Cigarette paper
increase of cigarette burning rate
   68:9 1

Cigarettes

definition and processing
?3:1?5

and development of esophageal neo-
plasms
?1:12, 293

flavor, terpenoids as source of
  6452

low nicotine, and respiratory symptoms
64:289

low nicotine, ciliastatic effect of
64:268

modified, effect on respiratory symp-

toms and ventilatory capacity
13:3-l, 38

portion smoked, dosage score as func-
tion of
67~15

similarities with little cigars
73~224,225

tar and nicotine content
72: 142,143

tar levels of, relationship to lung neo-
plasm development
71:215,216
taxation
69:4,57

see Ok0 Cigarettes, filter; Cigarettes, low-
  nicotine; Cigarettes, non-nicotine;
   Cigarettes, non-tobacco
Cigarettes, daily consumption
aortic aneurysm mortality by
   69:16

and atypical nuclei in larynx
69:59

average, dosage score as function of
  67:15

bladder neoplasms mortality rates by
6?:155

bronchitis mortality ratios by
67190

coronary disease incidence rates
67:58;69:15;21-24

coronary disease mortality rates by
67:51: 69:13

coronary disease mortality ratios by
67~49

coronary disease mortality ratios for
male smokers by
6?:48

digestive tract neoplasm mortality rates
ET147

effect on lung neoplasm mortality in
Poland
72:61,62

esophageal neoplasm mortality ratios by
67:150

increase in, by women
641363

kuyngeal neoplasm mortality rates by
67:14?

liver cirrhosis mortality rates by
67:184

liver cirrhosis mortality ratios by
67:184

lung neoplasm morbidity rates by
67~33-34

lung neoplasm mortality rates
6?:135-137

lung neoplasm mortality ratios
6?:34, 135-140
mouth neoplasm mortality rates by
67:146

mouth neoplasm mortality ratios by
67~146

pancreatic neoplasm mortality rates in
men by
  67:159

pancreatic neoplasm mortality ratios in
men by
67:159

peptic ulcer mortality rates in male
smokers by
67~182
per capita

64:26,45,46,185
pharyngeal neoplasm mortality rates by
67:146

pharyngeal neoplasm mortality ratios
by
6?:146

prevalence of
64:361-374

respiratory tract neoplasm mortality
rates by
67~147

stomach neoplasm mortality rates by
67~157

stomach neoplasm mortality ratios by
6?:15?

tracheal neoplasm mortality rates by
6?:14?

in tuberculars
  64:211

urogenital neoplasm mortality ratios for

male smokers by
6?:154

Cigarettes, filter
decrease in tar yields
   68~91

effect on respiratory symptoms
73:55
increase in
64:46

and polonium-210 content in tobacco
  smoke
68:92

production of, in U.S., by year
64:46

and risk of lung neoplasms
69~51; 75~44
summary of previous findings
  ?5:4

vs. nonfdter, and risk of lung neoplasms
74:40,41

vs. nonfdter, comparison of safety
69157

vs. nonfilter, effect on sputum produc-
    ti0"
   73~31, 38
Cigarettes, low-nicotine
respiratory symptoms from
   64:268

143


Cigarette smoke
see Smoke, cigarette
Cigarette smokers
see Smokers, cigarette
Cigarette smoking
see Smoking
Cigarettes, non-nicotine
effect on apexcardiogram
   ?2:21
effect on carboxyhemoglobin levels
   ?3:17, 18
Cigarettes, non-tobacco
64:59
Cigars
definition and processing
   73:175,176
per capita consumption
   64:26,45
Ciaars. little
-ch&nical composition of
   ?3:224,225,228
evaluation of potential public health

impact
73~222-228
shipment for domestic consumption
(1970-1972)
731222-224.221
similarity to cigarettes
73~224,225

sugar and pH differences with large cigar
   and cigarettes
   73~222-224
tar and nicotine content
  73:224-226,228
Cigar smoke
see Smoke, cigar
Cigar smokers
see Smokers, cigar; Smokers, cigar and
   Pipe
Ciiary activity
  64:61
clearance mechanism by
   641261,268
effect of cigarette smoke in animals
   68:11.72
effect of nitrogen dioxide, in rats
   ?4:103
effect of pipe/cigar smoke vs. cigarette
    smoke in cats
   ?3:217,218
  effect of smoke on
  64:27, 34, 35, 61, 168, 169, 170,
  172,173,267;6?:101-108;69:42
effect of smoking on
   ?4:101,102
loss of, in smokers
   64:168,169,170,172,173
morphological changes in cilia
   64:267,268,271
  transport
   64:61,26?,268
Ciliary depressants
64:27.33,34,61,26?, 268
  acrolein as
   64~267,268
  ammonia as
    64:268

cigarette smoke as
64:33,35,370
formaldehyde gas as
64:268

gas phase as
64 ~14

      -
hydrogen cyanide as
   64:268
  nicotine as
   64:268
nitrogen dioxide as
   64:268
  ozone as
   64:268
sulfur dioxide as
   64:268,295
Ciliatoxic agents
acetic acid
   67:108
  acrolein
   67~107
in cigarette smoke
   67:lOl

crotonaldehyde
6?:108

cyanides
6?:107

effect on adenosine triphosphatase
effect on adenosine triphosphatase
67:lfiR
6?:108
    _--
effect on oxidative enzymes
effect on oxidative enzymes
6?:108
6?:108
formaldehyde
formaldehyde
67:107
67:107
formic acid
formic acid
67:lOS
67:lOS

phenols
   67: 108
propionic acid
   6?:108
Circulatory diseases
64:113
Circumcision
64~224

Clofibrate

and reduction in risk of sudden death in

cigarette smokers
75~32

closing volume abnormalities
as indicator of small airways disease, in
   smokers vs. nonsmokers
   74~84-87; lS:ll, 72
Coal dust

effect on pulmonary function in smokers

VS. nonsmoker
?3:4143

effect on respiratory symptoms in smok-
ers vs. nonsmokers
73.4143

     .._ ._
Coal gas workers
64~232
lung neoplasms in
   64:193
Coal miners

pneumoconiosis and
72.4244

   ..-
respiratory function tests in
64:289,293,294

144


respiratory symptoms in
   64:298,299
Coal tar
benzo(a)pyrene content of
    641148
neoplasm induction by
   64~33, 147,161,229
Cocaine
64:349
Coca leaves
  64:349
Cocarcinogens
64:33,58,142,144,145
bena(a)anthracene as
    64:58
carboxylic acids as
   67:131
  croton oil as
   64:58
fatty acids as
   64158.59
nickel carbonyl as
   69~62

phenols as
   64:54,58,59; 67:31
  in tobacco smoke
   64:33; 69:61
  in tobacco tars
    67:131
Cocoa
  64~349
Coffee drinking
  64:349
angina pectoris, smoking, and
    74~8
myocardial infarction, smoking and, in
    smokers vs. nonsmokers
   74:8;?5:19,20
Cognition
and smoking habit
   6?:189-191
Cologne,
autopsy records in
   64:lSO
Colonic polyposis
64:191
Combustion temperature
effect on tumorigenic activity of pipe
   and cigarette tobacco
   ?3:210,211
Common colds
64~276
Compensatory behavior,
smoking as
   64~372
Congenital malformations
maternal smoking and
   72~87; ?3:136,137
Congestive heart failure
64:320
Connecticut Cancer Registry
64:12?, 128
data from
   64:135
fgures on age-adjusted larynx neoplasm
   incidence
   71 x27.7

fgures on incidence of oral neopiasms
?I:284

Constitutional hypothesis
64:190,191,192,193
  refutation of
   64:192
relationship to CHD and smoking
   ?1:4849,105-106
Contraceptives, oral
incidence of stroke and, in women smok-
    ers vs. nonsmokers
   74116, 17
smoking and
   ?2:26

thrombophlebitis and
    72~26
Control populations
  bias in selection of
   64:181,217,231
Copenhagen
neoplasm study in
   64:220,222,224
  Tuberculosis Station
   64:141
Copper
64;193
  nitrate
    64:60
  sulfate
   64:354
Coppersmiths
64:134
Cornfield method
64:155,159,160
Comsitk
smoking, lack of arterial epinephrine
    level increase
    ?1:5?
Coronary circulation
64:318;68:4143
Coronary diseases
64:8, 29, 36, 38 103, 106, 108, 317,
   320-32?,384,385
age-adjusted rates in smokers
    71:23
by amount smoked
   69:12-13, 18
arteriosclerotic, mortality rates in U.S.
    71:21

associated risk factors and smoking
  74:lI

atherosclerosis
  64:320
atherosclerosis, effects of smoking on
71:4,63
autopsy studies
72:19,20; 74:4
and behavior
  67~57
blood pressure of smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers
?1:43,4?
carbon dioxide effects on oxygen uptake
  in
  ?1:62
carbon monoxide and
  ?4:4

14.5


carboxyhemoglobin levels and
  72:2?

cross-sectional study in Bergen, Norway
  72~16

death ratios of paired combinations of
high risk
  71~25

effect of coffee drinking and cigarette
smoking
?5:20

effect of norepinephrine levels
  68:38

effect of smoking on blood circulation in
67~26.61-62

effect on blood circulation
67~6263

effect on blood pressure
67~54
epidemiological studies
64:320, 321, 322; 69:25;72:14-16;
73:4-11;?5:14,15
etiology of
64:320,321,322
excess deaths in
64:113

experimental studies
?3:13-19

heredity as a factor
12:18

high blood pressure in
64:38

high serum cholesterol in
  64:38

incidence and education level
68:24

incidence and mortality rates in former
smokers
?1:46,4148
incidence in European vs. American men
  73:9

incidence in farmers vs. nonfarmers by
smoking habit
  73:l

incidence in Hawaiian men of Japanese
  ancestry
73:lO

incidence in Japanese male smokers vs.
  nonsmokers
68:17

incidence in lawyers
68~25

incidence in male bank employees in
Brussels, Belgium
  73:lO

incidence in males by smoking habits or
physical activity
68:20,25

incidence in male smokers vs. nonsmok-

ers
68:17.18.20,23.25,27,28.37

incidence in men in Yugoslavia
73:9

incidence in men under 60, in New
South Wales
74:6

incidence in men with and without
ventricular premature beats
?4:46

incidence in middle-aged men from var-
ious countries
  74~6

incidence in miners in Sardinia

73:lO

incidence in Minnesota men by age and

smoking habit
72:14-16

incidence in pipe and cigar smokers
73:215,216

incidence in smokers vs. nonsmokers,

Peoples Gas Co. Study
74:6,7

incidence in smokers vs. nonsmokers,
Stockholm Prospective Study
  74~6

incidence in tribal population area, New
  Guinea
  74:9

incidence in twins

68~29

incidence in white males by body weight
and smoking habit

73:5

incidence in whites vs. blacks in Evans

County, Georgia
73:4,5

incidence in women, smokers vs. non-
  smokers
74:9,10

incidence of. relation to angina pectoris

67153

incidence of, relation to blood cholester-
  ol levels
  6?:58

incidence of, relation to blood pressure
67x58

incidence of. relation to body weight

67:58

incidence of, relation to electrocardio-

graphic abnormalities
6?:58

incidence of, relation to hemoglobin
levels

6?:58

incidence of, relation to myocardial in-

farct
6?:53

incidence of, relation to socioenviron-
  mental stress
  67:56

incidence rates, by age
67:54,57-58;68:21:69:21-22.24
incidence rates, by amount smoked
67:54,51-58

incidence rates, by behavior type
69:20,24

incidence rates, by smoking and other
  risk factors
69:23

incidence rates, by smoking history
69:21-24

incidence rates in men
67:65;69:21-22
incidence rates in twins, smokers vs.
  nonsmokers
  6?:59

146


incidence rates, smokers vs. nonsmokers
69~18, 20-22
in India
  73:11

infarction in NYC pipe and cigar smok-
  ers

?1:32, 38-39
infarction, relationship to physical act-
ivity, smokers vs. nonsmokers
71:44

interaction of smoking and other risk
factors

?2:16-18; 73:4-l 1
in Irish smokers vs. nonsmokers
  68:18

morbidity ratios
67:59; 69:19
morbidity ratios, and blood pressure
67~55

morbidity ratios, and lung function
  67156

morbidity ratios, by age
67154

morbidity ratios, by blood cholesterol
  levels
67~55

morbidity ratios, by pcrsonahty charac-

teristics
67:57

morbidity ratios, by sociocultural mobil-
ity status
  67~57

morbidity ratios, in New Delhi, India
?2:16

morbidity, relationship of smoking to
?1:32-35,37,39,93-97
mortality and morbidity retrospective

studies
?1:40,93-97

mortality rates

64~25, 29,32,38,39, 184, 320,321,
324;6?:8,25-26

mortality rates among former college
  students
69:16, 18

mortality rates and per capita cigarette
consumption in several countries
?2:16

mortality rates, by age
67~25, 28,4?,49-51;69:13-14
mortality rates by blood pressure
  69:14

mortality rates by relative weight
69:14

mortality rates, by sex
6?:25, 27, 28, 47, 49-50; 69:13-14
mortality rates, by smoking
67:25, 28,49-51;69:13-14
mortality rates, effect of associated dis-
  eases on
6?:51-52

mortality rates, effect of cessation of
smoking on
6?:25,27-28,50
mortality rates, ex-smokers by smoking
history
67:51

mortality rates in heavy smokers
64~322

mortality rates in hypertensives vs. non-
hypertensives
71:42

mortality rates in industrial workers
64~323

mortality rates in Japanese men and
women by cigarette consumption and
age started smoking
?3:1, 8

mortality rates in longshoremen
?2:14

mortality rates in obese vs. nonobese
  71145

mortality rates in smokers vs. nonsmok-
ers
71~2 l-22,24, 26-29
mortality rates in smoking men in Fin-
land
  73:9

mortality rates in United States
6?:4?; 68:16

mortality rates in, with increased carbon
  monoxide
?1:62

mortahtv rates of citarette smokers

from; AHA pooling project
71:28,30, 39

mortality rates of paired combinations
of high risk
  It:25

mortality rates of U.S. veterans
71:26, 38

mortality rates, relationship to electro-
cardiographic fmdings
71~42

mortality ratios, by age
67x25,26, 28,49-50,52;69:13
mortality ratios, by age and blood pres-
  sure
6?:53

mortality ratios, by age and smoking
history
67~51-52

mortality ratios, by amount smoked
67:4849;69:13
mortality ratios, by sex
67~25. 28:69:13-14

mortalityratios, by smoking history
67:25,28
mortality ratios,  effect of associated
  diseases
  67~51-52
mortality ratios in pipe and cigar smok-
  ers
?3:215,216
and multiple risk factors
68:28-30

in Nepal
  73:ll
in New Zealand
  73:ll
nicotine and
  ?4:13
nicotine effect on coronary blood flow
  in
  II:58

147


obesity in
64:38
occlusion in
  64:320

occupational risks in
64:321,322
pathophysiology of, effect of carbon
monoxide exuosure
74:lO -
and personality characteristics
64:321.326:67:57
predisposing characteristics
67:58
prevalence of
64:320,321
relationship of blood pressure and smok-
inp
7lz45.47

relationship of heart rate and smoking
71:45,41

relationship of physical activity and

smoking
71:41,43,44
relationship of triglycerides to
  71:65
relationship to constitutional makeup
and smoking
71:4849,105-106
relationship to ECG abnormalities and
smoking
71:45,47
relationship to obesity and smoking
  71:4345
retrospective studies in Goteborg, Swe-
  den
  72:16
retrospective studies in Prague, Czech-
  oslovakia
  72:16
risk factors
71:23-24,404l
risk factors and personal characteristics
  68:26
role of glucose metabolism
68:40,41
in Seventh Day Adventists
  64:322

smokers' age effects on development
71:27, 39

in smokers vs. nonsmokers
68:26,42,43
in smokers with predisposing factors
71:24

smoking and
67:26. 54, 6465; 69:3-S, 11, 20;
71:5

smoking and, in individuals under 40
  years
73:lO

smoking and, in myocardial ischemic
patients in Italy
73:lO

smoking as cause of death
67~25-21

smoking as etiologic agent in
67~26, 54, 62, 65, 66; 69:ll; 72~1,
2,13,14

148

smoking in thrombus formation
   67:26,64-65
smoking risk factor
   71:8
sudden death, and smoking
   67:53;71:52
summary of previous findings
   68:16; 75:4, I
summary of relationship to smoking
   74:3,4,19
symptoms of
   64:320
  twin studies
    72:18
  in women
   64:321
see also Angina pectoris; Arteriosclerosis;
   Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular diseases
Coronary Drug Project Research Group
epidemiologic study of smoking and
    CHD
   7414-6
Coronary heart disease
see Coronary diseases
Coronary vessels
effect of cigarette smoking on
   67~65
Coronene
  64:147
Cor pulmonale
and chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-
    ease
   74~76
Cotinlne
  64:71
desmethyl-
   64~12
  effect on rats and mice
   69:61-62
in experimental induction of bladder
    adenomas
    69~64
methonitmr ion, structure of
   64:72

cough
64:280,281.282.283

chronic

64:27, 280, 281, 282, 283,299,302
chronic, and cigarette smoking in males
68~69

chronic, in women
64:282,285

effect of air pollution and smoking
64:297; 74:90,91
effect of asbestos exposure in smokers
vs. nonsmokers
73:41

effect of coal dust exposure in smokers
vs. nonsmokers
73:41.42

effect of filtered cigarettes
  73155

effect of modified cigarettes
73:38
epidemiology of
67~91
ex-smokers vs. nonsmokers
67198


of parental smokers, and respiratory
symptoms in children
75:103,105

prevalence in cement and rubber indus-
try workers, smokers vs. nonsmokers
74:95,96

prevalence in pipe and cigar smokers
73:220,221
prevalence in smoking vs. nonsmoking
women in Bordeaux, France
  73~36
prevalence of
64:38, 280,283,284,289,291,301,
  302
prevalence of among smokers
67:103
prevalence of, in smoking-discordant
twin pairs
67:103

respiratory function in presence of
64:291,292

in school-age smokers vs. nonsmokers
    75~62
  smokers vs. nonsmokers
   67:29;72:40
and smoking
   64:297; 67:97
and smoking, by sex
    67:98
and sputum
    64:283-286
traumatic injury from
    64:279
Coumarin
  64:145
Creosote oil
carcinogenic activity of
    64:147
Cresols
in cigar, pipe, and cigarette smoke
   73:117
as probable contributors to health haz-
   ards of smoking
    72:144
suspected carcinogenic agent of cigarette
    smoke
   71:266
Crotonaldehvde

ciliatoxicwagent
67:lOS

in tobacco smoke
   67:lOS
Croton oil
  6458
Crotononitrite
as suspected contributor to health haz-
   ards of smoking
   72:145
Cuba
laryngeal neoplasms in
   64:205,201
laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
   tobacco use
   71:356

oral neoplasms in, by type of smoking
64:200,201

oral neoplasms in, relationship of tobac-
  co use
  71:364

Current Population Survey of 1955
64:177,180,186
Curschmann's spirals
in sputum of smokers
   69:3940

Customs and Excise Act of 1952, Great
  Britain
  64:62
Cyanides

detoxification, in pregnant smokers vs.

nonsmokers
73:119

in tobacco amblyopia etiology
   67:40;71:14,435436; 72~6
in tobacco smoke
   67:40
in tobacco smoke, and optic atrophy
   67:183
toxicity, potent&ion by vitamin B12 in
   tobacco amblyopia
   67:183
and vitamin B deficiency in tobacco
   amblyopia
   67:40
Cysteine
inhibition of smoke cytotoxic action on
   macrophages
   69:42
Cystitis
64~224
Cytochrome oxidase
64:266
Cytologic studies
exfoliative, and lung neoplasm diagnosis
   75:47
macrophage function and smoking
   74:104,105
Czechoslovakia
64:205
laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
    tobacco use
   71:354,357
laryngeal neoplasms in, retrospective
   study of
    64~206
serum lipid difference in smokers vs.
    nonsmokers
   71:lOl

Danish Cancer Registry
64:141,186,220
Danish Morbidity Study
64:224
Data collection methods
in retrospective studies
   64:206,214,215,226
DDT
64:145
as suspected contributor to health haz-
   ards of smoking
   72~65,145
Death certification
limitations of, in health statistics
   64:101,127
neoplasm diagnosis in
   64:128

149


Death Registration Act
64:127

Deaths, accidental
64:39,344,345
Deaths, sudden
from cardiovascular disease
   68:36,42

incidence in men with and without
ventricular premature beats
74x5

incidence in pipe and cigar smokers
73:215

incidence in women, smokers vs. non-
  smokers
74:9,19

rate by smoking, cholesterol, and blood
  pressure,
69:17

reduction of risk of. in ciearette smok-

          I I
ers, using clofibrate
75~32

smoking as a risk factor
   74:4-6,19
Defense mechanisms
  641264
Demographic factors
in smoking
   64:361-365
Denmark
advertising curtailment in
   64:s
atherogenic effect of carbon monoxide
   and hypoxia
   71:64
bladder neoplasms in
   64:219,220,221
bladder neoplasms in, methods and re-
  sults in retrospective studies of smok-
   ing and
   71:381,383
carbon monoxide effects on human
   blood lipids in
    71:129
carbon monoxide effects on rabbit blood
   lipids in
    71:129
coronary mortality in
    64:320
cough prevalence in
    64:281
Danish Cancer Registry
   64:141,186,220
Danish Morbidity Study
    64~224
lung neoplasm mortality in
    64:176
respiratory function tests in
    64:291
serum lipid differences in smokers vs.
    nonsmokers in
    71:102
twins in, angina pectoris in smokers VS.
    nonsmokers
    71:51
Deoxyribonucleic acid
  see DNA
Dermatitis
among tobacco workers
    72:lll

Dermatologists
coronary disease incidence in
   64:322
Dextroamphetamme
64:352
Diabetes mellitus
64~326
effect on CHD in smokers
    71:24
relationship with cigarette smoking in
   peripheral vascular disease
   71:72

risk in mortality from CVD
71167

Diarrhea
smoking and
   64:71
Dibenz(a,h)acridine
64:56
carcinogenicity
   67~121
carcinogenic properties in cigarette
    smoke from
   71:265
pyrolytic formation of
   64:59
structural formula of

   64:59
Dibenz(a,i)acridine

carcinogenicity
   67:127
carcinogenic properties in cigarette
   smoke from
   71:265
pyrolytic formation of
   64:59
  structural formula of
   64~56
  in tobacco smoke
    67:127
Dibenzanthracene
tumor induction by
   64:143, 167
Dibenz(a,c)anthracene
carcinogenicity, as component of ciga-
    rette smoke
    72:66
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
carcinogenicity
   67:12-l
carcinoma induction by
   64:229
stIuctura1 formula of
   64 56
7HDibenzo(c,g)carbazole
carcinogenic effect in laboratory animals
    73:79
carcinogenic effect on respiratory tract
    in hamsters
   72~66-67
carcinogenicity, as component of ciga-
    rette smoke
   67:127;71:265;72:66,67
  structural formula of
    6456
Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene
64:33, 57
carcinogemcity
    67:127

150


structural formula of
    64~26
Dicarbonyl compounds
64:53
Dieldrin
64:62

Diet

influence of, in coronary disease
64~322

  intervention and cholesterol levels in
   postinfarction patients
    68:23
and peptic ulcer
    67:182
and smoking
    67:66
and smoking, effect on blood lipids
    73~12
  as test constant
    64:224
tobacco amblyopia
    72:6
Diethylnitrosamine
su~spected carcinogenic properties in ciga-
   rette smoke from
    71:265
Digestive tract neoplasms
mortality, and smoking
   67:10, 147
Digital blood flow
effect of smoking
   64:318
Digital temperatures
effect of smoking
   64:318
Dihydric alcohols
  64:52
Dimethylamine
as suspected contributor to health haz-
   ards of smoking
    72: 145
9-lO-Dimethyl-1.2-benzanthracene
  64:203
7, 12-Dimethylberrz(a)anthracene
  effect on oral mucosa in hamsters
    72~70
Dimethylnitrosamine
suspected carcinogenic properties in ciga-
    rette smoke from
    71:265
Dipalmityl ketone
  64:53
Dipentene
  64:52
2,3Diphosphoglycerate
  effects of carbon monoxide on
   7136061
Disability
of emphysemapatients
   6866
higher rates of smokers
    68~1
DNA
alteration, and oral neoplasm carcino-
   genesis
   68:lOl
binding of polycyclic hydrocarbons to
   73:86,87

effect of aromatic hydrocarbons on
69:61

effect of cigarette smoke on synthesis
69:62-63

increases in smokers' oral epithelial cells
71~288

levels in mice lung exposed to cigarette
   smoke
   71:161
ms

atherogenic effects of nicotine in
71:120

bladder neoplasms in, fed 2-naphthyl-
amine
71:296

bradycardia and tachycardia in, follow-
ing nicotine injection
71:57-58

bronchogenic carcinoma induction in,
from cigarette smoke inhalation
711269,270

cigarette smoke instillation or implanta-
tion effects on tracheobronchial tree
of
71:268,341

death in, causes from cigarette smoke
  inhalation
  71:271
effect of cigarette smoke on pulmonary
  clearance in
71: 164. 170
epinephrine release in
64:318,319
experimental neoplasm induction in
64:146, 165,189
fetal bronchial tubes of, effect of ciga-
  rette smoke on
  71:345
lung  neoplasms following cigarette
  smoke inhalation
71:239,211
lung neoplasms in, types and lobes where
  foumJ
71:269,272-273
lungs of, cigarette smoke effects on
surfactant activity
71:172,225
myocardium, nicotine effects on
  7158
neoplasm development in smoking, per-
centages of
  71:274
nicotine effect on
64:71,318,319
ozone effect on
64:295, 296
pulmonary histological changes in ciga-
  rette smoke inhaling
  71:158, 159-160
respiratory tract of, cigarette smoke in-
  halation effects on
  71:268,352,353
smoke deposition in
  64:265
smoke-induced bronchoconstriction in,
atropine effects
  71:163

151


smoking and nicotine effects on blood
lipids in
71:127-128

smoking and nicotine effects on cardio-
vascular function in
71:107-112

smoking and nicotine effects on cate-
   cholamine levels in
   71:119
Doll & Hill study
64:324
Donkeys

effect of cigarette smoke on pulmonary
clearance in

   71:164,171
Dorn study
64:324
Dosage

measure of, in light and heavy smokers
6711415

measure of, in men and women
67:14-15

and mortality among women smokers

67:25

nicotine and tar content of cigarette

   smoke as measurement of
   67:15
score, for smoking
   67:14-15
smoking exposure
   67~25
Drivirnr habits

&coronary disease
64:322

Drug addiction
64:350,351,352
definition of
   64:351
distinction from drug habituation
   64:351
psychology of
   64:353
Dry mouth
  64:354
Dublin
lung neoplasm mortality in
   64:195
Ducks
cigarette smoke instillation or implanta-
   tion effects on tracheobronchiaf tree
   of
   71:346
clearance products in
   64:269
Duodenal ulcers
64:8,337,340
mortality rates in
   64:37
mortality ratios in
   64:103,337
mortality ratios in male cigar and pipe
   smokers
   73~222
nicotine induced, in cats
   73:158, 159
post-operative complications in smokers
    vs. nonsmokers
   73:157

potentiating action of nicotine, in ani-

mals
73:161-163

prevalence in smokers, mechanism of
   action
   73:160
smokirg and
   72:6,91,98
Dust exposure
64:298,299
bronchitis and
   73:44
COPD development from
   71:153,218
as occupational hazard
   73:43,44
in smokers vs. nonsmokers, by race and
    sex
   75:69,70
smoking and
   73144
smoking and, as risk factors in bronchitis

  74:93,-94
smoking and, as risk factors in byssinosis
   development
   74:94-96;75:68
Dysphoria
64:350
Dvmnea

- i4:286

prevalence in cigar and pipe smokers
73~220.221

Ear neoplasm
64:147
Edentulism
smoking and
   69:87;72:6
Educational level
64:lOO 101
and incidence of CHD, in males
  68~24
smoking prevalence by
    64:363
Egypt
relationship of human pulmonary his-
   tology and smoking in
    71:163
Electrocardiograms
abnormalities, and CHD
   67:58;68:29;71:42,45,41
effect of smokiq
   64:319;71:45,47;73:13
effect of smoking, in middle-aged Dutch
    men
   73:12
effect of smoking, in young military
   recruits in Poland
    73:12
Electroencephalograms
  nicotine effect on
   64~70
placebo effect on
   64:70

152


smoking effect on
   64:70
Electrophoresis
use in determiniq serum level of alpha-
   l-antitrypsin
   71:151
Emotional stress
64:3?3,374
Emphysema
64:35,38,271-294,302
air polhrtion in
   64:297
alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and
   71:150,151; 72~44; 74187-90
alveolar destruction in
   64:294
asthmatic form of
   64:294
autopsy studies, in smokers vs. nonsmok-
;;T54-76
bronchitic form of
   64:294
and bronchitis mortality rates, for men
   by amount smoked
   67:93
and bronchitis mortality ratios, by age,
   amount smoked, and sex
   67:94
and bronchitis mortality ratios, for men

by amount smoked
67:93

bronchitis relation to
64:278,279,280
cadmium exposure in etiology of, in
animals
74:104

cigarette smoking effects on
  71:9
definition of

64:278;67:89;71:139
development in dogs followirg cigarette
smoke inhalation
71:271

development of, relation of cadmium in

  smoke to
  71:154
diagnosis of
64:278,279,280;67:90
disability payments in U.S.
68:66
dyspneic form of
  641297
epidemiology of
64:280-294
excess mortality from
64~25,277
exuerimentallv induced in anokirm does

-72~46 -             - I

grade II or III, smokers vs. nonsmokers

  71:162
in horses
69:40
hyrrersensitivity in development of
--67:lll
incidence in cigar/pipe smoking coal

miners vs. cigarette smokers and non-
smokers
73:217

morbidity, and cigar smoking
  67:W

morbidity, and pipe snaking
67:99

morbidity, and smoking
67:3, 22,29-30,96-98
morbidity, body constitution as a factor
  in
67:30

morbidity, heredity as a factor in

67:30

mortality, and cigar smoking
  67:30

mortality, and pipe smoking
67:30

mortality, effect of cessation of smoking
it;:29

mortality, effect of cigarette smoking on
  71:175

mortality rates
64~25, 29, 301; 67:29,90-93;68:66;
  ?1:139

mortality ratios
64:103, 293;67:8,90
mortality ratios, and snokiw
67:3,91

mortality ratios, by amount smoked
67:90-93

mortality ratios, by sex in United States

67:91

mortality ratios, in cigar smokers
67:94

mortality ratios, in male pipe and cigar
  smokers
73:217, 219

mortality ratios, in pipe smokers
67:94

nonsmoker prevalence of
  &I:291
occupational exposure in
64:298,299,300,302
pathogenesis of
  69:3840
phases of
64:294
pigment deposition in
64:272,273
premature development and smoking,
autopsy studies
74:97
prevalence in males by smoking cate-
gory, at autopsy
73:48
prevalence in pipe/cigar and cimette
smokers vs. nonsmokers, autopsy
  studies
73:45,46
prevalence in smokers vs. nonsmokers
73:55

prevalence rates in U.S.
74:75

prospective studies on
64:293

pulmonary function studies and
74:80

respiratory symptoms, body constitution
as a factor in
67:30,102-103,108-109

153


respiratory symptoms, by smoking classi-
fication
67:99

respiratory symptoms, heredity as a fac-
  tor in

67:30, 102-103, 108, 111

respiratory symptoms, in pipe smokers
67:99

respiratory symptoms, in smokers
64127; 67:99; 68~74
in smokers vs. nonsmokers, autopsy
  studies
73145-47

smokiw and etiology of
64:38, 294, 303; 67~30-31, 96,
104-107, 110-111; 69:37-38; 72:37;
74 : 87-90

summary of previous findings on rela-
   tionship to smoking
   74115-18; 75:5, 7,61,62
Emphysema Registry
64:294
E&in
64:145
as suspected contributor to health haa-
   ards of smokiq
    72:145
Enzymes

activity, effect of smoking
71:165

adenosine triphosphatase, effect of cilia-
toxic agents on
67:lOS

aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in
placentas at childbirth
  71:410

aryl hydroxylase, effect of nickel in
cigarette smoke on induction
  71:257

benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, activity in
placentas of smoking mothers
  71:410

carbonic anhydrase, carbon monoxide
inhibition in fetal cord blood of
smoking mothers
71:407

carbonic anhydrase, aecrease in activity
in fetal cord blood in smoking moth-
&rl9

effect of cigarette smoke, in rabbit lungs
74:104,105

and macrophage function, in rabbit
   bF,
   74:104,105
oxidative enzymes, effect of cibatoxic
   agents on
   67:lOS
Epidemiological studies
bladder neoplasms and smoking
   72172-14
bronchopulmonary diseases and smoking
   72:3841:73:3645

cerebrovascufar disease and smoking
75:29,30
COPD and smokii
  74~78-80

coronary diseases and smoking
6932-25; 72:14-16; 734-13, 23;
75:14.15

esophageal neoplasms and smoking
72:70,71

laryngeal neoplasms and smoking
69z58-60; 72~68
lung neoplasms and smoking
69:55-56; 7216065; 73:68-72;
74:37;75:44
lung neoplasms, by age and sex
68:94-99
lung neoplasms, in Iceland
68:94,95
lung neoplasms, in Japan
68:95.96

lung neoplasms, in Switzerland
68:95

maternal smoking and outcome of preg-
    nancy
   69:77-80; 72:83-W
oral neoplasns and smoking
   69:58; 72:68-70; 74~53
pancreatic neopfasms and smoking
   69:6041; 72~74; 74:57
peptic ulcer and smoking
   73:155-157
urinary tract neoplasms and smoky
    69:60
Epiglottis
laryngeal neoplasms
   64:212
Epinephrine
64:318
effect in thrombus formation
   6716465
effect of nicotine
   75:29
levels in arteries, cigarette smokiq ef-
   fects on
    71:57
Epitheliaf lesions
in smokers
   64:168,170,172,173,213
Epithelial tissues
age effects on
   64:34
charges in female smokers
   64:34
changes in male smokers
   6434
cigarette smoking and
   64:34, 165, 167-173, 189, 213,
   263-275
diary loss in
   64:34
in ex-smokers
   64~34
,histopathologic changes in
  64:167-173,231,263-275
hyperplasia in
   64:34,203
hypertmphy caused by nitrogen dioxide
   69:41
in nonsmokers
   64:189
pipe and cigar effectson
   64134

I54


premalignant lesions in
   64~34; 75~44
see also Bronchial epitbelium; Esopha-
   geal epithelium
Epithelial tumors
  classification of
   64:174
in man
   64: 146

Epitheliomas
of lip, relationship of tobacco use with
    71:361
Epoxides

suspected carcinogenic agents in ciga-
   rette smoke
   71:265
Ergonovine

effect on blood circulation in laboratory
animals with coronary disease
67~62

Esophageal balloon technique
64:292

Esophageal epithehum
atypical nuclei in basal cells, male smok-
    ers

711292, 379-380
effect of smoking on
67:36,150-153
pathological changes by age and smoking
history
67:150-162

pathological changes by amount smoked
67:152

pathological changes by smoking classi-
fication
67:150-151

pathological changes for male smokers
  vs. nonsmokers
67: 150-153

Esophageal neoplasms
64:37,212-218,234
alcohol consumption and smoking m
  67:152-153; 72:4, 5, 71; 73:76,200
frequency in smokers vs. nonsmokers
   71:12, 238

geographical factors in
64:133

incidence of, by tobacco use
64:216

incidence of, in Jewish women
64:135

incidence of, in U.S.
64:127

income class gradients in
64:134

induction in animals by nitrosamine
71:292

inhalation patterns and
64:218;73:197
methods and results of retrospective
studies of tobacco use in
71:289,375-378
mortality rates
64~37, 133; 71:289
mortality rates, by amount smoked
67: 147. 150

mortality rates, by smoking classification
67:147,150

mortality rates in females
64:131,132
mortality rates in Japanese males by
smoking and drinking characteristics
  72~71
mortality rates in males
64:130,132
mortality rates in migrants
64:134
mortality rates in pipe/cigar and cipa-
  rette smokers
68:102

mortality ratios, by age
67: 150

mortality ratios, by amount smoked
67:lSO

  mortality ratios, by smoking classitica-
    tion
    67:150
  mortality ratios for cigar, pipe, and
   cigarette smokers vs. nonsmokers
   73:197,200
  mortality ratios in
   64:148,149,217;7l:289-291
  mortality ratios in cigarette smokers
    64:149
  mortality ratios in Japanese male smok-
    ers vs. nonsmokers
    73~76
  mortality ratios in nonwhites
    64:218
prospective studies of
    64:217
relative risk in cigar, pipe, and cigarette
    smokers vs. nonsmokers
   73:197,200-202
retrospective studies of
    64:212-217
risk gradients in, by amount smoked
   64:217,218
  risk ratios in
    64:213
smoking in etiology of
   64:37, 188; 67:33, 150, 151;
   71:293;72:4,70,71
summary of previous fmdings on rela-
   tionship to smoking
   68:89,90;74:55
summary of retrospective studies
   73:201,202
  tobacco tars in
   64:218
  tobacco use and
   64:32,217,218
trend in mortality
   64: 137
  urban-rural differences in
    64:133
Esophagus
effect of benzo(a)pyrene in laboratory
    animals
    67~152-153
histological changes in cigar, pipe, ciga-
    rette smokers vs. nonsmokers
    731200
Esters
in cigarette smoke
   64:52

155


Ethane
  64:60
Ethnic groups
neoplasm risks in
   64:134,135
neoplasm sites by
   64:134, 135
Ethyl alcohol
carcinogenic promoter activity of
    64:217
Ethylene
64:60
HYWl
64:52
Euphoria
64:350
Executive Office of the Resident
64:15
Exercise

on bicycle ergometer, effect of smoking
731242,243

cardiac index, effect of smoking
73~242. 243

effect of carbon monoxide exposure
74:11,12

effect of smoking and smoking absti-

nence

731241, 242, 246, 247
effects of CO exposure and increased
carboxyhemoglobin levels
75 :95,97

influencing factors
73:241,246,247
and pulmonary function, smokers vs.
  nonsmokers
7499

relationship to mortality rates
64:lOl

summary of findings and mechanism of
   action
   73~246, 247
on treadmill, effect of smoking
   73:243, 245
Ex-smokers

atypical nuclei in esophageal epithelium,
  in male
71:379-380

chronic cough
67:98

decrease of lung neoplasm risk
6957; 75:43
effects of cessation on body weight,
blood pressure and hypertension de-
velopment
75:16-19

effects of cessation on closing volume
abnormalities
75:71

effects of cessation on pathologic
changes
  75:74

histological changes in bronchial epi-
thelium at autopsy
73:74

low birth weight infants of
73:112-114
lung neoplasms in, lowered rates
  7l:ll

lung neoplasms in, prevalence
64:192, 193

mortality rates in
64:36;64:105
mortality rates in, by smoking history
6738-11

mortality rates in, COPD
71:175

mortality rates in, coronary disease
64:322,323,325;71:4648
mortality rates in, coronary disease, by
smoking history
67:51

mortality rates in, coronary disease, ciga-
rette vs. pipe/cigar smokers
73~172, 173

mortality rates in, coronary disease, for
men by amount smoked
69:15

mortality rates in, coronary disease, for
men, by years stopped smoking
  69:15

mortality rates in, coronary disease, for
men, compared to nonsmokers
  69:15

mortality rates in, gastric ulcer
64: 104

mortality rates in, laryngeal neoplasms
64: 104

mortality rates in, lung neoplasms
641104; 71~276; 72~5; 73:71-72
mortality rates in, oral neoplasms
64:104

mortality rates in, stroke, for men, com-
pared to nonsmokers
69:15

mortality ratios in
~4:36,92,93,103,104.105

_

mortality ratios in, circulatory disease
64: 104

mortality ratios in, ex-cigar smokers
64194

mortality ratios in, lung neoplasms
  71:241-242

mortality ratios in, respiratory disease
64:104

pneumoconiosis incidence in, in miners
641298

prevalence of respiratory symptoms
73:39

psychosomatic disorders in
64~367

pulmonary fibrosis in
64:274

pulmonary function in
73139

relative risk in lung neoplasms develop-
  m ent
73~71-72

risk ratios in, from neoplasms
64:155, 158, 188
summary of previous findings on health
consequences of cessation

75 :6

summary of previous findings on rela-
tionship to COPD

75:61

156


survival after treatment for pharyngeal,
laryngeal, or oral neoplasms
73:75

thickness of vocal cords in
69160

Extroversion
64~365,366
Eye irritation
effects of exposure to cigarette smoke,
   in passive smokers
   75:99,100

Face
skin neoplaans of
    64:147
Factory workers,
mean expiratory flow rates in
    64:29ti
False vocal cords
cpithelial hyperplasia in
    64:271

hyperkeratosis in
  64:271

Farmers
coronary disease incidence in
    64:321
decreased smoking by
   64~323
myocardial infarction in
   64~323
smoking incidence in
   64: 187
Fats, saturated
64:322
Fatty acid levels
effect of c&r, pipe, and cigarette smoke

   in dogs
    73~216
effect of smoking
    73:12
rise in, after smoking
   71:36,65
in smokers vs. nonsmokers
    71:102
see also Fatty acids; Free fatty acids
Fatty acids
64:53
suspected carcinogenic agents of ciga-
   rette smoke
   71~266
see also Fatty acid levels; Free fatty
    acids
Federal insecticide regulations
  64~61
Federal Trade Commission
64:8, 15
Fertility
and smoking
   69: 79-80
Fetal death
effect of maternal smokirlg
   64:39, 343; 67~185; 69:77-78;
   73:123-135
epidemiological studies, in smokers vs.
    nonsmokers
   73:126-132

Fetus
effect of maternal smokiq
   64:39,343; 72~5, 83-89

heart beats in, increase in smoking moth-
  ers
  7 I :408

morbidity, effect of maternal smoking
Z:186

tissues of, effects of elevated carboxy-
   hemoglobin on
   7 I :407
Fibrosis

see Pulmonary fibrosis
Filters

advantages in reduction of particulates
71~269,275

cellulose acetate
64:59

charcoal, and effect of cigarette smoke
on cell cultures
69:62

as a factor in reducing hrng neoplasm
  risk
  74:40-41

reduction of lung neoplasms from,

    71:13
Finland

blood pressure differences in smokers vs.
  nonsmokers
  71:103

COPD morbidity in smokers in
71:200

coronary death rate in
64:320

lung neoplasm mortality in, relationship
to tobacco use
64:176;71:245-246
lung neoplasms in, retrospective study
of, methods
71~325,327

peptic ulcer in, methods and results for
retrospective and cross section stud-
ies of smoking
711426,428
risk ratio in
64:127

serum lipid differences in smokers vs.
   nonsmokers in
   71:98,99
smokirlg and nicotine effects on human
   blood lipids
   71:124
Fires
smoking as cause of
   64~344, 345;67:187-188
Fitness tests
smokers vs. nonsmokers

   73:245
Flavors

antismoking measures using
   64:354
Flax mill workers

chronic respiratory diseases in
   64z289.299
Fluoranthene

alcoholic solution of, penetrability of
esophageal epithelium
  711292

157


in caffeine solution. effect on esoohaaeal

tissue in laboratory animals - -
67:152-153

in carbon black
   64:147
in ethanol, effect on esophageal tissue in
   laboratory animals
   67:152-153
Forced expiratory flow rates
64:288-293
Forced expiratory volume
64:288,289,290,291,293,294,298
decline in smokers, by race
   75~12
Formaldehyde
64:60,61, 268
  ciliastatic action of
   64~61, 268
ciliatoxic agent
   67:107
as suspected contributor to health haz-
   ards of smoking
   72:145
  in tobacco smoke
   67:107
  toxic action of
   64:295
tracheobronchial irritation from
   64~266

Formic acid
ciliatoxic agent
   67:lOS
in tobacco smoke
   67:108
Formosa
acute effect of cigarette smoke on hu-
   man pulmonary function in
   71:169
Framingham Study
64~291,323
angina pectoris in
   64:325

duration of smoking habit and incidence
of CHD
68:17

effect of coffee drinking on mortality in

smokers vs. nonsmokers
75:20

epidemiologic study of CHD. CDV. in-
termittent claudication, and smoking
74:14-16

interaction of smoking and other risk
factors in CHD
73:a

morbidity ratios for CHD, by smoking
   habit
   68:18;71:24
mortality rates in
   64~324
France
bladder neopksms in, methods and re-
  sults in retrospective studies of smok-
   ing
   71:381-383
bladder neoplasms in,  retrospective
   studies
   64:219, 220,221

CHD mortality and morbidity in
71:94,91

cigarette smoke effects on animal tissue
3" :343, 344, 349

CQPD mortality of smokers in

71:201

esophageal neoplasms in, retrospective
studies of tobacco use
64:214; 71:378

laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to

tobacco use

64:205, 207;71:355,357
lung neoplasms in, methods of retro-
spective study of smoking in

il:326

oral neoplasms in, by type of smoking
64:199,201

oral neoplasms in, relationship of tobac-
co use and
  713363

Free fatty acids
64352

plasma, effect of nicotine, in rats
  74:13

olasma. effect of smoking on

' 6Y:i7

see also Fatty acid levels; Fatty acids

Fried foods
  64: 100
Fume exposure
in smokers vs. nonsmokers, by race and
    sex
   75:69,70

Fungi
carcinogenic contamination of tobacco
   68:92,93
Fungicides
concentration in cigarette smoke
   71:265,266

Furfural

as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking

72:145

Ganglia, parasympathetic
64:69,71,317, 318
Ganglion cells
nicotine effect on
   64:69,70
paralysis of
   64:69,70
Gas adsorbents
carbon granules as

64X1

Gas phase, cigarette smoke
69~63
effect on mucus flow rates in cats

    72~47
harmful constituents in
    72: 143
Gas phase, tobacco smoke

64160
acetaldehyde in
  64:60

158


  acetone in
    64:60
  acetylene in
    64:60
  acrolein in
    6460
  ammonia in
    64:60
argon in
    64:60
  butane in
    64:60
  carbon dioxide in
    64:60
  carbon monoxide in
    64 :60
  ethane in
    64~60
  ethylene in
    64:60
formaldehyde in
    64:60
hydrogen cyanide in
    64:60
hydrogen in
    64:60
hydrogen sulfide in
   64:60
  methane in
    64:60
  methanol in
    64:60
methyl chloride in
    64160
methyl ethyl ketone in
    64:60
methyl nitrate in
   64:60
  nitric oxide in
    64:266
nitrogen dioxide in
    64:60
nitrogen in
    64:60
oxygen in
    64:60
phenol in
    64:267
propane in
    64:60
propylene in
    64:60
Gastric acidity
effect of smoking on
    67:182
Gastric motility
  64: 340
Gastric neoplasms
64~37, 38, 225-229, 235
decline in mortality from
    64: 133
geographic factors in
    64: 133
income class gradients in
    64:134
migrant mortality in
    64:134

mortality rates in
64:130, 133
mortality rates in, in smokers
64:149

mortality rates in, Japanese smokers vs.
  nonsmokers
74~56, 57

mortality ratios in
64: 148,149, 228
prospective studies of
64:227
retrospective studies of
64~225,226, 227, 228
retrospective studies of, by smoking pat-
  tern
64~226, 227
summary of previous findings on rela-
tionship to smoking
Lam; 74x55

tea drinking and smoking in etiology of
74:56,57

  tobacco tars in
    64:228
trends in prevalence of
    64:135
  U.S. incidence of
    64:127
Gastric secretion
  effect of nicotine
    72:97
effect of nicotine in laboratory animals
   73:158, 159
effect of smoking
    64:340
effect of smoking in ulcer patients
   73~57,158
Gastric ulcers
64:8,37,337,340
healing of, after cessation of smoking
    64:337
mortality ratios in
   64:31,113,337
Gastrointestinal disorders
prevalence in cigarette and pipe/c&r
    smokers
    73~222
smoking and
   72:5,6, 97.98
General practitioners
coronary disease incidence in
   64:321,322
Genetic factors
64:321,385
alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
    72~44
alpha-lantitrypsin deficiency and smok-
   ing in CGPD development
   74:8%90; 75~72-74
in bronchitis development
   67:102-104, 108-109
cessation of smoking and
   64:lYl
CGPD pathogenesis and
   71:148, 150-152, 205
coronary disease and
    72:ia
in cough development
   67:102, 111

159


in emphysema development
67:30, 102-103, 108-109, 111
and heart disease
67~53-54, 57
lung neopksms and
64:167, 232

in respiratory tract disease development
67:30, 108

short run changes in, in humans
64:lYl

smoking and
64:190,319; 71:5; 72:ia, 44
smoking and, in lung neoplasm develop
  ment
  74:37

susceptibility in neoplasm epidemiology
   64:lYO. 191, 192. 193
twin studies, effects of smoking
   71149-52, 99
Genitourinary diseases
see Urogenital diseases
Genitourinary neoplasms
see Urogenital neoplasms
Geographic factors
neoplasm incidence by
    64:133

neoplasm mortality by
   64:133
Germany

CHD morbidity and mortality in
71:95-96, 97
cigarette smoke inhalation effects on
animal respiratory tract in
71:350

laryngeal neoplasms in
64:205

laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
tobacco use
  71:355

laryngeal neoplasms in, retrospective
study of
64:206

lung neoplasms in, methods of retro-
spective study of smoking in
71:323,325,326
polonium-210 levels in lungs of smokers
;:336

smokirg and nicotine effects on human
blood lipids
71:125

Gestational age
effect on perinatal mortality rates in
   smokie vs. nonsmoking mothers
   73:126-132

and low-birth-weight infants, effect of
   maternal smoking
    73:103-106
Gingival neoplasms
64:197,202
cigar smoking in
    64:202
pipe smoking in
    64:202
retrospective study of, by type of smok-
~~:2::201

tobacco chewing in
    64:202
see also Mouth neoplasms; Oral neo-
   plasms
Gingivitis
incidence among Danish Royal Marines
    69:86
incidence among Dutch Navy recruits
    69:86
incidence among US. Naval trainees
   69:86
smoking and
   69:85-86;72:6
Gingivitis, Vincent's
relationship to smoking
   69:86
Ginseng root
  64:355
Glossary
terms used in smoking and ventilatory
    function
    71:215
Glucose intolerance
  as a risk factor in CHD
    73:s

Glucose metabolism
cardiovascular effects of
   68:40,41
and insulin response, alteration effects
   on myocardial response
    71:66
Glutamic acid
  64:54
Glutamine
64:54
Glutathione
inhibition of smoke cytotoxic action on
   macrophages
   69:42
Glycerol
64:52,62
Glycogen
levels in mice lung exposed to cigarette
    smoke
    71:161
Glyoxal
  64:53
Goblet cells
morphological changes in
   64:35,268,271
Graphite
respiratory tract carcinoma in workers
   exposed to
    71:256
Grief,
drug use in
    64~353
Grip strewth
effect of smoking
   73~241,242
Group psychotherapy
cure of tobacco habit by
    64:354
Growth inhibitors
and carcinogenesis
    68192

160


Guanethidine
blockage of nicotine cardiac stimulation
   by
   71:57

Guinea pigs
64:296
induced pulmonary damage in
   64:266
lung neoplasm development following
   chronic nickel carbonyl or dust in-
   halation
   71:256
lungs of, cigarette smoke effects on
   surfactant activity
   71:255
respiratory changes in, exposed to ciga-
   rette smoke
   71:162
sulfur dioxide effect on
   64~266

Habituation

64:350,352,354
definition of
   64:351
Hamsters

benzo(a)pyrene inhalation by, effect of
  asbestos dust on carcinoma induction
  71:162

bladder neoplasms in, fed 2-naphthyl-
  amine
71:296

cigarette smoke instigation or lmplanta-
tion effects on tracheobronchial tree
of

71:268,346-348
induced carcinogenesls ln
64:166

induced oral neoplasms in
64:202, 203,204,232
laryngeal neoplasns following smoke in-
  halation
  71:12

larynx of, effect of cigarette smoke
  inhalation on
71:281,2&l
king and embryos, effects of cigarette
smoke tars on
71:343-344

pulmonary changes from chronic nitro-
   gen dioxide inhalation
   71:220
respiratory tract of, C-14 labeled particu-
   k&es deposition in
   71:281-282
respiratory tract of, cigarette smoke in-
   halation effects on
   71:268,351
Harvard College
alumni study
   64:385, 386
student study
   64:383
Health Insurance Plan
68:lY. 20

myocardial infarction in pipe and cigar
    smokers under
   71:32,38-39
Heart
effect of CCI exposure
   74:10-12
  effect of nicotine
   64:318;67:60;71:36; 74:13
effect of smoking
   64:318; 67:60-62
see also Myocardium
Heart disease
64: 320
description of
    64: 320
U.S. mortality rate from
   64:25,317,320
see also Coronary diseases
Heart rate
64:318.326
effect of catecholamines on,
    67:fd-l
    _. .__
effect of Co exposure
   74:11, 12
effect of exercise and smoking
   73 :242-246
effect of nicotine on
   6760; 74:13
effect of smoking and coronary disease
   67:61;71:45,47
effect of smoking on
   67~60
fetal, effect of maternal smoking
   71:408
Hematite
64:193
dust, respiratory tract neoplasms in ham-
   sters exposed to
   71:348
Hematocrit
64:319
infant, smokim mother effects on
   71:407,409
variations in, effect on coronary blood
    flow
    71~66
Hemoglobin
  64:319
affmity for oxygen, Co effects on 2,3di-
   phosphoglycerate control of
    71:6061
effect of smoking on oxygen affinity
    69x29
levels, relation to incidence of coronary
    disease
    67:58
  risk factor in CHD
   68:29
variations in, effect on coronary blood
    flow
    71:66
Hepatomas
64:145,321
Heptachlor
64:62,145
Heredity
  see Genetic factors

161


Heterocyclic compounds
64~54
carcinogenic properties in cigarette
    smoke
   711264,265
Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
carcinogenicity
   67~127
in tobacco smoke
   67:127
Hexamethonium
blockage of nicotine cardiac stimulation
   by
    71:57
High school students
smoking in
   64:370
Hippocampus
  nicotine effect on
    64:71
Histiocytes
64:269
Histological studies
in laboratory animals
   73:49.50
lung neoplasms and smoking
   74:38:75:4446

lung neop'lasms in U.S. veterans
73173

macrophage function and
   74:104,105
in smokers vs. nonsmokers
   74:8,49
Holland
lung neoplasm mortality rate in
   64:176

smoking habits in
    64:177
Honolulu Heart Study

interaction of smoking and other risk
   factors in CHD
   73:8,9
Hookahs

smokers of, laryngeal neoplasm induc-
  tion in
  71:355

Humectants
64~52
Humidity
and pathologic effects of exposure to
   cigarette smoke
    75:99
Hungary
methods used for retrospective studies of
   lung neoplasms in
    71:328
Hunger
  64:355
Hydrocyanic acid
as probable contributor to health bar-
   ards of smoking
    72:144
Hydrogen
in gas phase, cigarette smoke
  64:60
Hydrogen cyanide
  64:60

in cigarette smoke, effects on body
oxidative metabolism
71:62

ciliastatic action of
   64:61,268
as respiratory enzyme poison
   64:60
toxicity of
   64~265,266
Hydrogen sulfide
64:60
as suspected contributor to health haz-
   ards of smoking
    72:145
Hydrolases
reduction of in smokers' alveolar macro-
   phages
   69:4243
Hydroperoxides
64:52,12
Hydroquinone
64:54
bladder neoplasm induction in labora-
   tory animals
    67~156
as suspected contributor to health haz-
   ards of smokina
  72:145 -
ZHydroxyanthranilic acid
bladder neoplasm induction in labora-

tory animals
67~156

urinary excretion, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers
67:156

Hydroxy-cotinine
structure of
   64~72
Hydroy-coumarin
64:145

3-Hydroxykynurenine
bladder neoplasm induction in labora-
   tory animals
   67:156

excretion of, smokers vs. nonsmokers
  67:156

excretion of, smoking effects on
  71:296

Hydroxyproline
level in mice lung exposed to cigarette
    smoke
    71:161
Hypercapnia

and chronic obstructive bronchopul-
monary disease
68:75,76

Hypercholesterolemia
and hypoxia, in arteriosclerosis
    69:26

incidence in Belgian military men
74~17, ia

incidence in male British business execu-
tives, by smoking habit and clinical
parameters
73:ll

as a risk factor for coronary heart disease
72:16, 17;73:8,9, 11

162


Hyperchromatic nuclei
in epithetial cells of smokers
   64:168,173
Hyperinsulinemia
during oral glucose tolerance tests after
   smoking
   68:41

Hyperplasia
64~168, 169, 170, 172, 203, 231
  basal cell
   64:168, 169, 170,172, 173, 231
basal cell, and smoking
    67~36
betel nut chewing and
    64: 203
bronchial mucosa, by smoking history in
    men
   67:105
nonspecificity of
    64:172
precancerous aspects of
    64:166
reversibility of
    64:172
W'perpnea
  from nicotine
   64:70
Hypersensitivity
effect in emphysema development
    67:lll
Hypertension
  incidence in male Israeli civil servants
   74:18
interaction with smoking as risk factor in
   cerebrovascular disease
   73:9
pulmonary, and chronic obstructive pul-
   monary disease
   68:74-76
as a risk factor for coronary heart disease
   64:32,321;72:16,17;73:8,9
risk of, in smokers vs. nonsmokers
   68:22,44
  smoker mortality rates in
    64:325
smoking effects in
    64:325:75:15-19
summary of recent findings
    75:13

  in women snokers with CHD
    68:22
Hypnotism
cure of tobacco habit by
    64:354
Hypothalamus
  nicotine stimulation
    64:71
Hypoxemia
  carbon dioxide effects on
   71:61,75
and chronic obstructive bronchopul-
   monary disease
   68:75,76
smoking and
   72122
H~wxia

gortic atheromatosis development in rab-
bits exposed to
  71:64

and arteriosclerosis
69:26

carbon monoxide-induced
73:18,23
effect of nicotine
72:21
experimentally induced in rats
  72:21
postoperative, in smokers
71:174,230
postural, mechanism in asymptomatic
smokers vs. nonsmokers
  71:147
tissue, carbon monoxide effects on
  71:61

Iceland

lung neoplasm mortality rate in
64:176

lung neoplasms in, relationship to to-
bacco smoking
711244

immune system
response to benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung
   neoplasms
   74~48. 49
suppression  of immunoglobulin re-
  sponse, by nicotine or water soluble
   fraction of cigarettes
   75177
Income class

lung neoplasm mortality by
   64:133, 134
smoking prevalence by
   64:362
Indenof 1,2,3-cd)pyrene
carcinogenicity
   67~127

carcinogenic properties in smoke
   67:127;71:265
India
64:205
esophageal neoplasms in, retrospective
   studies of tobacco use with
   64:214, 215;71:378
laryngeal neoplasms in. relationship to
   tobacco use
   71~355,356

laryngeal neoplasms in, retrospective
studies of
64:205

oral neoplasms in, relationship of tobac-
  co use
71:362, 366

oral neoplasms in, retrospective studies
of, by type of smoking
64:199,201

relationship of smoking to thrombosis in
  71:131

relationship of smoking lo tuberculosis
FL227

smoking and nicotine effects on human
cardiovascular system
  71:117

163


Indole, l-methyl-
possible initiator in tobacco carcino-
  genesis
   71:265

Industrial carcinogens
64: 166

Industrial hazards
effect of dust on COPD development
   71:175

effect on COPD development in smokers
   71:153, 154, 218,219
Industrial pollution
in etiology of bronchitis
   67:108 110

in etiology of emphysema
67:108,110

Infant mortality
black vs. white smoking mothers
   73:129, 132

comparison of stiltbirth and abortions in
smoking and nonsmokiw mothers
71:395,405,406
differences of birth weight and, in smok-
ing and nonsmoking mothers
71:404

effect of genetic differences and smoking
73:132

effect of maternal smoking
67:185; 69:11,78; 713415; 72:83,
87;73:123,135
effect of previous obstetrical experience
and smoking
  73:132

effect of socioeconomic background and
smokirlg
73:131, 132

epidemiological studies in smokers vs.
  nonsmokers
73:126, 132
factors other than smoking
73:131, 132
low birth weight and

72~86

risk of low-birth-weight infants of smok-

  ing vs. nonsmoking mothers
   73:126, 132
sudden death, relation of smoking and
   nonsmoking mothers
   71:407
Infants

development of bronchitis and pneu-
monia, and maternal smoking
75: 103

growth rate, effect of maternal smoking
  on
  69:78

Infectious diseases
64:38,27X,217,302
Influenza
64:195,271,302
incidence from antibody deficit in smok-
   ing
    72~109
mortality ratios in
   64:276
prevalence in pipe and cigar smokers
   73:220,221

Influenza viruses
effect of cigarette smoke on, in mice
   68:70,71

effect on dogs inhaling cigarette smoke
71:351

enhancing effect in vitro on oxidized
   nicotine
   69:42
lung neoplasm induction by
   64: 172
neoplasm induction by
   64: 166
resistance of mice following cigarette
   smoke inhalation
   71:173
Inhalation
64:91,187,188
amount smoked and

64:163
bladder neoplasm prevalence and
64:219. 223, 225

carbon monoxide, effect on blood circu-
lation in coronary disease patients
67:63

as carcinogen application method
64:166

cigarette smoke, and chronic cough
  hl:W
  -.-_.
cigarette smoke, and coronary disease
6754

cigarette smoke, and mortality
67:7,9

cigarette smoke, effect on blood pressure

- 67~54

coronary mortality and
64~324

effect of previous smoking habits on

patternsof
73: 186,189
effect on blood circulation in dogs
67:63
esophageal neoptaams and
64:213,218
frequency-per-puff in cigar and cigarette
  smokers
73:186, 189
laryngeal neoplasms and
64:209.212

and lung neoptasms in animals
68:93

lung neoplasms prevalence by
64~159,230

by male smokers, and mortality rate

67:ll

as measures of exposure to cigarette

smoke
67:15
mortality rate from
64:36,91.92,99, 111
mortality rate, inhalers vs. noninhalers
67:1;68:5
mortality ratios
  64:91, 111
particulate retention in
64:264, 350;69:62
personality factors in
  64~367

164


pipe, cigar, and cigarette smokers
73:184,189
possible determining factors in patterns
of
73:183,184
of radon
64:145

risk in, in lung neoplasms
64: 188

stimulatory effect from
64: 350
of thoron
64:145

tobacco smoke, and bronchogenic carci-
  noma
67:129

tobacco smoke, and epidermoid carci-
  noma
67:129

tobacco smoke, and papilloma formation
67:129

summary of previous findings on
75 :4

Inorganic compounds
  64:141
insecticides
  64:61,145
  al&in as
    64:62
  arsenic as
    64:61
  chlordane as
   64:62, 145
  DDT as
   64~62,145
  Diazi.non as
    64~62
  dieldrin as
    64:62
  Dylox as
    64:62
  Endosulfan as
    64~62
  endrin as
    64:62
  Guthion as
    64:62
heptachlor as
   64:62, 145
  lead arsenate as
    64:61
  malathion as
   64:62, 145
parathion as
   64~62, 145
paris green as
    64:61
  Sevin as
   64~62
  TDE as
   64:62, 145
Insoluble particles
clearance mechanisms
   64:267
lnsuffkition
apphcation of carcinogens by
   64~166

insurance policyholders
breathlessness in
   64:287
Intelligence quotient
64: 370
Intermittent claudication
decrease in exercise time after exposure
   to co
   75~28
effects of coffee drinking and cigarette
   SnOkillg
   75:20

smokers vs. nonsmokers
72~22, 26

smoking and
    73:21
smoking as a major risk factor
    74:14-16
International Cooperative Study
interaction of smoking and other risk
   factors in CHD
   73:9
International Statistical Classification of
Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of
  Death
  64:lOl
Intestinal neoplasms
64:103
Intestinal tone,
tobacco effect on

   64:355
Intratracheai injections
application of carcinogens by

64:166

Involuntary smoking
see Passive smoking
Ionized radiation
neoplasm induction by
   64:142,143
threshold levels in
   64:143
Ireland

acute effect of cigarette smoke on hu-
man pulmonary function in
  71:168

CHD mortality and morbidity in
71:96

CHD mortality and morbidity in, smok-
ers and nonsmokers in
  71:94

lung neoplasms in, methods of retrospec-
tive study of smoking in
71:328

maternal smoking and infant weight in

71:399 -

methods used in study of smoking and

human pregnancy
71:394, 396

Northern, mortality rates from COPD
  71:144

occupational exposure and srnokix rela-
tionships to COPD in
  71:218

relationship of lung neoplasms to smok-
ing, air pollution and residence in
71:218

serum lipid differences in smokers vs.
  nonsmokers in
71199

165


smoking and nicotine effects on human

peripheral vascular system
71:133

smoking relationship to thrombosis in

   71:i30
Iron oxide
64:166
Irritants
tissue tolerance to
   64:353
lschemia
64:319
lschemic heart disease
see Coronary disease
Isomethylnicotinium ion
structure of
  64172
Jsoparaffms
  64:51
Isoprene
  64:52
lsoprenoids
64:49,51
  structural formula of
   64:49
Isopropyl oil
lung neoplasm risk from
   64:193
Israel
cigarette smoke effects on animal em-
   bryos in
    71:343
mortality rates from COPD in
    71:140
lsuprel
  aerosol
   64~292,293
Italy
human experimental data on smoking
   and pregnancy
    71:409
prohibition of advertising in
    64:8
serum lipid differences
   in smokers vs. nonsmokers in
    71:lOO
tracheobronchial tree changes in smokers
    and nonsmokers in
    71:263

Japan

bladder neoplasms in, methods and re-
sults in retrospective studies of smok-
%382.384

CHD mortality
  64:320

CHD mortality and morbidity in
71:96

cigarette smoke effects on human fetal
lung tissue in
71:343

esophageal neoplasms in retrospective
studies of tobacco use in
71~318

kidney and bladder neoplasms of smok-
ers in
71:295

lung neoplasms, mortality of smokers
and nonsmokers in
71:243

lung neoplasms, retrospective smoking
study, methods of
71:326,328
mortality ratios, esophageal neoplasms in
71:291

mortality ratios, kidney neoplasms,
smokers vs. nonsmokers
73:77

mortality ratios, pancreatic neoplasms in
cigarette smokers
71:298

neoplasm risk in
64:127

relationship of lung neoplasms to smok-
ing, air pollution, and residence in
71:255

"Tokyo-Yokohama asthma"
   64:276
Jena
autopsy records in
   64:lSO
Jews
esophageal neoplasms in, ln women
   64:135
gastric neoplasms in
   64:135
increased smoking among, in women
   64:363
Job changing
smoker prevelance of
   64:363
Johns Hopkins student study
64:384
Joint Tuberculosis Society of Great Britain
  64:6

Keratin

oversecretion of, in stomatitis nicotina
64:271

Keratosis, senile
64~203
Keto-acids
64:53
Ketoamide
  structure of
   64x72
Ketones
64:52
Khat
64:349
Kidney neopiasms
epidermoid,  associated with cigarette
   smoking
   69:60
mortality rates in U.S.
   71:296
mortality ratios in
   64:148, 149

166


mortality ratios, Japanese men and wo-
   men, smokers vs. nonsmokers
   73:71
mortality trends in
   64:137, 149
relationship of tobacco use and
   71:13, 299
  in smokers and nonsmokers
   71~238, 294-295
smoking and
   69:60,64;73:17,18
see also Urogenital neoplasms
Korea
relation of human pulmonary histology
   and smoking in
    71:255
tracheobronchial tree changes in smokers
    and nonsmokers of
    71:259
Kreyberg classification
comparison with World Health Organiza-
    tion classification
   64:174
in lung neoptasms
   64:35, 159, 173
Kreyberg study
lung neoplasms and smoking
   69:55-56

Labebrg
of tobacco products
    64:8
Laboratory techniques
for induction of experimental neoptasms
   69:6364
Laborers
coronary incidence in
    64:321
Lactate metabolism
effect of smoking, in patients with an-
   gina pectoris
   73:13
Lactation
effect of maternal smoking
    73:138-141
effect of maternal smoking, summary of
   findings
   73:141
epidemiological studies
   73:138
experimental studies
   73:138,139
Lactones
carcinogenicity of
    64:145
suspected carcinogenic agents in ciga-
    rette smoke
    71~265
Laparotomy
postoperative puhnonary complications
   following, in smokers vs. nonsmokers
   71:174
Laryngeal neoptasms
64~31, 205-212, 233, 234; 71:12,
   237-239, 281

alcohol consumption in
64:210

development in hamsters foUowing ciga-
rette smoke inhalation
71:239

development in smokers
71:12,281

dose effect in
64:210,234
effect of cessation of smoking on
67:149

epidemiologicat studies
  72~68

extrinsic origin of
64:211,212
incidence in mates and females, by age
68:101,102
incidence of secondary primary, in
smokers vs. nonsmokers
  75:50

income class gradients in
64:134

inhalation effects in
64~209

inhalation patterns and,
  73:193

intrinsic origin of
64:211,212

mortality rates
64:37,133,135,210;71:277
mortality rates, by age
67:149

mortality rates, by age for men
67:148

mortality rates, by amount smoked
67:149

mortality rates, by smoking classification
67~147,149

mortality rates, for women
64:134;67:153
mortality rates, in smokers vs. nonsmok-
:::237-238

mortality rates, in United States by age
67~148

mortality rates, in United States by sex
67:148

mortality ratios
64: 113,148,149; 71:211-279
mortality ratios, and smoking
67:33-35,148-149
mortality ratios, by age
67:149

mortality ratios, by age for men
67:148

mortality ratios, by amount smoked
67: 149

mortality ratios, by smoking ctassiftca-
  tion
67:149

mortality ratios, cigar smokers vs. non-
  smokers
67~35

mortality ratios for pipe, cigar, and
cigarette smokers vs. nonsmokers
73:193,196,197
mortality ratios in, in females
64:132

167