AFTERWORD

Your planning team has accomplished a challenging and worthwhile taskintegrating 
historic property and cultural resource considerations into the hazard mitigation plan. 
Following the four-phase planning process for hazard mitigation planning, as discussed 
in the core four guides of this how-to series, you gathered the necessary resources and 
enhanced the planning team to include experts and interested citizens to help you 
identify the historic properties and cultural resources in your Tribe, State, or community 
that are vulnerable to hazards. With the help of this guide, you were able to develop a 
preservation hierarchy that you then used to estimate losses as part of the last step in 
preparing your risk assessment. Based on this loss estimate, you identified hazard 
mitigation actions and an implementation strategy that will allow your Tribe, State, or 
community to build upon its unique sense of place while reducing risks from hazard 
events and positioning historic properties and cultural resources as economic building 
blocks for future development. As you obtain additional resources, you will be able to 
refine your historic property and cultural resource inventory and risk assessment data, 
updating this information as required by DMA 2000 for review and approval to continue 
your eligibility for FEMA-funded pre- and post-disaster programs. 

[GRAPHIC: PHOTO OF HISTORIC STOREFRONTS.
END GRAPHIC]

Now with your hazard mitigation plan in hand, your Tribe, State, or local community can 
access non-traditional technical and financial resources, opening up new possibilities for 
effective preservation of neighborhoods, properties, and artifacts. Because of your 
planning teams efforts, future generations will experience a safer future while your 
Tribe, State, or community retains its valuable heritage and cultural assets, all of which 
help create its unique sense of place. 





APPENDIX A  GLOSSARY

36 CFR Part 800: The Federal Regulations of the Advisory Council for Historic Preservation (ACHP), entitled Protection of Historic Properties, that govern the Section 106 process of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). These regulations were amended on August 5, 2004.

ABK Methodology for Seismic-Prone Buildings: An engineering design methodology for unreinforced masonry buildings developed by a team of engineers in Los Angeles. This methodology finds that masonry buildings respond differently from the way traditional codes and engineering approaches have assumed. Rather than amplifying the forces of an earthquake, heavy masonry-walled buildings have the effect of dampening the shaking by acting as a rigid rocking block on a soft soil base. Using the ABK Methodology, the computed force levels in an unreinforced masonry building are lower than found under conventional code analysis, and as such the amount of strengthening work required for such buildings is less than that needed when conventional code analysis is employed. Thus, this approach reduces retrofit intervention and costs.

Adverse Effect: Harm to historic properties directly or indirectly caused by a Federal agency's action. 
The adverse effect may diminish the integrity of the property's location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. The regulations that set forth the adverse effect criteria are located in 36 CFR §800.5.

Advisory Council for Historic Preservation (ACHP): An independent Federal agency composed of a 19-member council that advises the President and Congress on historic preservation issues and administers the provisions of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA).

Area of Potential Effects (APE): The geographic area or areas within which an undertaking may cause changes in the character or use of historic properties, if any such properties exist. This area always includes the actual site of the undertaking, and may also include other areas where the undertaking will cause changes in land use, traffic patterns, or other aspects that could affect historic properties.

Certified Local Government: Local governments strengthen their local historic preservation efforts by achieving Certified Local Government (CLG) status from the National Park Service (NPS). NPS and State governments, through their State Historic Preservation Officers (SHPOs), provide technical assistance and small matching grants to these communities. In turn, NPS and States gain the benefit of local government partnership in the national historic preservation program. Another incentive for participating in the CLG program is the pool of matching grant funds SHPOs set aside to fund CLG historic preservation subgrant projectsat least 10% of the State's annual Historic Preservation Fund (HPF) grant allocation. Grant funds are distributed through the HPF grant program, administered by NPS and SHPOs. 

Projects eligible for funding and the criteria used to select them are developed annually by the SHPO. Funding decisions are made by the State, not NPS. Among the kinds of activities funded are the following: architectural, historical, and archeological surveys; oral histories; nominations to the National Register; staff work for historic preservation commissions; design guidelines and preservation plans; public outreach materials such as publications, videos, exhibits, and brochures; training for commission members and staff; and rehabilitation or restoration of National Register listed properties. 

Comprehensive Planning: A process of developing broad plans that express community goals and objectives. Comprehensive plans are decision-making tools that establish broad, long-range policy guidelines for decisions relating to the development of a community. Comprehensive plans generally include three topics: 1) an inventory of existing conditions; 2) a statement of needs and goals; and 3) implementation strategies and timeframes. Communities often incorporate a series of elements, such as population, land use, economic development, transportation, natural and historic resources conservation, community facilities/services, and housing into such plans. This process addresses multiple facets of a community and integrates these into a coherent vision that guides orderly growth and development for the future.

Concurring Party: Organizations, groups, or individuals who are consulted as part of the Section 106 
process and who agree with the consensus of the consulting parties on the method to be used to resolve 
the adverse effects of a Federal undertaking. Although concurring parties may sign an agreement, they 
cannot amend or terminate it.

Consulting Party: Organizations, groups, or individuals who have consultative roles in the Section 106 
process. According to 36 CFR Part 800, any of the following may be a consulting party: State Historic 
Preservation Officers/Tribal Historic Preservation Officers (SHPO/THPOs); Indian Tribes and Native 
Hawaiian organizations; representatives from local governments; applicants for Federal assistance; the 
public or other individuals or organizations with a legal or economic relation to the undertaking or a 
demonstrated interest in the undertaking's effects on historic properties.

Contributing Property: A building, site, structure, or object that adds to the historic associations, historic 
architectural qualities, or archeological values for which a historic district is significant because it: was 
present during the period of significance; relates to the documented significance of the property and 
possesses historic integrity or is capable of yielding important information about the period; or 
independently meets National Register criteria.

Criteria Considerations: Under the four Criteria for Evaluation of National Register eligibility, cemeteries, 
birthplaces, or graves of historical figures; properties owned by religious institutions or used for religious 
purposes; structures that have been moved from their original locations; reconstructed historic buildings; 
properties primarily commemorative in nature; and properties that have achieved significance in the past 
50 years shall not be considered eligible for the National Register. However, these properties will qualify if 
they are integral parts of historic districts that do qualify or fall into certain special categories. For a 
description of these categories, see National Register Bulletin #15, How to Apply the National Register 
Criteria for Evaluation.

Criteria for Evaluation: The nomination process for the National Register identifies four criteria that 
describe how properties are significant for their associations with important events or persons, for their 
importance in design or construction, or for their information potential. In order to be listed in the National 
Register, a property must be shown to be significant for one or more of the four Criteria for Evaluation.

Criterion A - Events: Properties can be eligible for the National Register if they are associated with events that 
have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history.

Criterion B - Person: Properties can be eligible for the National Register if they are associated with the lives of 
persons significant in our past.

Criterion C - Design/Construction: Properties can be eligible for the National Register if they embody the 
distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction; represent the work of a master; possess 
high artistic values; or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual 
distinction.

Criterion D - Information Potential: Properties can be eligible for the National Register if they have yielded, or 
may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

Cultural Resource: Non-living examples of objects acquired and preserved because of their potential 
value as examples, reference material, or objects of artistic, historic, scientific, educational, or social 
importance, either individually or as a collection. Often housed in libraries, museums, archives, historical 
repositories, or historic properties, these resources range from three-dimensional examples such as 
sculptures, historic furnishings or textiles, to two-dimensional examples such as family records, old 
photographs and maps, and other archival materials.

Curation: A treatment used by Federal agencies to avoid, minimize, or offset the adverse effects of a 
Federal action on historic properties. This measure removes certain features or architectural elements 
from a property for re-use or permanent curation at a museum or other facility. This also involves 
treatment of artifacts that result from archeological surveys.

Data Recovery: A treatment used by Federal agencies to avoid, minimize, or offset the adverse effects of 
a Federal action on historic properties. This measure, which obtains and recovers information about the 
historic property, specifically pertains to archeological sites adversely impacted by a FEMA undertaking. 
As a result of 2001 revisions to the Section 106 regulations, new guidance has been issued by the 
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) on the treatment of historic and prehistoric 
archeological resources. When a federally assisted project may affect one or more archeological sites 
listed, or eligible for listing, in the National Register, Federal agencies must consider the impacts to such 
sites. Appropriate treatments may include preservation in place for future study or use, recovery or partial 
recovery of archeological data, or any combination of these other measures.

Determination of Eligibility: Under the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), properties that are 
either listed in, or eligible for listing in the National Register, trigger Federal review under Section 106. 
Eligible historic properties meet one or more of the National Register Criteria for Evaluation and may be 
nominated to the National Register at a future date. If a property is not listed or previously determined 
eligible for listing in the National Register prior to the FEMA undertaking, FEMA must make a 
determination of eligibility for the property.

Displacement Cost: The expense for a business or service to be relocated to another structure because 
of a hazard event. This cost can include the rent for temporary building space per month and a one-time 
cost to set up operations in the new place.

Displacement Time: The number of days a business or service would operate away from its original 
location due to a hazard event.

Evaluation: The process by which the significance and integrity of a historic property are judged and 
eligibility for National Register listing is determined.

Federal Preservation Officer (FPO): Official designated by the head of each Federal agency to be 
responsible for coordinating the agency's activities under the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA).

Federal Undertaking: Serving as the trigger for the Section 106 review under the National Historic 
Preservation Act (NHPA), an undertaking is any Federal project, activity, or program that involves the 
expenditure of Federal money and can result in changes in the character or use of historic properties. The 
project, activity, or program must be under the direct or indirect jurisdiction of a Federal agency or 
licensed or assisted by a Federal agency. These activities may include construction, rehabilitation and 
repair projects, demolition, licenses, permits, loans, loan guarantees, grants, Federal property transfers, 
and many other types of Federal involvement. 

NOTE: One technical amendment to 36 CFR Part 800, which became effective on August 5, 
2004, clarified that the Section 106 process does not apply to undertakings that are merely 
subject to State or local regulation administered pursuant to a delegation or approval by a Federal 
agency. This clarification was made in a revision to the definition of undertaking under § 
800.16(y).

Floodplain: As defined under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), any land area susceptible to 
being inundated by water from any source. 

Floodway: As defined under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), the channel of a river or other 
watercourse and the adjacent land areas that must be reserved in order to discharge the base flood 
without cumulatively increasing the water surface elevation more than a certain height.

Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM): Map of a community, prepared by FEMA, that shows both the 
special flood hazard areas and the risk premium zones applicable to the community.

Functional Downtime: The number of days that a business would be closed due to damage from a 
hazard event before it could resume in another location.

Geographic Information System (GIS): A computer system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, 
manipulating, analyzing, and displaying data related to positions on the Earth's surface. Typically, a GIS 
is used for handling maps of one kind or another. These might be represented as several different layers 
where each layer holds data about a particular kind of feature. Each feature is linked to a position on the 
graphical image of a map. GIS is becoming an important tool in promoting coordinated efforts between 
emergency management and historic preservation.

Goals: General guidelines that explain what you want to achieve. They are usually broad policy 
statements and represent long-term, global visions.

HABS/HAER: The Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) is the oldest Federal preservation 
program. Established in 1933 by the National Park Service (NPS) as a make-work program for jobless 
architects and photographers in the Depression, the program's mission is to create a lasting archive of 
American historic architecture. In 1969, the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) began as a 
companion program to document structures of technological and engineering significance. The program 
established qualitative standards for both architectural and photographic documentation and it directs the 
placement of the archives in the Library of Congress. FEMA often applies these standards when using 
recordation as a treatment measure.

Hazard Mitigation: Sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and 
property from natural hazards and their effects. Note that this emphasis on long-term risk distinguishes 
mitigation from actions geared primarily to emergency preparedness and short-term recovery.

Hazard Mitigation Actions: Specific actions that help you achieve your hazard mitigation goals and objectives. 

Hazard Mitigation Plan: A systematic evaluation of the nature and extent of vulnerability to the effects of 
natural hazards typically present in the planning area and includes a description of actions to minimize 
future vulnerability to hazards.

HAZUS: FEMAs nationally applicable standardized methodology and risk assessment software program 
for analyzing potential losses from floods, hurricane winds, and earthquakes. In HAZUS-MH, current 
scientific and engineering knowledge is coupled with the latest GIS technology to produce estimates of 
hazard-related damage before or after a disaster occurs.

Historic Context: Information about historic trends and properties grouped by an important theme in the 
prehistory or history of a community, State, or the nation during a particular period of time. Organized by 
theme, place, and time, they provide a framework for determining the significance of a property and its 
eligibility for National Register listing.

Historic District: A historic district is a National Register (or often State and local) designation referring 
to either historic properties having a number of resources that are relatively equal in importance, such as 
a neighborhood, or large acreage properties with a variety of historic properties.

Historic Preservation: An approach to conserving structures, sites, and objects that represent a physical 
connection with people and events from our past. Historic preservation utilizes various land use planning 
strategies, governmental programs, and financial incentives to protect historic resources. The 
preservation of historic structures and sites helps to create a unique environment and sense of place.

Historic Preservation Specialist: Historic Preservation Specialists are technical experts who identify 
and evaluate historic properties, apply the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines to 
proposed projects, and negotiate and draft agreement documents. They may work with FEMA program 
staff, other specialists, the applicant, and staff of the State Historic Preservation Office/Tribal Historic 
Preservation Office to bring a scope of work into conformance with the Standards or Guidelines.

Historic Property: As defined by 36 CFR Part 800, means any prehistoric or historic district, site, 
building, structure, or object included in, or eligible for inclusion in, the National Register maintained by 
the Secretary of the Interior. This term includes artifacts, records, and remains that are related to and 
located within such properties. The term includes properties of traditional religions and cultural 
importance to an Indian Tribe or Native Hawaiian organization and that meet the National Register criteria 
(Source: 36 CFR §800.16 [I][1]).

Historic Property Survey: A survey of historic properties in a State, which usually involves the collection 
of background research on each property, fieldwork that includes photographic and architectural 
documentation of the property and a written description of the property, and the reporting of this 
information. The survey is normally conducted as part of the State Inventory of Historic Properties.

Historic Review: The Federal process of taking into account whether a Federal action will have an effect 
on any property included in or eligible for the National Register. Historic Review is synonymous with 
Section 106 review.

Identification: Process through which information is gathered about historic properties in an 
undertakings Area of Potential Effects (APE) in order to identify the National Register Evaluation Criteria 
and determine eligibility for their listing on the National Register. This is one of the first, and most 
important, initial steps in the Section 106 review process (§800.4[b]). 

Indian Tribe: An Indian Tribe, band, nation, or other organized group or community, including a native 
village, regional corporation, or village corporation, as those terms are defined in Section 3 of the Alaska 
Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1602), which is recognized as eligible for the special programs 
and services provided by the United States to Indians because of their status as Indians (Source: 36 CFR 
Part 800).

In-Kind Repair: Work that returns a facility to its pre-disaster condition and substantially matches the 
original form, workmanship, and materials.

Integrity: The authenticity of a property's historic identity, evidenced by the survival of physical 
characteristics that existed during the property's prehistoric or historic period. Historic integrity is the 
composite of seven qualities, including location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and 
association. It is an important qualification for National Register listing.

Keeper of the National Register: The person at the National Park Service (NPS) responsible for 
administering the National Register program and maintaining a database of the completed nominations.

Locally Designated Historic Properties: Historic properties nominated for official designation at the 
local level through a historic preservation ordinance or a local preservation/historical organization.

Loss Estimation Table: Projects the losses likely to be sustained due to a specific type of hazard event 
(e.g., floods) based on observed past damages. Estimated losses are provided for different magnitudes of 
the hazard and are expressed as a percentage of replacement cost.

Memorandum of Agreement (MOA): An agreement, resulting from consultation, that outlines measures 
Federal agencies will take to avoid, reduce, or offset the effects on historic properties as the agency 
carries out its undertaking. The MOA is signed by the agency, the State Historic Preservation 
Officer/Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, and the Advisory Council for Historic Preservation, if 
participating. Other consulting parties assigned responsibilities in the Agreement must also be 
signatories.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA): Signed into law by President Nixon in 1969, the National 
Environmental Policy Act establishes the broad national framework for protecting the environment, 
including historic properties. NEPA's basic policy is to ensure that all branches of government give proper 
consideration to the environment prior to undertaking any major Federal action that significantly affects 
the environment. In general, this law established a national policy which would 1) encourage productive 
and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment; 2) promote efforts which would prevent or 
eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man; and 3) 
enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation.

The NEPA process subsumes the review of proposed actions under an array of other Federal laws. In 
regard to historic properties, the most significant Federal law is the National Historic Preservation Act of 
1966 (NHPA  see below). To achieve improved project streamlining, NEPA and NHPA requirements are 
sometimes combined. The Advisory Council for Historic Preservations (ACHP) regulations that 
implement Section 106 of NHPA, 36 CFR Part 800, allow Federal agencies to coordinate the two 
processes. Guidance may be found under §800.8(a). 

National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP): Federal program created by Congress in 1968 that makes 
flood insurance available in communities that enact minimum floodplain management regulations as 
indicated in 44 CFR §60.3.

National Historic Landmark (NHL): Districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects found to possess 
national significance in illustrating or representing the prehistory and history of the United States. 
Designated by the Secretary of the Interior, NHLs comprise less than four percent of the properties listed 
in the National Register. Section 110(f) of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and 36 CFR 
§800.10 outline special requirements for undertakings affecting NHLs.

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA): In response to the rapid loss of historic resources from 
urban renewal in the 1950s and 60s, Congress passed this Act in 1966 to ensure that Federal agencies 
integrate historic properties in their project planning and execution, and encourage States to begin their 
own historic preservation programs. The primary components of the NHPA are: adoption of the National 
Register as the countrys official list of historic properties; creation of the Advisory Council for Historic 
Preservation (ACHP) and State Historic Preservation Offices; requirement of Federal agencies to 
establish historic preservation programs, designation of a Federal Preservation Officer, and consideration 
of the effects of Federal undertakings on historic properties.

National Park Service (NPS): Responsible for performing many of the responsibilities specifically vested 
in the Secretary of the Interior under the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). NPS maintains a 
large cultural resources professional staff with expertise in the broad range of historic preservation 
activities authorized under the NHPA.

National Register of Historic Places (National Register): The national list of districts, sites, buildings, 
structures and objects significant in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture, 
maintained by the Secretary of the Interior under authority of Section 101(a)(1)(A) of the National Historic 
Preservation Act (NHPA).

Natural Resource Protection Actions: Actions that, in addition to minimizing hazards, also preserve or 
restore the functions of natural systems. Some natural resources either are historic properties in 
themselves or contribute to an understanding of historic properties. Such types of mitigation actions 
include sediment and erosion control, stream corridor restoration, watershed management, forest and 
vegetation management, and wetland restoration and preservation.

Non-Contributing Property: A building, site, structure, or object that does not add to the historic 
associations, historic architectural qualities, or archeological values for which a historic district is 
significant because it: was not present during the period of significance; does not relate to the 
documented significance of the property and does not possess historic integrity or is not capable of 
yielding important information about the period; or, it does not independently meet National Register 
criteria.

Objectives: Define strategies or implementation steps for attaining the identified goals. Unlike goals, 
objectives are specific and measurable.

Planning: The act or process of making or carrying out plans; the establishment of goals, policies, and 
procedures for a social or economic unit.

Planning for Post-Disaster Reconstruction: The process of planning (preferably prior to an actual 
disaster) those steps the community will take to implement long-term reconstruction with one of the 
primary goals being to reduce or minimize its vulnerability to future disasters. These steps can include a 
wide variety of land-use planning tools, such as acquisition, design review, zoning, and subdivision review 
procedures. It can also involve coordination with other types of plans and agencies but is distinct from 
planning for emergency operations, such as the restoration of utility service and basic infrastructure.

Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Program: A FEMA program to provide technical and financial assistance 
to States and local governments to assist in the implementation of pre-disaster hazard mitigation actions. 
These measures must be cost-effective and designed to reduce injuries, loss of life, and damage and 
destruction of property, including damage to critical services and facilities under the jurisdiction of the 
States or local governments.

Prehistoric: A term that refers to the period prior to recorded history. In American society, prehistoric 
refers to the period prior to the arrival of Europeans in the New World because few documents or records 
exist to supplement any physical evidence that may exist.

Preservation: A treatment to a historic property which is specifically the act or process of applying 
measures to sustain the existing form, integrity and material of a building or structure, and the existing 
form or vegetative cover of a site. It may include initial stabilization work, where necessary, as well as 
ongoing maintenance of the historic building materials.

Professional Qualification Standards: Criteria set forth in the Secretary's Standards (48 FR 44739) and 
36 CFR Part 61 Appendix A that define minimum education and experience required to perform 
identification, evaluation, registration, and treatment activities associated with historic properties.

Programmatic Agreement: An agreement that defines the roles and responsibilities of Federal and 
State/Tribal partners and streamlines the Section 106 historic review process. The Programmatic 
Agreement is typically developed for a large or complex project or a class of undertakings that would 
otherwise require numerous individual requests for Advisory Council for Historic Preservation (ACHP) 
comments under Section 106. Under the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), the Programmatic 
Agreement replaces the Section 106 process outlined in 36 CFR Part 800. 

Protection: A treatment to a historic property, which is specifically the act or process of applying 
measures designed to affect the physical condition of a property by defending or guarding it from 
deterioration, loss, or attack, or to cover or shield the property from danger or injury. In the case of 
buildings or structures, such treatment is generally of a temporary nature and anticipates future historic 
preservation treatment; in the case of archeological sites, the protective measure may be temporary or 
permanent.

Public Assistance (PA) Program: A FEMA program that provides grants to State and local 
governments, Tribal organizations, eligible private non-profit organizations, and other public entities for 
losses sustained in disasters and other related needs. Eligible projects include debris removal, 
emergency protective measures, and permanent restoration. 

Public Participation: The involvement of parties in the Section 106 consultation process who may be 
concerned with the possible effects of an agency action on historic properties. This involvement is 
outlined in the Section 106 regulations that govern the historic review process.

Recordation and Documentation: One measure used by Federal agencies for treating the adverse 
effects of an undertaking, recordation and documentation is the process of conducting fieldwork and 
background research for a property, including measured drawings, photographs, an architectural 
description, and a historic narrative. This information is then filed with the State Historic Preservation 
Office/Tribal Historic Preservation Office or other archive, as identified in the Memorandum of Agreement 
(MOA).

Redevelopment: The process of rebuilding a communitys economic activity similar to the process of 
reconstruction. Redevelopment differs from economic recovery in that it goes beyond the process of 
merely restoring disrupted economic activity to the creation of new economic opportunities and 
enterprises in the aftermath of the recovery period, particularly including those that arise as by-products 
or direct outcomes of the disaster itself.

Rehabilitation: One measure used by Federal agencies for treating the adverse effects of an 
undertaking, rehabilitation is the process of returning a historic property to a state of utility, through repair 
or alteration, which makes possible an efficient contemporary use while preserving those portions and 
features of a property which are significant to its historical, architectural, and cultural values.

Relocation: One measure used by Federal agencies for treating the adverse effects of an undertaking, 
relocation is an option for individual property owners when technically and financially feasible. While it is 
preferred to keep a property in its historic context, when possible, relocation often provides the 
opportunity to satisfy the needs and concerns of all parties involved.

Replacement Value: Represents the approximate cost of the contemporary reconstruction of an existing 
building, structure, or cultural resource. The replacement value is used in determining the cost-
effectiveness of various hazard mitigation alternatives.

Restoration: A treatment measure for a historic property, restoration is the act or process of accurately 
recovering the form and details of a property and its setting as it appeared at a particular period of time.

Risk: The potential loss associated with a hazard, defined in terms of expected probability and frequency, 
exposure, and consequences. Also, the estimated impact that a hazard would have on people, services, 
facilities, and structures in a community; or the likelihood of a hazard event resulting in an adverse 
condition that causes injury or damage. Risk is often expressed in relative terms such as a high, 
moderate, or low likelihood of sustaining damage above a particular threshold due to a specific type of 
hazard event. It also can be expressed in terms of potential monetary losses associated with the intensity 
of the hazard.

Risk Assessment: Measuring the potential for property damage, economic loss, injury, and death that 
may result from both natural and manmade hazards. Specifically, it involves identifying potential hazards 
and assessing a communitys ability to survive them, diminish their impact, or avoid them completely. Risk 
assessment is central to the hazard mitigation planning process, and is described fully in FEMA 386-2: 
Understanding Your Risks: Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses.

Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Archeology and Historic Preservation: Professional 
standards that address results to be achieved by Federal agencies when planning for the identification, 
evaluation, registration, and treatment of historic properties.

Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation: The section of the overall preservation project 
standards that addresses the most prevalent treatment (in 36 CFR 67) of a propertys characteristics that 
are significant to its historic, architectural, and cultural values.

Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties: A series of concepts 
about maintaining, repairing, and replacing historic materials, as well as designing new additions or 
making alterations; as such, they cannot, in and of themselves, be used to make essential decisions 
about which features of a historic property should be saved and which might be changed. Once an 
appropriate treatment is selected, the Standards provide philosophical consistency to the work.

Section 106: The review process established under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act 
(NHPA) that addresses results to be achieved by Federal agencies when planning for the identification, 
evaluation, registration, and treatment of historic properties. The NHPA under Section 106 requires that 
every Federal agency "take into account" how each of its undertakings could affect historic properties. An 
agency must also afford the Advisory Council for Historic Preservation (ACHP) a reasonable opportunity 
to comment on the agency's undertakings.

Seismic Rehabilitation/Seismic Retrofit: Technical measures used to reduce a buildings earthquake 
vulnerability. Includes the development of an objective, the determination of a design event, a preliminary 
building evaluation, including the concept of building redundancy, a classification of building elements into 
primary and secondary, and the development of a preliminary rehabilitation or retrofit design specific to 
the building and the area in which it is located. For more information please see FEMA 274, NEHRP 
Commentary on the Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, October 1997. 

Significance: Historic significance is the importance of a property to the history, architecture, archeology, 
engineering, or culture of a community, State, or the nation. Historic significance is based on four criteria 
(see Criteria for Evaluation above) and is an important qualification for National Register listing.

Sound Land Management and Use: The process wherein the governmental body responsible for land 
use regulation in a political jurisdiction plans and regulates the use of land within its jurisdiction in order to 
promote the reduction of property exposure to flood hazard and the protection of environmental values of 
floodplains. Sound use of land acquired with FEMA funds and transferred to local governments is used 
primarily for open space and recreational purposes to minimize potential for any future flood damage.

Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA): Land area subject to inundation by a flood having a 1-percent or 
greater probability of being equaled or exceeded during any given year (base, or 100-year flood).

State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO): In cooperation with Federal agencies, SHPOs are 
responsible for directing and conducting a comprehensive statewide survey of historic properties and 
maintaining inventories of such properties under Section 101(b)(3) of the National Historic Preservation 
Act (NHPA). These State officials maintain important information on historic properties in inventories and 
in Comprehensive Statewide Historic Preservation Plans, and are required to have qualified preservation 
professionals on staff. Federal agencies are directed in Section 110 of the NHPA to cooperate with 
SHPOs in establishing programs to locate, inventory, and nominate historic properties to the National 
Register. 

State Inventory of Historic Properties: Based on State Historic Property Surveys (HPSs), the State 
Inventory is a listing of all historic resources in the State, including those of local or regional significance. 
This inventory is the responsibility of the State Historic Preservation Office.

State Register of Historic Places: Based on State Cultural Resource Surveys (CRSs) and the State 
Inventory of Cultural Resources, States maintain a list of historic properties of State significance. 
Although the State Registers contain National Register properties, they usually contain more properties 
and are based on different criteria than the National Register. Designated by a State Review Board and 
administered by the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO), State Registers are often the first hurdle 
for obtaining National Register status for historic properties.

Structure: As defined under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), a walled and roofed building, 
including a storage tank for gas or liquid, that is principally above ground, as well as a manufactured 
home. 

Within the historic preservation community, the term structure refers to a specific type of historic 
property. This term is used to distinguish from buildings those historic properties made for purposes other 
than human shelter. Representative examples include a bandstand, canal, earthwork, gazebo, grain 
elevator, lighthouse, silo, tunnel, and windmill.

Traditional Cultural Property (TCP): A property eligible for inclusion in the National Register because of 
its association with cultural practices or beliefs of a living community that are rooted in that community 
and are important in maintaining the continuing cultural identity of the community. An example of a TCP is 
a location associated with the traditional beliefs of a Native American group about its origins, its cultural 
history, or the nature of the world. Federal agencies must treat TCPs as historic properties under Section 
106. For further guidance, see National Register Bulletin #38, Guidelines for Evaluating and 
Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties.

Treatment: A measure used by a Federal agency to avoid, reduce, minimize, or offset the adverse 
effects that a Federal undertaking may have on a historic property. Although there are some treatment 
measures that are typically used by the agency (see Recordation and Documentation; Data Recovery; 
Curation; Relocation), Federal agencies are not limited to these measures and can use any measure 
upon which the involved parties agree. Treatment does not have to have a direct impact on the adverse 
effect for a specific historic property, but may include educational and planning tools or other measures to 
promote historic preservation awareness and practice in a community.

Tribal Government: The recognized governing body of an Indian Tribe, band, nation, pueblo, village, or 
community, including any Alaska Native Village defined in or established pursuant to the Alaska Native 
Claims Settlement Act (85 Stat. 688) (Source: FEMA Tribal Policy).

Tribal Historic Preservation Officer (THPO): The Tribal equivalent to a State Historic Preservation 
Officer (SHPO). The THPO may assume a role parallel to that of State government in administering the 
national historic preservation program on reservations. Tribes will tailor the program to accommodate 
Tribal values and address Tribal priorities. The 1992 Amendments to the National Historic Preservation 
Act (NHPA) recognized the Tribes' growing capabilities in historic preservation and the Tribes' rightful 
place in the national program. Specifically, the 1992 Amendments provide for Tribes, at their request, to 
assume responsibilities for such functions as identifying and maintaining inventories of culturally 
significant properties, nominating properties to the National Register, conducting Section 106 review of 
Federal agency projects on Tribal lands, and administering educational programs on the importance of 
preserving historic properties. 

Tribal Lands: All lands within the exterior boundaries of any Indian reservation and all dependent Indian 
communities (Source: 36 CFR Part 800).



APPENDIX B LIBRARY

The library contains many sources for helping you with historic properties, cultural resources, and hazard 
mitigation. Below is an outline to help find information for your specific needs.

I. 	Site-Specific Emergency Response Plans

II. 	Funding Tools
A.	Primary Federal Programs 
B.	Other Federal Programs
C.	Primary State Programs
D.	Other State Programs
E.	Non-Profit Organizations


III.	Contact Information
A.	Federal Government
B.	State Governments
C.	Tribal Governments
D.	Non-Profit Organizations

IV.	Publications

V.	Other Useful Web Sites


I. Site-Specific Emergency Response Plans 

Development of site-specific emergency response plans should be strongly considered for historic 
properties with extensive collections of cultural resources. Ideally, each plan should cover continuation 
and staffing, pre-disaster planning, actions to be taken immediately prior to the disaster, if possible, and 
actions to take in response to the disasters. 

A number of publications and Web sites can provide guidance on developing a site-specific emergency 
response plan:

Preparedness

California Preservation Clearinghouse (http://cpc.stanford.edu/disasters/index.html) includes a generic 
disaster plan, information on other sites to visit for sample disaster plans and case histories, and a 
disaster plan exercise to test an existing disaster plan and train staff.

Federal Alliance for Safe Homes (FLASH) (http://www.flash.org) can assist with mitigation planning and 
insurance issues.

Mitigation 

Archaeological Stabilization Guide: Case Studies in Protecting Archaeological Sites (Florida 
Department of State, 2000, http://www.flheritage.com) contains useful techniques for stabilizing and 
protecting archeological resources, including vegetation, hay bales, renourishment, and sandbags.

Best Management Practices: An Owners Guide to Protecting Archaeological Sites (Florida 
Department of State, 2000, http://www.flheritage.com) overviews stabilization and protection techniques.

Federal Emergency Management Agencys Historic Preservation and Cultural Resources Program 
(http://www.fema.gov/ehp) includes ideas on how to mitigate disaster damage to historic and cultural 
resources.

Hurricane Readiness Guide for Owners and Managers of Historic Resources (National Trust for 
Historic Preservations Information Series, http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/tps/briefs/presbhom.htm) focuses on 
various techniques to protect historic structures from hurricane damage and to employ in the recovery 
process.

Preserving History from Fire: Bridging the Gap Between Safety Codes and Historic Buildings (Old 
House Journal, November/December 2000) addresses fire code issues for historic buildings.

Response and Recovery 

FEMA Job Aid for Photographing Historic Properties After a Disaster (FEMA, 2001, call 
1.800.480.2520 and ask for Job Aid #9580.6) provides clear direction on how to take photographs 
necessary to document a site for the purposes of determining National Register eligibility after a disaster.

Georgia Historic Preservation Division 
(http://www.gashpo.org/assets/documents/1996_after_the_flood.pdf) contains a publication about 
recovering from a flood.

Heritage Emergency National Task Force (http://www.heritagepreservation.org) has a series of useful 
publications, including the Emergency Response and Salvage Wheel, Resources for Recovery: Post-
Disaster Aid for Cultural Institutions, and Cataclysm and Challenge: Impact of September 11, 2001, on 
Our Nations Cultural Heritage (2002). This Web site also includes useful links to numerous disaster 
preparedness and response sites for cultural institutions.

North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office (http://www.hpo.dcr.state.nc.us/disaster.htm) 
includes extensive information for owners of damaged buildings following a natural disaster.

Treatment of Flood-Damaged Older and Historic Buildings (National Trust for Historic Preservations 
Information Series, http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/tps/briefs/presbhom.htm) identifies ways to deal with 
foundation erosion, wood rot, saturated insulation, damage to interior finishes, and other recovery 
concerns.

Disaster Planning for Cultural Institutions

Central New York Library Resources Council (http://www.clrc.org) provides information on completing 
a disaster plan for libraries, museums, and cultural institutions.

The Getty Conservation Institute (http://www.getty.edu/conservation) provides information on disaster 
preparedness and response for cultural institutions.


II. Funding Tools

Several sources of funds are available for the protection of historic resources in hazard-prone 
communities. Various State, Federal, and private programs provide assistance to local communities and 
homeowners, although grant funds may be limited in amount. Some of the major programs available to 
local communities, individual businesses, and homeowners are listed below. Many of these funding tools 
may be combined in hazard mitigation projects which protect historic resources.

Note that the Advisory Council for Historic Preservation (ACHP) has provided an exhaustive list of funding 
sources for historic and cultural resource projects, only some of which are described here. To learn more 
about this list, visit http://www.achp.gov/funding.html. 

A. Primary Federal Programs

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) provides help to States and communities for 
disaster assistance and hazard mitigation activities under the following programs:

Emergency Management Performance Grant (EMPG) Program. Formerly known as the State 
and Local Assistance Program, the EMPG is another potential source of funds. A Federal 
program that is administered by your State emergency management agency (SEMA), EMGPs 
purpose is to encourage communities to develop comprehensive disaster preparedness and 
assistance plans, programs, and capabilities. Congress appropriates funds for the EMGP 
program, and grants are available on a 50 percent matching basis. Additional information about 
this program may be requested from a grant administrator.

Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Program. Funding under this program provides grants to 
States and communities to plan and carry out activities designed to reduce the risk of flood 
damage to structures covered under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The program 
provides planning and project grants for activities that are technically feasible, cost-effective, and 
proposed projects that meet minimum NFIP Standards and are cost-beneficial to the NFIP. This 
is an annual FEMA program with funding levels for each State based upon the number of insured 
properties in that State. For more information, see http://www.fema.gov/fima/mitgrant.shtm. 

Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP). This program provides grants to States for their use 
in conducting mitigation activities, implementing State or local hazard mitigation plans, and 
funding mitigation actions in disaster-prone areas. Funding for the HMGP is set at 7.5% of the 
total Federal disaster assistance grants made under a Presidentially declared disaster. States 
with Standard Plans may be granted this percentage. For States with Enhanced Plans, HMGP 
grants of up to 20% may be provided. Individual property owners should contact their local 
jurisdiction for application procedures. Further information is available on 
http://www.fema.gov/fima/mitgrant.shtm. 

Increased Cost of Compliance (ICC). Coverage that may be available to historic structures 
covered by a Standard Flood Insurance Policy (SFIP) under the National Flood Insurance 
Program (NFIP). ICC is an endorsement of the flood insurance policy that provides a claim 
payment directly to a property owner for the cost to comply with State or community floodplain 
management laws or ordinances after a direct physical loss caused by a flood. When a building 
covered by an SFIP under the NFIP sustains a loss and the State or community declares the 
building to be substantially or repetitively damaged, ICC will help pay up to $30,000 for the cost to 
elevate, floodproof, demolish, or relocate the building. ICC is not available on a historic structure 
if it is exempt under the communitys ordinance from the floodplain management requirements or 
is granted a variance. ICC is also not available for mitigation actions that do not bring the building 
into compliance with the communitys floodplain management ordinance. Additional information is 
available at http://www.fema.gov/nfip/icc.shtm. 

Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Program. This program was authorized by §203 of the Robert T. 
Stafford Disaster Assistance and Emergency Relief Act (Stafford Act), 42 U.S.C., as amended by 
§102 of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. Funding for the program is provided through the 
National Pre-Disaster Mitigation Fund to assist States, Tribes, and local governments in 
implementing cost-effective hazard mitigation activities that complement a comprehensive 
mitigation program. Additional information is available at http://www.fema.gov/fima/pdm.shtm. 

Most FEMA funding programs are administered through the State emergency management agencies 
(SEMAs). Further information on these and other FEMA funding programs may be obtained at 
http://www.fema.gov. 


B. Other Federal Programs

Community Development Block Grants (CDBG). Administered by State community development 
agencies and local governments on the behalf of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban 
Development (HUD) to provide decent housing and a suitable living environment, principally for low-to-
moderate-income individuals. CDBG activities may include the acquisition, rehabilitation, and 
reconstruction of disaster-damaged properties and the redevelopment of disaster-affected 
neighborhoods. Additional information is available at http://www.huduser.org/periodicals/rrr/cdbg.html. 

Disaster Assistance Loans. The Small Business Administration (SBA) provides low-interest disaster 
assistance loans of up to $200,000 for the repair or replacement of a primary residence; low-interest 
loans of up to $40,000 for the repair and replacement of household and personal property; and low-
interest loans of up to $500,000 for business owners and non-profit organizations for the repair, 
rehabilitation, or replacement of property. SBA assistance is generally available following a major disaster 
declaration. This may be useful for hazard-prone historic commercial districts. Further information is 
available on the SBA's homepage at http://www.sba.gov/disaster_recov/index.html.

Federal Rehabilitation Tax Credit. Federal law provides a Federal income tax credit equal to 20% of the 
cost of rehabilitating a historic building for commercial use. To qualify for the credit, the property must be 
a certified historic structurethat is, on the National Register or contributing to a registered historic district. 
(Non-historic buildings built before 1936 qualify for a 10% tax credit.) A substantial rehabilitation is 
necessary, and the work must meet the Secretary of Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation. The historic 
preservation tax credit has been a powerful tool for neighborhood revitalization. Applications for the credit 
are available through State Historic Preservation Offices and the final decisions are made by the National 
Park Service (NPS). More information is available at http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/tps/tax/index.htm. 

Historic Preservation Fund Grants-in-Aid. Grants provided by the U.S. Department of the Interior, 
National Park Service (NPS) for the identification, evaluation, and protection of historic properties. These 
grants are awarded through State Historic Preservation Offices for survey and planning activities, and in 
some instances, for improvements to historic properties through matching acquisition and development 
grants. Further information is available through your State Historic Preservation Office. More information 
is available at http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/clg/index.htm. 

Planning Assistance. The National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) provides planning 
assistance for watershed protection projects, water quality improvement projects, wetland preservation, 
and management for agricultural and rural communities. Many rural communities may feature hazard-
prone historic resources. Further information is available on the NRCS's homepage at 
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov.

Technical Assistance Program. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Technical Assistance Program 
provides services to communities for the revitalization of single-family, multi-family, and commercial 
buildings. DOE staff are experienced in performing housing assessment needs, and in identifying 
financing mechanisms, especially those that include funds for energy efficiency. Further information is 
available on the DOE's homepage at http://www.energy.gov_engine/content.do.

Another DOE program, the Departments Center for Excellence for Sustainable Development, works with 
communities to help them define and implement sustainable development strategies as part of their 
comprehensive community planning efforts. The Center provides technical assistance to disaster-affected 
communities as they plan community-scale long-term recovery efforts, including relocation, repairs, and 
reconstruction by introducing a wide array of environmental technologies and sustainable redevelopment 
planning practices. Further information is available by visiting the DOEs Web site 
http://www.sustainable.doe.gov.

Transportation Enhancements Funding. In 1991, Congress created a special fund to encourage States 
to dedicate transportation money to projects that enhance local communities. In the legislationnormally 
referred to as ISTEAthat established that fund, Congress listed specific activities, including acquisition 
of historic or scenic sites, historic highway programs with heritage tourism components, rails to trails 
programs, and rehabilitation of historic transportation buildings, and archeological planning as 
"transportation enhancements." Since 1991, States have dedicated nearly $1 billion in Federal-aid 
highway funds to thousands of transportation-related historic preservation projects; historic resources 
have also benefited from enhancement money for landscaping, land acquisition, historic bridge and road 
activities, and streetscapes in historic commercial districts. 

For more information on transportation enhancements funding, download Building on the Past, Traveling 
to the Future, a free guide prepared by the National Trust and the Federal Highway Administration, or visit 
http://www.enhancements.org, http://www.tea21.org, http://www.transact.org.


C. Primary State Programs

State Emergency Management Agencies (SEMAs) provide disaster assistance to local communities 
and hazard mitigation grants to residents and business owners. Through the Stafford Act, a SEMA 
administers many of FEMAs funding programs. For more information on three Federal programs 
administered by your SEMA, see:

Emergency Management Performance Grant Program;

Hazard Mitigation Grant Program; and

Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program.

State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) offices provide the following funding programs:

Historic Preservation Fund (HPF). Provides grants to Tribes, States, and local governments to 
use for activities such as education, preparation of National Register nominations, and 
development of comprehensive preservation plans. Established in 1976 as an amendment to the 
National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, the HPF receives annual appropriations from 
Congress, and this Federal money is matched by State dollars. The fund is administered in a 
partnership between the National Park Service (NPS) and the States through SHPO offices, 
Tribes, and local governments. To learn more, visit http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/hpf/index.htm.

State Grant Programs. Many States provide matching funds to carry out historic preservation 
activities. Project work includes such activities as rehabilitation and restoration of historic 
properties, survey and evaluation of historic properties, educational materials, and development 
of local historic preservation programs. For more information, contact your local SHPO office.

State Tax Credits. Many States offer historic preservation tax incentive programs including 
credits, reductions, freezes, and abatements for owners of commercial and residential historic 
properties. The National Trust for Historic Preservation (NTHP), a non-profit organization, 
maintains a State-by-State list of available tax incentive programs at 
http://www.nationaltrust.org/help/taxincentives.pdf.


D. Other State Programs

Statewide, Regional, and Local Main Street Programs. Numerous communities across the nation have 
participated in the National Main Street Program, which has been a valuable mechanism for the 
revitalization of historic downtown areas. An important part of the Main Street approach to downtown 
revitalization involves the rehabilitation of downtown facades. In addition to assisting communities in 
improving the appearance of their downtown areas and promoting historic preservation, the program has 
also been an economic stimulus in that it has led to the creation of new businesses and jobs in these 
communities. The organizational structure of Main Street programs is often a public-private partnership, 
but varies from State to State. Further information is available at http://www.mainstreet.org/.


E. Non-Profit Organizations

The National Trust for Historic Preservation (NTHP). Assists individual historic property owners with 
financial help and advice. The NTHP provides low-interest, short-term loans for property stabilization. 
Grants are also awarded to governments, non-profit organizations, and private property owners for 
professional assistance in rehabilitating historic structures. These grants may be used to plan for the 
rehabilitation of hazard-prone historic resources. Further information is available on the National Trust's 
homepage at http://www.nthp.org/help/grants/html.

The Preservation Services Fund. Provides non-profit organizations and public agencies 
matching grants from $500 to $5,000 (typically from $1,000 to $1,500) for preservation planning and 
education efforts. Funds may be used to obtain professional expertise in areas such as architecture, 
archeology, engineering, preservation planning, land-use planning, fund raising, organizational 
development, and law, as well as preservation education activities to educate the public.

The Johanna Favrot Fund for Historic Preservation. Provides non-profit organizations and public 
agencies grants ranging from $2,500 to $10,000 for projects that contribute to the preservation or the 
recapture of an authentic sense of place. Individuals and for-profit businesses may apply only if the 
project for which funding is requested involves a National Historic Landmark. Funds may be used for 
professional advice, conferences, workshops, and education programs.

The Cynthia Woods Mitchell Fund for Historic Interiors. Provides non-profit organizations and 
public agencies grants ranging from $2,500 to $10,000 to assist in the preservation, restoration, and 
interpretation of historic interiors. Individuals and for-profit businesses may apply only if the project for 
which funding is requested involves a National Historic Landmark. Funds may be used for professional 
expertise, print and video communications materials, and education programs.

The Save America's Treasures (SAT) Funding. Program founded by the White House Millennium 
Council and the National Trust for Historic Preservation to celebrate America's great historic and cultural 
legacy. SAT fosters pride in our heritage by identifying and raising resources to preserve historically 
significant sites and collectionsthe enduring symbols that define us as a nation. Each year, a 
competitive process awards Federal grants to eligible historic resources for approved preservation 
activities. These grants require non-Federal dollar-for-dollar matches and are administered by the 
National Park Service (NPS), in partnership with the National Endowment for the Arts. For more 
information, visit http://www.saveamericastreasures.org/funding.htm.


III. Contact Information

A. Federal Government

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP)

The ACHP is an independent Federal agency that promotes the preservation, enhancement, and 
productive use of our Nation's historic resources, and advises the President and Congress on national 
historic preservation policy. The ACHP also serves as the primary Federal policy advisor to the President 
and Congress; recommends administrative and legislative improvements for protecting our Nation's 
heritage; advocates full consideration of historic values in Federal decision-making; and reviews Federal 
programs and policies to promote effectiveness, coordination, and consistency with national preservation 
policies.

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 
1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 809 
Old Post Office Building 
Washington, DC 20004 
Telephone: 202-606-8503 
http://www.achp.gov  


Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Federal agency created in 1979 to provide a single 
point of accountability for all Federal activities related to disaster mitigation and emergency preparedness, 
response, and recovery. In 2003, it was absorbed into the newly created Department of Homeland 
Security.

FEMA Headquarters 
500 C Street SW 
Washington, DC 20472 
Telephone: 202-566-1600 
http://www.fema.gov

FEMA Publications Warehouse 
1-800-480-2520

Environmental, Historic Preservation, and Cultural Resources Programs 
http://www.fema.gov/ehp

Hazard Mitigation Planning Resources 
http://www.fema.gov/fima/planning.shtm

State and Local Mitigation Planning How-To Guides 
http://www.fema.gov/fima/resources.shtm


National Park Service (NPS)

Created in 1916 within the U.S. Department of the Interior, NPS supports the preservation of natural and 
historic places. NPS administers the National Register of Historic Places and offers services to citizens 
and communities to identify, evaluate, protect, and preserve historic properties for future generations of 
Americans.

National Register of Historic Places 
National Park Service 
1201 Eye St., NW, 8th Floor 
Washington, DC 20005 
Telephone: 202-354-2213 
http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr

Heritage Preservation Services 
National Park Service 
1201 Eye Street, NW, 6th Floor (2255) 
Washington, DC 20005 
Telephone: 202-513-7270 
http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps


B. State Governments

National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers (NCSHPO)

Every State and territory has a State Historic Preservation Office. For an up-to-date listing and current 
contact information, please visit the Web site of the following organization:

National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers 

Suite 342 Hall of the States 
444 North Capitol Street, NW  
Washington, DC 20001-1512 
Telephone: 202-624-5465 
Facsimile: 202-624-5419 
http://www.ncshpo.org/  

The NCSHPO is the professional association of the State government officials who carry out the national 
historic preservation program as delegates of the Secretary of the Interior pursuant to the National 
Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470). The NCSHPO acts as a 
communications vehicle among the State Historic Preservation Offices and their staffs and represents the 
State Historic Preservation Officers (SHPOs) with Federal agencies and national preservation 
organizations. Questions about historic preservation (i.e., a Federal project, listing in the National 
Register, tax incentives, etc.) in individual States should be directed to the respective State. 

The NCSHPO, a 501(c)(3) corporation registered in the District of Columbia, is governed by a Board of 
Directors elected by the member States. The NHPA names the NCSHPO as the point of contact for the 
SHPOs. The president of the NCSHPO is an ex-officio member of the Advisory Council on Historic 
Preservation.


C. Tribal Governments

National Association of Tribal Historic Preservation Officers (NATHPO)

NATHPO, founded in 1998, is a national, non-profit corporation composed of Tribal Historic Preservation 
Officers and associate member Tribes. NATHPOs overarching purpose is to support the preservation, 
maintenance, and revitalization of the culture and traditions of Native peoples of the United States. This is 
accomplished most importantly through the support of Tribal Historic Preservation Programs approved by 
the National Park Service (NPS). 

National Association of Tribal Historic Preservation Officers 
P.O. Box 19189 
Washington, DC 20036-9189 
Telephone: 202-628-8476 
Facsimile: 202-628-2241 
http://www.nathpo.org 

Additional information on Tribal Historic Preservation Offices may be found on the following Web sites:

http://www.achp.gov/thpo.html

http://www2.cr.nps.gov/tribal/tribaloffices.htm


D. Non-Profit Organizations

American Association for State and Local History (AASLH)

The AASLH is a non-profit organization which serves to meet the diverse needs of regional historians and 
historical organizations. 

American Association for State and Local History

1717 Church Street 
Nashville, TN 37203-2991 
Telephone: 615-320-3203 
http://www.aaslh.org/  
 

American Institute of Architects (AIA)

The AIA is a professional association which provides ongoing professional training and accreditation for 
architects, in addition to promoting the creation of a better built environment. The AIA also maintains 
multiple local and regional chapters, and many special interest committees, including the Historic 
Resources Committee.

The American Institute of Architects 
1735 New York Ave., NW 
Washington, DC 20006 
Telephone: 800-AIA-3837 
http://www.aia.org/hrc/ 


American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC)

The AIC is a professional non-profit organization which sponsors training sessions, a juried research 
publication, and annual meetings for conservators  individuals who manage, care for, preserve, or treat 
cultural objects, including artistic, historical, archeological, scientific, or religious objects.

American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works

1717 K Street NW, Suite 200 
Washington, DC 20006 
Telephone: 202-452-9545 
http://aic.stanford.edu 
 

American Planning Association (APA)

The APA is a non-profit public interest and research organization committed to urban, suburban, regional, 
and rural planning. APA and its professional institute, the American Institute of Certified Planners, 
advance the art and science of planning to meet the needs of people and society. The APA maintains a 
number of regional and local chapters, as well as a number of special interest divisions.

American Planning Association 
122 S. Michigan Ave., Suite 1600 
Chicago, IL 60603 
Telephone: 312-431-9100 
http://www.planning.org/  


Association for Preservation Technology International (APT)

The APT is a non-profit professional organization dedicated to advancing the application of technology to 
the conservation of the built environment. The APT sponsors a juried publication, and organizes training 
programs on a wide variety of historic preservation topics.

Association for Preservation Technology International 
4513 Lincoln Ave., Suite 213  
Lisle, IL 60532-1290 USA  
Telephone: 630-968-6400 

Facsimile (Toll Free): 888-723-4242 
http://www.apti.org  


American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA)

The ASLA is the national professional association representing landscape architects. The ASLA promotes 
the landscape architecture profession and advances the practice through advocacy, education, 
communication, and fellowship.

American Society of Landscape Architects 
636 Eye Street, NW 
Washington, DC 20001-3736 
Telephone: 202-898-2444 
http://www.asla.org/  


Disaster Research Center (DRC)

The DRC at the University of Delaware conducts field and survey research on group, organizational and 
community preparation for, response to, and recovery from natural and technological disasters and other 
community-wide crises. DRC researchers have carried out systematic studies on a broad range of 
disaster types, including hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, hazardous chemical incidents, and 
plane crashes.

Disaster Research Center 
87 East Main Street 
Newark, DE 19716-2581 
Telephone: 302-831-6618 
http://www.udel.edu/drc 


Heritage Preservation

Heritage Preservation is a non-profit information clearinghouse which works to ensure the preservation of 
America's collective heritage. The Heritage Emergency National Task Force is co-sponsored by Heritage 
Preservation and FEMA, and features a broad membership of over 30 Federal agencies and national 
service organizations. The Heritage Emergency National Task Force allows for libraries and archives, 
museums, historical societies, and historic sites to better protect their collections from natural disasters 
and other emergencies. It promotes preparedness and mitigation measures and provides expert 
information on response and salvage to institutions and the public.

Heritage Preservation 
1012 14th St., NW Suite 1200 
Washington, DC 20006 
Telephone: 202-233-0800 
http://www.heritagepreservation.org/  


National Trust for Historic Preservation (NTHP)

A private non-profit organization with more than a quarter million members, the NTHP is the leader of the 
vigorous preservation movement that is saving the best of our past for the future. The NTHP features a 
variety of services, including an information clearinghouse, advocacy and support services, legal 
services, training, and outreach.

The NTHP's regional and field offices bring the programs and tools of the NTHP to local communities 
across the country. They offer technical assistance through consultations and field visits and financial 
assistance, primarily through small grants to help jump start local efforts. The NTHP convenes 
educational programs for professional preservationists, and it works to foster preservation-friendly public 
policies which affect historic places. The NTHP also provides leadership on issues that concern entire 
regions, such as saving historic schools, fighting urban sprawl, and revitalizing cities through historic 
preservation.

National Trust for Historic Preservation 
1785 Massachusetts Ave., NW 
Washington, DC 20036-2117 
Telephone: 202-588-6000 
http://www.nthp.org


Regional Alliance for Preservation (RAP)

The RAP is a cooperative program of 14 organizations created to foster cooperation among various 
Preservation Field Service Programs and to assist a wide variety of cultural institutions with collections 
care activities. The mission of the RAP is to provide comprehensive preservation information to cultural 
institutions and the public throughout the United States. As a collaborative umbrella organization, RAP 
does not maintain its own headquarters or staff. For a list of participating organizations and additional 
information on RAP, please see their Web site at http://www.rap-arcc.org



IV. Publications

Baker, John Milnes A.I.A.
1994	American House Styles: A Concise Guide. New York: W.W. Norton and 
Company.

Berke, Philip R., Jack Kartez, and David Wenger
1994	Recovery After Disasters: Achieving Sustainable Development, Mitigation and 
Equity. College Station: Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center, Texas A & M 
University.

Burton, Ian, Robert W. Kates, and Gilbert F. White
1993	The Environment as Hazard, 2nd edition. New York: Guilford Press.

Calloway, Stephen and Elizabeth Cromley
1991	The Elements of Style. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Carley, Rachel
1997	The Visual Dictionary of American Domestic Architecture. New York: Henry Holt 
and Company.

Cole, Robert Vail, George Alexander, Robert Ballard, et al.
2000	Historic Preservation Project Planning and Estimating. Kingston, Massachusetts: 
R. S. Means Company, Inc.

De Sario, Jack, and Stuart Langton, eds.
1987	Citizen Participation in Public Decision Making. Westport, Connecticut: 
Greenwood Press.

Design Center for American Urban Landscape
1994	Recover and Resettlement: A First Look at Post-Flood Recovery Planning Issues 
in the Upper Mississippi River Valley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.

Drabek, Thomas E., and Gerard J. Hoetmer, eds.
1991	Emergency Management: Principles and Practice of Local Government. 
Washington, DC: International City Management Association.

Fram, Mark
1992	Well-Preserved, rev. ed. Erin, Ontario, Canada: Boston Mills Press.

Friedman, Donald
1995	Historical Building Construction: Design, Materials, and Technology. New York: 
W. W. Norton & Company.

Frieseman, H. Paul, et al.
1979	Aftermath: Communities After Natural Disasters. Beverly Hills, California: Sage 
Publications.

Geipel, Robert
1982	Disaster and Reconstruction. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.

Georgia State Historic Preservation Office 
1998	Historic Preservation Natural Disaster Assistance Plan. Historic Preservation 
Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Atlanta, Georgia.

Haas, J. Eugene, Robert W. Kates, and Martyn J. Bowden, eds.
1977	Reconstruction Following Disaster. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Heritage Preservation Services and National Park Service
1998	Caring for Your Historic House. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 

Hiss, Tony
1990	The Experience of Place. New York, Alfred A. Knopf.

Historic Preservation Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources
1997	After the Flood: Rebuilding Communities through Historic Preservation. Historic 
Preservation Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Atlanta, 
Georgia.

May, Peter J.
1985	Recovering from Catastrophes: Federal Disaster Relief Policy and Politics. 
Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

McAlester, Virginia and Lee McAlester
1991	A Field Guide to American Houses. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Missouri State Emergency Management Agency
1993	Out of Harms Way: The Missouri Buyout Program. Missouri State Emergency 
Management Agency, Jefferson City, Missouri.

National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior
1989	Emergency Stabilization and Conservation Measures. The Frances R. Edmunds 
Center for Historic Preservation, Historic Charleston Foundation, Charleston, 
South Carolina.

National Science Foundation
1980	A Report on Flood Hazard Mitigation. Washington, DC: National Science 
Foundation.

National Wildlife Federation
1997	Higher Ground: A Report on Voluntary Property Buyouts in the Nations 
Floodplains, A Common Ground Solution Serving People at Risk, Taxpayers and 
the Environment. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC. 
http://nwf.org/floodplain/higherground/index.html (October 26, 2001).

Nelson, Carl L.
1991	Protecting the Past from Natural Disasters. Washington, DC: Preservation Press, 
National Trust for Historic Preservation.

Nigg, J. M., Jasmin K. Riad, Tricia Wachtendorf, Angela Tweedy, and L. Reshaur
1998	Executive Summary, Disaster Resistant Communities Initiative: Evaluation of the 
Pilot Phase, Year One. Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware.

Nobel, Allen G. and Richard K. Cleek 
1997	The Old Barn Book: A Field Guide to North American Barns and Other Farm 
Structures. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.

Palm, Risa I.
1990	Natural Hazards: An Integrative Framework for Research and Planning. 
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Petak, William J. and Arthur A. Atkisson
1982	Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy: Anticipating the Unexpected. 
New York: Springer-Verlag.

Rubin, Claire B., with Martin D. Saperstein and Daniel G. Barbee
1985	Community Recovery from a Major Natural Disaster. Monograph #41. Boulder: 
University of Colorado Institute of Behavioral Science.

Schwab, Jim, Kenneth Topping, Charles Eadie, Robert Deyle, and Richard Smith
1998	Planning for Post-Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction. American Planning 
Association, Chicago.

Sheaffer, John R.
1967	Introduction to Flood Proofing. Chicago: Center for Urban Studies, University of 
Chicago.

Skinner, Nancy and Bill Becker
1995	Pattonsburg, Missouri: On Higher Ground. Presidents Council on Sustainable 
Development, Washington, DC.

South Florida Regional Planning Council
1990	Post-Disaster Redevelopment Planning: Model Plans for Three Florida 
Scenarios. South Florida Regional Council, Tampa, Florida.

Spennemann, Dirk H. R. and David W. Look. 
1998	Disaster Management Programs for Historic Sites. Association for Preservation 
Technology, Western Chapter, San Francisco; U.S. National Park Service, 
Washington, DC; and The Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt University, Albury, 
New South Wales, Australia.

Strangstad, Lynette
1995	A Graveyard Preservation Primer. Walnut Creek, California: Alta Mira Press.

Thurow, Charles, William Toner, and Duncan Erley
1975	Performance Controls for Sensitive Lands: A Practical Guide for Local 
Administrators. Planning Advisory Service Report #307/308. American Planning 
Association, Chicago.

Topping, Kenneth C.
1991	Key Laws, Codes, and Authorities Affecting Recovery and Reconstruction. 
Consultant Report #1, Los Angeles.

Trust for Public Land
1995	Doing Deals: A Guide to Buying Land for Conservation. Land Trust Alliance, 
Washington, DC.

Tyler, Norman
2000	Historic Preservation: An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice. New 
York: W.W. Norton and Company.

Uguccioni, Ellen and Joseph Herndon
1997	Hurricane Readiness Guide for Owners and Managers of Historic Resources. 
National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington, DC.

Upton, Dell
1986	Americas Architectural Roots: Ethnic Groups That Built America. New York: 
Preservation Press.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
1995	Planning for Disaster Debris. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 
Washington, DC.

Weaver, Martin E.
1997	Conserving Buildings: A Guide to Techniques and Materials, rev. ed. New York: 
Preservation Press.

Whiffen, Marcus
1993	American Architecture Since 1780: A Guide to the Styles, rev. ed. Cambridge, 
Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Wright, James D., Peter H. Rossi, Sonia R. Wright, and Eleanor Weber-Burdin
1979	After the Cleanup: Long-Range Effects of Natural Disasters. Beverly Hills, 
California: Sage Publications.



Articles

Alderson, Caroline and Paul Westlake, Jr. and Bayard Whitmore
2004	Perimeter Security Retrofitting for Historic Buildings, Association for 
Preservation Technology, Vol. XXXV, No. 3:37-47.

Burby, Raymond J., Peter J. May, and Robert C. Patterson
1998	Improving Compliance with Regulations: Choices and Outcomes for Local 
Government, Journal of the American Planning Association, 64(3).

Dessauer, Peter F., and David G. Wright
2001	Disaster Preparedness During Construction in Danger Areas, Cultural 
Resources Management, Vol. 24, Number 8:19-21. National Park Service, 
Washington, DC.

Eck, Christopher R.
2000	Earth, Wind, Fire, and WaterHistoric Preservation Disaster Planning in Miami-
Dade County, Florida, Cultural Resources Management, Vol. 23, Number 6:11-
13. National Park Service, Washington, DC.

Estes, Judith
2000	Disaster PreparednessHow Ready Are You?, Cultural Resources 
Management, Vol. 23, Number 6:14-16. National Park Service, Washington, DC.

Gardner, David
2004	The Federal Emergency Management Agency and Its Role in Historic 
Preservation, Association for Preservation Technology, Vol. XXXV, No. 1:49-53.

Goldenberg, Nancy
2004	Repairing Blast Damage at the South Portico of the California State Capitol, 
Association for Preservation Technology, Vol. XXXV, No. 3:31-36. 

Innes, Judith E.
1996	Planning through Consensus Building: A New View of the Comprehensive 
Planning Ideal, Journal of the American Planning Association, 62(4):460-72.

Look, David W. and Dirk H. R. Spennemann
2000	Disaster Management for Cultural Properties, Cultural Resources Management, 
Vol. 23, Number 6:3-5. National Park Service, Washington, DC.

2001	Disaster Preparedness, Planning, and Mitigation, Cultural Resources 
Management, Vol. 24, Number 8:3-4. National Park Service, Washington, DC.

Martin, Mary Catherine and Lila King
2000	A Lesson Well LearnedNew Methods of Disaster Preparation for Atlantas Fox 
Theatre, Cultural Resources Management, Vol. 23, Number 6:17-19. National 
Park Service, Washington, DC.

Ohlsen, Christine and Claire B. Rubin
1993	Planning for Disaster Recovery, MIS Report, Vol. 25, Number 7. International 
City Management Association, Washington, DC.

Park, Sharon and Claire Schofield Mastroberardino
2004	Guidance for Security Enhancements to Historic Buildings, Association for 
Preservation Technology Bulletin, Vol. XXXV, No. 1:3-12.

Roy, Charity
2001	Disaster Recovery, Developing a Plan, Cultural Resources Management, Vol. 
24, Number 8:13-15. National Park Service, Washington, DC.

Schwab, Jim
1993	Nature Bats Last: The Politics of Floodplain Management, Environment and 
Development (January/February):1-4.

1997	Zoning for Flood Hazards, Zoning News (August):1-4.

1998	Post-Disaster Zoning Opportunities, Zoning News (August):1-4.

Stone, Hollice F.
2004	Protective Design of Exterior Building Components in Twentieth-Century Historic 
Structures, Association for Preservation Technology, Vol. XXXV, No. 1:23-29.

Topping, Kenneth C. and Mark Sorensen
1996	Building Disaster-Resistant Communities, Environment and Development 
(May/June):11.

Tweedy, Angela
2000	Beyond Disaster ResponsePublic Policy Challenge of the New Millennium, 
Cultural Resources Management, Vol. 23, Number 6:6-10. National Park Service, 
Washington, DC.

Usman, Lisa
2000	MitigationFact or Fiction? Cultural Resources Management, Vol. 23, Number 
6:32-34. National Park Service, Washington, DC.

Waite, John and Nancy A. Rankin
2004	Tweed Courthouse: New Approach to Life-Safety Management in a Landmark 
Public Building, Association for Preservation Technology Bulletin, Vol. XXXV, 
No. 1:15-21.



Miscellaneous

1000 Friends of Florida

2001	Pre- and Post-Disaster Planning for Historic Resources. 1000 Friends of Florida 
Web site. http://www.1000friendsofflorida.org (November 16, 2001).

Federal Emergency Management Agency Publications

1984	Elevated Residential Structures. Federal Emergency Management Agency, 
Washington, DC.

1990	Post-Disaster Hazard Mitigation Planning Guidance for State and Local 
Governments. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC.

1994a	Typical Costs for Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings, Volume 1- 
Summary, 2nd Edition (FEMA 156), Federal Emergency Management Agency, 
Washington, DC. 

1994b	Typical Costs for Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, Volume 2- Supporting 
Documentation, 2nd Edition, (FEMA 157), Federal Emergency Management 
Agency, Washington, DC.

1995a	Mitigation: Cornerstone for Building Safer Communities. Federal Emergency 
Management Agency, Washington, DC.

1995b	National Mitigation Strategy: Partnerships for Building Safer Communities. 
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC.

1996	Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning. Federal Emergency 
Management Agency, Washington, DC.

1997a	A Guide to Federal Aid in Disasters. Federal Emergency Management Agency, 
Washington, DC.

1997b	Multi-Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment: A Cornerstone of the National 
Mitigation Strategy. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC.

1997c	Report on Costs and Benefits of Natural Hazard Mitigation. Federal Emergency 
Management Agency, Washington, DC.

1998	Homeowners Guide to Retrofitting (FEMA 348) and Protecting Building Utilities 
From Flood Damage (FEMA 312), Federal Emergency Management Agency, 
Washington, DC. 

2000a	Planning for a Sustainable Future. Federal Emergency Management Agency, 
Washington, DC.

2000b	Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings (FEMA 
356-357), Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC.

2002	Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Potential Seismic Hazards: A Handbook, 
2nd Edition (FEMA 154), Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, 
DC.

2003	A Guide to the Disaster Declaration Process and Federal Disaster Assistance. 
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Emergency Preparedness and 
Response Directorate, Washington. DC. Available online at 
http://www.fema.gov/rrr/dec_guid.shtm.

nd	Safeguarding Your Historic Site: Basic Preparedness and Recovery Measures 
for Natural Disasters. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Boston, MA.


Hom, Darrick B. and Chris D. Poland 
2003	ASCE 31 Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings, American Society of Civil 
Engineers / Structural Engineering Institute, Reston, Virginia.

Kartez, Jack D., and Charles E. Faupel
1994	Comprehensive Hazard Management and the Role of Cooperation Between 
Local Planning Departments and Emergency Management Offices. Unpublished 
Paper.

Morton, W. Brown III, Gary L. Hume, Kay D. Weeks, and H. Ward Jandl
1992	The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation with Illustrated 
Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings. Government Printing Office.

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior Publications
1995	The Secretary of the Interiors Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties. 
National Park Service. Washington, DC.

2000	Disaster Management Thematic Issue of Cultural Resources Management, Vol. 
23, Number 6. National Park Service, Washington, DC.

2001	Cultural Resource Protection and Emergency Preparedness Thematic Issue of 
Cultural Resources Management, Vol. 24, Number 8. National Park Service, 
Washington, DC.

Spennemann, Dirk H. R. and David G. Green
1998	A Special Interest Network on Natural Hazard Mitigation for Cultural Heritage 
Sites, in Disaster Management Programs for Historic Sites, Dirk H. R. 
Spennemann and David W. Look, eds. Presentations from the June 1997 
Symposium sponsored by the National Park Service and the Association for 
Preservation Technology, San Francisco, California.

Spennemann, Dirk H. R. and David W. Look, eds.
1998a	Disaster Management Programs for Historic Sites. Presentations from the June 
1997 Symposium sponsored by the National Park Service and the Association 
for Preservation Technology, San Francisco, California.

1998b	From Conflict to Dialogue, From Dialogue to Cooperation, From Cooperation to 
Preservation, in Disaster Management Programs for Historic Sites, Dirk H. R. 
Spennemann, and David W. Look, eds. Presentations from the June 1997 
Symposium sponsored by the National Park Service and the Association for 
Preservation Technology, San Francisco, California.

U.S. Department of Energy
nd	Operation Freshstart: Using Sustainable Technologies to Recover from 
Disasters. http://www.sustainable.doe.gov/freshstart.

Weeks, Kay D. and Anne E. Grimmer
1995	The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties 
with Illustrated Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring, and 
Reconstructing Historic Buildings. Government Printing Office.

National Register Bulletins (available from the National Park Service)

See http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins.htm.

The Basics

How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation 

How to Complete the National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form 

How to Complete the National Register Registration Form 

How to Prepare National Historic Landmark Nominations 

Researching a Historic Property 

For information about property types as well as general guidance and technical 
assistance for preparing nominations, see 
http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins.htm.


Preservation Briefs

See http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/tps/briefs/presbhom.htm.


Preservation Technical Notes

See http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/tps/technotes/tnhome.htm.


Technical Reports

Keeping it Clean: Removing Dirt, Paint, Stains, and Graffiti from Historic Exterior 
Masonry. Anne E. Grimmer. 

Metals in America's Historic Buildings: Uses and Preservation Treatments. Margot Gayle, 
David W. Look, AIA, and John G. Waite, AIA. 

Moving Historic Buildings. John Obed Curtis.


National Trust for Historic Preservation Publications

1993	Information Booklet No. 82: Treatment of Flood-Damaged Older and Historic 
Buildings. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington, DC.

1997	Hurricane Readiness Guide for Owners and Managers of Historic Resources. 
National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington, DC.

2001	Controlling Disaster: Earthquake-Hazard Reduction for Historic Buildings. 
National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington, DC.



V. Other Useful Web Sites

FEMA

For information about FEMA funding for stabilization and treatment of collections and individual 
objects of exceptionally significant cultural value located within or on the property of public or non-
profit facilities after a disaster, see FEMAs Collections and Individual Objects Policy at 
http://www.fema.gov/rrr/pa/9524_6.shtm.

For information on Darlington, Wisconsins historic property flood mitigation efforts, see 
http://www.fema.gov/regions/v/ss/ r5_n16.shtm.

For information on HAZUS, see http://www.fema.gov/hazus/.

For information on Milton, Pennsylvanias planning process for historic flood-prone properties, 
see http://www.fema.gov/ehp/milton.shtm.

For information on safe rooms and community shelters, see http://www.fema.gov/mit/saferoom.



National Park Service

For information about the appropriate design of additions to historic buildings, see 
http://www.cr.nps.gov/tps/standguide/rehab/rehab_newadd.htm.

For information on historic contexts, see http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/research/contexts.htm and 
http://www.cr.nps.gov/local-law/arch-stnds_1.htm.

For State historic preservation plans, see http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/pad/stateplans/planlist.htm.



Other

For a copy of Disaster Planning for Floridas Historic Resources, see 
http://www.dca.state.fl.us/fdcp/dcp/publications/historic.pdf.

For a copy of the National Capital Urban Design and Security Plan (October 2002) see 
http://www.ncpc.gov/publications_press/publications.html. 

For economic benefits of historic preservation in the Loudoun County, Virginias heritage area, 
see http://www.mosbyheritagearea.org/Report/renovate.html.

To learn more about economic benefits of historic preservation in the State of Florida, see 
http://www.flheritage.com/files/economic_impact.pdf.

For information on the 113 Calhoun Street Foundation and the rehabilitation of this historic 
Charleston, South Carolina, building as a center for sustainable living, see 
http://www.113calhoun.org.

To view the artistic Paducah, Kentucky, floodwall murals, see 
http://www.kentuckylake.com/gallery/ontheroad/The%20Wall/080802wall.htm

To learn more about the American Institute for the Conservation of Artistic and Historic Works 
(AIC) guidelines for selecting a qualified conservator, see 
http://aic.stanford.edu/public/select.html. For a complete list of AIC online publications, including 
those pertaining to disaster response and recovery, see 
http://aic.stanford.edu/library/online/index.html.

For more information on the care and treatment of cultural resources damaged through disasters, 
see the CoOL Web site at http://palimpsest.stanford.edu.

For the H. George Friedman, Jr. postcard collection and Decatur, Illinois, Transfer House, see 
http://www-faculty.cs.uiuc.edu/~friedman/decatur/Decatur.htm.

For additional information about Marylands building rehabilitation code, see 
http://www.dnr.state.md.us/education/growfromhere/LESSON15/MDP/SMARTCODE/SMARTCODE00.HTM.

For additional guidance regarding New Jerseys building rehabilitation code, see 
http://www.state.nj.us/dca/codes/rehab/index.shtml.




APPENDIX C: WORKSHEETS
WORKSHEET #1	Expand the Planning Team
WORKSHEET #2	Determine the Extent and Value of Historic Properties
WORKSHEET #3	Inventory Historic Property and Cultural Resource Assets
WORKSHEET #4	Determine Community Value for Historic Property and Cultural Resource 
Assets
WORKSHEET #5	Estimate Total Losses for Historic Properties and Cultural Resources
WORKSHEET #6	Identify Alternative Mitigation Actions for Historic Properties and Cultural 
Resources
WORKSHEET #7	Evaluate Alternative Mitigation Actions for Historic Properties and 
Cultural Resources
WORKSHEET #8	Prioritize Alternative Mitigation Actions for Historic Properties and 
Cultural Resources

[Worksheet #1	Expand the Planning Team	Phase 1, Step 2
Date
Step 2 of Getting Started (FEMA 386-1) discusses establishing a planning team with a broad 
range of backgrounds and experiences represented. This worksheet suggests additional 
individuals, agencies, and organizations that should be included on the team to address historic 
properties and cultural resource considerations in the hazard mitigation planning process. State 
organizations can be included on local teams when appropriate to serve as a source of 
information and to provide guidance and coordination.
Use the checklist as a starting point for expanding your team.

The worksheet has three columns. The first column has the titles of potential members of the 
planning team. The second column contains the heading of on team. The third column contains 
the heading of add to team. The second and third columns each have a blank check-off box that 
lines up to the right of each planning team members title so that you can place a check mark in 
one box if the person is on the planning team or in the other box if that person should be added to 
the team. 

Under the general heading of Specialists for Historic Properties and Cultural Resource 
Preservation are the following job titles. To the right of each are the two empty check-off boxes

-	Archeologist
-	Architectural Historian
-	Archivist (State/Local)
-	Business/Development Organizations for Historic Commercial Districts
-	Collections Manager
-	Historian
-	Historical Society (State, Regional, Local)
-	Historic Preservation Architect
-	Historic Preservation Planner
-	Historic Restoration/Rehabilitation Professional
-	Librarian
-	Museum Director or Specialist
-	Non-profit Historic Preservation Organization (insert name)
-	State Historic Preservation Officer
-	Tribal Historic Preservation Officer

END WORKSHEET #1]


[Worksheet #2	Determine Extent and Value of Historic Properties	Phase 2, Step 3
Date:

Fill in Columns 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, and 11. Fill in Columns 4 and 10 after completing Worksheet #3. 
Divide Column 1 by Column 2 and multiply by 100 to calculate the percentage of properties in the 
hazard area (Column 3). This process can be used to determine the percent value of properties 
within the hazard area (Column 6), the percentage of historic properties in the community 
(Column 9) and their percent value (Column 12).

13 column table listing type of structure, number of properties, value of properties, number of 
properties, and value of properties. The types of structure are: residential, commercial, industrial, 
religious/non-profit, government, and education. Column 1 under number of properties is number 
of historic properties in hazard area; column 2 is number of all properties in hazard area; column 
3 is percentage of properties that are historic; column 4 under value of properties is dollar value 
of historic properties in hazard area; column 5 is dollar value of all properties in hazard area; 
column 6 is property value of historic properties as percentage of total property value. Column 7 
under number of properties is number of historic properties in community or state; column 8 is 
number of all properties in community or state; column 9 is percentage of properties that are 
historic. Column 10 under value of properties is dollar value of historic properties in community or 
state; column 11 is dollar value of all properties in community or state; column 12 is property 
value of historic properties as percentage of total property value. The last row of the table is for 
total.
END OF WORKSHEET #2]

[Worksheet #3	Inventory Historic Property and Cultural Resource Assets	Phase 2, Step 3
Hazard:		Date:

Make a copy of a blank worksheet for each hazard of concern.  Fill in the name of the hazard and 
the date.  List the name and address of vulnerable historic properties and cultural resources in 
Column 1. For each property/cultural resource (row) fill out Columns 2 to 10 to complete the 
information about the asset. For Columns 11 to 15, use results from Worksheet #5 to fill in the 
applicable columns. For Column 16, use the ranking from Column 7 of Worksheet #4. See the 
Building Data Requirement table below to determine what additional columns to add to this 
worksheet, depending on the hazard.  
Examples of the types of information to fill in for Columns 3, 5, and 6:
Column 3:  Type of Property/Resource (include, but not limited to, buildings, structures, objects, 
sites, and districts)
Column 5:  Structural System (e.g., concrete, wood frame, or steel)
Column 6:  Primary Material(s) of Property/Resource (e.g., brick veneer, concrete, or plaster)
8 column table, titled Building Data Requirements by Hazard, lists building characteristics, 
flood, earthquake, tsunami, tornado, coastal storm, landslide, and wildfire. In column 1, the 
building characteristics are: Building Type/Type of Foundation, Building Code Design 
Level/Date of Construction, Roof Material, Roof Construction, Vegetation, Topography, and 
Distance from the Hazard Zone. This table shows you at a quick glance the type of data required 
when addressing the selected seven hazards.

Hazard: Flood. Building Characteristics: 1. Building type/type of foundation, yes. 2. Building code 
design level/date of construction, yes. 3. Roof material, no. 4. Roof construction, no. 5. 
Vegetation, no. 6. Topography, yes. 7. Distance from the hazard zone, yes.

Hazard: Earthquake. Building Characteristics: 1. Building type/type of foundation, yes. 2. Building 
code design level/date of construction, yes. 3. Roof material, no. 4. Roof construction, no. 5. 
Vegetation, no. 6. Topography, no. 7. Distance from the hazard zone, no.

Hazard: Tsunami. Building Characteristics: 1. Building type/type of foundation, yes. 2. Building 
code design level/date of construction, yes. 3. Roof material, no. 4. Roof construction, no. 5. 
Vegetation, no. 6. Topography, no. 7. Distance from the hazard zone, yes.

Hazard: Tornado. Building Characteristics: 1. Building type/type of foundation, no. 2. Building 
code design level/date of construction, yes. 3. Roof material, yes. 4. Roof construction, yes. 5. 
Vegetation, no. 6. Topography, no. 7. Distance from the hazard zone, no.

Hazard: Coastal Storm. Building Characteristics: 1. Building type/type of foundation, yes. 2. 
Building code design level/date of construction, yes. 3. Roof material, yes. 4. Roof construction, 
yes. 5. Vegetation, no. 6. Topography, yes. 7. Distance from the hazard zone, yes.

Hazard: Landslide. Building Characteristics: 1. Building type/type of foundation, no. 2. Building 
code design level/date of construction, no. 3. Roof material, no. 4. Roof construction, no. 5. 
Vegetation, no. 6. Topography, yes. 7. Distance from the hazard zone, yes.
Hazard: Wildfire. Building Characteristics: 1. Building type/type of foundation, no. 2. Building code 
design level/date of construction, yes. 3. Roof material, yes. 4. Roof construction, yes. 5. 
Vegetation, yes. 6. Topography, yes. 7. Distance from the hazard zone, yes.
Below the Building Data Requirement table there is a 16 column table listing name and address 
of asset subject to hazard, date of construction/creation, type of property/type of resource, square 
footage, structural system, primary material(s) of property/resource, current function/use, current 
condition, is owner interested in mitigation? (yes/no), level of property vulnerability (High, 
Medium, Low), loss of structure ($), loss of contents ($), loss of function or use ($), displacement 
cost, total loss for hazard event, and level of community value for ranking purposes (High, 
Medium, Low).
END OF WORKSHEET #3]

[Worksheet #4	Determine Community Value for Historic Property and Cultural Resource Assets
	Phase 2, Step 3
Date:
List the name and address of vulnerable historic properties and cultural assets. For each asset 
(row), fill in columns 1 to 6. Define High, Medium, and Low for Columns 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 at the 
bottom of this worksheet (optional). Fill in Column 7 by qualitatively adding Columns 3 to 6. Enter 
the results of Column 7 in Column 16 of Worksheet #3.
8 column table lists name and address of asset, historic designation (National Register, Local 
Landmark, etc.)*, geographic context of significance (National, Tribal/State, Local), level of 
significance (High, Medium, Low), public sentiment (High, Medium, Low), economic importance 
(High, Medium, Low), degree of integrity (High, Medium, Low), and total level of community value 
(High, Medium, Low).
For column 1, historic designation, the asterisk means the designation level does not 
automatically correlate to the level of community value for ranking purposes.
END OF WORKSHEET #4]

[Worksheet #5	Estimate Total Losses for Historic Properties and Cultural Resources	Phase 
2, Step 4
Hazard:		Date:

Make a copy of this worksheet for each hazard of concern.  Note the date and the hazard at the 
top of the worksheet. List each historic property or cultural resource asset. For each asset (row) 
calculate the structure, contents, function, and displacement losses. Enter each loss and total 
loss on Worksheet #3, as indicated.


14 column table. The first column is name/description of structure.
Calculate structure loss.
Structure replacement value ($) multiplied by
Percent damage (%) equals
Loss to structure (Worksheet 3, column 11)
Add losses for all structures to obtain total loss to structures.

Calculate contents loss.
Replacement value of contents (professionally appraised for historic contents) multiplied by
Percent damage (%) equals 
Loss of contents (Worksheet 3, column 12) 
Add content losses for all structures to determine total loss of contents.

Calculate loss of function.
Average daily operating budget multiplied by 
Functional downtime in number of days equals
Total function loss (Worksheet 3 column 13)
Add functional loss for all structures to determine total loss of function.

Calculate displacement cost.
Displacement cost per day multiplied by
Displacement time equals
Total displacement cost (Worksheet 3, column 14)
Add displacement cost for all structures to determine total displacement cost.

To obtain the total loss for hazard event, add structure loss plus content loss plus function loss 
plus displacement cost (Worksheet 3, column 15).

END OF WORKSHEET #5]


[Worksheet #6	Identify Alternative Mitigation Actions for Historic Properties and Cultural 
Resources	Phase 3, Step 2
Hazard:		Date:

Fill in the goal and its corresponding objective developed in Step 1. Use a separate copy of this 
worksheet for each objective. Make sure you note the sources of information you consulted in 
identifying alternative actions. Use Worksheet Job Aid #1 as a starting point for identifying 
potential mitigation actions.

Goal:
Objective:

3 column table:
Alternative Actions.	
Sources of Information. (Include sources you consulted for future reference and documentation.)	
Comments. (Note any initial issues you may want to discuss or research further.)

Have you considered alternative mitigation actions from other mitigation action categories? Do 
those options have negative impacts to historic properties or cultural resources?  Among the 
categories below, check off the ones that apply to this objective.

Below there are 6 boxes you can check off, these list: prevention, property protection, structural 
diversions, public education and awareness, natural resource protection for historic landscape 
features, and offsetting the impacts of mitigation actions on historic resources.

END OF WORKSHEET #6]

[Worksheet #6 Job Aid #1: Alternative Mitigation Actions by Hazard

Job Aid #1 from FEMA 386-3: Developing the Mitigation Plan: Identifying Mitigation Actions and 
Implementation Strategies has been included in this guide for your convenience. You can use this 
job aid when filling out Worksheet #6.  This job aid shows you at a quick glance the type of 
actions that can address the selected seven hazards. A description of each action is included in 
the glossary in Appendix A of FEMA 386-3.

You can use this job aid when filling out Worksheet #16. This job aid shows you at a quick glance 
the type of actions that can address the selected seven hazards. A description of each action is 
included in the glossary in Appendix A of FEMA 386-3.

[6 multi-columned tables.  Job Aid #1, table 1:

Hazard: Floods. Alternative Mitigation Actions: Prevention. 1. Building codes, yes. 2. Coastal 
zone management regulations, yes. 3. Density controls, yes. 4. Design review standards, yes. 5. 
Easements, yes. 6. Environmental review standards, yes. 7. Floodplain development regulations, 
yes. 8. Floodplain zoning, yes. 9. Forest fire fuel reduction, no. 10. Hillside development 
regulations, no. 11. Open space preservation, yes. 12. Performance standards, yes. 13. 
Shoreline setback regulations, yes. 14. Special use permits, yes. 15. Stormwater management 
regulations, yes. 16. Subdivision and development regulations, yes. 17. Transfer of development 
rights, yes.

Hazard: Earthquakes. Alternative Mitigation Actions: Prevention. 1. Building codes, yes. 2. 
Coastal zone management regulations, no. 3. Density controls, yes. 4. Design review standards, 
yes. 5. Easements, yes. 6. Environmental review standards, yes. 7. Floodplain development 
regulations, no. 8. Floodplain zoning, no. 9. Forest fire fuel reduction, no. 10. Hillside 
development regulations, yes. 11. Open space preservation, yes. 12. Performance standards, 
yes. 13. Shoreline setback regulations, no. 14. Special use permits, yes. 15. Stormwater 
management regulations, no. 16. Subdivision and development regulations, yes. 17. Transfer of 
development rights, yes.

Hazard: Tsunamis. Alternative Mitigation Actions: Prevention. 1. Building codes, yes. 2. Coastal 
zone management regulations, yes. 3. Density controls, yes. 4. Design review standards, yes. 5. 
Easements, no. 6. Environmental review standards, yes. 7. Floodplain development regulations, 
no. 8. Floodplain zoning, no. 9. Forest fire fuel reduction, no. 10. Hillside development 
regulations, no. 11. Open space preservation, yes. 12. Performance standards, yes. 13. 
Shoreline setback regulations, yes. 14. Special use permits, yes. 15. Stormwater management 
regulations, no. 16. Subdivision and development regulations, yes. 17. Transfer of development 
rights, yes.

Hazard: Tornadoes. Alternative Mitigation Actions: Prevention. 1. Building codes, yes. 2. Coastal 
zone management regulations, no. 3. Density controls, no. 4. Design review standards, yes. 5. 
Easements, no. 6. Environmental review standards, yes. 7. Floodplain development regulations, 
no. 8. Floodplain zoning, no. 9. Forest fire fuel reduction, no. 10. Hillside development 
regulations, no. 11. Open space preservation, no. 12. Performance standards, yes. 13. Shoreline 
setback regulations, no. 14. Special use permits, no. 15. Stormwater management regulations, 
no. 16. Subdivision and development regulations, yes. 17. Transfer of development rights, no.

Hazard: Coastal Storms. Alternative Mitigation Actions: Prevention. 1. Building codes, yes. 2. 
Coastal zone management regulations, yes. 3. Density controls, yes. 4. Design review standards, 
yes. 5. Easements, yes. 6. Environmental review standards, yes. 7. Floodplain development 
regulations, yes. 8. Floodplain zoning, yes. 9. Forest fire fuel reduction, no. 10. Hillside 
development regulations, no. 11. Open space preservation, yes. 12. Performance standards, yes. 
13. Shoreline setback regulations, yes. 14. Special use permits, yes. 15. Stormwater 
management regulations, no. 16. Subdivision and development regulations, yes. 17. Transfer of 
development rights, yes.

Hazard: Landslides. Alternative Mitigation Actions: Prevention. 1. Building codes, yes. 2. Coastal 
zone management regulations, no. 3. Density controls, yes. 4. Design review standards, yes. 5. 
Easements, yes. 6. Environmental review standards, yes. 7. Floodplain development regulations, 
no. 8. Floodplain zoning, no. 9. Forest fire fuel reduction, yes. 10. Hillside development 
regulations, yes. 11. Open space preservation, yes. 12. Performance standards, yes. 13. 
Shoreline setback regulations, yes. 14. Special use permits, yes. 15. Stormwater management 
regulations, no. 16. Subdivision and development regulations, yes. 17. Transfer of development 
rights, yes.

Hazard: Wildfires. Alternative Mitigation Actions: Prevention. 1. Building codes, yes. 2. Coastal 
zone management regulations, no. 3. Density controls, yes. 4. Design review standards, yes. 5. 
Easements, yes. 6. Environmental review standards, yes. 7. Floodplain development regulations, 
no. 8. Floodplain zoning, no. 9. Forest fire fuel reduction, yes. 10. Hillside development 
regulations, yes. 11. Open space preservation, yes. 12. Performance standards, yes. 13. 
Shoreline setback regulations, no. 14. Special use permits, yes. 15. Stormwater management 
regulations, no. 16. Subdivision and development regulations, yes. 17. Transfer of development 
rights, yes.

END JOB AID #1, TABLE 1.]

[Job Aid #1, Table 2:
Hazard: Floods.  Alternative Mitigation Action: Property Protection. 1. Acquisition of hazard-prone 
structures, yes. 2. Construction of barriers around structures, yes. 3. Elevation of structures, yes. 
4. Relocation out of hazard areas, yes. 5. Structural retrofits (e.g., reinforcement, flood-proofing, 
storm shutters, and/or bracing), yes. 

Hazard: Earthquakes. Alternative Mitigation Action: Property Protection. 1. Acquisition of hazard-
prone structures, yes. 2. Construction of barriers around structures, no. 3. Elevation of structures, 
no. 4. Relocation out of hazard areas, yes. 5. Structural retrofits (e.g., reinforcement, flood-
proofing, storm shutters, and/or bracing), yes. 

Hazard: Tsunamis. Alternative Mitigation Action: Property Protection. 1. Acquisition of hazard-
prone structures, yes. 2. Construction of barriers around structures, yes. 3. Elevation of 
structures, yes. 4. Relocation out of hazard areas, yes. 5. Structural retrofits (e.g., reinforcement, 
flood-proofing, storm shutters, and/or bracing), yes. 

Hazard: Tornadoes. Alternative Mitigation Action: Property Protection. 1. Acquisition of hazard-
prone structures, no. 2. Construction of barriers around structures, no. 3. Elevation of structures, 
no. 4. Relocation out of hazard areas, no. 5. Structural retrofits (e.g., reinforcement, flood-
proofing, storm shutters, and/or bracing), yes. 

Hazard: Coastal Storms. Alternative Mitigation Action: Property Protection. 1. Acquisition of 
hazard-prone structures, yes. 2. Construction of barriers around structures, yes. 3. Elevation of 
structures, yes. 4. Relocation out of hazard areas, yes. 5. Structural retrofits (e.g., reinforcement, 
flood-proofing, storm shutters, and/or bracing), yes. 

Hazard: Landslides. Alternative Mitigation Action: Property Protection. 1. Acquisition of hazard-
prone structures, yes. 2. Construction of barriers around structures, no. 3. Elevation of structures, 
no. 4. Relocation out of hazard areas, yes. 5. Structural retrofits (e.g., reinforcement, flood-
proofing, storm shutters, and/or bracing), no.  

Hazards: Wildfires. Alternative Mitigation Action: Property Protection. 1. Acquisition of hazard-
prone structures, yes. 2. Construction of barriers around structures, no. 3. Elevation of structures, 
no. 4. Relocation out of hazard areas, yes. 5. Structural retrofits (e.g., reinforcement, flood-
proofing, storm shutters, and/or bracing), no.  

END JOB AID #1, TABLE 2.]

[Job Aid #1, Table 3:
Hazard: Floods.  Alternative Mitigation Action: Public Education & Awareness.  1. Hazard 
information centers, yes. 2. Public education and outreach programs, yes. 3. Real estate 
disclosure, yes.

Hazard: Earthquakes. Alternative Mitigation Action: Public Education & Awareness.  1. Hazard 
information centers, yes. 2. Public education and outreach programs, yes. 3. Real estate 
disclosure, yes.
 
Hazard: Tsunamis. Alternative Mitigation Action: Public Education & Awareness.  1. Hazard 
information centers, yes. 2. Public education and outreach programs, yes. 3. Real estate 
disclosure, yes.

Hazard: Tornadoes. Alternative Mitigation Action: Public Education & Awareness.  1. Hazard 
information centers, yes. 2. Public education and outreach programs, yes. 3. Real estate 
disclosure, yes.

Hazard: Coastal Storms. Alternative Mitigation Action: Public Education & Awareness.  1. Hazard 
information centers, yes. 2. Public education and outreach programs, yes. 3. Real estate 
disclosure, yes.

Hazard: Landslides. Alternative Mitigation Action: Public Education & Awareness.  1. Hazard 
information centers, yes. 2. Public education and outreach programs, yes. 3. Real estate 
disclosure, yes.

Hazards: Wildfires. Alternative Mitigation Action: Public Education & Awareness.  1. Hazard 
information centers, yes. 2. Public education and outreach programs, yes. 3. Real estate 
disclosure, yes.

END JOB AID #1, TABLE 3.]

[Job Aid #1, Table 4:
Hazard: Floods. Alternative Mitigation Action: Natural Resource Protection. 1. Best Management 
Practices (BMPs), yes. 2. Dune and beach restoration, no. 3. Forest and vegetation 
management, yes. 4. Sediment and erosion control regulations, yes. 5. Stream corridor 
restoration, yes. 6. Stream dumping regulations, yes. 7. Urban forestry and landscape 
management, yes. 8. Wetlands development regulations, yes.

Hazard: Earthquakes. Alternative Mitigation Action: Natural Resource Protection. 1. Best 
Management Practices (BMPs), yes. 2. Dune and beach restoration, no. 3. Forest and vegetation 
management, no. 4. Sediment and erosion control regulations, no. 5. Stream corridor restoration, 
no. 6. Stream dumping regulations, no. 7. Urban forestry and landscape management, no. 8. 
Wetlands development regulations, no.

Hazard: Tsunamis. Alternative Mitigation Action: Natural Resource Protection. 1. Best 
Management Practices (BMPs), no. 2. Dune and beach restoration, yes. 3. Forest and vegetation 
management, no. 4. Sediment and erosion control regulations, yes. 5. Stream corridor 
restoration, no. 6. Stream dumping regulations, no. 7. Urban forestry and landscape 
management, no. 8. Wetlands development regulations, no.

Hazard: Tornadoes. Alternative Mitigation Action: Natural Resource Protection. 1. Best 
Management Practices (BMPs), no. 2. Dune and beach restoration, no. 3. Forest and vegetation 
management, no. 4. Sediment and erosion control regulations, no. 5. Stream corridor restoration, 
no. 6. Stream dumping regulations, no. 7. Urban forestry and landscape management, no. 8. 
Wetlands development regulations, no.

Hazard: Coastal Storms.  Alternative Mitigation Action: Natural Resource Protection. 1. Best 
Management Practices (BMPs), yes. 2. Dune and beach restoration, yes. 3. Forest and 
vegetation management, no. 4. Sediment and erosion control regulations, yes. 5. Stream corridor 
restoration, no. 6. Stream dumping regulations, no. 7. Urban forestry and landscape 
management, no. 8. Wetlands development regulations, yes.

Hazard: Landslides. Alternative Mitigation Action: Natural Resource Protection. 1. Best 
Management Practices (BMPs), yes. 2. Dune and beach restoration, no. 3. Forest and vegetation 
management, yes. 4. Sediment and erosion control regulations, yes. 5. Stream corridor 
restoration, yes. 6. Stream dumping regulations, no. 7. Urban forestry and landscape 
management, yes. 8. Wetlands development regulations, yes.

Hazard: Wildfires. Alternative Mitigation Action: Natural Resource Protection. 1. Best 
Management Practices (BMPs), yes. 2. Dune and beach restoration, no. 3. Forest and vegetation 
management, yes. 4. Sediment and erosion control regulations, no. 5. Stream corridor 
restoration, no. 6. Stream dumping regulations, no. 7. Urban forestry and landscape 
management, yes. 8. Wetlands development regulations, yes.

END JOB AID #1, TABLE 4.]

[Job Aid #1, Table 5:
Hazard: Floods. Alternative Mitigation Action: Emergency Services. 1. Critical facilities protection, 
yes. 2. Emergency response services, yes. 3. Hazard threat recognition, yes. 4. Hazard warning 
systems (community sirens, NOAA weather radio), yes. 5. Health and safety maintenance, yes. 6. 
Post-disaster mitigation, yes.  

Hazard: Earthquakes. Alternative Mitigation Action: Emergency Services. 1. Critical facilities 
protection, yes. 2. Emergency response services, yes. 3. Hazard threat recognition, yes. 4. 
Hazard warning systems (community sirens, NOAA weather radio), yes. 5. Health and safety 
maintenance, yes. 6. Post-disaster mitigation, yes.  

Hazard: Tsunamis. Alternative Mitigation Action: Emergency Services. 1. Critical facilities 
protection, yes. 2. Emergency response services, yes. 3. Hazard threat recognition, yes. 4. 
Hazard warning systems (community sirens, NOAA weather radio), yes. 5. Health and safety 
maintenance, yes. 6. Post-disaster mitigation, yes. 

Hazard: Tornadoes. Alternative Mitigation Action: Emergency Services. 1. Critical facilities 
protection, yes. 2. Emergency response services, yes. 3. Hazard threat recognition, yes. 4. 
Hazard warning systems (community sirens, NOAA weather radio), yes. 5. Health and safety 
maintenance, yes. 6. Post-disaster mitigation, yes.

Hazard: Coastal Storms. Alternative Mitigation Action: Emergency Services. 1. Critical facilities 
protection, yes. 2. Emergency response services, yes. 3. Hazard threat recognition, yes. 4. 
Hazard warning systems (community sirens, NOAA weather radio), yes. 5. Health and safety 
maintenance, yes. 6. Post-disaster mitigation, yes. 

Hazard: Landslides. Alternative Mitigation Action: Emergency Services. 1. Critical facilities 
protection, yes. 2. Emergency response services, yes. 3. Hazard threat recognition, yes. 4. 
Hazard warning systems (community sirens, NOAA weather radio), yes. 5. Health and safety 
maintenance, yes. 6. Post-disaster mitigation, yes.	
			
Hazard: Wildfires. Alternative Mitigation Action: Emergency Services. 1. Critical facilities 
protection, yes. 2. Emergency response services, yes. 3. Hazard threat recognition, yes. 4. 
Hazard warning systems (community sirens, NOAA weather radio), yes. 5. Health and safety 
maintenance, yes. 6. Post-disaster mitigation, yes. 

END JOB AID #1, TABLE 5.]

[Job Aid #1, Table 6:
Hazard: Floods. Alternative Mitigation Action: Structural Projects. 1. Channel maintenance, yes. 
2. Dams/reservoirs, yes. 3. Levees and floodwalls, yes. 4. Safe room/shelter, no. 5. 
Seawalls/bulkheads, no.

Hazard: Earthquakes. Alternative Mitigation Action: Structural Projects. 1. Channel maintenance, 
no. 2. Dams/reservoirs, no. 3. Levees and floodwalls, no. 4. Safe room/shelter, no. 5. 
Seawalls/bulkheads, no.

Hazard: Tsunamis. Alternative Mitigation Action: Structural Projects. 1. Channel maintenance, no. 
2. Dams/reservoirs, no. 3. Levees and floodwalls, yes. 4. Safe room/shelter, no. 5. 
Seawalls/bulkheads, yes.

Hazard: Tornadoes. Alternative Mitigation Action: Structural Projects. 1. Channel maintenance, 
no. 2. Dams/reservoirs, no. 3. Levees and floodwalls, no. 4. Safe room/shelter, yes. 5. 
Seawalls/bulkheads, no.

Hazard: Coastal Storms. Alternative Mitigation Action: Structural Projects. 1. Channel 
maintenance, yes. 2. Dams/reservoirs, no. 3. Levees and floodwalls, yes. 4. Safe room/shelter, 
yes. 5. Seawalls/bulkheads, yes.

Hazard: Landslides. Alternative Mitigation Action: Structural Projects. 1. Channel maintenance, 
no. 2. Dams/reservoirs, no. 3. Levees and floodwalls, no. 4. Safe room/shelter, no. 5. 
Seawalls/bulkheads, no.	
			
Hazard: Wildfires. Alternative Mitigation Action: Structural Projects. 1. Channel maintenance, no. 
2. Dams/reservoirs, no. 3. Levees and floodwalls, no. 4. Safe room/shelter, no. 5. 
Seawalls/bulkheads, no.

END JOB AID #1, TABLE 6.] END JOB AID #1]

[Worksheet #7	Evaluate Alternative Mitigation Actions for Historic Properties and Cultural 
Resources	Phase 3, Step 2
Date:

1.	Fill in the goal and its corresponding objective.  Use a separate worksheet for each objective.  
The considerations under each criterion are only suggestionsyou may revise these to reflect 
your own considerations.
2.	For each objective, fill in the alternative actions you listed under that objective in Worksheet 
#6.
3.	For each consideration for each action, indicate a plus (+) for favorable and a minus (-) for 
less favorable. 

When you complete the scoring, minus signs will indicate gaps or shortcomings in the particular 
action, which can be noted in the Comments section.  For considerations that do not apply, fill in 
N/A for not applicable.  Leave a blank only if you do not know an answer.  In this case, make a 
note in the Comments section (page 3 of this worksheet) of the expert or source to consult to 
help you evaluate the criterion.
Below there are two blank lines.  Fill in the goal on one line and the objective on the other. 

8 column table. In the table itself, the first column is for listing alternative actions. In the following 
columns you can score each of the STAPLEE criteria.

S(Social). Considerations: Community Acceptance, Effect on Segment of Population.	
T(Technical). Considerations: Technical Feasibility, Long-term Solution, Secondary Impacts. 
A(Administrative). Considerations: Staffing, Funding Allocated, Maintenance/ Operations.
P(Political). Considerations: Political Support, Local Champion, Public Support.
L(Legal). Considerations: State Authority, Existing Local Authority, Potential Legal Challenge. 
E(Economic). Considerations: Favorable Benefit-Cost Ratio, Contributes to Economic Goals, 
Outside Funding Required.
E(Environmental). Considerations: Effect on Land/Water, Effect on Endangered Species, Effect 
on HAZMAT/Waste Sites, Consistent with Community Environmental Goals, Consistent with 
Federal Laws, Adverse Effects to Historic Properties and Cultural Resources. 

Below the STAPLEE Criteria table is a two column table, which is also part of Worksheet #7.  
The first column is for listing Alternative Actions, and the second column is for Comments.

END OF WORKSHEET #7]

[Worksheet #8	Prioritize Alternative Mitigation Actions for Historic Properties and Cultural 
Resources	Phase 3, Step 2
Date:

List the Alternative Mitigation Actions, in order of priority. Identify the goal(s) and corresponding 
objective(s) each action addresses, and note the sources of information for easy reference and 
any comments or issues to keep in mind when implementing the action.


4 column table:
Alternative Actions (In Order of Priority).
Goal(s) and Objective(s) (From Worksheet #6).
Source(s) of Information (From Worksheet #6).
Comments (From Worksheets #6 and #7).


END OF WORKSHEET #8]
	



APPENDIX D  ANSWERS TO REVIEW TESTS

Phase One Answers
Steps 1-3
1.	d
2.	b
3.	d
4.	a

Phase Two Answers
Step 3
1.	d
2.	b
3.	d
4.	c
5.	b
6.	Best answer:  c., the library.  This building provides a valuable community service, is listed in 
the National Register, and contains a valuable collection of historic records.

	Next best answer:  a., the block of bungalows.  Although some of the houses have been 
altered, the block as a whole is important as an example of buildings that reflect a prominent 
architectural style of the early 20th century.  In addition, they are important because of their 
association with a prominent local architect.

	Last in the hierarchy:  b., the privately owned house.  Although this building is more 
significant than any single bungalow, it is just one historic property and therefore would rank 
lower in the hierarchy than an entire block of architecturally significant buildings.

Step 4
1.	b
2.	c
3.	a
4.	c
5.	a
6.	c

Phase Three Answers
Step 1
1.  a
2.  b
3.  c

Step 2
1.  c
2.  a
3.  b

Step 3
1.  d
2.  a
3.  d