","","","","","","Transactions American Geophysical Union","","","","","","","","","","1977","","58","","6","408","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: American Geophysical Union; 1977 spring annual meeting, Washington, D.C., United States, May 30-June 3, 1977

Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Jet-like coastal currents and bottom sediment transport off Virginia Beach, Virginia","","","Virginia Beach; Virginia; sediment transport; coastal currents"
"E","","Ludwick, J.C.//Saumsiegle, W.J.""","","","","","","","Sediment stability at the Dam Neck Disposal Site, Virginia","","","","","","","","","Norfolk, Virginia","Old Dominion University Institute of Oceanogaphy","1976","","","Technical Report 27","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Sediment stability at the Dam Neck Disposal Site, Virginia","","","Dam Neck; Virginia; sediment stability"
"E","","Luepke, Gretchen","","","","Open-File Report","","","","Heavy-mineral data from samples collected in Willapa Bay and vicinity, Washington","","","","","","","","","Menlo Park, CA","U.S. Geological Survey","1982, 1982","","","Open-File Report 82-739, 23 p.""","","23","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Willapa Bay and vicinity, Washington","","","Washington"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","Luepke, Gretchen","","Economic analysis of heavy minerals in sediments","","","","","","","","translator","New York, NY","Van Nostrand Reinhold","1985","","86","","","","321","","","","Fairbridge, Rhodes W.""","Benchmark papers in geology","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Economic analysis of heavy minerals in sediments","","","General"
"Journal Article","","Luepke, Gretchen","","","Marine placer potential on the west coast of the United States from California to Washington","","","","","","Marine Mining","","","","","","","","","","1989","","8","","2","173 - 183","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Marine placer potential on the west coast of the United States from California to Washington","     The potential for finding heavy mineral placers on the continental shelf of the United States Pacific coast is uncertain.  However, numerous bedrock source areas and historic beach placer miners for heavy mineral such as gold and chromite indicate that additional deposits may exist offshore.  Sampling for heavy minerals has been inadequate both in areal and three-dimensional extent; offshore coring has been done to date only on the Oregon continental shelf.  Heavy minerals in routine sedimentologic studies are rarely reported in bulk concentrations.  Active tectonism along this coast produces a characteristically immature assemblage of uneconomic heavy minerals - particularly pyroxene and amphibole.
     Placer potential on the Pacific coast is unevenly distributed.  The area with the highest potential for finding gold and chromite placers lies offshore along the coast of southern Oregon and northern California.  A significant surficial concentration of heavy minerals may exist off the mouth of the Columbia River in Washington.  In California, offshore south of Point Conception appears the least likely for placers.
     Beach placer mining operations on the Pacific coast have been traditionally small in scale and restricted to the most highly enriched natural concentrates.  It is not known whether offshore concentratios of heavy minerals on the Pacific coast will also be small in scale.  In addition to prospecting for offshore beach and alluvial deposits, submerged eolian deposits should be considered.  Only a comprehensive, systematic offshore geophysical and coring program will show whether any volumetrically significant placers exist offshore of the Paficic coast states.""","marine placers; Pacific coast; economic potential; California; Washington"
"Journal Article","","Luepke, Gretchen//Clifton, Edward","","","Heavy-mineral distribution in modern and ancient bay deposits, Willapa Bay, Washington, U.S.A.""","","","","","Sedimentary Geology","","","","","","","","","","1983","","35","","4","233 - 247","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Heavy-mineral distribution in modern and ancient bay deposits, Willapa Bay, Washington, U.S.A.""     Analysis of heavy-mineral distribution in modern sediments of Willapa Bay, Washington, indicates a dominance of two mineralogic assemblages, one with approximately equivalent amounts of hornblends, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene, the other dominated by clinopyroxene.  The hornblende-orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene suite is derived from the Columbia river, which discharges into the ocean a short distance south of the bay.  The clinopyroxene suite is restricted in modern sediments to sands in rivers flowing into the bay from the east.  The heavy-mineral distributions suggest that sand discharged from the Columbia River, borne north by longshore transport, and carried into the bay by tidal currents accounts for most of the sand within the interior of Willapa Bay.
     Three heavy-mineral assemblages are present in the surrounding Pleistocene deposits; two of these are identical to the modern assemblages described above.  These heavy-mineral assemblages reflect the relative influence of tidal and fluvial processes on the Late Pleistocene deposits; their relative influences are consistent with those inferred on the basis of sedimentary structures and stratigraphic relations in about two-thirds of the samples examined.  The anomalies can be explained by recycling of sand from older deposits.  The persistence of the two heavy-mineral assemblages suggests that the pattern of estuarine sedimentation in Lane Pleistocene deposits closely resembled that of the modern bay.
     The third heavy-mineral suite, dominated by epidote, occurs in a few older Pleistocene unites.  On the north side of the bay, the association of this suite with southwest-directed foresets in crossbedded gravel indicates derivation from the northeast, perhaps from an area of glacial outwash.  The presence of this suite in ancient estuarine sands exposed on the east side of the bay suggests that input from this northerly source may have intermittently dominated bay deposition in the past.""","Washington"
"E","","Luepke, G.//Escowitz, E.C.""","","","Bulletin","","","","Grain-size, heavy-mineral, and geochemical analyses of sediments from the Chukchi Sea, Alaska","","","","","","","","","Denver, CO","U.S. Geological Survey","1989, 1989","","","Bulletin 1896, 19 p.""","","19","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Grain-size, heavy-mineral, and geochemical analyses of sediments from the Chukchi Sea, Alaska","The heavy-mineral assemblage in sediments of dredge and box-core samples form the Chukchi Sea, Alaska, is dominated by pyroboles. Other minerals occurring in measureable amounts include ilmenite and chromite, garnet, magnetite, and epidote. Minerals of economic value-ilmenite, leucoxene, chromite, rutile and zircon-constitute an average of about 23% of the heavy minerals in the analyzed sediments and an average of about 0.05% of the bulk samples. The overall scarcity of economic mineral species, extremely low total heavy minerals in the sediments, and generally thin sand cover of the sea floor show that the economic placer potential for the coastal area of the Chukchi Sea northeast of Cape Lisburne is negligible. (Also available from Supt. of Docs. Library of Congress catalog card no. 89-600223.)","","Alaska; Chukchi Sea"
"E","","Luepke, Grethchen//Grosz, Andrew E.""","","","Bulletin","","","","Distribution of economic heavy minerals in sediments of Saco Bay, Maine","","","","","","","","","Washington, D.C.""U.S. Geological Survey","1986","","","Bulletin 1681, 12 p.""","","12","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Distribution of economic heavy minerals in sediments of Saco Bay, Maine","The heavy-mineral assemblage in sediments of 12 vibracore samples from Saco Bay, Maine, is dominated by garnet and pyroboles. Minerals occurring in lesser abundance are sillimanite, andalusite, epidote, tourmaline, and staurolite. Minerals of economic value--ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile, zircon, and aluminosilicates constitute an average of about 14% of the heavy minerals in the analyzed sediments and an average of about 0.1 percent of the bulk samples. No large qualitative variations were found in the mineral assemblages within or among the core sediments analyzed. However, significant quantitative differences occur that are related to the texture of the sediments.""","Saco Bay; Maine"
"E","","Luken, Michael D.//Hess, Harold D.""","","","","","","","Sand, gravel and shell deposits of the Southern California Borderland, Appendix 10, OCS Mining Policy Phase II Task Force, Program Feasibility Study, OCS Hard Minerals Leasing","","","","","","","","","Menlo Park","U.S. Geological Survey, 69 p., 5 plates","March 26, 1979, 1979","","","","","","69","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","References: 63; illus. incl. tables Short Title: Sand, gravel and shell deposits of the Southern California Borderland, Appendix 10, OCS Mining Policy Phase II Task Force, Program Feasibility Study, OCS Hard Minerals Leasing","","","California; California Borderland; clastic sediments; deposits; economic geology; economic geology maps; gravel deposits; limestone deposits; maps; sand; sediments; shells; United States"
"K","","Magoon, Orville T.//Haugen, John C.//Sloan, Robert L.""","","Coastal sand mining in northern California, U.S.A.""","","","","Coastal Engineering Conference, 13th, 1972","","","1972","","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","13","","","1571 - 1597","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Coastal sand mining in northern California, U.S.A.""     The commercial mining of sand at coastal locations along California has been a continuing activity at some sites, sporadic at others and altogether discontinued at still other sites.  This mining activity includes all methods of sand mining (dragline, self-propelled bottom-dump scrapers, diesel shovels, etc.) and may be classified by littoral zone location as (1) mining from a beach foreshore or backshore area wetted by the normal tidal range, (2) mining within a river mouth or other estuary upstream from the ocean but still within the tidal zone, and (3) mining from bluff or dune areas not wetted by the normal range of tides but still within the littoral system.  Processing of the sand thus mined takes place when the material is transported from the mining site, usually by end dump trucks or belt conveyor to either a fixed or a portable plant.
     Commercial uses of the sand thus mined fall into two general categories, (1) construction and (2) special purposes.  Construction usage includes aggregate for concrete, asphalt, mortar, plaster and stucco, base material in road construction, and fill and structural backfill.  Specialty uses include sand blasting and filtration material, foundry and engine sands, and raw material for manufacture of glass and ceramics.
     Within the area studied (see Figure 1) the Monterey Bay area has the highest concentration of mining activity.  To the north, the area around Fort Bragg yields significant quantities to the commercial miner.  Most of the remaining coastal sand mining activity is concentrated in the San Francisco area.
     Total sand (and gravel) production is California is increasing at a rate that is rapid even when compared with the production increases of other minerals in the state.  Although that portion of total sand production occurring in the shore zone is extremely small compared to the vast quantity of sand comprising the present littoral system, the mining of sand does reach significant magnitudes in specific physiographic reaches along the coast.  This is important inasmuch as sandy beaches represent a major recreational asset to certain coastal areas of the world.""","California"
"E","","Manheim, Frank T.""","","","Circular","","","","Mineral resources off the northeastern coast of the United States","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1972","","","Circular 669, 28 p.""","","28","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Mineral resources off the northeastern coast of the United States","     Sand, gravel, and mud represent not only the largest potential but also the most immediate useful sea-floor resources off the coast of the Northeastern United States.  Reserves of surficial sand grading 75 percent or more amount to more than 400 billion tons in the upper 3 meters (10 ft) of the sea floor; this is enough to supply the sand needs of the Northeastern States of the United States and Maritime Provinces of Canada for several thousand years.
     Utilization of fine muds may be possible through innovative technology and should be encouraged.  The mounting quantity of spoils produced by dredging of harbors and waterways otherwise poses a threat to the environment.
     Significant placer or other ores are not promising in surficial deposits.  In the Gulf of Maine the existence of ores beneath glacial deposits remains unknown in the absence of core drilling to probe pre-Tertiary sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
     No leasing is now permitted pending reevaluation of Federal and State regulatory guidelines.  Improved investigatory and regulatory systems are essential to determine the guidelines for and to permit judicious and environmentally compatible managent of offshore resources.""","Atlantic coast; Mineral resources"
"E","","Manley, Frederick","","","","Open-File report","","","","Mineralogy of Mississippi coastal sands","","","","","","","","","","University of Mississippi, Mississippi Mineral Resources Institute (MMRI)","1979","","","Open-File Report 79-5, 73 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Mineralogy of Mississippi coastal sands","","","Mississippi"
"Journal Article","","Mann, Robert G.//Swift, Donald J.P.//Perry, Richard","","","Size classes of flow-transverse bedforms in a subtidal environment, Nantucket Shoals, North American Atlantic shelf","","","","","","Geo-Marine Letters","","","","","","","","","","March, 1981, 1981","","1","","1","39 - 43","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Size classes of flow-transverse bedforms in a subtidal environment, Nantucket Shoals, North American Atlantic shelf","     The distribution and character of small-scale and mesoscale bedforms on the surface of a large tide-built sand ridge have been observed.  Sand waves, class 1 and class 2 megaripples, and ripples are abundant.  A histogram of bedform spacing is strongly bimodal, indicating that megaripples and sand waves comprise discrete populations.  Ripples probably also comrise a discrete pupulation, but the limit of resolution of the side-scan sonar system arbitratily truncates the distribution; hence a third mode cannot be observed.""","Nantucket Shoals; Atlantic coast"
"E","","Marine Resources Development Corporation","","","","","","","","The feasibility of offshore mining of construction minerals in the Greater New York Metropolitan Area: A technical survey","","","","","","","","","","Report to U.S. Geological Survey by MRDC, 131 p.""1979","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","111 Brook St., Scarsdale, NY 10583
F.T. Manheim reference collection Short Title: The feasibility of offshore mining of construction minerals in the Greater New York Metropolitan Area: A technical survey","","","New York"
"E","","Marshall, George L.""","","","","","","","East Coast sea-floor mapping and information needs for offshore dredging for sand and gravel","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U.S. Geological Survey","Nov. 14-16, 1989, 1990","","","Circular, Report C 1052, p. 40-44","","","40-44","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","See also:
Editors: Lockwood, Millington; McGregor, Bonnie A 
Affiliation: Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Adm., Natl. Ocean Serv., Rockville, MD, United States (USA) 
Conference: 1989 Exclusive Economic Zone symposium on Mapping and research; Federal-State partners in EEZ mapping, Reston, VA, United States, Nov. 14-16, 1989 Short Title: East Coast sea-floor mapping and information needs for offshore dredging for sand and gravel","","","Atlantic Ocean; cartography; continental shelf; dredging; Eastern U.S.; economic geology; gravel deposits; maps; New England; New Jersey; New York; North American Atlantic; ocean floors; oceanography; sands; United States Exclusive Economic Zone; USGS; Oceanography; Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits"
"E","","Martindale, Steven G.//Hess, Harold D.""","","","","","","","Resource assessment; sand, gravel and shell deposits on the continental shelf of Nothern and Central California","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey, 39 p., 8 plates","February 7, 1979, 1979","","","","","","39","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","References: 11; illus. incl. tables;
OCS Mining Policy Phase II Task Force, Program feasibility document; OCS hard minerals leasing Short Title: Resource assessment; sand, gravel and shell deposits on the continental shelf of Nothern and Central California","","","California"
"E","","Masters, John M.""","","","","","","","Sand and gravel and peat resources in northeastern Illinois","","","","","","","","","","Illinois State Geological Survey","1978, 1978","","","Circular 503, 11 p.""","","11","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand and gravel and peat resources in northeastern Illinois","     Locations of sand and gravel and peat deposits in northeastern Illinois are described to aid the sand and gravel industry, landowners, and land-use planning agencies in the recovery of these resources.  Deposits are classified into types and subtypes based on their depositional histories as interpreted from their geometry and particle-size distribution.""","Illinois"
"Journal Article","","Mauriello, Mark N.""","","Beach nourishment and dredging; New Jersey's policies","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","1991","","59","","3","25-28","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach nourishment and dredging; New Jersey's policies Alternate Journal: Shore & Beach","","","Avalon Borough; beach nourishment; beaches; Cape May County New Jersey; case studies; clastic sediments; dredged materials; New Jersey; sand; sediments; shore features; shorelines; tidal inlets; Townsend Inlet; Engineering geology"
"Book Chapter","","McBride, Randolph A.""","","Temporal and spatial distribution of relict and active tidal inlets, North Atlantic Seaboard, U.S.A. [abs.]","","","Anonymous","editor","SEPM, annual midyear meeting, v. 3","","","","","","","","","Tulsa, OK","Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 74 p.""1986","","3","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: SEPM, annual midyear meeting, Raleigh, NC, United States, Sept. 26-28, 1986 Short Title: Temporal and spatial distribution of relict and active tidal inlets, North Atlantic Seaboard, U.S.A. [abs.]","","","Atlantic coast"
"Journal Article","","McBride, Randolph A.""","","Surficial sediments and morphology of the southeastern Alabama/Florida Panhandle shelf [abs.]","","","","","","American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","Oct. 25-27, 1995, 1995","","79","","10","1563","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: AAPG Gulf Coast Section meeting, Baton Rouge, LA, United States, Oct. 25-27, 1995 Short Title: Surficial sediments and morphology of the southeastern Alabama/Florida Panhandle shelf [abs.]","","","Alabama; bathymetry; bedding plane irregularities; clastic sediments; continental shelf; De Soto Canyon; eolian features; Escambia River; Florida; Florida Panhandle; fluvial environment; Gulf Coastal Plain; Mobile Bay; ocean floors; Perdido Bay; sand; sand ridges; sand sheets; sedimentary structures; sediments; shoals; shore features; sorting; southeastern Alabama; Geomorphology"
"Journal Article","","McBride, R.A.""","","Seafloor morphology, geologic framework, and sedimentary processes of a sand-rich shelf offshore Alabama and Northwest Florida: Northeastern Gulf of Mexico","","","","","","Dissertation Abstracts International Part B: Science and Engineering","","","","","","","","","","1997","","58","","6","2923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Thesis publ. date: 1997, 509pp. Source UMI, 300 N Zeeb Rd, POB 1346, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA (800.521.0600) or www.umi.com/hp/Products/Dissertations.html. Short Title: Seafloor morphology, geologic framework, and sedimentary processes of a sand-rich shelf offshore Alabama and Northwest Florida: Northeastern Gulf of Mexico","Late-Pleistocene and Holocene geology of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico shelf offshore Alabama and northwest Florida was investigated using 38 vibracores, 47 radiocarbon dates, foraminiferal and macrofauna assemblages, and bathymetry data. The morphologic and stratigraphic signatures of the last rise of eustatic sea level was examined along a passive continental margin. Major shelf features include shore-oblique sand ridges, mid-shelf linear shoals, and shelf- edge deltas. Surficial shelf sediments consist of >90% sand, <2.7% mud, and <2% granules and fine in a westerly direction from a medium to fine sand. The sharp boundary that demarcates these two sand types (Apalachicola and Mobile subprovinces) was identified for the first time in this study. Six facies and two erosional surfaces characterize shelf stratigraphy. Facies 1 is a Pleistocene soil horizon. This facies is truncated by a major erosional unconformity (Type 1 sequence boundary) created by subaerial exposure during the last sea level lowstand and the bay ravinement process during the ensuing transgression. Fine-grained estuarine deposits (Facies 2, 3, or 4 (lower transgressive systems tract)) overlie the unconformity. Facies 3 and 4 are truncated by a shoreface ravinement diastem (flooding surface) and overlain by a marine shell-bed (Facies 5; lower shoreface). Facies 5 grades into Facies 6, a quartz sand with marine foraminifera. Facies 5 and 6 comprise the upper transgressive systems tract (up to 5.5 m thick). Compared to a eustatic sea level curve, mollusk dates from estuarine shell beds show a time-transgressive trend, whereas marine shell beds are time-averaged. Transgressive and post-transgressive processes (strong cold fronts, tropical cyclones) concentrate marine mollusks above the shoreface ravinement diastem. Consequently, linear shoals are not in-situ or degraded barriers because marine species dominate the foraminiferal and molluscan assemblages, and deposits lie above shoreface ravinement diastem. Although shelf morphology is similar to modern barrier island geomorphology, shelf morphostratigraphy (linear shoals) is related to transgressive and post-transgressive processes. Shoal form and orientation are dictated by underlying transgressive topography (escarpments) that was cut into the Pleistocene substrate during the Holocene transgression. During transgression, erosional shoreface retreat produced a trailing sand sheet that draped the transgressive topography.""","Ocean floor; Stratigraphy; Sea level changes; Bottom topography; Geomorphology; Facies; Fossil assemblages; Sand; Fossil Foraminifera; Erosion; Continental shelves; Marine geology; Sedimentary structures; Transgressions; ASW, USA, Alabama; ASW, USA, Florida, Fort Pierce Inlet"
"Book Chapter","","McBride, Randolph A.//Anderson, Laurie C.//Tudoran, Andrei//Roberts, Harry H.""","","Holocene stratigraphic architecture of a sand-rich shelf and the origin of linear shoals: northeastern Gulf of Mexico","","","Bergman, Katherine M //Snedden, John W","editor","Isolated shallow marine sand bodies; sequence stratigraphic analysis and sedimentologic interpretation","","","","","","","","","Tulsa, OK","Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)","1999","","64","","","95 - 126","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","References: 147; illus. incl. sects., 1 table, sketch maps Short Title: Holocene stratigraphic architecture of a sand-rich shelf and the origin of linear shoals: northeastern Gulf of Mexico","     Late Pleistocene and Holocene geology of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico shelf offshore Alabama and northwest Florida was investigated using 47 vibracores, foraminiferal and macrofaunal assemblages, and bathymetric data.  The morphologic and stratigraphic signatures of the last rise of eustatic sea level were examined along this passive continental margin characterized by low subsidence.  Major shelf features include shore-oblique sand ridges, mid-shelf linear shoals, and shelf-edge deltas.  Surficial shelf sediments consist of >90% sand, <2.7% mud, and <2% granules and fine in a westerly direction from medium to fine sand.  The sharp boundary that separates these two surficial sand types (Apalachicola and Mobile subprovinces) is identified for the first time in this study.
     Six facies and two erosional surfaces characterize the shelf stratigraphy.  Facies 1 is a Pleistocene soil horizon.  This facies is truncated by a major erosional unconformity (Type 1 sequency boundary [SB]) that was created by subaerial exposure during the last sea-level lowstand and during the bay ravinement process (flooding surface [FS]) of the ensuing transgression (FS/SB).  Fine-grained estuarine deposits (Facies 2, 3, or 4 [lower transgressive system tract]) overlie the unconformity.  Facies 3 or 4 are truncated by a shoreface ravinement diastem (flooding surface) and are overlain by a marine shell-bed (Facies 5; lower shoreface).  Facies 5 grades into Facies 6, a quartz sand with open marine foraminifera that represents a shelf and sheet.  Facies 5 and 6 comprise the upper transgressibe systems tract, which is up to 5.5 m thick.
     The mid-shelf is characterized by two long (30-120km), narrow (<6km), shore-parallel to subparallel sand shoals that aerage 4 m thick.  North Perdido Shoal is located 15 - 25km offshore at the 20 - 25m isobath, whereas South Perdido Shoal lies 20 - 70km offshore at approximately the 35-m isobath.  Both shoals trend southwest-northeast.  The linear shoals are not in situ or degraded barriers (Stubblefield et al., 1984 a, b), offshore shelf-ridge (bar) complexes (Tillman and Martinsen, 1984, 1987; Gaynor and Swift, 1988), or lowstand/ transgressive incised shoreface deposits (Bergman, 1994; Walker and Wiseman, 1995) because the sediments that comprise the shoals lie above the shoreface ravinement diastem, and open marine species dominate the foraminiferal and molluscan assemblages.  Although shelf morphology is similar to modern barrier island geomorphology, shelf morphostratigraphy is related to transgressive and post-transgressive processes.  Shoal form and orientation are dictated by underlying transgressive topography (escarpments) that was cut into the Pleistocene substrate during the post-glacial transgression.  During transgression, erosional shoreface retreat produced a trailing sand sheet that draped the transgressive topography.  Consequently, 1) the linear nature of the shoals is derived from their formation along the shoreface (i.e., depositional strike) at lower stands of sea level during an overall transgression; 2) sediment transport from the present shoreline across the shelf appears to have little influence on shoal developemnt; 3) the interplay between relative sea-level changes and sediment supply caused translation of the shoreface profile, thus dictating the position of the linear shoals; and 4) post-transgressie reworking and subaqueous landward migration in response to storm processes are integral parts of shoal evolution.""","Gulf of Mexico; Florida; Alabama"
"Journal Article","","McBride, R.A.//Byrnes, M.R.//Anderson, L.C.""","","Shelf sedimentary facies offshore southwestern Alabama and western Florida Panhandle: Northeastern Gulf of Mexico","","","","","","Gulf Coast Association Geological Societies Transactions","","","","","","","","","","1996","","46","","","287-299","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Byrnes reference collection Short Title: Shelf sedimentary facies offshore southwestern Alabama and western Florida Panhandle: Northeastern Gulf of Mexico","","","Florida; Gulf of Mexico"
"K","","McBride, Randolph A.//Byrnes, Mark R.//Penland, S.//Pope, David L.//Kindinger, Jack L.""","","Geomorphic history, geologic framework, and hard mineral resources of the Petit Bois Pass area, Mississippi-Alabama","","","","","Annual Research Conference, 12th, Program and Abstracts","","","December 5, 1991, 1991","","","","","","","GCSSEPM Foundation","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geomorphic history, geologic framework, and hard mineral resources of the Petit Bois Pass area, Mississippi-Alabama","     Approximately 200 line-km of high-resolution seismic reflection data, 24 vibracores, historical maps, and aerial photography were used to delineate the geomorphic history, geologic framework, and potential hard mineral resources of the Petit Bois Pass area.  Petit Bois Pass is a natural tidal inlet system located between Petit Bois and Dauphin islands at the Mississippi-Alabama state line.  Since its opening, the inlet has migrated to the west at rates exceeding 50 m/yr.  However, the main channel of Petit Bois Pass has remained relatively stable since 1917, occupying an antecedent topographic depression cut into underlying pre-Holocene surface dips to the west, providing a platform for the narrow, elongated Holocene spit of Dauphin Island.  The pre-Holocene surface crops out on the shoreface at the western end of Dauphin Island 8 to 9 m below mean low water (MLW).  Father to the west, vibracores from the main inlet channel of eastern Petit Bois Pass contain only Holocene sediment, suggesting that the pre-Holocene surface is >11 m below MLW.  West of the main tidal channel, the undulating pre-Holocene surface shallows in the central portion of the pass before dipping down to >11 m under Petit Bois Island.  It appears that tidal channels associated with Petit Bois Pass occupy pre-Holocene fluvial channels cut by either the Pascagoula, Escatawpa, or Fowl rivers during lower sea level.  In the study area, the primary hard mineral resource targets include Holocene tidal inlet channels, ebbtidal deltas, and shoreface sand ridges, while abandoned pre-Holocene fluvial channels are considered secondary.""",""
"Book Chapter","","McBride, Randolph A.//Moslow, Thomas F.""","","Origin and occurrence of shoreface-attached sand ridges, North Atlantic shelf, U.S.A. [abs.]","","","Anonymous","editor","SEPM, annual midyear meeting, v. 3","","","","","","","","","Tulsa, OK","Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 74 p.""1986","","3","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: SEPM, annual midyear meeting, Raleigh, NC, United States, Sept. 26-28, 1986 Short Title: Origin and occurrence of shoreface-attached sand ridges, North Atlantic shelf, U.S.A. [abs.]","","","Atlantic coast"
"Journal Article","","McBride, Randolph A.//Moslow, T.F.""","","Origin, evolution, and distribution of shoreface sand ridges, Atlantic inner shelf, U.S.A.""","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","March 1991, 1991","","97","","1-2","57 - 85","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Origin, evolution, and distribution of shoreface sand ridges, Atlantic inner shelf, U.S.A.""     A computer mapping sustem was employed to document the location of 259 shoreface-attached and detached sand ridges in water <20 m deep and the temporal and spatial distribution of 309 historical and active tidal inlets along the U.S. Atlantic coast (Montauk Point, New York, to Miami Beach, Florida).  This database was compiled through the analysis of over 600 historical maps, 50 bathymetric charts, and other published data.  A genetic relationship between the location of certain historical and active tidal inlets and shoreface-attached sand ridges is documented.  It is inferred that ebb-tidal deltas provided the initial sand source for the development of many shoreface-attached sand ridges.
     Although shoreface-attached sand ridges appear to have several different modes of formation, a two-step process for the development of most shoreface-attached and detached sand ridges along U.S. Atlantic barrier island and cape coastlines is proposed: (1) sand is deposited as ebb-tidal deltas or river deltas along the lower shoreface and/or inner continental shelf prior to or during transgression, followed by (2) further transgression, which reworks the deltaic sand bodies into linear sand ridges at the base of the shoreface by shelf processes.  The best-developed shoreface sand ridge fields along the U.S. Atlantic shelf lie adjacent to shorelines characterized by all of the following: (1) transgression, (2) mixed energy, wave-dominated barrier islands, and (3) laterally migrating tidal inlet systems.  Tidal inlet systems are natural sediment sinks that capture sand carried by longshore sediment transport.  Ebb-tidal delta deposits associated with these migrating tidal inlets provide the initial sand body for the development of shoreface-attached sand ridges.  The oblique orientation and linear form of shoreface-attached sand ridges appear to be a function of shoreline transgression, lateral inlet migration, and wave reworking of ebb-tidal delta deposits concentrated along an ebb-tidal delta deposition.  In general, shoreface-attached sand ridges are poorly developed or absent along eroding headlands, spits, and barrier island shorelines characterized by naturally stabilized tidal inlets.  These latter inlets and shoreline types are dominated or influenced by one or all of the following: (1) antecedent topography, (2) higher tidal ranges, (3) larger tidal prisms, (4) lower wave energies, or (5) finer grain sizes.
     The coupling of shoreline and shallow marine sedimentary processes during a transgression is critical to the origin, evolution, and distribution of shoreface sand ridges in the study area.  Modern shoreface-attached sand ridges are also known to occur in different coastal and shelf settings where large amounts of sediment were supplied to the shoreface and inner shelf during, or immediately before, transgression.
     Commonly observed vertical and lateral interrelationships of Holocene shoreface-attached sand ridges and tidal inlets or distributary channels have important ramifications for the development of shelf sandstone facies models.  In addition, the geometric relationship documented in this study provides predictive petroleum and hard mineral exploration models of the spatial and temporal distribution of shoreface and shelf sand ridges.""","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Atlantic Ocean; bedding plane irregularities; bottom features; Cenozoic; changes of level; continental shelf; data bases; data processing; geomorphology; Holocene; inner shelf; landform evolution; marine environment; nearshore sedimentation; North American Atlantic; North Atlantic; oceanography; processes; Quaternary; sand ridges; sedimentary structures; sedimentation; shelf environment; shore features; shoreface; tidal inlets; Oceanography; Geomorphology"
"E","","McCauley, C.K.""","","","","","","","Exploration for heavy minerals on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina","","","","","","","","","","South Carolina Geological Survey","1960","","","Bulletin 26","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Exploration for heavy minerals on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina","","","South Carolina"
"Journal Article","","McClain, Clifford E.""","","Resource potential of offshore placer deposits, 1991 Exclusive Economic Zone symposium on mapping and research; working together in the Pacific EEZ","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1052","","","","","","","","","","Nov. 5-7, 1991, 1992","","","","","71","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Affiliation (analytic): Consultant, Fairfax Station, VA, United States
Affiliation (monograph): National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Reston, VA, United States
GeoRef ID (Update Code): 1992-063844
Report Number: C 1092
Summary only
Document Type: Serial; Report; Conference Document
Bibliographic level: Analytic
CODEN: XICIA5
Research Program: Publications of the U. S. Geological Survey Short Title: Resource potential of offshore placer deposits, 1991 Exclusive Economic Zone symposium on mapping and research; working together in the Pacific EEZ Alternate Journal: U. S. Geological Survey Circular","","","Alaska; continental shelf; East Pacific; economic geology; gold ores; heavy mineral deposits; marine placers; metal ores; mineral resources; North American Pacific; North Pacific; Northeast Pacific; oceanography; Pacific Coast; Pacific Ocean; placers; platinum ores; USGS; Western U.S.
Economic geology; general; deposits; Oceanography"
"G","","McHone, J.F., Jr.""","","Morphologic time series from a submarine sand ridge on the south Virginia coast","Master's Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","Norfolk, Virginia","Old Dominion University","1973","","","","","","59","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Morphologic time series from a submarine sand ridge on the south Virginia coast","","","Oceanography; bedding plane irregularities; coastal; morphology; ocean floors; oceanography; ridges; sand ridges; sedimentary structures; south; submarine; time variations; Virginia"
"Journal Article","","McKelvey, V.E.""","","Mineral potential of the submerged parts of the U.S.""","","","","","Ocean Industry","","","","","","","","","","1968","","3","","9","37 - 43","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Mineral potential of the submerged parts of the U.S.""","","Continental Shelf; economic geology; mineral resources; General"
"E","","McKelvey, V.E.""","","","U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin","","","","Subsea mineral resources","","","","","","","","","Denver, CO","","1986","","","U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1689-A, 106 p.""","","106","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Subsea mineral resources","     About 20 nonpetroliferous minerals are produced from the continental margins.  Sand and gravel, lime from shells and aragonite mud, precious coral, and placer minerals such as rutile, ilmenite, leucoxene, cassiterite, zircon, monazite, magnetite, gold, platinum, and diamonds are recovered by surface mining.  Sulfur and salt are recovered by solution mining through drill holes.  Barite is recovered by subsea quarrying.  Coal and iron ore are mined underground from entry on adjacent land or from artificial islands.  Potash is likely to be produced from subsea salt basins, and offshore production of phosphate is being considered in several areas.
     The resources of the deep-ocean floor are yet to be developed.  Those drawing the most interest are manganese nodules and encrustations, metallic sulfide deposits, and red clays.
     Manganese nodules are composed chiefly of manganese and iron oxides, but, in places, they are relatively rich in nickel, coper, cobalt, molybdenum, and vanadium.  Current commercial interest is focused on nodules having a combined nickel-copper content of 1.8 percent or more.  The most prospective area thus far know for such deposits lies in the northeastern equatorial Pacific between the Clarion and the Clipperton fracture zones.  The area is about 2.5 million square kilometers in size and contains about 2.1 billion dry metric tons of potentially recoverable nodules averaging 25 percent Mn, 1.3 percent Ni, 1 percent Cu, and 0.22 Co.  Enough experimental work has been done to indicate that recovery of such deposits is technically feasible when economic conditions become favorable.
     Cobalt-rich manganese oxide encrustations on bedrock are widespread on seamounts in the north-central Pacific Ocean and the Hawaiian Archipelago in water depths of 1,000 to 2,500 m.  They appear to average about 2 cm in thckness and about 0.9 percent Co, 0.5 percent Ni, 24 percent Mn, and less than 0.1 percent Cu.  Although the feasibility of mining the crusts has yet to be demonstrated, several factors lead some to believe that their recovery is closer to being commercially feasible than that of the nodules.
     Metallic sulfide deposits are associated with hydrothermal systems along ocean-floor spreading centers.  The most promising deposits found thus far lie in a series of deep basins along the central rift valley beneath the Red Sea.  The largest, the Atlantis II Deep, has an area of about 56km2.  The upper 10m of sediment are estimated to contain about 2.9 million tons of Zn, 1 million tons of Cu, 0.8 million tons of Pb, 45,000 t of Ag, and 45 t of Au, worth on the order of a few billion dollars.  The Governments of Saudi Arabia and Sudan have been sponsoring recovery research, and the deposits are expected to come into production during the latter part of this decade.
     Sulfide deposits similar to those associated with ophiolite complexes on land have recently been found at seven ridge crest localitite in the eastern Pacific.  Qualitatively, their composition is similar to that of the Atlantis II deposits, although their zinc content is generally much higher (in the range of 30-60 percent).  Sulfide deposits have also been found on flank volcanoes near the crest of the East Pacific Rise.  None of these deposits has been sampled enough to support meaningful tonnage estimates.  Land analogs range from a few thousand to many millions of tons in size, and such a range can be expected for the subsea deposits also.  The feasibility of their recovery has yet to be tested.
     Red clays blanket about 30 percent of the deep-ocean floor, and several countries are seriously considering using them in situ for high-level radioactive waste storage.  The extensive research in progress on this possibility has thus far not revealed any unfavorable elements and has identidied many favorable ones.
     Seawater itself is an important source of some chemicals and several forms of energy.  Salt, magnesium compounds, and bromine are recovered now, and potassium, sulfur, boron, and uranium may be recovered in the future.  Desalinated seawater is a valuable product in coastal desert areas.  Of the ocean's enormous reservoir of energy, only a small amount of tidal energy is now being recovered, but research is underway on the recovery of ocean thermal energy, wave-generated energy, the energy in circulating current systems, and the energy represented by the large osmotic pressure differences between freshwater and saltwater. 
     The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention contains many provisions governing the development of subsea mineral resources.  It assigns to coastal States the right to produce subsea minerals from their Exclusive Economic Zones, which extend 200 nmi seaward from their coasts, and also gives them jurisdiction over the mineral resources of most of their continental margins where they extend seaward of the Exclusive Economic Zones.  Minerals beyond these limits of national jurisdiction are to be under the control of an International Sea-Bed Authority.  The United States has not signed the Convention but has indicated that it will accept all of its provisions except those governing minerals beyond national jurisdiction.""","General"
"E","","McKelvey, V.E. //Wang, F.H.""","","","Miscellaneous Geologic Investigation","","","","World subsea mineral resources","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U.S. Geological Survey","1969","","","Miscellaneous Geologic Investigation Map I-632","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: World subsea mineral resources","","","General"
"E","","McLaughlin, Richard J.""","","","","","","","A guide to laws and regulations governing hard mineral mining on the U.S. Continental Shelf","","","","","","","","","","Mississippi - Alabama Sea Grant Legal Program, University of Mississippi Law Center","September, 1989, 1989","","","MASGP 89- 034, 46 p.""","","46","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: A guide to laws and regulations governing hard mineral mining on the U.S. Continental Shelf","","","General"
"K","","McMaster, Robert L.//Neff, Nancy Friedrich","","","Sand and gravel resources in Rhode Island coastal waters [abs.]","","","","","Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins, 3rd","","","November 15-18, 1992, 1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","33","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand and gravel resources in Rhode Island coastal waters [abs.]","","","Rhode Island"
"Journal Article","","Meisburger, E.P.""","","Morphology and sediments of the shelf and upper slope off southeastern Florida [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America - Special Paper","","","","","","","","","","1968","","","","","458-459","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Morphology and sediments of the shelf and upper slope off southeastern Florida [abs.]","","","Florida; geomorphology; morphology; sediments; shelf; slope; southeastern; United States"
"E","","Meisburger, Edward P.""","","","Technical memorandum","","","","Geomorphology and sediments of the Chesapeake Bay entrance","","","","","","","","","Washington, D.C.""U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center","June, 1972, 1972","","","Technical Memorandum 38, 64 p.""","","64","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection
Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Geomorphology and sediments of the Chesapeake Bay entrance","","AD No. 749545","Virginia"
"Journal Article","","Meisburger, E.P.""","","Neogene sediments of the north Florida inner continental shelf [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1972","","","","","593","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Neogene sediments of the north Florida inner continental shelf [abs.]","","","Florida"
"E","","Meisburger, Edward P.""","","","Technical paper","","","","Geomorphology and sediments of western Massachusetts bay","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir, VA","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center Technical Paper","March, 1976, 1976","","","76-3, 78 p.""","","78","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Geomorphology and sediments of western Massachusetts bay","     A seismic reflection survey with concurrent bottom sampling was conducted in western Massachusetts Bay to obtain information on bottom topography and sediments, subbottom structure and composition, and the location of sand deposits potentially usable for restoration and nourishment of nearby beaches.  Primary data consisted of 242 statute miles of seismic reflection survey and 43 sediment cores.
     Seismic reflection profiles show that most of the area is underlain by a rock mass with a highly irregular surface below which no coherent reflections appear on available records.  Highs in this unit outcrop in places while lows appear on available records.  Highs in this unit outcrop in places while lows are either partly or completely filled with acoustically transparent material having internal reflection patterns which indicate a stratified deposit.  Cores and extrapolition from onshore outcrops indicate that the lower unit consists of dissected basement complex rocks overlain in places by glacial drift and the upper (transparent) unit consists mainly of Pleistocene glaciomarine and Holocene sediments.
     The predominant sediments of the surface and shallow subsurface (less than 15 feet) deposits in the study area are fine sand, sand and gravel, and clayey silt.  Sand suitable for beach restoration and nourishment on the contiguous coast occurs only locally and in generally small quantity relative to other sedimens of the study area.  Seven potential borrow sites are located and discussed.""","Beach nourishment
Geomorphology
Sediments
Seismic reflection
Western Massachusetts Bay"
"E","","Meisburger, Edward P.""","","","Miscellaneous report","","","","Sand resources on the inner continental shelf of the Cape Fear region, North Carolina","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center Miscellaneous Report","November, 1977, 1977","","","MR 77-11, 20 p.""","","20","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Sand resources on the inner continental shelf of the Cape Fear region, North Carolina","     The Inner Continental Shelf of North Carolina between the South Carolina border and Cape Lookout was investigated to obtain information on bottom and subbottom sediment deposits and geologic structure.
     Primary survey coverage consists of 512 statute miles (824 kilometers) of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles and 124 cores ranging in length from 2 to 20 feet (0.6 to 6.1 meters).
     Sand sutiable for restoration and nourishment of nearby beaches was located, described, and mapped for 27 potential offshore borrow sites.  This sand occurs commonly in thin sheet deposits or as relict channel fill.  However, extensive sand deposits exist in shoals off Cape Fear and Cape Lookout and in other low isolated shoals on the shelf floor and within the shoreface area.""","Beach nourishment
Borrow sites
Cape Fear; North Carolina
Inner Continental Shelf
Sand deposits
Sediment deposits
Seismic reflection profiles"
"E","","Meisburger, E.P.""","","","Technical paper","","","","Reconnaissance geology of the inner continental shelf, Cape Fear Region, North Carolina","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center","1979","","","Technical Paper 79-3, 135 p.""","","135","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Reconnaissance geology of the inner continental shelf, Cape Fear Region, North Carolina","     The Inner Continental Shelf off the North Carolina coast between the South Carolina border and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, was surveyed to obtain information on bottom and subbottom sediment deposits and structures.  The location and the extent of deposits of sand suitable for restoration and nourishment of nearby beaches were investigated.  Primary survey coverage consisted of 824 kilometers (445 nautical miles) of seismic reflection survey and 139 cores ranging in length from 0.6 to 6.1 meters (2 to 20 feet).
     More than half of the area surveyed is underlain by two thick sections of Coastal Plain sediments characterized by seaward-dipping progradational internal beds which generate a characteristic acoustic pattern on seismic reflection records.  These beds are exposed on the shelf floor in places and elsewhere are covered by a thin sediment blanket.  Smaples of these extensive units indicate that one is of Cretaceous age and the other of Oligocene age.  Both units consist predominantly of fine quartz sand.
     Other sediment units closely underlying the shelf floor consist of planar- to complex-bedded sheet and channel-fill deposits of predominantly quartz sand or biogenic calcium carbonate.  These deposits range in age from Eocene to Holocene.
     Modern sediment accretion on the inner shelf appears to be largely restricted to the shoal fields off Cape Lookout and Cape Fear, and to inlet shoals along the coast.  Elsewhere on the inner shelf floor, modern sediments are thin and discontinuous, and modern shelf processes appear to be largely confined to reworking, winnowing, and redepositing older deposits.""",""
"E","","Meisburger, Edward P.""","","","Technical Report","","","","Exploration and sampling methods for borrow areas","","","","","","","","","Vicksburg, MS","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station","1990, 1990","","","Technical Report CERC 90-18, 68 p.""","","68","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Annotation: Includes appendices; final report
illus. incl. sects., sketch maps Short Title: Exploration and sampling methods for borrow areas","","","beaches; engineering geology; shore features; shorelines; stabilization; Engineering geology"
"Journal Article","","Meisburger, E.P.//Duane, D.B.""","","Shallow structural characteristics of Florida Atlantic Shelf as revealed by seismic reflection profiles","","","","","","Transactions - Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies","","","","","","","","","","1969","","19","","","207 - 215","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","CERC Reprint 1-70, AD No. 702003 Short Title: Shallow structural characteristics of Florida Atlantic Shelf as revealed by seismic reflection profiles","","","continental shelf; Florida; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; reflection; seismic methods; surveys; United States"
"E","","Meisburger, E. P.//Duane, D. B.""","","","Tecnnical memorandum","","","","Geomorphology and sediments of the inner continental shelf, Palm Beach to Cape Kennedy, Florida","","","","","","","","","Washington, D.C.""U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center","February, 1971, 1971","","","Technical Memorandum 34, 117 p.""","","117","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Geomorphology and sediments of the inner continental shelf, Palm Beach to Cape Kennedy, Florida","     The Inner Continental Shelf off eastern Florida was surveyed by CERC to obtain information on bottom morphology and sediments, subbottom structure, and sand deposits suitable for restoration of nearby beaches.  Primary survey data consists of seismic reflection profiles and sediment cores.  This report covers that part of the survey area comprising the inner Shelf between Palm Beach and Cape Kennedy.
     Sediment on beaches adjacent to the study area consists of quartzose sand and shell fragments.  Median size of midtide samples generally lies in the range betwen 0.3 to 0.5 mm. (1.74 to 1.0 phi) diameter.
     The Shelf in the study area is a submerged sedimentary plain of low relief.  Ridge-like shoals generally of medium-to-coarse (0.25 to 1.0mm.) calcareous sand resting on the seaward dipping subbottom strata contain material suitable for beach restoration.  A minumum volume of 92.2 X 106 cubic yards of suitable sand is available within study limits.""AD No. 724135","Submarine geology
Continental Shelf
Seismic reglection
Sediment cores
Artificial Beach Nourishment
Palm Beach - Cape Kennedy; Florida"
"E","","Meisburger, Edward P.//Field, Michael E.""","","","Technical Memorandum","","","","Geomorphology, shallow structure and sediments of the Florida Inner Continental Shelf, Cape Canaveral to Georgia","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center","July, 1975, 1975","","","Technical Memorandum 54, 119 p.""","","119","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Geomorphology, shallow structure and sediments of the Florida Inner Continental Shelf, Cape Canaveral to Georgia","     The inner Continental Shelf off eastern Florida between Cape Canaveral and Georgia was surveyed to obtain information on bottom morphology and sediments, subbottom structure, and sand deposits (borrow sites) suitable for restoration and nourishment of nearby beaches.  Primary survey data consist of 1,153 statute miles of high-resolution seismic reflection surveys and 197 sediment cores.
     The major structural trend in the study area shallow subbottom is a broad coastal plain high consisting of truncated strata judged to be of Eocene and Miocene ages.  Overlying strata not affected by the high are late Miocene to Holocene in age and are characteriszed by a predominant eastward dip, common occurance of internal bedding features, and filled erosional channels.  The Pleistocene and Holocene sediments disconformably overlie late Tertiary sediments which crop out in many places north of St. Augustine, Florida.  The dominant lithology of both surficial and shallow subsurface strata is quartz sand.  Detrital accessory silicate minerals, carbonates, and phosphorite comprise the remaining 5 to 10 percent of the sediments.  Surface exposures and near-surface occurrences of Tertiary unconsolidated quartzose sands are recognized by diagnostic microfauna or dolomite silt matrix.
     Quaternary sediments are unusually thin and discontinuous.  The paucity of recognizable Pleistocene fluvial deposits in this region and the thin nature of the Holocene sand blanket suggests that shelf sands were derived in part from transgressive erosion and that Georgia streams supplied little material to the inner shelf.
     Sand suitable for beach restoration and maintenance on the adjacent north Florida coast occurs abundantly in places on the inner shelf.  Ten potential borrow sites and an additional 21 possible sites have been delineated, each comprising a sand reserve ranging in volume from 5 to 178 million cubic yards, all within 13 nautical miles of the coast.  Underlying quartzose Tertiary deposits contain an estimated 100 billion cubic yards of sand.
     Filled erosional channels in shallow subbottom strata, especially north of Jacksonville, and the occasional occurrence of sinkholes, complicate generalization of foundation conditions.  Clays and cohesive sandy silts occur throughout the area in various stratigraphic associations.  The character and strength properties of thse fine-grained deposits are variable; however, soft watery clays, usually interbedded with fine sand, are most common in the area from Jacksonville to Georgia.""AD No. A015022","Artificial beach nourishment
Florida Inner Continental Shelf
Geomorphology
Seismic Reflection
Sediments"
"E","","Meisburger, E. P.//Williams, S. Jeffress","","","","Technical paper","","","","Geomorphology and sediments of the nearshore continental shelf Miami to Palm Beach, Florida","","","","","","","","","Washington, D.C.""U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center","November, 1969, 1969","","","Technical Paper 29, 120 p.""","","120","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Geomorphology and sediments of the nearshore continental shelf Miami to Palm Beach, Florida","     The Continental Shelf bordering southeastern Florida between Palm Beach and Miami was surveyed by CERC to locate and evaluate sand deposits potentially useable for shore protection projects.  Survey data covered 141 square miles of that part of the Continental Shelf between 15- and 100-foot depths, and consisted of seismic reflection profiles and sediment cores from the sea floor.
     South of Boca Raton to Miami, much of the shelf is rocky with a thin sediment veneer.  Relatively thick deposits of sediment have accumulated locally in troughs formed between low reef-like ridges lying parallel to shore.  Shelf sediments south of Boca Raton consist almost entirely of sand-size calcareous skeletal fragments.
     North of Boca Raton to Palm Beach, most of the shelf is overlain by a thick blanket deposit of homogeneous fine-to-medium, gray sand about half of which consists of quartz particles and the remainder of calcareous skeletal fragments.  About 200 million cubic yards of sand-size sediment occurs on the shelf south of Boca Raton.  Although generally suitable for beach fill in terms of size, degradation of size by abrasion and fragmentation of the delicate particles may occur in the shore environment.
     More than 380 million cubic yards of sand-size sediment lies on the shelf north of Boca Raton.  However, because of its fine size, this sand is not considered ideally suited for beach fill.  In terms of potential as beach sand, sand-size sediments from the shelf bordering southeastern Florida is of marginal quality.""","Artificial beach nourishment
Beach sediments
Continental shelf
Miami to Palm Beach; Florida
Seismic profiles
Sea bottom cores"
"E","","Meisburger, Edward P.//Williams, S. Jeffress","","","","Miscellaneous report","","","","Sand resources on the inner Continental Shelf of the Cape May region, New Jersey","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center","July, 1980, 1980","","","Miscellaneous Report MR 80-4, 40 p.""","","40","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection
Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Sand resources on the inner Continental Shelf of the Cape May region, New Jersey","     About 1,235 square kilometers of the Inner Continental Shelf adjacent to Cape May peninsula was investigated by a seismic reflection and coring survey to obtain geologic information on sea floor and subbottom sand and gravel deposits having suitable characteristics for use as fill in beach nourishment and restoration projects.  Water depths in the study area ranged from about 1.5 to 21 meters.  A total of 1,258 kilometers of seismic profiles and 104 vibratory cores, ranging in length from 1 to 3.7 meters, were examined.
     Linear and arcuate shoals are the dominant sea floor features in the region and most appear to be composed of clean, fine to very coarse-grained quartz sand which overlies a flat deposition surface.  Several cores penetrating the surface show the underlying material to be a poorly sorted admixture of fine-grained and very coarse-grained sediments that are denser than the modern shelf sands and probably represent a pre-Holocene fluvial deposit.
     Results of this assessment study show that 16 potential shoal sites and 2 promising sea floor areas are present.  Individual shoals contain from 4.6 to more than 472 million cubic meters of sand; the total sand and gravel resource is conservatively estimated to be 1,086 million cubic meters.""","Cape May; New Jersey; Geomorphology; Sand resources; Sediments; Seismic reflection"
"E","","Meisburger, E.P.//Williams, S.J.""","","","Technical aid","","","","Use of vibratory coring samples for sediment surveys","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center","1981","","","Technical Aid 81-9, 18 p.""","","18","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Use of vibratory coring samples for sediment surveys","","","General"
"E","","Meisburger, Edward P.//Williams, S. Jeffress","","","","Miscellaneous report","","","","Sand resources on the inner continental shelf off the central New Jersey coast","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center","October, 1982, 1982","","","Miscellaneous Report MR 82-10, 48 p.""","","48","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection
Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Sand resources on the inner continental shelf off the central New Jersey coast","     About 1800 square kilometers of the central New Jersey inner shelf between Avalon and 7.5 kilometers north of Barnegat Inlet was surveyed to assess and quantify marine sand and gravel resources 6 meters below the sea floor.  The primary data consist of 1133 kilometers of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles, limited side-scan sonar coverage, and 97 vibracores, a maximum of 6 meters long.  Limits of the surveys were generally from about -7 meter depth contour seaward to about the -21 meter depth contour, a maximum of some 22 kilometers offshore.
     Analyses of the survey data reveal that an estimated 172 million cubic meters of suitable sand is present in 15 different locales.  Most of the sand is contained in linear and arcuate shoals that appear to be Holocene to modern in age.  The shoals are resting on a pre-Holocene age substrate composed of sedimentary deposits of fluvial origin.  These deposits show evidence of past subaerial erosion.""","Geomorphology; New Jersey coast; Sand resources; Sediments; Seismic reflection"
"K","","Meisburger, E.P.//Williams, S.J.""","","Late Quaternary stratigraphy and geological character of coastal and inner shelf sediments of Northern North Carolina","","","Kraus, Nicholas C.""","Specialty Conference on Advances in Understanding of Coastal Sediment Processes, Coastal Sediments '87","","","May 12-14, 1987, 1987","New Orleans, LA","","","","","","Am. Soc. Civ. Eng","","","","","","2141-2156","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment
References: 9; illus. incl. 4 tables, sketch maps Short Title: Late Quaternary stratigraphy and geological character of coastal and inner shelf sediments of Northern North Carolina","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; barrier islands; Cenozoic; cores; Currituck Sound; engineering geology; North Carolina; northern North Carolina; Quaternary; shorelines; stratigraphy; upper Quaternary"
"E","","Meisburger, Edward P.//Williams, S. Jeffress //Prins, Dennis A.""","","","Miscellaneous report","","","","Sand resources of southeastern Lake Michigan","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center","July, 1979, 1979","","","Miscellaneous Report MR 79-3, 61 p.""","","61","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Miscellaneous Report Short Title: Sand resources of southeastern Lake Michigan","     About 2,072 square kilometers (800 square miles) of the eastern shore of Lake Michigan between Manistee, Michigan, and Burns Harbor, Indiana, was surveyed to assess potential sand and gravel resources.  The survey data consist of 915 kilometers (569 miles) of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles, side-scan sonar records, and 93 cores a maximum of 6.1 meters (20 feet) long.  Bathymetric survey limits are the -3.7 meter (-12 feet) contour lakeward to about -37 meter (-120 feet) contour.  The most common sediment types found are clean, fine to coarse quartz sand and silt and clay.  Sand appears to predominate in surface deposits and to be the primary constituent of shoals and ridges present in several locales.  Silt and clay deposits are the most common subbottom sediment type; clay, gravel, and till-like mixtures of sandy-silty pebbles occur locally.  Indurated shale occurs in the area near New Buffalo, Michigan.  Results show that the hightest potential for sand is in the area between Whitehall and Saugatuck, Michigan.  Smaller deposits appear to occur between Manistee and Whitehall, Michigan, and from Saugatuck to 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) south of Benton Harbor, Michigan.  The region with lowest potential for sand resources is from Benton Harbor south to Burns Harbor, Indiana, where a thin veneer of sand overlies silt and clay.""","Geomorphology
Lake Michigan
Sand resources
Sediments
Seismic reflection"
"E","","Michigan Department of Environmental Quality","","","","","","","","Criteria and methodology for assessing the environmental, aesthetic, social, and economic impact of sand mining on barrier dunes in Michigan","","","","","","","","","","Department of Environmental Quality","1978","","","Open-File Report 78-5, 96 p.""","","96","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Criteria and methodology for assessing the environmental, aesthetic, social, and economic impact of sand mining on barrier dunes in Michigan","","","Michigan; Great Lakes"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","Mielke, James E.""","Hard minerals in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone: resource assessment and expectations","","","","","","","","translator","","Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Number of Volumes: 2 Short Title: Hard minerals in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone: resource assessment and expectations","","","General"
"E","","Miller, C.K.//Fowler, J.H.""","","","report","","","","The development potential for Nova Scotia's offshore placer and aggregate resources","","","","","","","","","Halifax, Nova Scotia","Department of Mines and Energy (Halifax),""October 22, 1985, 1985","","","Report: 87-1, 184 p.""","","184","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: The development potential for Nova Scotia's offshore placer and aggregate resources","","","Nova Scotia; Miscellaneous"
"E","","Miller, D.C.""","","","","","","","Impact of dredge spoil disposal on benthic communities in the Delaware Estuary","","","","","","","","","","Delaware Sea Grant","1999, 1999","","","Report DEL-SG-04-99, 32 p.""","","32","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Impact of dredge spoil disposal on benthic communities in the Delaware Estuary","     The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has proposed to increase the channel depth of the Delaware River and widen bends in the channel at certain locations. This Delaware River Main Channel Deepening Project would require an estimated 33 million cubic yards of dredged materials to be removed from the channel as part of the initial construction, and an increase in annual maintenance dredging from 4.9 to 6.0 million cubic yards.  Dredged material would be used for wetland restoration and beach nourishment projects, raising concerns that benthic communities will be adversely affected.  This study examines 60 published reports on the effects of disposing dredged materials, discusses potential impacts of this project, and proposes mitigation measures to lessen short- and long-term impacts.  A glossary of benthic terminology is included.""","dredge spoil; pollution effects; zoobenthos; sedimentation; environmental impact; ANW; Delaware estuary; Delaware"
"Journal Article","","Milligan, Donna A.//Hardaway, C. Scott, Jr.//Thomas, George R.""","","Shoreline variations, sediments, and sediment transport relative to potential sand mining and beach nourishment, Virginia Beach, Virginia [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","March 17-19, 1997, 1997","","29","","1","67","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Shoreline variations, sediments, and sediment transport relative to potential sand mining and beach nourishment, Virginia Beach, Virginia [abs.]","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; beach nourishment; beach profiles; continental shelf; dredging; effects; grain size; land use; littoral drift; marine transport; mining; mining geology; offshore; sands; sediment transport; sediments; shore features; shorelines; Virginia; Virginia Beach Virginia; Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits"
"E","","Milliman, John D.""","","","Professional Paper","","","","Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States; petrology of the sand fraction of sediments, northern New Jersey to southern Florida","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U.S. Geological Survey","1972, 1972","","","Professional Paper 529-J, p. J1 - J40","","","J1 - J40","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States; petrology of the sand fraction of sediments, northern New Jersey to southern Florida","Geologic setting, sediment textures, types and distribution, provenance and history, carbonate and noncarbonate components","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Atlantic Ocean; clastic sediments; composition; continental margin; continental shelf; Eastern U.S.; marine geology; oceanography; sand; sedimentary petrology; sediments; USGS"
"Journal Article","","Milliman, J.D.//Pilkey, O.H.//Ross, D.A.""","","Sediments of the continental margin off the eastern United States","","","","","","Geological Society of America Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1972","","83","","5","1315-1334","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Sediments of the continental margin off the eastern United States","","","continental shelf; continental slope; east; environment; ocean basins; oceanography; sedimentation; sediments; General"
"E","","Minerals Management Service (MMS)","","","","","","","","Environmental impact statement for proposed outer continental shelf Arctic sand and gravel lease sale","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region","1983","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","No other info for this reference - was part of reference list from a Cruickshank, 1988 paper.
S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Environmental impact statement for proposed outer continental shelf Arctic sand and gravel lease sale","","","Miscellaneous"
"E","","Moberly, R.//Campbell, J.F.//Coulbourn, W.T.""","","","","","","","Offshore and other sand resources for Hawaii","","","","","","","","","Honolulu, HI","The University of Hawaii Sea Grant Program","1975","","","Sea Grant Technical Paper, UNIHI-SEAGRANT-TR-75-03","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Hampton reference collection Short Title: Offshore and other sand resources for Hawaii","","","Hawaii"
"Journal Article","","Moeller, Michael E.//Katuna, Michael P.""","","Folly Beach renourishment project; two years later [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1995","","27","","2","77","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section, 44th annual meeting, Knoxville, TN, United States, April 6-7, 1995 Short Title: Folly Beach renourishment project; two years later [abs.]","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; beach nourishment; beach profiles; beaches; Charleston County South Carolina; clastic sediments; erosion; Folly Beach South Carolina; groins; littoral erosion; marine installations; sand; sediments; shore features; South Carolina; storms; Geomorphology"
"K","","Mokhtari-Saghafi, Massoud//Osborne, Robert H.""","","Commercial profitability of offshore sand and gravel mining in southern California: an analysis for new entries","","","Tiews, K.//Mann, H.""","An International Forum on Ocean Engineering in the 80's, Oceans '80","","","Sept. 8-10, 1980, 1980","Seattle, WA","","","","","","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","","","","","","55-59","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Commercial profitability of offshore sand and gravel mining in southern California: an analysis for new entries","     Sand and gravel are primary resources used in many phases of construction and to maintain southern California's valuable beaches and harbors.  Deposits of saleable-grade material under present political and economic conditions are becoming depleted.  Although many land-based deposits are lost to competing land uses and mining of such deposits is generally opposed by urban communities, offshore mining of sand and gravel for use as construction aggregate is below the current rate of market interest (10%).  The reduced profitability of offshore mining is chiefly due to high operating costs.  Investment in land-based deposits may be profitable under specified conditions.""","aggregate; California; construction materials; economic geology; economics; gravel deposits; Los Angeles County California; offshore; possibilities; Southern California; mining; INE"
"E","","Mokhtari-Saghafi, Massoud//Osborne, Robert H.""","","","Tech. Rep.""","","","An economic appraisal of mining offshore sand and gravel deposits","","","","","","","","","Los Angeles, CA","Southern California University Sea Grant Program","May 1980, 1980","","","Technical  Report USC-SG-TR-80-01, 47 p.""","","47","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: An economic appraisal of mining offshore sand and gravel deposits","      Sand and gravel are primary resources used in many phases of construction and to maintain southern California's invaluable beaches and harbors.  Although California has led the nation in the production of sand and gravel since 1942, the four major production districts that supply the greater Los Angeles area are expected to exhaust their supply of saleable-grade material within 25 to 30 years.  Since many potentially mineable land-based sand and gravel deposits are lost to competing land users and mining of these deposits is generally opposed by proximal urban communities, the sand and gravel needs can be met by (1) changing zoning regulations to permit known deposits to be exploited, (2) exploring for new sand and gravel deposits, taking commensurate care to evaluate the geological, economic, social, environmental and legal aspects of exploration, or some combination of (1) and (2).
     Marine sedimentological studies along the inner Santa Monica Shelf demonstrate the presence of five major bodies of sand and gravel.  Collectively sites B-I, B-II and B-III contain a minimum of 99 X 106 yd3 to a maximum of 214 X 106 yd3 of dominantly sand, of which 55% is suitable and 80% suitable or marginally suitable for beach restoration and nourishment.  Site B-IV contains approximately 325 X 106 yd3 of mostly silt and very fine- to fine-sand, which are of marginal quality for beach nourishment.  Site B-V contains from 18 X 106 yd3 to 66 X 106 yd3 of sand and gravel, of which approximately 72% is suitable for construction aggregate.
    Under current market conditions and in the framework of a conventional land-based mining operation, the internal rate of return on capital for an onshore economic model is from 8.7% to 11.5% for a new producer, depending on the level of sales and different market assumptions.  For the offshore alternative, this rate ranges from 2.5% to 7.5%, depending on the level of sales and different market assumptions.  Offshore mining of sand and gravel for construction aggregate is profitable but below the average expected future market rate of interest (10%).  The cost of replacing 1 yd3 of suitable material on a damaged beach is estimated to cost approximately $1.52, therefore a commercial enterprise should be offered at least $1.87 per yd3 to undertake such a project.
     Available sedimentologic informaiton and current market conditions suggest that beach restoration and nourishment are the best uses for the offshore sand deposits along the inner Santa Monica shelf.  Future market conditions as well as changing social and environmental attitudes may raise the profitability of offshore mining for concrete aggregate above the prevailing market rate of interest.""","beach accretion; mineral resources; gravel; sedimentology; economics; aggregate; sand; dredging; beach nourishment; INE; California"
"E","","Molnia, Bruce F.""","","","","","","","Sand and gravel resources of the continental shelf of Alaska","","","","","","","","","Menlo Park, CA","U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific-Arctic Branch of Marine Geology","August, 1979, 1979","","","Report, 69 p.""","","69","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand and gravel resources of the continental shelf of Alaska","     An evaluation of the Alaskan OCS sand and gravel resources based on published literature and unpublished sources including USGS Marine Geology, Alaska Division of Geological and Geohpysical Surveys, U.S. Bureau of Mines and others.  Author divides Alaskan continental shelf into 10 areas and assesses each separately.  Report identifies areas that have reported deposits of sand and gravel.  A single large synthesis map, Plate 1, shows the location of each of the possible source areas.  Report concludes much of Alaskan OCS contains large deposits of sand and gravel but have they have not been explored or surveyed well enough.  Recommend research program to identify best areas and quantities involved begin at once.  Report contains 16 pp. text, 4 + referneces, 1 table, 22 figures (maps page size) and 4 large fold-out maps.""","Mineral resources; Continental Shelf; Alaska; sand; gravel; resource development; resource assessment; mineral deposits; resource potential; natural resources"
"E","","Molnia, Bruce F.//Levy, William P.//Carlson, Paul R.""","","","Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1170.""","","","Map showing Holocene sedimentation rates in the northeastern Gulf of Alaska","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1980","","","Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1170, 1 sheet.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Locator map in margin. Short Title: Map showing Holocene sedimentation rates in the northeastern Gulf of Alaska","","","Alaska; Cenozoic; East Pacific; Gulf of Alaska; Holocene; maps; marine environment; North Pacific; Northeast Pacific; oceanography; Pacific Ocean; Quaternary; rates; sedimentation; USGS"
"Journal Article","","Moore, D.G.//Curray, J.R.""","","Sedimentary framework of the continental terrace off Norfolk, Virginia and Newport, Rhode Island","","","","","","American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1963","","42","","","2051-2054","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Sedimentary framework of the continental terrace off Norfolk, Virginia and Newport, Rhode Island","","","Virginia; Rhode Island; Norfolk; Newport; sedimentary framework"
"E","","Morang, Andrew","","","","Technical Report","","","","Shinnecock Inlet, New York, site investigation, report 1, morphology and historical behavior","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report","1999","","","CHL-98-32, 94 p. plus chapter paginated appendices","","","94 p. plus chapter paginated appendices","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Shinnecock Inlet, New York, site investigation, report 1, morphology and historical behavior","","","Shinnecock Inlet; New York"
"Journal Article","","Morgan, C.L.//Barry, J.H., Jr.//Cruickshank, M.J.""","","Characterization of marine aggregates off Waikiki, O'ahu, Hawai'i","","","","","","Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","","","","","","","","","","Jan-Mar 1998, 1998","","16","","1","75-94","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Characterization of marine aggregates off Waikiki, O'ahu, Hawai'i","Researchers at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa have been working for the past several years to develop the necessary techniques for finding and quantitatively characterizing offshore unconsolidated carbonate deposits with potential for beach nourishment and use in construction aggregates for tropical island communities. This article examines particular results of this research, with special attention given to the area offshore from Waikiki Beach. Acoustic surveying, water-jet probing to measure the thickness of unconsolidated material and three different sampling methods were used in this study. Two separate seismic systems were used for the subbottom profiling survey, a Datasonics Bubble-Pulser registered system and a broad-band, frequency-modulated ("chirp") prototype system. The following conclusions were reached. (1) Many different types of sediment underlie tropical island carbonate sand deposits and serve as refusing horizons to jet probing. Examples include consolidated or unconsolidated reef debris, beach rock, cemented sand, and various types of conglomerates formed from rhodoliths (coralline algae) or reef detritus. (2) Massive coral growth over clastic deposits is not a common offshore feature in this area, though it does occur in some areas off the Reef Runway. (3) Matrices of the coral Porites compressa, in-filled with sand, may have acoustic properties similar to those of the sand bodies. Such deposits may be difficult to distinguish from unconsolidated deposits from seismic records alone. (4) Significant new prospects for offshore aggregates were found in the insular shelf offshore from Southern O'ahu. A total of 5,100,000 m super(3) were mapped off Waikiki. The Makua Shelf deposits in this area presently appear to be the best prospects for commercial development.""","Hawaii; aggregates; Mineral resources; carbonate minerals; beach nourishment; construction; seismic data; sediment composition; Hawaii; Oahu; Honolulu; Waikiki Beach"
"E","","Morton, Robert A.//Gilbeaut, James C.//Norlin, Kami","","","","","","","","Physical and environmental assessment of sand resources, Sabine and Heald Banks, second phase 1994 - 1995","","","","","","","","","Austin, TX","Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin","December, 1995, 1995","","","Final Report, 61 p. + app.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Physical and environmental assessment of sand resources, Sabine and Heald Banks, second phase 1994 - 1995","","","Texas"
"Journal Article","","Moseley, J.C.//Heilman, D.J.""","","Texas' new coastal erosion response program","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","October, 1999, 1999","","67","","4","21 - 23","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Texas' new coastal erosion response program Accession Number: 4695325","     A majority of the Gulf and bay shorelines of Texas are receding, in many locations at five to nine feet per year, causing losses to public beach, infrastructure, fish and wildlife habitat, and private property with negative economic consequences for the State.  In 1999, the Legislature passed, and Governor Bush signed, the Coastal Erosion Planning Response Act that established and funded Texas first ever long-term commitment to combating erosion at $15 million/biennium.  The program, administered by the Texas General Land Office (GLO), is intended to fund the construction of a wide range of erosion response projects supported by sound research, planning, design, and monitoring.  It requires the GLO to develop an Erosion Response Plan and implementation regulations in cooperation with local governments and the public. The Act provides policy guidance, allows great flexibility, and conatins very few statutory prohibitions.  The GLO intends to have the Response Plan and regulations completed by October, 1999, accept project recommendations, rapidly authorize design and permitting, and have the initial projects underway in the early part of the year 2000.  The intent is to have demonstrated successes by the year's end to secure additional Legislative funding in 2001.""","Texas; beach erosion; habitats; legislation; erosion control; construction; regulations; permits; economic aspects; gulfs; restoration; coastal zone management; beach nourishment; environmental legislation; environment management; environmental monitoring; economics"
"Book Chapter","","Mossa, Joann//Autin, Whitney J.""","","Geologic and geographic aspects of sand and gravel production in Louisiana","","","Bobrowsky, Peter T.""editor","Aggregate resources; a global perspective","","","","","","","","","Rotterdam, Netherlands (NLD)","A.A. Balkema","1998","","","","","439-463","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Contains 70 references and illus. incl. geol. sketch maps Short Title: Geologic and geographic aspects of sand and gravel production in Louisiana","","","aggregate; construction materials; cost; depletion; environmental effects; future; gravel deposits; ground water; history; Louisiana; mineral exploration; mining; production; rates; sands; spatial variations; technology; tonnage; water table; Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits"
"Journal Article","","Muessig, K.W.//Uptegrove, Jane//Waldner, J.S.//Mullikin, L.G.//Hall, D.W.//Gilroy, J.//Muller, F.J.""","","New Jersey's cooperative study of offshore sand resources in Federal waters for beach replenishment [abs.]","","","","","","Geologic Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1994","","26","","3","64","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Short Title: New Jersey's cooperative study of offshore sand resources in Federal waters for beach replenishment [abs.]","","","New Jersey"
"E","","Mugler, Mark W.""","","","Policy Study","","","","Beach nourishment with dredged material","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir, Virginia","U.S. Army Engineer Institute for Water Resources","December, 1981, 1981","","","Policy Study 81-0110, 66 p.""","","66","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Beach nourishment with dredged material","","","General"
"K","","Muller, Frederick L.//Uptegrove, Jane//Miller, Kenneth G.//Aubry, Marie-Pierre//Browning, James V.//Bukry, David//Burckle, Lloyd D.//Feigenson, Mark D.//Goss, Matthew//Gwynn, David//Heibel, Todd//Kent, Dennis V.//Liu, Chengjie//Mullikin, Lloyd//Pekar, Stephen F.//Powars, David//Queen, Donald//Sugarman, Peter J.//Van Fossen, Mickey C.""","","Data report; Heavy mineral analysis of the upper Miocene(?) to Pleistocene sands, Cape May site","","","Miller, Christine M","","Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results; New Jersey coastal plain; covering onshore boreholes as part of the New Jersey sea-level transect, Island Beach and Atlantic City sites, March-August 1993, Cape May site, March-April 1994","","","1997","","","","","","","Texas A & M University, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, United States","","","150X","","","75-79","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Data report; Heavy mineral analysis of the upper Miocene(?) to Pleistocene sands, Cape May site","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Cape May County New Jersey; Cape May New Jersey; Cenozoic; clastic sediments; garnet group; heavy minerals; Leg 150X; Miocene; Neogene; nesosilicates; New Jersey; Ocean Drilling Program; orthosilicates; oxides; Pleistocene; Quaternary; ring silicates; rutile; sand; sediments; silicates; Tertiary; tourmaline; upper Miocene; zircon; Sedimentary petrology"
"E","","Naqvi, Syed M.//Pullen, Edward J.//Coastal Engineering Research Center","","","","","","","","Effects of beach nourishment and borrowing on marine organisms","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir, VA","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, National Technical Information Service, Operations Division","1982, 1982","","","Miscellaneous Report 82-14, 43 p.""","","43","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Effects of beach nourishment and borrowing on marine organisms","","","General"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","National Academy of Sciences Panel on Operational Safety in Marine Mining","","Mining in the outer continental shelf and in the deep ocean","","","","","","","","translator","Washington, D.C.""National Academy of Sciences","1975","","","","","","119","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Mining in the outer continental shelf and in the deep ocean","","","General"
"E","","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (National Ocean Service Arctic Environment Assessment Center)","","","","Minerals Management Service (Outer Continental Shelf Office) Report","","","","Outer continental shelf environmental assessment program: final reports of principal investigators, volume 73","","","","","","","","","Anchorage, AK","Minerals Management Service (Outer Continental Shelf Office) Report","October, 1991, 1991","","","OCS/MMS-91/0035, 453 p.""","","453","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","See also volume 73, PB91-204917NZ.  Sponsored by Minerals Management Service, Anchorage, AK.  Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Office. Short Title: Outer continental shelf environmental assessment program: final reports of principal investigators, volume 73","Subsea permafrost: probing, thermal regime, and data analyses, 1975-81; A geographic based information management system for permafrost prediction in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. Part I. Submarine permafrost on the Alaskan shelf; A geographic based information management system for permafrost prediction in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. Part II. Submarine permafrost on the Arctic shelf of Eurasia and the development of the Arctic in the Pleistocene; Each paper is in reference to offshore drilling of oil and gas. (Sponsored by Minerals Management Service, Anchorage, AK. Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Office.)","","permafrost; thermal stratification; data collections; data processing; ice forecasting; outer continental shelf; Beaufort Sea; Chuckchee Sea; USA, Alaska; Arctic; Pleistocene; oil and gas industry; deep-sea drilling; baseline studies; geotechnology; geological hazards; General"
"E","","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Ocean Assessment Division","","","","Report","","","","Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program; comprehensive bibliography","","","","","","","","","Anchorage, AK","U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ocean Assessment Division Report","1990","","","MMS 90-0043, 648 p.""","","648","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program; comprehensive bibliography","","","Alaska; bibliography; continental shelf; ecology; environmental geology; offshore; outer shelf; pollutants; United States
Environmental geology"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Ocean Minerals and Energy","","Deep seabed mining: draft programmatic environmental impact statement","","","","","","","","translator","Washington, D.C.""U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Minerals and Energy","1981","","","","","","283","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Deep seabed mining: draft programmatic environmental impact statement","","","General"
"E","","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Ocean Minerals and Energy","","","","Report","","","","Deep seabed mining: marine environmental research plan 1981-85","","","","","","","","","Washington, D.C.""NOAA Office of Ocean Minerals and Energy","1982","","","Report NOAA-82073004, 146 p.""","","146","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Deep seabed mining: marine environmental research plan 1981-85","Although the specific technologies and methods to be used in deep seabed mining are still under development, a generalized scheme for the mining operations can be predicted. This Five Year Research Plan, prepared in response to the Congressional mandate, addresses scientific needs for Fiscal Years 1981-85 relating to the potential environmental effects from mining and at-sea disposal of processing wastes. Studies of potential land impacts from onshore nodule processing and waste disposal are considered beyond the scope of this document.""","general; deep sea mining; research programs; environmental impact"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","National Research Council","","Managing coastal erosion","","","","","","","","translator","Washington, D.C.""National Academy Press","1990","","","","","","182","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Managing coastal erosion","","","beaches; erosion; floods; geologic hazards; human activity; littoral erosion; management; shorelines; storms; General"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","National Research Council","","Beach nourishment and protection","","","","","","","","translator","Washington, D.C.""National Academy Press","1995","","","","","","334","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach nourishment and protection","This report was prepared for policy and project decision makers; members of the coastal and civil engineering communities concerned with beach nourishment and shoreline protection; scientists and engineers concerned with prediction, design, construction, and maintenance of beach nourishment projects; and the general public. Understanding the role of beach nourishment requires an understanding of physical processes as well as their socioeconomic and environmental effects. Chapter 1 introduces the beach nourishment concept, discusses regional differences in physical processes, and frames the issues associated with project decision making. Chapter 2 identifies and discusses management issues. Chapter 3 discusses the roles and responsibilities of federal agencies relative to shoreline protection and the application of beach nourishment. Chapter 4 describes and assesses the state of practice in design and prediction. Chapter 5 describes environmental issues, assesses monitoring capabilities and needs, and discusses improvements in the state of practice. Chapter 6 discusses physical, economic, and environmental monitoring in the planning, design, and performance assessment of beach nourishment projects. Chapter 7 presents the committee's conclusions and recommendations.""","environmental protection; beaches; beach nourishment; beach erosion; erosion control; shore protection; environmental effects; ecosystem disturbance; civil engineering; USA Coasts; environmental policy; decision making; General"
"Book Chapter","","Needell, Sally W.//Odale, Robert N.""","","New England nearshore geology project: glacial and postglacial geology of the inner continental shelf","","","Clarke, Samuel H.""editor","U.S. Geological Survey, Highlights in Marine Research, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 938","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U.S. Geological Survey","1984","","","","","19-29","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: New England nearshore geology project: glacial and postglacial geology of the inner continental shelf","","","New England; Atlantic Ocean; Cenozoic; continental shelf; cores; geologic hazards; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; glacial environment; glacial features; glacial geology; inner shelf; marine geology; moraines; New England; New England Nearshore Geology Project; North American Atlantic; oceanography; paleoclimatology; postglacial environment; programs; Quaternary; seismic methods; stratigraphy; surveys; USGS"
"E","","Neff, Nancy Friedrich//McMaster, Robert L.""","","","","","","","Non-energy coastal resources, Connecticut and Rhode Island coastal waters","","","","","","","","","","Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island","1986","","","Final Report FY1984 to the Minerals Management Service, 52 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","L. Poppe reference collection Short Title: Non-energy coastal resources, Connecticut and Rhode Island coastal waters","","","Connecticut; Rhode Island; New England"
"Journal Article","","Nelson, C. Hans//Field, Michael E.//Dupr","","","Linear sand bodies on the Bering Sea epicontinental shelf","","","","","","from the International Meeting on Holocene Marine Sedimentology in the North Sea Basin (Texel, The Netherlands)","","","","","","","","","","1979, 1979","","","","","90 - 91","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Linear sand bodies on the Bering Sea epicontinental shelf","","","Bering Sea; sand bodies; Pacific coast; Pacific Ocean"
"E","","Nelson, C. Hans//Hopkins, D.M.""","","","Professional Paper","","","","Sedimentary processes and distribution of particulate gold in the northern Bering Sea","","","","","","","","","Washington, D.C.""U.S. Geological Survey","1972, 1972","","","Professional Paper 689, 27 p.""","","27","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sedimentary processes and distribution of particulate gold in the northern Bering Sea","     Except for nearshore regions, most of the northern Bering Sea is remote from bedrock sources of gold onshore and insulated by Tertiary sediments from possible bedrock sources below the sea floor.  However, land mapping, seismic profiles, cuttings from 51 holes drilled offshore by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, and 700 surface sediment samples show that during times of lowered sea level, glaciers pushed auriferous debris (1) as much as 5 kilometers beyond the present shoreline of Seward Peninsula and (2) nearly to the center of Chirikov Basin from Siberia's Chukotka Peninsula.  Sediment textures, gold content, and presence of washed gravels far from the present shoreline indicate that subsequent transgression and regression of the sea have reworked the exposed glacial drift and left relict gravel as a thin lag layer overlying the glacial deposits; this veneer is richly auriferous along parts of the southern Seward Peninsula coast.  During transgression and regressions of the shoreline, stillsands developed beaches at depths of about -36, -70, and -80 feet in the Nome region.  Small amounts of gold are found in surface samples of the ancient submerged gravel, and larger concentrations may be present at depth.  Streams have dissected the offshore morained during periods of lowered sea levels, and gold is locally concentrated in the resulting alluvium but it generally buried and has not been well sampled by the few scattered drill holes.  Since the last rise in sea level, nearshore bottom currents have deposited sand, silt, and clay, generally lacking gold, in the former stream valleys and in other topographic depressions; bottom currents also have prevented the burrial of auriferous relict gravel in nearshore regions of elevated topography and in offshore eastern Chirikov Basin, where water masses are funneled toward the Bering Strait.
     Flakes 1mm in diameter or larger constitute the bulk of the gold in the auriferous relict gravel; the distributions of this coarse gold, as well as the lateral variations in median gold content of pannable particulate gold in different areas, provides evidence of the location of offshore gold sources.  Most gold flakes 1mm or more in diameter are found (1) in the vicinity of bedrock exposures on the sea floor, (2) near outcrops of mineralized material on land, and (3) in offshore deposits of glacial drift.  Small gold particles (about 0.25 mm or less) have been widely dispersed from these source areas by waves and bottom currents, but gold particles larger than 1mm have not been transported from the offshore sources by marine processes.
     The fine-grained bottom sediments of the northern Bering Sea contain small quantities of fine-sized gold.  Regional median values of pannable particulate gold amount to a few thenths of a part per billion in most areas in the Chirikov Basin and are higher near source areas, but gold too fine to be recovered in a gold pan also occurs in small quantities throughout the basin.
     Statistical tests on the gold content of samples from the richest part of surface relict gravels overlying drift near Nome suggest that coarse gold flakes (1mm or larger) are randomly distributed, that average tenor is 920ppb, and that a potentially minable deposit exists.  Geologic setting, distribution of coarse gold particles, and median gold content of the different areas in the northern Bering Sea indicate that other placer deposits are most likely to occur (1) offshore from Nome, in any relict-gravel veneer of older buried auriferous glacial drift or in basal gravel of ancient stream valleys and beaches cutting auriferous drift, (2) on the sea floor in gravels overlying bedrock near Sledge Island and to the northwest, and (3) in sea-floor exposures of possibly auriferous moraines in the northeastern part of the Chirikov Basin.  In general, significant concentrations of gold should occur in offshore relict gravels deposited by shoreline or stream processes that rework glacial drift or bedrock that contains coarse gold.""","Alaska; Bering Sea; economic geology; gold ores; metal ores; mineral deposits, genesis; North Pacific; Pacific Ocean; sedimentary processes; USGS; west-central Alaska"
"E","","Nelson, W.G.""","","","","","","","Guidelines for beach restoration projects, part I: biological","","","","","","","","","Gainesville","Florida University, Florida Sea Grant","1985","","","Report No. FSGR-76, 66 p.""","","66","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment

See also: Stauble, D.K., and Hoel, J., 1986, Guidelines for beach restoration projects, part II: physical engineering: Florida University, Florida Sea Grant Report No. FSGR-77, 108 p. Short Title: Guidelines for beach restoration projects, part I: biological","","","General; beaches; beach nourishment; coastal engineering; guidelines; monitoring; coastal zone management; General"
"Journal Article","","Nelson, Walter G.""","","Beach restoration in the southeastern US: Environmental effects and biological monitoring","","","","","","Ocean & Coastal Management","","","","","","","","","","1993","","19","","2","157-182","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach restoration in the southeastern US: Environmental effects and biological monitoring","     In the coastal region of the southeastern U.S., beach restoration has become a method of choice for alleviating threats to property arising from erosion.  This method remains somewhat controversial, due to both economic and environmental concerns.  Many of the existing studies of biological impacts of beach restoration have deficiencies of sampling design that make clear interpretation of results difficult.  The goal of this paper is to offer guidelines for sampling and analytical methods that will substantially improve the study of beach restoration impacts.  Towards this end, an overview of the biological composition of sandy beaches of the southeastern U.S., in the context of beach restoration, is provided first.  Then, specific recommendations for the design, execution and analysis of beach restoration monitoring programs to receive the maximum return for effort invested are described.""","General"
"E","","Nevin, Charles Merrick","","","","","","","","Sand and gravel resources of New York State","","","","","","","","","","New York Geological Survey","1929","","","Bulletin 282, 180 p.""","","180","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand and gravel resources of New York State","","","New York; sand; gravel; sand and gravel; sediments"
"E","","New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection//U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","","","","","","","","Manasquan Inlet to Barnegat Inlet feasibility study","","","","","","","","","","New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","June, 2001, 2001","","","Draft Feasibility Report, Integrated Environmental Impact Statement 01-679","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Manasquan Inlet to Barnegat Inlet feasibility study","","","New Jersey"
"E","","Newland, D.H.""","","","Bulletin","","","","Mining and quarry industry of New York","","","","","","","","","","New York State Museum","1905","","","Bulletin 190","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","New York Short Title: Mining and quarry industry of New York","","",""
"E","","Nichols, M.M.//Kim, S.C.//Brouwer, C.M.//Klein, C.J.//Holliday, S.E.""","","","Draft","","","","Sediment characterization of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, Virginia province","","","","","","","","","Gloucester Point, VA","Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary","October, 1991, 1991","","","(Draft), 83 p.""","","83","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sediment characterization of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, Virginia province","","","Chesapeake Bay; Virginia"
"E","","Nichols, M.M.//Kim, S.C.//Brouwer, C.M.//Klein, C.J.//Holliday, S.E.""","","","Draft","","","","National estuarine inventory: supplement, desk-top information summaries","","","","","","","","","Gloucester Point, VA","Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary","October, 1991, 1991","","","(Draft), 26 p.""","","26","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: National estuarine inventory: supplement, desk-top information summaries","","","General"
"E","","Nichols, M.N.""","","","","","","","Inner shelf sediments off Chesapeake Bay: I: General lithology and composition","","","","","","","","","Gloucester Point","Virginia Institute of Marine Science","1972","","","Special Scientific Report No. 64, 20 p.""","","20","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Inner shelf sediments off Chesapeake Bay: I: General lithology and composition","","","Chesapeake Bay; Virginia"
"E","","Nickerson, John G.//Li, Wenfeng//Watson, Mary E.""","","","","","","","Heavy-mineral data selected vibracores from the southern inner continental shelf of North Carolina","","","","","","","","","Raleigh, NC","North Carolina Geological Survey","1993, 1993","","","Open-File Report 93-37, 41 p.""","","41","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Heavy-mineral data selected vibracores from the southern inner continental shelf of North Carolina","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Cape Fear Arch; continental shelf; experimental studies; heavy mineral deposits; inner shelf; laboratory studies; North Carolina; Onslow Bay; United States"
"Journal Article","","Niedoroda, A.W.//Swift, D.J.P.//Figueiredo, A.G., Jr.//Freeland, G.L.""","","Barrier island evolution, middle Atlantic shelf, USA, Part 2: evidence from the shelf floor","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1985","","63","","1-4","363-396","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia

See also:
Swift, D.J.P., Niedoroda, A.W., Vincent, C.E., and Hopkins, T.S., 1985, Barrier island evolution, middle Atlantic shelf, USA, Part 1: shoreface dynamics: Marine Geology, v. 63, no. 1-4, p. 331-361. Short Title: Barrier island evolution, middle Atlantic shelf, USA, Part 2: evidence from the shelf floor","The landward retreat of the barrier as a whole is as dependent on inlet formation as it is on erosional shoreface retreat. Repeated inlet breaching and the downdrift migration of inlets yields coalescing flood tidal deltas within the lagoon. The resulting surface forms a platform on which the subaerial barrier deposits can advance under the impetus of storm washover and aeolian action. The backbarrier deposits eventually re-emerge at the shoreface, where their upper beds are eroded and recycled. The barrier thus migrates over a pavement of its own flood tidal deltas and washover fans; and is added to the system partly through the erosion of updrift headlands but mainly by means of scour in inlets.""","barrier islands; geological histology; sea level changes; coastal inlets; Middle Atlantic Bight; sediment transport; coastal erosion;  New York; Long Island"
"Journal Article","","Niedoroda, A.W.//Swift, D.J.P.//Hopkins, T.S.//Ma, C.M.""","","Shoreface morphodynamics on wave-dominated coasts","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1984","","60","","1-4","331-354","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Shoreface morphodynamics on wave-dominated coasts","An open ocean shoreface typical of long, wave-dominated sandy coasts has been examined through a combination of extensive field measurements of wave and current patterns with computations of marine bedload transport and sedimentation. Sand transport on the upper shoreface is dominantly controlled by waves with only secondary transport by currents. Sand on the middle and lower shoreface, as well as the inner continental shelf is entrained by storm waves and transported by a complex pattern of bottom boundary layer currents.""","nearshore dynamics; coastal zone; sedimentation; erosion; wave effects; General"
"K","","Niedoroda, A.W.//Swift, D.J.P.//J.A.Thorne","","","Modeling shelf storm beds: Controls of bed thickness and bedding sequence","","","","","Gulf Coast Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 7th","","","April 1, 1989, 1989","","","","","","","","","","","","","15-39","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Modeling shelf storm beds: Controls of bed thickness and bedding sequence","","","General"
"L","","","","","Onshore and offshore geologic cross section, northern Oregon coast range to continental slope: Oregon, Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Special Paper, v. 26, 73 p.""petroleum maps","","Niem, Alan R.//MacLeod, Norman S.//Snavely, Parke D., Jr., //Huggins, David//Fortier, J. Daniel//Meyer, H. Jack//Seeling, Alan//Niem, Wendy A., (compilers)","","","","","","","","","","","Portland, OR","Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries","1992","","","","","","","","","1:100,000","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Onshore and offshore geologic cross section, northern Oregon coast range to continental slope: Oregon, Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Special Paper, v. 26, 73 p.""","","continental slope; East Pacific; maps; North American Pacific; North Pacific; Northeast Pacific; northern Oregon; offshore; onshore; Oregon; Pacific Ocean; petroleum maps; Economic geology; geology of energy sources"
"E","","Nocita, B.W.//Kohpina, P.//Papetti, L.W.//Olivier, M.M.//Grosz, A.E.//Snyder, S. //Campbell, K.M.//Green, R.C.//Scott, T. M.""","","","","","","","Sand, gravel and heavy-mineral resources potential of surficial sediments offshore of Cape Canaveral, Florida","","","","","","","","","","Florida Geological Survey","1990, 1990","","","Open-File Report 35, 55 p.""","","55","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand, gravel and heavy-mineral resources potential of surficial sediments offshore of Cape Canaveral, Florida","","","Florida; sand and gravel; sand; gravel; Cape Canaveral"
"E","","Nocita, B.W.//Papetti, L.W.//Grosz, A.E.//Campbell, K.M.""","","","","","","","Sand, gravel and heavy-mineral resource potential of Holocene sediments offshore of Florida, Cape Canaveral to the Georgia border: Phase I","","","","","","","","","","Florida Geological Survey","1991, 1991","","","Open-File Report 39, 107 p.""","","107","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand, gravel and heavy-mineral resource potential of Holocene sediments offshore of Florida, Cape Canaveral to the Georgia border: Phase I","","","sand and gravel; sand; gravel; Florida; Cape Canaveral; Georgia"
"E","","Noda E.K. and Associates","","","","","","","","Sand source investigations for Waikiki Beach fill, Waikiki Beach improvement project","","","","","","","","","","Prepared for the State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation, Harbors division, Honolulu, HI","1991","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Hampton reference collection Short Title: Sand source investigations for Waikiki Beach fill, Waikiki Beach improvement project","","","Hawaii; Waikiki Beach"
"E","","Norby, Rodney D.""","","","Environmental Geology Notes","","","","Evaluation of Lake Michigan nearshore sediments for nourishment of Illinois beaches","","","","","","","","","Champaign, IL","Illinois State Geological Survey","April, 1981, 1981","","","Environmental Geology Notes 97, 61 p.""","","61","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Evaluation of Lake Michigan nearshore sediments for nourishment of Illinois beaches","     Twenty boreholes drilled in 1979 and eighteen boreholes drilled in 1876 near Great Lakes and Waukegan Harbors provided information on the potential of six nearshore areas of sediment accumulation for providing beach nourishment material.  Data from nine boreholes in the vicinity of Winnetka and Northwestern University were also included for comparison.  Data on thickness and volume of usable sediment, grain-size characteristics, and organic and inorganic chemistry were obtained from the borehole samples.  The average thicknesses of sediment in three areas near Waukegan Harbor ranged between 6 and 15 ft (1.8 and 4.6 m).  In the Great Lakes Harbor areas, average thicknesses were between 5 and 11 ft (1.5 and 3.4 m).  Average grain sizes for the areas around Waukegan Harbor were 2.99 phi (0.13 mm), 2.68 phi (0.16 mm), and 3.32 phi (0.10 mm).  The areas near Great Lakes Harbor showed average grain sizes of 3.21 phi (0.11 mm), 2.86 phi (0.14 mm), and 3.10 phi (0.12 mm).  Most beaches sampled by the Illinois Devision of Waterways were composed of sand with average grain sizes larger than 2.0 phi (0.25 mm).  Comparisons of the potential borrow material with that of the native beaches indicated that they were not compatible.  The estimated amount of additional borrow material (overfill) needed to provide a specific volume with a grain-size distriution equivalent to that of the native beach varies from a minimum of 3 to greater than 10 times the specific volume.  Thus sand from these borrow areas should not be considered satisfactory material for direct beach nourishment.
     Organic chemical analyses for seven pesticides and PCBs detected only a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) in the samples recovered from four boreholes.  This PCB, Aroclor 1254, had its highest measured concentration, 0.69 ppm (sediment containing 10 ppm or greater is considered polluted according to EPA guidelines), in Great Lake Harbor.  Inorganic analyses for eighteen samples indicated no atypical elemental concentrations when compared with sediment from other areas of Lake Michigan except for high concentrations of copper, lead, mercury, tantalum, and zinc in two silt samples from one core in Great Lakes Harbor.""","Lake Michigan; Great Lakes"
"Journal Article","","O'Brien, M.K.//Valverde, H.R.//Trembanis, A.C.//Haddad, T.C.""","","Summary of beach nourishment activity along the Great Lakes shoreline 1955-1996","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","1999, 1999","","15","","1","206-219","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Summary of beach nourishment activity along the Great Lakes shoreline 1955-1996 Accession Number: 4437849","     This paper represents data collected by The Program for the Study of Developed Shorelines in a 1996 survey of the United States Great Lakes' beach nourishment experience.  Since 1955, at least 416 individual nourishment episodes have taken place at 60 sites.  A cumulative volume of at least 25 million cubic yards of sand has been placed on Great Lakes' beaches and nearshore areas.  Federally funded nourishment projects dominate in the region, with three very different types of nourishment projects: mitigation, navigation and storm erosion control.""","coastal morphology; coastal erosion; beach nourishment; coastal zone management; North America; Great Lakes"
"E","","Ocean Innovators","","","","","","","","Kailua Bay offshore sand survey,""","","","","","","","","","","1978","","","Unpublished report prepared for the U.S. Army Engineer Division, Pacific Ocean, Corps of Engineers, Honolulu, Hawaii","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Hampton reference collection Short Title: Kailua Bay offshore sand survey,""","","Hawaii"
"E","","Ocean Innovators","","","","","","","","Offshore sand sampling north and windward shores, Oahu,""","","","","","","","","","","1979","","","Unpublished report prepared under contract to the Marine Affairs Coordinator, Office of the Governor, State of Hawaii, Task Order 163","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Hampton reference collection Short Title: Offshore sand sampling north and windward shores, Oahu,""","","Hawaii"
"E","","Ocean Surveys","","","","Final report","","","","Final report, contract to CERC, coring survey, offshore coast of southern California","","","","","","","","","Old Saybrook, CT","Ocean Surveys, Inc.""April 16, 1981, 1981","","","Contract No. DACW72-80-R-0026, 16 p.""","","16","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection
grain size data sheets; log book and descriptions Short Title: Final report, contract to CERC, coring survey, offshore coast of southern California","","","California; data; grain size; descriptions; Pacific; Southern California"
"E","","Ocean/Seismic/Survey","","","","Report","","","","Identification of potential ocean borrow sources offshore of Fire Island Inlet to Montauk Point, New York","","","","","","","","","Norwood, New Jersey","New York District Corps of Engineers","February, 1981, 1981","","","Contract No. DACW51-80-C-0034, 55 p.""","","55","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Identification of potential ocean borrow sources offshore of Fire Island Inlet to Montauk Point, New York","","","New York; Fire Island Inlet; Montauk Point; New York Bight"
"Journal Article","","Oele, E.""","","Sand and gravel from shallow seas","","","","","","Geology and Mining","","","","","","","","","","1978, 1978","","57","","1","45 - 54","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand and gravel from shallow seas","     Various factors which influence the economic feasibility of offshore mining are discussed.  The mined sands and gravels are used for constructional purposes.  Therefore, some specifications of the grain-size distribution of the exploitable product are mentioned.  A gravel exploration by the Netherlands Geological Survey in an area off the Norfolk coast is mentioned.  Some special samplers, used for this purpose, are described.  Sand and gravel on the shelves have been transported and supplied by rivers, glaciers, wind and locally by longshore currents.  Marine erosion may contribute as well.  The North Sea and English Channel are good examples of an aggregate-bearing shelf, since shells, sands and gravels are all present.  The availability is at least as important as the transporting agents.  Controlling include a.o. climate, tectonic instability and distance from the source area.  Even in the Pleistocene the weathering processes in the tropical zones resulted in only small amounts of sand and gravel reaching the present-day shelf areas.  In the subtropical zone the humidity and tectonic instability are a prerequisite for their presence, whereas in the temperate zones various mechanisms have led to mineable deposits.  From a combination of prospective areas and densely populated regions it follows that only very restricted parts of the shelf are of interest as far as mining is concerned.""","aggregates; mining; economics; geological surveys; British Isles; General; sand and gravel; North Sea; English Channel"
"Journal Article","","Oertel, G.F.""","","Sediment transport of estuary entrance shoals and the formation of swash platforms","","","","","","Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","","","","","","","","","","1972","","42","","4","858-863","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Sediment transport of estuary entrance shoals and the formation of swash platforms","","","clastic sediments; Doby Sound Estuary; genesis; geomorphology; Georgia; interference; marine transport; sand; sedimentary petrology; sedimentation; sediments; shore features; swash platforms; transport; traps; United States"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","Office of Technology Assessment","","Marine minerals: exploring our new ocean frontier","","","","","","","","translator","Washington, D.C.""U.S. Government Printing Office","1987","","","","","","349","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Marine minerals: exploring our new ocean frontier","","OTA-O-342","deep-sea mining; mineral exploration; mining; ocean policy; government policy; General"
"K","","Osborne, Robert H.//Ahlschwede, Kelly A.//Broadhead, Sean D.//Cho, Kyung//Feffer, Joshua R.//Lee, Arthur C.//Liu, Jinyou//Magnusen, Craig//Murrillo de Nava, Janette M.//Robinson, Rory A.//Yeh, Chia-Chen//Lu, Yi","","","The continental shelf; a source for naturally-delivered beach sand","","","Arcilla, A.S.//Stive, M.J.F.//Kraus, N.C.""","International Conference on the Role of the Large Scale Experiments in Coastal Research, Coastal Dynamics '94","","","Feb. 21-25, 1994, 1994","Barcelona, Spain","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","","","","335-349","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: The continental shelf; a source for naturally-delivered beach sand","","","Ballona Creek; beaches; bedload; California; clastic sediments; continental shelf; detritus; Fourier analysis; granulometry; Los Angeles River; provenance; sampling; San Pedro Bay; sand; sediments; shorelines; Southern California; storms; Sedimentary petrology"
"E","","Osborne, R.H.//Darigo, Nancy//Scheidemann, R.C., Jr.""","","","","","","","Report of the potential offshore sand and gravel resources of the inner continental shelf of Southern California","","","","","","","","","Sacramento","State of California, Department of Boating and Waterways, 302 p.""1983","","","","","","302","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","NSGL#: SCU-T-83-001 and SCU-M-83-001
Other Numbers: USCSG-TR-03A-84 
See also: Osborne, R.H., Darigo, N., and Scheidemann, R.C., Jr., 1984, Report of the potential offshore sand and gravel resources of the inner continental shelf of Southern California: Appendix E: Map sets for areas 1 through 8., University of Southern California, Sea Grant Program Technical Report, 30 p.
(This volume contains Appendix E, a set of maps accompanying the report USCSG-TR-03-84 (Report of the Potential Offshore Sand and Gravel Resources of the Inner Continental Shelf of Southern California).) Short Title: Report of the potential offshore sand and gravel resources of the inner continental shelf of Southern California","","","Southern California; California"
"K","","Osborne, Robert H.//Scheidemann, Robert C., Jr.//Nardin, Thomas R.//Harper, Andrew S.""","","Quaternary stratigraphy and depositional environments, Santa Monica Bay, southern California","","","Field, M. E.//Bouma, A.H.//Colburn, I.P.//Douglas, R.G.//Ingle, J.C.""","Quarternary Depoositional Environments of the Pacific Coast Paleography Symposium, 4th","","","April 9, 1980, 1980","Bakersfield, CA","","","","","","Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists","","","","","","143-156","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Quaternary stratigraphy and depositional environments, Santa Monica Bay, southern California","     High-resolution seismic-reflection profiles were used in conjunction with 51 vibracores to examine the Quaternary stratigraphy of the Santa Monica Shelf.
     Upper Pleistocene strata are confined to the central part of the shelf between the Santa Monica fault zone to the north and the Redondo Canyon fault to the south.  Examination of the seismic data indicates that the uper Pleistocene strata were deposited as a westerly-prograding deltaic sequence, during a period of fluctuating sea level.  These deposits, as seen in the vibracores, are characterized by intercalated very thin to medium beds of sand and slightly gravelly sand.  Although primary structures are rare, magnetite-ilmenite laminae and marine shell fragments are present locally and indicate deposition in littoral to sublittoral environments.  Poorly-sorted muddy sand and gravel in several cores suggest fluvial deposition along portions of the coastal lowlands.  It is inferred from petrographic data that plutonic crystalline source rocks were the major sediment contributors.  Acid plutonic, anorthositic gabbroic, and gneissic clasts within these beds are thought to have been derived fro the San Gabriel Mountains which served as the primary source area.  Additional clasts of spotted slate, siliceous metavolcanics, and argillaceous rocks indicate that the Santa Monica Mountains also contributed sediment during this time.
     Seismic-reflection profiles from the Redondo Canyon area indicate that at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation, sea level rose from 117m to 58m b.p.s.l.  The shoreline remained at this level, forming an erosional terrace before rising to at least 24m b.p.s.l.  During this rise in sea level south-westerly-prograding sigmoidal clinoforms accumulated in this area and suggest sedimentation either on a prograding beach or small delta.  Along that part of the shelf adjacent to the Santa Monica Mountains parallel, onlapping beds overlie the erosional terrace.  The partial truncation of the upper Pleistocene strata and Holocene clinoforms from Santa Monica to south of the Redondo Canyon indicate a subsequent drop of sea level to 46m b.p.s.l.  This event is lacking on that part of the shelf parallel to the Santa Monica Mountains and may indicate a more continuous or higher rate of sedimentation in this area.  Subsequently sea level rose to its present position depositing parallel, onlapping strata throughout the bay.  Holocene deposits typically consist of micaeous, fossiliferous, silty, very fine sand indicative of marine shelf sedimentation.  Although the petrographic data is nearly identical to the upper Pleistocene sediment, Santa Monica Bay did not receive sediment from the San Gabriel Mountains during Holocene time.  This sediment was apparently derived from: 1) local drainage from the Santa Monica Mountains and adjacent coastal plains; 2) reworking of older shelf sediment; 3) periodic influx from the Los Angeles River and 4) littoral cell leakage.""","California; Cenozoic; environment; Los Angeles County California; marine environment; Quaternary; Santa Monica Bay; sedimentation; Southern California; stratigraphy; United States"
"K","","Osborne, R.H.//Scheidemann, R.C., Jr.//Nardin, T.R.//Harper, A.S.//Brodersen, K.L.//Kabakoff, J.//Waldron, J.M.""","","Potential sand and gravel resources in Santa Monica and San Pedro Bays: southern California","","","","","Oceans '79 Annual Combined Conference","","","September 1979, 1979","San Diego, CA","","","","","","Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers and The Marine Technology Society","","","5","","","590 - 597","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Potential sand and gravel resources in Santa Monica and San Pedro Bays: southern California","     Sand and gravel are primary resources used in many phases of construction and to maintain southern California's invaluable beaches and harbors.  Deposits of saleable-grade material under present political and economic conditions are rapidly becoming depleted.  Many land-based deposits are lost to competing land use, and mining of such deposits is generally opposed by urban communities.  Offshore sand and gravel deposits in Santa Monica and San Pedro Bays offer a possible alternative to mining land-based deposits for beach nourishment and construction materials.""","Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits; beaches; California; clastic sediments; construction materials; continental shelf; economic geology; fault zones; faults; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; gravel; gravel deposits; Los Angeles Basin; maps; mineral resources; ocean floors; oceanography; San Pedro Bay; Santa Monica; Santa Monica Bay; sediments; seismic methods; structural geology; structure contour maps; surveys; United States"
"Book Chapter","","Osborne, Robert H.//Yeh, Chia-Chen","","","Fourier grain-shape analysis of coastal and inner continental-shelf sand samples; Oceanside littoral cell, southern Orange and San Diego counties, Southern California","","","Osborne, R.H.""editor","From shoreline to abyss; contributions in marine geology in honor of Francis Parker Shepard","","","","","","","","","Tulsa, OK","Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists (Society for Sedimentary Geology)","1991","","46","","","51-66","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Fourier grain-shape analysis of coastal and inner continental-shelf sand samples; Oceanside littoral cell, southern Orange and San Diego counties, Southern California","","","beaches; California; coastal environment; continental shelf; data processing; distribution; erosion; Fourier analysis (FGSA); framework silicates; grain size; granulometry; littoral cells; littoral erosion; oceanography; Oceanside California; Orange County California; processes; provenance; quartz; San Diego County California; sedimentation; sediments; silica minerals; silicates; transport; Oceanography"
"E","","Otvos, Ervin G.""","","","","","","","Stratigraphy and potential economic sand resources of the Mississippi-Alabama Barrier Island system and adjacent offshore areas","","","","","","","","","","University of Mississippi, Mississippi Mineral Resources Institute","1986","","","Open-File Report 86-1F, 68 p.""","","68","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Stratigraphy and potential economic sand resources of the Mississippi-Alabama Barrier Island system and adjacent offshore areas","","","Mississippi; Alabama"
"Journal Article","","Owen, Robert M.""","","An assessment of the environmental impact of mining on the continental shelf","","","","","","Marine Mining","","","","","","","","","","1977","","1","","1/2","85 - 102","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: An assessment of the environmental impact of mining on the continental shelf Alternate Journal: The Journal of Sea-Floor Minerals - Exploration, Assessment, Extraction, and Ore Processing","     The ocean is a complex system and oceanographers have limited understanding of the potential impact of mining on the marine environment.  However, this lack of knowledge probably will not deter developed nations from commencing marine mining in the near future, because these nations are hard pressed to obtain critical minerals.  This study is focused on an assessment of possible environmental disturbances associated with mining on the continental shelf, because a variety of political, economic, and technological factors suggest that the initial large-scale marine mining efforts will occur here.  Mining activities on the continental shelf can disrupt the sediment budget and interfere with sediment dispersal patterns, resulting in coastal erosion and the formation of navigation hazards.  The biogeochemical processes involved in photosynthesis and primary productivity, secondary productivity, and detoxification are also susceptible to environmental impacts caused by mining.  The consequences of altering these processes may include the destructuion of organisms and habitats, oxygen depletion, and the release of toxic substances from the sediments.  Premining baseline data and continuous monitoring of certain critical parameters at each mining site will be necessary to minimize adverse effects.  Certain shelf environments will require special attention.  These include fishing grounds, semi-enclosed embayments, and coral reefs.""",""
"G","","Ozalpasan, H.""","","Distribution of heavy minerals on the inner continental shelf of Virginia","M.A. Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","Gloucester Point","College of William & Mary","1989","","","","","","83","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","viii, 83 leaves : ill., maps ; 29 cm.
Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Academic Department: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science Short Title: Distribution of heavy minerals on the inner continental shelf of Virginia","","","heavy minerals; marine mineral resources; Virginia"
"E","","Padan, J.W.""","","","NOAA special report","","","","New England offshore mining environmental study (Project NOMES)","","","","","","","","","Boulder, CO","U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories","April 1977, 1977","","","Special Report, 140 p.""","","140","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: New England offshore mining environmental study (Project NOMES)","     Findings of a study, established to investigate the potential hazard to the environment of offshore sand and gravel mining but prematurely terminated, are presented as a baseline for further studies.  The original plan is fully outlined.  It includes determination of the kinds of environmental impacts likely to result from hydraulic dredging; a research strategy to measure such impacts; and specific investigations to implement that strategy in four oceanographic aspects--biological (benthos, phytoplankton, turbidity experiments), geological (bathymetry, stratigraphy, core samples), chemical (nutrients, suspended solids), and physical (temperature and salinity, currents and dispersion, and light penetration).  Detailed findings of completed studies are presented.  A summary and recommendations appear as a forward.  Appendices provide a description of the complete process of offshore mining, from exploration to transportation to market; lists of Project NOMES Advisory Committees; and baseline data regarding benthic communities.""","New England"
"K","","Padan, J.W.""","","Offshore sand and gravel mining","","","","","Annual Offshore Technology Conference, 15th","","","1983","Houston, TX","","","","","","Offshore Technology Conference","","","15, 1","","","437-448","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Offshore sand and gravel mining","","","Asia; economic geology; Europe; evaluation; Far East; gravel deposits; Japan; mineral exploration; offshore; production; technology; United States ; Miscellaneous"
"E","","Palmer, Irven F., Jr.""","","","Circular","","","","Mapping requirements for planning the Outer Continental Shelf Mining Program, Norton Sound, Alaska, lease sale","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U.S. Geological Survey","Nov. 14-16, 1989, 1990","","","Circular 1052, p.97-105","","","97-105","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","See also:
Editors: Lockwood, Millington; McGregor, Bonnie A 
Affiliation: Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Adm., Natl. Ocean Serv., Rockville, MD, United States (USA) 
Conference: 1989 Exclusive Economic Zone symposium on Mapping and research; Federal-State partners in EEZ mapping, Reston, VA, United States, Nov. 14-16, 1989 Short Title: Mapping requirements for planning the Outer Continental Shelf Mining Program, Norton Sound, Alaska, lease sale","","","Alaska; beach placers; Bering Sea; cartography; continental shelf; current research; East Pacific; economic geology; gold ores; government agencies; graphic methods; maps; metal ores; Minerals Management Service; mining geology; North Pacific; Northeast Pacific; Norton Sound; oceanography; outer shelf; Pacific Ocean; placers; technology; United States Exclusive Economic Zone; USGS; Economic geology; geology of ore deposits; Oceanography"
"E","","Panageotou, W.//Halka, J.""","","","","","","","Monitoring of sediments dredged from the approach channel to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, October, 1989 - March, 1990, and from the Brewerton Channel, eastern extension, May, 1990 - April, 1991","","","","","","","","","","Maryland Geological Survey","1993, 1993","","","Open-File Report 12, 90 p.""","","90","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Monitoring of sediments dredged from the approach channel to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, October, 1989 - March, 1990, and from the Brewerton Channel, eastern extension, May, 1990 - April, 1991","","","Chesapeake Bay; Delaware; Brewerton Channel"
"E","","Parker, Steven, J.//Davies, David J.//Smith, W. Everett","","","","","","","","Geological, economic and environmental characterization of selected near-term leasable offshore sand deposits and competing onshore sources for beach nourishment","","","","","","","","","Tuscaloosa, Alabama","Geological Survey of Alabama, Energy and Coastal Division, 60 p.""1993","","","","","","60","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","prepared by the Geological Survey of Alabama in fulfillment of the U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service Cooperative Agreement No. 14-35-0001-30630

L. Poppe reference collection Short Title: Geological, economic and environmental characterization of selected near-term leasable offshore sand deposits and competing onshore sources for beach nourishment","","","General"
"Journal Article","","Parker, Steven J.//Davies, David J.//Smith, W. Everett","","","Characterization of offshore sand resources for beach nourishments in coastal Alabama [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","April 1-2, 1993, 1993","","25","","4","60-61","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Characterization of offshore sand resources for beach nourishments in coastal Alabama [abs.]","","","Alabama; beach nourishment; beaches; dredging; evaluation; grain size; gravel deposits; Gulf Coastal Plain; mineral resources; offshore; sands; shorelines; southern Alabama; Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits; Engineering geology"
"E","","Pasho, D.W.""","","","","","","","The United Kingdom offshore aggregate industry: a review of management practices and issues","","","","","","","","","","Ocean Mining Division, Canada Oil & Gas Lands Administration, 30 p.""January, 1986, 1986","","","","","","30","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: The United Kingdom offshore aggregate industry: a review of management practices and issues","","","Miscellaneous"
"Journal Article","","Paul, Robert G.""","","Resource evaluation program, Pacific OCS region [abs.]","","","","","","Third Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins, Programs and Abstracts","","","","","","","","","","November 15 - 18, 1992, 1992","","","","","38","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Resource evaluation program, Pacific OCS region [abs.]","     The Minerals Management Service (MMS), Pacific Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Region, has responsibility for activities offshore the States of California, Oregon, Washington, and Hawaii.  The final 5-year OCS natural gas and oil resource management program, 1992 - 1997, did not include Pacific OCS Region sales but instead emphasized development of existing leases.  Accordingly, the regional resource evaluation program will concentrate on making regional hydrocarbon assessments for the national Assessment, the Reserves Inventory Program, and providing leadership and technical assistance to the MMS marine minerals program.  The contributions of the adjacent states in the Pacific OCS Region under the Continental Margins Program strongly support our program objectives.
     Preparation of geologic cross sections in years five and six by Oregon and in year five by Washington has been useful in regional correlations between onshore and offshore areas.  These studies will be a primary reference source for our geological analysis for the 1995 National Assessment.  Washington's year-six inventory of publicly available seismic data provides a useful index of auxiliary data that complements interpretations from our proprietary seismic data base.  Hawaii continues to conduct technical studies on the variability of economic recovery of cobalt-rich manganese crust resources, which are also supported by the Department of the Interior and the State of Hawaii under our Joint Planning Arrangement.  A unique jointly funded research cruise under year nine highlights this joint project with Hawaii.  California, which did not participate in the Continental Margins Program during years five and six, has become active in year nine and is expected to continue to play a key role in support of the resource evaluation program.
     Although MMS and the participating states under the Continental Margins Program have enjoyed a fruitful relationship, we continue to strive for improving the focus of future research through closer interaction between the states and MMS regional technical staff in developing proposals.  A suggested objective might be technical collaboration between State researchers and MMS technical staff.""","Pacific; California; Oregon; Washington; Hawaii"
"G","","Payne, L.H.""","","Sediments and morphology of the continental shelf off southeast Virginia","unpublished PhD Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","New York","Columbia University","1970","","","","","","70","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Sediments and morphology of the continental shelf off southeast Virginia","","","Oceanography; Atlantic Ocean; bottom features; continental shelf; marine geology; sediments; southeast; Virginia"
"Journal Article","","Pearson, D.R.//Riggs, S.R.""","","Relationship of surface sediments on the lower forebeach and nearshore shelf to beach nourishment at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina","","","","","","Shore and Beach","","","","","","","","","","1981","","49","","1","26-31","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: Relationship of surface sediments on the lower forebeach and nearshore shelf to beach nourishment at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; beaches; engineering geology; erosion control; New Hanover County North Carolina; North Carolina; sediments; shorelines; Wrightsville Beach"
"Book Chapter","","Penland, Shea//Mossa, Joann//McBride, Randolph A.//Ramsey, Karen E.//Suter, John R.//Groat, Charles G.//Williams, S. Jeffress","","","Offshore and onshore sediment resource delineation and usage for coastal erosion control in Louisiana: the Isles Dernieres and Plaquemines barrier system","","","Williams, S. Jeffress//Cichon, Helana A.//Westphal, Karen A.//Ramsey, Karen E.""editor","Representative publications from the Louisiana Barrier Island Erosion Study, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report: 92-530","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U. S. Geological Survey","1992","","","","","201-213","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Reprinted from Studies related to continental margins, 1989. Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Geological Survey Short Title: Offshore and onshore sediment resource delineation and usage for coastal erosion control in Louisiana: the Isles Dernieres and Plaquemines barrier system","     The restoration and preservation of Louisiana's barrier shorelines requires a knowledge of onshore and offshore sources of construction aggregate for coastal erosion control.  This paper is the result of years 3 and 4 of the Continental Margins Program of the Minerals Management Service (MMS), which focused on the distribution, quality, and environmental concerns surrounding the usage of sand resources for coastal erosion control in the Isles Dernieres and Plaquemines barrier island systems.  Data from high-resolution seismic profiles and vibracores were used to locate potential offshore borrow areas for barrier island restoration and beach nourishment.  Research concerns that need to be addressed during the decision-making process of sand resource usage are (1) the amount of sediment that can be removed without adversely impacting shoreline stability and project performance, (2) the source area economics of distance, quality, and material performance, and (3) the development of the suitable technology for lowcost shallow water dredging.""","barrier islands; controls; erosion; Gulf Coastal Plain; Isles Dernieres; Louisiana; marine sediments; Plaquemines Parish Louisiana; reclamation; resources; sands; sediments; shorelines; southern Louisiana; Terrebonne Parish Louisiana; USGS"
"E","","Penland, S.//Suter, J.R.""","","","","","","","Nearshore sand resources in the eastern Isles Dernieres barrier island arc","","","","","","","","","Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Louisiana Geological Survey","1988, 1988","","","Open-File Report 88-08","","","163","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Nearshore sand resources in the eastern Isles Dernieres barrier island arc","     This report documents and provides preliminary information on sand resources for the region surrounding the eastern Isles Derieres in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana.  The most severe barrier shoreline erosion and land loss problem in the United States is occurring in the Isle Dernieres.  In response to the critical erosion in Terrebonne Parish and other coastal parishes, the 1981 Louisiana legislature established the Coastal Protection Trust Fund and directed the Department of Natural Resources to implement a Coastal Protection Master Plan to mitigate the effects of coastal erosion and land loss.  In accordance with the Coastal Protection Master Plan the Isles Derneires were selected for the first barrier shoreline restoration project.  This report documents potential sources of sand for the eastern Isles Dernieres barrier island stabilization project.""","Isles Dernieres; Louisiana"
"Journal Article","","Penland, Shea//Suter, John R.//McBride, Randolph A.//Williams, S. Jeffress//Kindinger, Jack L.//Boyd, Ron","","","Holocene sand shoals offshore of the Mississippi River delta plain","","","","","","Transactions - Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies","","","","","","","","","","1989","","39","","","471 - 480","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 39th annual meeting; and Gulf Coast Section SEPM, 36th annual meeting, Corpus Christi, TX, United States, Oct. 25-27, 1989 Short Title: Holocene sand shoals offshore of the Mississippi River delta plain","     Offshore of the Mississippi River delta plain lies a series of Holocene sand shoals marking the position of ancient submerged shorelines associated with younger shelf-phase delta plains.  These submerged shorelines represent positions when sea level stood lower than present. Shore periods of rapid sea level rise during the Holocene transgression, in combination with subsidence, led to the submergence of these sandy shorelines, which can be recognized at the -33ft (-10m) and -66ft (-20m) isobaths on the Louisiana continenetal shelf.
     The -33ft (-10m) shoreline trend is represented by Trinity Shoal and Ship Shoal, which are associated with the late Holocene Mississippi River delta plain. Trinity Shoal is derived from the Cypremont-Sale delta complex and is located 12mi (20 km) offshore of Marsh Island.  This shoal is 22mi (35 km) long, 5 mi (8km) wide, and 16-20 ft (5-6 m) thick.  The facies relationships indicate that Trinity Shoal is a submerged barrier system in the initial stages of shoreface reworking.  To the east is Ship Shoal which is associated with the Maringouin-Teche delta complex.  This shoal is located 12 mi (20 km) offshore of the Isles Dernieres and is 31 Mi (50 km) long, 5-6 mi (8-10 km) wide, and 13-20 ft (4-6m) thick.  The facies relationships indicate that Ship Shoal is a marine sand body derived from shoreface reworking of a submerged barrier island.
     The -66 ft (-20m) shoreline trend is represented by the Outer Shoal and St. Bernard Shoals, which are associated with the early Mississippi River delta plain.  The Outer Shoal is a low relief sandy body, which lies seaward of Ship Shoal immediately west of the Mississippi Canyon.  The eastern continuation of the -66ft (-20m) shoreline trend is the St. Bernard Shoals, which lie 16mi (25 km) offshore of the Chandeleur Islands.  In contrast to the other shoal systems, the St. Bernard Shoals form a shore-parallel zone of more than seven smaller sand shoals which, in many respects, are similar to a shore-oblique sand-ridge field.
     Collectively, these sand shoals represent a large potential source of aggregate for shoreline restoration and erosion control as well as possible hard mineral resources.  Scientifically, these shoals provide insight into the processes which control coastal evolution and shelf sand development under the condition of relative sea level rise.""","Mississippi River; Louisiana; Gulf of Mexico"
"Book Chapter","","Penland, Shea//Suter, John R.//Ramsey, Karen E.//McBride, Randolph A.//Williams, S. Jeffress//Groat, Charles G.""","","Offshore sand resources for coastal erosion control in Louisiana","","","Williams, S. J.//Cichon, Helana A.//Westphal, Karen A.//Ramsey, K.E.""editor","Representative Publications from the Louisiana Barrier Island Erosion Study, U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 92-530","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U.S. Geological Survey","1992","","","","","261-272","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Offshore sand resources for coastal erosion control in Louisiana","","","continental shelf; controls; erosion; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; Gulf Coastal Plain; inner shelf; Lafourche Parish Louisiana; Louisiana; mineral exploration; Plaquemines Parish Louisiana; resources; Saint Bernard Parish Louisiana; sands; seismic methods; shorelines; southern Louisiana; surveys; Terrebonne Parish Louisiana; USGS
Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits; Engineering geology"
"K","","Penland, S.//Williams, S. J.""","","Barrier island erosion control models using sediment and vegetation [abs.]","","","","","Annual Research Conference, 12th","","","December 5, 1991, 1991","","","","","","","GCSSEPM Foundation","","","","","","186","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Barrier island erosion control models using sediment and vegetation [abs.]","     Louisiana's barrier islands protect and form the geologic framework of the vast estuaries and wetlands that surround the Mississippi River.  The Terrebonne, Barataria, and St. Bernard basins represent barrier-built estuaries developed along the seaward margin of abandoned Mississippi River delta complexes.  Barrier islands play an important role in protecting these coastal resources from high wave energy, storm surges, and saltwater intrusion.  The islands are important for regulating salinities and the mixing of gulf and estuarine waters.  The habitats provided by Louisiana's barrier islands are very important for nesting and providing valuable sea grass habitat.  Recent research results indicate that Louisiana's barrier islands are threatened by coastal erosion.  The area of Louisiana's barrier islands decreased from 28,765 acres in the late 1880's to 13,054 acres in 1989 at a rate of about -155 acres per year.  The area decreased by 55% over about the last 100 years.  The destruction of Louisiana's barrier islands will result in the collapse of the Terrebonne, Barataria, and St. Bernard barrier-built estuaries and the acceleration of wetland loss.  The effective, efficient solutions to Louisiana barrier island erosion problems are beach nourishment, dune restoration, marsh restoration, and nearhsore berm projects utilizing sediment and/or vegetation.  These coastal restoration recommendations are based on the research results of a 5-year cooperative barrier island erosion study in Louisiana by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Louisiana Geological Survey between 1986 and 1990.  Through an investigation into the geologic framework and processes of coastal land loss and the performance of previous coastal restoration efforts in Louisiana and else where in the United States, it became obvious that the solutions to Louisiana's barrier island erosion must be environmentally compatible and mimic natural processes in order to be successful.  Sediment and vegetation are the bulding blocks of this technology.  Systematic seismic and vibracore surveys have been conducted to document the available sand resources for coastal erosion control and the results indicate that there is enough material to restore and maintain Louisiana's barrier island for the foreseeable future.
     Beach nourishment is the traditional technique of placing sand directly on the eroding shoreface of a barrier island to counteract the effects of erosion.  These projects are designed to mitigate a 5 to 10 year erosion envelope, assuming a long-term renourishment program is sustained.  These projects require large volumes of high quality sand to ensure the successful project completion and performance.  Grand Isle, Louisiana is the site of a successful beach nourishment project by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  Dune restoration involves the direct creation and restoration of dunes by landscaping and the placement of sand on the barrier island crest and immediate backshore.  The restored dunes reduce storm overwash and increase barrier island habitat stability.  These projects require moderate quantities of medium to high quality sand for project construction.  The Terrebonne Parish Government successfully constructed a dune restoration project in the eastern Isles Dernieres.  Currently, marsh restoration, and nearshore berm demonstration projects are in the development stage.  At Grand Terre, a marsh restoration project is planned using the dredge material from the Barataria Waterway.  Approximately 90 acres of marsh and backbarrier habitat will be created this dredging cycle.  At Breton Island, a nearshore berm project is being developed using dredge material from the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet.
     This paper describes the research results and restoraion recommendations of the Louisiana barrier island erosion study.  Information of sand survey methods and results are presented as well as the strategy behind using beach nourishment, dune restoration, marsh restoration, and nearshore berm projects for coastal erosion control.""","Louisiana; barrier islands; Gulf of Mexico"
"E","","Peterson","","","","","","","","Elemental content of heavy-mineral concentrations on the continental shelf off Oregon and northern California","","","","","","","","","","Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries","1988, 1988","","","Report O-88-04, 9 p.""","","9","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Elemental content of heavy-mineral concentrations on the continental shelf off Oregon and northern California","","","California; Oregon"
"Journal Article","","Peterson, Curt D.//Komar, Paul D.//Scheidegger, Kenneth F.""","","Distribution, geometry, and origin of heavy mineral placer deposits on Oregon beaches","","","","","","Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","","","","","","","","","","January, 1986, 1986","","56","","1","67 - 77","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Distribution, geometry, and origin of heavy mineral placer deposits on Oregon beaches","     Beach segments (0.5 - 3km in length) enriched in heavy minerals (20 - 100% by weight abundance) are located south of six prominent headlands that interrupt the 175-km coastline between Cape Lookout and Cape Perpetua, Oregon.  Beach-face retreat in the winter of 1982 - 1983 exposed underlying placers containing the economic minerals garnet, zircon, ilmenite, and chromite.  In north bounding headland that is proportional to seaward extent of the headland.
     Cross-sections and magnetic surveys of one 8-km coastal section, Otter Rock to Yaquina Head, define a small placer body (heavy minerals > 50%) some 0.75km in length and 80 x 103 m3 in volume that comprises ~10% of the total beach sand between the bounding headlands.  Mineral grain-size analyses of winter beach samples along this coastal section confirm earlier models of mineral segregation by entrainment processes; the light minerals are more susceptible to fluid shear stress than the heavy minerals.  Maximum segregation and heavy mineral enrichment occur in the backshore and at shoreline inflection points where decreasing flow velocities produce gradients of fluid shear stress, allowing light minerals to be winnowed from more stable, heavy minerals.
     Development of placer deposits is "controlled" by shoreline configuration as the first-order factor and seasonal variations of wave climate, and longshore currents as second-order factors that delineate shape and concentration of heavy minerals in placer bodies.""","Oregon; Cape Lookout; Cape Perpetua"
"Journal Article","","Peterson, C.H.//Hickerson, D.H.M.//Johnson, G.G.""","","Short-term consequences of nourishment and bulldozing on the dominant large vertebrates of a sandy beach","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","2000, 2000","","16","","2","368 - 378","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Short-term consequences of nourishment and bulldozing on the dominant large vertebrates of a sandy beach","     Biological responses of the dominant beach macro-invertebrates to beach nourishment and bulldozing, two widely practiced structure-free methods of responding to shoreline erosion, were evaluated along Bogue Banks, North Carolina.  Sediments taken from maintenance dredging of a channel in Bogue Sound and used for beach nourishment in a replicated design were substantially finer (3.67 vs 2.33 &phi;) than those of untrated beaches and contained large concentrations of shell hash.  In response to nourishment, densities of Emerita talpoida and Donax spp.  were lower by 86 - 99% on nourished beaches in early-mid July, 5 - 10 weeks after cessation of the nourishment project.  Beach bulldozing done to augment the primary dune reduced the width of the intertidal beach by about 7m and replaced it with a wedge of coarser, shellier sand taken from the lower beach.  In late July-early August about 3 months after termination of bulldozing, counts of active burrows of ghost crabs Ocypode quadrata were 55 - 65% lower on bulldozed beaches, with most of the reduction occurring on the 7m of high beach occupied by the newly formed dune face.  Despite no detectable difference in slope of the lower beach, Emerita taloida densities were 35 - 37% lower on bulldozed beach segments of 0.5- and 3-km, and, while Donax spp. exhibited no consistent residual response to bulldozing, two of three contrasts showed increased abundances of >100% on bulldozed segments.  Failure of Emerita and Donax to recover from nourishment by mid summer when they serve as a primary prey base for important surf fishes, ghost crabs, and some shorebirds may be a consequence of the poor match in grain size and high shell content of source sediments and/or extension of the project too far into the warm season.  Effects of bulldozing on ghost crabs may conceivably be mitigated by measures to stabilize the dune face after bulldozing, but the effects on Emerita and Donax are not easily interpreted so potential mitigation measures for mole crabs and bean clams are unclear.""","North Carolina"
"Journal Article","","Peterson, Ivars","","","Off the beach; how waves create sand ridges on the continental shelf","","","","","","Science News","","","","","","","","","","19 Aug 1995, 1995","","148","","8","120-121","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Off the beach; how waves create sand ridges on the continental shelf","","","Assateague Island; Atlantic Ocean; bars; bathymetry; bedding plane irregularities; clastic sediments; coastal environment; coastal sedimentation; continental shelf; elementary geology; Great Lakes; Lake Huron; marine sediments; marine transport; Maryland; nearshore sedimentation; North America; North Atlantic; ocean waves; propagation; Sable Island Bank; sand; sand ridges; sediment transport; sedimentary structures; sedimentation; sediments; settling; shore features; tidal currents; topography; velocity; Oceanography; Geomorphology"
"G","","Pettit, Don Joseph","","","Distribution of sand within selected littoral cells of the Pacific Northwest","Masters Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","Portland, OR","Portland State University","1990","","","","","","249","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Distribution of sand within selected littoral cells of the Pacific Northwest","Beach sand acts as a buffer to wave energy, protecting the shoreline from erosion. Estimates of the quantity and distribution of beach sand in littoral cells of the PNW are critical to the understanding and prediction of shoreline erosion or accretion. This study was initiated in order to: 1) document the distribution of sand in littoral cells of the Pacific Northwest; 2) determine the factors which have brought about these present distributions; and 3) address the relationship of beach sand distribution to shoreline stability. Eight littoral cells were chosen to represent the variety of smaller cells present in the Pacific Northwest. The eight littoral cells are: the La Push and Kalaloch Cells of Washington, the Cannon Beach, Otter Rock, Newport, and Gold Beach Cells of Oregon, and the Crescent City and Eureka Cells of Northern California. Aerial photographs were analyzed for the eight cells, utilizing photo sets taken before and after the 1983-1987 El Nino-related erosion event. Data on beach width and orientation and on terrace location and height were collected from maps and aerial photographs for analysis. Forty-six beaches in the eight littoral cells were surface profiled to mean low low water using standard surveying techniques, and surveyed geophysically to determine the depth to the wave cut platform. The results of the surveys were used to estimate the area and volume of sand in each of the selected cells. Slopes of the beach face and beach widths were determined from the survey results. Sand samples were collected at mid-beach face from 48 beaches within the selected cells as were representative samples from 22 terraces. Grain size analyses were performed for the collected beach and terrace samples in order to develop information on possible sources and direction of transport for the beach sand. Results of the study indicate that beach sand distribution within littoral cells of the Pacific Northwest varies as a function of: 1) proximity to sand sources such as rivers, terraces, and the presence of relict sands; 2) location of sand sinks such as dune fields and estuaries; 3) shoreline orientation; 4) shoreline configuration; 5) the direction of net sediment transport within the littoral zone; and 6) the location of barriers to sand transport. Based on sand distributions and grain size trends, the net transport direction of sediment is to the north within the Cannon Beach, Otter Rock, Newport, Crescent City, and Eureka Cells. The net transport direction is to the south for the northern third of the Kalaloch Cell, while the southern two-thirds show net transport to the north. The Gold Beach Cell shows both north and south transportation of sediments away from the abrupt change in shoreline orientation in the Redhouse Beach to High Tide Beach area. The net littoral drift of the La Push Cell similarly shows a diversion of beach sand to the south and north from an area near the middle of the cell. The potential for erosion of a given area is related to: 1) the total quantity of source sands available on a given beach, and more importantly, 2) the quantity of sand above mean high high water (MHHW) on each beach. The sand above MHHW is important because it is this sand which acts as the final buffer to storm wave attack. There is a high correlation between areas experiencing erosion and those areas which have the least sand in storage above mean high high water within a littoral cell.""","beach profiles; California; clastic sediments; coastal environment; distribution; erosion; littoral cells; littoral erosion; marine transport; North Pacific; Northern California; Northwest Pacific; Oregon; Pacific Ocean; sand; sediment transport; sedimentation; sediments; shore features; shorelines; Washington; West Pacific; Oceanography"
"Journal Article","","Pilkey, O.H.""","","Heavy minerals of the U.S. south Atlantic continental shelf and slope","","","","","","Geological Society of America Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1963","","74","","5","641-648","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Heavy minerals of the U.S. south Atlantic continental shelf and slope","Heavy minerals from the U.S. South Atlantic continental shelf and upper slope have been studied. In comparison with other areas such as the Gulf of Mexico shelf, both qualitative and quantitative variation in heavy minerals is subdued mainly due to similar provenance areas for most of the major rivers. Two heavy-mineral provinces can be defined, based primarily on the epidote content. A close areal relationship between capes and certain heavy-mineral anomalies was noted indicating that processes forming the capes and their associated seaward-extending shoals are important factors in sediment distribution. Roundness observations were made on garnet, kyanite, staurolite, and tourmaline grains. Garnet and kyanite exhibit strong roundness anomalies, both minerals being better rounded in the northern portions of the study area. Roundness-distribution histograms indicate dual-sediment sources in some instances.""","Atlantic Ocean; continental shelf; continental slope; heavy minerals; marine; marine geology; sedimentary petrology; sediments; southeastern; heavy metals; Atlantic coast"
"Book Chapter","","Pilkey, O.H.//Field, M.E.""","","Onshore transportation of continental shelf sediments: Atlantic southeastern United States","","","Swift, D.J.P., Duane, D.B., Pilkey, O.H.""editor","Shelf sediment distribution: process and pattern","","","","","","","","","Straudsburg, PA","Dowden Hutchinson and Ross","1972","","","","","429 - 446","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection
Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Onshore transportation of continental shelf sediments: Atlantic southeastern United States","","","Atlantic coast; sediment distribution"
"Journal Article","","Pilkey, Orrin H.//Lincoln, Rush","","","Insular shelf heavy mineral partitioning in northern Puerto Rico","","","","","","Marine Mining","","","","","","","","","","1984, 1984","","4","","4","403 - 414","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Insular shelf heavy mineral partitioning in northern Puerto Rico","     The heavy mineral fraction in the equilibrium surficial sediment cover on Puerto Rico's narrow, high-wave energy Rio de La Plata shelf exhibits strong seaward sorting.  As a result, relatively heavy minerals such as monazite and magnetite are enriched on the inner shelf relative to the pyroxenes and amphiboles.  The results suggest that an exploration strategy for economically valuable placer deposits on Puerto Rico's north insular shelf and other high-energy insular shelves should consider shelf processes and not be restricted to a search for drowned beach deposits.""","Miscellaneous; Puerto Rico"
"E","","Pirkle, Fredric L.//Pirkle, E. C.//Reynolds, John G.""","","","Bulletin","","","","Heavy mineral deposits of the southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain","","","","","","","","","Atlanta, GA","Georgia Geological Survey","April 6, 1989, 1991","","","Bulletin 120, p. 15-41","","","15-41","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","See also:
Pirkle, F.L., Pirkle, E.C., and Reynolds, J.G., 1991, Heavy mineral deposits of the southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, vol.21, no.3, pp.54

and

Conference: Symposium on the Economic geology of the southeastern industrial minerals, Atlanta, GA, United States, April 6, 1989 Short Title: Heavy mineral deposits of the southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; clastic sediments; economic geology; Florida; Georgia; heavy mineral deposits; inventory; sand; sediments; southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain; Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits"
"Journal Article","","Pompe, J.J.//Rinehart, J.R.""","","Toward a more equitable distribution of beach nourishment costs","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","April, 2000, 2000","","68","","2","15-17","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Toward a more equitable distribution of beach nourishment costs Accession Number: 4772616","     This paper discusses methods of measuring beach nourishment benefits and costs.  Results from studies estimating the value of wider beaches indicate that beach nourishment projects add significant benefit to properties nearest to the beach.  A formula with distance to the beach as the principal component would serve as a basis for a more equitable means of financing beach nourishment.  The hedonic model can be used to formulate such a financing plan.""","beach nourishment; economic analysis; coastal erosion; General"
"E","","Poppe, L. J.//Paskevich, V.F.//Williams, S. J.//Hastings, M.E.//Kelly, J.T.//Belknap, D.F.//Ward, Larry G.//Fitzgerald, D.M.//Larsen, P.F.""","","","Open-File Report","","","","Surficial sediment data from the Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank and vicinity: a GIS compilation","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report","2003","","","03-001, online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-001","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Surficial sediment data from the Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank and vicinity: a GIS compilation","This report contains surficial sediment data from previously unpublished data sources or from gray literature.  These data have been compiled as part of the National Benthic Habitats and Marine Aggregate Resources and Processes Projects to update the existent maps on surficial sediment distribution available for the Gulf of Maine region.  Sediment data in this report are GIS ready and are broken into data layers by their original source project.  The data layers are provided as single-point vector datasets with sample identifiers, navigation, textural attribute information, and FGDC compliant metadata.""","Gulf of Maine; Georges Bank; USGS; U.S. Geological Survey; Geologic; Survey; Coastal; Marine; Geology; geology; ocean; map; maps; research; science; Earth; oceanography; Marine geology; geology; Geographic Information System; GIS; data; surficial samples; sediment; classification; grain size; lithology; surficial sediment distribution; bathymetry contours; arcview; ArcView; shapefiles; OFR03-001"
"E","","Pratt, Richard Murray","","","","","","","","Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States: physiography and sediments of the deep-sea basin","","","","","","","","","Washington, D.C.""U.S. Geological Survey","1968, 1968","","","Professional Paper 529-B, p. B1-B44","","","B1-B44","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States: physiography and sediments of the deep-sea basin","The major topographic provinces beyond the continental slope off the Atlantic coast of the United States are the Sohm Plain, Hatteras Plain, Nares Plain, Blake Basin, Blake Plateau-Bahama Banks, and Bermuda Rise. The topographic detail of the area is the result of processes of sediment transport and deposition on the deep-sea floor. Sediments spreading seaward have formed a secondary sea floor covering an initial or primary volcanic sea floor and associated seamounts and abyssal hills. Terrigenous, carbonate, and glacial-sediment source areas cross the continental shelf and slope and extend into the deep sea. The sedimentary record on the continental margin and in the deep sea indicates uniform basining of the area since Early Cretaceous time without major faulting or volcanism.""","Atlantic coast; Atlantic Ocean; bathymetric maps; bottom features; continental margin; deep-sea environment; Eastern; environment; General description; geomorphology; maps; marine environment; marine features; marine geology; North American Basin; Nova Scotia to Puerto Rico; physiographic provinces; rates; sedimentary petrology; sedimentation; sediments; shelf; slope; topography; USGS"
"K","","Price, W.A.//Motyka, J.M.//Jaffrey, L.J.""","","The effect of offshore dredging on coastlines","","","","","Coastal Engineering Conference, 16th","","","August 27 - September 3, 1978, 1978","Hamburg, Germany, 1978","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","2","","","1347-1357","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: The effect of offshore dredging on coastlines","","","Engineering geology; coastal environment; dredging; engineering geology; England; equations; Europe; Great Britain; management; offshore; shorelines; southern England; United Kingdom; Western Europe; General; Miscellaneous"
"E","","Prins, D.A.""","","","Technical aid","","","","Data collection methods for sand inventory-type surveys","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center","1980","","","Technical Aid 80-4, 18 p.""","","18","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection
Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Data collection methods for sand inventory-type surveys","","","General; data"
"Journal Article","","Pulliam, Jay//Austin, J. A., Jr.//Luhurbudi, E. C.//Saustrup, S.//Stoffa, P. L.""","","An ultrahigh resolution 3-D survey of the shallow subsurface on the continental shelf of New Jersey","","","","","","Leading Edge","","","","","","","","","","1996","","15","","7","839-845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: An ultrahigh resolution 3-D survey of the shallow subsurface on the continental shelf of New Jersey Alternate Journal: Leading Edge (Tulsa, OK)","","","Atlantic City New Jersey; Atlantic Ocean; Cenozoic; continental shelf; data acquisition; data processing; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; high-resolution methods; New Jersey; North Atlantic; ocean circulation; ocean floors; offshore; Quaternary; seismic methods; seismic migration; sequence stratigraphy; shallow depth; stratigraphy; surveys; three-dimensional methods; tides; Stratigraphy; Applied geophysics"
"K","","Ramsey, K.E.//Penland, S.""","","Stratigraphic assessment of sand resources offshore Holly and Peveto beaches, Louisiana [abs.]","","","","","Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins, 3rd, a summary of Year Five and Year Six Activities","","","November 15 - 18, 1992, 1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","48","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Stratigraphic assessment of sand resources offshore Holly and Peveto beaches, Louisiana [abs.]","     Coastal communities and resorts of Johnson's Bayou, Ocean View Beach, Constance Beach, Peveto Beach, Holly Beach, and Hackberry Beach as well as Highway 82 are threatened by increasing beach erosion and storm-impact vulnerability.  Several attempts have been made to armor the shoreline in this area; however, coastal protection experience in Louisiana and other U.S. coastal states indicates shoreline restoration projects are more effective and environmentally compatible than armoring a shoreline with a seawall.  The primary objective of this study is to determine the textural characteristics of parent material in the Holly Beach and Constance Beach region to identify compatible offshore sources that will serve as borrow material for replenishment of these eroding coastal shorelines.
     Over 500 line-km of shallow, seismic reflection data offshore the chenier plain have been obtained collectively by the Louisiana Geological Survey, Minerals Management Service, and U.S. Geological Survey.  Onshore sand characteristics were obtained from 15, grab-sample transects from low-tide, mid-tide, high-tide, and dune regions at 400-m intervals.  Beach sands are generally very well sorted and very fine, with fine-grained dunes.  Westward, toward Highway 82, grain-size fractions for roughly a half mile on either side of the breakwater revetment system tend to remain constant from the low-water to dune line (3.0 - 3.1 phi).  Sand tends to be very well sorted to well sorted away from the maintained beach front area.  Surficial sand samples near Constance and Ocean View beaches tend to have a more natural trend.  Samples taken from the low-water line indicate a well-sorted, fine-grained (2.3 phi) material, fining upward (2.4 - 2.6 phi) toward the high-water line.  Further onshore and into the dune region, sand coarsens slightly into a well-sorted, fine-sand fraction (2.3 phi).
     Offshore sand thickness averages 6 m, with 6 m of silty clay and clay overburden from buried fluvial channels and ancient sand ridges.  Suter and Penland (1985) identified two potential borrow sites 5 to 8 km offshore Holly and Peveto beaches.  The first target site with the best potential for borrow material is a 31-km2 area derived from a Pleistocene fluvial channel system cut into the continental shelf.  Water depth in this region ranges form 4 to 7 m.  Seismic interpretations indicate as much as 175,000,000 m3 of very poorly sorted sand ranging from 2.4 to 8.8 m thick, with 1.6 to 5.2 m of unconsolidated clay and silty clay overburden.  The second target site covers approximately 60 km2 of thinner fluvial deltaic and reworked shoreline deposits.  It also contains slightly finer sand and as much as 90,000,000 m3 of sand with coarse silt and 1.4 m of overmurden.""",""
"E","","Ramsey, Kelvin W.""","","","Open file report","","","","Beach sand textures from the Atlantic coast of Delaware","","","","","","","","","","Delaware Geological Survey","1999","","","Open-File Report 41, 6 p.""","","6","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach sand textures from the Atlantic coast of Delaware","","","Delaware"
"Journal Article","","Reed, A.J.//Wells, J.T.""","","Sediment distribution patterns offshore of a renourished beach: Atlantic beach and Fort Macon, North Carolina","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","2000, 2000","","13","","1","88 - 98","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sediment distribution patterns offshore of a renourished beach: Atlantic beach and Fort Macon, North Carolina","     Contour plots of sediment characteristics have been used to sediments off a renourished beach on the central North Carolina coast.  Shell color, shell polish, and sediment size (sorting) were found to be especially useful indicators of dispersal patterns of renourishment sands, which were characterized by a high percentage of fine-grained sediment and a high percentage of dull, pockmarked shell that was gray-to-black in color.  Distribution patterns show that longshore transport of renourishment sediment has been minor and little sand from a recent renourishment project was supplied to the adjacent native beaches.  However, possible was supplied to the adjacent native beaches.  However, possible cross-shore transport was identified in storm layers (shell hash) in offshore sediment cores, and additional evidence was provided by the ripples scour depressions noted in a recent side-scan sonar survey.""",""
"E","","Reilly, Francis J.//Bellis, Vincent J.""","","","","","","","The ecological impact of beach nourishment with dredged materials on the intertidal zone at Bogue Banks, North Carolina","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir, VA","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center","1983, 1983","","","Miscellaneous Report 83-3, 74 p.""","","74","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: The ecological impact of beach nourishment with dredged materials on the intertidal zone at Bogue Banks, North Carolina","","","North Carolina"
"E","","Reimnitz, Erk//Plafker, George","","","","Bulletin","","","","Marine gold placers along the Gulf of Alaska margin","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U.S. Geological Survey","1976, 1976","","","Bulletin 1415, 16 p.""","","16","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Marine gold placers along the Gulf of Alaska margin","     Fifty-five beach samples, collected along the Gulf of Alaska between Dry Bay and Prince William Sound, were analyzed for their gold content in order (1) to gather information on gold placers in areas that have not been mined, such as the Copper River Delta, (2) to gather information needed in the search for placers on the adjacent continental shelf, and (3) to learn more about the occurrence and behavior of modern beach placers with a view toward enhancing their economic potential.
     In general, the beaches contain very little gold, but certain areas along the Copper River Delta contain as much as other areas to the east that have been productive, and on a unit-length basis one of the barrier islands appears to conatin more dark sand than most other areas.  More detailed study of the heavy-mineral distribution on the Copper River Delta seems warranted.
     Much of the gold on the beaches appears to have been concentrated from the Yakataga Formation.  This formation also underlies much of the adjacent continental shelf where it has been truncated.  The potential for finding auriferous submarine beach or relict nearshore deposits therefore is great.
     Available evidence suggests that gold is being lost from the beaches to the offshore area.  Therefore, gold may be concentrated in favorable nearshore locations at present and may also have formed in such areas in the past.  Thus, the search for economic placer deposits on continental shelves should not be restricted to relict beach and residual deposits.
     Heavy-mineral concentrates with associated gold on the beaches of the Guld of Alaska generally are small in volume and are short-lived owing to high rates of reworking, redistribution, and longshore transport.  For these reasons, the possibility should be investigated of enhancing the economic potential for future placer mining operations by using fixed engineering structures that modify the surf-zone environment, thereby concentrating gold and other valuable heavy constituents.""","Alaska"
"E","","Restrepo, J.M.//Bona, J.L.""","","","Technical Report","","","","Model for the formation of longshore sand ridges on the continental shelf","","","","","","","","","Washington, DC","Argonne National Lab, IL; Department of Energy","January 5, 1994, 1994","","","Technical Report MCS-P406-1293, 64 p.""","","64","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Model for the formation of longshore sand ridges on the continental shelf","","","General"
"Journal Article","","Richards, H.F.""","","Stratigraphy of the Atlantic coastal plain between Long Island and Georgia - review","","","","","","American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1967","","51","","","2400-2429","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Stratigraphy of the Atlantic coastal plain between Long Island and Georgia - review","","","Long Island; Atlantic coast; Georgia; New York; stratigraphy"
"E","","Richards, H.G.""","","","","","","","Generalized structural contour maps of the New Jersey Coastal Plain","","","","","","","","","","New Jersey Geological Survey","1983, 1983","","","Report 4, 38 p.""","","38","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13 illus., 2 tables Short Title: Generalized structural contour maps of the New Jersey Coastal Plain","","","New Jersey"
"E","","Riggs, Stanley, R.//Ames D. (eds.)","","","","Information Circular","","","","Upper Cenozoic geology of the Onslow Bay and Aurora embayments, North Carolina: compilation of published abstracts from the literature","","","","","","","","","Raleigh, NC","North Carolina Geological Survey","1991","","","Information Circular 28, 209 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","L. Poppe and S.R. Riggs reference collections
North Carolina Geological Survey, Division of Land Resources, Dept. of Environment, Health and Natural Resources Short Title: Upper Cenozoic geology of the Onslow Bay and Aurora embayments, North Carolina: compilation of published abstracts from the literature","","","North Carolina; Onslow Bay; Aurora"
"Book Chapter","","Riggs, S.R.""","","Extractive industries","","","Clark, J.""editor","Coastal ecosystem management; a technical manual for the conservation of coastal zone resources","","","","","","","","","New York, N.Y.""John Wiley and Sons","1977","","","","","623-634","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: Extractive industries","","","General; cement materials; coastal plains; conservation; construction materials; engineering geology; environmental geology; estuaries; evaluation; mineral resources; mining; mining geology; production; production control; sediments; shorelines; soil mechanics"
"Book Chapter","","Riggs, S.R.""","","The extractive industries in the coastal zone of continental United States","","","","editor","Estuarine Pollution Control and Assessment Study","","","","","","","","","","Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Planning and Standards, U.S. Government Printing Office, v. 1","1977","","","","","121-138","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: The extractive industries in the coastal zone of continental United States","","","General"
"Book Chapter","","Riggs, S.R.""","","A geologic profile of the North Carolina coastal-inner continental shelf system","","","Langfelder, J.""editor","Ocean Outfall Wastewater Disposal Feasibility and Planning","","","","","","","","","","N.C. State University Press","1979","","","","","90-113","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: A geologic profile of the North Carolina coastal-inner continental shelf system","","","North Carolina"
"Book Chapter","","Riggs, S.R.""","","Upper Cenozoic geology of the Onslow and Aurora Embayments of North Carolina","","","Riggs, S.R.//Ames, D.v.p.""editor","Upper Cenozoic geology of the Onslow and Aurora Embayments: Compilation of Published Abstracts from the Literature: North Carolina Geoogical Survey, Information Circular No. 28","","","","","","","","","Raleigh, N.C","","1991","","","","","3-25","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Upper Cenozoic geology of the Onslow and Aurora Embayments of North Carolina","","",""
"Book Chapter","","Riggs, S.R.""","","The non-living resources of the North Carolina continental margin","","","Hart, K.""editor","Managing The Coastal Ocean for the 21st Century: North Carolina's Role","","","","","","","","","","University of North Carolina Sea Grant College Program, Pub. No. UNC-SG-94-02","1994","","","","","13-19","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: The non-living resources of the North Carolina continental margin","","","North Carolina"
"Journal Article","","Riggs, S.R., and Cleary, W.J.""","","Role of stratigraphic framework and paleotopography in barrier island sediment supply: past and future","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","2000","","32","","2","A69","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: Role of stratigraphic framework and paleotopography in barrier island sediment supply: past and future","With each new storm, the ongoing coastal transgression results in high rates of shoreline recession, severe coastal economic impacts, and escalating demands for beach nourishment and stabilization projects. Historically, significant portions of the coast were sediment rich and accretion produced complex barrier segments containing large volumes of sand. These segments have the potential for containing adequate nourishment sediment on the adjacent shoreface-inner shelf to 'hold the line' a bit longer. However, the associated sediment-starved beach segments are totally collapsing with little potential for finding any long-term sources of sediment to maintain renourishment programs; they are predicted to totally disappear within the next generation. Whether a complex or a simple overwash barrier formed at any location within the state-wide to cape embayment scale, was dependent upon its stratigraphic-sedimentologic heritage and the paleotopography. On the individual barrier scale, location with respect to inlets, cape-shoal structures, and former trunk and tributary drainage systems, was critical. As the modern coastal sequence evolved on top of the shoreface ravinement surface, areas with adequate sand supplies developed wide barriers consisting of stacked sequences of two or more island components. Sand was supplied from either deltaic sediments at the mouths of trunk rivers, cape-shoal structures, or underlying weakly indurated sand-rich units. Sediment-starved coastal segments formed primarily where the underlying stratigraphy was dominated by indurated lithologies of the Oligocene to Cretaceous formations or where paleo-valley fill segments were dominated by estuarine mud infill which resulted in high rates of shoreline recession and negligible sand production.""","barrier beaches; beach nourishment; Cenozoic; clastic sediments; coastal environment; Cretaceous; erosion; landform evolution; lithostratigraphy; littoral erosion; Mesozoic; North Carolina; Paleogene; sand; sea-level changes; sediments; shore features; shorelines; Tertiary; topography; transgression; United States"
"Book Chapter","","Riggs, S.R.//Belknap, D.F.""","","Upper Cenozoic processes and environments of continental margin sedimentation: eastern United States","","","Sheridan, R.E.//Grow, J.A.""editor","The Atlantic Continental Margin, U.S.""","","","","","","","","","Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. I-2, chpt. 8","1988","","","","","131-176","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: Upper Cenozoic processes and environments of continental margin sedimentation: eastern United States","","","Atlantic coast"
"Journal Article","","Riggs, S.R.//Cleary, W.J.//Snyder, S.W.""","","Influence of inherited geologic framework upon barrier beach morphology and shoreface dynamics","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1995","","126","","","213-234","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: Influence of inherited geologic framework upon barrier beach morphology and shoreface dynamics","","",""
"Book Chapter","","Riggs, S.R.//Cleary, W.J.//Snyder, S.W.""","","Morphology and dynamics of barrier and headland shorefaces in Onslow Bay, North Carolina","","","Cleary, W.J.""editor","Environmental Coastal Geology: Cape Lookout to Cape Fear, NC: Carolina Geological Society Fieldtrip Guidebook 1996, Nov. 8-10, 1996","","","","","","","","","Wilmington, NC","","1996","","","","","33-48","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: Morphology and dynamics of barrier and headland shorefaces in Onslow Bay, North Carolina","","","North Carolina; Onslow Bay"
"Journal Article","","Riggs, S. R.//Hoffman, C.W.//Boss, S.K.""","","Role of geologic framework, physical dynamics and sand resource potential for beach nourishment on the North Carolina Outer Banks [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","2001","","33","","2","A20-A21","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: Role of geologic framework, physical dynamics and sand resource potential for beach nourishment on the North Carolina Outer Banks [abs.]","Most North Carolina ocean beaches are in a serious state of erosion with over 120 miles (about 35 miles on the Outer Banks) being considered for immediate beach nourishment projects. Reconnaissance studies of the thick Quaternary section on the continental shelf adjacent to the Outer Banks have demonstrated numerous potential sand resources that occur in paleofluvial deltas and channels, cape-shoal structures, and various stratigraphic lithofacies. The geologic framework (including the geometry and lithology of the framework stratigraphy, paleotopography of the flooding surface, etc.), physical dynamics, and recent human modification dictate the types of barrier islands that constitute the Outer Banks and their evolutionary development. Sediment-rich coastal segments previously formed as complex barriers consisting of multiple seaward prograding beach ridges resulting in high and wide islands. Today, these complex islands are neither migrating landward nor accreting seaward; rather, erosion is the dominant process on both ocean and estuarine shorelines. Sediment-starved coastal segments formed as simple overwash barriers consisting of thin Holocene sand perched on the interstream divides of Pleistocene drainage basins. Due to the geologic inheritance and evolutionary development, some of these sediment-starved barriers are presently collapsing with little chance of surviving in their present form. In addition to basic economic considerations, decisions concerning the use of potential sand resources for long-term beach management on the Outer Banks should also consider some significant scientific parameters. These parameters should include the geologic framework variables controlling individual island formation and evolution, regional high-energy wave and storm climate, cumulative environmental consequences of sand mining and beach nourishment, and the specific response of each coastal segment to ongoing sea-level rise.""","Atlantic Coastal Plain; barrier islands; beach nourishment; beaches; Carteret County North Carolina; Central Atlantic Coastal Plain; Currituck County North Carolina; Dare County North Carolina; erosion control; Hyde County North Carolina; North Carolina; Outer Banks; preventive measures; protection; shorelines; stabilization; United States"
"Book Chapter","","Riggs, S.R.//Manheim, Frank T.""","","Mineral resources of the U.S. Atlantic continental margin","","","Sheridan, R.E.//Grow, J.A.""editor","The Atlantic Continental Margin, U.S","","","","","","","","","","Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. I-2, chpt. 25","1988","","","","","501-520","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: Mineral resources of the U.S. Atlantic continental margin","","","Mineral resources; Atlantic coast"
"K","","Rine, J.M.//Tillman, Roderick W.//Swift, Donald J.P.""","","Generation of late Holocene sand ridges on the middle continental shelf off New Jersey, U.S.A. [abs.]","","","Anonymous","","SEPM Annual Midyear Meeting","","","September, 1986, 1986","Raleigh, NC","","","","","","Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists","","","3","","","95","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Generation of late Holocene sand ridges on the middle continental shelf off New Jersey, U.S.A. [abs.]","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; bedding plane irregularities; Cenozoic; changes of level; clastic sediments; continental shelf; grain size; Holocene; lithofacies; marine environment; mud; New Jersey; oceanography; Quaternary; sand; sand ridges; sedimentary structures; sedimentation; sediments; shelf environment; stratigraphy; upper Holocene"
"E","","Roberts, R.W.//Tremont, J.D.""","","","","","","","Methodologies and economics of Arctic dredging and artificial island construction","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Office","1982","","","Technical Paper No. 7","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","no page numbers listed - from reference list at end of Cruickshank, 1998 article Short Title: Methodologies and economics of Arctic dredging and artificial island construction","","","Alaska"
"Book Chapter","","Rodriguez, Rafael W.""","","Submerged sand resources of Puerto Rico","","","Clarke, Samuel H.""editor","U.S. Geological Survey, Highlights in Marine Research, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 938","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U.S. Geological Survey","1984","","","","","57 - 63","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Submerged sand resources of Puerto Rico","","","Miscellaneous; Puerto Rico"
"E","","Ross, David A.""","","","","","","","Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States: heavy minerals of the continental margin from southern Nova Scotia to northern New Jersey","","","","","","","","","Washington, D.C.""U.S. Geological Survey","1970","","","Professional Paper 529-G, 40 p.""","","40","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States: heavy minerals of the continental margin from southern Nova Scotia to northern New Jersey","","","Atlantic coast"
"K","","Rossfelder, A.M.//Daquise, D.//Pollock, R.J.""","","Drilling and coring systems for shallow water exploration","","","Burnett, R.F.""","Annual Offshore Technology Conference, 12th","","","May 5 - 8, 1980, 1980","Houston, TX","","","","","","","","","4","","","217 - 221","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Drilling and coring systems for shallow water exploration","     For several years, GEOMAREX has conducted waterborne and tideland drilling to limited penetration depths of 100' to 150' in various areas of the United States and the Pacific.  Most of the work was performed in distant sites, generally undrilled, unexplored and often uncharted.  These difficult logistics and their demanding sampling requirements led to the development of a new, specific, suite of equipment.  Upon this experience, GEOMAREX has extended these developments to some new components particularly aimed at shallow water mineral exploration, with the accent on electrical rotary, percussive and vibratory drives.""","mineral exploration; shallow water; General"
"K","","Rowland, J.""","","U.S. marine mineral resources and MMS task forces","","","","","WODCON, 12th, Session 2","","","May 2-5, 1989, 1989","Orlando, FL, 1989","","","","","","Proceedings: Orlando, FL, Dredging Technology Environmental Mining","","","","","","87-89","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","T.J. Rowland reference collection Short Title: U.S. marine mineral resources and MMS task forces","","","General; Mineral resources"
"K","","Rowland, J.""","","Assessment of marine sand deposits","","","","","Coastal Zone '90","","","1990","San Diego, CA","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","T.J. Rowland reference collection Short Title: Assessment of marine sand deposits","","","General; Sand deposits"
"K","","Rowland, J.""","","Cooperative studies of continental shelf mineral deposits","","","","","Marine Technology Conference","","","1991","Baltimore, MD","","","","","","MTS","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","T.J. Rowland reference collection Short Title: Cooperative studies of continental shelf mineral deposits","","","General; mineral deposits"
"K","","Rowland, J.""","","A systems approach to offshore mineral evaluations","","","","","Oceans '92","","","1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","T.J. Rowland reference collection Short Title: A systems approach to offshore mineral evaluations","","","General; mineral evaluations"
"K","","Rowland, J.""","","Geo-system approach to assessments of continental shelf sand resources","","","","","Offshore Technology Conference, OTC '99","","","May 1999, 1999","Houston, TX","","","","","","Proceedings: Houston, TX, Society of Mining Engineers","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","T.J. Rowland reference collection Short Title: Geo-system approach to assessments of continental shelf sand resources","","","General; Sand resources"
"K","","Rowland, J.""","","GIS development for management of sand resources","","","","","Coastal GeoTools '99","","","April 4-7, 1999, 1999","Charleston, SC","","","","","","Proceedings: Charleston, SC, NOAA Coastal Services Center","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","T.J. Rowland reference collection Short Title: GIS development for management of sand resources","","","General; Sand resources; GIS; Geographic Information System"
"G","","Rowland, T.J.""","","An analysis of the distribution of feldspars on the inner continental shelf of Virginia","MS Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","Norfolk, Virginia","Old Dominion University","1977","","","","","","43","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: An analysis of the distribution of feldspars on the inner continental shelf of Virginia","","","Virginia; feldspar; feldspar distribution"
"E","","Rowland, T.J.""","","","","","","","Availability of mineral deposits offshore Virginia","","","","","","","","","Vienna, Virginia","U. S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Office of Strategic and International Minerals","1988","","",", 12p.""","","12","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","T.J. Rowland reference collection
Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Availability of mineral deposits offshore Virginia","","","Virginia; mineral deposits"
"K","","Rowland, T.J.""","","Sand and placer mineral development potential offshore Virginia","","","Magoon, Orville T. //Converse, Hugh //Miner, Dallas//Tobin, L Thomas //Clark, Delores","","Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, 6th, Coastal Zone '89","","","July 11-14, 1989, 1989","Charleston, SC, 1989","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","3","","","2808-2819","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Sand and placer mineral development potential offshore Virginia","","","Virginia; placers; minerals; sand; mineral development"
"K","","Rowland, T.J.""","","Assessment of offshore sand bodies for coastal projects","","","","","Coastal Society International Conference, Our Coastal Experience: Assessing the Past, Confronting the Future, 12th","","","1990","San Antonio, TX","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","T.J. Rowland reference collection Short Title: Assessment of offshore sand bodies for coastal projects","","","General; sand bodies"
"K","","Rowland, T.J.""","","Marine mining systems: basic environmental and operational aspects","","","","","Marine Technology Society Conference: An Ocean Cooperative: Industry, Government, and Academia , MTS '91","","","November 10 - 14, 1991, 1991","New Orleans, LA, 1991","","","","","","Marine Technology Society","","","","","","574 - 578","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Marine mining systems: basic environmental and operational aspects","     Marine mining systems based on mechanical or hydraulic dredging principles can efficiently extract marine sand, gravel, and placer mineral resources located throughout the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico continental shelves.  Environmental impacts associated with marine mining focus on the seabed and water column, but vary depending on the system used.  Thus, mining system operational features should be considered and appied in relation to both deposit characteristics and the sedimentary environment.  This paper presents an overview of basic operational features and associated environmental factors of general mechanical and hydraulic systems.""","deep-sea mining; mining equipment; environmental impact; technical feasibility; hydraulic systems; General"
"K","","Rowland, T.J.""","","Geological assessment of offshore sand deposits","","","","","Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, 7th, Coastal Zone '91","","","8-12 Jul 1991, 1991","Long Beach, CA","","","","","","American Society of Coastal Engineers","","","2","","","1632-1646","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","F. Manheim reference collection Short Title: Geological assessment of offshore sand deposits","","","General; Sand deposits"
"K","","Rowland, T.J.""","","Surface trend analysis of heavy minerals offshore Virginia","","","","","Offshore Technology Conference, OTC '93","","","May 1993, 1993","Houston, TX, 1993","","","","","","Proceedings: Houston, TX, Society of Mining Engineers","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","T.J. Rowland reference collection Short Title: Surface trend analysis of heavy minerals offshore Virginia","","","Virginia; heavy minerals"
"Journal Article","","Rowland, T.J.//Cruickshank, M.J.""","","Mineral deposits of the shelf-break zone","","","","","","SEPM Special Publication","","","","","","","","","","1983","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","T.J. Rowland reference collection Short Title: Mineral deposits of the shelf-break zone","","","General; mineral deposits"
"K","","Rowland, T.J.//Kiraly, S.J.""","","Marine mineral resources and commercial fisheries in the U.S. E.E.Z.""","","","","Oceans '86 Science-Engineering-Adventure, Volume1: Systems, Structures and Analysis","","","September 22 - 25, 1986, 1986","Washington, DC","","","","","","Marine Technology Society","","","1","","","295","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Marine mineral resources and commercial fisheries in the U.S. E.E.Z.""     Significant deposits of marine minerals occur in the United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).  Deposits include sand and gravel, phosphorites, placers, metalliferous oxides and sulfides.  These deposits represent an abundant domestic source of minerals, many important to the United States.  Development of such non-living marine resources, however, may have potential effects on certain living marine resources which also are important to the United States.  The nation's commercial marine fisheries are one such resource,  This paper discusses the geological nature, distribution and potential development of marine minerals in the EEZ.  Additionally, some major commercial marine fisheries which occur within areas of known mineral deposits are identified.  Impacts on these commercial fisheries from mining operations are in terms of multiple usage of a region and environmental modification.""","mineral resources; environmental impact; mining; commercial fishing; Exclusive Economic Zone; marine resources; marine fisheries; USA Coasts; General"
"L","","","","","Isopach map: sand sized materials sand inventory study offshore Mission Beach to Leucadia Southern California","Isopach map","","Rutan, C.""","","","","","","","","","","Old Saybrook, Connecticut","Ocean Surveys, Inc.""1981","","","","","","","","","1:24,000","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Isopach map: sand sized materials sand inventory study offshore Mission Beach to Leucadia Southern California","","","California; map; isopach map; isopachous mapping; Sand resources; Mission Beach; Leucadia; Southern California"
"L","","","","","Seafloor texture & grain size contours sand inventory study offshore San Diego Southern California","Seafloor texture & grainsize contours","","Rutan, C.""","","","","","","","","","","Old Saybrook, Connecticut","Ocean Surveys, Inc.""1981","","","","","","","","","1:24,000","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Seafloor texture & grain size contours sand inventory study offshore San Diego Southern California","","","California; textures; grain size; San Diego; Southern California"
"L","","","","","Isopach map: sand sized materials sand inventory study offshore Leucadia to Oceanside southern California","Isopach map","","Rutan, C.""","","","","","","","","","","Old Saybrook, Connecticut","Ocean Surveys, Inc.""1981","","","","","","","","","1:24,000","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Isopach map: sand sized materials sand inventory study offshore Leucadia to Oceanside southern California","","","California; isopach map; isopachous mapping; Leucadia; Oceanside; Southern California"
"E","","Saloman, Carl H.//Naughton, Steven P.//Taylor, John L.""","","","","","","","Benthic community response to dredging borrow pits, Panama City Beach, Florida","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir, VA","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center","1982, 1982","","","Miscellaneous Report 82-3, 138 p.""","","138","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Benthic community response to dredging borrow pits, Panama City Beach, Florida","","","Florida; Panama City Florida; borrow pits; benthic"
"E","","Samson, J.""","","","","","","","An overview of coastal and marine gold placer occurrences in Nova Scotia and British Columbia","","","","","","","","","","Canada Oil and Gas Lands Administration","Fall, 1984, 1984","","","Division Document 1984-3, 159 p.""","","159","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: An overview of coastal and marine gold placer occurrences in Nova Scotia and British Columbia","","","Miscellaneous; gold; Nova Scotia; British Columbia; placer"
"Journal Article","","Sanders, J.E.""","","North-south trending submarine ridge composed of coarse sand off False Cape, Virginia [abs.]","","","","","","American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1962","","46","","","278","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: North-south trending submarine ridge composed of coarse sand off False Cape, Virginia [abs.]","","","Virginia; False Cape; sand; submarine ridges"
"Journal Article","","Sauck, William A.//Seng, David L.""","","Near-shore sand thickness and stratigraphy mapping with a submerged GPR antenna system; Southeast Lake Michigan [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","April 28-29, 1994, 1994","","26","","5","59","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Near-shore sand thickness and stratigraphy mapping with a submerged GPR antenna system; Southeast Lake Michigan [abs.]","","","amplitude; angular unconformities; beach nourishment; bluffs; Brenton Harbor; clastic rocks; clastic sediments; clay; elastic waves; electromagnetic methods; erosion; Gary Indiana; geophysical methods; geophysical profiles; geophysical surveys; Great Lakes; ground-penetrating radar; Indiana; jetties; Lake Michigan; mapping; marine installations; Michigan; nearshore environment; North America; radar methods; sand; sedimentary rocks; sediments; shale; stratigraphy; surveys; thickness; unconformities; Sedimentary petrology"
"G","","Saumsiegle, W.J.""","","Stability and local effects of an offshore sand storage mound, Dam Neck site, Virginia inner continental shelf","M.S. Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","Norfolk, Virginia","Old Dominion University","1976","","","","","","92","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Academic Department: Institute of Oceanography Short Title: Stability and local effects of an offshore sand storage mound, Dam Neck site, Virginia inner continental shelf","","","Engineering geology; Atlantic Coastal Plain; bathymetry; beaches; Chesapeake Bay; clastic sediments; continental shelf; currents; Dam Neck; diffraction; dredging; engineering geology; inner shelf; marine geology; mounds; ocean waves; oceanography; offshore; provenance; sampling; sand; sedimentation; sediments; shorelines; stability; storage; Virginia; waste disposal"
"E","","Schlee, John","","","","Circular","","","","Sand and gravel on the continental shelf off the northeastern United States","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1968","","","Circular 602, 9 p.""","","9","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand and gravel on the continental shelf off the northeastern United States","     Most of the continental shelf off New England, Long Island, and New Jersey is mantled by sand associated with lesser amounts of gravel in a quantity probably sufficient to constitute an economic asset.  The mantle extends  onto Georges Bank and the Scotian Shelf.  The sand is quartzose and fine to coarse grained.  Gravel is associated with drowned river-terrace deposits of the ancestral Hudson River off New Jersey and with glaciofluvial deposits off Rhode Island and Massachusetts.  A few shallow drill holes on the shelf indicate that the sand is as much as several meters thick.  Shallow continuous seismic profiles show that uppermost layers on the inner shelf are fairly continuous over much of the area, though the layers vary in thickness.""","Atlantic coast; continental shelf"
"E","","Schlee, John//(with a section by) Sanko, Peter","","","","","","","","Sand and gravel","","","","","","","","","Albany, NY","New York Sea Grant Institute","July, 1975, 1975","","","MESA New York Bight Atlas Monograph 21, 26 p.""","","26","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand and gravel","     Sand and gravel deposits on the continental shelf in New York Bight cover a wide area.  Sand is found over the entire shelf; gravel is distributed in patches east of northern New Jersey.  The sand exists as a veneer up to several meters thick, covering older shelf deposits.  Accurate estimates of the thickness of the sand cover will have to await detailed acoustic surveys coupled to core data.  A rough estimate shows that 26,466 million short tons of sand plus gravel occur in a 15,112 km2 (9,385 mi2) area of the inner shelf off New Jersey.
     Currently and in the near future, offshore sand and gravel mining cannot compete economically with terrestrial sources for construction aggregate and inland fill; it would require significant new investment of industrial capital.
     An average of 5.5 million yd3/yr of sand was dredged from the Lower Bay of New York Harbor from 1966 through 1974.  Most of the mined sand was used as fill and subgrade material in public construction projects and beach replenishment in New York and New Jersey.  Since 1973 all sand mining in the harbor has been restricted to maintenance of Chapel Hill North Channel, Swash Channel, and Ambrose Channel.""","New York; New York Bight; sand; sand and gravel; gravel"
"Journal Article","","Schlee, J.S.""","","New Jersey offshore gravel deposit","","","","","","Pit and Quarry","","","","","","","","","","1964","","57","","6","80-81, 95","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: New Jersey offshore gravel deposit"," deposit of gravel consisting chiefly of pebbles of gray quartzite and vein quartz lies on the Continental Shelf in shallow water, 40 to 60 nautical miles southeast of Staten Island, N. J. The fan-shaped deposit of unknown thickness covers an area of about 560 square miles between the Hudson Channel (submerged extension of the Hudson River) and the New Jersey shoreline, with its apex 5 miles northeast of Barnegat Inlet. The gravels are believed to have been deposited more than 10,000 years ago as an alluvial apron by the Hudson River during a low stand of the ocean. Later rising of sea level reworked the upper portion of the deposit but did not destroy it.""","New Jersey; Gravel deposits"
"E","","Schlee, J.S.""","","","","","","","Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States - sediment texture","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1964","","","Professional Paper 529-L, 64 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States - sediment texture","","","Atlantic coast; texture; Continental Shelf"
"Journal Article","","Schmidt, D.V.//Woodruff, P.E.""","","Florida beach preservation - a review","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","October, 1999, 1999","","67","","4","7 - 13","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Florida beach preservation - a review","     The nations' phenomenal population growth and development have many implications for Florida's beaches.  This article summarizes efforts in Florida to protect, preserve, and restore the states's sandy shores.  A brief history of the Federal and state shore protection program is presented, followed by a review of the state of Florida's efforts in beach and shore management.  In particular, the states's 1998 legislation creating dedicated funding source for beach restoration and nourishment is discussed.  State guidelines, criteria, and procedures for participation in a comprehensive, long-term statewide beach management plan for erosion control are reviewed.  The emphasis of Florida's current law and policy is to coordinate beach nourishment state-wide, with emphasis on regional approaches to beach restoration and nourishment.  Beach restoration and nourishment projects are to be funded in a manner that encourages cost-saving strategies, fosters regional coordination of projects, improves the performance of projects, and provides long-term solutions.""","Florida; reviews; beach erosion; shore protection; history; legislation; rehabilitation; population dynamics; state jurisdiction; erosion control; management planning; environmental legislation; environment management; coastal zone management; beach nourishment; restoration; jurisdiction; literature reviews"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","Scholl, David W.//Gantz, Arthur//Vedder, John G.""","Geology and resource potential of the continental margin of western North America and adjacent ocean basins - Beaufort Sea to Baja California","","","","","","","","translator","Houston, TX","Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources","1987","","6","","","","799","","","","","","Earth science series","","","","","","","","",""," Number of Volumes: 7 Short Title: Geology and resource potential of the continental margin of western North America and adjacent ocean basins - Beaufort Sea to Baja California","","","Arctic Ocean; Baja California; Beaufort Sea; continental margin; economic geology; Mexico; North America; ocean floors; oceanography; Pacific Coast; Pacific Ocean; petroleum; Western U.S."
"Journal Article","","Schorr, H.R., Jr.""","","Beach nourishment","","","","","","World Dredging, Mining and Construction","","","","","","","","","","2001, 2001","","37","","2","10-25","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach nourishment","     Beaches attract tourists and provide storm protection.  In the USA, efforts at replenishing beaches have been expanded.  Direct placement on the beach can be accomplished using a hopper (TH) dredge, cutterhead (CS) dredge or an unloader pumping out of scows.  Placement of material in the surf zone, forming a nearshore berm which accretes naturally to the beach, can be performed by TH dredge, CD dredge or scows.  Two beach renourishment projects carried out by  Manson Construction in Florida are described.""","General; beach nourishment"
"Book Chapter","","Schwarzacher, Walther//Hunkins, Kenneth","","","Dredged gravels from the central Arctic Ocean","","","","editor","Geology of the Arctic, volume 1","","","","","","","","","Toronto, Ontario"," Univ. Toronto Press","1961","","1","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Dredged gravels from the central Arctic Ocean","A series of 9 bottom trawls was made in the Arctic Ocean from drifting station Alpha. The trawls were taken in the area between 84 degrees and 85 degrees N. and between 138 degrees and 152 degrees W. All trawls produced high percentages of gravel. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses showed these gravels to be predominately sedimentary rocks. Few igneous or metamorphic specimens were found. One fossiliferous sandstone specimen is Permo-Carboniferous in age. Bottom cores contained similar pebbles at depths in the sediment of up to 115 cm. below the sea floor. Studies of the striation, roundness, and shape of the pebbles reveal them to be typical glacial material which has undergone little or no water transport. It is concluded that these gravels have been rafted by ice from a shore containing active glaciers. Consideration of Arctic Ocean circulation, Pleistocene glaciation, and lithology make it probable that the source area was Axel Heiberg Island, Ellesmere Island, or the northern coast of Greenland.""","Miscellaneous; dredged gravels; Arctic Ocean"
"E","","Sea Engineering Inc.""","","","","","","","Beach nourishment viability study,""","","","","","","","","","","1993","","","Unpublished report prepared for the Office of State Planning, Coastal Zone Management Program, Honolulu, HI","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","M. Hampton reference collection Short Title: Beach nourishment viability study,""","","Hawaii; beach nourishment"
"Journal Article","","Selby, Ian//Ooms, Klaas","","","Assessment of offshore sand and gravel for dredging","","","","","","Terra et Aqua","","","","","","","","","","September, 1996, 1996","","","","64","18 - 28","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Assessment of offshore sand and gravel for dredging","     Reliable assessment of offshore sand and gravel resources permits efficient dredging, the maintenance of cargo quality control and the effective mitigation of environmental impacts.  Site investigation should be based on the interpretation and correlation of high resolution seismic profiling and CPT/sampling data.  A preliminary interpretation of the seismic data reveals the geological setting of the sand bodies and leads to the selection of appropriate sampling methods and the recognition of key sampling positions.  Geologically complex sand bodies demand phased data acquisition to delineate geometry, physical properties and compositional variability.  The alternative approach of gridbased sampling using a predetermined sampling density is costly at best and probably misleading.  A 3-dimensional model is created form the integration of acquired data and a resource volume calculated.  Dredging constraints and overflow losses are applied to the model resulting in the determination of a reserve volume and critical dredging parameters.  It is advisable to carry out a wide-ranging testing programme on the recovered samples to ensure compliance with relevant standards or requirements.  The potential penalties for superficial site investigation include delay, unpredictable cargo quality and unforeseen environmental problems.
     The authors are grateful for the critical reviews of Gerben Postma and John Scott together with the views of Ben Degen of GEOCOM and their other colleagues in DEMAS and the Geotechnical Engineering Office.  The article was first published by the Geological Society in Aggregates and Armourstone, Volume 1, the Proceedings of the EIG Conference, Warwick, 1996, and is reprinted here their permission and with permission of the Director of Civil Engineering, Hong Kong Government.""","sand; sand and gravel; gravel; dredging"
"L","","","","","Surficial sediments and placer gold on the inner shelf and coast of Northeast Newfoundland, Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 532, Map","index map; surficial geology map","","Shaw, J.//Forbes, D. L.//Edwardson, K. A.""","","","","","","","","","","","","1999","","","","","","","","","1:250,000; 1:250,000","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Surficial sediments and placer gold on the inner shelf and coast of Northeast Newfoundland, Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 532, Map","","","Miscellaneous; absolute age; acoustical methods; Atlantic Ocean; bathymetry; C-14; Canada; carbon; Cenozoic; clastic sediments; coastal environment; coastal sedimentation; continental shelf; cores; dates; deglaciation; Eastern Canada; fjords; geophysical methods; geophysical profiles; geophysical surveys; glacial environment; glacial features; glacial geology; glaciation; glaciomarine environment; gold ores; ice movement; index maps; inner shelf; isotopes; landform evolution; landforms; maps; marine environment; marine methods; metal ores; metals; mineralization; models; mud; Newfoundland; North Atlantic; northeastern Newfoundland; Northwest Atlantic; placers; Quaternary; radioactive isotopes; reflection methods; sea-level changes; sedimentation; sediments; seismic methods; seismic profiles; shore features; shorelines; side-scanning methods; sonar methods; stratigraphy; surficial geology; surficial geology maps; surveys; Economic geology; geology of ore deposits; map"
"Journal Article","","Sheridan, R.E.//Ashley, G.M.//Miller, K.G.//Waldner, J.S.//Hall, D.W.//Uptegrove, Jane","","","Offshore-onshore correlation of upper Pleistocene strata, New Jersey Coastal Plain to continental shelf and slope","","","","","","Sedimentary Geology","","","","","","","","","","2000","","134","","1-2","197-207","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Short Title: Offshore-onshore correlation of upper Pleistocene strata, New Jersey Coastal Plain to continental shelf and slope","High-resolution seismic reflection profiles (~15 m resolution), including Geopulse, Uniboom, minisparker, small air gun, and water gun sources, are used to trace the 18O stage 5 portion of the outcropping Cape May Formation across the shelf to the continental slope. The 18O stage 5/6 boundary identified at Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) Site 903 on the continental slope anchors the onshore-offshore seismic correlations. Above the 18O stage 5 sequence, there are distinguishable lowstand systems tracts (LST), transgressive systems tracts (TST) and highstand systems tracts (HST) that correlate with 18O stages 4 through 1. Atlantic Margin Coring Project (AMCOR) holes 6009, 6010, 6011, 6020, and 6021C provide age and paleoenvironmental indicators that agree with these correlations. The sub-arctic paleoenvironmental indicators in sequences of 18O stage 3 agree with the cooler temperatures and lower sea-level highstands of that time. Thicker 18O stage 3 and 4 sequences are preserved in the Paleo-Hudson River incised valley across the shelf. The expanded ice sheets during stage 18O 3 compared to 18O stages 1 and 5 probably increased sediment discharge in the Hudson River drainage system.""","New Jersey; seismic data; seismic reflection; Continental Shelf; Atlantic Margin Coring Project; AMCOR; ODP; Ocean Drilling Program; Ocean Drilling Project"
"Journal Article","","Sheridan, R.E.//Dill, C.E., Jr.//Kraft, J.C.""","","Holocene sedimentary environment of the Atlantic inner shelf off Delaware","","","","","","Geological Society of America Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1974","","85","","8","1319-1328","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Holocene sedimentary environment of the Atlantic inner shelf off Delaware","","","Atlantic Ocean; Cenozoic; continental shelf; cores; Delaware; environment; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; Holocene; lagoons; marine; marine geology; paleogeography; Quaternary; reflection; sedimentary petrology; sedimentation; seismic methods; shallow; shore features; surveys; United States"
"E","","Shideler, Gerald L.//Flores, Romeo M.""","","","Miscellaneous Field Studies","","","","Maps showing distribution of heavy minerals on the south Texas outer continental shelf","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies","1976","","","Map MF-841, 1 map","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Maps showing distribution of heavy minerals on the south Texas outer continental shelf","","","continental shelf; economic geology; Gulf Coastal Plain; heavy minerals; maps; outer shelf; south; Texas; USGS; Gulf of Mexico; map"
"Journal Article","","Shideler, G.L.//Swift, D.J.P.//Johnson, G.H.//Holliday, B.W.""","","Late Quaternary stratigraphy of the inner Virginia continental shelf: a proposed standard section","","","","","","Geological Society American Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1972","","83","","6","1787-1804","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Late Quaternary stratigraphy of the inner Virginia continental shelf: a proposed standard section","","","Cenozoic; continental shelf; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; Invertebrata; Mollusca; oceanography; Quaternary; reflection; seismic methods; standard section; stratigraphy; surveys; Virginia"
"Book Chapter","","Shipp, R.C.//Belknap, D.B.//Kelley, J.T.""","","A submerged shoreline on the inner continental shelf of the western Gulf of Maine","","","Tucker, R.D.//Marvinney, R.G.""editor","Studies in Maine Geology","","","","","","","","","Augusta, ME","Maine Geological Survey","1989","","5","","","11-28","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference colllection Short Title: A submerged shoreline on the inner continental shelf of the western Gulf of Maine","","","Gulf of Maine"
"Journal Article","","Shipp, R.C.//Belknap, D.F.//Kelley, J.T.""","","Seismic-stratigraphic and geomorphic evidence for a post-glacial sea-level lowstand in the northern Gulf of Maine","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","1991","","7","","2","341-364","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J.T. Kelley reference colllection Short Title: Seismic-stratigraphic and geomorphic evidence for a post-glacial sea-level lowstand in the northern Gulf of Maine","Rapid late Quaternary relative sea-level changes controlled shoreline position and stratigraphy of the inner continental shelf of the western Gulf of Maine. Seismic stratigraphic interpretation of approximately 1600 km of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles reveals distinctive shelf terraces, most abundant at a depth of 50-65 m. Characteristics of these features are given. These shelf terraces are primarily erosional components of a lowstand shoreline, submerged by Holocene sea-level rise. The inferred postglacial sea-level lowstand occurred at a depth of approximately equals 55-60 m below present and formed a shoreline during relative stillstand. These events occurred at 9,500 plus or minus 1,000 BP, when the rate of isostatic rebound of the land equaled eustatic sea-level rise.""","Gulf of Maine"
"E","","Smith, J.B.""","","","Technical report","","","","Literature review on the geologic aspects of inner shelf cross-shore sediment transport","","","","","","","","","Vicksburg, MS","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center","February 1995, 1995","","","Technical Report WES/MS/CERC-95-3, 164 p.""","","164","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Willliams reference collection Short Title: Literature review on the geologic aspects of inner shelf cross-shore sediment transport","","","General"
"K","","Smith, J.B.//FitzGerald, Duncan M.""","","Exploration and inventory of sand and gravel resources offshore of Boston Harbor [abs.]","","","","","Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins, 3rd, A summary of Year-Five and Year-Six Activities","","","November 15 - 18, 1992, 1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Exploration and inventory of sand and gravel resources offshore of Boston Harbor [abs.]","     The shallow sub-bottom geologic character of a 800-km2 region offshore of Boston Harbor has been determined through the use of 100 km of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles, 100 km of side-scan sonar surveys, 11 vibracores, 23 sediment samples, and 4 km of ground penetrating radar.  Surveys were limited to the region extending seaward of Winthrop Highlands south to and including Nantasket Beach to the 15-m depth contour, a distance of approximately 4 km offshore.  The purpose of the study was to describe sediments and identify deposits of sand and gravel fro construction and beach nourishment needs.
     Sedimentary units offshore of Boston Harbor include (1) drumlin highlands composed of mostly till deposits; (2) glacio-marine, fine-grained facies (Boston Blue Clay) consisting of clay and some silt that were deposited during the marine submergence phase of deglaciation, and (3) sand and gravel deposits associated with glacial outwash and possibly submarine fan deposition.  Numerous bedrock outcrops associated with the late Precambrian Boston Basin rocks (e.g., Strawberry and Harding Ledges) protrude through much of the offshore sand and gravel deposits.
     Sand resources in the offshore are estimated to be at least 26.0 x 106m3, but minable resources are restricted to three sites consisting primarily of clean quartzose sand and some gravel.  Site 1 is a triangular-shaped deposit located 2.5 km seaward of Nantasket Beach and parallels the shoreline for 2.4 km.  The deposit ranges between 4.0 and 6.0 m in thickness and contains an estimated 9.9 x 106 m3 of sediment.  Site 2 is located immediately seaward of the former Shirley Gut tidal inlet between Deer Island and Point Shirley.  The sands comprising this deposit are believed to be the inlet's former ebb-tidal delta shoals.  This deposit has an average thickness of 5.0 m and contains approximately 1.8 x 106 m3 of sand.  Site 3 is located at the entrance of Boston Harbor between President Roads and Nantasket Roads channels and essentially is a mid-channel shoal between two strong tidal current systems.  This site contins 1.5 x 106 m3 of sediment.
     It is probable that sediment removal from Sites 1 and 2 would be detrimental to the onshore beaches and coastline.  Because both of these sites are close to the shore, sand removal would steepen the nearshore profile, creating an offshore sediment sink.  In addition, wave refraction patterns would be changed, thus altering erosion-deposition trends along the landward shoreline.  The removal of sand and gravel from Site 3 would have less of an effect on the Boston Harbor region.""","Massachusetts; Boston; Gulf of Maine; New England"
"Journal Article","","Smith, J.D.""","","Geomorphology of a sand ridge","","","","","","Journal of Geology","","","","","","","","","","1969","","77","","1","39-55","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geomorphology of a sand ridge","","","geomorphology; marine features; Massachusetts; middle ground sand ridge; Vineyard Sound; New England"
"K","","Smith, J.D.//Kachel, N.B.""","","Application of sediment transport modeling to the interpretation of shallow marine deposits [abs.]","","","","","Annual Midyear Meeting, 1st","","","1984","San Jose, CA","","","","","","Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists","","","1","","","75","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Application of sediment transport modeling to the interpretation of shallow marine deposits [abs.]","","","biogenic processes; data processing; deposition; distribution; erosion; interpretation; marine environment; marine geology; marine sedimentation; marine sediments; models; oceanography; processes; sedimentation; sediments; shear strength; shelf environment; suspended materials; transport; General"
"G","","Smith, P.C.""","","Nearshore ridges and underlying Pleistocene sediment on the inner continental shelf of New Jersey","M.S. Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","New Brunswick, NJ","The State University of New Jersey","1996","","","","","","55","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Academic Department: Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers Short Title: Nearshore ridges and underlying Pleistocene sediment on the inner continental shelf of New Jersey","","","New Jersey"
"Journal Article","","Smith, P. C.//Ashley, G. M.//Sheridan, R. E.""","","The use of high-resolution seismic stratigraphy to evaluate near-shore ridges for beach replenishment; applications of geophysics to environmental problems off of Avalon, NJ [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","March 20-22, 1995, 1995","","27","","1","81-82","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: The use of high-resolution seismic stratigraphy to evaluate near-shore ridges for beach replenishment; applications of geophysics to environmental problems off of Avalon, NJ [abs.]","","","applications; Avalon New Jersey; beach nourishment; beaches; bedding plane irregularities; Cape May County New Jersey; clastic sediments; continental shelf; erosion control; geophysical profiles; high-resolution methods; inner shelf; New Jersey; protection; sand; sand ridges; sedimentary structures; sediments; seismic profiles; shore features; Geomorphology"
"E","","Smith, S. Jarrell//Gravens, Mark B.//Smith, Jane McKee","","","","","","","","Monmouth Beach, New Jersey: beach-fill "hot spot" erosion evaluation. Report 1: physical processes analysis","","","","","","","","","New York, NY","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York District","1999, 1999","","","Technical Report CHL-99-13, 91 p.""","","91","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station
S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Monmouth Beach, New Jersey: beach-fill "hot spot" erosion evaluation. Report 1: physical processes analysis","","","New Jersey; Monmouth County New Jersey"
"E","","Smith, S. Jarrell//Gravens, Mark B.//Smith, Jane McKee","","","","","","","","Monmouth Beach, New Jersey: beach-fill "hot spot" erosion evaluation. Report 2: Functional design of shore protection alternatives for beach-fill longetivity","","","","","","","","","New York, NY","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York District","1999, 1999","","","Technical Report CHL-99-13, 77 p.""","","77 p","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station
S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Monmouth Beach, New Jersey: beach-fill "hot spot" erosion evaluation. Report 2: Functional design of shore protection alternatives for beach-fill longetivity","","","New Jersey; Monmouth County New Jersey"
"Journal Article","","Snedden, John W.//Tillman, Roderick W.//Kreisa, Ronald D.//Schweller, William J.//Culver, Stephen J.//Winn, Robert D., Jr.""","","Stratigraphy and genesis of amodern shoreface-attached sand ridge, Peahala Ridge, New Jersey","","","","","","Journal of Sedimentary Research","","","","","","","","","","November, 1994, 1994","","B64","","4","560 - 581","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Stratigraphy and genesis of amodern shoreface-attached sand ridge, Peahala Ridge, New Jersey","     We investigated the genesis and evolution of Peahala Ridge, a modern shoreface-attached sand ridge 1 km x 6 km in size and 4-7 m in bathymetric relief, through an integrated sedimentologic and stratigraphic study involving vibracoring, box coring, grab samples, high-resolution seismic, paleontology, radiocarbon dating, and oceanographic measurements.  Near-surface strata of Peahala Ridge include six important stratigraphic units: modern shoreface, upper ridge sand, lower ridge sand, swale/inlet-fill, Middle Holocene back-barrier, and Late Pleistocene strandplain.  Radiocarbon dating and determination of the stratigraphic relationships indicates that Peahala Ridge formed initially from an ebb-tidal delta associated with a tidal inlet.  Southwestward migration of the inlet channel, a vector resultant of landward coastal retreat and southerly longshore drift, cut and then filled the swale separating Peahala Ridge from Long Beach Island.  Following inlet closure, Peahala Ridge developed its present form as a shoreface-attached, shoreline-oblique bathymetric feature.  Hydrodynamic processes have played a major role in evolution of the ridge, inlcuding considerable growth and accretion.  This combination of long-term (eustatic) and short term (hydrodynamic) factors is the best explanation of the present morphology and internal stratigraphy of Peahala ridge.""","New Jersey"
"E","","Snyder, S.W.""","","","","","","","North Carolina Outer Banks beach nourishment sand resources study, First Interim Report: shallow, high-resolution seismic survey, offshore Nags Head area","","","","","","","","","","North Carolina Geological Survey","1993, 1993","","","Open-File Report 93-38","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: North Carolina Outer Banks beach nourishment sand resources study, First Interim Report: shallow, high-resolution seismic survey, offshore Nags Head area","","","North Carolina"
"E","","Snyder, S.W.//Hine, A.C.//Riggs, S.R.//Snyder, S.W.""","","","Map","","","","Miocene geology of the continental shelf, Onslow Bay, North Carolina","","","","","","","","","","North Carolina Geological Survey","1993","","","Map Series No. 3","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Miocene geology of the continental shelf, Onslow Bay, North Carolina","","","North Carolina"
"Journal Article","","Snyder, S.W.//Hoffman, C.W.//Nickerson, J.G.""","","Heavy mineral resource studies within the EEZ of the Cape Fear cuspate foreland area, NC: stratigraphic framework [abstract]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1992","","24","","2","66","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Heavy mineral resource studies within the EEZ of the Cape Fear cuspate foreland area, NC: stratigraphic framework [abstract]","","","Cape Fear; North Carolina"
"E","","Snyder, S.W.//Hoffman, C.W.//Riggs, S.R.""","","","","","","","Seismic stratigraphic framework of the Inner Continental Shelf: Mason Inlet to New Inlet, northeast flank of the Cape Fear Cuspate Foreland","","","","","","","","","","North Carolina Geological Survey","1994","","","Bulletin 96, 59 p.""","","59","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: Seismic stratigraphic framework of the Inner Continental Shelf: Mason Inlet to New Inlet, northeast flank of the Cape Fear Cuspate Foreland","","","North Carolina"
"Book Chapter","","Snyder, S.W.//Riggs, S.R.""","","Overview of Neogene and Quaternary geologic history, North Carolina continental margin (Onslow Bay)","","","George, R.Y.//Hulbert, A.W.""editor","North Carolina Coastal Oceanography Symposium","","","","","","","","","","National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Undersea Research Program, Univ. North Carolina, Wilmington, Research Rept. 89-2","1989","","","","","131-150","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.R. Riggs reference collection Short Title: Overview of Neogene and Quaternary geologic history, North Carolina continental margin (Onslow Bay)","","","North Carolina"
"Journal Article","","Socolow, Arthur A.""","","Outlook for sand and gravel resources in New England","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1995","","27","","1","82","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Outlook for sand and gravel resources in New England","","","demand; development; economics; gravel deposits; legislation; New England; price; reserves; sands; supply; United States
Economic geology; economics of nonmetal deposits"
"Journal Article","","Spadoni, Richard H.""","","Nourishment of the beach in Galveston, Texas","","","","","","Houston Geological Society Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1996","","38","","8","19-20","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Nourishment of the beach in Galveston, Texas","","","beach nourishment; cost; Galveston County Texas; Galveston Texas; Gulf Coastal Plain; shorelines; Texas; Engineering geology"
"Journal Article","","Squires, D.F.""","","Evolution of New York state's policies on underwater mining of sand and gravel","","","","","","Marine Sand and Gravel Mining","","","","","","","","","","1988, 1988","","7","","1/2","19 - 34","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Evolution of New York state's policies on underwater mining of sand and gravel Accession Number: 1689007","     The states of the United States will play an important role in formulation of policies affecting development of offshore mineral resources.  New York State, through its interest in the exploitation of sand and gravel resources of the Lower New York Harbor, has taken legislative and administrative actions, outlined in this paper, to exploit and protect these resources.  While the agency promoting development took imaginative stances, insensitivity towards other regulatory agencies caused stalemate.  This situation, coupled with the environmental awareness of the 1970s, has resulted in a contentious environment hostile to investment by private industry.  Thus a plentiful and economically attractive resource is not being exploited while terrestrial deposits even more distant from the market are being mined.""","sand; gravel; mining; marine resources; government policy; underwater technology; New York; USA"
"K","","Stauble, D.K.""","","A detailed study of profile response and sediment textural changes of the Indialantic/Melbourne Beach nourishment project","","","","","Annual Meeting, 25th","","","1981","","","","","","","Fla. Shore and Beach Preservation Assoc.""","","","","","197-216","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: A detailed study of profile response and sediment textural changes of the Indialantic/Melbourne Beach nourishment project","","","Florida; Melbourne Beach"
"E","","Stauble, D.K.""","","","","","","","Native beach assessment techniques for beach fill design","","","","","","","","","Vicksburg, MS","U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,""1991","","","CETN II-29, 10 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Native beach assessment techniques for beach fill design","","","General"
"K","","Stauble, D.K.""","","Beach nourishment sand source inventory using a Geographic Information System","","","Tate, L."""," Annual National Beach Technology Conference, 4th, Preserving and Enhancing Our Beach Environment","","","1991","Charleston, S.C.""","","","","","Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association","","","","","","88-102","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Beach nourishment sand source inventory using a Geographic Information System","","","GIS; general; Geographic Information System"
"E","","Stauble, D.K.""","","","","","","","Recommended physical data collection program for beach nourishment projects","","","","","","","","","Vicksburg, MS","U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station","1991","","","CETN II-26, 14 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Recommended physical data collection program for beach nourishment projects","","","General"
"K","","Stauble, D.K.""","","The impact of storms on beach nourishment projects","","","Tate, L.""","Annual National Conference on Beach Preservation Technology, 6th, The State of the Art of Beach Nourishment","","","1993","Tallahassee, FL","","","","","","Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association","","","","","","40-62","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: The impact of storms on beach nourishment projects","","","General"
"K","","Stauble, D.K.""","","Evaluation of erosion "hot spots" for beach fill project performance","","","Tate, L.""","Annual National Conference on Beach Preservation Technology, 7th, Alternative Technologies in Beach Preservation","","","1994","Tallahassee, FL","","","","","","Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association","","","","","","198-215","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Evaluation of erosion "hot spots" for beach fill project performance","","","General"
"E","","Stauble, D.K.""","","","Memorandum for Record","","","","Sediment characterization and beachfill borrow area assessment of the Delaware Bay study, report 2: Identification of sediment type offshore of the Lewes Beach, Delaware area","","","","","","","","","Vicksburg, MS","U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,""1996","","","Memorandum for Record, 78 p.""","","78","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishement Short Title: Sediment characterization and beachfill borrow area assessment of the Delaware Bay study, report 2: Identification of sediment type offshore of the Lewes Beach, Delaware area","","","Delaware; Lewes Beach; Delaware Bay"
"K","","Stauble, D.K.//Bass, G.P.""","","Sediment dynamics and profile interactions of a beach nourishment project","","","Kraus, Nicholas C.//McDougal, William G.""","International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes, 4th, Scales of Coastal Sediment Motion and Geomorphic Change, Coastal Sediments '99","","","June 21-23, 1999, 1999","Hauppauge, NY","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","","","","2566-2581","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Sediment dynamics and profile interactions of a beach nourishment project","","","General"
"E","","Stauble, D.K.//Garcia, A.W. //Kraus, N.C.//Grosskopf, W.G.//Bass, G.P.""","","","Technical Report CERC-93-13","","","","Beach nourishment project response and design evaluation: Ocean City, Maryland.""","","","","","","","","Vicksburg, MS","U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station","1993","","","Technical Report CERC-93-13, 372 p.""","","372","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Beach nourishment project response and design evaluation: Ocean City, Maryland.""","","Maryland; Ocean City"
"Journal Article","","Stauble, D.K.//Grosskopf, W.G.""","","Monitoring project  response to storms: Ocean City Maryland beachfill","","","","","","Shore and Beach","","","","","","","","","","1993","","61","","1","23-33","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Monitoring project  response to storms: Ocean City Maryland beachfill","","","Maryland; Ocean City"
"K","","Stauble, D.K.//Hansen, M.//Blake, W.""","","An assessment of beach nourishment sediment characteristics","","","Edge, Billy L.""","International Conference on Coastal Engineering, 19th","","","Sept. 3-7, 1984, 1984","Houston, TX","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","","","","1471-1487","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: An assessment of beach nourishment sediment characteristics","","","beaches; Delray Beach; engineering geology; Florida; Hallandale; Hollywood; Melbourne Beach; models; sampling; sediments; shorelines; size distribution; United States"
"K","","Stauble, D.K.//Hansen, M.//Parson, L.//Hushla, F.""","","Beach nourishment monitoring Florida east coast:  Physical engineering aspects and management implications","","","","","Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, 3rd, Coastal Zone '83","","","1983","San Diego, CA","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","","","","2512-2526","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Beach nourishment monitoring Florida east coast:  Physical engineering aspects and management implications","","","Florida"
"E","","Stauble, D.K.//Hoel, J.""","","","","","","","Guidelines for beach restoration projects, part II: physical engineering","","","","","","","","","Gainesville","Florida University, Florida Sea Grant","1986","","","Report No. FSGR-77, 108 p.""","","108","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","See also: Nelson, W.G., 1985, Guidelines for beach restoration projects, part I: biological: Florida University, Florida Sea Grant Report No. FSGR-76, 66 p.

Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Guidelines for beach restoration projects, part II: physical engineering","The objective of this study is to design physical engineering performance monitoring standards for pre-construction, construction and post-construction project phases. The development of a data base of previous project performances will aid in future project design and add to the authors understanding of the viability of such erosion control programs. By reviewing the differences in monitoring techniques from the collection of past projects along with new field and laboratory data collection, it has allowed for the development of monitoring requirements and standardization of monitoring data collection, that will ultimately improve permitting procedures, including inhouse technical and regulatory review. Numerous projects have experienced delays in the past in the permitting process due to a lack of information available to the regulatory officials as to the behavior and impact of a project on the surrounding environment.""","beaches; beach nourishment; coastal engineering; guidelines; monitoring; coastal zone management; General"
"K","","Stauble, D.K.//Holem, G.W.""","","Long term assessment of beach nourishment project performance","","","","","Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, 7th, Coastal Zone '91","","","1991","Long Beach, CA","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","","","","510-524","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Long term assessment of beach nourishment project performance","","","General"
"K","","Stauble, D.K.//Kraus N.C. (eds)","","","Beach nourishment engineering and management considerations","","","Stauble, D.K.//Kraus, N.C.""","Coastlines of the World Series, Coastal Zone '93","","","1993","","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers, 245 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Beach nourishment engineering and management considerations","","","General"
"K","","Stauble, D.K.//Kraus, N.C.""","","Project performance - Ocean City Maryland beach nourishment","","","Stauble, D.K. and Kraus, N.C.""","Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, 8th, Beach Nourishment Engineering and Management Considerations, Coastlines of the World Series, Coastal Zone '93","","","19-23 Jul 1993, 1993","New Orleans, LA","","","","","","","","","","","","1-15","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Project performance - Ocean City Maryland beach nourishment","","","Maryland; Ocean City"
"K","","Stauble, D.K.//Logue, T.""","","In search of beach fill material: the Palm Beach County, coast of Florida GIS study","","","Tate, L.""","Annual National Conference on Beach Preservation Technology, 5th, New Directions In Beach Management","","","1992","Tallahassee, FL","","","","","","Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association","","","","","","151-165","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: In search of beach fill material: the Palm Beach County, coast of Florida GIS study","","","GIS; Geographic Information System; Florida; Palm Beach County Florida"
"E","","Stauble, D.K.//McGee, R.G.""","","","Miscellaneous Paper","","","","Sediment characterization and beachfill borrow area assessment of the Delaware Bay study, report 1: Identification of sediment type offshore of the Broadkill Beach, Delaware area","","","","","","","","","Vicksburg, MS","U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,""1996","","","Miscellaneous Paper CERC-96-6, 126 p.""","","126","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sediment characterization and beachfill borrow area assessment of the Delaware Bay study, report 1: Identification of sediment type offshore of the Broadkill Beach, Delaware area","","","Broadkill Beach; Delaware"
"K","","Stauble, D.K.//Nelson, W.G.""","","Guidelines for beach nourishment: A necessity for project management","","","","","Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, 4th, Coastal Zone '85","","","30 Jul-2 Aug 1985, 1985","Baltimore, MD","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","","","","1002-1021","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stable reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Guidelines for beach nourishment: A necessity for project management","","","General"
"Journal Article","","Stauble, D.K.//Warnke, D.A.""","","The bathymetry and sedimentation of Cape San Blas Shoal and shelf off St. Joseph Spit, Florida","","","","","","Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","","","","","","","","","","1974","","44","","4","1037-1051","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: The bathymetry and sedimentation of Cape San Blas Shoal and shelf off St. Joseph Spit, Florida","","","Florida"
"Book Chapter","","Stauffer, Peter H.""","","Quaternary depositional history and potential sand and gravel resources of the Alaskan continental margins, Chapter 29","","","Scholl, David W.//Gantz, Arthur//Vedder, John G.""editor","Geology and Resource Potential of the Continental Margin of Western North America and Adjacent Ocean Basins - Beaufort Sea to Baja California","","","","","","","","","Menlo Park, CA","U.S. Geological Survey","1987","","6","","","649 - 690","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Quaternary depositional history and potential sand and gravel resources of the Alaskan continental margins, Chapter 29","     Future mining of sand and gravel, the largest nonfuel mineral industry in the United States, will increasingly involve offshore deposits.  Abundant potential resources exist on the Arctic and Pacific continental margins of Alaska, though exploitation faces problems of technology and environmental consequences.  Many processes can produce or transport accumulations of coarse material, but water currents and waves are most active and widespread.  Offshore sand and gravel occur both in active (presently subject to movement) and inactive (relict or fossil) deposits; most inactive deposits formed during Pleistocene periods of lower sea level, when much of the continental shelf was exposed and shallow-water processes affected areas now deep.  Proper assessment of potential offshore sand and gravel resources of an area requires an understanding of the water and sediment dynamics and thier changes through Quaternary time.
     The Alaskan offshore regions are treated in four sections - Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, Bering Sea and Aleutian Ridge, and Gulf of Alaska.
     In the Beaufort Sea, ice is a dominating influence on sediment dynamics, especially in thick pressure ridges that gouge the sea bottom.  Gravel occurs in barrier islands and beaches, sand in sand waves and delta margins.  Gravel-island regimen is not well understood, however, and rapid local erosion, partly from thawing of ice-cemented sediment, warns of possible consequences of mining.
     On the broad Chukchi Shelf, sand and gravel are abundant mainly within about 100km of the shore.  Blosson Shoals off Icy Cape is a large accumulation that could probably be mined with minimal consequences.  Farther offshore, other deposits occur as fillings of a poorly known system of paleovalleys.
     The enormous Bering Sea contains a variety of large deposits of coarse material.  Huge amounts of fine sand occur in the Yukon delta area and in sand-wave fields in the heads of submarine canyons along the Beringian margin.  Coarse sand and gravel are widespread in the northern Bering Sea, but mainly as thin lag deposits or poorly sorted drowned glacial moraines.
     The topographically complex Gulf of Alaska is subject to sever storm activity, strong tides, tectonism, and local direct glacial action.  Sand and gravel accumulations are varied and some change rapidly.  Fields of sand waves occur in lower Cook Inlet on the Kodiak Shelf, and relict (mainly glacial) gravel is common on the shelf in the northern Gulf.""","Alaska; sand; sand and gravel; gravel"
"Journal Article","","Stetson, H.C.""","","The sediments of the continental shelf off 	the eastern coast of the United States","","","","","","Massachusetts Institute of Technology Papers Physics, Oceanography and Meterology","","","","","","","","","","1938","","5","","4","5-48","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia

A data layer from this paper is included in: Poppe, L.J., Paskevich, V.F., Williams, S.J., Hastings, M.E., Kelly, J.T., Belknap, D.F., Ward, L.G., Fitzgerald, D.M., and Larsen, P.F., 2003, Surficial sediment data from the Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank and vicinity: a GIS compilation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-001, online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-001. Short Title: The sediments of the continental shelf off 	the eastern coast of the United States","","","Atlantic coast; continental shelf; physiographic geology; Pipette analysis; sedimentation; sediments"
"E","","Stiles, Newell T.//Wiesnet, Donald R.""","","","Informational report","","","","Isopachous mapping of the lower Patuxent estuary sediments by continuous seismic profiling techniques","","","","","","","","","Washington, D.C.""Naval Oceanographic Office","May 8, 1970, 1970","","","Informational Report No. 70-37, 26 p.""","","26","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Isopachous mapping of the lower Patuxent estuary sediments by continuous seismic profiling techniques","    The thickness and extent of the sediment cover in the Patuxent Estuary has been determined using a high-frequency, high-spatial resolution, shallow-penetration, continuous seismic profiling system.  The isopachous map provides the sub-bottom information required to determine optimum locations for placing test equipment on the river bottom.
     Mud filled depressions, acoustically transparent to 12-kHz sound pulses, occur mainly north of Half Pone Point, and east of the present river channel.  Based on identification of first sub-bottom reflectors, these depressions are as much as 16 feet thick.  The dominance of the thicker deposits east of the channel and evidence of a submerged terrace indicates that either the channel has migrated to the west, or that the channel of the Patuxent River at this location was larger in the past and has subsequently filled in much of the material on the eastern edge.  Maximum penetration at the scarp of the submerged terrace was 36 feet beneath the water-sediment interface.""","isopachous mapping; lower Patuxent; estuary sediments; seismic profiling; seismic profiling techniques; Patuxent; Maryland"
"Journal Article","","Stone, Gregory W.//Stapor, Frank W., Jr.""","","A nearshore sediment transport model for the northeast Gulf of Mexico coast, U.S.A.""","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","1996","","12","","3","786-793","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","R. W. G. (Bill) Carter memorial edition Short Title: A nearshore sediment transport model for the northeast Gulf of Mexico coast, U.S.A.""The 400 km-long stretch of coast along the northeastern Gulf of Mexico from Dog Island, Florida, to Morgan Point, Alabama, exhibits highly variable coastal deposits ranging from (1) late Holocene beach-ridge plains located along the Apalachicola protuberance and much of the Alabama coast; (2) a number of late Holocene, overwash-dominated barrier islands and baymouth barriers interspersed along the entire stretch of coast; and (3) a late Pleistocene (Sangamon?) barrier complex located between Saint Andrew and Choctawhatchee Bays. The mere morphological diversity along this coast implies that the previously held monotonic, integrated, longshore transport model deemed representative of this area is overly simplistic. A sediment transport model is presented for the entire stretch of coast based on evidence obtained from (1) numerical modeling of the nearshore wave field and sediment transport flux; and (2) sediment budgets calculated from historic hydrographic sheet and historic map comparisons. Numerical modeling of the fair-weather, wave-energy transformation across the low-gradient inner shelf adjacent to Apalachicola and the Alabama coast indicates that the critical threshold velocity for potential onshore transport is exceeded a significant distance offshore. Although the exact mechanism for sediment dispersal is not yet understood along this area, some or significant onshore transport of sediment apparently must have prevailed during the late Holocene given the occurrence and geographical juxtaposition of well developed beach-ridge plains. The intervening Pleistocene barrier complex has served as an important source of sediment for Santa Rosa island to the west, and the Shell/Crooked Island complex to the east. There is no significant net communication of sediment with the coast west of Santa Rosa Island or east of the Shell/Crooked Island complex indicating two fixed depositional cell boundaries. Littoral disintegration increases significantly east and west of these cell boundaries because of the refractive effects of the lower gradient inner shelf on shoreward propagating waves. These findings have significant implications for the late Holocene development of this coast and the morphodynamics of other coasts that exhibit similar wave-morphosedimentary characteristics.""","Alabama; Apalachicola Florida; Atlantic Ocean; barrier islands; beach ridges; continental shelf; Escambia County Florida; Florida; Franklin County Florida; Gulf Coastal Plain; Gulf of Mexico; inner shelf; marine sedimentation; marine transport; Mobile Bay; models; nearshore environment; North Atlantic; Panama City Florida; Pensacola Florida; sedimentation; sedimentation rates; shore features; shorelines; Oceanography; Sedimentary petrology"
"Journal Article","","Storlazzi, C. D. //Field, M. E.""","","Sediment distribution and transport along a rocky, embayed coast; Monterey Peninsula and Carmel Bay, California","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","November 2000, 2000","","170","","3-4","289-316","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sediment distribution and transport along a rocky, embayed coast; Monterey Peninsula and Carmel Bay, California","Field measurements of beach morphology and sedimentology were made along the Monterey Peninsula and Carmel Bay, California, in the spring and summer of 1997. These data were combined with low-altitude aerial imagery, high-resolution bathymetry, and local geology to understand how coastal geomorphology, lithology, and tectonics influence the distribution and transport of littoral sediment in the nearshore and inner shelf along a rocky shoreline over the course of decades. Three primary modes of sediment distribution in the nearshore and on the inner shelf off the Monterey Peninsula and in Carmel Bay were observed. Along stretches of the study area that were exposed to the dominant wave direction, sediment has accumulated in shore-normal bathymetric lows interpreted to be paleo-stream channels. Where the coastline is oriented parallel to the dominant wave direction and streams channels trend perpendicular to the coast, sediment-filled paleo-stream channels occur in the nearshore as well, but here they are connected to one another by shore-parallel ribbons of sediment at depths between 2 and 6m. Where the coastline is oriented parallel to the dominant wave direction and onshore stream channels are not present, only shore-parallel patches of sediment at depths greater than 15m are present. We interpret the distribution and interaction or transport of littoral sediment between pocket beaches along this coastline to be primarily controlled by the northwest-trending structure of the region and the dominant oceanographic regime. Because of the structural barriers to littoral transport, peaks in wave energy appear to be the dominant factor controlling the timing and magnitude of sediment transport between pocket beaches, more so than along long linear coasts. Accordingly, the magnitude and timing of sediment transport is dictated by the episodic nature of storm activity.""","bathymetry; bedload; California; Carmel Bay; distribution; embayments; field studies; geomorphology; lithofacies; littoral drift; marine sediments; Monterey County California; Monterey Peninsula; mountains; sediment transport; sediments; shore features; shorelines; Oceanography; Geomorphology"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","Stride, A.H.""","Offshore tidal sands: processes and deposits","","","","","","","","translator","London, UK","Chapman and Hall","1982","","","","","","222","","","","Stride, A.H.""","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Offshore tidal sands: processes and deposits","","","General; sedimentation; shelf dynamics; tidal effects; sand; continental shelves"
"Journal Article","","Strock, Arthur V.//Noble, Arthur D.""","","Artificial nourishment projects in southeast Florida","","","","","","Marine Technology Society Journal","","","","","","","","","","1975","","9","","3","43 - 49","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Artificial nourishment projects in southeast Florida","     Sections of Florida's lower east coast are currently in a state of critical erosion.  The five following beaches have been restored by artificial nourishment with different levels of success:  Pompano Beach, Hallandale, and Hillsboro Beach in Broward County; Delray Beach in Palm Beach County; and Jupiter Island in Martin County.  A brief description of each project is offered along with a comparison summary of volumes, linear distances, and completion times as well as a total cost breakdown on each project.
     Sand analysis, construction profiles, and project peculiarities are discussed where applicable.  Results from follow-up studies are included as well as proposed wave climatological studies.""","Erosion control; Coastal erosion; Beaches; Florida; Fort Pierce Inlet"
"Book Chapter","","Stubblefield, W.L.//McGrail, D.W.//Kersey, D.G.""","","Recognition of transgressive and post-transgressive sand ridges on the New Jersey continental shelf: reply","","","Tillman, R.W.//Siemers, C.""editor","Siliciclastic Shelf Sediments","","","","","","","","","Tulsa, OK","Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists (Society for Sedimentary Geology), v. 34","1984","","34","","","37 - 41","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, annual meeting; Siliciclastic shelf sediments, Denver, CO, United States, 1980 Short Title: Recognition of transgressive and post-transgressive sand ridges on the New Jersey continental shelf: reply","     Arguments proposed by Swift et al. (this volume) suggest that Stubblefield et al. (this volume) incorrectly infer that the New Jersey mid-shelf sand ridges represent a relict strandline.  We suggest that the ridges are a product of three processes: barrier progradation, barrier degredation during marine transgression, and ridge aggradation by mid-shelf currents.  Fauna and grainsize data argue strongly that the muds encased within the ridges were originally deposited as part of the open shoreface and not in either lagoonal or estuarine environments.  Our topographic and stratigraphic patterns are in conflict with a relict strand plain model.  These patterns support a model for multiple-stage evolution.""","Atlantic Coastal Plain; bars; bedding plane irregularities; Cenozoic; changes of level; clastic sediments; continental shelf; environment; estuarine environment; Holocene; lagoonal environment; lithofacies; longshore bars; marine sediments; mud; New Jersey; North American Atlantic; progradation; Quaternary; sand waves; sea-level changes; sedimentary structures; sedimentation; sediments; stratigraphy; transgression"
"Book Chapter","","Stubblefield, W.L.//McGrail, D.W.//Kersey, D.G.""","","Recognition of transgressive and post-transgressive sand ridges on the New Jersey continentel shelf","","","Tillman, R.W.//Siemers, C.""editor","Siliclastic Shelf Sediments","","","","","","","","","Tulsa, OK","Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists (Society for Sedimentary Geology), v. 34","1984","","34","","","1-23","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","F. Manheim reference collection

Conference: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, annual meeting; Siliciclastic shelf sediments, Denver, CO, United States, 1980 Short Title: Recognition of transgressive and post-transgressive sand ridges on the New Jersey continentel shelf","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; bars; bathymetry; bedding plane irregularities; bedforms; bottom features; Cenozoic; changes of level; cluster analysis; continental shelf; cores; environment; grain size; Holocene; lithofacies; longshore bars; marine sediments; New Jersey; North American Atlantic; oceanography; Quaternary; sand waves; sea-level changes; sedimentary structures; sedimentation; sediments; statistical analysis; stratigraphy; transgression"
"Journal Article","","Stubblefield, William L.//Swift, Donald J.P.""","","Grain size variation across sand ridges, New Jersey continental shelf","","","","","","Geo-Marine Letters","","","","","","","","","","March, 1981, 1981","","1","","1","45 - 48","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Grain size variation across sand ridges, New Jersey continental shelf","     Cross-ridge grain size profiles were determined for a nearshore and an offshore sand ridge on the New Jersey shelf.  On both, the coarsest sands occur on the landward flank.  The range and rate of change in grain size with horizontal distance are greatest on the nearshore ridge.  The grain size gradient is believed to be response of the bottom to the cross-ridge shear stress distribution during storm flows.  The difference between the two ridges may be a consequence of the relict origin of the offshore ridge versus a modern origin for the nearshore ridge, or to the different flow climates of the nearshore and offshore environments.""","New Jersey; continental shelves; grain size"
"Journal Article","","Suter, J.R.//Mossa, J.//Penland, S.""","","Preliminary assessments of the occurrence and effects of utilization of sand and aggregate resources of the Louisiana inner shelf","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1989, 1989","","90","","1/2","31 - 37","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Preliminary assessments of the occurrence and effects of utilization of sand and aggregate resources of the Louisiana inner shelf","     Louisiana is experiencing the most critical coastal erosion and land loss problem in the United States.  In response, a two-phase plan has been established, calling for barrier-island restoration and beach nourishment, both requiring large amounts of sand.  The plan will be cost-effective only if sand can be found offshore in sufficient quantities close to project sites.  To locate such deposits, the Louisiana Geological Survey is conducting an inventory of nearshore sand resources on the Louisiana continental shelf.  Exploration for offshore and deposits is conducted in two phases, with high-resolution seismic reflection profiling to locate potential sand bodies followed by vibracoring to confirm seismic interpretations and obtain samples for textural characterization.  As part of the initial stages of the program, reconnaissance high-resolution seismic investigations of three areas of the continental shelf representing different stages in the evolutionary sequence of barrier shorelines were carried out.""","coastal morphology; erosion control; resource exploration; Louisiana"
"E","","Suter, John R.//Penland, Shea","","","","Open-file series","","","","A preliminary assessment of the sand and aggregate resources of three areas of the Louisiana inner Continental Shelf: Timbalier Islands, Chandeleur Islands, and Trinity Shoal","","","","","","","","","Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Louisiana Geological Survey","1987","","","Open-File Series No. 87-04, 58 p.""","","58","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: A preliminary assessment of the sand and aggregate resources of three areas of the Louisiana inner Continental Shelf: Timbalier Islands, Chandeleur Islands, and Trinity Shoal","     Louisiana is experiencing the most critical coastal erosion and land loss problem in the United States.  Shoreline erosion rates exceed 6 m per year in more than 80% of Louisiana's coastal zone and can be up to 50 m per year in areas impacted by hurricanes.  Louisiana's barrier islands have decreased in area by some 40% since 1880.  Land loss from coastal marshlands and ridgelands from both natural and human-induced processes is estimated to exceed 100 km2 per year.
     In response to this problem, the Louisiana Geological Survey (LGS) of the Department of Natural Resources developed the Coastal Protection Master Plan under the mandate of the Louisiana Legislature.  The two-phase plan calls for barrier island restoration and beach nourishment, which both require large amounts of sand.  These requirements can be met cost-effectively only if sand can be found in sufficient quantities offshore.  To locate such deposits, LGS is conducting a nearshore sand resource inventory on the Louisiana continental shelf.  Exploration for sand deposits is conducted in two phases: high-resolution seismic-reflection profiling is used to locate potential sand bodies, and vibracoring is then undertaken to obtain samples for textural characterization.
     As part of the initial stages of the program, funding from the U.S. Minerals Management Service was used to conduct high-resolution seismic investigations of three areas of the continental shelf representing different stages in the evolutionary sequence of barrier shorelines.  The Timbalier Islands, flanking barriers of the eroding Caminada-Moreau headland, contain potential sand resources associated with buried tidal and distributary channels.  The Chandeleur Islands, a barrier island arc, have potential offshore sands in the form of truncated spit and tidal-inlet deposits, submerged beaches ridges, and distributary channels.  Trinity shoal, an inner-shelf shoal, is an offshore feature containing up to 2 billion m3 of material, most of which is probably fine sand.
     These reconnaissance surveys have demonstrated that potential sand resources exist on the Louisiana continental shelf.  Documentation of these features in terms of sand and/or aggregate resources requires that core samples be acquired to confirm seismic interpretations and provide samples for textural characterization.""","Louisiana; Timbalier Islands; Chandeleur Islands; Trinity Shoal; erosion; coastal erosion; erosion control"
"Journal Article","","Swift, D.J.//Field, M.E.""","","Evolution of a classic sand ridge field: Maryland sector, North American inner shelf","","","","","","Sedimentology","","","","","","","","","","1981","","28","","4","461-482","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Evolution of a classic sand ridge field: Maryland sector, North American inner shelf","The ridge and swale topography of the Middle Atlantic Bight is best developed on the Delaware-Maryland inner shelf. Here sand ridges can be seen in all stages of formation. Several aspects of the ridge field are pertinent to the problem of ridge genesis. The first is ridge morphology. There is a systematic morphologic change from shoreface ridges through nearshore ridges to offshore ridges, which reflects the changing hydraulic regime. As successively more seaward ridges are examined, maximum side slope decreases, the ratio of maximum seaward slope to maximum landward slope decreases, and the cross-sectional area increases. These changes in ridge morphology with depth and distance from shore appear to be equivalent to the morphologic changes experienced by a single ridge during the course of the Holocene transgression.""","bottom topography; continental shelves; sedimentation; sand structures; Maryland"
"Book Chapter","","Swift, D.J.P.""","","Processes and products on the inner shelf","","","Stanley, D.J.""editor","The new concepts of continental margin sedimentation","","","","","","","","","Washington, D.C.""American Geological Institute","1969","","","","","DS-4-1 - DS-4-46","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Processes and products on the inner shelf","","","continental margin; general; inner shelf"
"Journal Article","","Swift, D.J.P.""","","Quaternary shelves and the return to grade","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1970","","8","","1","5-30","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Quaternary shelves and the return to grade","Shelf sedimentary processes, modern and ancient shelf examples, models, Atlantic continental margin, USA","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Cenozoic; continental shelf; environment; Quaternary; sedimentary petrology; sedimentation; shelf"
"Journal Article","","Swift, D.J.P.""","","Delaware shelf valley: estuary retreat path, not drowned river valley","","","","","","Geological Society of America Bulletin","","","","","","","","","","1973","","84","","","2743-2748","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Delaware shelf valley: estuary retreat path, not drowned river valley","","","Delaware"
"Journal Article","","Swift, D.J.P.""","","Holocene transgressive sand sheet of the middle Atlantic bight","","","","","","Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences","","","","","","","","","","1973","","35","","6","528-529","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Holocene transgressive sand sheet of the middle Atlantic bight","","","Sedimentary petrology; Atlantic Coastal Plain; Cenozoic; central; clastic sediments; continental shelf; deposition; East; eolian features; Holocene; morphology; Quaternary; sand; sand sheets; sedimentary petrology; sedimentation; sediments; Transgressions"
"Journal Article","","Swift, Donald J.P.""","","Tidal sand ridges and shoal-retreat massifs","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1975, 1975","","18","","2","105 - 134","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Tidal sand ridges and shoal-retreat massifs","     In 1963, Off defined a bedform type which he described as rhythmic linear sand bodies caused by tidal currents.  He figured twelve examples from around the world.  Since then, the morphology and dynamics of sand transport in one of these areas, the tidal shelf areas around Great Britian, have undergone intensive study.  The tidal sand ridges emerge as anomalies, in that they do not fit into the sequence of morphologic provinces which characterize the major sediment transport paths.
     It is suggested here that the ridge fields are analogous to the shoal-retreat massifs of the Middle Atlantic Bight in that they have been inherited from a nearshore regime during the course of the Holocene transgression.  Shoal-retreat massifs are low, broad, shelf-traverse sand bodies which mark the retreat paths of coastal depocenters associated with littoral drift convergences.  Two main types of shoal-retreat massifs in the Middle Atlantic Bight are: (1) estuarine shoal-retreat massifs; and (2) cape shoal-retreat massifs.
     Two similar classes of shoal-retreat massifs may develop in tidal shelf seas, but the mechanism is somewhat different.  Class-1 tidal massifs are tidal ridge fields whose ridges were hydraulically packaged in an estuarine environment.  If, upon transgression, they find themselves in a broad tidal bight which continues to funnel tidal flow, the ridges may survive for long distance out into the bight.  The ridge fields of the Southern Bight of the North Sea may have undergone such an evolution.
     Class-2 tidal massifs occur off promontories in tidal seas that are swept by the edge waves generated by amphidromic tidal systems.  Here the debris of shoreface erosion tends to be stored as shoreface-connected, tide-maintained ridges. Such ridges are also pre-adapted to survive with modification for long distances out on the associated shelf, as the water column deepens during a marine transgression.""","Sediment structure; Sands; Marine geology; Bottom topography; Tidal currents; General; Great Britain; North Sea; tidal currents; sand ridges"
"Journal Article","","Swift, D.J.P.""","","Barrier-island genesis; evidence from the central Atlantic shelf, eastern U.S.A.""","","","","","Sedimentary Geology","","","","","","","","","","August 1975, 1975","","14","","1","1-43","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Barrier-island genesis; evidence from the central Atlantic shelf, eastern U.S.A.""","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Atlantic Ocean; barrier islands; bibliography; Cenozoic; changes of level; continental shelf; erosion; evolution; genesis; geomorphology; marine geology; marine transport; Middle Atlantic Bight; north; Pleistocene; Quaternary; sedimentation; shore features; transport; upper Pleistocene; Wisconsinan"
"Journal Article","","Swift, Donald J.P.""","","Shoreline periodicities and linear offshore shoals: a discussion","","","","","","Journal of Geology","","","","","","","","","","May 1980, 1980","","88","","3","365 - 369","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","See also:
Dolan, R., Hayden, B., and Felder, W., 1979, Shoreline periodicities and linear offshore shoals, v. 87, no. 4, p. 393-402. Short Title: Shoreline periodicities and linear offshore shoals: a discussion","","","bedding plane irregularities; genesis; geomorphology; marine transport; ridges; sand ridges; sedimentary structures; sedimentation; shoals; shore features; transport"
"Journal Article","","Swift, D.J.P.//Dill, C.E., Jr. //McHone, J.""","","Hydraulic fractionation of heavy mineral suites on an unconsolidated retreating coast","","","","","","Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","","","","","","","","","","1971","","41","","3","683-690","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Hydraulic fractionation of heavy mineral suites on an unconsolidated retreating coast","Distribution by environment of amphibole, garnet, kyanite, epidote, staurolite and tourmaline, Virginia, and North Carolina coasts","","clastic sediments; composition; East; heavy minerals; mineral; North Carolina; sand; sedimentary petrology; sediments; size analysis; Virginia"
"Journal Article","","Swift, Donald J.P.//Duane, David B.//McKinney, Thomas F.""","","Ridge and swale topography of the Middle Atlantic Bight, North America: secular response to the Holocene hydraulic regime","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1973, 1973","","15","","4","227 - 247","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Ridge and swale topography of the Middle Atlantic Bight, North America: secular response to the Holocene hydraulic regime","     The ridge and swale topography of the Middle Atlantic Bight was originally interpreted as a relict strand plain whose ridges reflect stillsands of the returning Holocene sea.  However, close examination indicates that the ridges appear to be instead longitudinal bed forms, responses to a regime of intermittent, south-trending storm currents.  Ridges may be initiated on the shore face and detached as the coast retreats to form fields of isolated ridges, or they may be modled into the shelf-transverse sand massifs that mark the retreat paths of littoral-drift depositional centers at estuary mouths and off cuspate forelands.  The ridge and swale topography is thus a stable end configuration toward which a variety of near-shore construction topographies have converged during the Holocene transgression.
     Morphologic evidence for readjustment of ridge topography to the deepening shelf flow field during the Holocene transgression is discernable.  However, the extent to which the offshore topography continues to respond to hyraulic regime is unclear.  The role of helical flow structure in the storm flow field remains to be documented.  Resolution of these problems will require more detailed informaiton of hydraulic process and substrate response on storm-dominated shelves.""","Middle Atlantic Bight; Holocene; topography; ridge; swale; ridge and swale topography;"
"Journal Article","","Swift, Donald J.P.//Field, Michael E.""","","Storm-built sand ridges on the Maryland inner shelf: a preliminary report","","","","","","Geo-Marine Letters","","","","","","","","","","March, 1981, 1981","","1","","1","33 - 37","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Storm-built sand ridges on the Maryland inner shelf: a preliminary report","     Several aspects of the Maryland ridge field are pertinent to the problem of ridge genesis in response to Holocene sea-level rise.  There is a systematic morphologic change from shoreface ridges through nearshore ridges to offshore ridges, which reflects the changing hydraulic regime.  Grain size is 90 out of phase with topography, so that the coarsest sand lies between the axis of each through and the adjacent seaward ridge crest, while the finest sand lies between each ridge crest and the axis of the adjacent seaward trough.  Finally, analysis over a 43-year period on an outer ridge reveals a systematic pattern of landward flank erosion, seaward flank deposition, and seaward crest migration.
     These relationships support a model which explains the ridges as consequences of the up-current shift of maximum bottom shear stress with respect to the crests of initial bottom irregularities.  The oblique orientation of the ridges with respect to the beach may be at lest partly due to the more rapid migration rate of the ridges' inshore ends.""","Maryland; shoreface ridges; nearshore ridges; offshore ridges; bottom topography; submarine ridges; bottom currents; shearing stress; sand structures; storms; sediment composition; Maryland"
"Journal Article","","Swift, D.J.P.//Freeland, G.L.//Young, R.A.""","","Time and space distribution of megaripples and associated bedforms, middle Atlantic bight, North American Atlantic shelf","","","","","","Sedimentology","","","","","","","","","","1979","","26","","3","389-406","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Time and space distribution of megaripples and associated bedforms, middle Atlantic bight, North American Atlantic shelf","Three genetically distinct size classes of lower regime transverse bedforms have long been known from laboratory studies, and from studies of the intertidal zone; ripples, megaripples, and sand waves. These features are also present on the subtidal shelf surface of the Middle Atlantic Bight, and their distribution in time and space allows inferences to be drawn concerning the time and space pattern of sediment transport. Transverse bedforms in the Middle Atlantic Bight occur in response to tidal flows at estuary and inlet mouths and on tide-dominated banks; on the shelf surface, however, they are primarily responses to wind-driven flows. Ripples are the most widespread of the three classes. They are current-formed during peak storm flows, but are probably remade as oscillatory wave ripples as the flow wanes. Megaripples are found primarily on the inner shelf, also as responses to peak storm flows. Sand waves of several metres amplitude occur on the inner shelf in the vicinity of topographic highs; low amplitude sand waves (<2 m), solitary or in trains, are widespread on the inner shelf. They survive through many seasons of storm flows. Megaripples are especially interesting as records of specific flow events. They are widespread on the innner shelf during the winter, occurring in fields up to several kilometres in diameter. On a portion of the Long Island inner shelf during December 1976, megaripple fields covered approximately 15% of the shelf surface. They tend to be erased during the succeeding summer months. Both megaripples (short-term response elements) and sand waves (long-term response elements) indicate that sand transport is southeast, parrallel with isobaths.""","Middle Atlantic Bight; bottom topography; sedimentation; bed forms; ripples; sand waves"
"Book Chapter","","Swift, D.J.P.//Han, G.//Vincent, C.E.""","","Fluid processes and sea-floor response on a modern storm-dominated shelf: middle Atlantic shelf of North America. Part I: the storm current regime","","","Knight, R.J.//McLean, J.R.""editor","Shelf sands and sandstones","","","","","","","","","","Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir II","1986","","2","","","99-119","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia
Conference: Shelf sands and sandstones, Calgary, AB, Canada, Jun. 15-17, 1984 Short Title: Fluid processes and sea-floor response on a modern storm-dominated shelf: middle Atlantic shelf of North America. Part I: the storm current regime","","","Middle Atlantic Bight; Atlantic Ocean; bottom currents; Cenozoic; continental shelf; Coriolis force; currents; dynamics; Holocene; marine transport; Middle Atlantic Shelf; ocean circulation; oceanography; Quaternary; sedimentation; storms; transport"
"Journal Article","","Swift, D.J.P.//Holliday, B.//Avignone, N.//Shideler, G.""","","Anatomy of a shore face ridge system, False Cape, Virginia","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1972","","12","","1","59-84","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Anatomy of a shore face ridge system, False Cape, Virginia","The Middle Atlantic Shelf of North America is a broad sand plain, characterized by a subdued ridge and swale topography. Some ridges extend into or merge with the shore face. 3 such ridges at False Cape, Virginia, trending southwest, have second order ridges on their flanks. Systematic asymmetry of secondary ridge crests away from major troughs, toward major ridges, indicates that the ridges are maintained by coastparallel currents forming a pattern of helicoidal flow cells. Median diameters decrease to the southwest along the ridge system. In addition, grain size varies with topography. Troughs tend to be floored with a primary lag deposit of coarse, pebbly sand. Wave-winnowed crests consist of a secondary lag deposit of well-sorted, medium-to fine-grained sand. Flanks are fine-to very fine-grained sand winnowed out of the crests. Vibracores and pinger probe records reveal a 3-fold stratigraphy. A basal unit consists of clayey fine-grained sand of probable Late Sangamon-Early Wisconsin age. An intermediate unit of relatively watery mud has yielded a radicarbon date of 25, 700 plus or minus 800. The uppermost unit is the modern sand sheet into which the ridges are molded. The innermost ridge and trough appear to be actively forming in response to south-trending coastal 'currents', and the shelf tide during tropical and extra-tropical storms. The ridges appear to be moving westward, but it is not clear whether their longterm movement is more or less rapid than the rate at which the beach is retrograding. In any case, Bruun coastal retreat appears to be occurring, with sea floor aggradation at the expense of the adjacent shore face. In this manner the retreating coast is generating a shelf 'relict' sand blanket with a ridge and swale topography. Coastal sediment movement has a southward component for fine sand through the ridge system, and may have, for coarser sand, a return north along the beach, by littoral drift. The ridge system may be moving south in response to headward erosion of the troughs.""","Virginia; False Cape; Atlantic Ocean; bathymetry; clastic sediments; evolution; geophysical surveys; lithostratigraphy; ocean floors; oceanography; ridges; sediments; size; stratigraphy; structure; surveys; Virginia"
"Book Chapter","","Swift, D.J.P.//Kofoed, J.W.//Saulsbury, F.P.//Sears, P.""","","Holocene evolution of the shelf surface, central and sourthern shelf of North America","","","Swift, D.J.P. //Duane, D. B.//Pilkey, O.H.""editor","Shelf Sediment Transport Process and Pattern","","","","","","","","","Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania","Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross","1972","","","","","499-574","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Holocene evolution of the shelf surface, central and sourthern shelf of North America","The floor of the central and southern Atlantic shelf is a palimpsest or multiple imprint surface. An initial pattern is an erosional one consisting of major transverse shelf valleys and plateau like interfluves. The dominant pattern is that of constructional topography formed at the foot of the shoreface. This constructional pattern is undergoing modification toward a third pattern in response to the modern hydraulic regime; therefore, the term `relict' does not seem an adequate descriptor. A unifying concept for the interpretation of Holocene shelf history is that of Bruun coastal retreat. This variant of the equilibrium profile hypothesis states that a rise in sea level over an unconsolidated coast results in shore-face erosion, equivalent to parallel slope retreat, and a concomitant aggradation of the adjacent sea floor. The resulting discontinuous debris mantle, the holocene transgressive sand sheet, is only partly autochthonous with respect to the Holocene sedimentary cycle, since it incorporates Holocene fluvial deposits. The surface of this sand sheet has been molded into a variety of morphologic elements. Where the sheet has been generated directly from the retreating shoreface, a ridge-and-swale topography has been empressed upon it. Off cuspate forelands, the convergence of littoral drift has resulted in cape-associated shoals. Off estuary mouths the intersection of littoral drift with the reversing estuary tide has created inlet-associated shoals. Seaward of each of these shoal types earlier generations of the same shoals commonly occur. The resulting shelf-transverse and bodies, formed by the progressive landward displacement of shoreline depositional centers, are shoal-retreat massifs. The ridge-and-swale topography is impressed on shoal-retreat massifs, as well as on other sectors of the shelf floor and appears to be a stable end-configuration toward which a variety of depositional and erosional topographies tend to converge. The asymmetry of large-scale morphological elements and also of small-scale bedforms suggests that southward sediment transport in the Middle Atlantic bight intensifies toward shore and toward the south. The southward asymmetry of ridges and shoal complexes is seen as far south as Florida.""","Atlantic Ocean; bedding plane irregularities; bottom features; Cenozoic; changes of level; continental shelf; East; evolution; geomorphology; history; Holocene; oceanography; Quaternary; sand waves; sedimentary structures; sedimentation; shoals; shore features; terraces"
"Journal Article","","Swift, D.J.P.//Lavelle, J.W.//McHone, J.""","","Maintenance of the coastal equilibrium profile: some data from the middle Atlantic bight, USA","","","","","","Sedimentology","","","","","","","","","","1975","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection
Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Maintenance of the coastal equilibrium profile: some data from the middle Atlantic bight, USA","","",""
"Book Chapter","","Swift, Donald J.P.//McKinney, Thomas F.//Stahl, Lloyd","","","Recognition of transgressive and post-transgressive sand ridges on the New Jersey continental shelf: discussion","","","Tillman, Roderick W. //Siemers, Charles T.""editor","Siliciclastic shelf sediments","","","","","","","","","Tulsa, OK","Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists (Society for Sedimentary Geology)","1984","","34","","","25 - 36","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, annual meeting; Siliciclastic shelf sediments, Denver, CO, United States, 1980 Short Title: Recognition of transgressive and post-transgressive sand ridges on the New Jersey continental shelf: discussion","     It has been proposed by Stubblefield and colleagues (this volume) that the sand ridges of the central New Jersey shelf contain a basal muddy sand stratum deposited as a lower shoreface facies during a period of coastal progradation.  They conclude that the ridge morphology above the mid-shelf scarp is in part a relict strand plain.
     The coastal progradation hypothesis for the origin of the lower muddy sand facies is a reasonable one, but to date there is not enough evidence to discriminate among facies.  Examination of the inner shelf surface above the mid-shelf scarp reveals topographic, stratigraphic, and grain-size patterns that may be interpreted as being in conflict with the relict strand plain model.  We conclude that the ridge topography on the surfaces above the scarp on the New Jersey Shelf is a response to storm flows subsequent to transgression.""","Atlantic Coastal Plain; beaches; bedding plane irregularities; bedforms; bottom features; Cenozoic; changes of level; clastic sediments; continental shelf; environment; Holocene; lithofacies; marine sediments; mud; New Jersey; North American Atlantic; oceanography; progradation; Quaternary; sand; sand waves; sea-level changes; sedimentary structures; sedimentation; sediments; stratigraphy; transgression"
"Journal Article","","Swift, D.J.P.//Moir, R.//Freeland, G.L.""","","Quaternary rivers on the New Jersey shelf: relation of seafloor to buried valleys","","","","","","Geology","","","","","","","","","","1980","","8","","6","276-280","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Quaternary rivers on the New Jersey shelf: relation of seafloor to buried valleys","The Quaternary evolution of the stream net on the New Jersey shelf has been interpreted on the basis of bathymetric maps and also by means of seismic profiling, with somewhat different results. Maps show the most recent positions of seafloor shelf valleys, but these valleys may have been created by retreating estuary mouths rather than by subaerial stream erosion. Seismic profiles reveal buried valleys of subaerial fluvial origin, which may follow courses that diverse markedly from the trends of associated seafloor valleys. Shelf valleys must be understood in the context of erosional shoreface retreat, a process that largely remade the shelf surface during successive Quaternary transgressions. Most shelf landforms are marine and post-transgressional in origin, having been formed at the foot of the shoreface. Only very large and deeply incised subaerial landforms survive the shoreface-retreat process. The marine landforms that tend to replace or bury subaerial river valleys include shelf valleys created by estuary-mouth scour, shoal-retreat massifs, and shelf deltas. Three distinct shelf valley sets are attributable to the ancestral Delaware. Great Egg, and Hudson Rivers, respectively. Individual valleys within valley sets may follow markedly divergent paths. In the case of the Hudson, the estuary retreated up a deeply incised river valley and was confined by it; the shelf valley is a river valley only partially filled by estuarine deposits. In the case of the other two rivers, the estuary mouths became largely decoupled from the underlying river valleys during the transgression, and their retreat paths do not everywhere overlie the buried channels.""","bottom topography; morphology; Quaternary period; shelf dynamics; New Jersey; bathymetric data; seismic data; estuaries; palaeooceanography"
"Journal Article","","Swift, D.J.P.//Nelsen, T.//McHone, J.//Holliday, B.//Palmer, H.//Shideler, G.""","","Holocene evolution of the inner shelf of southern Virginia","","","","","","Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","","","","","","","","","","1977","","47","","4","1454-1474","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Holocene evolution of the inner shelf of southern Virginia","The southern Virginia shelf is traversed by a shelf valley which may constitute the retreat path of the ancestral James River during the late Holocene sea level rise. It is flanked by levee-like margins (shoal-retreat massifs) which are the retreat paths of littoral drift depositional centers that were maintained on the sides of the retreating estuary mouth. This transgressive nearshore marine topography has been heavily modified as Holocene sea level rise has continued; the water column has deepened, and the shoreline has receded. Strong south-trending currents associated with 'northeaster' storms have redistributed the surficial sand. They have impressed patterns of transverse sand waves, current-parallel lineations, and large-scale, nearly current-parallel sand ridges. The sand ridges are a variety of large-scale bedform whose genesis is still not adequately understood. The ridges on the Virginia Beach Massif appear to have been incised into the massif as successive segments become exposed to open shelf flows, while the False Cape ridges appear to have formed by a somewhat different scheme of ridge growth and detachment during erosional retreat of the shoreface. However, both ridge sets have a number of significant characteristics in common. Trough talwegs and crestlines climb to the south in both set angstrom . Both sets make northward-opening angles of 20-35 degree with the shoreline. For both sets the landward flanks are more coarse grained and more gently inclined than the seaward flanks, perhaps as a consequence of a cross-ridge component of flow. The same or very similar hydraulic mechanisms appear to have been involved in their respective schemes of formation.""","continental shelves; Holocene epoch; topography; Virginia"
"Journal Article","","Swift, D.J.P.//Niedoroda, A.W.//Vincent, C.E.//Hopkins, T.S.""","","Barrier island evolution, middle Atlantic shelf, USA, Part 1: shoreface dynamics","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1985","","63","","1-4","331-361","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia

See also:
Niedoroda, A.W., Swift, D.J.P., Figueiredo, A.G., Jr., and Freeland, G.L., 1985, Barrier island evolution, middle Atlantic shelf, USA, Part 2: evidence from the shelf floor: Marine Geology, v. 63, no. 1-4, p. 363-396. Short Title: Barrier island evolution, middle Atlantic shelf, USA, Part 1: shoreface dynamics","In this paper, near-bottom fluid velocity and sediment concentration measurements from the shoreface of a middle Atlantic barrier (Long Island coast) are analyzed to provide insight into the dynamics of erosional shoreface retreat. Wave motions on the Long Island shoreface tend to drive sediment onshore. Calculations of the onshore sediment flux driven by asymmetrical, shoaling waves show that for the wave states commonly encountered on the middle Atlantic shelf, values become strongly positive landward of approximately 10 m water depth (upper shoreface) but drop to very low values shortly seaward of that isobath.""","barrier islands; geological histology; sea level changes; coastal inlets; Middle Atlantic Bight; sediment transport; coastal erosion;  New York; Long Island"
"Journal Article","","Swift, Donald J.P.//Parker, Gerardo//Lanfredi, Nestor W.//Perillo, Gerardo//Frigge, Klaus","","","Shoreface-connected sand ridges on American and European shelves: a comparison","","","","","","Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science","","","","","","","","","","1978, 1978","","7","","3","257 - 273","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Shoreface-connected sand ridges on American and European shelves: a comparison","     Large scale sand ridges, 10m or more in height and 2-4 km apart have long been accepted as characteristic shelves experiencing strong tidal flow.  However, they also occur on inner continental shelves whose strongest flows are wind-induced.  The Middle Atlantic Bight of North America is the best known example, but inner shelf ridge topographies occur extensively on other Atlantic shelves.  We wish to call attention to similarities and differences among the inner shelf ridges of North America, South America, and Europe, as a necessary step prior to the framing and testing of hypotheses concerning the hydrodynamics of ridge formation.
     Inner shelf ridge fields occur primarily on low, unconsolidated coasts whose substrates provide an ample suppy of sediment for ridge formation.  The constituent materials are commonly coarse to fine sand, but on the Guina coast of South America, similar ridges appear to be forming in a mud substrate.  Here ridges have much greater spacing (tens of km versus km), less relief, and much flatter slopes (1:3000 versus 1:5000).
     Inner shelf ridges are characteristially aligned obliquely to the shoreline, with acute angle opening into the prevailing flow direction.  Downcurrent slopes tend to be steeper and finer grained.  The ridges tend to migrate downcoast and offshore, extending their crestlines so as to maintain contact with the shoreface. Where ridges are nearly shore-parallel (current parallel), the movement is expressed as downcurrent growth of ridges and downcurrent extension of swales between ridges.
     The textural and morphologic asymmetry of inner shelf sand ridges can be explained in terms of existing models for sand wave formation.  The oblique orientation with respect to the shoreline is also possibly compatible with these models.  An alternative, or perhaps complementary explanation for sand ridge genesis requires helical flow structure in the shelf flow field during peak events, but both theory and observation are less well developed for this model.
     Inner shelf sand ridges appear to be responses to periods of intense flow induced by the passage of storms.  The extent to which a given shelf sector develops ridge topography may depend on the efficiency with which the local water mass responds to storm passage. 
     Ridge behavior, and especially ridge migration rates, are necessary information for marine environmental management, since ridges are most active in the nearshore zone where the shelf floor is used for sewage outfalls, deepwater ports, nuclear reactor sites, and other structures requiring a measure of sea floor stability.""","sand ridges; shoreface; bedforms; Delaware Coast; Maryland coast; Argentina coast; Guiana; German Bight"
"Journal Article","","Swift, D.J.P. //Sanford, Robert B.//Dill, Charles E., Jr., //Avignone, Nicholas F.""","","Textural differentiation on the shoreface during erosional retreat of an unconsolidated coast, Cape Henry to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina","","","","","","Sedimentology","","","","","","","","","","1971","","16","","3-4","221-256","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Textural differentiation on the shoreface during erosional retreat of an unconsolidated coast, Cape Henry to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina","","","Sedimentary petrology; clastic sediments; continental shelf; environment; lithofacies; nearshore; North Carolina; sand; sedimentary petrology; sedimentation; sediments; size analysis; Virginia; Cape Henry; Cape Hatteras"
"Journal Article","","Swift, D.J.P.//Sears, P.""","","Estuarine and littoral depositional patterns in the surficial sand sheet, central and southern Atlantic shelf of North America","","","","","","Institut de Geologie du Bassin d'Aquitane, Memoire","","","","","","","","","","1974","","7","","","171-189","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Estuarine and littoral depositional patterns in the surficial sand sheet, central and southern Atlantic shelf of North America","","","Atlantic coast; Atlantic shelf; surficial sand; depositional pattern; littoral depositional pattern"
"Journal Article","","Swift, D.J.P.//Shideler, G. L.//Avignone, N.F.//Holliday, B. W.//Dill, C.E., Jr.""","","Quaternary sedimentation on the inner Atlantic shelf between Cape Henry and Cape Hatteras: A preliminary report","","","","","","Maritime Sediments","","","","","","","","","","1970","","6","","1","5-11","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Quaternary sedimentation on the inner Atlantic shelf between Cape Henry and Cape Hatteras: A preliminary report","","","Cape Hatteras; Cape Henry; Atlantic Ocean; bottom features; Dare County North Carolina; heavy minerals; marine geology; North Carolina; oceanography; sediments; size analysis"
"Journal Article","","Swift, D.J.P.//Stanley, D.J.//Curray, J.R.""","","Relict sediments on continental shelves: a reconsideration","","","","","","Journal of Geology","","","","","","","","","","1971","","79","","3","322-346","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Relict sediments on continental shelves: a reconsideration","Sediments originating in a different earlier environment now undergoing modifications and approaching equilibrium with new environment, stochastic process model","","continental shelf; environment; marine geology; relict; sedimentation; sediments; General"
"Book Chapter","","Swift, D.J.P.//Thorne, J.A.//Oertel, G. F.""","","Fluid processes and sea-floor response on a modern storm-dominated shelf: middle Atlantic shelf of North America. Part II: response of the shelf floor","","","Knight, R.J.//McLean, J.R.""editor","Shelf sands and sandstones","","","","","","","","","","Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir II","1986","","2","","","191-211","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia
Conference: Shelf sands and sandstones, Calgary, AB, Canada, Jun. 15-17, 1984 Short Title: Fluid processes and sea-floor response on a modern storm-dominated shelf: middle Atlantic shelf of North America. Part II: response of the shelf floor","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Atlantic Ocean; bedding plane irregularities; bedforms; Cenozoic; continental shelf; cross-laminations; cross-stratification; currents; grain size; Holocene; interpretation; marine sediments; Middle Atlantic Shelf; oceanography; planar bedding structures; processes; Quaternary; ripple marks; sand bodies; sedimentary structures; sedimentation; sediments; transport"
"Book Chapter","","Swift, D.J.P.//Young, R.A.//Clarke, T.//Niedoroda, A.W.//Vincent, C.E.""","","Sediment transport in middle Atlantic bight of North America: synopsis of recent observations","","","Nio, S.D. //Shuttenhelm, R.T.E.//Van Weering, T.C.E.""editor","Holocene marine sedimentation in the North Sea Basin","","","","","","","","","","International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication no. 5","1981","","","","","361-383","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Sediment transport in middle Atlantic bight of North America: synopsis of recent observations","","","Middle Atlantic Bight; Holocene; sediment transport"
"Journal Article","","Swinn, Brian W.""","","Keeping sand on your favorite beach","","","","","","The Conservationist","","","","","","","","","","February, 1995, 1995","","49","","Feb. 1995","34","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Keeping sand on your favorite beach","     New York State now has a solid plan to combat the effects of coastal erosion.  The final report of the Governor's Coastal Erosion Task Force presents a strategy for preserving the delicate coastal areas of Long Island, New York City, and Westchester County.  The report estimates that $230 million worth of damage was caused by 1992-93 storms.  It also estimates that implementation of the measures it recommends will cost $400 million over five years, of which $119 million has already been appropriated.  The report's key recommendations on sand bypassing, beach nourishment, barrier system fortification, establishment of reserve funds, road elevation, and erosion monitoring are briefly discussed.""","beach nourishment; sand bypassing; barrier system fortification; erosion; erosion control; Long Island; New York; New York City; Westchester County"
"Magazine Article","","Tagg, A. R.//Greene, H. G.""","","Seismic survey locates potential gold deposits in the Bering Sea","","","","","","Ocean Industry","","","","","","","","","","August 1971, 1971","","6","","8","40 - 44","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Seismic survey locates potential gold deposits in the Bering Sea","","","Bering Sea; economic geology; exploration; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; gold; marine geology; metals; mineral exploration; mineral resources; North Pacific; Pacific Ocean; seismic methods; surveys"
"Journal Article","","Tait, James//Anima, Roberto J.//Griggs, Gary B.""","","Shoreface storage and transport of littoral sediments along the central California coast, from the American Geophysical Union 1992 fall meeting","","","","","","Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","","","","","","","","","","Dec. 7-11, 1992, 1992","","73","","43, Suppl.""302","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: American Geophysical Union 1992 fall meeting, San Francisco, CA, United States, Dec. 7-11, 1992 Short Title: Shoreface storage and transport of littoral sediments along the central California coast, from the American Geophysical Union 1992 fall meeting","","","acoustical methods; California; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; marine sediments; Monterey Bay; sediment supply; sediment transport; sediments; shore features; shorelines; side-scanning methods; sonar methods; storage; surveys; United States
Oceanography; Applied geophysics"
"Journal Article","","Taney, Norman E.""","","A vanishing resource found anew","","","","","","Shore and Beach","","","","","","","","","","1965","","33","","1","23 - 26","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: A vanishing resource found anew","","","sand; Sand resources; General"
"Journal Article","","Taney, Norman E.""","","A search for sand","","","","","","Shore and Beach","","","","","","","","","","1966","","34","","2","30 - 32","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: A search for sand","","","central; clastic sediments; engineering geology; exploration; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; New Jersey; offshore; offshore deposit; offshore deposit for beach fill; offshore sand deposit; Offshore sand deposits; sand; sand deposits; sand for beach fill; sediments; seismic methods; shorelines; sonic; surveys; United States"
"K","","Tew, Berry H.//Mink, Robert M.//Mann, Steve D.//Bearden, Bennett L.//Mancini, Ernest A.""","","Geologic framework of Norphlet and pre-Norphlet strata of the onshore and offshore eastern Gulf of Mexico area [abs.]","","","","","Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins, 3rd, A summary of Year-Five and Year-Six activities","","","November 15 - 18, 1992, 1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","49","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection

See also:
Tew, Berry H; Mink, Robert M; Mann, Steven D; Bearden, Bennett L; Mancini, Ernest A, 1991, Geologic framework of Norphlet and pre-Norphlet strata of the onshore and offshore eastern Gulf of Mexico area ; Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies and Gulf Coast Section SEPM meeting; abstracts;  Conference: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies and Gulf Coast Section of SEPM meeting, Houston, TX, United States, Oct. 16-18, 1991 ; AAPG Bulletin, vol.75, no.9, pp.1539, Sep 1991; Transactions - Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, vol.41, pp.590-600, 1991 Short Title: Geologic framework of Norphlet and pre-Norphlet strata of the onshore and offshore eastern Gulf of Mexico area [abs.]","     Hydrocarbon accumulations have been discovered in the Jurassic Norphlet Formation in the onshore and offshore eastern Gulf of Mexico area.  An understanding of the regional geologic framework of the Norphlet and pre-Norphlet stratigraphic succession in the study area is crucial to successful exploration for the development of Norphlet hydrocarbon reservoirs in the eastern Gulf region.  These strata include Jurassic sedimentary rocks and pre-Jurassic sedimentary and crystalline rocks.  Of these strata, only the Norphlet Formation has produced economic quantities of hydrocarbons from reservoirs that include eolian dune, interdune, wadi, and marine sandstones.  However, the pre-Norphlet geology and paleotopography of the area controlled, to a large degree, Norphlet depositional patterns and subsequent structural development.  Especially important were the locations of pre-Jurassic paleohighs and the distribution and thickness patterns of the underlying Jurassic Louann Salt.  Norphlet hydrocarbon traps are generally associated with structures that have resulted from halokinesis of the Louann.  Traps include salt anticlines, faluted salt anticlines, and extensional faults associated with salt movement.  In addition to these salt-related structural traps, traps resulting from presalt basement paleotopography may exist in the study area.  These traps might include Norhplet structural highs associated with preexisting basement highs and Norphlet stratigraphic terminations along the flanks of basement highs.
     Where Norphlet reservoir facies are present, the key factor controlling hydrocarbon accumulation potential is structural setting.  In the Mississippi-Alabama-Florida (MAFLA) region that is underlain by the Norphlet Formation, four structural settings have been identified.  Types A and B structural settings are characterized by Norphlet sediments overlying basement or thin salt; no Norphlet fields have been established in these settings.  Types C and D structural settings are characterized by structures related to movement of thick Louann Salt; all Norphlet fields established in the MAFLA region occur in these settings.  Four geographic regions have been defined in the study area for the purpose of characterizing Norphlet petroleum potential.  Region 1 has excellent potential for future Norphlet discoveries, Region 2 has low to moderate potential, and Regions 3 and 4 have very little to no potential.""","Gulf of Mexico; Norphlet Foundation; Jurassic Norphlet Foundation; hydrocarbons; Mississippi; Alabama; Florida; MAFLA; 
Atlantic Ocean; basement; clastic rocks; crystalline rocks; development; economic geology; Gulf Coastal Plain; Gulf of Mexico; Jurassic; Louann Salt; Mesozoic; Norphlet Formation; North American Atlantic; North Atlantic; offshore; onshore; petroleum; petroleum exploration; possibilities; reservoir rocks; salt tectonics; sandstone; sedimentary rocks; stratigraphy; structural traps; tectonics; traps"
"E","","The Coastal Zone Laboratory (University of Michigan)","","","","Technical report","","","","An economic and environmental assessment of offshore sand mining","","","","","","","","","Ann Arbor, MI","The Coastal Zone Laboratory (University of Michigan)","October 31, 1978, 1978","","","Technical Report No. 110, Contract No. LRP-43, 109 p.""","","109","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: An economic and environmental assessment of offshore sand mining","","Contract No. LRP - 43","offshore sand mining; sand mining; mining; General; environmental assessment; environmental; assessment"
"Book Whole","","","","","","","","The H. John Heinz III Center for Science Economics and the Environment//forward by Gilbert F. White","","The hidden costs of coastal hazards: implications for risk assessment and mitigation","","","","","","","","translator","Covelo","Island Press","2000","","","","","","252","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: The hidden costs of coastal hazards: implications for risk assessment and mitigation","Subjects include: land use, planning, and environmental design: land use planning, environmental policy and politics, natural hazards, land use policy and law

The following description is from the Island Press website at  http://www.islandpress.com:
Society has limited hazard mitigation dollars to invest. Which actions will be most cost effective, considering the true range of impacts and costs incurred? In 1997, the H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment began a two-year study with a panel of experts to help develop new strategies to identify and reduce the costs of weather-related hazards associated with rapidly increasing coastal development activities. 

The Hidden Costs of Coastal Hazards presents the panel's findings, offering the first in-depth study that considers the costs of coastal hazards to natural resources, social institutions, business, and the built environment. Using Hurricane Hugo, which struck South Carolina in 1989, as a case study, it provides for the first time information on the full range of economic costs caused by a major coastal hazard event. The book: 

- describes and examines unreported, undocumented, and hidden costs such as losses due to business interruption, reduction in property values, interruption of social services, psychological trauma, damage to natural systems, and others 
- examines the concepts of risk and vulnerability, and discusses conventional approaches to risk assessment and the emerging area of vulnerability assessment 
- recommends a comprehensive framework for developing and implementing mitigation strategies 
- documents the human impact of Hurricane Hugo and provides insight from those who lived through it. 

The Hidden Costs of Coastal Hazards takes a structured approach to the problem of coastal hazards, offering a new framework for community-based hazard mitigation along with specific recommendations for implementation. Decisionmakers-both policymakers and planners-who are interested in coastal hazard issues will find the book a unique source of new information and insight, as will private-sector decisionmakers including lenders, investors, developers, and insurers of coastal property.""","land use; planning; environmental design; land use planning; environmental policy and politics; natural hazards; land use policy and law"
"E","","The New England Governor's Conference Inc.//Minerals Management Service","","","","","","","","Construction aggregates demand in the New England states, 157 p.""","","","","","","","","","","1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","L. Poppe reference collection Short Title: Construction aggregates demand in the New England states, 157 p.""","","aggregates; New England"
"K","","Thieler, E. Robert//Gayes, Paul T. //Schwab, William C.//Harris, M. Scott","","","Tracing sediment dispersal on nourished beaches; two case studies","","","Kraus, Nicholas C.//McDougal, William G.""","International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes, 4th, Coastal sediments '99, Scales of coastal sediment motion and geomorphic change","","","June 21-23, 1999, 1999","Hauppauge, NY","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","4, Vol. 3","","","2118-2136","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Tracing sediment dispersal on nourished beaches; two case studies","The event- to decade-scale patterns of sediment dispersal on two artificially nourished beaches have been mapped using a combination of geophysical surveys, closely-spaced vibracores, and repeated beach profiles. At both Wrightsville Beach, NC and Folly Island, SC the sediment used for beach nourishment is macroscopically distinct from native sediment and can be used to identify sediment transport pathways and infer mechanisms for across-shelf transport. The data from both sites demonstrate that significant quantities of nourishment sediment are being transported seaward onto the inner continental shelf. The time and space scales of this transport are of engineering interest for the planning, design and long-term maintenance of nourished beaches.""","Atlantic Coastal Plain; beach nourishment; beach profiles; beaches; case studies; coastal sedimentation; continental shelf; data; design; dispersivity; Folly Island; geophysical surveys; granulometry; identification; littoral drift; mechanism; North Carolina; sediment transport; sedimentation; sediments; South Carolina; surveys; Wrightsville Beach
Geomorphology; Engineering geology"
"E","","Thompson, G.S.//Nichols, M.M.""","","","","","","","Inner shelf sediments off Chesapeake bay: II: Grain size and composition","","","","","","","","","Gloucester Point","College of William & Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science","1973","","","Special Scientific Report 67","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Inner shelf sediments off Chesapeake bay: II: Grain size and composition","","","Chesapeake Bay; Virginia; grain size; sediment"
"E","","Toscano, M.A.//Kerhin, R.T.""","","","","","","","Subbottom structure and stratigraphy of the inner continental shelf of Maryland","","","","","","","","","Austin, TX","Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas, Austin","1990","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","in M.C. Hunt, S.V. Doenges, and G.S. Stubbs, eds., Studies related to Continental Margins, Years Three and Four Activities Short Title: Subbottom structure and stratigraphy of the inner continental shelf of Maryland","","","Maryland; stratigraphy"
"E","","Toscano, M.A.//Kerhin, R.T.//York, L.L.//Cronin, T.M.//Williams, S.J.""","","","Report of investigation","","","","Quaternary stratigraphy of the inner continental shelf of Maryland","","","","","","","","","","Maryland Geological Survey","1989","","","Report of Investigation 50, 116 p.""","","116","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Quaternary stratigraphy of the inner continental shelf of Maryland","","","Atlantic Ocean; Cenozoic; continental shelf; geophysical methods; geophysical survey maps; geophysical surveys; inner shelf; maps; Maryland; oceanography; Quaternary; reflection; seismic methods; seismic stratigraphy; stratigraphy; surveys; United States"
"Journal Article","","Toscano, M.A.//York, L.L.""","","Quaternary stratigraphy and sea-level history of the U.S. middle Atlantic coastal plain","","","","","","Quaternary Science Reviews","","","","","","","","","","1992","","11","","3","301-328","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Quaternary stratigraphy and sea-level history of the U.S. middle Atlantic coastal plain","","","Atlantic coast; amino acids; Arthropoda; Atlantic Coastal Plain; Cenozoic; changes of level; clastic sediments; continental shelf; cores; Crustacea; detection; geophysical methods; indicators; Invertebrata; Mandibulata; methods; microfossils; Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain; mud; organic acids; organic compounds; organic materials; Ostracoda; paleoclimatology; Pleistocene; Quaternary; sediments; seismic stratigraphy; stratigraphy; Washapreague Formation"
"Journal Article","","Trembaniz, A. C.//Valverde, Hugo R.//Haddad, T. C.//O'Brien, M. K.//Pilkey, O. H.""","","The U.S. national beach nourishment experience [abs.]","","","","","","Journal of Coastal Research","","","","","","","","","","1998","","Special issue 26","","","A29","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: International coastal symposium (ICS98), Palm Beach, FL, United States, May 19-23, 1998 Short Title: The U.S. national beach nourishment experience [abs.]","","","beach nourishment; beaches; construction; cost; design; erosion; littoral erosion; shorelines; Engineering geology"
"E","","Trumbull, James","","","","Professional Paper","","","","Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States: sand-size fraction of bottom sediments, New Jersey to Nova Scotia","","","","","","","","","Washington, D.C.""U.S. Geological Survey","1972, 1972","","","Professional Paper 529-K, p. K1 - K45","","","K1 - K45","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States: sand-size fraction of bottom sediments, New Jersey to Nova Scotia","Shelf and slope sediment components (detrital, biogenic, authigenic), areal distribution, provenance, quartz grain characteristics, sediment types, processes, depositional environments","","Miscellaneous; Atlantic coast; Atlantic Coastal Plain; Atlantic Ocean; Canada; continental margin; continental shelf; distribution; Eastern Canada; Eastern U.S.; grain size; marine geology; marine sediments; Maritime Provinces; New England; New Jersey; North America; Nova Scotia; oceanography; sediments; USGS"
"L","","","","","Maps showing characteristics of the Cabo Rojo West offshore sand deposit, southeastern Puerto Rico, U.S. Geological Survey Map MF 1393","","","Trumbull, James V. A.//Trias, Juan L.""","","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1982","","","","","","","","","1:20,000","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Maps showing characteristics of the Cabo Rojo West offshore sand deposit, southeastern Puerto Rico, U.S. Geological Survey Map MF 1393 Label: MAP MF - 1393","","MAP MF - 1393","Puerto Rico; Cabo Rojo; offshore sand deposit; map"
"E","","Turbeville, David B.//Marsh, G. Alex//Coastal Engineering Research Laboratory","","","","","","","","Benthic fauna of an offshore borrow area in Broward County, Florida","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir, VA","Coastal Engineering Research Center","1982, 1982","","","Miscellaneous Report 82-1, 42 p.""","","42","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Benthic fauna of an offshore borrow area in Broward County, Florida","","","Florida; Broward County Florida; offshore borrow areas"
"E","","Twichell, D.C.//Cross, V.A.//Parolski, K.F.""","","","","","","","Sidescan-sonar imagery, surface sediment samples and surficial geologic interpretation of the southwestern Washington inner continental shelf based on data collected during Corliss Cruises 97007 and 98014","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","April 2000, 2000","","","Open-file Report 00-167, online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/of00-167/","","","26","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","L. Poppe references Short Title: Sidescan-sonar imagery, surface sediment samples and surficial geologic interpretation of the southwestern Washington inner continental shelf based on data collected during Corliss Cruises 97007 and 98014","","","terminology; definitions; Surficial geology; Outcrop of volcanic rocks; anticline exposed on seafloor; Submerged seastack; gravel patches; megaripples; Sediment sample transect; Grain size; Water depth; Sidescan sonar transect; Sand-dollar field; Megaripples; ebb-tidal delta; Wisps; GIS; geographic Information System; data; metadata"
"E","","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","","","","Final Report","","","","High-resolution geophysical and vibrating sampling project offshore southern California","","","","","","","","","Los Angeles, CA","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","1973, 1973","","","Final Report Contract DACW 09-73-C-0098, 7 p.""","","7","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference colletion Short Title: High-resolution geophysical and vibrating sampling project offshore southern California","","","Southern California; vibracores; data; grain size; descriptions"
"E","","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","","","","memorandum","","","","Atlantic coast of Maryland hurricane protection project, Phase I: final general design memorandum","","","","","","","","","Baltimore, MD","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,""1988","","","3rd volume","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Atlantic coast of Maryland hurricane protection project, Phase I: final general design memorandum","","","Atlantic coast; Maryland; hurricane protection"
"E","","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","","","","memorandum","","","","Atlantic coast of Maryland hurricane protection project, Phase II: final general design memorandum","","","","","","","","","Baltimore, MD","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,""1989","","","3rd volume","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Atlantic coast of Maryland hurricane protection project, Phase II: final general design memorandum","","","Atlantic coast; Maryland; hurricane protection"
"E","","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","","","","","","","","Atlantic coast of Maryland hurricane protection project: renourishment borrow study","","","","","","","","","Baltimore, MD","U.S. Army corps of Engineers","1989","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Atlantic coast of Maryland hurricane protection project: renourishment borrow study","","","borrow sites; Atlantic coast; Maryland; hurricane protection"
"E","","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","","","","Reconnaissance Report","","","","Ocean City, Maryland and vicinity water resources study","","","","","","","","","Baltimore, MD","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Reconnaissance Report","May, 1994, 1994","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Ocean City, Maryland and vicinity water resources study","","","Ocean City; Maryland; water resources"
"E","","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","","","","Engineering Manual","","","","Design of beach fills","","","","","","","","","Washington, DC","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","1995","","","Engineering Manual EM1110-2-3301","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Design of beach fills","","","General"
"E","","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","","","","Feasibility report","","","","Ocean City, Maryland and vicinity water resources study: intergrated feasibility report I and programmatic environmental impact statement, restoration of Assateague Island","","","","","","","","","Baltimore, MD","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Feasibility Report","1996","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. WIlliams reference collection Short Title: Ocean City, Maryland and vicinity water resources study: intergrated feasibility report I and programmatic environmental impact statement, restoration of Assateague Island","","","Assateague Island; Ocean City; Maryland; water resources"
"P","","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","","","Ocean City, Maryland and vicinity water resources study","CD-ROM","","","","","","","","","","","","","Baltimore, MD","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1 CD-ROM","1998","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Final Feasibility Report and Environmental Impact Statement with Appendices Short Title: Ocean City, Maryland and vicinity water resources study","","","Ocean City; Maryland; water resources"
"E","","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","","","","Draft Feasibility Report","","","","N.J. Shore Protection Study: Great Egg Harbor Inlet to Townshends Inlet feasibility study","","","","","","","","","New Jersey","New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP)","December, 2000, 2001","","","Draft Feasibility Report, 5 vols.""","","11","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference colletion Short Title: N.J. Shore Protection Study: Great Egg Harbor Inlet to Townshends Inlet feasibility study","","","New Jersey; Great Egg Harbor Inlet; shore protection"
"E","","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center","","","","","","","","Shore protection manual, 3rd edition, volumes I, II, and III","","","","","","","","","Washington,  D.C.""U..S. Govt. Printing Office, 1,262 p.""1977","","","","","","1,262","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Shore protection manual, 3rd edition, volumes I, II, and III","","","shore protection; General"
"E","","U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station","","","","","","","","Dredging research technical notes; a rapid geophysical technique for subbottom imaging","","","","","","","","","Vicksburg, MS","U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station","July, 1993, 1993","","","Technical notes DRP-2-07, 11 p.""","","11","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Dredging research technical notes; a rapid geophysical technique for subbottom imaging","","","General; dredge; dredging; subbottom imaging"
"E","","U.S. Bureau of Mines","","","","Open-File report","","","","An economic reconnaissance of selected sand and gravel deposits in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone","","","","","","","","","Washington, D.C.""Office of the Assistant Director--Mineral Data Analysis, Bureau of Mines,""January, 1987, 1987","","","Open-File Report 3-87, 113 p.""","","113","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: An economic reconnaissance of selected sand and gravel deposits in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone","     Seven sand and gravel areas were investigated because of their perceived potential for containing economically viable deposits.  Based on preliminary resource and market analysis, three of these areas were judged to have favorable near-term potential for development.  Additional engineering, cost, and financial analysis indicate that two of the three areas, offshore Boston, MA and New York, NY, should be considered for near-term leasing.
     Recommendations concerning the two selected areas, as well as several other offshore areas, address the need for detailed market analysis, sample characterization studies to determine commercial suitability, and studies to refine cost and financial analyses.""","location; deposit geology; deposit resources; engineering costs; dredge; mill; rate of return; discounted cash flow; General; Boston; Massachusetts; New York; United States Exclusive Economic Zone; Exclusive Economic Zone; EEZ;"
"E","","U.S. Bureau of Mines","","","","Open-File report","","","","An economic reconnaissance of selected heavy mineral placer deposits in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone","","","","","","","","","Washington, D.C.""Office of the Assistant Director--Mineral Data Analysis, Bureau of Mines,""January, 1987, 1987","","","Open-File Report 4-87, 112 p.""","","112","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: An economic reconnaissance of selected heavy mineral placer deposits in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone","     This Bureau of Mines open file report is one of two reports on selected deposits within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).  The objective of this study and the companion sand and gravel study is to aid the Minerals Management Service (MMS) in their selection of specific offshore areas for consideration of near-term lease offerings.  Three selected placer areas were investigated and evaluated using engineering and cost models.  Sensitivity analyses were then performed in major physical and engineering parameters affecting the economic viability of mineral resources from these three locations.""","gold; titanium; zirconium; rare earth elements; engineering costs; dredge; mill; net present value; location; deposit geology; deposit resources; United States Exclusive Economic Zone; Exclusive Economic Zone; EEZ;"
"E","","U.S. Bureau of Mines","","","","Open-File Report","","","","An economic reconnaissance of selected heavy mineral placer deposits in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone,""","","","","","","","","","","1987","","","Open-File Report 4-87, 112p.""","","112","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: An economic reconnaissance of selected heavy mineral placer deposits in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone,""","","EEZ; United States Exclusive Economic Zone; Exclusive Economic Zone; heavy minerals; placers; placer deposits"
"E","","U.S. Bureau of Mines","","","","Open-File Report","","","","An economic reconnaissance of selected sand and gravel deposits in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone,""","","","","","","","","","","1987","","","Open-File Report 3-87, 113p.""","","113","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: An economic reconnaissance of selected sand and gravel deposits in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone,""","","sand and gravel; sand; gravel; United States Exclusive Economic Zone; Exclusive Economic Zone; EEZ"
"E","","U.S. Department of the Interior","","","","Circular","","","","Symposium proceedings: a national program for the assessment and development of the mineral resources of the United States Exclusive Economic Zone","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1983","","","Circular 929, 308 p.""","","308","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","L. Poppe reference collection Short Title: Symposium proceedings: a national program for the assessment and development of the mineral resources of the United States Exclusive Economic Zone","","","United States Exclusive Economic Zone; Exclusive Economic Zone; EEZ; Mineral resources; General"
"E","","U.S. Mineral Management Service","","","","CD-ROM","","","","Environmental Report: use of federal offshore sand resources for beach and coastal restoration in New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia","","","","","","","","","Herndon, VA","","1999","","","OSC study MMS 99-0036, 1 CD-ROM","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Office of International Activities and Marine Minerals
S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Environmental Report: use of federal offshore sand resources for beach and coastal restoration in New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia","","","New Jersey; Maryland; Delaware; Virginia; Sand resources; coastal restoration"
"E","","U.S. Minerals Management Service","","","","CD-ROM","","","","Environmental survey of potential sand resource sites offshore Delaware and Maryland","","","","","","","","","Herndon, VA","","2000","","","OSC Study MMS2000-055, 1 CD-ROM","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Office of International Activities and Marine Minerals
S.J. WIlliams reference collection Short Title: Environmental survey of potential sand resource sites offshore Delaware and Maryland","","","Sand resources; Delaware; Maryland"
"E","","U.S. Minerals Management Service//Offshore Information and Publications","","","","OCS Report","","","","OCS regulations related to mineral resource activities on the outer continental shelf","","","","","","","","","Herndon, VA","Minerals Management Service","1988, 1988","","","OCS Report MMS 88-0026","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: OCS regulations related to mineral resource activities on the outer continental shelf","","","regulations; OCS; outer continental shelf; Mineral resources"
"E","","Uchupi, E.""","","","Professional Paper","","","","Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States -- physiography","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1968","","","Professional Paper 529-C, p. C1-C30","","","C1-C30","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States -- physiography","From Nova Scotia to Nantucket Island, the continental shelf has broad basins separated by banks, swells, and ridges. In this zone and the next to the south, the continental slope is deeply entrenched by submarine canyons, and at the foot of the slope is a large sedimentary apron, the continental rise. From Nantucket to Cape Lookout, the shelf is smoother than in the northern zone, but it is disrupted by sand swells, channels, coral mounds, and terraces. In the southern zone, Cape Lookout to the Florida Keys, the continental slope is relatively smooth. Landward is a shelf, a marginal plateau (Blake Plateau), a trough (Straits of Florida), and the Bahama Banks. The Blake Basin and Blake Ridge are seaward of the slope. East of Nantucket, topographic differences are believed to be due to glacial erosion; south of Cape Lookout, to folding or faulting, erosion by the Gulf Stream, and calcareous accretion.""","Atlantic coast; Atlantic Ocean; bottom features; continental margin; geomorphology; marine geology; North America; Nova Scotia-Florida Keys; shelf and slope; USGS"
"E","","Uchupi, E.""","","","Professional Paper","","","","Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States -- shallow structure","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U. S. Geological Survey","1970","","","Professional Paper 529-I, 44 p.""","","44 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States -- shallow structure","Continental terrace, formation and Pleistocene modification, structural types, Cretaceous and later geologic history, role of shelf upbuilding, slope outbuilding, and carbonate accretion, data from seismic profiling","","Atlantic coast; Atlantic Ocean; continental shelf; continental slope; marine geology; oceanography; structure; tectonics"
"E","","University of Southern California//Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies","","","","Technical Report","","","","An economic appraisal of mining offshore sand and gravel deposits","","","","","","","","","Los Angeles, CA","University of Southern California Sea Grant Program","May, 1980, 1980","","","Technical Report, 47 p.""","","47","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: An economic appraisal of mining offshore sand and gravel deposits","     Sand and gravel are primary resources used in many phases of construction and to maintain southern California's invaluable beaches and harbors.  Marine sedimentological studies along the inner Santa Monica shelf demonstrate the presence of five major bodies of sand and gravel.  Offshore mining of sand and gravel for construction aggregate is profitable but below the average expected future market rate of interest.  The cost of replacing 1 cu yd of suitable material on a damaged beach is estimated to cost approximately dollar 1.52, therefore a commercial enterprise should be offered at least dollar 1.87 per cu yd to undertake such a project.  Available sedimentologic information and current market conditions suggest that beach restoration and nourishment are the best uses for the offshore sand deposits along the inner Santa Monica shelf.  Future market conditions as well as changing social and environmental attitudes may raise the profitability of offshore mining for concrete aggregate above the prevailing market rate of interest.""","economics; aggregates; sands; dredging; beach nourishment; California"
"Journal Article","","Uptegrove, Jane//Grosz, A.//Maharaj, S.V.//Muller, F.J.""","","Physiographic, bathymetric and textural controls on heavy-mineral enrichment in surficial sediments of the New Jersey shelf [abs.]","","","","","","Geologic Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1991","","23","","1","142","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: GSA Northeast Section, 26th annual meeting; Southeastern Section, 40th annual meeting, Baltimore, MD, United States, March 14-16, 1991 Short Title: Physiographic, bathymetric and textural controls on heavy-mineral enrichment in surficial sediments of the New Jersey shelf [abs.]","","","bathymetry; continental shelf; economic geology; heavy mineral deposits; marine sediments; New Jersey; oceanography; sediments; textures"
"E","","Uptegrove, Jane//Grosz, A.//Maharaj, S.V.//Muller, F.J.//Muessig, K.W.//Farnsworth, J.//Burbanck, G.P.//Cheung, T.T.""","","","","","","","Preliminary textural and mineralogic analyses of vibracore samples collected between Absecon and Barnegat Inlets, New Jersey","","","","","","","","","","New Jersey Geological Survey","1991","","","Open-File Report 91-3, 11 p.""","","11","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Preliminary textural and mineralogic analyses of vibracore samples collected between Absecon and Barnegat Inlets, New Jersey","","","New Jersey; vibracores; mineralogy; Absecon Inlet; Barnegat Inlet; textures"
"Journal Article","","Uptegrove, Jane//Hall, D.W.//Waldner, J.S.//Lubchansky, B.J.//Sheridan, R.E.//Ashley, G.M.""","","Pleistocene/Holocene geology of the New Jersey Inner Shelf: results from resource-based seismic and vibracore studies [abs.]","","","","","","Geologic Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","2000","","32","","1","80","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection;
Conference: Geological Society of America, Northeastern Section, 35th annual meeting, New Brunswick, NJ, United States, March 13-15, 2000 Short Title: Pleistocene/Holocene geology of the New Jersey Inner Shelf: results from resource-based seismic and vibracore studies [abs.]","Distinct depositional regimes in the northern and southern New Jersey offshore regions have a substantial impact on the formation and preservation of Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentary features. We interpret approximately 600 kilometers (km) of seismic data and 40 vibracores, revealing the geologic framework controlling offshore sediment distribution. Subsidence of the Triassic/early to mid-Jurassic-age Baltimore Canyon Trough offshore of southern New Jersey has controlled the depositional patterns of the younger offshore sediments that have not been significantly eroded by transgressive events. A transition zone of elongate linear shoals of Pleistocene-age material offshore of Long Beach Island separates Holocene shoals to the south from outcropping Tertiary coastal plain units to the north. The last two major glaciations in the late Wisconsinan (-20 ka, Stage 2) and the early-mid Wisconsinan (-70 ka, Stage 4) were of a magnitude sufficient to cause global sea-level lowstands. The shoreline of New Jersey was near the continental shelf edge (Stage 2), and the middle continental shelf (Stage 4) during these lowstands. The sub-aerial erosion surfaces created on the inner continental shelf during these sea-level lowstands are evident on the seismic lines as prominent, laterally continuous reflectors. The most recent of these in the New Jersey offshore is the sequence boundary between the Pleistocene and Holocene sediments. As the shoreline traversed the continental shelf during transgression, the areas of deposition of coastal and marine sediments shifted with it, creating a complex system of depositional and erosional features. Any transgressive and highstand deposits occurring on the shelf are remnants of formerly more laterally extensive depositional sequences. The emerging composite regional stratigraphy is a framework for ongoing seismic/vibracore analyses and geologic interpretation.""","New Jersey"
"Book Chapter","","Uptegrove, Jane//Hall, D.W.//Waldner, J.S.//Sheridan, R.E.//Lubchansky, B.J.//Ashley, G.M.""","","Geologic framework of the New Jersey inner shelf: results from resource-based seismic and vibracore studies","","","Puffer, John H.""editor","New Jersey beaches and coastal processes from a geologic and environmental perspectives","","","","","","","","","Newark, NJ","Geological Association of New Jersey","1999","","16","","","45 - 64","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Short Title: Geologic framework of the New Jersey inner shelf: results from resource-based seismic and vibracore studies","Distinct depositional regimes in the northern and southern New Jersey offshore regions have a substantial impact on the formation and preservation of sand shoals. We interpret approximately 600 kilometers (km) of seismic data and 40 vibracores, revealing the geologic framework controlling offshore sediment distribution. To the north, seismic and vibracore data from offshore of Mantoloking indicate outcropping or subcropping Tertiary-age coastal plain deposits, dipping gently to the southeast, similar to their outcrop pattern onshore. To the south, these data show numerous shoal features on the inner shelf, designating it as a priority region for sand resource study. A transition zone of elongate linear shoals of Pleistocene-age material offshore of Long Beach Island separates the Holocene shoals to the south and the outcropping coastal plain units to the north. In the southern offshore, we find varying Holocene lithologies (above a major sequence boundary, S (sub 2) ) among the seven resource areas. Specifically, in Area G offshore of Brigantine we find: 1) the gravel that marks the S (sub 2) ; 2) a lower sand layer 1-2 m thick; 3) the interbedded silts, sands and clays of the estuarine deposits 1-3 m thick; and 4) an upper sand layer 1-2 m thick. For Area G, we measure the sand resource from the Holocene R (sub 2) ravinement surface that separates the interbedded sand, silt and clay from the upper sand layer. In the northeastern portion of Area G, a sheet several meters thick with radiating spurs or lobes overlies older channel structures and is the possible former ebb-tidal delta of Little Egg Inlet. Elongate ridges to the south and west are likely the smoothed remnants of lobes previously attached to the former Absecon, Brigantine, or Little Egg Inlets.""","New Jersey"
"K","","Uptegrove, Jane//Muessig, K.W.//Grosz, A.//Muller, F.J.//Maharaj, S.V.""","","Distribution of heavy minerals and gravel in sediments of the New Jersey shelf as determined from grab and vibracore samples","","","","","Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins, 3rd","","","1994","Austin, TX","","","","","","Minerals Management Service and Association of American State Geologists","","","","","","106-112","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Short Title: Distribution of heavy minerals and gravel in sediments of the New Jersey shelf as determined from grab and vibracore samples","","","New Jersey"
"K","","Uptegrove, J.//Muessig, Karl W.//Muller, Frederick L.//Maharaj, Susan V.//Grosz, A. E.""","","Distribution of heavy minerals and gravel in sediments of the New Jersey Shelf as determined from grab and vibracore samples [abs.]","","","","","Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins, 3rd","","","November 15 - 18, 1992, 1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Short Title: Distribution of heavy minerals and gravel in sediments of the New Jersey Shelf as determined from grab and vibracore samples [abs.]","     A two-stage study of grab samples and vibracores to determine the distribution of heavy minerals and gravel in sediments offshore of New Jersey shows a consistent pattern of heavy-mineral enrichment.  In stage one (year five), analysis of 76 surface grab samples revealed an average concentration of economic heavy minerals (ilmenite + altered ilmenite + rutile + zircon + monazite + aluminosilicates) of 1.3 weight percent of the bulk sample.  Samples from the nearshore and up to 40 m water depth were slightly more enriched in heavy minerals than those from water depths greater than 40 m (to as deep as 180 m).  Samples from offshroe of central New Jersey contain a more deeply weathered and chemically stable assemblage than samples from the vicinity of the Hudson Canyon, including relatively more leuxozene, a phase of altered ilmenite.
     In stage two (year six and seven), assessment of the heavy-mineral and gravel content of 119 samples from 65 vibracores from the central New Jersey nearshore and mid-shelf (maximum water depth of 27 m) indicates an average concentration of economic heavy minerals of 1.0 weight percent of the bulk.  Thirteen samples from eight sites (most of which are located in the southwest section of the sample group) have concentrations of economically important heavy minerals exceeding 2 percent.  Gravel content averages 7.3 weight percent of the bulk.  Finer grained sediments have more heavy minerals and specifically more ilmenite.  Gravel content exhibits an inverse relationship to ilmenite content: weight percent gravel diminishes to the southwest.  This situation of divergent trends for occurrence of gravel and ilmenite implies that areas for development of each resource would be distinct.""",""
"Journal Article","","Uptegrove, Jane//Muller, F.J.//Maharaj, S.V.//Grosz, A.//Muessig, K.W.""","","Distribution of heavy-minerals and gravel in offshore sediments as determined from vibracore samles from Barnegat to Absecon Inlets, New Jersey","","","","","","Abstracts with programs, Northeastern Section, Geological Society of America, Harrisburg, PA","","","","","","","","","","1992","","","","","81","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Short Title: Distribution of heavy-minerals and gravel in offshore sediments as determined from vibracore samles from Barnegat to Absecon Inlets, New Jersey","","","New Jersey"
"E","","Uptegrove, Jane//Mullikin, L.G.//Waldner, J.S.//Ashley, G.M.//Sheridan, R.E.//Hall, D.W.//Gilroy, J.//Farrell, S.C.""","","","","","","","Characterization of offshore sediments in federal waters as potential sources of beach replenishment sand; Phase I","","","","","","","","","","Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior Cooperative Agreement #14-35-0001-30666,""1995","","","New Jersey Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-1, 150 p.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Short Title: Characterization of offshore sediments in federal waters as potential sources of beach replenishment sand; Phase I","","","New Jersey"
"E","","Uptegrove, Jane//Waldner, J.S.//Hall, D.W.//Smith, P.C.//Ashley, G.M.//Sheridan, R.E.//Allen-Lafayette, Zedreh//Goss, M.C.//Mueller, F.L.//Keller, Eugene","","","","","","","","Characterization of sediments in federal waters offshore of New Jersey as potential sources for beach replenishment sand; Phase II Year 2 Final Report","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Minerals Managament Service","1997","","","Cooperative Agreement #14-35-0001-30751, 29 p.""","","29","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Short Title: Characterization of sediments in federal waters offshore of New Jersey as potential sources for beach replenishment sand; Phase II Year 2 Final Report","","","New Jersey"
"K","","Uptegrove, Jane//Waldner, J.S.//Smith, P.C.//Mullikin, L.G.//Sheridan, R.E.//Ashley, G.M.//Hall, D.W.//Farrell, S.C.""","","Identification of shoreline erosion areas and characterization of beach-replenishment sand sources for New Jersey","","","","","Annual Meeting of the Association of Engineering Geologists, 39th","","","24-29 Sep 1996, 1996","East Brunswick, NJ","","","","","","","","","","","","71","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Short Title: Identification of shoreline erosion areas and characterization of beach-replenishment sand sources for New Jersey","","","New Jersey"
"K","","Van Dolah, R.F.""","","Impacts of beach nourishment on the benthos: what have we learned? [abs.]","","","Woodin, S.A.//Allen, D.M. //Stancyk, S.E.//Williams-Howze, J.//Feller, R.J.//Wethey, D.S. //Pentcheff, N.D.//Chandler, G.T.//Decho, A.W.//Coull, B.C.""","Annual Benthic Ecology Meeting, 24th","","","March 7 - 10, 1996, 1996","Columbia, SC","","","","","","","","","","","","82","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Impacts of beach nourishment on the benthos: what have we learned? [abs.]","     The National Research Council recently completed a nationwide assessment of beach nourishment programs to evaluate engineering designs, project performance and to identify economic and environmental issues.  Impacts to benthic resources were considered as part of the environmental assessment.  Results obtained from studies of intertidal and nearshore subtidal habitats, including the sand borrow areas, will be reviewed and summarized.  In general, nourishment effects on benthic infaunal assemblages inhabiting the beach and adjacent nearshore zones appear to be very shore term.  Impacts to nearshore hard-bottom habitats can be more substantial and persistent.  Studies of dredging effects in sand borrow sites have documented variable effects that often include long-term changes in the benthic resources.  These changes are generally associated with alterations in bottom sediment characteristics.  Recommendations for future research needs will be discussed.""","benthos; beach nourishment; beach morphology; environmental monitoring; intertidal environment; long-term changes; sediment properties; General"
"E","","Veatch, A.C.//Smith, P.A.""","","","Special Paper","","","","Atlantic submarine valleys of the United States and the Congo submarine valley","","","","","","","","","","Geological Society of America","1939","","","Special Papers. v. 7, 101p.""","","101","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Atlantic submarine valleys of the United States and the Congo submarine valley","","","Miscellaneous; Congo; Africa; Congo submarine valley; physiographic geology"
"Journal Article","","Vincent, C.E.//Swift, D.J.P.//Hillard, B.""","","Transport in the New York bight, North American Atlantic shelf","","","","","","Marine Geology","","","","","","","","","","1981","","42","","1-4","369-398","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: 26th International geological congress, Paris, France, July 7-17, 1980
Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Transport in the New York bight, North American Atlantic shelf","Aanderaa current-meter data collected during the course of NOAA's New York Bight Project are sufficiently extensive in time (135000 observation hours) and space (41 stations) to permit an estimate of the sediment transport in this area. The analysis is based on mean flow observations; the role of wave oscillatory currents in resuspending sediment is considered but not explicity included in the sediment transport calculations. The data show that the New York Bight is a storm-dominated shelf, with the general southwestward drift of water ( similar to 6cm s super(-1)) modulated by more intense storm-induced flows. The transport calculations indicate that the bulk of sediment transport occurs during the winter months when wind stress is at a maximum and the water column is well mixed.""","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Atlantic Ocean; continental shelf; currents; data; marine transport; monitoring; nearshore environment; nearshore sedimentation; New York; New York Bight; North American Atlantic; ocean circulation; oceanography; rates; sedimentation; storms; transport; sediment transport; transport processes; wave forces; mixing; continental shelves"
"K","","Waldner, J.S. //Hall, D.W. //Uptegrove, Jane//Sheridan, R.E.//Ashley, G.M.""","","Geophysical search for offshore borrow-pit sites to dispose of dredge spoils in New York-New Jersey Harbor","","","","","Association of Engineering Geologists Annual Meeting, 39th","","","24-29 Sep 1996, 1996","East Brunswick, NJ","","","","","","Association of Engineering Geologists","","","","","","72","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Short Title: Geophysical search for offshore borrow-pit sites to dispose of dredge spoils in New York-New Jersey Harbor","","","New York; New Jersey"
"Journal Article","","Waldner, J. S.//Hall, D. W.//Uptegrove, Jane//Sheridan, R. E.//Ashley, G. M.//Esker, Dominic","","","Assessment of offshore New Jersey sources of beach replenishment sand by diversified application of geologic and geophysical methods [abs.]","","","","","","Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","","","","","","","","","","Nov. 16-19, 1997, 1999","","17","","2-3","139-140","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: Fourth symposium on Studies related to continental margins; a summary of year-nine and year-ten activities, Corpus Christi, TX, United States, Nov. 16-19, 1997 Short Title: Assessment of offshore New Jersey sources of beach replenishment sand by diversified application of geologic and geophysical methods [abs.]","","","acoustical methods; Atlantic Ocean; beach nourishment; continental shelf; data acquisition; data processing; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; inner shelf; mineral exploration; New Jersey; North Atlantic; Northwest Atlantic; offshore; sands; seismic methods; surveys; utilization; Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits; Applied geophysics"
"E","","Waldner, Jeffrey S.//Others","","","","","","","","A marine seismic survey to delineate Tertiary and Quaternary stratigraphy of coastal plain sediments offshore to Atlantic City, New Jersey","","","","","","","","","","New Jersey Geological Survey","1991, 1991","","","Report 26, 15 p.""","","15","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: A marine seismic survey to delineate Tertiary and Quaternary stratigraphy of coastal plain sediments offshore to Atlantic City, New Jersey","","","New Jersey"
"K","","Waldner, J.S.//Sheridan, R.E.//Uptegrove, Jane//Hall, D.W.//Ashley, G.M.""","","Prospecting for sand, offshore New Jersey","","","Kraus, N.C.//McDougal, W.G.""","International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes, 4th","","","June 21 - 23, 1999, 1999","Hauppauge, NY","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","","","","2090-2101","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","J. Waldner reference collection Short Title: Prospecting for sand, offshore New Jersey","Since the early 90's the New Jersey Geological Survey (NJGS) and Rutgers University have utilized geologic and geophysical techniques to improve the identification, volume estimation and suitability of beach nourishment sands. Sequence stratigraphy and seismic stratigraphy are important in the evaluation of offshore sand resource areas. The application generates a four-dimensional view of the sedimentation history of the shallow inner continental shelf. Seismic profiles show stratigraphy that correlates to historic sea-level oscillations. These episodic changes are consistent geologic time indicators. Stratigraphic resolution is enhanced by digital single-channel and multi-channel seismic data. Synthetic seismograms (from grain-size analyses of Vibracores) correlate to the seismic profiles, reinforcing the identification of geologic strata. Combined, these techniques maximize the data available from costly Vibracores and reduce the number needed. Data from previous offshore studies, beach profiles, and upland sand sources, show eroding shoreline reaches and nourishment need. These guided the acquisition of 300 line-miles (483 km) of shallow high-resolution digital seismic data and 40 Vibracores. The site evaluation data tie in with an 800 line-mile (1287 km) regional seismic survey grid of the southern New Jersey Shelf. Data from all offshore survey areas reveal prominent reflectors that trace changes in sediments that correspond to eustatic sea-level change during the past 125,000 years. These studies are part of ongoing State and Federal cooperation. The Minerals Management Service (MMS) of the U.S. Department of Interior continues its major involvement by making preliminary environmental studies in eight targeted sand-resource areas, preparing them for immediate dredging access should the need arise.""","New Jersey"
"Journal Article","","Walton, Todd Jr.//Dean, Robert George","","","Use of outer bars of inlets as sources of beach nourishment material","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","July, 1976, 1976","","","","","13 - 19","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Use of outer bars of inlets as sources of beach nourishment material","","","beach nourishment; beach nourishment material; outer bars; inlets; General"
"Journal Article","","Walton, Todd Jr.//Prupura, James A.""","","Beach nourishment along the southeast Atlantic and Gulf coasts","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","1977, 1977","","","","","10 - 18","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Beach nourishment along the southeast Atlantic and Gulf coasts","","","Atlantic coast; Gulf Coast; beach nourishment"
"K","","Ward, Larry G.//Birch, Francis S.""","","Sedimentation processes and age of Quaternary deposits on New Hampshire's inner continental shelf [abs.]","","","","","Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins, 3rd, A summary of Year-Five and Year-Six Activities","","","November 15 - 18, 1992, 1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sedimentation processes and age of Quaternary deposits on New Hampshire's inner continental shelf [abs.]","     In year five of the New Hampshire Minerals Management Service (MMS) Continental Margins Program, sedimentation processes influencing the textural characteristics of a large aggregate deposit located within 10 km of shore were investigated.  Earlier  work on this large sand body near the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire, indicated extensive winnowing of fine sized sediments had resulted in a coarse lag deposit.  To assess present sedimentation processes, near-bottom currents and bedload sediment transport rates were monitored from late summer to early fall 1989 over a 5.6-week period.  During this period near-bottom tidal currents were generally low, remaining below 15 cm/s most of the time, with strongest currents flowing to the south to southwest.  Peak currents reached 31 cm/s.  The results indicate little bedload sediment transport occurred during the study period.  To determine if active sediment transport is occurring, and to further assess the formation of this aggregate deposit, future work should address near-bottom currents during stormier periods (for example, late fall to winter), when wave-tidal current interactions may significantly impact sediment transport processes.
     During year-six, MMS-sponsored research focused on age relationships of the Quaternary sedimentary deposits on the inner shelf of New Hampshire.  Twenty-three accelerator radiocarbon measurements on individual shells from 12 vibracores and 45 gravity cores provided dates for previously defined seismic units and geologic events.  Glacial-marine outwash muds range in age from 13670 to 11920 (10 dates).  Deposition of the unit probably started hundreds of years before the older date and continued hunderds of years after the younger.  These dates agree with results from nearby Maine and Massachusetts.  The remaining 12 dates, all less than 8590 years, are from Holocene deposits.  These include a foraminiferal diamicton that formerly was considered glacial till and deep-water muds probably partly derived form reworked glacial-marine outwash.  Rates of Holocene sedimentation are about 0.1 m per thousand years, only 1 percent of the late Wisconsinan rates.""",""
"E","","Waterway Survey and Engineering Ltd.""","","","","","","","Engineering study for disposal of dredged material from Atlantic Ocean channel on Sandbridge Beach between Back Bay and Dam Neck","","","","","","","","","","Report prepared for Norfolk District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers largely by Cyril Galvin,""1986","","","79 p. plus appendices","","","79","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Engineering study for disposal of dredged material from Atlantic Ocean channel on Sandbridge Beach between Back Bay and Dam Neck","","","Virginia; Atlantic coast; Atlantic Ocean; dredged materials; disposal; Sandbridge Beach; Back Bay; Dam Neck"
"E","","Weinbach, P.R.//Van Dolah, R. F.""","","","","","","","Spatial analysis of bottom habitats and sand deposits on the continental shelf off South Carolina","","","","","","","","","Charleston, South Carolina","South Carolina Task Force on Offshore Resources and the Minerals Managament Service","March, 2001, 2001","","","Final Report, 63 p.""","","63","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Spatial analysis of bottom habitats and sand deposits on the continental shelf off South Carolina","","","Sand deposits; South Carolina; bottom habitats; spatial analysis"
"Journal Article","","Welkie, Carol J.//Meyer, Robert P.""","","Exploration and assessment of offshore sand and gravel, western Lake Michigan","","","","","","Marine Mining","","","","","","","","","","1982","","3","","3-4","315 - 378","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Exploration and assessment of offshore sand and gravel, western Lake Michigan","     In western Lake Michigan, in order to determine continuously the variability of sand and gravel sediments along profiles and at depth, four inexpensive and rapid geophysical profiling, seismic refraction, and resistivity sounding.  The latter two methods were applied in such a manner as to approach continuous data acquisition along profiles.  Based upon the geophysical data, samples were taken at representative locations to provide verification of sediment type and an indication of the quality of deposits found.
     The test site, examined in 1978, was adjacent to know onshore deposits, was near the high-demand urban center of Waukegan, Illinois, and was one where offshore sands had previously been sampled surficially and cored.  From acoustic profiling we estimated the volume of the offshore sands in the 4km by 6km study area to be 38.5 million cubic meters, with a gross value of $185 million at a current price (in Milwaukee) of $3.00/metric ton.  The seismic refraction method provided depths and velocities of three refractors.  Velocities and our lithologic interpretation were 1.89 km/s, till; 2.3 km/s, till; and 4.0-5.8 km/s, bedrock.  The lower till refractor occurs at a depth on the order of the maximum known thickness of the Wadsworth, previously the oldest-known till under the lake; a resistivity boundary was found to coincide with this seismic boundary.  Bedrock velocities ranged from 4.0 to 5.8 km/s, with velocities under 4.5 km/s most prevalent.  Anomalously fast velocities are localized and associated with highs in the bedrock topography, suggesting more resistance to erosion than the surrounding rock.""","Great Lakes; Lake Michigan; sand and gravel; sand; gravel; seismic data"
"K","","Welling, C.G.""","","Ocean mining [abs.]","","","","","Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins, 3rd, A summary of Year-Five and Year-Six Activities","","","November 15 - 18, 1992, 1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","20","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Ocean mining [abs.]","     The major effort of the past two decades has been associated with the manganese nodules of the North-Central Pacific.  These nodules, which contain nickel, copper, cobalt, and manganese of interest, are located in approximately 15,000 ft (5,000 m) of water.
     In the 1970's market forecasters thought that the use of nickel would continue to increase at a high level for the rest of the century.  The nickel in the manganese nodules is by far the largest source in the world.  Four U.S. consortia, in addition to foreign activities, decided to develop the mining and processing capability to produce the known metals.  After they collectively spent more than $0.5 billion, the metals market became depressed.  As a result, these activities were reduced to a low level.  The metals market is slowly reviving and should be sufficiently healthy to encourage the development of industry by the end of this decade.
     Marine geologists and oceanographic scientists are discovering new potential metal deposits that may be commercial by the end of the decade.  The basic research in ocean mining technology in the past two decades plus new technology being developed in allied fields may make many new ocean minerals economical in the near future.""","Pacific; manganese; manganese nodules"
"G","","Wellner, R.W.""","","High-resolution seismic stratigraphy and depositional history of Barnegat Inlet, New Jersey and vicinity","M.S. Thesis","","","","","","","","","","","","","New Brunswick, New Jersey","The State University of New Jersey","1990","","","","","","109","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Academic Department: Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers Short Title: High-resolution seismic stratigraphy and depositional history of Barnegat Inlet, New Jersey and vicinity","A high-resolution (1.0 KHz) seismic reflection survey (46 km (super 2) ) of Barnegat Inlet and vicinity was undertaken during the summer of 1987. Vibracores (1-6 m) were collected at twelve sites during the summer of 1988 to ground-truth the seismic reflection data. The seismic stratigraphic framework of the study area consists of three unconformity bounded sequences. Based on the principle of seismic stratigraphy, the seismic sequences are interpreted as the upper Holocene sequence, lower Holocene sequence and middle to upper Wisconsinan sequence. The upper boundary of the lower Wisconsinan section can also be detected on the seismic records. The lower Wisconsinan section, which ranges from 24 to 33 m below sea-level, was dissected by several easterly flowing streams. The resultant geomorphic expression is one of a furrowed erosional surface with east-west trending stream valleys and interfluves which exhibit as much as 4 m of erosional relief. Unconformably overlying the lower Wisconsinan section are middle to upper Wisconsinan deposits. These deposits attain a maximum aggregate thickness of 11 m. Observed paleogeomorphic features include the erosional remnants of a barrier system. The barrier deposits trace a shoreline of the mid-Wisconsinan high stand ( approximately 1 km seaward of the modern barrier), which appears to have culminated -18 to -20 m (below present sea level). Unconformably overlying the upper Wisconsinan erosional surface are Holocene deposits which attain a maximum aggregate thickness of about 10 m. The Holocene deposits may be split into a lower and upper sequence on the basis of a strong seismic reflector associated with a ravinement surface. A radiocarbon date (8,800 + or -170 yr BP) from below the ravinement surface indicates deposition during the early Holocene (Ashley and Sheridan, unpublished data). Structural contour maps created for the ravinement surface show a 5 m thick platform of lower Holocene lagoonal mud beneath the modern ebb-tidal delta. This platform extends 1200 m seaward of the shore profile. Apparently the upper Holocene deposits shielded these muds from wave and current attack and subsequent erosion to deeper depths. The youngest sequence is interpreted to be upper Holocene sand associated with the flood and ebb-tidal deltas and barrier island and with the shore-attached ridge structures.""","New Jersey; Barnegat Inlet; seismic stratigraphy; Cenozoic; coastal environment; continental shelf; environment; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; Holocene; lithofacies; Pleistocene; Quaternary; sedimentation; seismic methods; stratigraphy; surveys; unconformities; upper Pleistocene; Wisconsinan"
"E","","Wells, D.V.""","","","","","","","Non-energy resources and shallow geological framework of the inner continental margin off Ocean City, Maryland","","","","","","","","","","Maryland Geological Survey","1994, 1994","","","Open-File Report 16, 97 p.""","","97","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Non-energy resources and shallow geological framework of the inner continental margin off Ocean City, Maryland","","","Ocean City; Maryland; non-energy resources"
"E","","Wickham, Jerry T.//Gross, David L.//Lineback, Jerry A.//Thomas, Richard L.""","","","","","","","Late Quaternary sediments of Lake Michigan","","","","","","","","","","Illinois State Geological Survey","1978","","","Environmental Geology Notes 84, 26 p.""","","26","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Late Quaternary sediments of Lake Michigan","","","Lake Michigan; Great Lakes"
"Journal Article","","Wiegel, Robert L.""","","Beach nourishment, sand by-passing, artificial beaches: bibliography of articles in the ASBPA Journal Shore and Beach","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","July, 1992, 1992","","60","","3","3 - 5","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Beach nourishment, sand by-passing, artificial beaches: bibliography of articles in the ASBPA Journal Shore and Beach","","","beach nourishment; sand bypassing; articificial beaches; bibliography; beaches; shore features; shorelines; General"
"Journal Article","","Wiegel, Robert L.""","","Ocean beach nourishment on the USA Pacific Coast","","","","","","Shore & Beach","","","","","","","","","","1994","","62","","1","11-36","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Ocean beach nourishment on the USA Pacific Coast","","","beach nourishment; beaches; construction; erosion; harbors; inlets; littoral erosion; management; Pacific Coast; shore features; shorelines; Western U.S.; Engineering geology"
"E","","Wilde, P.//Lee, J.//Yancey, T.//Glogoczowski, M.""","","","","","","","Recent sediments of the central California continental shelf, Pillar Point to Pigeon Point, Part C. interpretation and summary of results","","","","","","","","","Berkeley, CA","University of California","October, 1973, 1973","","","Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory Report 2-38, 83 p.""","","83","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Recent sediments of the central California continental shelf, Pillar Point to Pigeon Point, Part C. interpretation and summary of results","     Grain size, heavy mineral, and organic content analyses of 43 marine and 9 intertidal and fluvial samples plus data from 28 marine samples from a previous study of Sayles (1965) form the data interpretated in this report for the area landward of 90 meters depth (50 fathoms) from Pillar Point to Pigeon Point, California, between the Golden Gate and Monterey Bay.
     This study indicates:
(1)  The grain size of the sediment decreases off shore except for a nose of coarser sediment from -36 to -50 meters extending from the north to the latitude of Half Moon Bay.
(2)  The heavy mineralogy is dominated by hornblende with varying amounts of augite and hypersthene.  Franciscian minerals are found only in trace amounts.
(3)  Three major source areas for the surface sediment are apparent (a) a great valley-Sierran source related to the sediments of the present San Francisco offshore bar; (b) a local source related to the drainage basins now emptying directly into the area off shore; (c) a quartz diorite source presumably monara to the north.
(4)  The major distribution pattern of the sediment may be explained (A) from -90 to -20 meters by the superimposition of local stream drainage on the shelf on relict sediment from the north during lower stands of sea level with limited reworking and mixing of sediments at province boundaries during the last rapid rise of sea level; and from -20 meter to present sea level by partial homogenation of local sediment during a slow rise in sea level.""","California; Pillar Point, Pigeon Point; sediments; continental shelf"
"Journal Article","","Williams, S.J.""","","The geologic framework of inner New York Bight - its influence on positioning offshore engineering structures [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1973","","5","","2","239","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","GSA Northeastern Section, 8th Annual Meeting Short Title: The geologic framework of inner New York Bight - its influence on positioning offshore engineering structures [abs.]","","","areal geology; canyons; Cenozoic; cuestas; distribution; engineering geology; erosion features; extent; foundations; geomorphology; New York; New York Bight; ocean floors; oceanography; Quaternary; sedimentary petrology; sediments; shore features; site exploration"
"E","","Williams, S. Jeffress","","","","Dept. of the Army, Coastal Engineering Research Center  Technical Paper","","","","Geomorphology, shallow subbottom structure, and sediments of the Atlantic Inner Continental Shelf off Long Island, New York","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir, VA","Dept. of the Army, Coastal Engineering Research Center , Technical Paper","March, 1976, 1976","","","TP 76-2, 123 p.""","","123","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Geomorphology, shallow subbottom structure, and sediments of the Atlantic Inner Continental Shelf off Long Island, New York","     About 800 square miles of the Atlantic Inner Continental Shelf off Long Island, New York, were studied by CERC to obtain information on the sea floor morphology, sediment distribution, and shallow subbottom stratigraphy and structure.  This information is used for delineating sand and gravel resources and deciphering shelf geologic history.  Basic survey data by CERC consist of 735 miles of high-resolution continuous seismic profiles and 70 vibratory cores; additional data were available from 82 sediment cores and 225 miles of seismic records.  Data coverage extends from Atlantic Beach east to Montauk and Gardiners Bay; and from the shoreface seaward about 10 miles to water depths of 105 feet.
     Three primary acoustic horizons are evident on the seismic profiles and have been identified by correlation with cores, land borings, and surface exposures of the reflectors.  Granitic bedrock is the oldest and deepest horizon underlying Long Island, but its recognition on the seismic records, due to limited subbotom penetration, is confined to northern Gardiners Bay.  The bedrock surface slopes southeast and exhibits considerable relief where glacial ice has enlarged pre-Pleistocene drainage channels.  Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary semiconsolidated clastic sediments overlie the bedrock and dip and thicken to the southeast.  The surfaces of these strata, which are present throughout the study area and project north under Long Island, are the second major horizon.  The third seismic horizon is a Pleistocene erosion surface cut by fluvial and glacial agents into the older rock units.  Depth of this surface varies from -50 to -300 feet MSL off the western and eastern Long Island Shelf to sea floor outcropping in parts of the central Long Island inner shelf.  Pleistocene detritus consists primarily of blanketlike deposits of outwash sand and gravel; however, radiocarbon dates show that Holocene - age barrier - lagoonal sequences and estuarine sediments cover parts of the Long Island Shelf.
     Surficial sediments on the inner shelf are primarily fine to medium quartz sand with secondary occurrences of coarse sand and pea gravel on the Atlantic shelf and silt-clay mixtures in the Gardiners Bay region.  The granular facies are relict outwash detritus, carried onto the shelf by ancient rivers and washed and sorted by marine processes since the Holocene rise of sea level.  Fine-grained sediments on the shelf originated in early Holocene back-barrier or lacustrine environments; however, those in Gardiners Bay are estuarine or lacustrine deposits from Pleistocene lakes which occupied that region.  Glauconitic sands, restricted to a zone off Fire Island Inlet, appear to be residual from the underlying Monmouth Group which, along with other Cretaceous strata, form a cuesta where strata are truncated by the sea floor.
     Numerous major buried ancestral drainage channels transect Long Island mainland in a north-shore orientation and continue south across the shelf.  Thalweg depths of the channels range from -100 to -550 feet MSL and channel widths are often several miles.  Many channels on the north shore of Long Island underlie reentrant bays and most were significantly enlarged by Pleistocene glacial ice and later filled with sediment.
     Much of the surficial sand on the inner shelf is suitable as fill for beach restoration, except for that of the shoreface region (0 to -30 feet MSL) which contains fine sand and that of major parts of Gardiners Bay which contain organic-rich silt and clay.  Topographic highs on the sea floor in the form of linear shoals, and broad deltalike platforms in eastern Long Island appear most suitable for sand recovery.  The sea floor in most potential borrow areas is flat and sand occurs as blanket deposits.  Potential sand reserves within about 12 feet of the sea floor in the region are estimated to be more than 8 billion cubic yards.""","Atlantic Inner Continental Shelf; Beach nourishment; Geomorphology; Long Island; New York; Sediments; Seismic reflection;"
"Journal Article","","Williams, S.J.""","","Geologic structure, stratigraphy, and sediment distribution on the inner continental shelf off Long Island, New York [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1976","","8","","2","301","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: GSA, Northeastern Section, 11th annual meeting; Southeastern Section, 25th annual meeting, Arlington, Va., United States, March 25-27, 1976 Short Title: Geologic structure, stratigraphy, and sediment distribution on the inner continental shelf off Long Island, New York [abs.]","","","Atlantic Coastal Plain; Cenozoic; channels; clastic sediments; continental shelf; environment; Fire Island; granites; gravel; igneous rocks; inner shelf; lithostratigraphy; Long Island; marine environment; New York; oceanography; offshore; Orient Point; plutonic rocks; possibilities; resources; sand; sedimentation; sediments; Suffolk County New York; uplifts"
"E","","Williams, S. Jeffress","","","","Technical paper","","","","Sand resources and geological character of Long Island Sound","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir, VA","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center, Technical Paper","May, 1981, 1981","","","TP 81-3, 65 p.""","","65","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Sand resources and geological character of Long Island Sound","     Long Island Sound, covering almost 3,400 square kilometers of the region between Long Island, New York, and the Connecticut mainland, was studied using 700 kilometers of high-resolution seismic profiles and 75 vibratory cores to determine the geologic character and Quaternary history and evolution of the Sound, as well as to assess the resource potential of sand and gravel in seafloor deposits.
     The subbottom consists of igneous and metamorphic bedrock that crops out close to the Connecticut shore and slopes south to depths of -250 meters at the Long Island north shore.  The bedrock surface under the Sound is highly irregular and exhibits relief on the order of +30 meters.  There are numerous buried river channels that generally trend north-south in the western Sound, and apparently project south under Long Island; a large east-west channel along the Long Island north shore that underlies eastern Long Island and Gardiners Bay, projects south to possibly join the Block Island Shelf channel.  Many channels, deeply scoured by Pleistocene glaciers, project south from present-day rivers along the Connecticut shore.  The deepest channel at -244 meters MSL underlies New Haven Harbor and trends southwest past a bedrock high at Stratford Shoal and then projects south under the Long Island mainland. 
     Cretaceous strata overlie the bedrock in isolated areas of the middle of the Sound and exhibit considerable surface relief due to erosion by multiple glacial advances.  Pleistocene sediments consist of thick accumulations of very firm varvelike silts and clays filling and overlying the bedrock surface throughout much of the central Sound, as well as moderately to poorly sorted sands and gravels up to boulder size that were placed as discontinuous recessional moraine segments, glacial outwash heads, and fluvial deltas.  The presence of these glacial depositional features on the seabed from the western end of the Sound to about the Connecticut River longitude is evidence for one or more readvances of the late Wisconsin glacier subsequent to deposition of the Harbor Hill Moraine rimming the Long Island north shore.
     Holocene sediments consist primarily of organic sandy muds that are accumulating in low energy environments.  The primary sources of these finegrained materials are coastal erosion of glacial debris, riverine inputs, and landward transport of fines from adjacent Block Island Sound and the inner shelf.
     Fourteen isolated shoal features have been identified as offering the highest potential as sources of beach-fill sand and construction aggregate.  Based on available data, a conservative estimate is that 189 million cubic meters of sand and gravel is available in water depths not exceeding 20 meters if the latest dredging technology were used.""","Beach nourishment; Geomorphology; ICONS; Long Island Sound; Sand and gravel resources; Sediments; Seismic reflection profiles; Shore restoration"
"E","","Williams, S.J.""","","","Technical aid","","","","Use of high resolution seismic reflection and side-scan sonar equipment for offshore studies","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Research Center","1982","","","Technical Aid 82-5, 22 p.""","","22","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection
Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Use of high resolution seismic reflection and side-scan sonar equipment for offshore studies","","","General; Seismic reflection; side scan sonar"
"E","","Williams, S. Jeffress","","","","Open-File report","","","","Geologic framework and sand resources of quaternary deposits offshore Virginia, Cape Henry to Virginia Beach","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U.S. Geological Survey","1986","","","Open-File Report 87-667, 60 p.""","","60","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection
Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Geologic framework and sand resources of quaternary deposits offshore Virginia, Cape Henry to Virginia Beach","","","Sand resources; Virginia; Virginia Beach; Cape Henry"
"K","","Williams, S. Jeffress","","","Potential offshore aggregate, Gulf of Mexico","","","","","Underwater Mining Institute, 17th","","","November 2-5, 1986, 1986","Biloxi, Mississippi","","","","","","","","","","","","2","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Potential offshore aggregate, Gulf of Mexico","","","aggregate; Gulf of Mexico"
"K","","Williams, S.J.""","","Sand and gravel deposits within the United States Exclusive Economic Zone: resource assessment and uses","","","","","Annual Offshore Technology Conference, 18th","","","May 5 - 8, 1986, 1986","","","","","","","","","","","","","377 - 386","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hobbs bibliography of articles pertaining to the continental shelf of Virginia Short Title: Sand and gravel deposits within the United States Exclusive Economic Zone: resource assessment and uses","     The USGS in conjunction with various federal and state agencies and academic groups conducts geologic and geophysical studies in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).  Results demonstrate that extremely large deposits are located close to highly urbanized and expanding metropolitan areas as well as near some coastal areas where beach nourishment is proposed to mitigate erosion.  Some of these offshore deposits are likely to be mined in the near future when more traditional inland deposits are depleted or no longer available because of land-use and environmental limitations.  The latest resources estimates compared with annual sand and gravel consumption in the United States suggest that national needs can be met for the next fe centuries and beyond.
     The nation's largest sand and gravel deposits are found on the Atlantic continental margin and offshore Alaska, related eustatic histories favoring deposition and preservation of large sand bodies.  Target landforms that have the greatest potential are glacial moraines, relict deltas and buried channels, drowned relict coastal deposits, linear planoconvex shoals, and shoals found at estuary entrances and along paths of transgressing capes.  Resources have also been found on the Pacific continental shelf and on the insular shelves around Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.  Sand is present in parts of the Gulf of Mexico, but tends to be fine-grained and often mixed with silt and clay.""","sands; gravel; mineral resources; aggregates; Exclusive Economic Zone; resource surveys; geological surveys; USA Coasts"
"E","","Williams, S.J.""","","","Open-File Report.""","","","Geological framework and sand resources of Quaternary deposits offshore Virginia, Cape Henry to Virginia Beach","","","","","","","","","","U.S. Geological Survey","1987","","","Open-File Report 87-667, 60 p.""","","60","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geological framework and sand resources of Quaternary deposits offshore Virginia, Cape Henry to Virginia Beach","","",""
"Journal Article","","Williams, S. Jeffress","","","Marine geologic studies of hard mineral resources in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone [abs.]","","","","","","Virginia Minerals","","","","","","","","","","May, 1989, 1989","","35","","1","3 - 4","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: American Institute of Professional Geologists annual meeting, Arlington, VA, United States, Oct. 4-7, 1989 Short Title: Marine geologic studies of hard mineral resources in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone [abs.]","","","continental shelf; economic geology; mineral exploration; mineral resources; programs; United States Exclusive Economic Zone; USGS"
"Book Chapter","","Williams, S.J.""","","Sand and gravel - an enormous offshore resource within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone","","","DeYoung, John H., Jr;//Hammarstrom, Jane M.""editor","Contributions to commodity geology research, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1877","","","","","","","","","Reston, VA","U.S. Geological Survey","1992","","","","","H1 - H10","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sand and gravel - an enormous offshore resource within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone","     The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in collaboration with other Federal and State agencies and acedemic groups, is actively conducting geologic and geophysical studies in continental margin areas within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the United States.  Some of the USGS projects have as objectives the location and evaluation of marine sand and gravel resources and the interpretation of the origins of the deposits.  Results from these studies show that many extremely large deposits are located close to expanding metropolitan areas, which have a need for aggregate materials for construction, and near developed coastal areas where beach replenishment may be used to mitigate coastal erosion.  Offshore deposits are likely to be commercially mined when conventional deposits onshore are depleted or are no longer available because of land-use and environmental limitations.  The latest estimates of onshore and offshore resources compared with the annual sand and gravel consumption in the United States suggest that anticipated national needs can be easily satisfied for the foreseeable future.
     The Nation's largest offshore sand and gravel deposits are found on the Atlantic continental margin and offshore Alaska, because these regions have large continental shelf areas that were affected by glacial processes and sea-level fluctuations that favor deposition and preservation of large sand bodies.  Sand and limited volumes of gravel are also present on the U.S. Pacific Continental Shelf and on the narrow insular shelves around the Hawaiian Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.  Sand is also present throughout much of the Gulf of Mexico, but it is nearshore that tends to be fine grained and often mixed with muddy or organic detritus as well as carvonate shell material.""","Alaska; Atlantic Ocean; Caribbean region; continental shelf; East Pacific; economic geology; gravel deposits; Gulf of Mexico; marine sediments; North American Atlantic; North American Pacific; North Atlantic; North Pacific; Northeast Pacific; Pacific Ocean; resources; sands; sediments; United States Exclusive Economic Zone; USGS
Economic geology; geology of nonmetal deposits; Oceanography"
"E","","Williams, S. Jeffress//Carter, Charles H.//Meisburger, Edward P.//Fuller, Jonathan A.""","","","Miscellaneous report","","","","Sand resources of southern Lake Erie, Conneaut to Toledo, Ohio - a seismic reflection and vibracore study","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center","November, 1980, 1980","","","Miscellaneous Report MR 80-10, 83 p.""","","83","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection
Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Sand resources of southern Lake Erie, Conneaut to Toledo, Ohio - a seismic reflection and vibracore study","     About 2,250 square kilometers of the Lake Erie bottom between Conneaut and Toledo, about 25 percent of Ohio's open lake part of Lake Erie, was surveyed to assess potential sand and gravel resources.  Primary survey data consist of 690 kilometers of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles between Conneaut and Toledo; 58 vibracores with a maximum length of 6.1 meters were also taken between Conneaut and Marblehead, Ohio.  Survey limits were generally from the -7.5 meter depth contour to about th -14 meter depth contour, a maximum of about 16 kilometers offshore.
     The objectives of this survey were to acquire additional information, primarily subbottom data from known sand deposits along the south shore of Lake Erie, and to investigate the areas between the known sand deposits for undiscovered sand and gravel resources.
     Sizable sand deposits of more than 10 million cubic meters exist at four areas.  Sand in two of the areas, Fairport Harbor and Lorain-Vermilion, has the highest potential for beach restoration projects.  The Fairport Harbor deposit, an elongate topographic high which extends about 10 kilometers offshore, is estimated to contain about 146 million cubic meters of fine- to medium-grain sand.  The Lorain-Vermilion deposit starts about 9.5 kilometers offshore and is estimated to contain about 32 million cubic meters of fine to coarse sand in the inshore part of the deposit investigated in this study.  The Cedar Point area, at the mouth of Sandusky Bay, contains about 13 million cubic meters of very fine and fine grain sand; the Maumee Bay area contains about 49 million cubic meters of primarily fine grain sand.  The fine grain size of the Cedar Point and Maumee Bay deposits probably will restrict their use for beach restoration.
     Cores taken outside of the sand deposit areas generally contain modern lacustrine mud or silt at the surface except in areas where till is exposed.  A few cores contained sand at depth by the overlying fine-grained sediment and the lack of areal continuity make them undesirable as sand depostis for beach restoration and nourishment.""","Geomorphology; Lake Erie; Ohio; Sand resources; Sediments; Seismic reflection; Vibracores; Great Lakes"
"K","","Williams, S. J.//Cichon, Helana A.""","","Geologic assessments and characterization of marine sand resources - Gulf of Mexico region","","","Laska, Shirley//Puffer, Andrew","","Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, 8th, Coastal Zone '93, Coastlines of the Gulf of Mexico","","","July, 1993, 1993","New Orleans, LA","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","","","","217-223","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geologic assessments and characterization of marine sand resources - Gulf of Mexico region","     The U.S. Geological Survey conducts geologic surveys and research in marine areas of the United States and its territories and possessions.  An objective in some of the investigations is locating and evaluating marine sand and gravel resources and interpretation of the origins of the sand body deposits.  Results from such studies over the past 30 years show that many extremely large deposits are located close to expanding metropolitan areas, which have a need for aggregate materials for construction, and near developed coastal areas, where beach replenishment may be used to mitigate coastal erosion.  The Gulf of Mexico continental shelf from the Florida Peninsula to the Mexico border is an enormous area, but little attention has been directed on sand and gravel resources.  Based on limited surveys, the total sand and gravel resources for the entire Gulf of Mexico is estimated to be 269 billion cubic meters.  However, the sand tends to be fine-grained and is often mixed with mud; gravel deposits, except for shell, are mostly nonexistent.""","Gulf of Mexico; USGS; sand bodies; Sand resources; Atlantic Ocean; economic geology; gravel deposits; marine environment; mineral exploration; North American Atlantic; North Atlantic; resources"
"K","","Williams, S. Jeffress//Duane, David B.""","","Regional shelf studies, a guide to engineering design","","","","","Marine Technology Society Annual Conference, 8th","","","1972","","","","","","","Marine Technology Society","","","8","","","227 - 233","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","CERC Reprint 3-72, AD No. 754869 Short Title: Regional shelf studies, a guide to engineering design","     The Inner Continental Shelf Sediment and Structure Program (ICONS) has been initiated by this agency to provide data for comprehensive regional study of the geology, sedimentary processes and foundation engineering character of the U.S. shore and inner continental shelf.  Main emphasis at this time is directed toward locating and delineating sand resources potentially available for shore nourishment and toward geologic interpretation of the shelf history during the last 25,000 years.
     Basic data are derived by utilization of high resoulution, medium penetration, seismic reflection profiling and pneumatic vibratory coring devices.  To date, 8400 miles of seismic profiles and 1200 sediment cores (< 30 feet long) have been obtained from the Atlantic shelf off New England, Long Island, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and eastern Florida.  Data coverage is confined to water depths of 30 - 150 feet, within approximately 15 miles of shore.  An ICONS program of southern California will be initiated this year.
     Supplemental qualitative data on engineering properties of the sea floor are also available from the cores and geophysical profiles for the surveyed areas.  Detailed core analyses reveal variations in sediment type for which physical property values can be assigned.  Interpretation of the geophysical records permits laternal correlation of acoustic horizons and core data, and aids recognition of potential engineering hazards such as: buried stream channels, areas with significant current scour or sediment deposition, faults and major lithologic changes in the subbottom strata.  The records also reveal subbottom stratigraphy which can be extrapolated to cover a variety of geological provinces of the shelf from Maine to Florida.
     The North Atlantic Province (Maine to northern N.J.) inner shelf region is characterized by relict sediment, sea-floor morphology and structure resulting from pervasive Pleistocene glacial erosion and deposition which is superimposed or deformed, sonicly anisotropic bedrock.  The Mid-Atlantic Province (N.J. to central Florida) consists of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments on top of semiconsolidated sedimentary bedrock of Cretaceous-Tertiary age which thickens and dips seaward.  In general, this region exhibits fewer unpredictable lateral variations in geologic character and in engineering properties.  The South Florida Province consists of surface and burried reef-like complexes and varied sea bed morphology and structure.  
     Several coastal regions in each of the three provinces exhibit a high incidence of submarine shoals which are repositories for large volumes of clean sand and introduce a variety of potential foundation problems.  Study of these shoals is revealing their genetic relationship with shelf sedimentary processes and is aiding to further elucidate the Qaternary geologic history of the shelf.
     It is clear that regional ICONS-type studies of these Atlantic geologic provinces has provided information for initial engineering design criteria and can aid effective formulation of test programs to determine engineering parameters for specific site locations on the inner shelf.""","Atlantic Coast; Atlantic Ocean; clastic sediments; continental shelf; distribution; engineering geology; engineering properties; environmental analysis; geologic hazards; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; marine; marine geology; marine transport; possibilities; reflection; sand; sedimentation; sediments; seismic methods; shorelines; surveys; transport"
"E","","Williams, S. Jeffress//Duane, David B.""","","","Technical Paper","","","","Geomorphology and sediments of the inner New York Bight continental shelf","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir, VA","U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center , Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, VA  22060","July, 1974, 1974","","","Technical Paper TM-45, 81 p.""","","81","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geomorphology and sediments of the inner New York Bight continental shelf","     Approximately 445 miles of continuous seismic reflection profiles and 61 vibrating cores were obtained from the Inner New York Bight which encompasses about 250 square miles of the offshore from northern New Jersey and western Long Island.  The major physiographic features include Sandy Hook and Rockaway Beach, both prograding barrier islands, Shrewsbury Rocks and the Hudson (submarine) Channel.  Shrewsbury Rocks mark the demarcation between two distinct geomorphic provinces.  The area north of Shrewsbury Rocks is underlain by Coastal Plain strata which have been deeply eroded by Pleistocene glacial processes and covered by sand and gravel outwash.  South of Shrewsbury Rocks Coastal Plain strata have been evenly truncated and covered by a veneer of residual material.  Three primary types of bedding have been observed on the seismic records.  Coastal Plain strata exhibit a monoclinal regional southeast dip; steeply inclined crossbeds are restricted to an elongate basin east of Sandy Hook, considered to be of fluvial origin.  The third type is Pleistocene - Holocene stratified fluvial sands and gravels which are regionally discontinuous and exhibit gentle seaward dip.  Cores reveal that fine to medium sand is the predominant sediment type on the inner shelf.  Isolated patches of coarse sand and rounded pea gravels are present off Long Island where fluvial materials are exposed.  Coarse sediment off New Jersey is judged to be residual from sea floor outcrops of Coastal Plain strata.  Very fine sand, silt and muds comprise the sea floor at the head of the Hudson Channel and along the body.
     Sand suitable for beach nourishment projects is found in abundance throughout the shallow shelf parts of the Inner New York Bight.  Sea floor topography is fairly flat and sand occurs as blanket deposits.  It is estimated that over 2 billion cubic yards of clean sand is available for retrieval by present dredging techniques.
     Comparison of bathymetric maps made from 1845 to 1970 has confirmed that significant parts of the natural Hudson Channel have been filled from ocean disposal of up to 1 billion cubic yards of assorted anthropogenic materials, resulting from early construction in New York City and channel dredging within the estuaries and bays.""AD No. 785577","Beach Nourishment; Continental Shelf; Geomorphology; Inner New York Bight; Sand Sources; Sediments; Seismic Reflection"
"Journal Article","","Williams, S.J.//Field, M.E.""","","Sediments and shallow structures of the inner continental shelf off Sandy Hook, New Jersey [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","1971","","3","","1","62","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sediments and shallow structures of the inner continental shelf off Sandy Hook, New Jersey [abs.]","","","Atlantic Ocean; bottom features; continental shelf; marine geology; New Jersey; Sandy Hook; sedimentary petrology; sediments"
"E","","Williams, S. J.//Meisburger, E. P.""","","","Miscellaneous Report","","","","Geological character and mineral resources of south central Lake Erie","","","","","","","","","Vicksburg, MS","U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Research Center","1982","","","Miscellaneous Report CERC 82-9, 62 p.""","","62","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection
Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Geological character and mineral resources of south central Lake Erie","During the summers of 1977 and 1978, a 900-square kilometer region of southern Lake Erie, between the Ohio-Pennsylvania border and Erie, Pennsylvania, was surveyed, using high resolution seismic reflection equipment and long vibracores, to determine the shallow subbottom geologic character of the lake floor. Emphasis was placed on describing the sediments and identifying deposits of sand and gravel that might be dredged and used as fill for beach nourishment projects on Presque Isle Peninsula. A total of 416 kilometers of seismic profiles and 49 cores with an average length of 4.1 meters were analyzed along with 23 grab samples.""","Lake Erie; Great Lakes; Mineral resources"
"K","","Williams, S. J.//Meisburger, E. P.""","","Sand sources for the transgressive barrier coast of Long Island, New York: evidence for landward transport of shelf sediments","","","Kraus, Nicholas C.""","Specialty Conference on Advances in Understanding of Coastal Sediment Processes, Coastal Sediments '87","","","May 12 - 14, 1987, 1987"," New Orleans, LA","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","","","","1517-1532","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Stauble reference collection pertaining to beach nourishment Short Title: Sand sources for the transgressive barrier coast of Long Island, New York: evidence for landward transport of shelf sediments","     Long Island, a glacial depositional landform marking the southern limit of Pleistocene ice sheet advance, is composed of at least two end moraines.  Glaciofluvial outwash deltas and sand sheets associated with the moraines underlie the coast and continental shelf.  The southern most and older Ronkonkoma Moraine intersects the Atlantic coast along the eastern quarter of Long Island.  Marine erosion of the Montauk headlands is an important source of sediment for the construction and maintenance of the barrier beaches, dunes, Holocene transgression.  However, computations of the littoral sediment budget along the coast demonstrate that generally the sediment volumes increase to the west in the direction of net longshore transport, and that the volumes exceed the sand supply available from erosion of the headlands and the updrift beaches.  The continental shelf south of Long Island is reputed to be the source of the additional sediment to the coastal sand budget; however, this deduction is contradicted by the Brunn Rule and has been difficult to verify.
     During investigations of the regional geologic framework of the Long Island shelf by means of seismic-reflection profiles and cores, Williams (1976) identified a rather limited area on the shelf off Jones Beach where Upper Cretaceous or early Tertiary age glauconitic-rich lithosomes subcrop at the seabed, seaward of the shoreface.  A suite of beach samples from Montauk Point to Rockaway Beach, cores from the shelf that penetrated the glauconitic strata, and grab samples along a shore-normal transect from the shelf to the beach were analyzed to determine if shelf sediments are being eroded and transported landward, and are contributing to the littoral sand budget along the Long Island coast.
     Results of this study using glauconite as a natural tracer of sediment transport show that under present oceanographic conditions, and probably throughout the Holocene transgression, the inner continental shelf has been an important source of sediment for the Long Island barrier beaches.""","barrier islands; beaches; engineering geology; erosion; groins; jetties; Long Island; marine installations; Montauk Point; New York; Rockaway Beach; sediments; shorelines"
"K","","Williams, S. J.//Penland, S.//Circe, Ronald C.""","","Distribution and textural character of surficial sediments, Isles Dernieres to Ship Shoal region, Louisiana","","","Croft, Wayne S.//Smith, Jennifer Prouty","","Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 39th and Gulf Coast Section SEPM, 36th Annual Meeting, 39th, 36th Annual Meeting","","","Oct. 25-27, 1989, 1989","Corpus Christi, TX","","","","","","Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies","","","39","","","571-576","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Distribution and textural character of surficial sediments, Isles Dernieres to Ship Shoal region, Louisiana","","","Louisiana; Isles Dernieres; Ship Shoal; surficial sediments; textures; sediment distribution; clastic sediments; coastal environment; distribution; environment; geomorphology; marine sediments; oceanography; processes; sedimentary petrology; sedimentation; sediments; south-central Louisiana; Terrebonne Parish Louisiana"
"K","","Williams, S. J.//Penland, S.//Sallenger, Asbury H., Jr.//McBride, Randolph A.//Kindinger, Jack L.""","","Geologic controls on the formation and evolution of Quaternary coastal deposits of the northern Gulf of Mexico","","","Kraus, Nicholas C. //Gingerich, Kathryn J.//Kriebel, David L.""","Specialty Conference on Quantitative Approaches to Coastal Sediment Processes, Coastal Sediments '91","","","June 25-27, 1991, 1991","Seattle, WA","","","","","","American Society of Civil Engineers","","","","","","1082-1095","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Geologic controls on the formation and evolution of Quaternary coastal deposits of the northern Gulf of Mexico","     Shoreline erosion and the loss of tidal wetlands have become major problems for many coastal regions of the Nation due to a combination of complex natural (e.g. sea-level rise, storms, land subsidence, sediment deficiency) and man-made causes (e.g. dams, canals, engineering structures).  The coastline of the northern Gulf of Mexico comprises almost 20 percent of the U.S. coastline.  Composed mostly of low-relief, mainland-type sandy beaches and barrier islands separated by shifting tidal inlets and backed by shallow estuaries and tidal wetlands, this coastline is undergoing erosion at widely varying rates along 95 percent of its length.
     In the deltaic plain of Louisiana, erosion and wetlands loss rates are the highest, not only in the Gulf region, but in the United States.  To document these rapid changes and to learn more about the processes responsible and the geologic framework within which they operate, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Louisiana Geological Survey (LGS), and Louisiana State University (LSU) have just completed a 5-year study of the barrier islands and are in the third year of a 6-year wetlands study.  The barrier islands investigations consisted of the systematic collection and analysis of precision nearshore hydrographic data, 15,000 line-km of high-resolution seismic profiles, 565 surface sediment samples, 500 continuous vibracores (12 m length), digital shoreline plots from 1853 to 1989, a 4-year record of storm overwash events, and analysis of tide guage records over the past 50 years to quantify the rise in relative sea level.  The study area includes the coast and inner shelf of central Louisiana, west of the Mississippi River delta to the Isles Dernieres barrier system and east to the Chandeleur Islands.
     The 300 km-wide Mississippi River delta plain is a complex of six distinct ancestral delta lobes which resulted from periodic channel switching of the river over the past 7,000 years.  Following the river's switch to a new system of distributary channels, the abandoned deltas undergo rapid deterioration due to subsidence and sediment starvation.  As part of the evolutionary process, the barrier island arcs marking the distal ends of the delta complexes experience progressive erosion and sand loss by overwash, inlet breaching, and longshore transport.  For example, the Isles Derieres barrier system, associated with the Lafourche delta, has lost 78 percent of its land area from 1890 - 1989, and erosion rates average 10 - 20 m/yr, but are as great as 30 m/yr when hurricanes impact the islands.  Ultimately, these island arc systems transform into submerged, inner-shelf sand bodies, such as Ship Shoal.  The shoals, in turn, are substantially reworked by nearshore processes, eventually losing the morphology and sedimentary structures of a barrier and increasingly taking on the characteristics of a marine sand body.
     Results from these studies demonstrate that deltaic progradation, river channel switching, and subsequent rapid erosion accompanying the marine transgression are regular and predictable events along the Mississippi River delta plain and will likely continue in the future.  Mitigation measures, such as shoreline nourishment and barrier restoration, that mimic the natural processes may slow the land loss.""","Atlantic Ocean; Cenozoic; coastal environment; controls; deposition; erosion; Gulf of Mexico; North Atlantic; northern Gulf of Mexico; oceanography; Quaternary; sedimentary petrology; sedimentation"
"E","","Williams, S. Jeffress//Prins, Dennis A.//Meisburger, Edward P.""","","","Miscellaneous report","","","","Sediment distribution, sand resources, and geologic character of the inner Continental Shelf off Galveston County, Texas","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir","U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center , Miscellaneous Report","July, 1979, 1979","","","MR 79-4, 159 p.""","","159","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sediment distribution, sand resources, and geologic character of the inner Continental Shelf off Galveston County, Texas","     About 850 square kilometers (330 square miles) of the Texas inner shelf from High Island to Freeport was surveyed and studied, using high-resolution continuous seismic reflection profiles taken along several hundred kilometers of trackline and 34 long cores, to determine the general geologic character and surface and subbottom sediment distribution.  The objective was to assess the resource potential of sand deposits suitable as fill for beach nourishment projects.
     Pleistocene and older sedimentary deposits underlie the study area at shallow depths, and several prominent erosion surfaces and deeply incised, and subsequently filled, stream channels are evident on the seismic records.  The thickness of Holocene sediments is generally less than 3 meters (10 feet), except in channels, and the contact between the Holocene and Pleistocene units is obvious in most cores and shows good correlation with a regional reflector on the seismic profiles.  Mud and muddy fine sands predominate in the area; however, very fine to fine sand is present on the shoreface and in several delta shoals.  Five sites are identified which contain sand suitable for beach nourishment; two of the sites, a shoal adjacent to Galveston south jetty and an area of San Luis Pass, offer the highest potential.  Volumetric estimates indicate that 63 million cubic meters (82 million cubic yards) of sand exists in the five sites.""","Artificial beach nourishment; Galveston County; Texas; Geomorphology; Sediments; Seismic reflection"
"E","","Williams, S.Jeffress//Reid, Jamey M.//Manheim, Frank T.""","","","Open-File Report","","","","A bibliography of selected references to U.S. marine sand and gravel mineral resources","","","","","","","","","Woods Hole, MA","U.S. Geological Survey","2003, 2003","","","Open-File Report 03-300","","","online","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: A bibliography of selected references to U.S. marine sand and gravel mineral resources","The primary focus of this bibliography is on scientific literature relating to marine sand and gravel, but also included are papers pertinent to beach nourishment using offshore sand sources, the distribution and evolutionary history of marine sand bodies, and selected papers on sand and gravel and marine sand bodies in other countries that have application to the U.S. The literature on this subject is extensive and diverse, and as such this report of 816 references is acknowledged to be only a partial listing of references available on the subject of marine aggregates.
The geographic scope of the references includes the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the United States, including the Great Lakes and some titles of special interest, which deal with foreign regions.

The sources of these references are personal scientists collections, libraries in Woods Hole, MA (MBL, WHOI, NOAA/NMFS, USGS), online search engines and databases (such as Georef, NTIS and ASFA), Federal agency collections (MMS, USACE, NOAA) and state geological survey collections (Maine, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, California, Oregon, Alaska, Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Michigan).  Reports and documents are generally accessible through libraries or retrieval services (excluding some contractor reports) with a few exceptions.

The references are stored in a bibliographic database library using Endnote version 6.0 by ISI Research Soft.""","bibliography; sand and gravel; Mineral resources"
"Journal Article","","Wise, W.M.//Duane, D.B.""","","An introduction to the sand and gravel workshop proceedings","","","","","","Marine Sand and Gravel Mining","","","","","","","","","","1988, 1988","","7","","1/2","1 - 6","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: An introduction to the sand and gravel workshop proceedings Accession Number: 1688970","     The workshop convened (in March 1986) at the Marine Sciences Research Center (MSRC) of the State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook, and examined the prospects for developing commercial sand and gravel mining operations in the water off the east coast of the United States.  The workshop was designed to develop a broader awareness of the following points: abundance and distribution of marine sand and gravel resources along the U.S. east coast; factors governing the economic feasibility of marine sand and gravel mining in the region with reference to examples in Japan and in the UK; environmental impacts likely to be associated with marine mining operations; legal and regulatory issues and systems that would govern the development of commercial marine mining; and mining and processing technologies applicable to future east coast marine mining.""","sands; gravel; marine environment; mining"
"Journal Article","","Wolff, Fred P.""","","Evidence of the effects of onshore sand migration from the shoreface across the barrier islands of the south shore of Long Island, New York [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","Oct. 24-27, 1994, 1994","","26","","7","178-179","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Affiliation (analytic): Hofstra University, Geology Department, Hempstead, NY, United States
GeoRef ID (Update Code): 1995-027860
Summary only
Document Type: Serial; Conference Document
Bibliographic level: Analytic
CODEN: GAAPBC Short Title: Evidence of the effects of onshore sand migration from the shoreface across the barrier islands of the south shore of Long Island, New York [abs.]","","","aerial photography; barrier islands; beach nourishment; bluffs; clastic sediments; coastal environment; effects; erosion; glauconite; groins; Little Pike's Inlet; littoral drift; Long Island; marine installations; mica group; New York; New York City New York; onshore; provenance; remote sensing; sand; sediment transport; sediments; sheet silicates; shoals; silicates; storm environment; subtidal environment; Westhampton Beach; Sedimentary petrology"
"E","","Wong, Florence L.""","","","Open-File Report","","","","Sediment distribution on a stream-dominated continental margin, Northern California; implications from heavy-mineral studies","","","","","","","","","Menlo Park, CA","U.S. Geological Survey","1995, 1995","","","Open-File Report 95-0614, 21 p.""","","21","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Sediment distribution on a stream-dominated continental margin, Northern California; implications from heavy-mineral studies","","","California; coastal sedimentation; continental margin sedimentation; continental shelf; discharge; East Pacific; factor analysis; heavy minerals; marine environment; marine sediments; nearshore sedimentation; North Pacific; Northeast Pacific; Northern California; Pacific Ocean; provenance; sedimentation; sediments; shelf environment; statistical analysis; stream transport; USGS; Oceanography"
"Journal Article","","Wong, Florence L.""","","Heavy mineralogy of effluent-affected sediment and other deposits, Palos Verdes shelf, Southern California [abs.]","","","","","","EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","","","","","","","","","","Feb. 12-16, 1996, 1996","","77","","3, Suppl.""50","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: American Geophysical Union; American Society of Limnology and Oceanography ; 1996 ocean sciences meeting, San Diego, CA, United States, Feb. 12-16, 1996 Short Title: Heavy mineralogy of effluent-affected sediment and other deposits, Palos Verdes shelf, Southern California [abs.]","","","California; continental margin sedimentation; continental shelf; East Pacific; effluents; heavy minerals; Los Angeles County California; marine sediments; North Pacific; Northeast Pacific; Pacific Ocean; Palos Verdes Peninsula; pollution; provenance; sedimentation; sediments; Southern California; waste disposal; Oceanography; Environmental geology"
"K","","Wood, William L.""","","Stability of glacial till beach nourishment sand","","","","","American Society Civil Engineers Convention & Exposition","","","October 16 - 20, 1978, 1978","","","","","","","","","","","","","17","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Stability of glacial till beach nourishment sand","","","beach nourishment; glacial till"
"E","","Woodward-Clyde Consultants","","","","Final report","","","","Southern California seismic survey final report on contract no. DACW72-79-C-0032","","","","","","","","","Fort Belvoir, Virginia","Woodward-Clyde Consultants for the Department of the Army Coastal Engineering Research Center Corps of Engineers","1979, 1979","","","Final Report on Contract No. DACW72-79-C-0032, Project No. 41205, 14 p.""","","14","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Southern California seismic survey final report on contract no. DACW72-79-C-0032","","","seismic data; Southern California"
"E","","Woolsey, James R.""","","","Mississippi-Alabama sea grant consortium","","","","Exploration for industrial minerals in Mississippi Sound and adjacent offshore territories of Mississippi and Alabama","","","","","","","","","","University of Mississippi,""April, 1984, 1984","","","Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium Report MASGP-83-019, Grant No. NA81AA-D-00050, 20 p.""","","20","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Exploration for industrial minerals in Mississippi Sound and adjacent offshore territories of Mississippi and Alabama","","","Mississippi; Alabama; minerals; industrial minerals"
"Journal Article","","World Dredging Mining & Construction","","","Great Lakes' beach restoration and recent developments","","","","","","World Dredging","","","","","","","","","","February, 2000, 2000","","36","","2","10 - 11, 18","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Great Lakes' beach restoration and recent developments","","","Great Lakes; beach restoration"
"E","","Wright, Eric//Gayes, Paul//Donovan-Ealy, Patricia//Baldwin, Wayne","","","","Final report","","","","Assessment of beach renourishment resources on the inner shelf of Hilton Head Island, SC","","","","","","","","","Conway, SC","Center for Marine and Wetland Studies, Coastal Carolina University","August, 1998, 1998","","","Final Report, 52 p.""","","52","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""," Short Title: Assessment of beach renourishment resources on the inner shelf of Hilton Head Island, SC","","","Hilton Head Island; South Carolina; beach renourishment"
"Journal Article","","Wulff, Andrew H.//Kerhin, Randall T.//Reger, James P.""","","Heavy mineral abundances and their associations with sediments and stratigraphy of the inner continental shelf of Maryland [abs.]","","","","","","Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs","","","","","","","","","","March 14-16, 1991, 1991","","23","","1","152","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Conference: GSA Northeast Section, 26th annual meeting; Southeastern Section, 40th annual meeting, Baltimore, MD, United States, March 14-16, 1991 Short Title: Heavy mineral abundances and their associations with sediments and stratigraphy of the inner continental shelf of Maryland [abs.]","","","abundance; continental shelf; Delmarva Peninsula; economic geology; heavy mineral deposits; heavy minerals; Maryland; Economic geology; general; deposits"
"Book Chapter","","Zarillo, Gary A.//Bacchus, Tania S.""","","Application of seismic profile methods to sand source studies for beach nourishment","","","Geyer, Richard A.""editor","CRC Handbook of Geophysical Exploration at Sea, Hard Minerals","","","","","","2","","","Boca Raton, FL","CRC Press","1992","","","","","241-258","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Affiliation (analytic): University of Maine, Department of Oceanography, Orono, ME, United States
Affiliation (monograph): Texas A&M University, Offshore Technology Research Center, College Station, TX, United States
GeoRef ID (Update Code): 1994-038390
Document Type: Book
Contains 17 references
Bibliographic level: Analytic
illus. incl. 1 table, strat. cols., sketch maps Short Title: Application of seismic profile methods to sand source studies for beach nourishment","","","applications; barrier islands; beach nourishment; Brevard County Florida; Cape Canaveral; case studies; Cenozoic; changes of level; clastic sediments; Florida; geophysical methods; geophysical profiles; Holocene; lithofacies; marine sediments; ocean floors; Pleistocene; provenance; Quaternary; reflection; resources; sand; sea-level changes; sediments; seismic methods; seismic profiles; shorelines; topography; transgression; United States
Engineering geology; Applied geophysics"
"E","","Zellars-Williams Company","","","","Project Report","","","","Georgia offshore minerals assessment","","","","","","","","","Atlanta","Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia Geologic Survey; in cooperation with Minerals Management Service under MMS Agreement No. 14-12-0001-30399,""1988","","","Project Report No. 14, 222 p. + app.""","","222 + app.""","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Georgia offshore minerals assessment","","","Georgia; offshore minerals"
"E","","Zhijian, Li","","","","","","","","Offshore mineral development: industry capabilities in Atlantic Canada","","","","","","","","","","Department of Energy, Mines and Resources/Ocean Mining Division/Resources, Strategy and Information Branch/Mineral Policy Sector,""Spring, 1988, 1988","","","Draft, 35 p.""","","35","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","S.J. Williams reference collection Short Title: Offshore mineral development: industry capabilities in Atlantic Canada","","","Miscellaneous; Canada; offshore minerals"