A Bibliography of Terrain Modeling 
(Geomorphometry), the Quantitative 
Representation of   Topography
Supplement 4.0


By RICHARD J. PIKE 1


Provides over 1600 additions and corrections to the 1993
Bibliography of Geomorphometry and its 1995, 1996,
and 1999 Supplements, with an update
of recent advances


OPEN-FILE  REPORT  02-465


2002





This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey 
editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code.  Any use of trade, firm, or product 
names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

1MENLO PARK, California
Abstract    This report adds over 1600 annotated references 
on the numerical characterization of topography, terrain 
modeling or geomorphometry, to a 1993 literature review and 
its first three updates.  Erroneous references from the four 
earlier reports are corrected and many citations of historic 
interest are included; the cumulative archive is at 6000 
entries.  An introductory essay cites several hundred of the 
new entries.  These are listed under various topic headings or 
referenced in brief discussions of several other areas of 
research, including terrain data and new parameters, neo-
orometry, landslide-hazard mapping, Hack's Law, and early 
work on the mathematical representation of ridges and 
drainageways.


Introduction
Terrain modeling, the practice of ground-surface quantification, is an 
amalgam of Earth science, mathematics, engineering, and computer 
science.  The discipline is known variously as geomorphometry (or simply 
morphometry), terrain analysis, and quantitative geomorphology.  It 
continues to grow through myriad applications to hydrology, geohazards 
mapping, tectonics, sea-floor and planetary exploration, and other fields.  
Dating nominally to the co-founders of academic geography, Alexander 
von Humboldt (1808, 1817) and Carl Ritter (1826, 1828), the field was 
revolutionized late in the 20th Century by the computer manipulation of 
spatial arrays of terrain heights, or digital elevation models (DEMs), which 
can quantify and portray ground-surface form over large areas (Maune, 
2001).  Morphometric procedures are implemented routinely by 
commercial geographic information systems (GIS) as well as specialized 
software (Harvey and Eash, 1996; Kthe and others, 1996; ESRI, 1997; 
Drzewiecki et al., 1999; Dikau and Saurer, 1999; Djokic and Maidment, 
2000; Wilson and Gallant, 2000; Breuer, 2001; Guth, 2001; Eastman, 
2002).  The new Earth Surface edition of the Journal of Geophysical 
Research, specializing in surficial processes, is the latest of many 
publication venues for terrain modeling.
This is the fourth update of a bibliography and introduction to terrain 
modeling (Pike, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999) designed to collect the diverse, 
scattered literature on surface measurement as a resource for the 
research community.  The use of DEMs in science and technology 
continues to accelerate and diversify (Pike, 2000a).  New work appears 
so frequently that a sampling must suffice to represent the vast 
literature.  This report adds 1636 entries to the 4374 in the four earlier 
publications .  Forty-eight additional entries correct dead Internet links 
and other errors found in the prior listings.  Chronicling the history of 
terrain modeling, many entries in this report predate the 1999 
supplement.  Coverage is representative from about 1800 through 
earlymid 2002.  Papers increasingly are published exclusively or in 
duplicate on the Internet's World Wide Web; the dates given here for 
Web addresses (URLs) that lack a print publication indicate a Web site's 
last update or my last access of it.
The bibliography is arranged alphabetically and thus is not readily 
summarized.  This introduction cites about 500 entries, a third of them 
grouped under 24 morphometric topics, as a guide to the listing's 
contents.  Continuing the practice of previous bibliographies in the series 
to provide more information on a few applications (see summary of past 
topics in Pike, 2000a), this report elaborates further on topographic data, 
putative new parameters, tectonic geomorphology/neo-orometry, 
biogeography, ice-cap morphometry, results from the Mars Global DEM, 
landslide-hazard mapping, terrain modeling as physics, Hack's law, and 
broad-scale computer visualization.  The literature of some of these 
subjects is large, and none of the summaries is intended to more than 
introduce the topic and comment on some of the current contributions of 
terrain modeling.  Closing the essay is a discussion of pre-1900 papers 
that trace the evolution of ridge-line and watercourse quantification by 
descriptive geometry, as well as comments on some new books and an 
on-line bulletin board.  

Revisions in Format
With this report the title of the series incorporates Terrain Modeling, in an 
effort to broaden its readership.  According to the Internet-search results 
illustrated in Table 1, Terrain Modeling (plus Modelling) is 15 times more 
frequent than geomorphometry.  Other alternatives are inapt:  Digital 
Terrain Modeling would exclude pre- or non-computer work (Penck, 
1894a, b; Hack and Goodlett, 1960); Terrain Analysis has military and non-
quantitative connotations (Graff, 1997; DARPA, 2002); Morphometry is a 
common practice in biology and paleontology (Cracraft, 1980; MacLeod, 
1999); Surface Rendering, Terrain Rendering, and Surface Modeling have 


Table 1

Ranking Descriptors of Surface Quantification
(as keywords on the World Wide Web)

*Index	*Search Word(s)
  of Hits 					  

	100 		Surface Modeling** 
	72 		Surface Topography
	57 		Morphometry
 	53 		Terrain Modeling** 
	40 		Terrain Analysis 
	24 		Surface Rendering
	18 		Digital Terrain Modeling** 
	14 		Terrain Rendering 
	11 		Topographic(al) Analysis**
	6 		Surface Metrology
 	3.5 	Geomorphometry 
	2.4 	Digital Elevation Modeling** 
	2.3 	Digital Terrain Analysis 
	1.6 	Quantitative Geomorphology 
	1.2 	Landform Modeling**
	0.1 	Quantitative Terrain Analysis


 *using the exact-phrase option in the Google search engine, 23 September 
2002; Index for each term is number of hits / number of hits (28,100) on 
'surface modeling' _ 100
**includes the British spellings '... Modelling' and 'Topographical ...'

specialized meanings in computer vision and image analysis (Koenderink 
and van Doorn, 1993, 1994, 1998; Lpez, 1997; Thompson and others, 
1998); and Surface Topography connotes industrial micro- and nano-
morphometry (Thomas and others, 1999; Blunt and Stout, 2000; Scott, 
2001).
Another change with this report is the annotation of all entries except the 
90 or so that were not seen but whose titles, context, or literature 
citations insure involvement with terrain modeling (for example, 
Malyavsky and Zharnovsky, 1974; Brown, 1994; Schneider, 2001).  Most 
remarks are brief, were made hastily, and reflect the author's interest or 
understanding at the timecommonly descriptive parameters, techniques 
and data.  This informal annotation is not to be construed as a summary 
of an entry's contents or an appraisal of the work reportedwhich ranges 
from trivial to profound.  Comments tend to lengthen with the age of the 
publication, most early work requiring historic context to justify its 
inclusion.  To increase the usefulness of the (eventual) consolidated 
bibliography, entries in the initial 1993 listing and prior updates are being 
annotated.  Comments have been appended to 61% of the combined 
6000 citations, and all entries before 1966.

Topographic Data
Data availability and quality persist as areas of concern in terrain 
modeling.  In the U.S. a new master DEM assembled from all 55,000 
1:24,000- and 1:63,360-scale topographic maps eliminates the onerous 
tiling of multiple 7.5' quadrangles and other data preparation (Gesch and 
others, 2002).  This National Elevation Dataset (NED) is a seamless, 
continually updated, DEM of uniform horizontal datum (NAD83), unit of 
height (decimal meters), and projection.  Horizontal grid resolution is 1" 
(nominally 30 m) for the conterminous U.S., Hawaii, and Puerto Rico and 
2" for Alaska.  Digital filtering during compilation reduces artifacts in the 
source DEMs (Oimoen, 2000), seamlessly matches adjacent quadrangles, 
and fills sliver areas of missing data.  Because heights for much of the 
country increasingly are gridded at a spacing of 10 m, a 1/3" (nominally 
10 m) DEM is in progress.  New national DEMs are not unique to the U.S.  
For example, Carroll and Morse (1996) describe creation of the GEODATA 
9" DEM of Australia and Hutchinson and others (2001) its subsequent 
upgrading, including discussion of the ANUDEM gridding algorithm to 
improve data accuracy.  In a reversal of conventional experience, 
contours for the recently completed 1:50,000-scale topographic maps of 
Ireland were extracted from DEMs generated by digital photogrammetry 
(Cory and McGill, 1999).
All DEMs are in some respect flawed (Coops, 2000).  Most of the error in 
current DEMs originated in the contour maps from which they were 
derived and thus cannot be reduced through efforts of the user.  Map-
accuracy standards vary widely and do not provide a rigorous evaluation.  
Production standards, moreover, guarantee only a statistical level of 
quality; locally, accuracy can be low.  Contour maps are merely modelsof 
varying fidelityof topography, just as DEMs are, in turn, imperfect 
models of the maps (Ollier, 1967).  Contour maps never were intended to 
provide heights of the high density and accuracy increasingly required for 
terrain modeling.  What can be mitigated to some extent by the DEM user 
is error originating in contour map-to-DEM processing (Duh and Brown, 
1999; Holmes and others, 2000; Lane and others, 2000; Lynch, 2002).  
Most DEMs currently available have been interpolated from contours by 
sampling designs and computer algorithms that add artifacts and other 
distortions inherent in the processing (Shortridge, 2001).  Various 
procedures have been applied to repair some of these flaws (Hutchinson 
and Gallant, 2000; Oimoen, 2000; Hutchinson, 2001; Gesch and others, 
2002).
Production methods that bypass map contours as the source of digital 
heights can improve DEM quality.  Two emerging technologies that 
measure the true ground-surface directly have the potential to reduce 
some of the current shortcomings in DEM coverage and accuracy (Maune, 
2001).  Laser altimetry, particularly LiDAR (light distance and ranging), 
promises DEMs of fine resolution and high accuracy (Ritchie, 1995; 
DeLoach and Leonard, 2000; Brock and others, 2002), as well as seafloor 
bathymetry (Sandwell and Smith, 2000).  Radar interferometry (InSAR or 
IfSAR) yields terrain-height accuracies and resolutions comparable with 
those generated by optical methods (Small, 1998; Gens, 1999; Dowman, 
2000; Hanssen, 2001; Smith, 2002).  Interferometry also is used to 
monitor displacements of topography, for example, by subsidence or 
surface faulting.
LiDAR's aircraft-mounted lasers record 2000-5000 height measurements 
per second to a vertical precision of 15 cm.  From these voluminous 
observations DEMs at a horizontal resolution of about a meter can be 
prepared for large areas (Hill and others, 2000; Carter and others, 2001).  
While expensive compared to DEMs compiled photogrammetrically or from 
digitized contours, LiDAR data are decreasing in cost as techniques of 
acquisition and processing (notably, filtering out vegetation and man-
made structures) improve in efficiency and economies of scale make the 
data more competitive in the marketplace.  LiDAR could become the 
standard procedure, with digital photogrammetry (Gwinner and others, 
2000; Lane and others, 2000; Hancock and Willgoose, 2001), for creating 
fine-scale DEMs of small areas.  For representative applications of LiDAR 
to terrain modeling see Jansma and others (1999), Cowen and others 
(2000), and Marks and Bates (2000).
Interferometry, which requires simultaneous or repeated signal 
acquisitions by synthetic-aperture mapping radar, has delivered a near-
global DEM at a uniform horizontal resolution of 90 m.  Over ten days in 
February 2000, the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) system 
onboard Space Shuttle Endeavour imaged about 80% of Earth's land 
surface, creating an immense set of terrain heights.  The SRTM carried 
two radar antennas, one aboard the spacecraft, the other at the end of a 
60-m mast extending from it.  A 3" (nominally 90-m) DEM compiled from 
mission results (Farr and Kobrick, 2000; NASA, 2002) is taking its place 
beside the l-km GTOPO30 DEM (Gesch and Larson, 1998; Gesch and 
others, 1999) that remains the current standard for elevation coverage 
worldwide.   A global 1" (30-m) DEM also is being extracted from the SRTM 
but only the United States data will be publicly available.  
Advanced methods do not assure DEM quality.  InSAR, LiDAR, and other 
remotely-sensed data all contain errors, some of them severe, that are 
unique to their technologies (Leberl, 1998; Toutin, 1999; Endreny and 
others, 2000; Ahmadzadeh and Petrou, 2001; Kervyn, 2001; Nuth and 
others, 2002).  The early SRTM results are a cautionary example.  Aside 
from the fact that 1/5 of Earth's land mass (all at high latitudes) was 
excluded, relative vertical accuracy of the new data at the 90% level is 
expected to average 10m, a substantial error at the 90-m grid spacing 
and potentially serious at 30m.  Also, because the radar did not 
penetrate dense vegetation, data in such areas describe the tree canopy 
rather than bare groundin which case the new DEM probably 
reproduces the terrain surface no more faithfully than the NED.  NASA 
(2002) alerts users of SRTM data to "... be aware that the digital ... 
topographic data are unedited and are intended for scientific use and 
evaluation.  They are outputs directly from the SRTM interferometric radar 
processor and, for example, may contain numerous voids (areas without 
data), water bodies may not appear flat, and coastlines may be ill-
defined."  Currently available, more accurate, DEMs thus are likely to 
remain the better data for many areas.  Slatton and others (2001) have 
proposed a way to fuse LiDAR with InSAR to get coverage that is at once 
accurate, dense, and extensive.

New (?) Parameters
While Wolfgang Pauli's "the surface was invented by the devil!" was 
lamenting complexities of atomic structure at the surface of a solid, the 
physicist's exasperation applies equally to terrain modeling.  Continuous 
topography is difficult to express, and many new parameters have been 
proposed to quantify attributes of terrain that existing measures cannot 
describe.  'New' terrain measures have included mean elevation (Huber, 
1825; Sonklar, 1872) and slope gradient (Tillmann, 1915; Bonniard, 
1929), relative relief (relief energy in European and Japanese practice; 
Scheer, 1933; Tada, 1937), the hypsometric integral (Hurtrez and others, 
1999; Luo, 2000), and most recently the fractal dimensionwhich briefly 
revived the old philosopher's-stone fallacy that a single 'magic number' 
might suffice to express surface form (Evans and Cox, 1998).  
Two approaches recently developed to describe continuous topography, as 
distinguished from discrete landforms, are the DEM-based 'terrain fabric' 
of Guth (1999a, b; 2001) and surface 'openness' of Yokoyama and others 
(1999, 2002).  Terrain fabric characterizes the tendency of a surface to be 
organized into linear ridges rather than isotropic topography, whereas 
openness expresses dominance (exposure) versus enclosure of a location 
on an irregular surface.  'New' parameters, however, rarely are; many 
describe the same basic attribute of surface form and thus are redundant 
(Pike, 2001e).  In geomorphology, for example, the hypsometric integral 
differs little from elevation skewness (Pike, 2001a).  If, or to what extent, 
the two most recently proposed candidates mimic existing, and perhaps 
simpler, measures remains to be determined (Guth, 1999b; Pike, 2001d).

Tectonic Geomorphology as Neo-Orometry
Global DEMs of Earth and Mars, as well as coverage of Earth's seafloor 
and ice caps, have fostered terrain modeling at broad spatial and 
temporal scales (van der Beek and Braun, 1998; Clayton and Shamoon, 
1999; Whipple and others, 1999).  In some respects, this trend returns 
morphometry to its origins in the quantitative generalities sought by von 
Humboldt (1817, 1843c) and his successors (Sonklar, 1860, 1866; 
Stange, 1885), but with a sophistication and emphasis on geologic 
process that were absent from the older work (Hurtrez and others, 1999; 
Yamada 1999, 2001a, b; Bendick and Bilham, 2001; Bishop and others, 
2002).  Orometry, the 19th-Century measurement of mountains (Penck, 
1894b), is echoed today in tectonic geomorphology, which interprets 
landscape evolution from DEM data and assumptions of physical process 
that reflect the interplay of mountain building and erosion in regions of 
active deformation (Summerfield, 2000; Burbank and Anderson, 2001; 
Pazzaglia and Knuepfer, 2001).  
By testing theory in controlled experiments (Ahnert, 1966), the broad-
scale quantification of topography has helped transform tectonic 
geomorphology into one of the most active and exciting fields in the Earth 
sciences (Hovius, 1996; Talling, 1997; Miliaresis and Argialas, 1999ac; 
Miliaresis, 2001a, b; Khni and Pfiffner, 2001a, b; Dietrich and others, 
2002).  GTOPO30 and other DEM data are being used to model 
geodynamic and surface processes, rates, and physiographic effects 
(Whipple and Tucker, 1999; Rice-Snow and Russell, 2000; Montgomery 
and others, 2001; Montgomery and Brandon, 2002; Azor and others, 
2002).  In related work requiring large DEMs, classic drainage-basin 
morphometry has expanded beyond single catchments and fluvial 
systems (Strahler, 1956, 1958).  Current applications include tidal creek 
systems (Cleveringa and Oost, 1999) and the hydrologic parsing of entire 
continents (Danielson, 1998; Kumar and others, 2000; Vaughn and 
others, 1999) and planets (Verdin and Verdin, 1999; Vrsmarty and 
others, 2000a; Cabrol and Grin, 2001; Smith and others, 2001).  

Biogeography
The numerical modeling of terrain is now evident in landscape ecology 
and wildlife and conservation biology (Meisel and Turner, 1998).  These 
fields traditionally have emphasized spatial over relief attributes of the 
Earth's surface (Gustafson, 1998; Li, Lu, and others, 2001; Raines, 2002).  
Although land-surface form affects distribution of plants and the fauna 
that need them for concealment, food, nesting, and other functions, few 
habitat models have incorporated topography (Vales, 1996).  Even when 
included, characterization of the ground surface usually is limited to 
elementary DEM-derived parameters: elevation and slope gradient and 
aspectwhich are insufficient for many field-biological applications.  
Such attributes of terrain as roughness, which incorporates both slope 
steepness and spacing, and site position with respect to the nearest 
valley bottom or ridge crest are important to local fauna because they 
influence microclimate, cover from predation, and susceptibility to 
disturbance by humans.  The literature on biogeography is starting to 
reflect a more complex numerical characterization of topography.  Recent 
examples include topographic determinants of butterfly habitats 
(Fleishmann and Mac Nally, 2002), ruggedness indices that quantify 
topographic heterogeneity (Riley and others, 1999) and predict the 
distribution of musk oxen (Nellemann and Reynolds, 1997), and GIS 
models such as that by Gustafson and others (2001), which combines 
hillslope position and its correlation with soil moisture to model the 
response of salamanders to alternative plans for forest management.

Ice-cap Morphometry
Dating from the pioneering hypsometric curves of Greenland and the 
Arctic (Meinardus, 1926) and the first DEM of Antarctica (Budd and others, 
1984), over two dozen bibliographic entries describe the morphometry of 
Earth's largest ice-covered surfaces.  Topographic measurements are 
needed to understand the interaction of ice sheets with global climate 
and sea level.  Much of the 10-25 cm rise in sea level over the last 100 
years may reflect waning polar ice caps.  Mass balance, which describes 
whether an ice sheet is growing, shrinking, or stable, may be estimated 
from data on the rate of ice thickening or thinning (Krabill and others, 
2000).  Because polar ice sheets are large, remote, and change slowly, 
systematic observations on elevation and thickness have been difficult to 
obtain.  
Remote-sensing technology dramatically increased the ease of 
measurement (Bamber and others, 1998; Bindschadler and others, 1999; 
Liu and others, 1999; Thomas and others, 1999; Rmy and others, 2001).  
Not only have accurate DEMs been compiled for the major ice caps 
(Bingham and Rees, 1999; Bamber and others, 2001), but large 'ice 
basins' analogous to fluvial catchments have been delimited from the 
DEMs (Vaughn and other, 1999; Hardy and others, 2000).  Other work 
has quantified subglacial bedrock surfaces and thus estimated ice-cap 
thickness and volume (Warner and Budd, 2000; Bjrnsson and others, 
2000; Lythe and others, 2001).  Not all high-latitude morphometry is of 
regional extent.  Bintanja and others (2001), for example, have quantified 
fine-scale ripples in polar-cap ice.

The Mars Global DEM
Terrain modeling is indispensable to the investigation of planetary 
surfaces (Pike, 2001a).  Extraterrestrial landforms recently studied from 
height measurements include impact craters, volcanoes, scarps, and 
other features on the Moon (Craddock and Howard, 1999), Mercury 
(Watters and others, 2002), Venus (Bulmer and Wilson, 1999; Herrick and 
Sharpton, 2000), and the satellites of Jupiter (Schenk and others, 2001; 
Schenk, 2002).  Measurement-driven progress in the quantitative 
geomorphology of Mars has been spectacular.  Over a dozen entries 
describe morphometric results from topographic data acquired by the 
Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), a 10-Hz pulsed infrared-ranging 
instrument operated in orbit around the planet from 1997 to 2001 aboard 
the Mars Global Surveyor.  
As the mission progressed, a global DEM compiled from range 
measurements improved in spatial resolution from 59 km to 12 km and to 
as little as 230 m locally, and in vertical accuracy to 1 m (Neumann and 
others, 2001).  The resulting global topographic map is the most accurate 
of any planet in the solar system (Smith and others, 1999; Zuber and 
others, 1998a, b, 1999, 2001).  Geomorphic findings from the MOLA DEM 
include confirmation of the extraordinary smoothness of the planet's 
northern hemisphere (Aharonson and others, 1998), regional hypsometry 
and slope gradients (Head and others, 1999; Kreslavsky and Head, 2000; 
Aharonson and others, 2001), discovery of a new multi-ring impact basin 
(Frey and others, 1999), refinement of crater depth/diameter relations 
(Garvin and Frawley, 1998; Garvin and others, 2000), and delineation and 
interpretation of valley networks and watersheds (Smith and others, 
2001; Williams and Phillips; Stepinski and others, 2002).

Landslide-hazard Assessment
The flurry of activity in mapping landslide susceptibility since its earlier 
mention in this series (Pike, 1999) warrants revisiting the topic.  Because 
the morphology of landslide source-areas and deposits can be described 
in geometric terms, slope failure rivals flooding as the geomorphic hazard 
most amenable to analysis through terrain modeling.  The spread of DEMs 
and GIS technology has shifted emphasis in morphometry from 
characterizing individual landslides (Collin, 1846; Simonett, 1967; Waltz, 
1971) to regional assessment of slope stability (Jger and Wieczorek, 
1994; Montgomery and Dietrich, 1994; Atkinson and Massari, 1998; 
Dietrich and Montgomery, 1998b).  Much of the recent work has involved 
the spatial modeling of landslide susceptibility, the relative likelihood that 
a hillside site will fail upon occurrence of a triggering event, such as an 
earthquake or heavy or persistent rainfall.  Two dozen entries in this 
report sample a small fraction of the current literature on susceptibility 
mapping, which combines variously slope gradient, curvature, and aspect 
with geology, evidence of prior failure, and land use (Larsen and Parks, 
1998; Mason and others, 1998; Pack and others, 1999; Bucknarn and 
others, 2001; Coe and Godt, 2001; Gritzner and others, 2001; Pike and 
others, 2001).

Physics and Terrain Modeling
Recent interest in theoretical aspects of terrain modeling by researchers 
who are physicists, mathematicians, or engineers rather than Earth 
scientists may reflect a maturing of the discipline (Arakawa and Krotkov, 
1994; Brown and others, 1994; Dodds and Rothman,1999, 2000; Glanz, 
1999).  Complementing this trend, Earth scientists are beginning to 
publish on topography in physics journals (Clarke, 1997; Pastor-Satorras 
and Rothman, 1998a, b; Schrghofer and Rothman, 2001).  Much of this 
new work was prompted by the use of topography in explicating fractal-
surface phenomena (Dubuc and Dubuc, 1996; Struzik, 1996) and by 
recognition of self-organizing properties in the landscape (Bak and 
others, 1987; Halsey, 2000; Mandelbrot, 2002).  More attention has been 
accorded to planimetric description of river networks (Tokunaga, 1994; 
Newman and others, 1997; Dodds and Rothman, 2001a, b, c) than to the 
more complicated problem of characterizing relief, or Z-domain, attributes 
of continuous topography (Mandelbrot, 1985; Koenderink and van Doorn, 
1993, 1994, 1998).

Hack's Law
The post-World War II USGS geomorphologist John Hack combined terrain 
modeling with a more traditional interpretation of field observations (Hack 
and Goodlett, 1960; Hack, 1965).  His enduring 1957 contribution, known 
as Hack's Law, is an empirical relation with moderate scatter, L = 1.4 A0.6, 
showing that drainage-basin area A increases exponentially with channel 
length L. (see also, Makkaveev, 1955).  The significance of the equation 
was discussed throughout the 1960s and 1970s, centering on debate 
over the exact value of the exponentthe observed range was 
0.470.65and whether it varied regionally and with basin size (Miller, 
1958; Mueller, 1972, 1973; Moseley and Parker, 1973; Shreve, 1974).  
Advances in understanding steady-state scaling of landscape 
phenomena, resulting from DEM-based analysis of topography in the early 
1990s, have revived interest in Hack's Law.  Hovius (1996), for example, 
suggested that the equation was related to the spacing of streams 
draining mountain belts, while Rinaldo and Rodrguez-Iturbe (1998) 
considered Hack's Law and basin elongation to be an outgrowth of fractal 
properties.  Among the most recent interpretations are those of Dodds 
and Rothman (2000, 2001a), Willemin (2000), Birnir and others (2001), 
and Sivapalan and others (2002).

Broad-scale Visualization
Vigil and others (2000) merged two existing digital images of the lower 48 
United States, shaded relief and geologic time (expressed as geologic-
map units), into one map, a colored three-dimensional perspective view of 
the landscape at 1:3,500,000 scale.  The resulting digital 'tapestry' is 
among the more effective combinations of shaded relief with other spatial 
data and has potential for Earth-science education (Leech and others, 
2002).  The geologic map, a multi-color, non-uniform vector file, was 
converted to raster structure and overlaid on the shaded-relief file, a 
gray-scale raster at a uniform scale.  Processing was not routine GIS.  
Differences between the source maps required various procedures to 
subdue or remove irregularities in the merged image.  Adjusting 
transparency (opacity), color levels, and contrast of the geologic map to 
attain an aesthetic and visual balance between shaded relief and 
geologic-time units was an iterative, trial-and-error process.  The final 
map, occupying a modest 700 MB, did not require  high-end hardware or 
custom programming, but was processed on a PowerMacintosh desktop 
computer by Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop software.  Barton and 
others (2002, 2003) have created a similar image of the entire North 
American continent at 1:8,000,000 scale from a later DEM (GTOPO30) and 
a combined geologic map of Canada, the U.S., and Latin America.  Despite 
the reduced scale, this latest map successfully extends the original 
tapestry concept.  

Other Topics
Terrain modeling has progressed in areas besides those highlighted 
above.  Over 150 references, in 24 of the many subject categories 
represented in the appended listing, convey the extent of recent 
developments in morphometry.  Most of the following citations touch on 
several topics:
 ontology, or definition, of terrain and landforms, especially mountains 
(Agarwal and others, 1996; Mark and Smith, 2002a, b);
 conversion of contour lines to grid DEMs (Gousie, 1998; Gousie and 
Franklin, 1998; Franklin and Gousie, 1999);
 DEM error and accuracy (Webber, 1995; Giles and Franklin, 1996; Gao, 
1997; Gesch, 1998; Duh and Brown, 1999; Lemmens, 1999; Toutin, 
1999; Endreny and others, 2000; Gong and others, 2000; Krupnik, 
2000; Rees, 2000; Lpez, 2002);
 compression of elevation data (Franklin, 1995; Franklin and Said, 1995; 
Kidner and Smith, 1997; Ottoson, 2001; Park and others, 2001; Bjrke 
and Nilsen, 2002);
 impact of DEM error and grid spacing on terrain-modeling applications 
(Hunter and Goodchild, 1997; Brasington and Richards, 1998; Gesch, 
1999; Guth, 1999c; Walker and Willgoose, 1999; Holmes and others, 
2000; Wise, 2000; Wolock and McCabe, 2000; Canters and others, 
2002);
 the triangulated irregular network, TIN (Brown and others, 1994; Mark, 
1997; Ware and Kidner, 1997; Little and Shi, 1998, 2001; Park and 
others, 2001; Wang and others, 2001; Zhu and others, 2001);
 computing terrain parameters from square-grid DEMs (Weih and Smith, 
1996; Jones, 1998; Defourny and others, 1999; Garbrecht and others, 
1999; Guth, 1999a, b, 2001; Meyer and others, 2001; Luo, 2002; Shary, 
2002; Shary and others, 2002);
 computing terrain parameters from elevation contours and flow lines 
(Schneider, 1998a, b; Menduni and Riboni, 2000; Mizukoshi and Aniya, 
2002);
 visibility analysis and viewsheds (Wang and others, 1996; De Floriani 
and Magillo, 1999; Franklin, 2000; Messina and Stoffer, 2000; Wang and 
others, 2000; Kidner and others, 2001; O'Sullivan and Turner, 2001);
 computer visualization of irregular surfaces (Banks and Wickens, 1997; 
Duchaineau and others, 1997; Valentine and others, 1998, 2001; 
Eckhardt and others, 2000; Gardner and others, 2000a, b; Malzbender 
and others, 2001; Mossman, 2001; Yokoyama and others, 2002);
 extracting drainage lines and watersheds from DEMs (Soille and Gratin, 
1994; ESRI, 1997; Danielson, 1998; ASCE Task Committee, 1999; Band, 
1999; Bertolo, 2000; Djokic and Ye, 2000; Garbrecht and Martz, 2000; 
Liang and Mackay, 2000; Saunders, 2000; Jones, 2002);
 hillside erosion and slope evolution (Pastor-Satorras and Rothman, 
1998a, b; Katsube and Oguchi, 1999; Favis-Mortlock and others, 2000; 
Iwahashi and others, 2001; Roering and others, 2001);
 fluvial step-pools (Chin, 1999; Chartrand and Whiting, 2000; Duckson 
and Duckson 2001; Madej, 2001); Jackson and Sturm, 2002);
 self-similar and fractal properties of streams and topography (Tate, 
1998a, b; Cleveringa and Oost, 1999; Fagherazzi and others, 1999ac; 
Peckham and Gupta, 1999; Pelletier, 1999; Sulebak, 1999; Veneziano 
and Iacobellis, 1999);
 scaling of river networks and runoff processes (Dietrich and 
Montgomery, 1998a; Dodds and Rothman, 2000; Schmidt and others, 
2000; Veneziano and Niemann, 2000a, b; Fekete and others, 2001; 
Tang and Day, 2000);
 aeolian dunes (Kar and others, 1998; Wadhawan, 1998; Gay, 1999; 
Goudie and others, 1999; Jimenez and others, 1999; Sauermann and 
others, 2000; Bishop, 2001; Al Harthi, 2002);
 glacial landforms (Davis, 1999; Evans, 1999; Etzelmller and Bjrnsson, 
2000; Garca-Ruiz and others, 2000; MacGregor and others, 2000; Li 
and others, 2001a, b);
 volcanic landforms (Rossi, 1999; Stevens and others, 1999; Wichman, 
1999; Carn, 2000; Schenk and others, 2001; Stoddard and Jurdy, 
2002);
 submarine surfaces and features (Nolan and others, 1999; Adams and 
Schlager, 2000; Clague and others, 2000; McAdoo and others, 2000; 
Dunn and others, 2001; Mitchell, 2001);
 karst features (Magdalene and Alexander, 1995; Sykioti and others, 
1996; Ferrarese and others, 1998; Whitman and others, 1999; 
Denizman and Randazzo, 2000);
 relation of ground-surface form to soil properties (Vivas and Paz 
Gonzalez, 1998; Crawford and others, 1999; Thomas and others, 1999; 
Bochet and others, 2000; Florinsky and Kuryakova, 2000; Sulebak and 
others, 2000; Fraisse and others, 2001; Manning and others, 2001; 
Thompson and others, 2001; Florinsky and others, 2002);
 agricultural fields (Remond and others, 1999; Inamdar and Dillaha, 
2000; Fraisse and others, 2001; Takken and others, 2001; Wilson and 
others, 2001; Planchon and others, 2002; Zobeck and Popham, 2002);
 predicting flood inundation (Cohen and Small, 1998; Ramsey and 
others, 1998; Small and Cohen, 1999; Bae and others, 2000; Bates and 
DeRoo, 2000; Marks and Bates, 2000; Nicholls and Small, 2002); and
 numerical classification of terrain, by types and regions (Dikau, 1996; 
Friedrich, 1996, 1998; Brabyn, 1997; Bivand, 1999; Gimel'farb and 
others, 1999; Miliaresis and Argialas, 1999ac; Schmidt and Dikau, 
1999; Verdin and Verdin, 1999; Cronin, 2000).

New Books
Book-length publications continue to mark advances in terrain modeling 
and its supporting technologies.  Among recent volumes are those 
authored by Burbank and Anderson (2001) and edited by Wilson and 
Gallant (2000), Maune (2001), and Pazzaglia and Knuepfer (2001).  
Papers from three morphometry-oriented sessions of the 5th 
International Conference on Geomorphology in Tokyo (2001) are being 
edited by Evans, Dikau, Tokunaga, Ohmori, and Hirano for a 2003 book 
provisionally titled Concepts and Modeling in Geomorphology.
Publication of Terrain Analysis: Principles and Applications (Wilson and 
Gallant, 2000) was a major event.  Celebrating the work of Ian Moore 
(1951-1993), the book began as the proceedings of a 1996 Australian 
workshop, Creation and Applications of DEMs in Land Resource 
Assessment.  Much updated from the papers read at the meeting, the 
book focuses on TAPES (Terrain Analysis Programs for the Environmental 
Sciences), a set of computer algorithms for quantifying terrain with special 
reference to hydrology and ecology (for example, Moore and others, 
1988).  Among the most informative of the 16 chapters are the first 
fiveby Gallant and Wilson, Hutchinson and Gallant, Wilson and Gallant 
(two), and Wilson and others (all 2000)which introduce and describe 
the various TAPES programs.  The remaining 11 articles report a variety of 
applications, some of which illustrate the chronic problem of noisy DEMs.
Digital Elevation Model Technologies and Applications, edited by David 
Maune (2001) for the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote 
Sensing, is subtitled The DEM Users Manual.  Prepared by industry 
specialists in remote sensing rather than by academic scientists, the book 
is strong on the basics of acquiring and preprocessing square-grid digital 
elevation data, principally for the U.S.  Applications in terrain modeling per 
se are limited to a few examples.  After an introduction to DEM 
terminology and concepts, the remaining 12 chapters address vertical 
datums, accuracy standards, the USGS National Digital Elevation Program, 
photogrammetry, IfSAR, Topographic LiDAR, airborne LiDAR bathymetry, 
Sonar, the various enabling technologies, a sampling of DEM applications, 
DEM quality assessment, and likely requirements of the DEM user.  While 
useful, much of the material could quickly become dated by advances in 
techniques of data acquisition and processing.
Quantified topography is essential to the analysis of landscapes shaped 
by diastrophism.  The last two chapters of Burbank and Anderson's 
(2001) textbook Tectonic Geomorphology draw from published research 
into the DEM-based  modeling of geodynamic and surface process.  
Illustrated are elevation and slope distributions for highland subregions, 
drainage spacing as a function of mountain-belt width, valley height/width 
ratios and other morphometric attributes, and models of landscape 
evolution constructed from the diffusion equation and a range of 
assumptions about process and temporal and spatial scale.  In addition, 
five of the eight papers in a special 2001 volume of the American Journal 
of Science edited by Pazzaglia and Knuepfer, The steady-state orogen: 
concepts, field observations, and modelsby Whipple, Pazzaglia and 
Brandon, Montgomery, Willett and others, and Stark and Starkcontain 
DEM-based analyses of erosion and tectonism that contribute to 
understanding the evolution of mountain topography.
Two books, by Stout and others (2000) and edited by Stout and Blunt 
(2000), update the three-dimensional quantification of micro- and nano-
surfaces from ultra-fine-scale DEMS.  This 1990s breakthrough in 
technique revolutionized the field of industrial-surface metrology, terrain 
modeling's sister discipline in manufacturing and production engineering.  
Shorter advances in 3-D metrology include Stout and others (1999); 
Thomas and others (1999); Blunt and Stout (2001); Wieczorowski (2001); 
and Assender and others (2002).  Among works of historical importance 
that have come to light are Abbott and Firestone (1933), Kramrisch 
(1935), and Schmaltz (1936).  Pike (2000b, 2001b, c) explored the 
convergence of Earth-science and industrial practices of surface 
quantification.

A New Internet Resource
The visibility of terrain modeling on the World Wide Web grew in 2000 
with the inauguration of an on-line bulletin board, The Geomorphometry 
Mailing List.  Maintained by Dr. George Miliaresis, a former student of 
Demetre Argialas (Argialas and Miliaresis, 1997b, 2000, 2001) and now in 
the Department of Surveying and Regional Planning at the National 
Technical University of Athens, the English-language list had about 400 
subscribers by late 2002.  The URL is 
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/geomorphometry/.  Miliaresis' list "... 
points out information resources for ... geomorphometry and the 
processing of digital elevation models, related conferences, data 
availability, algorithms and methods, scientific news, etc.  The aim is to 
promote geomorphometry to new scientists and to integrate advances in 
geomorphometry and news that are distributed in various fields (remote 
sensing, geography, geology, surveying, etc.)."  Besides serving as a 
focus for the terrain-modeling community, the list supplements the aging 
1999 on-line article Web Resources Compiled For Terrain Modeling, at 
http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/97260e.html.  Other new Internet 
resources include Discoe (2002), on terrain rendering and animation, and 
Childs (2002), a repository of current hands-on experience in terrain 
modeling and digital mapping.

Early Morphometry: Ridges and Watercourses
About 200 of the bibliographic entries listed in this report are over fifty 
years old and half of them predate 1900.  The concepts evolved from 
19th-Century orometry and later obsolete work, distant as they are, have 
shaped much of today's terrain modeling.  John Playfair's (1802) 
explication of the ideas of James Hutton, for example, recognized not only 
an orderly confluence of streams and their valleys, but also that the 
upstream angle at which a tributary meets its trunk stream generally is 
acute (1802, p. 113-114).  The latter observation, which was known to 
Immanuel Kant (1803, v. 3, p. 18) may be even older.  A prescient mid-
19th Century contribution, although it little affected the science because it 
was so advanced for the time, is the 1834 paper by Julian Jackson, who 
devised a primitivebut unmistakableprecursor to the Gravelius-Horton-
Strahler system of stream ordering.
Among the best examples of current terrain modeling rooted in early 
practice is the geometric representation of topographic curvature.  Two 
dozen entries in this report, which elaborate on the historic material 
discussed in Rieger (1997) and Lpez (1997, 1999) as well as on my 
translations of short passages from some of the following citations, 
chronicle the 200-year evolution of mathematical definition of ridges, 
watercourses, and hillside flow-lines.  The 19th-Century context is 
revealing:  While German geographers were quantifying 
Kstenentwicklungen, 'coastal development' or more accurately its degree 
of planform convolution (Humboldt, 1817, 1835; Nagel, 1835; Reuschle, 
1869)an intricate coastline was thought to favor the rise of 'more 
advanced', i.e. industrialized, societies)or calculating the volume and 
mean height of mountains and continents (Humboldt, 1843c; Koristka, 
1858; Sonklar, 1872; Penck, 1886, 1894b), French civil engineers and 
mathematicians were developing a geometric model to characterize 
topography's most fundamental features.
Well before Arthur Cayley's 1859 paper "On hills and dales" and Carl 
Gauss' (1827) paper on curved surfaces, Dupuis de Torcy and Brisson 
(1808, reprinted in Brisson, 1829) conceptualized topographic ridges and 
valleys as special cases of downslope flow-lines normal to height 
contours.  (Cayley and Gauss cited neither of these nor their other French 
predecessors identified below.)  This early (the first?) representation of 
the land surface by descriptive geometryBarnab Brisson, a geometer 
and civil engineer, was a student of Gaspard Monge, the inventor of 
descriptive geometryarose from a practical problem.  The French had 
been the first to map height contours regionally, but also were leaders in 
the engineering of modern canals.  The lay of the land and the design 
compromises it forced upon civil engineers were major considerations in 
estimating the cost of canals, which could either follow a straight course 
or trace a sinuous path dictated by the terrain.  A canal aligned along 
relief contours resulted in a longer and less direct course, but required 
fewer expensive earthworks and locks.  Dupuis de Torcy and Brisson 
proposed applying descriptive geometry to the spot heights indicated on 
topographic maps, rather than employing the usual field surveys, to 
locate the divides that separate adjacent large watershedsthus 
identifying candidate canal-routes and facilitating cost estimates for cut-
and-fill engineering.
This pioneering work in applied surface-geometry was picked up by J.C. 
Saint-Venant (1852).  The French mathematician and civil engineer was 
perhaps the first to define ridges and valleys explicitly as points of 
minimum slopecompared to other points at the same 
elevationalthough he did not specify the zero-sloping flow-lines that 
form the drainage pattern.  Shortly thereafter, his countryman P.-E. 
Breton de Champ (1854) offered a new theorem to redress this 
shortcoming and elaborated his proposed solution in subsequent papers 
(1861, 1867, 1870, 1877).  Breton de Champs' earliest work precedes the 
1858 paper "Dmonstration d'une proprit gnral des surfaces 
fermes" of Ferdinand (ne Frdric) Reech, the Alsatian thermo- and 
hydrodynamicist who specified 'critical points' of zero slope on continuous 
smooth surfaces in descriptive-geometric terms.  (A free English 
translation of Reech's paper was rendered by Warntz, 1967).  The 
hydrodynamicist and mathematical physicist Joseph Boussinesq, a pupil of 
Saint-Venant, also noted that Saint-Venant's 1852 formulation was 
incomplete, and developed his own ideas (Boussinesq, 1871, 1872a, b) in 
a series of exchanges with the French scientist and mathematician M.E.C. 
Jordan (1872a, b, c).  None of the post-1858 works referred to here cite 
Reech's paper.
The problem of describing slope curvature appears to have attracted little 
further attention until Mller (1912) cited some of the older French papers 
in his textbook, wherein he ascribed the earliest descriptive-geometric 
treatment of ridges and watercourses to Dupuis de Torcy and Brisson 
(1808).  Evidently stimulated by Mller's retrospective, Rothe (1915) 
further reviewed the French literature, criticizing the formulation of 
Jordan, and devised yet another geometric definition of ridges and valleys 
that he claimed solved the problem.  Decades lapsed until Rothe's 
definition was noticed by present-day investigators concerned with the 
mathematical description of complex surfaces other than topography.  
Recently, Rothe's work was rediscovered by Lpez (1997, 1999) and by 
Rieger (1997; pers. comm., e-mail, 09/2001), who disputes the Rothe 
solution and prefers Jordan's (1872a) definition of ridges and 
watercourses.  Not all contemporary work stems from the foregoing 
evolution.  The characterization of terrain-surface curvature by Shary 
(2001) and Shary and others (2002), for example, is grounded in the 
concepts articulated by Gauss (1827) as also, evidently, has been the 
curvature-based terrain work of Krcho (1983, 1999).
The descriptive-geometric representation of ridge lines and watercourses 
is powerful and widely applied (Reeb, 1946; Kweon and Kanade, 1994; 
Brassard, 1998; Rana and Morley, 2002).  Terrain-derived concepts have 
helped shape research in computer vision and image segmentation, much 
of which characterizes surfaces other than terrestrial landscapes (Burl 
and others, 1994; Lpez, 1997; Rieger, 1997; Souille, 1999).  The most 
recent development in machine vision, on-the-fly rendering of digital 
terrain (Duchaineau and others, 1997), brings the descriptive geometry of 
irregular surfaces full circle, to natural topography, as computer-game 
developers attempt to create realistic animations of landscapes for 
commercial video products (Lindstrom and others, 1996; Blow, 2000; 
Discoe, 2001).  This cutting-edge application of terrain modeling to 
leisure-time mass entertainment probably commands more financial 
resources than all geomorphic and hydrologic morphometry combined.  
Most topographic animation employs some variant of the TIN model (Ware 
and Kidner, 1997).  The military follows a similar approach in some of its 
three-dimensional simulations of battlefield scenarios (Banks and 
Wickens, 1997; Thompson and others, 1998), although other defense 
applications are based on square-grid DEMs (Franklin, 1994).

Citation Accuracy and Additions
Incorrect and incomplete citationsthrough failure to consult original 
works, careless manuscript preparation, unproofed typesetting, or, 
recently, computer errorsare an irritating fact of life.  The author tried 
not to perpetuate them hereor worse, create new ones.  However, 
mistakes invariably enter a large and detailed reference list even when, 
as in this case, all entries were recorded by one individual in a computer 
file that has been repeatedly checked and updated.  Instances of the 
errors noted above remain and are the author's responsibility.  May they 
be few and not unduly misleading.  Mistakes and omissions found by 
readers should be referred to the author so that corrections can be 
released in an addendum or in a more formal publication of the 
bibliography.  
Contributions to this archive from its readers would help fill gaps in the 
terrain-modeling record, improve annotation, and correct mistakes.  
Especially desired are current and historical morphometric references that 
are not readily available in the United States, such as non-English-
language publications from central and eastern Europe and declassified 
military reports.  Work from France and India also is underrepresented.  
The earlier bibliographies in this series are available for exchange for 
copies of contributed papers.  To reduce ambiguity and ensure accuracy, 
please send reprints or photocopies of contributions rather than just the 
citations, if possible.  However, new entries can be added from the 
following brief information:
1. photocopy of title page, or
	 title of the work, and
		 the name(s) of author(s); surname
	   plus two initials (or, if one 
	   given name, then spelled out)
2. year of publication
3. complete citation of journal or other form of publication (book, 
conference proceedings, and so forth), including volume number, issue 
number, and inclusive pages.  For meetings give location and dates; for 
books the name of city and publisher
4. for publications in languages other than French, German, and Spanish, 
an English translation of the title and source only.

Address correspondence to:
Richard J. Pike
M/S 975
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA  94025  U.S.A.
FAX [650] 329-4936
e-mail:  rpike@usgs.gov

Acknowledgments:  I thank Igor Florinsky for his list of Russian 
references and Stefan Rasemann, Antonio Lpez, Ronny Peikert, and 
Joachim Rieger for copies of French and German publications as well as 
leads to further sources of information.  Comments by USGS colleagues 
Phil Stoffer and Charles Powell II improved the report.

References
Pike, R.J., 1993, A bibliography of geomorphometry, with a topical key to the 
literature and an introduction to the numerical characterization of topographic 
form:  U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 93-262A, 132 p.  Open-file Report 
93-262B.
-------- 1995, A bibliography of geomorphometry, the quantitative representation 
of topographySupplement 1.0: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-file Report 95-
046, 30 p. 
-------- 1996, A bibliography of geomorphometry, the quantitative representation 
of topographySupplement 2.0: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-file Report 96-
726, 52 p.
-------- 1999, A bibliography of geomorphometry, the quantitative representation 
of topographySupplement 3.0: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-file Report 99-
140, 57 p.

BIBLIOGRAPHY  ADDITIONS
A
Aasgaard, Rune, and Sevaldrud, Thomas, 2001, Distributed handling of level of detail surfaces with 
binary triangle trees, in ScanGIS'2001, Scandinavian Research Conference on Geographical 
Information Science 8th, s, Norway, 25-27 June, Proceedings: p. 45-58; 
<http://www.nlh.no/conf/scangis2001/papers/27.pdf>.    [modifies the ROAM algorithm; based on J. 
Blow's 2000 paper]
Abbott, E.J. and Firestone, F.A., 1933, Specifying surface qualitya method based on accurate 
measurement and comparison: Mechanical Engineering, v. 55, no. 9, p. 569-72.    [famous early 
metrology paper; depth/% bearing area curves fr. profilograph  hypsometric curves!]
Abrahams, A.D., 1970, An evaluation of Melton's order-by-order growth analysis: Australian 
Geographical Studies, v. 8, no. 1, p. 57-70.    [o-b-o slope coeff. neither indicates remaining relief 
nor relief lowered as net grows]
Abrahams, A.D., 1970, Towards a precise definition of drainage basin axiscomment: Australian 
Geographical Studies, v. 8, no. 1, p. 84-87.    [criticizes Ongley's 1968 measure of basin axis & 
proposes alternatives]
Abrahams, A.D., 1972, Drainage densities and sediment yields in eastern Australia: Australian 
Geographical Studies, v. 10, no. 1, p. 19-41.    [Dd/Sy relation largely similar to that of USA]
Abrahams, A.D., 1972, Factor analysis of drainage basin propertiesEvidence for stream abstraction 
accompanying the degradation of relief: Water Resources Research, v. 8, no. 3, p. 624-633.    [5 
var., 3rd. order; cautious use of FA]
Ackermann, F.E., 1979, The accuracy of digital terrain models, in Photogrammetric Week, 37th, 24-
28 September, University of Stuttgart, Proceedings: p. 113-143.    [experimental tests]
Ackermann, F.E., 1994, Digital elevation modelstechniques and applications, quality standards, 
development: Atlanta, GA, IAPRS, v. 30/4, Comm. IV, p. 421-432.    [review of photogrammetric 
DEM issues]
Ackermann, F.E., 1996, Techniques and strategies for DEM generation, in Digital Photogrammetry, 
an addendum to the Manual of Photogrammetry: Bethesda MD, American Society for 
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, p. 135-147; see also 
http://phot.epfl.ch/workshop/wks96/art_3_4.html.    [topo parameters for quality control]
Ackermann, F.E, and Krzystek, P., 1995, New investigations into the technical performance of 
automatic DEM generation, in ASPRS/ACSM annual convention, Charlotte NC 1995, Proceedings: 
v. 2, p. 488-500; http://phot.epfl.ch/workshop/wks96/art_3_4.html.    [the MATCH-T system creates 
DEMs fr digital photogrammetry]
Adams, E.W., and Schlager, Wolfgang, 2000, Basic types of submarine slope curvature: Journal of 
Sedimentary Research, v. 70, no. 4, p. 814-828.    [of 150 seismic profiles, 12% are linear, 20% 
exponential, & 1/2 Gaussian]
Adams, E.W., Schlager, Wolfgang, and Anselmetti, F.S., 2001, Morphology and curvature of delta 
slopes in Swiss lakeslessons for the interpretation of clinoforms in seismic data: Sedimentology, 
v. 48, no. 3, p. 661-679.    [curve-fitting fr Adams & Schlager 2000; slope h & angle & break depth]
Adams, E.W., Schlager, Wolfgang, and Wattel, Evert, 1998, Submarine slopes with an exponental 
curvature: Sedimentary Geology, v. 117, nos. 3-4, p. 135-141.    [of 120 seismic profiles, 18 are 
concave-upward exp.]
Agarwal, Pankaj, de Berg, Mark, Bose, Prosenjit, Dobrint, Katrin, van Kreveld, Marc, Overmars, Mark, 
de Groot, Marko, Roos, Thomas, Snoeyink, Jack, and Yu, Sidi, 1996, The complexity of rivers in 
triangulated terrains, in Canadian Conference on Computational Geometry 8th, CCCG'96, August 
12-15, Carleton University, Ottawa, Proceedings: p. 325-330.    [extend formal definitions of Frank 
et al. 1986; if terrain has n triangles, then C, in no. line segments,  Q(n3)]
Aggarwal, S., and eight others, 2000, Spontaneous ordering of oxide nanostructures: Science, v. 
287, no. 5461, p. 2235-2237.    [tall conical hillocks of PdO2; height, base diam., areal density on 
film]
Agterberg, F.P., 1999, Review of 'Fractals and Chaos in Geology and Geophysics, 2nd Ed.' by 
Donald L. Turcotte: Computers and Geosciences, v. 25, no. 1, p. 93-99.    [likes it; adds 
multifractals, self-org. criticality, wavelets; difficult material well explained]
Aharonson, Oded, Zuber, M.T., Neumann, G.A., and Head, J.W. III, 1998, Marsnorthern 
hemisphere slopes and slope distributions: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, no. 24, p. 4413-
4416.    [Elev. & slope of var. geol-topo provinces (v. smooth); comp. w/ other planets]
Aharonson, Oded, Phillips, R.J., Rothman, D.H., Zuber, M.T., and Williams, R.M.E., 2000, Valley 
networks and topographic gradients on Marscorrelations and their dependence on scale (abs.): 
Eos Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 81, no. 48 (Supplement, P52C-05), p. 
F773.    [local slope (fr DEM) agrees best w/ network direction at 90km]
Aharonson, Oded, Zuber, M.T., and Rothman, D.H., 2001, Statistics of Mars' topography from the 
Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeterslopes, correlations, and physical models: Journal of Geophysical 
Research, v. 106, no. E10, p. 23,723-23,735.    [regional hypsometry, profiles, slope histograms, 
PSD]
Ahmadzadeh, M.R., and Petrou, Maria, 2001, Error statistics for slope and aspect when derived from 
interpolated data: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 39, no. 9, p. 1823-
1833.    [mean & variance of model error distr.= f(terrain roughness & subsampling rate)]
Ahnert, Frank, 1966, Zur Rolle der elektronischen Rechenmaschine und des mathematischen 
Modells in der Geomorphologie (in German): Geographische Zeitschrift, v. 54, no. 2, p. 118-133.    
[suggests volume & hypsometry can be calc. by computer]
Akagiri, Takekazu, Niwa, Shunji, Suzuki, Katuyoshi, and Nemoto, Masami, 1990, A research of slope 
failure using orthophotomaps: Bulletin of the Geographical Survey Institute, v. 35, p. 35-45.    [5-m 
DEM descr. individ. slides; slope, catchment area & soil depth control slides]
Al-Harthi, A.A., 2002, Geohazard assessment of sand dunes between Jeddah and Al-Lith, western 
Saudi Arabia: Environmental Geology, v.  42, no. 4, p. 360-369.    [linear h/W fit for 30 barchans 
has highest R2 of 21 correls.]
Allemand, P., and Thomas, P.G., 1995, Localization of Martian ridges by impact cratersmechanical 
and chronological implications: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, no. E2, p. 3251-3262.    
[distr. of ridge spacing & ridge-crater distance; linear rel. of ridge width to graben width]
Allen, P.A., and Hovius, Niels, 1998, Sediment supply from landslide-dominated 
catchmentsimplications for basin-margin fans: Basin Research, v. 10, no. 1, p. 19-35.    
[basin/fan A ratios for arid-area fans (n= 116) vary widely (0.1-10.0); 35 sets of c & n values fr 
power-law fits in literature]
Alsdorf, D.E., and Smith, L.C., 1999, Interferometric SAR observations of ice topography and velocity 
changes related to the 1996, Gjlp subglacial eruption, Iceland: International Journal of Remote 
Sensing, v. 20, no. 15 & 16, p. 3031-3050.    [pre- & post-eruption topo. from ERS-1/2 data on 
Vatnajkull ice cap]
American Society of Photogrammetry, 1978, Digital Terrain Models (DTM) Symposium, St. Louis, 
Missouri, May 9-11, Falls Church, VA, Proceedings: 624 p.    [first-ever big DEM meeting; all 
presentations; only Mark (p. 24-31) & Peucker et al. (p. 516-540) commonly cited now]
Anbalagan, R., 1992, Terrain evaluation and landslide hazard zonation for environmental 
regeneration and land use planning in mountainous terrain, in Bell, D.H., ed., Landslides, 
International Symposium 6th, 10-14 February, Christchurch NZ, Proceedings: Rotterdam, Balkema, 
v. 2, p. 861-868.    [no DEM; terrain facets; variables include slope type & angle, & relief]
Andrews, J.T., 1961, The devlopment of scree slopes in the English Lake District and Central 
Labrador: Cahiers Gographie de Qubec, v. 10, p. 219-230.    [measured & compared profiles of 
talus slopes]
Andrews, J.T., 1971, Quantitative analysis of the factors controlling the distribution of corrie glaciers 
in Okoa Bay, East Baffin Island (with particular reference to global radiation, in Morisawa, M.E., ed., 
Quantitative geomorphologysome aspects and applications, Binghamton, NY, Annual 
Geomorphology Symposia Series, 2nd, October 15-16, Proceedings: p. 223-241.    [size, elev., 
geometry, azimuth, & spatial clustering for 165 cirques]
Andrews, J.T., and Dugdale, R.E., 1971, Quaternary history of Northern Cumberland Peninsula, 
Baffin Island, N.W.T., Part Vfactors affecting corrie glacierization in Okoa Bay: Quaternary 
Research, v. 1, no. 4, p. 532-551.    [details & expanded analysis of 17 x 165 dataset in Andrews 
1971]
Anonymous, 1963,  Some recent developments in hill shading from air photographs in the Directorate 
of Overseas Surveys: Survey Review, v. 17, no. 127, p. 3-11.    [pre-digital UK state-of-art; effective 
combination of layer tint, relief shading, & contours]
Anonymous, 1972, Automatic contouring: The Military Engineer, v. 64, no. 420 (July-August), p. 271.    
[ConPlot-II software interpolates 4 elevs. fr UNAMACE DEM; must smooth by editing]
Anonymous, 1990, Firefinder mask considerations, in Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Field 
Artillery Target Acquisition: Headquarters, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., FM 6-121, 
Appendix F, 5 p.  http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/6-121/appf.pdf.    [explains one 
current military implementation of terrain mask-angle]
Anzidei, Marco, 1998, The marine digital terrain model of the Panarea Caldera (Aeolian Islands, 
southern Italy): Annali di Geofisica, v. 41, no. 2, p. 265-270.    [active volc.; differential GPS & 
echo-sounding; +30 cm XY & +10 cm Z accy.]
Anzidei, Marco, Baldi, Paolo, Chiocci, F.L., Marsella, Maria, Martorelli, Eleonora, and Zanutta, 
Antonio, 2000, Integrazione tra un aerophotogrammetrico e batimetria swathit DTMM (digital 
terrain & marine model) del versante orientale e meridionale dell'Isola di Palmarola (Lazio) (in Italian 
with english abstract & figure captions): Bolletino della Societ Geologica Italiana, v. 119, no. 3, p. 
767-775.    [how disparate subaerial & submarine data were combined in one homogeneous 1.0m 
'DTMM']
Apaphant, M., and Bethel, J.S., 1997, Semi-automated conversion of hardcopy contour maps to 
digital form for DEM applications in GIS, in GIS/LIS'97 Annual Conference and Exposition, 28-30 
October, Cincinnati OH, Proceedings: p. 710-718.    [no info]
Arakawa, K., and Krotkov, E., 1994, Modeling of natural terrain based on fractal geometry: Systems 
and Computers in Japan, v. 25, no. 11, p. 99-113.    [method for computing D from a variogram; 
route planning for exploration by autonomous robots]
Argand, mile, 1912, Sur de drainage des Alpes Occidentales et les influences tectoniques (in 
French): Proc. Verb. Soc. Vaudoise des Sc., Nature (Lausanne), 03 Avril, p. II-V.    [1st used term 
'summit level', a '... surface defined by envelope of present-day summits ...']
Argialas, D.P., and Miliaresis, G.Ch., 1996, Physiographic knowledge acquisitionidentification, 
conceptualization, and representation, in Annual Convention, American Society for 
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Proceedings: v. 1, p. 311-320.    [expert systems: 1st of 
their Basin & Range morphometry]
Argialas, D.P., and Miliaresis, G.Ch., 1997a, An object oriented representation model for the 
landforms of an arid climate intermontane basincase study of Death Valley, California, in Annual 
Conference 23rd, Remote Sensing Society, Proceedings: p. 199-205.    [expert systems: 2nd of 
their Basin & Range work]
Argialas, D.P., and Miliaresis, G.Ch., 1997b, Landform spatial knowledge acquisitionidentification, 
conceptualization and representation, in Annual Convention, ACSM (57th)/ASPRS (63rd), Seattle 
WA, April 7-10: Technical Papers, p. 733-740.    [expert systems: 3rd of their Basin & Range work]
Argialas, D.P., and Miliaresis, G.Ch., 2000, Physiographic region interpretationformalization with 
rule-based structures and object hierarchies: International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote 
Sensing, v. 33, Part B4, p. 91-98.    [knowledge-based expert-system relates Basin & Range 
physiographic features, topographic forms, and landforms]
Argialas, D.P., and Miliaresis, G.Ch., 2001, Human factors in the interpretation of physiography by 
symbolic and numerical representations within an expert system, in Hoffman, R.R., and Markman, 
A.B., eds., Interpreting remote sensing imageryhuman factors: Boca Raton FL, Lewis Publ. 
(CRC), p. 59-81.    [extracts mountains from GTOPO30, then gets size, elong., azimuth, elev., 
roughness (elev. std. dev.), relief, hyps. integr., & slope]
Armstrong, A.C., 1987, Slopes, boundary conditions, and the development of convexo-concave 
formssome numerical experiments: Earth Surface Processes, v. 12, no. 1, p. 17-30.    [var. slope 
profiles fr simple implementation of continuity-eqn model]
Arrighi, Patrice, and Soille, Pierre, 1999, From scanned topographic maps to digital elevation models, 
in Jongmans, D., Pirard, E., and Trefois, P., eds., Geovision'99, International Symposium on 
Imaging Applications in Geology, May, Universit de Lige, Belgium, Proceedings: p. 1-4.    
[complicated by textured backgrounds & data layers overlaid on contours]
Arthur, D.W.G., 1962, Some systematic visual lunar observations, in Kopal, Zdenk, and Mikhailov, 
Z.K., eds., The Moon, IAU symposium no. 14, Pulkovo Observatory, USSR, December 1960, 
London & New York, Academic Press, p. 317-324.    [d/D, h/D (good eqn), floor-width ratios for 
simple craters; gen'l dome dimensions]
ASCE Task Committee, 1999, GIS Modules and Distributed Models of the Watershed: Reston VA, 
American Society of Civil Engineers, 120 p.    [review & guide to DEM, TIN, DLG, & GIS applics. 
(DEM-to-watershed transformation, etc.) & software (9 pkgs.), big biblio]
Assender, Hazel, Bliznyuk, Valery, and Porfyrakis, Kyriakos, 2002, How surface topography relates to 
materials' properties: Science, v. 297, no. 5583, p. 973-976.    [emph. soft-surface applics; relief, 
spacing, anisotropy; 2D autocorrel. fcn.]
Atkins, Robert, 1994, TEC and TRAC to continue work on terrain resolution LOS sensitivity study 
plan: Digital Data Digest (USACE/TEC), v. 4, no. 1, p. 5-7.    [effort to improve line-of-sight calcs.; 
final report issued ~1996]
Atkinson, P.M., 1999, Geographical information sciencegeostatistics and uncertainty: Progress in 
Physical Geography, v. 23, no. 1, p. 134-142.    [several refs. on error in DEM's]
Atkinson, P.M., and Massari, Remo, 1998, Generalised linear modelling of susceptibility to landsliding 
in the central Apennines, Italy: Computers and Geosciences, v. 24, no. 4, p. 373-385.    [GLM; 
geology & slope most signif.; results diff. for active vs. dormant slides]
Atkinson, P.M., Jiskoot, Hester, Massari, Remo, and Murray, Tavi, 1998, Generalised linear modelling 
in geomorphology: Earth Surface Processes and LandformsTechnical and Software Bulletin, v. 
23, p. 1185-1195.    [unlike mult. regression, GLM combines continuous & categorical var.]
Augustinus, P.C., 1992, The influence of rock mass strength on glacial valley cross-profile 
morphometrya case study from the southern Alps, New Zealand: Earth Surface Processes and 
Landforms: v. 17, no. 1, p. 39-51.    [form ratio, shape factor, drainage density, & 3 coeff. fr 
quadratic curves (easier to fit to small-scale map); correl. analysis]
Azor, Antonio, Keller, E.A., and Yeats, R.S., 2002, Geomorphic indicators of active fold 
growthSouth MountainOak Ridge Anticline, Ventura Basin, southern California: Geological 
Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, no. 6, p. 745-753.    [quant. modeling of tectonic 
geomorphology; elev, distance, sinuosity, valley h/W, hypsom. integr., drainage density]
B
Badura, Janusz, and Przybylski, Boguslaw, 1993, An attempt at application of selected morphometric 
methods to estimation of neotectonic movements in the Sudety Mountains, SW Poland, and their 
foreland (in Polish with English summary & figure captions): Folia Quaternaria, v. 64, p. 43-53.    
[isoline maps of valley (same stream order) height & stream length]
Bae, D.-H., Kim, J.-H., and Kwon, W.-T., 2000, A feasibility study of TOPMODEL for a flood 
forecasting model on a single watershed (in Korean with English abstract): Journal of Korea Water 
Resources Association, v. 33, no. 1, p. 87-97.    [conclude is OK on Soyang River basin, thus OK 
for all Korea]
Bak, Per, Tang, Chao, and Wiesenfeld, Kurt, 1987, Self-organized criticalityan explanation of 1/f 
noise: Physical Review letters, v. 59, no. 4, p. 381-385.    [their earliest statements of SOC; the 
sand-pile experiment; 'dynamical systems with spatial degrees of freedom naturally evolve into a 
self-organized critical point. Flicker noise, or 1/f noise, can be identified with the dynamics of the 
critical state. This picture also yields insight into the origin of fractal objects']
Bald, William, 1841, An account of the construction of the models of the island of Achil, Clare Island, 
and the south-western district of Mayo, in Ireland: Report of the Tenth Meeting of the British 
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Section, Glasgow, August 1840, v. 9, p. 126-127.    [quite exact; 4 & 8 in./mile; no VE; elevs fr. 
level, theodolite, sextant, & barometer]
Bamber, J.L, Ekholm, S., and Krabill, W., 1998, The accuracy of satellite radar altimeter data over the 
Greenland ice sheet determined from airborne laser data: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, no. 
16, p. 3177-3180.    [new 2.5-km DEM fr ERS-1; error >w/ slope due to surface roughness]
Bamber, J.L, Ekholm, S., and Krabill, W., 2001, A new, high-resolution digital elevation model of 
Greenland fully validated with airborne laser altimeter data: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 
104, no. B4, p. 6733-6745.    [new 1-km DEM compiled fr var. sources; mean accuracy = -0.337m]
Bamber, J.L., Muller, J.P., and Mandanayake, A., 1997, A global 5 arc minute digital elevation model 
derived from the geodetic phase of ERS-1, in ERS symposium on space at the service of our 
environment, 3rd, Florence, IT, March 17-21, Proceedings: European Space Agency report SP-
414, p. 1779-1787.    [to be used in future updates of GTOPO30]
Bamber, J.L., Vaughan, D.G., and Joughin, Ian, 2000, Widespread complex flow in the interior of the 
Antarctic ice sheet: Science, v. 287, no. 5456, p. 1248-1250.    [DEM fr. ERS-1 radar altimetry + 
1983 Drewry atlas]
Banavar, J.R., Maritan, Amos, and Rinaldo, Andrea, 1999, Size and form in efficient transportation 
networks: Nature, v. 399, no. 6732, p. 130-132 (& comments by Painter, Haff, 2000, v. 408 p. 159-
160; reply p. 160).    [allometric general size/flow rate relation & theory includes river basins]
Band, L.E., 1999, Spatial hydrography and landforms in Longley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, 
D.J., and Rhind, D.W., eds., Geographical Information Systems, v. 1, Principles and Technical 
Issues, 2nd ed.: New York, Wiley, p. 527-542.    [reviews DEM-to-watershed work; problems with 
GRASS software]
Banerdt, W.B., 2000, Surface drainage patterns on Mars from MOLA topography (abs.): Eos 
Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 81, no. 48 (Supplement, P52C-04), p. F773.    
[possible patterns traced fr DEM slopes yield 4 mega-basins]
Banerjee, Paramesh, 1998, Gravity measurements and terrain corrections using a digital terrain 
model in the NW Himalaya: Computers and Geosciences, v. 24, no. 10, p. 1009-1020.    [optimizes 
corrections; improves on classic (Hammer 1939) method]
Banks, Rachel, and Wickens, C.D., 1997, Commanders' display of terrain informationmanipulations 
of display dimensionality and frame of reference to support battlefield visualization: Technical 
Report ARL-97-12/ARMY-FED-LAB-97-2, Aviation Research Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign; for U.S. Army, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD and Ft. Hauchuca, AZ, Contract DAAL 
01-96-2-0003ARL, 62 p.    [perception experiments; maps better than 3D at distance est., but 3D > 
maps for LOS; etc.]
Bannister, E.N., 1980, Hypsometries of Michigan's southeastern lake plain: Journal of Great Lakes 
Research, v. 6, no. 2, p. 154-163.    [channel geometry, hypsometry]
Bannister, E.N., 1982, Hypsometric curve variance and drainage basin planforms, in Larimore, A.E., 
ed., Studies in fluvial geomorphology and morphometry; the collected papers of Everette N. 
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methods]
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'information theory']
Barrio, G.A.B. del, Puigdefabregas, Juan, and Diez, Carlos, 1997, Response of high mountain 
landscape to topographic variablesCentral Pyrenees: Landscape Ecology, v. 12, no. 2, p. 95-
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Barry, R.G., 1961, The punched card and its application in geographical research: Erdkunde, v. 15, 
p. 140-142.    [early automated data handling]
Barton, K.E., Howell, D.G., Vigil, J.F., Ciener, Jane, and Lesle, Timothy, 2002, The North America 
tapestry of time and terrain (abs.): Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, 27-
30 October, paper no. 217-1; 
http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_43524.htm.    [broad-scale computer 
visualization combining shaded relief & geology extended to an entire continent]
Barton, K.E., Howell, D.G., Vigil, J.F., Reed, J.C., Jr., and Wheeler, J.O., 2003, The North America 
tapestry of time and terrain: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Investigations Series map I-2781, 
scale, 1:8,000,000, in press.    [extension of 1:3.5M conterminous U.S. tapestry combining digital 
maps of shaded relief (gray scale) & geologic time units (color)]
Basu, Atanu, and Saxena, N.K., 2002, Bathymetry data correction using global optimization method: 
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modern data]
Bates, P.D., and De Roo, A.P.J., 2000, A simple raster-based model for flood inundation simulation: 
Journal of Hydrology, v. 236, nos. 1-2, p. 54-77.    [tests fr different DEMs; low-relief terrain requires 
high-accuracy data]
Baudemont, Frdric, and Parrot, J.-F., 2000, Structural analysis of DEM's by intersection of surface 
normals in a three-dimensional accumulator space: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote 
Sensing, v. 38, no. 3, p. 1191-1198.    [pattern-recognition approach to extract morphologic 
features]
Bauer, J., Rohdenburg, H., and Bork, H.-R., 1985, Ein digitales Reliefmodell zur Berechnung 
geokologisch relevanter morphographischer Parameter (A digital relief model to calculate geo-
ecologically relevant morphographic measures): Landschaftskologisches Messen und Auswerten, 
v. 1, no. 2/3, p. 117-123.    [DEM-based modeling of continuous topography]
Baulig, Henri, 1928, Le Plateau Central de la France et sa bordure Mditerraneneуtude 
morphologique: Thse d'Etat, Paris, Armand Colin, paging unknown.    [mapped by summit-level 
meth; used spot-height freq. fr hachured-only maps]
Baumann Elizabeth, 1914, Morphometrie des Greifswalder Boddens: Universitt Greifswald, Ph.D. 
dissertation, Jahresbericht der Geographischen Gesellschaft Greifswald 1914/15, v. 15, p. 1-44.    
[morphom. of estuary seafloor fr maps & charts; much lit. & technique review; bathym. curve; 
area/depth & slope, 'coastal development', vol., mean depth]
Beardmore, Nathaniel, 1851, Manual of Hydrology: London, Waterlow and Sons, 384 p.    [dynamic 
adjustment of form to process re. hydraulic geometry]
Beasley, D.B., Huggins, L.F., and Monke, E.J., 1980, ANSWERSA model for watershed planning: 
Transactions of the American Socirty of Agricultural Engineers, v. 23, no. 4, p. 938-944.    
[pioneering distributed-parameter model simulated runoff & erosion in agric. watersheds; calc. slope 
fr grid DEM by best-fit plane]
Beasley, D.B., and Huggins, L.F., 1982, ANSWERSUsers manual: U.S. EPA-905/9-82-001, 
Chicago, IL, 54 p.    [see Beasley et al. 1980]
Beaty, C.B., 1956, Landslides and slope exposure: Journal of Geology, v. 64, no. 1, p. 70-74.    
[70% of slides E. of Berkeley CA are on (shaded) slopes facing N or E]
Beauvais, A.A., 1997, Analyse fractale des rseaux (in French), in Davy, Philippe, Guillocheau, 
Franois, and Hamelin, Bruno, eds., GomorphologieProcessus et Modlisation: Rennes, 
Geosciences-Rennes, p. 44-45.    [brief synopsis of fractal analysis; good bibliography]
Beke, C.T., 1847, On the physical character of the table-land of Abyssinia: Report of the Tenth 
Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of ScienceNotices and abstracts of 
communications, Geology & Geography Section, Southhampton, September 1846, v. 15, p. 70-72.    
[primitive estimates of different regional slopes]
Belgrand, Eugne, 1872, La Seine, tudes hydrologiquesrgime de la pluie, des sources, des 
eaux courantes, applications  l'agriculture (in French): Paris, Dunod, >349 p., accompanying Atlas 
published 1873.    [contains an early hydro-morphometric relation: ratio of watershed area to 
number of streams within ('drainage density')]
Belisario, Filippo, Del Monte, Maurizio, Fredi, Paola, Funicello, Renato, Lupia Palmieri, E., and Salvini, 
Francesco, 1999, Azimuthal analysis of stream orientations to define regional tectonic lines: 
Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, Supplementband 118, p. 41-63.    [rose diagrams & azimuthal 
spectra]
Bendick, R., and Bilham, R., 2001, How perfect is the Himalayan arc?: Geology, v. 29, no. 9, p. 791-
794.    [elev./ & relief/distance distrs. & least-sq. circle-fitting; plate boundary= small circle of radius 
169655km]
Bengtsson, B.-E., and Nordbeck, Stig, 1964, Construction of isarithmic maps by computers: Nordisk 
Tidskrift for Informationsbehandling (now 'BIT'), v. 4, no. 2, p. 87-105.    [earlest reference to using 
triangles in computer mapping]
Bergbauer, Stephan, and Pollard, D.D., 1999, Calculating curvatures of geological surfaces (abs.): 
EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 80, no. 46, Supplement, p. F1050.    [based 
on '1st & 2nd Fundamental Forms'quadratic diff. eqns.]
Berger, F., 1805 ca., Hauteurs de plusiers lieux determines par le barometre, dans le cours de 
differens voyages faits en France, en Suisse, en Italie (in French): Geneva, privately published, 29 
p.    [1802-03 barometric determinations of altitudes in Europe by Swiss physician]
Bergsma, E., 1985, Classes of relief susceptibility for surface erosion, in El-Swaify, S.A., 
Moldenhauer, W.C., and Lo, Andrew, eds., Soil Erosion and Conservation: Ankeny, Iowa, Soil 
Conservation Society of America, p. 432-436.    [proposes 4 erosion slope-length classes for 7 
slope classes]
Berlyant, A.M., 1984, Morfometricheskiye issledovaniya rel'yefa v SSSR; sostoyaniye, problemy, 
perspektivy (in Russian; Morphometric investigations of relief in the USSR; present state, problems, 
perspectives): Geomorfologiya, v. 1984, no. 2, p. 15-24.    [25 refs; landform description, quant. 
geomorph.]
Berlyant, A.M., Koshel', S.M., Musin, O.R., and Suyetova, I.A., 1991, Opyt sozdaniya global'noy 
tsifrovoy bazy dannykh po gipsometricheskoy karte Mira v masshtabe 1/15 000 000; pervyye 
rezul'taty (in Russian with English summary; Creation of global digital data base using hypsometric 
world map scale 1/15M; first results): Geomorfologiya, v. 1991, no. 2, p. 25-31.    [DEM's, GIS, 
morphometry; topo. maps]
Bertolo, Francesca, 2000, Catchment delineation and characterisationa review: EC-JRC, Space 
Applications Institute, (EUR 19563 EN) Ispra (VA), Italy, 36 p.; 
http://ams.egeo.sai.jrc.it/newluc/euroland/pdf/CatchRev.pdf.    [the DEM-to-watershed 
transformation; useful review; good biblio]
Bruber, Dominique, and Jbrak, Michel, 1999, High precision boundary fractal analysis for shape 
characterization: Computers and Geosciences, v. 25, no. 9, p. 1059-1071.    [Euclidean distance 
mapping (EDM) better than box-counting & dilation methods; dividers meth. not tested]
Bthune, P. de, 1967, On the field survey of hillslopes: Revue de Gomorphologie Dynamique, v. 
17, no. 4, p. 152-153.    [favors 10m slope-length sampling interval but 15.25 m OK]
Bthune, P. de, and Mammerickx, J., 1960, tudes clinomtriques du laboratoire gomorphologique 
de l'Universit de Louvain (Belgique), in Birot, P., and Macar, P., eds., Contributions Internationales 
 la Morphologie des Versants: Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, Supplementband 1, p. 93-102 & 2 
plates.    [1955-59; field & map data, various areas; freq. diagrams]
Beucher, Serge, 1992, The watershed transformation applied to image segmentation. 1Oth 
Pfefferkorn Conf. on Signal and Image Processing in Microscopy and Microanalysis, 16-19 sept. 
1991, Cambridge, UK, Scanning Microscopy International, Suppl. 6., p. 299-314. 
<http://cmm.ensmp.fr/~beucher/publi/pfefferkorn.pdf>.    [image segmentation by grey scale-to-
elevation transformation]
Beucher, Serge, 1994, Watershed, hierarchical segmentation and waterfall algorithm, in Serra, J. and 
Soille, P. eds., Mathematical Morphology and its applications to Image Processing: Dordrecht, 
Kluwer, p. 69-76.    [image segmentation by grey scale-to-elevation transformation]
Beucher, Serge, and Meyer, Fernand, 1992, The morphological approach to segmentationthe 
watershed transformation, in Dougherty, E., ed., Mathematical Morphology in Image Processing: 
New York, Marcel Dekker, p. 433-481.    [image segmentation by grey scale-to-elevation transform. 
& watershed crest-line identification]
Beven, Keith, and Kirkby, M.J., eds., 1993, Channel Network Hydrology: New York, Wiley, 319 p.    
[10-chapter state-of-art synthesis]
Biasini, Alessandro, Buonasorte, G., Ciccacci, Silvio, Fredi, Paola, and Lupia Palmieri, E., 1993, 
Geomorphological characteristics, in Di Philippo, M., ed., Sabatini Volcanic Complex: Roma, C.N.R., 
Quaderni de "La ricerca scientifica" no. 114, v. 11, 2 c. geol., p. 81-94.    [local relief & drainage 
density]
Biasini, Alessandro, 1997, Estimating relief heights from shadows in vertical aerial photographs: 
Geologica Romana, v. 33, p. 81-87.    [Antarctica (poor parallax & no topo); shadows v. clear on 
snow & ice]
Biasotti, Silvia, 2001, Topological techniques for shape understanding: 10 p., 
http://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/studentwork/CESCG-2001/SBiasotti/paper.pdf.    [Morse theory, Reeb 
graphs, height fnc., handles degenerate points]
Bindschadler, Robert, Fahnestock, Mark, and Sigmund, Angela, 1999, Comparison of Greenland ice 
sheet topography measured by TOPSAR and airborne laser altimetry: IEEE Transactions on 
Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 37, no. 5, p. 2530-2535.    [AOL more precise, but TOPSAR 
covers broader freq. range & has biases]
Bingham, A.W., and Rees, W.G., 1999, Construction of a high-resolution DEM of and Arctic ice cap 
using shape-from-shading: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 20, no. 15 & 16, p. 3231-
3242.    [photoclinometry of Landsat MSS image; less accurate (14 m RMS) than InSAR]
Bintanja, Richard, Reijmer, C.H., and Hulscher, J.M.H., 2001, Detailed observations of Antarctic blue-
ice surfaces: Journal of Glaciology, v. 47, no. 158, p. 387-396.    [regular ripples; troughs spaced 
20-24 cm & crests 1-2 cm deep; crests deeper in summer]
Birnir, Bjorn, Smith, T.R., and Merchant, G.E., 2001, The scaling of fluvial landscapes: Computers 
and Geosciences, v. 27, no. 10, p. 1189-1216.    ["how models capture effects of random 
influences driving processes of landscape evolution; account for oval shape of basins & leads to a 
derivation of Hack's law"]
Bishop, M.A., 2001, Seasonal variation of crescentic dune morphology and morphometry, Strzelecki-
Simpson desert, Australia: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: v. 26, no. 7, p. 783-791.    
[L/W & vector-mean rose diagrams]
Bishop, M.P., Shroder, J.F. Jr., 2000, Remote sensing and geomorphometric assessment of 
topographic complexity and erosion dynamics in the Nanga Parbat massif, in Kahn, M.A., Treloar, 
P.J., Searle, M.P., and Jan, M.Q., eds., Tectonics of the Nanga Prabat Syntaxis and the Western 
Himalaya: London, Geological Society of London, Special Publication No. 170, p. 181-200.    [20-m 
DEM & 3-D terrain simulations fr satellite imagery indicate high scale-dependency & hierarchical 
order reflecting erosion dynamics]
Bishop, M.P., Bonk, Radoslav, Kamp, Ulrich Jr., and Shroder, J.F. Jr., 2002, Terrain analysis and 
data modeling for alpine glacier mapping: Polar Geography, v. 25, no. 3, P. 182-201.    [successful 
object-oriented delineation of glaciers by morphometry; 12 elev & slope attributes fr 20-m DEM; also 
curvature & aspect; unsupervised clustering]
Bishop, M.P., Shroder, J.F. Jr., Bonk, Radoslav, and Olsenholler Jeffrey, 2002, Geomorphic change 
in high mountainsa western Himalayan perspective: Global and Planetary Change, v. 32, no. 4, 
P. 311-329.    [topo analysis fr 20m SPOT DEM incl. elev, A, R, perim., hypso. of 22 basins; other 
quant.]
Bitelli, G., Carrara, A., and Vittuari, L., 1996, Comparison of DTM's derived from contour lines and 
digital photogrammetry, in Unguendoli, U., ed., Reports on Surveying and Geodesy, DIS TART, 
Nautilus, Bologna, p. 159-179.    [DTM accuracy from softcopy image correl. not yet fully 
documented]
Bivand, R.S., 1999, Integrating GRASS 5.0 and RGIS and modern statistics for data analysis, in 
Scandinavian Research Conference on Geographical Information Science 7th, Aalborg, Denmark, 
Proceedings: p. 111-127; http://www.nhh.no/geo/gib/gib1999/gib99-1/scangis.pdf.    [topo types, 
but not regions, of Kosovo fr elev, relief, slope, elev-rel. ratio, plan & profile curv. on GTOPO30 
DEM]
Bivand, R.S., 2000, Using the R statistical data analysis language on GRASS 5.0 GIS database files: 
Computers and Geosciences, v. 26, no. 9-10, p. 1043-1052; 
http://www.nhh.no/geo/gib/gib1999/gib99-2/durham.pdf.    [morphometric example has hypsometric 
integral & topo types]
Bjrke, J.T., and Nilsen, Stein, 2002, Efficient representation of digital terrain modelscompression 
and spatial decorrelation techniques: Computers and Geosciences, v. 28, no. 4, p. 433-445.    
[wavelets slightly better than adapt. triangulation & univ. kriging, but also have other attractive 
properties for terrain modeling]
Bjrnsson, Helgi, Plsson, Finnur, and Gudmundsson, M.T., 2000, Surface and bedrock topography 
of the Myrdalsjokull ice cap, Icelandthe Katla caldera, eruption sites and routes of jkulhlaups: 
Jkull, no. 49, p. 29-46.    [100m ice & subsurface DEMs, ice relief, ice & topo hypsometric curves]
Black, P.E., 1972, Hydrograph responses to geomorphic model watershed characteristics and 
precipitation variables: Journal of Hydrology, v. 17, p. 309-329.    [planform little effects peak 
magnitude; defines 'basin-eccentricity' param.]
Blackwell, P.R., and Wells, Gordon, 1999, DEM resolution and improved surface representation: 
ESRI 1999 User Conference, San Diego, CA, Proceedings; 
www.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/abstracts/a629.htm.    [10m DEMs, esp. with 
drainage enforcement, better for geomorphic analysis than 30m.]
Blenk, M., 1963, Eine kartographische Methode der Hanganalyse, erlutert an zwei 
BeispielenN.W.-Harz und Salinstal, Kalifornien ('... slope analysis ...', in German), in Neue 
Beitrge zur internationalen Hangforschung: Gttingen, Vandenhck und Ruprecht, p. 29-44.    
[get angle of crests, valley floors & plan-curved slopes fr contour maps]
Bliss, N.B. and Olsen, L.M., 1998, Development of a 30 arc-second digital elevation model of South 
America, in Pecora Thirteen, Human Interactions with the Environment-Perspectives from Space, 
13th, Sioux Falls, SD, August 20-22, 1996, Proceedings: Bethesda, MD, American Society of 
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, CD-ROM; also 
<http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/gtopo30/papers/olsen.html>.    [GTOPO30 DEM]
Blong, R.J., 1972, Methods of slope profile measurement in the field: Australian Geographical 
Studies, v. 10, no. 2, p. 182-192.    [details methods for fine-scale survey; 1.5m = min. practical 
length; good biblio]
Blong R.J., 1985, Gully sidewall development in New South Wales, Australia, in El-Swaify, S.A., 
Moldenhauer, W.C., and Lo, Andrew, eds., Soil Erosion and Conservation: Ankeny, Iowa, Soil 
Conservation Society of America, p. 574-584.    [field meas. of gully cross-section, to get sidewall 
surface-area ratio, volume]
Blow, Jonathan, 2000, Terrain rendering at high levels of detail, in Game Developers Conference 
2000, 20-24 March, San Jose Conference Center, San Jose, CA, Proceedings: 1st online article, 
13 PDF pages + his lecture notes for Two Advanced Terrain Rendering Systems (4 p.); 
<http://www.bolt-action.com/dl_papers.html>.    [state-of-art; modifications improve the ROAM 
triangulation (a 'top-down' algorithm rather than Lindstrom et al's. 1996 less efficient 'bottom-up' 
procedure) to handle high levels of texture detail in a scalable way]
Blunt, Liam, and Stout, K.J., eds., 2001, International Conference on Metrology and Properties of 
Engineering Surfaces, 8th, 26-29 April, 2000, Huddersfield, UK, Proceedings: International Journal 
of Machine Tools and Manufacture, v. 41, Nos. 13-14, p. 1847-2193.    [38 papers on topology, 
contact mech., instrumentation, eng. sfcs., meas. & calibr., & charac. & filtering]
Bobrik, A.A., 1916, On the calculation of the 'Kstenentwicklung' or shore-line convolution according 
to the Berghaus and Nagel methods (in Russian): Izvestiya Russkogo geograficheskogo 
obshchestva, v. 52, no. 1.    [early Russian morphometry addressing the 19th-Century 
area/perimeter problem]
Bochet, E., Poesen, J., and Rubio, J.L., 2000, Mound development as an interaction of individual 
plants with soil, water erosion and sedimentation processes on slopes: Earth Surface Processes 
and Landforms: v. 25, no. 8, p. 847-867.    [slope & mound height fr. quant. height (mm) profiles 
fr. microprofilometer]
Bhm, August, 1887, Einteilung der Ostalpen (in German), in Penck, Albrecht, ed., Geographische 
Abhandlungen: Vienna, E. Hlzel, v. 1, no. 3, p. 243-478.    [contains morphometry; no other info]
Bhm, August, 1887, ber Gerbirgsgruppierung (in German; on classification of mountain ranges), in 
Verhandlung des 7 Deutschen Geographentages zu Karlsruhe: Berlin, Reimer, p. 152-158.    [a 
morphologic objective that affected the morphometry of the time; no other info]
Bhm, August, 1889, ber die Genauigkeit der Bestimmung von Gerbirgsvolumen und mittleter 
Massenerhebung (in German; On accuracy of obtaining mountain volume & center of mass), in 
Verhandlung des 8 Deutschen Geographentages zu Berlin: Berlin, Reimer, p. 214-224.    [a 
concern of morphometry at the time; no other info]
Bhmer, Gerhard, 1922, Die Fludichte im Gebiete der mecklenburgischen Seenplatte und ihrer 
Vorlnder; Ein Beitrag zur Heimatkunde (in German; drainage density ...), Univ. Rostock, Ph.D. 
dissertation: Teterow, Germany, 16 p.    [methods of Rasehorn 1911 & Neumann 1900; pamphlet 
undated & no maps, tables, or refs]
Bohner, Jrgen, Kthe, Rdiger, and Trachinow, Christian, 1997, Weiterentwicklung der 
automatischen Reliefanalyse auf der Basis von Digitalen Reliefmodellen (Advancing automatic relief 
analysis by means of digital relief models): Gttinger Geographische Abhandlungen, v. 100, p. 3-
21.    [post-SARA development of Kthe's morphometric pkg.]
Bonk, Radoslav, 2002, Scale-dependent Geomorphometric Analysis for Glacier Mapping at Nanga 
Parbat, Pakistan: Master's thesis, Department of Geography-Geology, College of Arts and 
Sciences, University of Nebraska at Omaha, paging unknown.    [TFO (terrain form objects) fr slope, 
aspect, plan. & profile curv. fr 20-m DEM / details]
Bonk, Radoslav, 2002, Scale-dependent geomorphometric analysis for glacier mapping at Nanga 
ParbatGRASS GIS approach, in Open source GISGRASS users conference 2002, Trento, Italy, 
11-13 September, Proceedings: paging unknown; 
http://dionysos.gssr.sk/ig_home/exchange/ppaudits/trento2002_bonk.pdf.    [TFO (terrain form 
objects) fr slope, aspect, plan. & profile curv. fr 20-m DEM]
Bonniard, F., 1929, Reprsentation graphique de la pente moyenne d'un bassin-versant (in French): 
Revue Phys. Gographie Dynamique, v. 2, p. 247-252.    [1st publ.? method for clinographic curve, 
or mean slope betw. paired contours]
Borsuk, O.A., 1989, Morfometriya rel'yefa; indikatsionnoye i geneticheskoye napravleniya (in Russian; 
indicative & genetic morphometry of relief), in Logachev, N.A., Timofeyev, D.A., and Ufimtsev, G.F., 
ed., Problemy metodologii geomorfologii (Methodology problems in geomorphology): Novosibirsk, 
Izd. Nauka, p. 37-40.    [corr. coeff., indicators, relief, statistical analysis]
Bttcher, Herr, 1900, Ma fr die Dichte der Eisenbahnnetze (index of railroad network density; in 
German): Geographische Zeitschrift, v. 4, p. 635-639.    [adapted to drainage density; x = 2A/L; P 
= unit-cell area & L = total length]
Boussinesq, J.V., 1871, Sur une propit remarquable des points o les lignes de plus grande pente 
d'une surface ont leurs plans osculateurs verticaux, est sur la diffrence qui existe gnralement,  
la surface de la terre, entre les lignes de fate ou de thalweg et celles le long desquelles la pente 
du sol est un minimum (in French; ... a remarkable property of points where the steepest slope lines 
have vertical osculatory plans (?), is about the difference which generally exists on the ground 
surface between ridges or drain lines & locations where ground slope is a minimum.): Comptes 
Rendus Hebdomadaires des Sances de l'Acadmie des Sciences, v. 73, no. 24, p. 1368-1371.    
[hydrodynamicist & Saint-Venant pupil; noted that Saint-Venant's 1852 math. formulation of topo. 
ridges & drains had not specified slope-lines (slope = zero) that form drainage pattern itself]
Boussinesq, J.V., 1872a, Sur les lignes de fate et de thalweg (in French; on ridge & drainage lines): 
Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Sances de l'Acadmie des Sciences, v. 73, p. 198-201.    
[see Boussinesq 1871]
Boussinesq, J.V., 1872b, Sur les lignes de fate et de thalweg (in French; on ridge & drainage lines): 
Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Sances de l'Acadmie des Sciences, v. 75, no. 15, p. 835-
837.    [criticizes Jordan 1872a; see note for Boussinesq 1871]
Bovis, M.J., and Jakob, Matthias, 1999, The role of debris supply conditions in predicting debris flow 
activity: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 24, no. 11, p. 1039-1054.    [33 basins; pred. 
d-f attributes fr. basin morphometry by mult. regression]
Bowler, P.J., 2002, Climb Chimborazo and see the world: Science, v. 298, no. 5591, p. 63-64.    
[briefly reviews work of A. von Humboldt (1769-1859), citing 'passion for precise description & 
accurate measurement', interest in the 'structure of mountains' & 'techniques of geodetic and 
geophysical measurement', and preparation of 'the first relief map of Spain']
Boyell, R.L., and Rushton, H., 1963, Hybrid techniques for real-time radar simulation, in Fall 1963 
Joint Computer Conference, November, Las Vegas NV, Proceedings: paging unknown.    [1st to 
map contours into arcs & intercontour areas into nodes]
Boyko, A.V., and Limontov, L.Ya., 1980, Digital terrain models and topographic data collection in 
large-scale mapping (in Russian): Geodesiya i Cartographiya, no. 10, p. 46-53.    [no info]
Brabyn, L.K., 1996, Landscape classification using GIS and national digital databases: Christchurch 
NZ, University of Canterbury, Department of Geography, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 225 p. + refs.    
['classif. visual landscape character'; esp. p. 124-150 automates, modifies Hammond system; 200m 
DEM fr 1/250K map]
Brabyn, L.K., 1997, Classification of macro landforms using GIS: ITC Journal, no. 1, p. 26-40.    
[automates, modifies Hammond system; 1/250K DEM (200-m grid)]
Brndli, Martin, 1998, Modelle und Algorithm fr Extraktion geomorphologischer und hydrologischer 
Objekte aus digitalen Gelndemodellen (in German): Geographisches Institut Universitt Zrich, 
Geoprocessing Reihe, v. 32 (Inaugural dissertation), 200 p. + appendices.    [continuaton of prior 
work extracting catchments etc. from DEM's]
Brasington, James, and Richards, Keith, 1998, Interactions between model predictions, parameters 
and DTM scales for TOPMODEL: Computers and Geosciences, v. 24, no. 4, p. 299-314.    
[depends much on grid size DL (20m<DL<500m), esp. @ 100m-200m threshold]
Brassard, Louis, 1998, The Perception of the Image World: Burnaby, BC, Simon Fraser University, 
unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 409 p. http://www.visionlb.ca/Thesis/Abstract.html.    [far-ranging treatise 
by a computer-vision engineer, focusing on crease detection in greyscale images (among 'creases' 
are such critical points & lines as peaks, pits, ridges, valleys, saddles, passes)]
Braun, Jean, Zwartz, Dan, and Tomkin, J.H., 1999, A new surface-processes model combining glacial 
and fluvial erosion: Annals of Glaciology, v. 28, p. 282-290.    [exper. results fr CASCADE algorithm 
modified to include glaciation]
Breton de Champ, Paul-mile, 1854, Note sur les lignes de fate ou de thalweg (in French; ...  ridges 
and drains): Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Sances de l'Acadmie des Sciences / Institut 
de France, v. 39, p. 647-648.    [noted that (Saint-Venant's 1852 implied) math. formulation of 
topo. ridges & drains had not specified exactly the slope-lines that form the drainage pattern; 
offered new theorem]
Breton de Champ, Paul-mile, 1861, Note sur les charactres gomtriques des lignes de fate ou 
de thalweg (in French; ... geometric char. of ridges or drains): Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires 
des Sances de l'Acadmie des Sciences / Institut de France, v. 53, p. 808-811.    [elaboration on 
ideas in 1854 paper]
Breton de Champ, Paul-mile, 1867, Note sur une proprit de l'quation diffrentielle des lignes de 
plus grande pente (in French; ... prop. of diff. eqn. of flow lines): Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires 
des Sances de l'Acadmie des Sciences / Institut de France, v. 64, p. 407-410.    [eqn. describes 
flow lines, slope lines normal to contours]
Breton de Champ, Paul-mile, 1870, Sur les lignes de plus grande pente  dclivit minimum ou 
maximum (in French; on flow lines of minimum or maximum steepness): Comptes Rendus 
Hebdomadaires des Sances de l'Acadmie des Sciences / Institut de France, v. 70, no. 18, p. 
982-985.    [no info]
Breton de Champ, Paul-mile, 1877, Mmoire sur les lignes de fate et thalweg que l'on est conduit  
considrer en topographie (in French; ... on drain and ridge lines that must be addressed in topo.): 
Journal de Mathmatiques Pures et Appliques, ser. 3, v. 3, p. 99-114.    [extends descriptive-
geometric description of ridges & drains; poses 5 problems]
Breuer, Barbara, 2001, Reliefmodellierung mit dem Programm SARA (System zur Automatischen 
Relief-Analyse) fr ein Untersuchungsgebiet in der Oberpalz (in German): Zeitschrift fr 
Geomorphologie, v. 45, no. 1, p. 17-31.    [elev. & slope maps, etc. fr DEM]
Breunig, M., 1999, An approach to the integration of spatial data and systems for a 3D geo-
information system: Computers and Geosciences, v. 25, no. 1, p. 39-48.    [theory & basics of 3D 
modeling; topology]
Breusing, Dr., 1882, comments (in German) in Gnther (1882), p. 146.    [the area/perimeter problem]
Bribiesca, Ernesto, 1988, Digital elevation model data analysis using the contact surface area: 
CUGIP - Graphical Models and Image Processing, v. 60, no. 2, p. 166-172.    [computer graphics, 
A.I., simulation, & modeling]
Brice, J.C., 1966, Erosion and deposition in the loess-mantled Great Plains Medicine Creek drainage 
basin, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 352-H, p. 255-339.    [% upland, freq. 
1st-order channels, relief ratio, areal freq. of valley-head & -side gullies]
Brimicombe, A.J., and Tsui, P.H.Y., 2000, A variable resolution, geocomputational approach to the 
analysis of point patterns: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, nos. 11-12, p. 2143-2155.    [compared to 
nearest-neighbor, quadrat, & L-function approaches]
Brisson, Barnab, 1829, Un essai sur l'art de projeter les canaux  point de partage par MM. Dupuis 
de Torcy et B. Brisson (on planning canals  point de partage (those linking different drainage 
basins) ... ; in French), in Essai sur le systme gnral de navigation intrieure de la France (On 
the General System of France's Inland Navigation): Carilian-Goeury, Paris (172 p.), paging of essay 
unknown.    [posthumous re-publ. of Dupuis-Torcy & Brisson 1808 under more explicit title, by 
Duleau, who edited book & contributed a long intro.;  Brisson was a geometer & civil engineer 
(1777-1828) & student of Gaspard Monge ('father of differential geometry' & 1st to describe lines 
on curved 3-D surfaces); Brisson applied descriptive geometry to canal engineering & thus improve 
its cost estimates]
Brock, J.C., Wright, C.W., Sallenger, A.H., Krabill, W.B., and Swift, R.N., 2002, Basin and methods of 
NASA Airborne Topographic Mapper LiDAR surveys for coastal srudies: Journal of Coastal 
Research, v. 18, no. 1, p. 1-13.    [good overview of LiDAR measurement in low-relief terrain]
Brodley, C.E., Lane, Terran, and Stough, T.M., 1999, Knowledge discovery and data mining: 
American Scientist, v. 87, no. 1, p. 54-61.    [improved automated technique for finding small 
volcanoes on Venus]
Bronstert, Axel, 1999, Capabilities and limitations of detailed hillslope hydrological modelling: 
Hydrological Processes, v. 13, no. 1, p. 21-48.    [uses HILLFLOW; review; soils & climate data 
needed for best results, etc.]
Brooks, S.M., and McDonnell, R.A., eds., 2000, Geocomputation in Hydrology and Geomorphology: 
Hydrological Processes, v. 14, nos. 11-12, p. 1899-2206.    [7 of the papers deal with some aspect 
of DEM-based geomorphometry]
Brown, C.A., Charles, P.D., and Johnsen, W.A., 1994, Method for quantifying the topographic 
structure of a surface: U.S. patent 5,307,292.    [fractal analysis by their TIN 'patchwork' method]
Brown, D.G., 1994, Anisotropy in elevation and derivative surfaces as an indication of systematic 
errors in DEMs, in Congalton, R.G., ed., International Symposium on the Spatial Accuracy of 
Natural Resource Data Bases, Williamsburg, VA, American Society for Photogrammetry and 
Remote Sensing, Proceedings: p. 98-107.    [no info]
Brown, D.G., and Olson, J.M., 2001, Integrated teaching of geographic information science and 
physical geography through digital terrain analysis: Journal of Geography, v. 100, no. 1, p. 4-13.    
[DEM-based pedagogy emphasizing technology]
Brown, D.R., and Owen, D.H., 1967, The metrics of visual formmethodological dyspepsia: 
Psychological Bulletin, v. 68, p. 243ff.    [caveat: 12 linear factors explain 87% variance in shape 
measures for random sample of quadrilaterals, despite object space having only 4 geometric 
degrees of freedom!]
Brown, E.H., 1950, Erosion surfaces in north Cardiganshire: Transactions and Papers of the Institute 
of British Geographers, no. 16, p. 51-66.    [modified the height-range diagram of Sparks 1949]
Brown, E.H., 1952, The River Ystwyth, CardiganshireA geomorphological analysis: Proceedings of 
the Geologists' Association, v. 63, no. 3, p. 244-269.    [modified height-range diagram (Sparks 
1950); longit. profile]
Brown, S.R., 1995, Measuring the dimension of self-affine fractalsexamples of rough surfaces, in 
Barton, C.C., and LaPointe, P.R., 1995, eds., Fractals in the Earth Sciences: NY & London, 
Plenum, p. 77-87.    [presents methods for computation]
Bruce, R.C., 1971, A study of the relationship between soil and quantitative terrain factors: Honolulu, 
University of Hawaii, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 202 p.    [no info]
Brunsden, Denys, 1973, The application of systems theory to the study of mass-movement: 
Geologica Applicata e Idrogeologia (Univ. Bari, IT): v. 8, no. 1, p. 185-207.    [proposes 20 
geometric quantities for landslide mass & scar & enclosing hillside, after Varnes 1958 terminology]
Brunsden, Denys, ed., 1971, Slopes, Form and Process: Institute of British Geographers Special 
Publication no. 3, 178 p.    [11 papers fr. British Geomorphological Research Group; emph. slope 
profiles, soils]
Brunsden, Denys, 1984, Mudslides, chap. 9 in Brunsden, Denys, and Prior, D.B., eds., Slope 
Instability: London, Wiley, p. 363-418.    [obs. on approx. geometries of mudslide source, track, & 
accumulation zone]
Brunson, E.B., and Olsen, R.W., 1978, Data digital elevation model collection systems, in Digital 
Terrain Models (DTM) Symposium, May 9-11, St. Louis, MO, American Society of Photogrammetry, 
Proceedings: p. 72-99.    [explains origin of striped artifacts in USGS manually-profiled DEMs]
Bruun, Bjrn, and Nilsen, Stein, 2001, Multiscale representation of terrain models using average 
interpolating wavelets, in ScanGIS'2001, Scandinavian Research Conference on Geographical 
Information Science 8th, s, Norway, 25-27 June, Proceedings: p. 33-44; 
<http://www.nlh.no/conf/scangis2001/papers/20.pdf>.    [rapidly partitions large DEMs to construct 
hierarchical DEMs]
Bucknarn, R.C., Coe, J.A., Chavarria, M.M., Godt, J.W., Tarr, A.C., Bradley, L.-A., Rafferty, S.A., 
Hancock, Dean, Dart, R.L., and Johnson, M.L., 2001, Landslide susceptibility mapping on the 
Pueblo Viejo and Ro Hondo Quadrangles, in Landslides triggered by Hurricane Mitch in 
Guatemala; inventory and discussion: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 01-0443, p. 26-33, 
http://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/pub/open-file-reports/ofr-01-0443/.    [map from spatial freq. of elev, 
slope, and landslides; aspect & plan curv. not signif.]
Budd, W.F., Jenssen, D., and Smith, I.N., 1984, A three-dimensional time-dependent model of the 
Antarctic ice sheet: Annals of Glaciology, v. 5, p. 29-36.    [1st Ant. DEM; constr. fr. digitized 1/6M 
map; 20m resolution]
Bull, W.B., 1964, Geomorphology of segmented alluvial fans in western Fresno County, California: 
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 353-E, p. 89-129.    [earliest? power functions relating 
fan area to that of drainage basin]
Bull, W.B., 1964, Alluvial fans and near-surface subsidence in western Fresno County, California: 
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 437-A, 71 p.    [relief/area, % area/altitude (little 
variance for 3 fan types), slope]
Bull, W.B., 1968, AlluviaL Fans: Jouirnal of Geological Education, v. 16, no. 3, p. 101-106.    [reviews 
quant. aspects; area, slope, Troeh eqn.]
Bull, W.B., 1975, Landforms that do not tend toward a steady state, in Melhorn, W.N., and Flemal, 
R.C., eds., Theories of Landform Development, annual geomorphology symposium, 6th, 26-27 
September, Proceedings: Binghamton, N.Y., SUNY, Publications in Geomorphology, p. 111-128.    
[allometric fcn. useful for such forms, esp. erosional, incl. cliffs]
Bulmer, M.H., and Wilson, J.B., 1999, Comparison of flat-topped stellate seamounts on Earth's 
seafloor with stellate domes on Venus using side-scan sonar and Magellan synthetic aperture 
radar: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 171, no. 2, p. 277-287.    [log-log height/diam.; 
domes large; cf Kreslavsky & Head; some clusters, much scatter]
Blow, Kurd von, Kranz, Walter, and Sonne, Erich, 1938, Wehrgeologie (in German; with revisions by 
Prof. Dr. Otto Burre & Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Dienemann): Leipzig, Quelle & Meyer, 178 p.    [the German 
classic on military geology, incl. terrain intelligence & appreciation]
Burbank, D.W., and Anderson, R.S., 2001, Tectonic Geomorphology: Malden, MA, and Abingdon, 
UK, Blackwell Science, 274 p.    [Ch. 10 & 11 address DEM applics. & landscape-evolution 
modeling]
Burgkhardt, Johannes, 1888, Das Erzgebirge, eine orometrisch-anthropogeographische Studie: 
Stuttgart, Engelhorn, Forschungen zur deutschen Landes- und Volkskunde, v. 3, no. 3, p. 84-159.    
[a 79 p. thesis (Leipzig, 1890)?; relates population, etc. to terrain measures; mean elev., ridge 
height, area, vol.]
Burl, M.C., Fayyad, U.M., Perona, Pietro, Smyth, Padhraic, and Burl, M.P., 1994, Automating the 
hunt for volcanoes on Venus, in 1994 Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference 
(CVPR-94), Seattle WA, June, Proceedings: Los Alamitos CA, IEEE Computer Society Press, p. 
302-309.    [multi-tiered data mining the Magellan images for small edifices]
Burnett, A.D., Brand, E.W., and Styles, K.A., 1985, Terrain classification mapping for a landslide 
inventory in Hong Kong, in International Conference abnd Field Workshop on Landslides, 4th, 23-
31 August, Tokyo, Proceedings: The Japan Landslide Society, p. 63-68.    [slope angle, height & 
morphology, length/width, landform, hydrology, erosion type; no. freq. by slope & geology]
Burrough, P.A., and McDonnell, R.A., 1998, Principles of geographical information systems for land 
resources assessment, 2nd ed. (corrected reprinting, 1998): New York, Oxford Press, 333 p.    
[standard text; 150 pp. longer than 1st ed.]
Butler, J.B., Lane, S.N., and Chandler, J.H., 2001, Characterization of the structure of river-bed 
gravels using two-dimensional fractal analysis: Mathematical Geology, v. 33, no. 3, p. 301-330.    
[semivariograms (& their contoured surfaces) fr hi-res. digital photogramm. DEMs]
C
Cabrol, N.A., and Grin, E.A., 2001, Composition of the drainage network on early Mars: 
Geomorphology, v. 37, nos. 3-4, p. 269-287.    [n=71; modified Horton ordering & 12 params.; 
stream nos., A, 'compacity', etc.]
Cacheiro Pose, M., Valcarcel Armesto, M., Vieira, S.R., and Toboada Castro, M.T., 1998, Elaboracin 
de modelos de elevacin digital empleando tcnicas geoestadsticas y sistemas de informacin 
geogrfica (Using geostatistics and GIS for DTM assessment, in Spanish): Cadernos do 
Laboratorio Xeolxico de Laxe (Univ. Corua), v. 23, p. 137-150.    [an exercise in applying a 
number of techniques to cultivated fields]
Cailleux, Andr, 1947, Caractres distinctifs des coules de blocailles lies au gel intense (in French; 
dist. char. of blocky ravines related to intense freezing): Comptes Rendue Sommaire de la Socit 
Gologique de France, 15 Dec., p. 323-324.    [slope measurements; early postwar example of 
French morphometry]
Caine, Nel, 1982, Toppling failures from alpine cliffs on Ben Lomond, Tasmania: Earth Surface 
Processes and Landforms, v. 7, no. 2, p. 133-152.    [LT/LC ratio critical; respective distances= fr 
top of topple (LT) & cliff (LC) to base of cliff where it meets topple]
Caine, Nel, 1983, The Mountains of Northeastern Tasmania: Rotterdam, Balkema, 200 p.    [var. 
morphometry; valley width/distance, solution-pan W/D, cliff profiles & PSD, cliff ratio/mt. elev., 
blockfield size & orientattion & slope/distance]
Calvet, Marc, Carozza, J.-M., and Delcaillau, Bernard, 2000, Du bon usage de la morphometrie; a 
propos de Reponse des bassins versants a l'active tectonique; l'exemple de la terminaison 
orientale de la chaine pyreneenne; approche morphotectonique (in French; on proper use of 
morphometry; re Response of drainage basins to active tectonics; example from the eastern 
Pyrenees; morphotectonic approach; discussion and reply: Geomorphologie, v. 2000, no. 4, p. 
267-274.    [no info; neo-orometry?]
Campbell, R.H., and Chirico, Peter, 1999, Geographic information system (GIS) procedure for 
preliminary delineation of debris-flow hazard areas from a digital terrain model, Madison County, 
Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-file Report 99-336, 25 p.    [user-specified input = depth of 
d-f surge rather than its initial volume]
Canters, Frank, De Genst, William, and Dufourmont, Hans, 2002, Assessing effects of input 
uncertainty in structural landscape classification: International Journal of Geographical Information 
Science, v. 16, no. 2, p. 129-149.    [DEM & classif. error; 4 indices incl. field-of-view 'shape' 
complexity]
Caputo, C., Del Monte, M., Fredi, Paola, Plamieri, E.L., and Pugliese, F., 1995, The volcano of the 
Alban Hillsgeomorphological features, in Trigila, Raffaello, ed., The Volcano of the Alban Hills: 
Roma, Tipografia SGS, p. 13-32.    [local relief & drainage density mapped]
Carlberg, Berthold, 1942, Morphographische und physiographische Karte. zur kleinmastbigen 
Gelndedarstellung (in German): Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, v. 88, no. 5, p. 193-
195.    [small-scale repr. of physiography; cites Tanaka, H. Lehmann, Raisz]
Carling, P.A., Glz, E., Orr, H.G., and Radecki-Pawlik, A., 2000, The morphodynamics of fluvial sand 
dunes in the River Rhine, near Mainz, Germany. I Sedimentology and morphology: Sedimentology, 
v. 47, no. 1, p. 227-252.    [height/length, lee & stoss slopes & lengths, flatness index]
Carn, S.A., 2000, The Lamongan volcanic field, East Java, Indonesiaphysical volcanology, historic 
activity and hazards: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 95, nos. 1-4, p. 81-108.    
[morphometry for 22 maars & 37 cinder/spatter cones]
Carniel, P., and Schiedegger, A.E., 1974, Morphometry of an Alpine scree cone (in Italian): Rivista 
Italia Geofisica, v. 23, p. 95-100.    [measured profiles of talus slopes]
Carrara, Alberto, Bitelli, G., and Carla', R., 1997, Comparison of techniques for generating digital 
terrain models from contour lines: International Journal of Geographic Information Science, v. 11, 
no. 5, p. 451-473.    [set out Q/A criteria: most techniques fail on at least one; ArcTin not so good]
Carrara, Alberto, Cardinali, Mauro, Detti, Riccardo, Guzzetti, Fausto, Pasqui, Valdo, and 
Reichenbach, Paola, 1990, Geographical information systems and multivariate models in landslide 
hazard evaluation, in Cancelli, Andrea, ed., ALPS 90, Alpine Landslide Practical Seminar (6th Int'l. 
Conf. & Field Workshop on Landslides, Switz.-Austr.-Italy), August 31-September 12, Milano, IT, 
Proceedings: p. 17-28.    [4-part hazard eval. for Tescio basin, Umbria; see also same authors, 
1991]
Carroll, Damian, and Morse, Michael, 1996, A national digital elevation model for resource and 
environmental management: Cartography (Canberra), v. 25, no. 2, p. 43-49.    [GEODATA 9-
second DEM of Australia]
Carson, T.M., 1996, Texture-based terrain classification and optimal sampling in support of digital 
elevation model extraction: West Lafayette, IN, Purdue University, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 
257 p.    [no info]
Carter, W.E., Shrestha, R.L., Tuell, Grady, Bloomquist, David, and Sartori, M., 2001, Airborne laser 
swath mapping shines new light on Earth's topography: EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical 
Union, v. 82, no. 46, p. 549-550, 555.    [intro to LIDAR; specs, processing, applics; landslide 
mapping]
Centamore, E., Ciccacci, Sirio, Del Monte, Maurizio, Fredi, Paola, and Lupia Palmieri, E., 1996, 
Morphological and morphometric approach to the study of structural arrangement of northeastern 
Abruzzo (central Italy): Geomorphology, v. 16, no. 2, p. 127-137.    [map of relative relief & stream 
rose diagrams]
Cerny, J.W., 1975, Sensitivity analysis of the Boyce-Clark shape index: The Canadian Cartographer, 
v. 12, no. 1, p. 21-27.    [needs procedural consistency & >16 radials]
Chakraborty, B., Schenke, H.W., Kodagali, V., and Hagen, R., 2001, Analysis of multibeam-
Hydrosweep echo peaks for seabed characterisation: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 20, no. 3, p. 174-181.    
[roughness from PSD functions]
Chan, D., 1992, Fractal geometry and its geomorphologic meanings for Taiwan (in Chinese): Tainan, 
National Cheng Kung University, Department of Earth Sciences, M.Sc. thesis, 103 p.    [variogram 
method for self-affine D]
Chandler, R.J., 1973, The inclination of talus, Arctic talus terraces, and other slopes compoised of 
granular materials: Journal of Geology, v. 81, no. 1, p. 1-14.    [field profiles + 1960-71 histograms 
& 1903-70 slope means fr older obs.]
Chang, K.-T., and Li, Zhaoxing, 2000, Modelling snow accumulation with a geographic information 
system: International Journal of Geographical Information Science, v. 14, no. 7, p. 693-707.    [get 
'snow water equivalent' fr location & topo variables fr USGS 3" DEM]
Chang, S.-C., 1992, The Simprecise mapping and evaluation system for engineering geological and 
landslide hazard zonation, in Bell, D.H., ed., Landslides, International Symposium 6th, 10-14 
February, Christchurch NZ, Proceedings: Rotterdam, Balkema, v. 2, p. 905-910.    [no DEM; terrain 
facets; variables include slope type & angle]
Chao, P.W., 1995, Landform simulation and the fractal properties of the topography of Taiwan (in 
Chinese): Tainan, National Cheng Kung University, Department of Earth Sciences, M.Sc. thesis, 
100 p.    [variogram method for self-affine D]
Chaplot, V., Walter, C., and Curmi, P., 1999, Sensitivity of a quantitative soil-landscape model to the 
precision of the topographical input parameters, Ch. 10 in Lowell, Kim, and Jaton, Annick, eds., 
Spatial Accuracy AssessmentLand Information Uncertainty in Natural Resources: Chelsea, MI, 
Ann Arbor Press, p. 89-95.    [DEM needs < 20m spacing + hi-info-content supplementary elevs.]
Chappelow, J.E., Kieniewicz, J.M., and Sharpton, V.L., 2000, Calculation of crater depths from 
shadows of arbitrary width (abs.): Eos Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 81, no. 
48 (Supplement, P11A-19), p. F803.    [by assuming simple crater shape = parabola, shadow need 
not be at center]
Charleux-Demargne, Julie, and Puech, Christian, 2000, Quality assessment for drainage networks 
and watershed boundaries extraction from a digital elevation model (DEM), in Li, K.-J., Makki, Kia, 
Pissinou, Niki, and Ravada, Siva, Eds., ACM-GIS 2000, ACM Symposium on Advances in 
Geographic Information Systems 8th, 10-11 Nov., Washington D.C.: Proceedings, p. 89-94.    [see 
2001 citation]
Charleux-Demargne, Julie, 2001, Qualit des Modles Numriques de Terrain pour l'hydrologie, 
Application  la caractrisation du rgime de crues des bassins versants (in French with English 
abstract): Thse Univ. Marne-La-Valle (France), Sciences de l'Information Gographique, 350 p., 
http://www.montpellier.cemagref.fr/doc/publications/theses/julie-charleux-demargne.html.    [probabl. 
repr. network & watersheds to find bias of DEM orientation = f (DTM & terrain); eval. assess impact 
of DEM repairs]
Chartrand, S.M., and Whiting, P.J., 2000, Alluvial achitecture in headwater streams with special 
emphasis on step-pool topography: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 25, no. 6, p. 583-
600.    [channel-bed step L, H, W, slope, & scour-depth]
Cheng, A.F., and 11 others, 2001, Laser altimetry of small-scale features on 433 Eros from NEAR-
Shoemaker: Science, v. 292, no. 5516, p. 488-491.    [1.0m resolution; 1 crater profiled; fractal 
analysis of terrain profiles]
Cheng, Qiuming, 1999, Multifractality and spatial statistics: Computers and Geosciences, v. 25, no. 9, 
p. 949-961.    [lacunarity & semivariance for patterns on bands from 6 Landsat TM images]
Cheng, Qiuming, Russel, H., Sharpe, D., Kenny, Frank, and Qin, Ping, 2001, GIS-based statistical 
and fractal/multifractal analysis of surface stream patterns in the Oak Ridges Moraine: Computers 
and Geosciences, v. 27, no. 5, p. 513-526.    [stream L, no., bifurc. ratio, density, R, slope, & basin 
perim. & A for 322 basins]
Cheng, Y.C., Lee, P.J., and Lee, T.Y., 1999, Self-similarity of the Taiwan Island landscape: 
Computers and Geosciences, v. 25, no. 9, p. 1043-1050.    [40 m DEM; 3-D box-count fractal D > 
w/ elev. < 1000m; gets D for regions]
Chentsov, V.N., 1940, Morphometric attributes of relief as applied to geomorphological maps (in 
Russian?), in Grigoryev, A.A., ed., Transactions of the Institute of Geography, no. 36: Soviet 
Academic Press, Moscow, p. 69-71.    [no info]
Chertkov, V.Y., and Ravina, I., 1999, Tortuosity of crack networks in swelling clay soils: Soil Science 
Society of America Journal, v. 63, no. 6, p. 1523-1530.    [2-D network char. ~ tort. 
(connectedness) & spacing of cracks]
Childs, John, 2002, Terrain modeling and mapping using DEM, SDTS, DRG, DLG and DTED Data: 
Digital Terrain Modeling and Mapping; http://www.terrainmap.com/index.html#top.    [excellent 
hands-on info for DTM, emphasizing "data sources, general technique (as opposed to specific 
applications), & ... demystification ..."  jchilds@terrainmap.com]
Chin, Anne, 1999, The morphologic structure of step-pools in mountain streams: Geomorphology, v. 
27, nos. 3-4, p. 191-204.    [n=464; height & spacing  particle size & discharge, resp., not slope 
directly]
Cholnoky, Jen, 1902, A futhomok mozgsnak trvnyei (in Hungarian): Fldtani Kzlny (J. 
Hung. Geol. Soc., Budapest), v. 69, no. 32, p. 6-38.    [topo maps & sections of barchan dunes; 
refs. Hedin & Cornish]
Chorley, R.J., 2000, Classics in physical geography revisited'Mackin, J.H., 1948, Concept of the 
graded river: Geological Society of America Bulletin, 59, p. 463-511': Progress in Physical 
Geography, v. 24, no. 4, p. 563-578.    [explains why Mackin's qualitative explication is essential to 
understanding subsequent quant. developments]
Chorowicz, Jean, Rouis, T., Rudant, J.-P., and Manoussis, S., 1998, Computer aided recognition of 
relief patterns on radar images using a syntax analysis: Remote Sensing of the Environment, v. 64, 
no. 3, p. 221-233.    [x-band (3,2cm), 2m x 2m pixels, reqd. much filtering & processing]
Chou, Y.-H., Dezzani, R.J., Minnich, R.A,. and Chase, R.A., 1995, Correction of surface area using 
digital elevation models: Geographical Systems, v. 2, p. 131-151.    [for both planimetric maps & 
scanned images]
Chou, Y.-H., Liu, P.-S., and Dezzani, R.J., 1999, Terrain complexity and reduction of topographic 
data: Journal of Geographical Systems (Springer), v. 1, p. 179-198.    [meas. terrain complexity to 
reduce data redundancy & applies to two 30-m DEMs]
Christiansen, A.H.J., 2001, Contour smoothing by an eclectic procedure: Photogrammetric 
engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 67, no. 4, p. 511-517.    [splices arcs of quadratic parabolas 
to use both TIN & its linearly interpolared contours]
Churchill, R.R., 1981, Aspect-related differences in badlands slope morphology: Annals of the 
Association of American Geographers, v. 71, no. 3, p. 374-388.    [stats. & anal. var. for 16 form 
variables fr segmented slope profiles]
Cipolletti, D.L., 1988, Morphometry of Central American composite cones: New Brunswick, NJ, 
Rutgers University, unpublished MA thesis, 56 p.    [no info]
Clague, D.A., Moore, J.G., and Reynolds, J.R., 2000, Formation of submarine flat-topped volcanic 
cones in Hawai'i: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 62, no. 3, p. 214-233.    [height/diam., rim/base diam., 
depth/rim diam.; low & broad]
Clague, D.A., Reynolds, J.R., and Davis, A.S., 2000, Near-ridge seamount chains in the northeastern 
Pacific Ocean: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, no. B7, p. 16,541-16,561.    [3 chains; 
edifice & summit crater & caldera morphometry; much var.]
Clark, C.D., and Meehan, R.T., 2001, Subglacial bedform geomorphology of the Irish ice sheet 
reveals major configuration changes during growth and decay: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 
15, no. 5, p. 483-496.    [lineaments & variously processed DEM-views of ribbed (Rogen) moraine 
show ground texture better than satellite images]
Clark, W.A.V. and Gaile, G.L., 1973, The analysis and recognition of shapes: Geografiska Annaler, v. 
55 B, p. 155-165.    [shape characterization]
Clarke, G.K.C., 1991, Length, width and slope influences on glacier surging: Journal of Glaciology, v. 
37, no. 126, p. 236-246.    [multivar. analysis of 1754 Yukon glac.: signif. diff. geom.; L is 
dominant]
Clarke, G.K.C., Schmok, J.P., Ommanney, C.S.L., and Collins, S.G., 1986, Characteristics of surging 
glaciers: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91, no. B7, p. 7165-7180.    [univariate analysis of 
2356 Yukon glac.: longer glac. more likely to surge]
Clarke, K.C., 1997, Topography, geographical, in Trigg, G.L., ed., Testing EquipmentMechanical to 
Topological Phase Effects, Encyclopedia of Applied Physics, v. 21: Weinheim, Wiley-VCH verlag, p. 
525-531.    [includes DEM's, relief depiction, morphometry, topology]
Clayton, Keith, and Shamoon, Nadhim, 1999, A new approach to the relief of Great Britain III. 
Derivation of the contribution of neotectonic movements and exceptional regional denudation to 
the present relief: Geomorphology, v. 27, nos. 3-4, p. 173-189.    [isostatic uplift fr denudational 
unloading  50%; other = river slopes (f(rock strength) + misc.]
Cleveringa, Jelmer, and Oost, A.P., 1999, The fractal geometry of tidal-channel systems in the Dutch 
Wadden Sea: Geologie en Mijnbouw, v. 78, no. 1, p. 21-30.    [fractal & Horton analysis; channel 
systems similar]
Coe, J.A., and Godt, J.W., 2001, Debris flows triggered by the El Nio rainstorm of February 2-3, 
1998, Walpert Ridge and vicinity, Alameda County, California: U.S. Geological Survey, 
Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map MF-2384, 22 p., 1:24,000 scale; 
http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/map-mf/mf2384/.    [slope, curvature, upslope contrib. A on 10m DEM 
for 551 debris-flow source areas]
Cohen, J.E., and Small, Christopher, 1998, Hypsographic demography, the global distribution of 
human population with altitude: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, v. 
95, November, p. 14,009-14,014; 
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~small/Pop/HypsoDemo/HypsoDemoMain.html.    [Global systematics; 
As elev. < fr 800 m to 0 m, no. people increase >exponentially while occupied land area increases 
~ linearly. Occupied area between 0 & 100 m has disproportionate % of world pop.]
Coleman, Alice, 1952, Some aspects of the development of the lower Stour, Kent: Proceedings of 
the Geologists' Association, v. 63, part 1, p. 63-86.    [modified height-range plot of Sparks 1950; v. 
detailed (300 'flats')]
Collett, Bernard, Taud, Hind, and Parrot, J.-F., 1999, Anomalies altimtriques de la zone afro-arabe 
(in French): Eclogae Geol. Helvetica, v. 92, no. 3, p. 275-284.    [modeled 'Afar Plume' topo fr. 1 km 
DEM (DCW) with spline fnc.]
Collin, Alexandre, 1846, Recherches exprimentales sur les glissements spontans des terrains 
argileux, accompagns de considrations sur quelques principes de la mcanique terrestre (in 
French; ... landslides in clay strata ... soil mechanics): Paris, Carilian-Goeury & Damont, 2 vol., text 
168 pages, atlas 21 plates.    [early observation & experiment; measured slopes & before & after 
profiles of slides in embankments; proposed a curved slip face]
Collins, Michael, 1999, The edge of the worldrevisiting Earth curvature concerns in terrain 
modeling: Digital Data Digest (USACE/TEC), v. 5, no. 4, p. 5-7.    [line-of-sight calcs. >2000m need 
correction for curvature]
Cook, A.C., and Robinson, M.S., 1999, Digital elevation models of the lunar surface, in Workshop on 
new views of the Moon IIunderstanding the Moon through the integration of diverse datasets: 
Houston TX, Lunar and Planetary Institute, LPI Contribution no. 980, p. 8-10.    [fr Clementine UV-
VIS images; 1/5 of Moon at 1km/px; maria noisy, uplands best]
Cook, A.C., Watters, T.R., Robinson, M.S., Spudis, P.D., and Bussey, D.J.B., 2000, Lunar polar 
topography derived from Clementine stereoimages: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, no. 
E5, p. 12,023-12,033.    [new 1 km/pixel DEM + laser altimetry = global topo map of Moon]
Coops, N.C., 2000, Comparison of topographic and physiographic properties measured on the 
ground with those derived from digital elevation models: Northwest Science, v. 74, no. 2, p. 116-
130.    [old 90-m DMA DEM; also use to better relocate forest-survey plots]
Corominas, J., Baeza, C, and Saluea, I., 1992, The influence of geometrical slope characteristics 
and land use on the development of shallow landslides, in Bell, D.H., ed., Landslides, International 
Symposium 6th, 10-14 February, Christchurch NZ, Proceedings: Rotterdam, Balkema, v. 2, p. 919-
924.    [field meas. of slide depth/length, slope, height, basin area, etc.; mult. regress. & PCA]
Cory, M.J., and McGill, A., 1999, DTM derivation at Ordnance Survey Ireland: OEEPE Workshop on 
Automation in Digital Photogrammetric Production, 22-24 June, Ecole Nationale des Sciences 
Gographiques, Marne la Valle (France); http://phot.epfl.ch/workshop/wks99/5_2.html.    [new 
national 1:50K map series; contours fr DEMs by digital photogramm., largely automatically]
Court, Arnold, 1972, Heterodox hydrology: Geographical Analysis, v. 4, p. 194-196.    [sharp attack 
on Wong 1963, esp. PCA; Wong reply 197-203]
Cowen, D.J., Jensen, J.R., Hendrix, Chad, Hodgson, M.E., and Schill, S.R, 2000, A GIS-assisted rail 
construction econometric model that incorporates LIDAR data: Photogrammetric engineering and 
Remote Sensing, v. 66, no. 11, p. 1323-1328.    [3 m DEM from 0.3 m data; considerable tree-
canopy cover tolerated]
Cox, E.P., 1927, A method of assigning numerical and percentage values to the degree of 
roundness: Journal of Paleontology, v. 1, no. 3, p. 179-183.    [early work: R = 
4r(area)/(perimeter)2]
Cox, R.T., 1994, Analysis of drainage-basin symmetry as a rapid technique to identify areas of 
possible Quaternary tilt-block tectonicsan example from the Mississippi Embayment: Geological 
Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, no. 5, p. 571-581.    [polar plots of asymmetry vectors (calc. fr 
transverse topo profiles) for 271 basin segments & streams]
Cracraft, Joel, 1980, Review of The Measurement of Biological Shape and Shape Change, by F.L. 
Bookstein, F.L., 1978: Systematic Zoology, v. 29, no. 1, p. 102-103.    [quant. measurement of 
shape as the core os systematics; parallels in specific geomorphometry]
Craddock, R.A., and Howard, Alan D., 2000, Simulated degradation of lunar impact craters and a 
new method for age dating farside mare deposits: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105/E8, p. 
20,387-20,401.    [validates Pike 1974 & 1977 lunar-crater d/D & h/D data]
Crave, Alain, and Davy, Philippe, 1997, Dynamique et gomtrie des rseaux hydrographiques (in 
French), in Davy, Philippe, Guillocheau, Franois, and Hamelin, Bruno, eds., 
GomorphologieProcessus et Modlisation: Rennes, Geosciences-Rennes, p. 39-43.    [brief 
examples of analysis of stream networks]
Crave, Alain, and Davy, Philippe, 2001, A stochastic "precipiton" model for simulating 
erosion/sedimentation dynamics: Computers and Geosciences, v. 27, no. 7, p. 815-827.    [based 
on cellular automata]
Crave, Alain, Lague, D., Davy, Philippe, Kermarrec, J., Sokoutis, D., Bodet, L., and Compagnon, R., 
2000, Analogue modelling of relief dynamics: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (A), v. 25, no. 6-
7, p. 549-553.    [rain-erosion; parameters fr DEM of scale model @ 100 Z & 500 XY]
Crawford, J.W., Baveye, Philippe, Grindrod, Peter, and Rappoldt, Cornelius, 1999, Application of 
fractals to soil properties, landscape patterns, and solute transport in porous media, in Corwin, D.L., 
Loague, Keith, and Ellesworth, T.R., eds., Assessment of non-point source pollution in the vadose 
zone: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 108, p. 151-164.    
[good tips on using fractal D, p. 152-156]
Cronin, Terrence, 1999, A boundary concavity code to support dominant point detection: Pattern 
Recognition Letters, v. 20, no. 6, p. 617-634.    [identifies spurs & draws (small ridges & valleys) 
from shape of indiv. contours]
Cronin, Terrence, 2000, Classifying hills and valleys in digitized terrain: Photogrammetric Engineering 
and Remote Sensing, v. 66, no. 9, p. 1129-1137.    [fr. containment relations of nested contours, 
not DEM's; can use open contours at edge of map; good review of prior work]
Cross, Martin, 1998, Landslide susceptibility mapping using the Matrix Assessment Approacha 
Derbyshire case study, in Maund, J.G., and Eddleston, Malcolm, eds., Geohazards in Engineering 
Geology: London, The Geological Society, Engineering Geology Special Publication no. 15, p. 
247-261.    ['MAP'; deep-seated slides; bedrock geol. & slope best; relief, aspect & soils good]
Crosta, G.B., 2000, Detailed report of contractor (DAMOCLES-EVG1-1999-00027P) for first progress 
meeting: Dept. di Science Geologiche e Geotecnologie, Univ. Milano-Bicocca (UNIBICO), October 
(for period April-Sept. 2000), 10 p.; http://damocles.irpi.pg.cnr.it/docs/october-2000/mi-october-
2000.pdf.    [list of 27 morphometric parameters used to describe alluvial fans & catchments in 
Lombardy]
Crown, D.A., and Baloga, S.M., 1999, Pahoehoe toe dimensions, morphology, and branching 
relationships at Mauna Ulu, Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 61, no. 5, p. 288-
305.    [445 toes; L, W, thickness, orientation; slope affects aspect ratio, etc.]
Crozier, M.J., Eyles, R.J., Marx, S.L., McConchie, J.A., and Owen, R.C., 1980, Distribution of landslips 
in the Wairarapa hill country: New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, v. 23, nos. 5 & 6, 
p. 575-586.    [slope gradient, aspect, & profile location (high, mid, low) of 2206 landslides & parent 
hillsides]
Cruden, D.M., and Hu, X.-Q., 1999, The shapes of some mountain peaks in the Canadian Rockies: 
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 24, no. 13, p. 1229-1241.    [slope (cataclinal, 
anaclinal, dihedral) varies by rock structure; 5 shape types]
Culling, W.E.H., 1960, Analytical theory of erosion: Journal of Geology, v. 68, no. 3, p. 336-344.    
[by hypothesizing that horizontal flux of eroded material  slope gradient, introduced use of 
geomorphic 'transport laws' in the conservation of mass to explore controls on landscape form & 
dynamics; 1st to apply the classical diffusion equation to geomorphology]
Cunit, C., 1855, tudes sur les cours d'eau  fond mobile: Grenoble, publisher & paging unknown.    
[his courbe de rgularisation = concept of a limiting slope for fluvial transport]
Currado, Claudia, and Fredi, Paola, 2000, Morphometric parameters of drainage basins and 
morphotectonic setting of eastern Abruzzo: Memorie della Societ Geolica Italiana, v. 55, p. 411-
419.    [relief map; stream orientations; asymmetry & transverse topo. factors]
Currey, D.R., 1964, A preliminary study of valley asymmetry in the Ogototuk Creek area, northwestern 
Alaska: Arctic, v. 17, no. 2, p. 84-98.    [232 map & airphoto slope & azimuth obs. for stream orders 
1-4 quantify N (steeper) / S asymmetry]
Curry, A.M., 1999, Paraglacial modification of slope form: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 
24, no. 13, p. 1213-1228.    [surveyed gully L, W, depth, vol; nongullied terrain slope & concavity]
Cybulz, Ignatz, 1862, Handbuch der Terrain-Formenlehre, mit einem Anhange ber elementar-
Unterricht in Terrain-Zeichen nach plastischem unterrichts-Material (in German): Vienna, W. 
Braumller, 200 p.    [maps & profiles emph. geometry of forms; earliest (?) illustr. (albeit not 3-D) of 
the 9 slope elements (predates all other refs.); uses Lehmann's (1799) quant. hachure method]
D
Da Fontoura Costa, Luciano, and Cesar, R.M. Jr., 2000, Shape Analysis and ClassificationTheory 
and Practice: Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 659 p.    [comprehensive 2-D computer-based shape 
recognition & analysis, incl. measures for statistical classification; no Earth-sciences examples!]
Dade, W.B., 2000, Grain size, sediment transport and alluvial channel pattern: Geomorphology, v. 
35, nos. 1-2, p. 119-126.    [channel sinuosity related to slope, other params.]
Dade, W.B., 2001, Multiple scales in river basin morphology: American Journal of Science, v. 301, no. 
1, p. 60-73.    [quant. relations among area, relief, & steepness suggest influence of multiple 
spatial scales]
D'Alessandro, Leandro, Del Monte, Maurizio, Fredi, Paola, Lupia Palmieri, E., and Peppoloni, Silvia, 
1999, Hypsometric analysis in the study of Italian drainage basin morphoevolution: Transactions, 
Japanese Geomorphological Union, v. 20, no. 3, p. 187-202.    [mult. regression of H on 5 var.; 
Adriatic & Tyrrhenian basins differ]
Danielson, J.J., 1998, Delineation of drainage basins from 1 km African digital elevation model, in 
Human Interactions with the Environment-Perspectives from Space, Pecora 13, Sioux Falls, SD, 
August 20-22, 1996, Proceedings: Bethesda, MD, American Society of Photogrammetry and 
Remote Sensing, CD-ROM; also <http://www.1.gsi-mc.go.jp/gtopo30/papers/danielson.html>.    
[DEM-to-watershed transform applied to the GTOPO30 DEM]
DARPA, 2002, Geospatial Terrain Analysis and Representation (Geo*): Defense Advanced Research 
Projects Agency, Defense Sciences Office: http://www.darpa.mil/dso/future/geo/.    [WWW info. & 
forum on math. representation & analysis of geospatial data for military applics.]
Dausse, M.F.B., 1857, Note sur un principe important et nouveau d'hydrologie: Compte Rendus de 
l'Academie sed Sciences, Paris, v. 44, p. 756-766.    [his pente de de'quilibre  = concept of a 
limiting slope for fluvial transport]
Dauteuil, Oliver, Blais, Sylvain, Miau, Delphine, Guille, Grard, and Maury, R.C., 1988, Apports et 
limites de l'imagerie SPOT et du modle numrique de terrain pour l'tude du volcanisme intra-
ocaniqueexemple des sles de Raiatea et de Tahaa (archipel de la Socit, Polynsie 
franaise): Gologie de la France, no. 3, 1998, p. 37-50.    [20-m DEM @ +25 m vert. fr 1958 IGN 
contours; alt. freq., topo profiles]
Davis, P.T., 1999, Cirque morphometry, pp. 34-39, in Cirques of the Presidential range, New 
Hampshire, and surrounding alpine areas in the northeastern United States: Gographie physique 
et Quaternaire, v. 53, no. 1, p. 25-45; 
http://216.239.33.100/search?q=cache:FDC2dANUwmUC:www.erudit.org/erudit/gpq/v53n01/davis/
davis.htm+W.+F.+Thompson+mountains+morphometry&hl=en&ie=UTF-8.    [12 params. on 44 
cirques fr 1/20K-1/25K maps, but little stat. analysis; good biblio on prior morphometry]
Davoli, Lina, Del Monte, Maurizio, De Rita, Donatella, and Fredi, Paola, 1999, Geomorphology and 
tectonics in the Roccamonfina Volcano (Campania - central Italy): Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, 
Supplementband 114, p. 11-28.    [relief amplitude (i.e. 'relief energy', or local relief) & drainage 
density on 1km squares]
Davy, Philippe, and Crave, Alain, 2000, Upscaling local-scale transport processes in large-scale relief 
dynamics: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (A), v. 25, no. 6-7, p. 533-541.    [broad-scale 
surface model based on DEM-driven erosion dynamics]
De Beauclair Seixas, Roberto, de Figueiredo, L.H., da Silva, C.A., and Carvalho, P.C.P., 2000, Uma 
metodologia para gerao de modelos de elevao a partir de curvas de nvel (in Portuguese; a 
method to generate elevation models from contours): Anais do GeoInfo 2000, p. 8287.    
[contour-to-DEM interpolation; after Gousie 1998]
De Berg, M., Bose, P., Dobrint, K., van Kreveld, M., Overmars, M., de Groot, M., Roos, T., Snoeyink, 
J., and Yu, S., 1996, The complexity of rivers in triangulated terrains, in Canadian Conference on 
Computational Geometry, 8th, Proceedings: p. 325-330.    [worst-case edge complexity can be 
quadratic (i.e., bad) in TIN-to-watershed computations]
De Blasio, F.V., 2002, Note on simulating the size distribution of glacial cirques: Earth Surface 
Processes and Landforms, v. 27, no. 1, p. 109-114.    [narrow size-distr. reproduced fr kinematic 
stochastic model]
De Chant, L.J., Pease, P.P., and Tchakerian, V.P., 1999, Modelling alluvial fan morphology: Earth 
Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 24, no. 7, p. 641-652.    [diffusive sed. transp. & unsteady 
radial flow; sed & flow more importand than climate & lithol.?]
De Floriani, Leila, and Puppo, Enrico, 1992, A hierarchical triangle-based model for terrain 
description, in Frank, A.K., Campari, I., & Formentini, U., eds., Theories and Methods of Spatio-
Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, v. 63, no. 9, Berlin 
& Heidelberg, Springer Verlag. p. 236-251.    [define DTM as 1 "a partition of the groundplan, & 2 a 
family of partially continuous functions, one specified for each part of the partition, & all fncs 
together form a continuous surface representing the terrain"]
De Floriani, Leila, and Magillo, Paola, 1999, Intervisibility on terrains, ch. 38, in Longley, P.A., 
Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J., and Rhind, D.W., eds., Geographical Information Systems, v. 1, 
Principles and Technical Issues, 2nd ed.: New York, Wiley, p. 543-556.    [reviews geometric 
modeling of viewsheds etc.]
De Floriani, Leila, Magillo, Paola, and Puppo, Enrico, 2000, VARIANTa system for terrain modeling 
at variable resolution: Geoinformatica, v. 4, no. 3, p. 287-315.    [storage, manipulation, analysis, & 
visualizing costs > w/ DEM resolution & accuracy]
De Scally, F.A., Slaymaker, Olav, and Owens, I.F., 2001, Morphometric controls and basin response 
in the Cascade Mountains: Geografiska Annaler, v. 83 A, no. 3, p. 117-130.    [moment stats on 9 
params. for 36 debris torr., 79 avalanche, 45 mixed, & 14 stream basins]
De Smet, Roger, 1951, Principles lmentaires de morphomtrie (in French): Rev. Cercle des 
Sciences (Brussels), v. 1, no. 4, p. 13-16.    [no info; see his other 1951 paper]
De Villiers, A.B., 1986, A multivariate evaluation of a group of drainage basin variables - a South 
African case study, in Gardiner, V., ed., International Geomorphology 1986, Part II: New York, 
John Wiley & Sons, p. 21-32.    [correl. & Fact. Anal. of 59 var. (167 basins): size (max), relief, soil 
type, texture, eros. index, circularity]
Debenham, Frank, 1937, Exercises in Cartography: London, publ. unknown, p. 60.    [measured 
contour length by opisometer to calc. clinographic curves]
DeBruin, S., Wielemaker, W.G., and Molenaar, M., 1999, Formalisation of soil-landscape knowledge 
through interactive hierarchical disaggregation: Geoderma, v. 91, nos. 1-2, p. 151-172.    [spatial 
topologic concepts: containment, adjacency, overlap]
Deffontaines, Benot, Chotin, Pierre, At Brahim, Lahsen, and Rozanov, Michel, 1992, Investigation 
of active faults in Morocco using morphometric methods and drainage pattern analysis: 
Geologische Rundschau, v. 81, no. 1, p. 199-210.    [maps of summit levels, morphostruct. blocks, 
comp. w/ drainage net]
Deffontaines, Benot, 1997, Quelques reflexions en morphometrie et morphostructurale (in French), 
in Davy, Philippe, Guillocheau, Franois, and Hamelin, Bruno, eds., GomorphologieProcessus 
et Modlisation: Rennes, Geosciences-Rennes, p. 99-106.    [brief examples of DEM-based 
analysis of streams & relief; biblio]
Defourny, P., Hecquet, G., and Philippart, T., 1999, Digital terrain modellingaccuracy assessment 
and hydrological simulation sensitivity, Ch. 7 in Lowell, Kim, and Jaton, Annick, eds., Spatial 
Accuracy AssessmentLand Information Uncertainty in Natural Resources: Chelsea, MI, Ann Arbor 
Press, p. 61-70.    [pt elevs > contours, kriged elevs = best DEM, etc.; hydro models v. sensitive to 
quality]
DeGraff, J.V., 1978, Regional landslide evaluationtwo Utah examples: Environmental Geology, v. 
2, no. 4, p. 203-214.    [susceptibility based on bedrock (% area), slope (% area), & aspect]
DeGraff, J.V., and Romesburg, H.C.,1980, Regional landslide-susceptibility assessment for wildland 
managementa matrix approach, in Coates, D.R., and Vitek, J.D., eds., Thresholds in 
Geomorphology: London, George Allen and Unwin, p. 401-414.    [large-area mapping by quant. 
combination of rock type & ground slope & aspect]
Dehn, Martin, Grtner, Holger, and Dikau, Richard, 1999, Principles of semantic modeling of landform 
structures, in International Conference on GeoComputation, 4th, Fredericksburg VA, Mary 
Washington College, 25-28 July, GeoComputation 99: 
http://www.geovista.psu.edu/geocomp/geocomp99/Gc99/067/gc_067.htm.    [semantic 
representation must precede DEMs, tools, implementation]
Del Monte, Maurizio, Fredi, Paola, Palmiere, E.L., and Salvini, Francesco, 1997, Fractal 
characterisation of drainage network geometry: Geogr. Fis. Dinam. Quat., Suppl. III, v. 1, p. 144-
145.    [no info]
Del Monte, Maurizio, Fredi, Paola, Palmiere, E.L., and Salvini, Francesco, 1999, Fractal analysis to 
define the drainage network geometry: Bolletino della Societ Geologica Italiana, v. 118, no. 1, p. 
167-177.    [D rises with > structural control: dendritic-pinnate-parallel-rectangular]
Delazari, L.S., Vieira, A.J.B., and Dalmolin, Quintino, 1998, Extrao automtica de canais de 
drenagem utilizando modelos digitais de altitude (in Portugese; ... network drainage from DEMs): 
Boletim Paranaense de Geocincias, no. 46, p. 91-96.    [DEM-to-watershed mapping using SKEL 
pkg. of Meisels et al. 1995]
Delcaillau, B., Ozouf, J.C., Masiee, D., Laville, E., and Coutard, J.P., 1998, Evolution 
geomorphologique d'un bassin versant cotier; l'exemple de la Touques (Basse-Normandie) (... 
coastal drainage basin... in French): Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie II. 
Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes, v. 326, no. 9, p. 609-615.    [longitudinal profiles & 
hypsometric integrals related to basin immaturity]
Delclaux, F., and Depraetre, Christian, 2001, Methodological approach for hydrological landscape 
definitionapplication of texture measures on West-African watersheds: Actes du 8me Congrs 
Europen de Strologie et d'Analyse d'Images, Bordeaux, France, (supl 1), p. 590-595.    [texture 
metrics; see other 2001 citation]
Delclaux, F., and Depraetre, Christian, 2001, Quantitative approach for the determination of 
hydrological landscapes, in Falconer, R.A., and Blain, W.R., eds., River Basin Management: 
Southampton UK, Boston MA, WITT Press, p. 283-292.    [PCA of 9 texture parameters, 1st PC 
(overall homogeneity) 58%, 2nd (patch clustering) 26%, 3rd (local heterogeneity) 8%]
DeLoach, S.R., and Leonard, Jeff, 2000, Making photogrammetric history: Professional Surveyor, v, 
20, no. 4, p. 6, 8, 10.    [rather boosterish review of LIDAR as source for topo data]
Demanet, Donat, Pirard, Eric, Renardy, Franois, and Jongmans, Denis, 2001, Application and 
processing of geophysical images for mapping faults: Computers and Geosciences, v. 27, no. 9, p. 
1031-1037.    [math. morphology; gradient images= topo relief; define crest lines]
Demangeot, Jean, 1939, Le relief de la Haute Ubaye (in French): Annales de Gographie, v. 48, p. 
343-358.    [measured mean elevation, etc.]
Demangeot, Jean, 1943, Notes sur la Haute Valle de l'Ubaye (in French): Revue de Gographie 
Alpine, v. 31, no. 4, p. 535-574.    [p. 556-563 on mean height & other indices for var. litho-struct. 
zones]
Demirmen, Ferruh, 1975, Profile analysis by analytical techniques, a new approach: Geographical 
Analysis, v. 7, no. July, p. 245-266.    [defines profile types & proposes params = height, relief, 
length, slope, curv.]
Dengler, Lori, and Montgomery, D.R., 1989, Estimating the thickness of colluvial fill in unchanneled 
valleys from surface topography: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, v. 26, no. 3, 
p. 333-342.    [2 trig. rels. betw. contour spacing & slope; planar & convex slide slopes]
Denizman, C., and Randazzo, A.F., 2000, Post-Miocene subtropical karst evolution, lower Suwannee 
River basin, Florida: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 12, p. 1804-1813.    
[sinkhole circularity/elev.; terrace growth ratio/elev.; pitting index/distance]
Denness, B., and Grainger, P., 1976, The preparation of slope maps by the moving interval method: 
Area, v. 8, p. 213-218.    [manual method, not obsoleted by computer where detail needed]
Denny, C.S., 1965, Alluvial fans in the Death Valley region, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological 
Survey Professional Paper 466, 62 p.    [early fan morphometry; isometric log-log plots interpr. as 
steady-state form-process relations]
Denny, C.S., 1967, Fans and pediments: American Journal of Science, v. 265, no. 2, p 81-105.    
[early fan morphometry; exponential trend (no eqn.) interpr. as steady-state form-process relations]
Densmore, A.L., and Hovius, Niels, 2000, Topographic fingerprints of bedrock landslides: Geology, v. 
28, no. 4, p. 371-374.    [prob. of >40 slope per horiz. distance from channel normalized by 
hillslope length, fr 30-m & 50-m DEMs]
Desmet, P.J.J., and Govers, G., 1996, A GIS procedure for automatically calculating the USLE LS 
factor on topographically complex landscape units: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 51, 
no. 5, p. 427-433.    [automated unit-contributing-area concept extends Foster & Wischmeier 1974 
approach]
Deutsch, C.V., and Journel, A.G., 1998, GSLIBGeostatistical Software Library and User's Guide, 
second edition: New York, Oxford University Press, 369 p. + CD-ROM.    [a 'how to' book; 
FORTRAN 77 code furnished; see Myers review]
Devarajan, Venkat, Fuentes, R.W., and McArthur, D.E., 1996, An approach to multiple levels of detail 
generation from digital terrain elevation data using wavelet transforms: International Training 
Equipment Conference, 7th, Singapore, September 24-26, Proceedings: p. 255-262.    [see 
McArthur et al., 2000; no other info]
Devdariani, A.S., 1967, The profile of equilibrium and a regular regime (fr Voprosy geografii, 
Quantitative Methods in Geomorphology, no. 63, 1963, p. 33-48): Soviet Geography, Review and 
Translation, v. 8, no. 2, p. 168-183.    [fit theor. eqn. to longitudinal profile, but had to omit real-
world irregularities]
Devdariani, A.S., 1967, A plane mathematical model of the growth and erosion of an uplift (fr 
Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1966, no. 3, p. 7-16): Soviet Geography, 
Review and Translation, v. 8, no. 2, p. 183-198.    [early Russian quant. 2-D model of Davisian 
landscape evolution]
Develi, K., Babadagli, T., and Comlekci, C., 2001, A new computer-controlled surface-scanning 
device for measurement of fracture surface roughness: Computers and Geosciences, v. 27, no. 3, 
p. 265-277.    [54 x 54mm area, 1.0mm XY & 0.1mm Z resolution]
Di Stefano, C., Ferro, V., Porto, P., and Tusa, G., 2000, Slope curvature influence on soil erosion 
and deposition processes: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 2, p. 607-617.    [modeled 
hydraulic-path correction for topo factors of RUSLE; DEM test]
Diener, Carl, 1890, Generalmajor A. v. Tillo's hypsometrische Karte des europischen Ruland (in 
German): Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, v. 36, no. 6, p. 156-158.    [detailed discussion 
of Tillo's 1889 map & its construction; small map shows area over 170 m]
Dierking, Wolfgang, 1999, Quantitative roughness characterization of geological surfaces and 
implications for radar signature analysis: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 
v. 37, no. 5, p. 2397-2412.    [stationary-radom-process & power-law models for SAR images; 
several signatures]
Dietrich, W.E., and Montgomery, D.R., 1998a, Hillslopes, channels, and landscape scale, in Sposito, 
Garrison, ed., Scale Dependence and Scale Invariance in Hydrology: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge 
University Press, p. 0-60.    [processes & thus terrain are scale-invariant; drainage density, slope & 
relief important; DEM's essential]
Dietrich, W.E., and Montgomery, D.R., 1998b, SHALSTAB a digital terrain model for mapping shallow 
landslide potential: http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~geomorph/shalstab/ (to be published as a 
technical report by NCASI).    [conceptual framework, theory, application, testing, prescriptive use; 
can download zip file w/ code and documentation for use with ArcView GIS]
Dietrich, W.E., Bellugi, Dino, Heimsath, A.M., Roering, J.J., Sklar, L.S., and Stock, J.D., 2002, 
Geomorphic transport laws for predicting landscape form and dynamics, in Iverson, R.M., and 
Wilcock, P., eds., Geomorphic Modeling: American Geophysical Union Monograph, in press.    
[wide-ranging study demonstrates via DEMs how GTLs might model real landscapes]
Dietrich, W.E., Wilson, C.J., and Reneau, S.L., 1986, Hollows, colluvium, and landslides in soil-
mantled landscapes, in Abrahams, A.D., ed., Hillslope Processes, proceedings of the 16th annual 
Binghamton symposium in geomorphology: Boston, MA, Allen and Unwin, p. 361-388.    [area & 
gradient inversely log-log related to hollow area & length; leads to basis for formational model]
Dikau, Richard, 1988, Entwurf einer geomorphologisch-analytischen Systematik von Reliefeinheiten 
(Design of geomorphologic-analytic systematics of relief units, in German): Heidelberger 
Geographische Bausteine (Heidelberg geogr Contrib.), no. 5, 45 p.    [mapping strategy based on 
work of H. Kugler]
Dikau, Richard, 1994, Computergesttzte Geomorphographie und ihre Anwendung in der 
Regionalisierung des Reliefs (in German): Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, v. 138, no. 2, 
p. 99-114.    [quant. landform regions in New Mexico (Hammond method) & SW Germany (flow 
routing)]
Dikau, Richard, 1996, Geomorphologische Reliefklassifikation und -analyse (in German with english 
abstract): Heidelberger Geographische Arbeiten, v. 104, p. 15-23.    [proposes nested landform 
hierarchies as multi-scale approach to geomorphometry]
Dikau, Richard, and Friedrich, K., 1999, Digitale Reliefmodellierung (in German), in Zepp, H., and 
Mller, M.J., eds., Landschaftskologische ErfassungsstandardsEin Methodenhandbuch: 
Flensburg, Forschungen zur Deutsche Landeskunde, v. 244, p. 50-68.    [another overview of 
Dikau's systematic approach to terrain representation]
Dikau, Richard, and Saurer, Helmut, eds., 1999, GIS for Earth Surface Systems Analysis and 
Modelling of the Natural Environment: Stuttgart, Borntraeger, 197 p.    [many DEM-based 
geomorph. applications]
Dikau, Richard, and Schmidt, Jochen, 1999, Georeliefklassifikation (in German), in Schneider-Sliwa, 
Rita, Schaub, Daniel, and Gerold, Gerhard, eds., Angewandte LandschaftskologieGrundlagen 
und Methoden: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 217-244.    [restated overview of Dikau's systematic 
approach to terrain representation]
Dikau, Richard, Hennrich, Kirsten, and Schmidt, Jochen, 1999, Untersuchungen zur 
computergesttzten Regionlisierung von geomorphometrischen Reliefmerkmalen und ihre 
Parametrisierung in Niederschlags-Abflu-Modellen in Einzugsgebieten unterschiedlicher 
Grenordnung (in German with English abstract; ... computer-assisted regionalization of 
geomorph. relief features & their parameterizing in rainfall-runoff models in catchment areas of 
different orders ..., in Kleeberg, H.-B., Mauser, Wolfram, Peschke, Gerd, and Streit, Ulrich, eds., 
Hydrologie und Regionalisierung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Forschungsbericht, Wiley-
VCH, p. 175-189.    [hydro models TOPMODEL & SAKE; 35 dimension, form, & relief params. fr 
GRASS & ARC/INFO; spatial taxonomy]
Dikau, Richard, Hennrich, Kirsten, Schmidt, Jochen, Flechtner, Iris, Jung, Petra, and Schroeder, 
Martin, 1997, Untersuchungen zur computergesttzten Regionlisierung von geomorphometrischen 
Reliefmerkmalen und ihre Parametrisierung in Niederschlags-Abflu-Modellen unterschiedlicher 
Grenordnung (in German): Abschlubericht zum Forschungsantrag im Rahmen des DFG-
Schwerpunktprogramms 'Regionalisierung in der Hydrologie', Universitt Bonn, Geographisches 
Institut, paging unknown.    [see Dikau-Hennrich-Schmidt 1999. also same citation, but Dikau, 
Schmidt, Schumacher (Thomas), Hennrich, & Schroeder, 1995, Univ. Heidelberg - no info]
Dirichlet, G.L., 1850, ber die reduction der positiven quadratischen formen mit drei unbestimmten 
ganzen zalen: J. Reine u. Angew. Math., v. 40, p. 209-227.    [landmark in spatial analysis; Dirichlet 
studied geometric tessellation before Voronoi; thus, diagram is sometimes called Dirichlet 
tessellation]
Discoe, Ben, 2001, The Virtual Terrain Project  "tools for easily constructing any part of the real 
world in interactive 3D digital form; a set of open-source libraries & applications which enable the 
rapid construction of interactive 3D scenes from geospatial data for anywhere on the planet": 
<http://www.vterrain.org/>.    [as of 02/20002, a comprehensive site with up-to-date info on digital 
terrain rendering]
Djokic, Dean, and Maidment, David, eds., 2000, Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modeling Support with 
Geographic Information Systems: Redlands CA, ESRI Press, 232 p.    [5 DEM-related papers fr 
1999 ESRI users' conference]
Djokic, Dean, and Ye, Zichuan, 2000, DEM preprocessing for efficient watershed delineation, paper 4 
in Djokic, Dean, and Maidment, David, eds., Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modeling Support with 
Geographic Information Systems: Redlands CA, ESRI Press, p. 65-84; also 
http://www.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap676/p676.htm.    [Fast watershed 
delineation (FWD) method speeds up pre-proc. the DEM-to-watershed transformation]
Djokic, Dean, Ye, Zichuan, and Miller, A., 1997, Efficient watershed delineation using ArcView and 
Spatial Analyst, in 1997 ESRI International User Conference, San Diego, CA, July 8-11, 
Proceedings: Redlands, CA, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., CD-ROM (can't locate 
this reference).    [ESRI incorporates the DEM-to-watershed transformation into their software]
Dobija, A., 1979, Correlational analysis of morphometric parameters of drainage basins (in Polish): 
Zesz. Nauk. Univ. Jagiellon., p. 540ff.    [no info]
Dodds, P.S., and Rothman, D.H., 1999, Unified view of scaling laws for river networks: Physical 
Reviews E, v. 59, no. 5, p. 4865-4877.    [more direct descr. of XY river structure than Horton laws, 
based on Tokunaga scaling (T & H laws are equivalent if their drainage densities are similar)]
Dodds, P.S., and Rothman, D.H., 2000, Scaling, universality, and geomorphology, in Jeanloz, 
Raymond, Albee, A.L., and Burke, K.C., eds., Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 
28: Palo Alto CA, Annual Reviews, p. 571-610.    [pedagogic rev.; advoc. simple models to expl. 
steady-state scaling laws for river networks XY & statistical structure of topo. Z; lists 15 scaling laws 
(Hack's law central; they find exponent = 0.5, not 0.6, for v. large basins); good biblio]
Dodds, P.S., and Rothman D.H., 2001a, Geometry of river networksscaling, fluctuations, and 
deviations: Physical Review E, v. 63, 016115, 13 p.    [generalize Hack's Law to a joint PDF & use 
to reveal that fluctuations fr it > w/ basin size]
Dodds, P.S., and Rothman D.H., 2001b, Geometry of river networks IIdistributions of component 
size and number: Physical Review E, v. 63, 016116, 15 p.    [Horton's laws extended to include 
fluctuations in scaling; distr. of stream segment lenghts are exponential]
Dodds, P.S., and Rothman D.H., 2001c, Geometry of River Networks IIIcharacterization of 
component connectivity: Physical Review E, v. 63, 016117, 10 p.    [self-similar scaling of drainage 
density implies Tokunaga's law, the scaling of side branch abundance along a stream, & a scaling 
law for stream lengths]
Dombrowski, Pierre, 1979, 150 Years After Gauss' "Disquisitiones Generales Circa Superficies 
Curvas" (2nd ed., 1981): Paris, Socit Mathmatique de France, ser. Astrisque, No. 62, 153 p.    
[translation of this seminal 1827 work on the geometry of curves surfaces is from Hiltebeitel & 
Morehead 1902 (reprinted 1965)]
Domogalla, P., Mair, G., and Schmidt, R.-G., 1974, Ein Beitrag zur quantitativen Erfassung des 
Reliefs fr die Darstellung in geomorphologischen Karten (A contribution to the quantitative use of 
relief-representation in geomorphologic maps): Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 24, no. 3, p. 99-
104.    [no info]
Dorey, M.I., Sparkes, A.J., Kidner, D.B., Jones, C.B., and Ware, J.M., 1999, Terrain modelling 
enhancement for intervisibility analysis, in Gittings, B.M., ed., Innovations in GIS 6: London, Taylor 
& Francis, p. 169-184.    [accuracy nearly doubles by adding topographic features to DEM]
Dornbusch, W.K., Jr., 1963, Quantitative terrain mapping in the humid tropics, Puerto Rico and the 
Canal Zone, in Military Evaluation of Geographic Areas reports on activities to April 1963: 
Vicksburg, Mississippi, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Miscellaneous 
Paper no. 3-610, p. 73-81.    [applies the 4-param. USWES model: plan-profile, slope, spacing, 
relief]
Doucette, Peter, and Beard, Kate, 2000, Exploring the capability of some GIS surface interpolators 
for DEM gap fill: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 66, no. 7, p. 881-888.    
[splining rather better than kriging, inv. dist. weighting, & sfce trend analysis]
Dougherty, D.A., and Moellering, Harold, 1996, Using the 2-dimensional Fourier transform for 
numerical terrain analysis, in ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention & Exposition, 22-25 April, 
Bethesda, MD, ACSM Technical Papers: v. 3, Surveying & Cartography, p. 268-277.    ['signatures 
for numerical terrain types'; no other info]
Douglas, D.H., 1983, The XYNIMAP family of programs for geographic information processing and 
thematic map production, in Wellar, B.S., ed., Auto-Carto Six, International Symposium on 
Automated Cartography 6th, Ottawa Canada, Proceedings: v. II, p. 2-14.    [interpolates contours; 
run 8 rays fr each unknown point until hit known pts, then postprocess to smooth surface; basis of 
CONSURF contour-to-grid algorithm]
Douglas, D.H., 2000, CONSURFthe Douglas contour to grid methodology: 
http://www.hig.se/~dds/research/consurf/consur1.htm.    [intersection of slope line thru a point & 
relevant contour lines intractable (both lines are curved); sol'n (based on 1983 XYNIMAP paper) 
uses slope lines; illustr. by animations]
Dowman, I.J., 2000, Review of Generation of Digital Elevation Models Through Spaceborne SAR 
Interferometry, by D. Small: Photogrammetric Record, v. 16, no. 95, p. 870-871.    [hybrid text/Ph.D. 
thesis; mixed praise & limits; good on DEM analysis]
Doytsher, Yerahmiel, and Hall, J.K., 2001, Simplified algorithms for isometric and perspective 
projections with hidden line removal: Computers and Geosciences, v. 27, no. 1, p. 77-83.    
[includes brief review of older hidden-line software]
Drzewiecki, Wojciech, Mularz, Stanislaw, and Pirowski, Tomasz, 1999, Generating slope and aspect 
maps using different GIS packages (in Polish with English abstract): Geodezja, v. 5, no. 1, p. 101-
122.    [IDRISI, SURFER, ARC/INFO GRID, ERDAS, MGE GRID & TERRAIN ANALYST, PC 
RASTER; results not in English]
Dubois, R.N., 2001, Using a quadratic model to theoretically describe the nature of equilibrium 
shorerise profiles: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 17, no. 3, p. 599-610.    [relief = ax2+bx+c, (x= 
distance); r2= 0.95-0.99 for 74 profiles]
DuBuat, P.L.G., 1779, Principes d'Hydraulique, vrifis par un grand nombre d'Expriences faites par 
ordre du Gouvernement (2nd ed. 1786, 3-vol. 3rd ed. 1816): Paris, De l'imprimerie de Monsieur, v. 
1, 453 p., v. 2, 402 p.    [landmark; many quant. experiments suggest dynamic adjustment of form 
to process re. hydraulic geometry; influenced De La No 1888?]
Dubuc, B., and Dubuc, S., 1996, Error bounds on the estimation of fractal dimension: SIAM Journal 
of Numerical Analysis, v. 33, no. 2, p. 602-626.    [re surface roughness; diff. methods, scale 
ranges & resolutions yield v. diff. estimates]
Duchaineau, Mark, Wolinsky, Murray, Sigeti, D.E., Miller, M.C., Aldrich, Charles, and Mineev-
Weinstein, M.B., 1997, ROAMing terrainReal-time Optimally Adapting Meshes: ACM Symposium 
Volume Visualization '97, IEEE, 19-24 October, Phoenix AZ, Proceedings: p. 81-88; 
<http://www.llnl.gov/graphics/ROAM/>.    [important paper on terrain rendering using ROAM, a 
complex TIN-based algorithm using continuous triangle-bintree meshes to achieve dynamic on-the-
fly visualization; good biblio]
Duckson, D.W. Jr., and Duckson, L.J., 2001, Channel bed steps and pool shapes along Soda Creek, 
Three Sisters Wilderness, Oregon: Geomorphology, v. 38, nos. 3-4, p. 267-279.    [no lithologic var. 
by step height h/slope, (L/h)/slope, etc.]
Duh, J.-D., and Brown, D.G., 1999, Local reduction of systematic error in 7-1/2 minute DEMs by 
detecting anisotropy in derivative surfaces, Ch. 34 in Lowell, Kim, and Jaton, Annick, eds., Spatial 
Accuracy AssessmentLand Information Uncertainty in Natural Resources: Chelsea, MI, Ann Arbor 
Press, p. 281-292.    [fix DEM 'stripes'; use semivariograms & fractal D; local better than global 
smoothing; some info loss]
Dumoulin, C., Doin, M.P., and Fleitout, L., 2001, On the interpretation of linear relationships bwteen 
seafloor subsidence rate and the height of the ridge: Geophysical Journal International, v. 146, no. 
3, p. 691-698.    [bathymetric spectrum; age/depth; ridge height/seafloor depth autocorrel.]
Dunn, Matthew and Hickey, R.J., 1998, The effect of slope algorithms on slope estimates within a 
GIS: Cartography (Canberra), v. 27, no. 1, p. 9-15; http://www.mappingsciences.org.au/journal.htm.    
[tried 4 techniques; max. downhill gradient calcs. are best]
Dunn, R.A., Scheirer, D.S., and Forsyth, D.W., 2001, A detailed comparison of repeated bathymetric 
surveys along a 300-km-long section of the southern East Pacific Rise: Journal of Geophysical 
Research, v. 106, no. B1, p. 463-471.    [spectral analysis, depth differences, size/height threshold]
Dupuis-Torcy, 1st name unknown, and Brisson, Barnab, 1808, Sur l'art de projecter les canaux de 
navigation (in French; on locating canals): Journal de l'Ecole Polytechnique, cah. 14, no. 7, p. 262-
288; republished 1829 as Un essai sur l'art de projeter les canaux  point de partage (planning 
canals linking different drainage basins) in Brisson, B., Essai sur le systme gnral de navigation 
intrieure de la France, paging unknown.    [remarkable paper; defined watercourses geometrically 
as lines of steepest descent which are asymptotically approached by other lines of steepest 
descent; cited by Mller 1919 (also 1908/12?), & later Rieger 1997 (& thence Lpez 1997) as 
possibly defining drainage lines analytically (altho no math shown) before their mention by Saint-
Venant 1852. Shows how best line for any summit level may be laid out from topographic maps 
(then in infancy), particularly those of Cassini (?), rather than ground surveying. N.B. France 
pioneered the engineering of modern canals, which could follow either terrain contours (earlier in 
the 1760-1840 Canal Age) or a straight line (later); if contours, few expensive earthworks & locks 
were needed, but resulting route was longer & less direct; the descriptive work reported here led to 
more accurate cost estimates for cut-&-fill of canals linking different watersheds. See Brisson 1829; 
Dupuis-Torcy was a civil engineer; a canal he designed in 1804 in Cayenne (Fr. Guyana, where 
died ca. 1808) is named for him]
Durheim, C.J., 1850, Sammlung trigonometrischer oder barometrisch-bestimmter absoluter Hhen der 
Schweiz und ihrer nheren Umgebung. Hypsomtrie de la Suisse et des Etats voisins: Bern, Haller, 
706 p.    [big compilation of trig. & barom. heights; hypso. of Switzerland & adjoining States]
Dutton, G.H., 1999, A hierarchical Coordinate System for Geoprocessing and Cartography: Berlin, 
Springer, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 79, 231 p.    [monograph on digital map-generalization; 
1997-98 Ph.D. diss., U. Zrich]
E
East, T.J., 1978, Mass movement landforms in Baroon Pocket, south-east Queenslanda study of 
form and process: Queensland Geographical Journal, ser. 3, v. 4, July, p. 37-67.    [L, W, d, d/L, 
vol., & slope gradient differ among 5 types (99 landslides); slope map]
Eastman, Ronald, 1992, IDRISI version 4.0, User's Guide: Worcester, MA, ClarkLabs, Clark 
University, 178 p.    [world's most-used GIS]
Eastman, Ronald, 2002, idrisi32: Worcester, MA, ClarkLabs, Clark University; 
http://www.clarklabs.org/IdrisiSoftware.asp?cat=2.    [major upgrade of world's most-used GIS, 
$600-$1500]
Ebert, Hermann, 1890, ber die Ringgebirge des Mondes (in German): Sitzungsberichte der 
Physikalische-Medizinische Soc., Erlangen, p. 171-191.    [major pub. on 'Ebert's Rule'; measured 
crater diams. & depths; computed Schrter's ratio for 92 craters 13 km < D < 150 km (most rim vol. 
< bowl)]
Ebisemiju, F.S., 1976, Morphometric work with Nigerian topographical maps: Nigerian Geographical 
Journal (Ibadan), v. 19, no. 1, p. 65-77.    [air photos, drainage patterns, methods, slopes]
Ebisemiju, F.S., 1986, Environmental constraints on the interdependence of drainage basin 
morphometric properties, in Gardiner, V., ed., International Geomorphology 1986, Part II: New 
York, John Wiley & Sons, p. 3-20.    [correl. & PCA of 30 var.: texture (max), size, relief, link length 
ratio, shape, bifurcation ratio]
Eckhardt, F.D., Wilkinson, M.J., and Lulla, K.P., 2000, Using digitized handheld Space Shuttle 
photography for terrain visualization: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 21, no. 1, p. 1-5.    
[70mm color pic (Namib inselberg) draped on GTOPO30 DEM; res = 50 m  5.3m]
Eckis, Rollin, 1928, Alluvial fans of the Cucamonga District, southern Arizona: Journal of Geology, v. 
36, no. 3, p. 224-247.    [early quant. obs., concavity & slope diminish w/ increasing fan size]
Economic Planning Agency, 1969, Topographic relief of Japan (in Japanese): map scale 
1/1,160,000.    [relief energy defined on 1' x 1.5' lat.-lon. grid]
Edwards, R., and Durkin, J., 1969, Computer prediction of service areas for V.H.F. mobile radio 
networks: Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE, UK), v. 116, no. 9, p. 1493-
1500.    [early advocates of regular-grid DEMs fr topo maps for intervisibility & radio-path loss 
algorithms]
Edwards, S.F., and Wilkinson, D.R., 1982, The surface statistics of a granular aggregate: 
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, v. A381, no. 1780, p. 17-31.    [acc. to Pastor-
Satorras & Rothman 1998a, adds uncorrel. noise to diffusion eqn. to get true self-affine surface]
Ehrenburg, Karl, 1891, Studien zur Messung der horizontalen Gliederung von Erdrumen (in 
German; ... measuring spatial arrangement of areas on the Earth): Wrzburg, Verhandlungen der 
Physikalisch-Medicinischen Gesellschaft zu Wrzburg, v. 25, no. 2, 44 p.    [reviews the problem fr 
Ritter 1828 to C. Rohrbach 1890; considers geometry of var. shape-meas. in great detail]
Elkie, P.R., Rempel, R.S., and Carr, A.P., 1999, Patch Analyst Users Manuala tool for quantifying 
landscape structure: Thunder Bay, Ontario, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Northwest 
Science and Technology, Technical Manual TM002, 16 p. +Appendix; 
http://sevilleta.unm.edu/technology/reference/esri/patch_habitat/nwtm002.pdf.    [program can 
implement FRAGSTATS in grid format; http://flash.lakeheadu.ca/~rrempel/patch/]
Ellenberg, Ludwig, 1969, Versuch der numerischen Erfassung des Reliefcharakters (in German; 
Attempt at numerical expression of relief character): Geographica Helvetica (Bern), v. 24, no. 1, p. 
13-15.    [slope, relief energy, stream density, contour density]
Elliott, F.E., 1953, A technique of presenting slope and relative relief on one map: Surveying and 
Mapping, v. 13, no. 4, p. 473-477.    [G-H Smith relief on 2.5' squares & 3 Raisz-Henry slope bins]
Elorza, M.G., and Martnez, V.H. Ses, 2001, Multiple talus flatirons, variations of scarp retreat rates 
and the evolution of slopes in Almazn Basin (semi-arid central Spain): Geomorphology, v. 38, nos. 
1-2, p. 19-29.    [math. fcns. for 12 concave slope profiles at 5 diff. evol. stages]
Embleton, Clifford, and Hamann, C., 1988, A comparison of cirque forms between the Austrian Alps 
and the Highlands of Britain: Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, Supplementband 70, p. 75-93.    [n= 
302 fr 1/25K maps; L/h, wall/floor & closure angles, azimuth; results not clear-cut]
Emery, K.O., 1958, Shallow submerged marine terraces of southern California: Bulletin of the 
Geological Society of America, v. 69, no. 1, p. 39-60.    [chart (Plate I) stores/displays depths for 
discontinuous terrace profiles]
Endreny, T.A., and Wood, E.F., 2001, Representing elevation uncertainty in runoff modelling and 
flowpath mapping: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 12, p. 2223-2236.    [var. sensitivity of D8, 
MF, DEMON-e & -b, D-Infinity, & DEMON-bI to DEM error]
Endreny, T.A., Wood, E.F., and Lettenmaier, D.P., 2000, Satellite-derived digital elevation model 
accuracyhydrogeomorphological analysis requirements: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, no. 1, p. 
1-20.    [overall SPOT/USGS' differences <3%, but USGS 7.5' better at scales <100m]
Endreny, T.A., Wood, E.F., and Hsu, Ann, 2000, Correction of errors in SPOT-derived DEM's using 
GTOPO30 data: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 38, no. 3, p. 1234-
1241.    [coarser GTOPO30 useful in error-analysis of finer satellite-derived DEM]
Engelen, G.B., and Huybrechts, Willy, 1981, A comparison of manual and automated slope maps: 
Catena, v. 8, no. 2, p. 239-249.    [made a DEM; manual (moving interval) method better where 
detail required]
Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), Inc., 1997, Watershed Delineator Application  
User's Manual: Redlands, CA, ESRI, paging unknown.    [the DEM-to-watershed transformation is 
incorporated into ESRI software]
Etzelmller, Bernd, and Bjrnsson, Helgi, 2000, Map analysis techniques for glaciological 
applications: International Journal of Geographical Information Science, v. 14, no. 6, p. 567-581.    
[calc. basal shear stress, vel., drains, & water vol. fr DEM of Iceland ice cap]
Etzelmller, Bernd, degrd, R., Berthling, I., and Sollid, J.L., 2001, Terrain parameters and remote 
sensing data in periglacial research: Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, v. 12, no. 1, p. 79-92.    
[if spatial relations scale-independent within certain range, info can be scaled up & down]
Evans, I.S., 1999, Was the cirque glaciation of Wales time-transgressive or not?: Annals of 
Glaciology, v. 28, p. 33-39.    [no; regression eqns. show floor altitude increases to N or NE, as 
expected fr present conditions]
Evans, I.S., and Cox, N.J., 1998, Relations between land surface propertiesaltitude, slope and 
curvature, in Hergarten, Stefan, and Neugebauer, H.J., eds., Process Modelling and Landform 
Evolution (Lecture Notes in Earth Science, 78): Berlin, Springer, p. 13-45.    [complements Evans 
1998; more evidence that the land surface is not fractal]
Evans, K.G., and Willgoose, G.R., 2000, Post-mining landform evolution modelling 2. Effects of 
vegetation and surface ripping: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: v. 25, no. 8, p. 803-823.    
[SIBERIA models changes to radioactive tailings pile that must remain undisturbed for 1000s of 
years]
Everard, C.E., 1956, Erosion platforms on the borders of the Hampshire Basin: Transactions and 
Papers of the Institute of British Geographers, no. 22, p. 35.    [elaborated the height-range 
diagram of Sparks 1949]
Eyles, R.J., 1971, Mass movement in Tangoio Conservation Reserve, northern Hawkes Bay: Earth 
Science Journal (NZ), v. 5, no. 2, p. 79-91.    [52 valley-side profiles & 29 landslide scars; profile 
relief, L, slope gradient (3-m segments), concavo-convexity]
Eyton, J.R., 1991, Rate-of-change maps: Cartography & GIS, v. 18, p. 87-103.    [calc. related elev. 
derivatives from finite differences]
F
Fagherazzi, Sergio, Bortoluzzi, Annalisa, Dietrich, W.E., Adami, Attilo, Lanzoni, Stefano, Marani, 
Marco, and Rinaldo, Andrea, 1999, Tidal networks 1. Automatic network extraction and preliminary 
scaling features from digital terrain maps: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 12, p. 3891-3904.    
[topo data from marsh & tidal flats: threshold elev & curvature; see also parts 2 and 3. p. 3905-
3917 and 3919-3929]
Fair, T.J.D., 1947, Slope form and development in the interior of Natal: Transactions of the 
Geological Society of South Africa, v. 50 (publ. 1948), p. 105-119.    [profiles fr Abney level, 
readings to nearest 10'; slope segments 1-35]
Farabegoli, Enzo, and Agostini, Cecilia, 2000, Identification of Calanco, a badland landform in the 
northern Apennines, Italy: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 25, no. 3, p. 307-318.    
[contour crenulation ratio (LO/LF) = true length/length smoothed; hypso. integral]
Fardin, N., Stephansson, and Jing, Lanru, 2001, The scale dependence of rock joint surface 
roughness: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, v. 38, no. 5, p. 659-669.    
[fractal D & amplit. A vary over 3-D laser-scanned windows 100mm-1000mm]
Farr, Tom, and Kobrick, Mike, 2000, Shuttle radar topography mission produces a wealth of data: 
Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 81, no. 48, p. 583 & 585.    [how the SRTM 
data were gathered]
Farrenkopf, Dorothee, 1987, Das Relief als steuernder Parameter der Abfludynamikein Beitrag zur 
fluvialen Prozeforschung (Relief as controlling parameter of discharge dynamicsa contribution to 
fluvial process research): Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, Supplementband 66, p. 73-82.    [mean 
values don't predict high flows well]
Fatale, L.A., 1992, DCAC examines impact of DTED Levels 1- and 2 resolution on terrain 
visualization: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Topographic Engineering Center, Digital Data Digest, 
v. 2, no. 4, p. 1-4.    [field photo/DEM images compared; Level 1 useless in gentle terrain, OK in 
many rough areas]
Favilli, Massimiliano, Innocenti, Fabrizio, Pareschi, M.T., Pasquar, Giorgio, Mazzarini, Francesco, 
Branca, Stefano, Cavarra, Luciano, and Tibaldi, Alessandro, 1999, The DEM of Mt. 
Etnageomorphological and structural implications: Geodinamica Acta (Paris), v. 12, no. 5, p. 279-
290.    [ca. 30X40km; 5m grid @  1m height accuracy; slope map & histogram @ 1 bins; 106 
input elevs.; shaded relief image]
Favis-Mortlock, David, 1998, A self-organizing dynamic systems approach to the simulation of rill 
initiation and development on hillslopes: Computers and Geosciences, v. 24, no. 4, p. 353-372; 
http://soilerosion.net/rillgrow/.    [RillGrow, a simple DEM-based model using discrete packets for 
microtopo]
Favis-Mortlock, D.T., Boardman, John, Parsons, A.J., and Lascelles, Bruce, 2000, Emergence and 
erosiona model for rill initiation and development: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, nos. 11-12, p. 
2173-2205.    [improved self-organizing DEM model, Rillgrow 2, applied to 4 soil surfaces]
Fedoseev, Yu.E., and Korolev, O.B., 1987, Determining the position of structural lines of topography 
by an analytic method (in Russian): Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnyh Zavedeny, Geodesiya i 
Aerophotosyemka, no. 1, p. 10-15.    [no info]
Fekete, B.M., Vrsmarty, C.J., and Lammers, R.B., 2001, Scaling gridded river networks for 
macroscale hydrologydevelopment, analysis, and control of error: Water Resources Research, v. 
37, no. 7, p. 1955-1967.    [algorithm rescales fine-resolution nets (fr HYDRO1k) to coarser res.; 
results for Europe]
Feldner, Hermann, 1902, Die Flussdichte und ihre Bedingtheit im Elbsandsteingebirge (drainage 
density & its limitations ... ; in German): Mitteilungen des Vereins fr Erdkunde zu Leipzig, p. 1-55.    
[early dd work post-Neumann 1900; describes 3 methods; x = A/n; A = basin area & n = number of 
segments]
Felpeto, A., Araa, V., Ortiz, R., Astiz, M., and Garca, A., 2001, Assessment and modelling of lava 
flow hazard on Lanzarote (Canary Islands): Natural Hazards, v. 23, nos. 2-3, p. 247-257.    [used 
number density of emission centers & flowpaths fr 50m DEM]
Ferrarese, Francesco, Sauro, Ugo, and Tonello, Christian, 1998, The Montello PlateauKarst 
evolution of an alpine neotectonic morphostructure: Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, 
Supplementband 109, p. 41-62.    [22 topo. parameters; got 2 groups of sub-units]
Ferretti, Alessandro, Prati, Claudio, and Rocca, Fabio, 1999, Multibaseline InSAR DEM 
reconstructionthe wavelet approach: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 
37, no. 2, p. 705-715.    [selects weights in combining many uncorr. topo. profiles]
Fiedler, Bruno, 1890, Vergleich Orometrischer Methoden (Comparison of orometric methods as 
applied to the Thuringen Forest, in German): Friedrichs-Universitt Halle-Wittenberg, Inaugural-
Dissertation (Ph.D.), 39 p, 5 plates.    [Sonklar, Koristka, Penck, etc. for volume (Simpson's Rule 
best) & ave. crest height & uplifted mass]
Fielder, Gilbert, 1962, The measurement of lunar altitudes by photographyI. Estimating the true 
lengths of shadows: Planetary and Space Science, v. 9, p. 917-928.    [discusses all known error 
sources]
Fiilinskas, Gintautas, 1997, Baltijos Jros Lietuvos kranto ilgis bei jo nustatymo problemos (in 
Lithuanian with English summary; length of the lithuanian shore of the Baltic Sea): Geografijos 
Metrastis (Geographical Yearbook; Vilnius. Lith.), v. 30, paging unknown.    [used regression eqns. 
& data fr maps, airphotos. field, cartometry (Volkov 1950 method); cites Keber 1864]
Fils, A.W., 1859, Die Centralgruppe des Thringer Waldes oder die Gegend zwischen Ilmenau and 
Oberhof (in German): Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, v. 5, no. 6, p. 256-271, & plate 10 
(1/60,000 scale).    [typical of Major Fils many careful surveys; detailed list describs each height; 
100' contours over hachures]
Finlayson, Brian, and Statham, Ian, 1980, Slope forms, chap. 6, in Sources and Methods in 
Geography: London UK & Boston MA, Butterworths, p. 147-185.    [slope freq. & other quant. 
topics]
Finlayson, D.P., Montgomery, D.R., and Hallet, Bernard, 2002, Spatial coincidence of rapid inferred 
erosion with young metamorphic massifs in the Himalayas: Geology, v. 30, no. 3, p. 219-222.    
[geomorphic modeling; rate-of-erosion index, EI, fr area, slope & precip., fr GTOPO30 for 16 major 
basins]
Fioole, A., Houwing, E.J., and van der Heijdt, L.M., 1997, SURFISa tool for designing and 
optimizing dredging schemes: Water Science and Technology, v. 37, p. 103-107.    [allows DTM's 
to be produced with mapped random errors]
Fisher, P.F., 1994, Probable and fuzzy models of the viewshed operation, in Worboys, M.F., ed., 
Innovations In GIS I: London, Taylor & Francis, p. 161-176.    [DEM-based calculations]
Fisher, P.F., 1998, Improved modeling of elevation error with geostatistics: Geoinformatica, v. 2, no. 
3, p. 215-233.    [stat & spatial distr. of error; variograms of 50-m UK DEM]
Fleishmann, Erica, and Mac Nally, R.M., 2002, Topographic determinants of faunal nestedness in 
Great Basin butterfly assemblagesapplications to conservation planning: Conservation Biology, v 
16, no. 2, p. 422-429.    [no details other than terrain complexity is used]
Fleming, M.D., and Hoffer, R.M., 1979, Machine processing of Landsat MSS data and DMA 
topographic data for forest cover type mapping: West Lafayette, IN, Purdue, University, Laboratory 
for Applications of Remote Sensing, LARS Technical Report 062879, paging unknown.    ['best 
method' (K.H. Jones, 1998) for computing slope fr DEM]
Flint, J.J., 1974, Stream gradient as a function of order, magnitude and discharge: Water Resources 
Research, v. 10, no. 5, p. 969-973.    [link slope = 1/link magnitude]
Florinsky, I.V., 2000, Relationships between topographically expressed zones of flow accumulation 
and sites of fault intersectionanalysis by means of digital terrain modeling: Environmental 
Modelling Software, v. 15, no. 1, p. 87-100.    [apply Shary 1995 DEM-based technique to better 
predict soil salinization]
Florinsky, I.V., 2002, Errors of signal processing in digital terrain modelling: International Journal of 
Geographical Information Science, v. 16, no. 5, p. 475-501.    [3 types; Gibbs phenom., noise fr 
DEM differentiation, & displacement of grid]
Florinsky, I.V., Eilers, R.G., and Lelyk, G.W., 2000, Prediction of soil salinity risk by digital terrain 
modelling in the Canadian prairies: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, v. 80, no. 3, p. 455-463.    
[accum. & dissipat. zones fr DEM curvature used to improve predictive maps]
Florinsky, I.V., Eilers, R.G., Manning, G., and Fuller, L.G., 2002, Prediction of soil properties by digital 
terrain modelling: Environmental Modelling and Software, v. 17, p. 295311.    [DEM slope, aspect, 
curv., basin A, topo. & stream power indices & correl. of soil and topo.]
Florinsky, I.V., and Kuryakova, G.A., 2000, Determination of grid size for digital terrain modelling in 
landscape investigationsexemplified by soil moisture distribution at a micro-scale: International 
Journal of Geographical Information Systems, v. 14, no. 8, p. 815-832.    [experimental method 
uses correlation analysis to optimize spacing]
Flowers, G.E., and Clarke, G.K.C., 1999, Surface and bed topography of Trapridge Glacier, Yukon 
Territory, Canadadigital elevation models and derived hydraulic geometry: Journal of Glaciology, 
v. 45, no. 149, p. 165-174.    [upstream area fr. DEM fr. ice-penetrating radar & statist. 
'preconditioning']
Fluck, Rudolf, 1925, Die Flussdichte im schweizerisch-franzsischen Jura (in German): Inaugural-
Dissertation, Univ. Basel, 89 p., Verhandlungen der Naturf. Gesellschaft, in Basel, Emil Birkhuser 
& Cie., v. 37, p. 120-218.    [1:500K maps of Jura Mtn. drainage density & mean stream spacing fr 
topo map data; dd values of all 4086 2-km squares tabulated as XY array]
Flckiger, Otto, 1919, Morphologische Untersuchungen am Napf (in German), article 6, in 
Geologische Struktur der Schweizeralpen, Sammelband von 7 Schriften from 1889-1919: Zrich, 
34 p.    [calculated relative relief for (topographic) basins?]
Focardi, P., Garzonio, C.A., Sedda, E., and Vannocci, P., 1992, Relationship between morphometric 
parameters and lithological and geotechnical characteristics of unstable slopes in the Upper 
Valdarno basin, Tuscany, Italy, in Bell, D.H., ed., Landslides, International Symposium 6th, 10-14 
February, Christchurch NZ, Proceedings: Rotterdam, Balkema, v. 2, p. 943-946.    [180 slope 
profiles; freq. distr. & 18 statistics on ea. lith. zone]
Fochler-Hauke, Gustav, 1941, Die Mandschurei (Manchuria, in German): Heidelburg, map 9.    
[1/1.7M relative-relief map (after Tada 1937); 10 relief intervals]
Fok, Yu-Si, 1971, Law of stream relief in Horton's stream morphological system: Water Resources 
Research, v. 7, no. 1, p. 201-203.    [mean relief = semilog fnc. of stream order; eval. for 4 rivers]
Foster, G.R., and Wischmeier, W.H., 1974, Evaluating irregular slopes for soil loss prediction: 
Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, v. 17, no. 2, p. 305-309.    
[attempts to adapt LS factor in USLE to irreg. topo; segments w/ diff. slope]
Foufoula-Georgiou, Efi, and Sapozhnikov, Victor, 2001, Scale invariances in the morphology and 
evolution of braided rivers: Mathematical Geology, v. 33, no. 3, p. 273-300.    [philosophy, 
methods, & examples from 4 rivers]
Fourneau, R., 1960, Contribution  l'tude des versants dans le sud de la Moyenne Belgique et 
dans le Nord de l'entre Sambre et Meuse. Influence de la nature du substratum (in French): 
Annales Socit Gologique de Belgique, v. 84, p. 123-151.    [10 areas; correl. valley depth & 
mean slope; 5m slope-sampling interval]
Fournier, F., 1960, Climat et Erosion (in French): Paris, P.U.F., 201 p.    [pp. 139-150: 'orographic 
coefficient'; also, diff. hypso. curves can have same mean elev.]
Fraisse, C.W., Sudduth, K.A., and Kitchen, N.R., 2001, Delineation of site-specific management 
zones by unsupervised classification of topographic attributes and soil electrical conductivity: 
Transactions, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, v. 44, no. 1, p. 155-166.    [TAPES-G 
pkg.; elev., slope (D8), plan & profile curv., CTI; mapped PCs]
Francis, B., Green, M., and Payne, C., 1993, GLIM4the statistical system for generalized linear 
interactive modeling: Oxford, Clarendon Press, 82 p.    [pkg. combines continuous & categorical 
variables in same analysis]
Francou, Bernard, and Mant, Claude, 1990, Analysis of the segmentation in the profile of alpine 
talus slopes: Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, v. 1, no. 1, p. 53-90.    [35 slopes at 0.5 deg. 
precision, 10-m segments; new bi-phase model]
Franklin, W.R., 1973, Triangulated irregular network program: 
ftp://ftp.cs.rpi.edu/pub/franklin/tin73.targz.    [early TIN algorithm]
Franklin, W.R., 1995, Compressing elevation data, in Egenhofer, M.J., and Herring, J.R., eds., 
Advances in Spatial Databases, Symposium on Spatial Data (SSD) 4th, Portland, ME, 6-9 August, 
Proceedings; Lecture Notes in Computer Science, v. 951: Berlin, Springer, p. 385-404; 
http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/Homepages/wrf/research/p/compress.pdf.    [compares 24 techniques on 
one USGS 1:24K DEM, 5 on 24 DEMs, & 3 on 10 ETOPO5 samples]
Franklin, W.R., 2000, Applications of analytical cartography: Cartography and Geographic Information 
Systems, v. 27, no. 3, p. 225-237; 
http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/Homepages/wrf/research/gisapps/gisapps.pdf.    [examples include terrain 
visibility, map overlay, mobility, interpol. & approx. of curves & terrain, etc.]
Franklin, W.R., 2000, Approximating visibility: International Conference on Geographic Information 
Science 1st, GIScience 2000, Savannah, GA, 28-31 Oct., Abstracts, p. 126; 
http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/Homepages/wrf/research/approxvis/index.html.    [rel. importance of var. 
factors in visibility computation; vis. index sensitive to radius of interest & is Poisson distr.; test on 
24 USGS DEMs]
Franklin, W.R., 2002, GeoSpatial terrainalgorithms and representations: unpublished paper; 
http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/Homepages/wrf/research/geospatial.pdf; & 
http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/Homepages/wrf/research/geospatial-talk-402/index.html.    [explores var. 
grid DEM processing & attempts at a unified philosophy]
Franklin, W.R., 2002, Siting observers on terrain: Spatial Data Handling 2002 Symposium, Ottawa, 
July 9, http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/Homepages/wrf/research/sitetalk/index.html; text at 
http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/Homepages/wrf/research/site.pdf.    [new algorithm synth. fast viewshed & 
LOS visibility index for mult. observers on level-1 DEM]
Franklin, W.R., and Gousie, M.B., 1999, Terrain elevation data structure operations, in International 
Cartographic Conference 19th & General Assembly of the International Cartographic Association 
(ICA) 11th, Ottawa, Canada, Proceedings: v. 2, p. 1011-1020; 
http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/Homepages/wrf/research/ica99/.    [several programs; grid-TIN, visibility, 
compression, contour-grid interp.]
Franklin, W.R., and Said, Amir, 1996, Lossy compression of elevation data, in Kraak, M.-J., Molenaar, 
Martien and Fendel, E.M., eds., International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, 7th, Delft, 
Neth., Proceedings: Edinburgh, Taylor & Francis, v. 2, p. 519-531; 
http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/Homepages/wrf/research/p/compress.pdf.    [image compr. algorithm may 
be better & simpler for DEMs than TIN; test on 24 USGS DEMs]
Franklin, W.R., Ray, C.K., and Mehta, Shashank, 1994, Geometric algorithms for siting of air defense 
missile batteries: Columbus OH, Battelle Inc., Contract no. DAAL03-86-D-0001, Technical Report, 
129 p.; http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/Homepages/wrf/research/p/tec_report.pdf.    [eval. 3 viewshed 
algorithms & 4 visibility indices; algorithm for viewsheds better than simplistic sightline analysis]
Franz, J., 1899, Hohenschichten-Karte des Mondes (in German; contour map of the Moon): Astron. 
Beobacht. d. Knigsburg, Sternwarte, v. 38, no. 75, paging unknown.    [five 1200-m intervals; last 
such map until that of Ritter in 1934]
Franzen M., 1992, Das Digitale Gelndehhen-Modell von sterreich im Bundesamt fr Eich- und 
Vermessungswesen (in German; DEM of Austria in the Federal Office for Calibration and 
Surveying): Vermessung, Photogrammetrie, Kulturtechnik (VPK/MPG), v. 90, p. 89-91.    [the 
Austrian national DEM]
Frey, Herbert, Sakimoto, S.E.H., and Roark, J.H., 1998, The MOLA topographic signature at the 
crustal dichotomy boundary zone on Mars: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, no. 24, p. 4409-
4412.    [8 profiles; Elev. & slope for different terrains; boundary = 2-4km step fcn.]
Frey, Herbert, Sakimoto, S.E.H., and Roark, J.H., 1999, Discovery of a 450 km diameter, multi-ring 
basin on Mars through analysis of MOLA topographic data: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 26, 
no. 12, p. 1657-1660.    [2km deep; fit rings to slope breaks in profiles; est. diams est. 350, 455, & 
670 km]
Fried, J.S., Brown, D.G., Zweifler, M.O., and Gold, M.A., 2000, Mapping contributing areas for 
stormwater discharge to streams using terrain analysis, in Wilson, J.P., and Gallant, J.C., eds., 
Terrain AnalysisPrinciples and Applications, New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 183-203.    [var. 
results, parameters & images from the TAPES software]
Friedrich, Klaus, 1996, Digitale Reliefgliederungsverfahren zur Abteilung bodenkundlich relevanter 
Flcheneinheiten (in German with English abstract; Digital relief classification methods for localizing 
soils-relevant units: Frankfurt an Main, Frankfurter Geowissenchaftliche Arbeiten, Serie D 
(Physische Geographie), no. 21 (Univ. Diss. 1995), 258 p. <http://www.rz.uni-
frankfurt.de/~relief/fga21/start.html>.    [methods fr simple to multivar. stats. using slope, aspect, 
plan & profile curv. fr Hesse DEM]
Friedrich, Klaus, 1998, Multivariate distance methods for geomorphographic relief classification, in 
Heineke H.J., Eckelmann W., Thomasson A.J., Jones R.J.A., Montanarella L., and Buckley B., 
eds., Land Information SystemsDevelopments for planning the sustainable use of land 
resources: Luxembourg, Office of the Official Publications of the European Communities, European 
Soil Bureau Research Report No. 4., EUR 17729 EN, p. 259-265. 
<http://www.bgr.de/N2/PROCEED/4_4.pdf>.    [exemplifies methods fr simple to multivar. stats. 
using slope, aspect, plan & profile curv. fr Hesse DEM]
Friesz, R.R., 1963, Desert terrain effects on vehicle performance, in Military Evaluation of Geographic 
Areas reports on activities to April 1963: Vicksburg, Mississippi, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 
Waterways Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Paper no. 3-610, p. 60-72.    [params. for test 
courses: cell size, relief, slope, elongation, parallelism, profile area, peakedness]
Frisch, W., Szkely, Kuhlemann, J., and Dunkl, I., 2000, Geomorphological evolution of the Eastern 
Alp in response to Miocene tectonics: Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, v. 44, no. 1, p. 103-138.    
[elev. mean & freq., slope map & freq., R map (10km window) for diff. domains fr DEM]
Fu, Bojie, and Chen, Liding, 2000, Agricultural landscape spatial pattern analysis in the semi-arid hill 
area of the Loess Plateau, China: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 44, no. 3, p. 291-303.    [patch 
size, fractal D, elong., diversity, dominance, relative richness, & fragm. fr. land-use map]
Fujita, Takashi, 1984, Slope analysis of landslides of the soft rock type in Kinki, southwest Japan, in 
International Symposium on Landslides, 4th, 16-21 September, Toronto, Proceedings: Rexdale, 
Ont., Canadian Geotechnical Society, v. 2, p. 75-80.    [spatial freq. of inventory rel. to slope; most 
deposits at 5-20]
Furdada, Glria, and Vilaplana, J.M., 1998, Statistical prediction of maximum avalanche run-out 
distances from topographic data in the western Catalan Pyrenees (northeast Spain): Annals of 
Glaciology, v. 26, p. 285-288.    [regression eqns. for 3 profile classes fr 216 flow paths fr 1:50K 
map data]
G
Gallant, J.C., and Wilson, J.P., 2000, Primary topographic attributes, in Wilson, J.P., and Gallant, 
J.C., eds., Terrain AnalysisPrinciples and Applications: New York, Wiley, p. 51-85.    [var. elev, 
aspect, slope, area, length, curv. fr DEMS & TAPES software]
Gallant, J.C., Hutchinson, M.F., and Wilson, J.P., 2000, Future directions for terrain analysis, in 
Wilson, J.P., and Gallant, J.C., eds., Terrain AnalysisPrinciples and Applications: New York, 
Wiley, p. 523-527.    [brief concluding remarks & predictions, focused on TAPES]
Ganas, Athanassios, and Athanassiou, Evangelos, 2000, A comparative study on the production of 
satellite orthoimagery for geological remote sensing: Geocarto International, v. 15, no. 2, p. 51-59.    
[DEM fr SPOT images much like reference DEM fr 1/50,000 contours]
Gandolfi, C., and Bischetti, G.B., 1995, Il valore dell'area di supporto nella generazione automatica 
della rete di drenaggio dai DEM: Idrotechnica, v. 3, p. 157-174.    [criticizes DEM-to-watershed 
algorithms that use constant threshold area]
Gannett, Henry, collator & arranger, 1877, Lists of Elevations Principally in That Portion of the United 
States West of the Mississippi River, 4th ed.: U.S. Department of the Interior, Miscellaneous 
Publications no. 1, Washington, D.C., 167 p. + map.    [topo. results of the western surveys; large 
folding hypsometric map of U.S.]
Gao, Jay, 1997, Resolution and accuracy of terrain representation by grid DEMs at a micro-scale: 
International Journal of Geographic Information Science, v. 11, no. 2, p. 199-212.    [spatial res. 
affects DEM's kriged from contours < threshold]
Garbrecht, Jurgen, Goodrich, D., and Martz, L.W., 1999, Methods to quantify distributed 
subcatchment properties from digital elevation models, in American Geophysical Union Annual 
Hydrology Days, 19th, 16-20 August, Fort Collins, CO: Proceedings, p. 149-160.    [est. basin 
length & slope directly fr DEM, not maps]
Garbrecht, Jurgen, and Martz, L.W., 2000, Digital elevation model issues in water resources 
modeling, paper 1 in Djokic, Dean, and Maidment, David, eds., Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modeling 
Support with Geographic Information Systems: Redlands CA, ESRI Press, p. 1-28, also 
http://www.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap866/p866.htm.    [reviews DEM-to-
watershed transformation state-of-art, esp. data quality & sub-catchment properties]
Garbrecht, Jurgen, Ogden, F.L., DeBarry, P.A., and Maidment, D.R., 2001, GIS and distributed 
watershed models. Idata coverages and sources: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 6, no. 6, 
p. 506-514.    [1st of 2-part GIS tutorial for practicing engineers]
Garcia-Castellanos, Daniel, 2002, Interplay between lithospheric flexure and river transport in 
foreland basins: Basin Research, v. 14, no. 2, p. 89-104.    [3-D quant. model of various processes 
along drainage net]
Garca-Ruiz, J.M., Gmez-Villar, Amelia, Ortigosa, Luis, and Mart-Bono, Carlos, 2000, Morphometry 
of glacial cirques in the central Spanish Pyrenees: Geografiska Annaler, v. 82 A, no. 4, p. 433-442.    
[elev., aspect, lithology A, W, L, L/W. etc.; elev. explains most of variance]
Garcia-Zuniga, F., and Parrot, J.-F., 1998, Tomomorphometric analysis of a recent volcanic 
coneMisti (Peru): C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), v. 327, p. 457-462.    [pattern-recognition extraction of a 
surface feature from DEM]
Gardner, J.V., Mayer, L.A., and Hughes Clark, J.E., 2000, Morphology and processes in Lake Tahoe: 
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 5, p. 736-746.    [L, W, H, & dist. fr headwall of 
113 avalanche blocks on & off debris apron]
Gardner, J.V., Dartnell, Peter, Mayer, L.A., and Hughes Clarke, J.E., 2000a, Bathymetry and 
selected perspective views of sea floor north and west of Maui, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey, 
Water-resources Investigations Report 00-4046, map scale 1/100,000.    [superior visualization at 
20 m/pixel, <http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/outreach/seamap/>]
Gardner, J.V., Dartnell, Peter, Mayer, L.A., Hughes Clarke, J.E., and Stone, J.C., 2000b, Bathymetry 
and selected perspective views of central San Francisco Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey, 
Water-resources Investigations Report 00-4146, map scale 1/15,000, 
<http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/outreach/seamap/>.    [superb visualization detail at 4 m/pixel]
Gardner, W.H., 1948, Determination of the critical stream for various slopes: Soil Science, v. 66, no. 
3, p. 205-215.    [experiments confirm soil erosion = fcn (irrigating stream size & surface slope)]
Gardoll, S.J., Groves, D.I., Knox-Robinson, C.M., Yun, G.Y., and Elliott, N., 2000, Developing the 
tools for geological shape analysis, with regional- to local-scale examples from the Kalgoorlie 
Terrane of Western Australia: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 47, no. 5, p. 943-953.    
[general XY shape analysis, also applic. to landforms]
Garnett, Alice, 1935, Insolation, topography, and settlement in the Alps: Geographical Review, v. 25, 
no. 4, p. 601-617.    ['intensity maps' fr terrain, Sun, & Sun/valley-axis angles fr 4 mm grid on topo 
map]
Garrison, W.L., and Marble, D.F., eds., Quantitative Geography, Part IEconomic and Cultural 
Topics, and Part IIPhysical and Cartographic Topics: Evanston, Ill., Northwestern University 
Studies in Geography, nos. 13 and 14, 288 p. and 324 p.    [unconscionably delayed publication 
of 17-paper proceedings of seminal ONR/NAS/NRC-sponsored May 1960 symposium that should 
have had far greater impact than it did. (this meeting closely followed the AAAS-sponsored Dec. 
1959 symposium on Quantitative Terrain Studies, which failed to result in a proceedings)]
Garvin, J.B., and Frawley, J.J., 1998, Geometric properties of Martian impact craterspreliminary 
results from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, no. 24, p. 4405-
4408.    [n=98; simple/complex: d=0.14D0.90 & d=0.25D0.49; also X-sect.]
Garvin, J.B., Sakimoto, S.E., Frawley, J.J., and Schnetzler, C., 2000, Geometric properties of Martian 
impact cratersan assessment from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) digital elevation 
model (abs.): Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI, Abstract 1619, CD-ROM.    [7km< D < 100km; 
complex, d=0.33D0.530.03]
Gasparini, N.M., Tucker, G.E., and Bras, R.L., 1999, Downstream fining through selective particle 
sorting in an equilibrium drainage network: Geology, v. 27, no. 12, p. 1079-1082.    [simulations 
with GOLEM model of landscape evolution (Tucker & Slingerland, 1997)]
Gatto, Francesco, and Marocco, Ruggero, 1994, Morfometria e geometria idraulica dei canali della 
Laguna di Grado (Friuli-Venezia Giulia) (in Italian; Morphometry and hydraulic geometry of channels 
of the Grado Lagoon, Friuli-Venezia Giulia): Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria (Torini), v. 16, 
no. 2, p. 107-119.    [channel geometry, drainage pattern, lagoons, morphometry]
Gay, S.P., 1962, Origen, distribucon y movimiento de las arenas elicas en el rea de Yauca a 
Palpa: Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica del Per, v. 37, p. 37-58.    [good early quant. obs. on 
airphotos. buried in obscure journal]
Gay, S.P., Jr., 1999, Observations regarding the movement of barchan sand dunes in the Nazca to 
Tanaca area of southern Peru: Geomorphology, v. 27, nos. 3-4, p. 279-293.    [transl. 1962 paper; 
quantified Bagnold's size/speed deduction. etc.; 3 h meas.: h/w not 1/10]
Gee, M.D., 1992, Classification of hazard zonation methods and a test of predictive capability, in Bell, 
D.H., ed., Landslides, International Symposium 6th, 10-14 February, Christchurch NZ, Proceedings: 
Rotterdam, Balkema, v. 2, p. 947-952.    [18 types of zonation; quant. index for 9 diff. schemes 
finds similar susceptibilities in test]
Geikie, Archibald, 1868, On denudation now in progress: Geological Magazine, v. 5, p. 249-254.    
[used Humboldt's mean continental heights; argued landforms were recent; see Vacher 1999]
Geldern-Crispendorf, Gnther von, 1932, Reliefenergie, in Geisler, W., ed., Wirtschafts- und 
Verkehrsgeogr. Atlas von Schlesien: Breslau, 1/750K map.    [map of relief 'energy'; 8 relative-relief 
intervals]
Gens, Rdiger, 1999, SAR interferomtrysoftware, data format, and data quality: Photogrammetric 
Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 65, no. 12, p. 1375-1378.    [helpful state-of-art summary, 
esp, on DEM quality]
Gerber, Paul, 1927, Morphologische Untersuchungen am Alpenrand zwischen Aare und Saane 
(Freiburger-Stufenlandschaft) (in German): Univ. Freiberg (Switz.), Dissertation, 66 p., Mitteilungen 
der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft des Kantons Freiberg, Srie Gologie et Gographie, v. 10, no. 
2, p. 125-197.    [char. valley shape using incremental surface curves (elev. vs area), or 
Flchenzuwachskurve, for 41 areas betw 570m & 2160m]
Gerrard, A.J. and Gardner, R.A.M., 2000, The role of landsliding in shaping the landscape of the 
Middle Hills, Nepal: Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, Supplementband 122, p. 47-62.    [maps of 
slope (6 classes), & slope-morphology (the 9 classes); failure V, W, slope]
Gesch, D.B., 1998, Accuracy assessment of a global elevation model using Shuttle Laser Altimeter 
data, in IEEE International Geoscience and Remore Sensing symposium (IGARSS), Seattle WA, 
July 6-10, Proceedings: Piscataway NJ, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, CD-ROM.    
[365,000 SLA points; overall vertical RSME = (only) 70 m for GTOPO30]
Gesch, D.B., 1999, The effects of DEM generalization methods on derived hydrologic features, Ch. 
31 in Lowell, Kim, and Jaton, Annick, eds., Spatial Accuracy AssessmentLand Information 
Uncertainty in Natural Resources: Chelsea, MI, Ann Arbor Press, p. 255-262.    [breakline emphasis 
helps preserve topo structure when generalizing]
Gesch, D.B., and Larson, K.S., 1998, Techniques for development of global 1-kilometer digital 
elevation models, in Pecora Thirteen, Human Interactions with the Environment-Perspectives from 
Space, 13th, Sioux Falls, SD, August 20-22, 1996, Proceedings: Bethesda, MD, American Society 
of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, CD-ROM; also 
<http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/gtopo30/papers/geschd3.html>.    [details on GTOPO30 
source datasets and processing]
Gesch, D.B., Oimoen, M.J., Greenlee, S.K., Nelson, Charles, Steuck, Michael, and Tyler, Dean, 
2002, The National Elevation Dataset: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 68, 
no. 1, p. 5-11; http://gisdata.usgs.net/ned/default.htm.    [NED, seamless & continually upgraded 
30m DEM fr all 1:24K USGS quads eliminates tiling & preprocessing]
Gesch, D.B., Verdin, K.L., and Greenlee, S.K., 1999, New land surface digital elevation model covers 
the Earth: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 80. no. 6, p. 69-70; 
http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/gtopo30/README.html#h9.    [GTOPO30, @ ~1km grid spacing, replaces 
ETOPO5]
Gessler, P.E., 1996, Statistical soil-landscape modelling for environmental management: Centre for 
Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 228 
p.    [no info]
Ghosh, Parthasarathi, 2000, Estimation of channel sinuosity from paleocurrent dataA method 
using fractal geometry: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 70, no. 3, p. 449-455.    [meander-
pattern sinuosity related to dispersion of segment orientations]
Giese, B., Oberst, J., Roatsch, T., Neukum, G., Head, J.W., and Pappalardo, R.T., 1998, The local 
topography of Uruk Sulcus and Galileo Regio obtained from stereo images: Icarus, v. 135, no. 1, p. 
303-316.    [Ganymede fr. Galileo mission: DEMs @ 0.5 &1.0 km; topo profiles; primitive simple-
crater d/D]
Giglierano, J.D., 1999, Shaded relief map of Iowa: Iowa Geology, no. 24, p. 14-15.    [color; quite 
good portrayal of putatively 'flat' state]
Gilbert, G.K., 1877, Land Sculpture, p. 99-150 in Report on the Geology of the Henry Mountains: 
U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, Washington, D.C., U.S. 
Govt. Printing Office, 160 p.; p. 93-144 in 2nd ed., 1880 (170 p.).    [seminal; establishes what to 
measure; Gilbert's 'law of divides' (116-17,110-11)'... profile of a river (is) a curve concave upward 
with the greatest curvature at the upper end'  Fig. 54 is logarithmic-like profile; 'declivity bears an 
inverse relation to quantity of water' (113-14,108)i.e., not sediment size as asserted by Sternberg 
1875]
Gilbert, G.K., 1914, The transportation of debris by running water: U.S. Geological Survey, 
Professional Paper 86, 263 p.    [measured slope of sediment in flume & related it to other data]
Giles, P.T., 2001, Remote sensing and cast shadows in mountain terrain: Photogrammetric 
engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 67, no. 7, p. 833-839.    [algorithm to delineate shadows 
automatically is 86% effective]
Giles, P.T., and Franklin, S.E., 1996, Comparison of derivative topographic surfaces of a DEM 
generated from stereoscopic SPOT images with field measurements: Photogrammetric Engineering 
and Remote Sensing, v. 60, no. 10, p. 1165-1171.    [raw DEM not good; test used slope, 
incidence (from aspect), & profile curvature]
Gilg, A.W., 1973, A note on slope measurement techniques: Area (London), v. 5, no. 2, p. 114-117.    
[inclined-angle tacheometry, using theodolite & staff; need common test areas]
Gimel'farb, G.L., Schmidt, Jochen, and Braunmandl, A., 1999, Gibbs fields with multiple pairwise 
interactions as a tool for modelling grid-based data, in Hergarten, St., and Neugebauer, H.J., eds., 
Process Modelling and Landform Evolution, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 78: Berlin, Springer-
Verlag, p. 47-73.    [complex DEM processing reproduces Hammond types in 2 areas; inconclusive]
Giusti, E.V., and Schneider, W.J., 1965, The distribution of branches in river networks U.S. 
Geological Survey Professional Paper 422-G, p. G1-G10.    [found unexpected variability in 
analysis of bifurcation ratios]
Glagolev, A.A., 1933, On geometrical methods of quantitative mineralogic analysis of rocks (in 
Russian): Transactions of the Institute of Econ. Mineralogy, Moscow, v. 59, p. 1-47 (not p. 147?).    
[simplifies Rosiwal 1898 approach to area sampling by replacing lines with grid points]
Glanz, James, 1999, Physicists invading geologists' turf: New York Times SCIENCE, November 23, p. 
D1, D4.    [layman's summary of math./theor. approach to geomorph. by Rinaldo, Rodriguez-Iturbe 
etc.]
Glazyrin, G.Ye., 1978, Identification of surging glaciers by morphometric characteristics: Mater. 
Glyatsiologicheskikh Issled. Khronika, v. 33, p. 136-138.    [univariate analysis only]
Glezer, V.L., 1988, Development of methods and techniques for derivation and application of digital 
terrain model to generation of special agricultural maps (abs, Ph.D. thesis; in Russian): Moscow 
Institute of Engineers for Land Management, Moscow, 24 p.    [no info]
Glock, W.S., 1931, The development of drainage systemsa synoptic view: The Geographical 
Review, v. 21, no. 4, p. 475-482.    [uniform drainage density implies constant mean river-spacing, 
which suggests channel network has reached max. extension into an area]
Gloriod, A., and Tricart, Jean, 1952, tude statistique de valles asymtriques sur la feuille Saint-Pol 
au 1/50 000 (in French): Revue de Gomorphologie Dynamique, v. 3, no. 2, p. 88-98.    
[constructed rose diagram showing valley asymmetry]
Goldie, H.S., and Cox, N.J., 2000, Comparative morphometry of limestone pavements in Switzerland, 
Britain and Ireland: Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, Supplementband 122, p. 85-112.    [freq. of 
clint (block) L & W & L/W, grike (pit) W & d & d/W]
Goller, A., Gelautz, M., and Leberl, F., 1999, Parallel image processing applied to radar shape-from-
shading: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 65, no. 3, p. 259-267.    [handles 
large images; 14 processors speed up s-f-s by 13X]
Gong, Jianya, Li, Zhilin, Zhu, Qing, Sui, Haigang, and Zhou, Yi, 2000, Effects of various factors on 
the accuracy of DEMsan intensive experimental investigation: Photogrammetric Engineering and 
Remote Sensing, v. 66, no. 9, p. 1113-1117.    [accuracy = f(sampling interval, specific features, 
relief, data model, capture method)]
Gnnenwein, M.-L., 1931, Untersuchungen ber die Fludichte schwbischer Landschaften: 
Erdgesch. u. landeskdl. Abh. aus Schwaben u. Franken, hringen, Schwend, v. 13, 66 p.    
[drainage density, calc. fr. topo maps, shown by density of dot patterns]
Goodchild, M.F., Steyaert, L.T., Parks, B.O., Johnston, Carol, Maidment, D.R., Crane, Michael, and 
Glendinning, Sandi, eds., 1996, GIS and Environmental ModelingProgress and Research Issues: 
New York, Wiley, 504p.    [many brief applications papers, some incorporating morphometry]
Goovaerts, P., 1999, Using elevation to aid the geostatistical mapping of rainfall activity: Catena, v. 
34, nos. 3-4, p. 227-242.    [DEM helps materially; good results from cokriging]
Goovaerts, P., 2000, Geostatistical approaches for incorporating elevation into the spatial 
interpolation of rainfall: Journal of Hydrology. v. 228, nos. 1-2, p. 113-129.    [DEM, multivariate 
geostatistics, Kriging]
Gordon, D.L., 1960, A morphometric analysis of selected Iowa drainage basins: Iowa City, IA, 
University of Iowa, unpublished MA thesis, 193 p.    [drainage basins, patterns, var. morphometry]
Goudie, A.S., 1978, Colonel Julian Jackson and his contribution to geography: Geographical 
Journal, v. 144, p. 264-270.    [more on the J.R. Jackson 1834 stream ordering, etc.]
Goudie, Andrew, Stokes, Stephen, Cook, James, Samieh, S., and El-Rashidi, O.A., 1999, Yardang 
landforms from Kharga Oasis, south-western Egypt: Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, 
Supplementband 116, p. 97-112.    [L, W, H, azimuth, V stats & histogr.; H/w, L/H, V/H, V/W eqn.]
Gousie, M.B., 1998, Contours to digital elevation modelsgrid-based surface reconstruction 
methods: Ph.D. thesis, Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering Dept., Rensselaer 
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, paging unknown.    [improves representation over 'thin-plate' 
model?]
Gousie, M.B., and Franklin, W.R., 1998, Converting elevation contours to a grid, in Spatial Data 
Handling '98 Conference, 11-15 July, Vancouver, BC, Proceedings: p. 647-656; 
http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/Homepages/wrf/research/p/contour.pdf.    [new methods; 1st repeatedly 
interpolates lines betw. orig. contours; 2nd starts w any interp. or approx. surface, gets gradient 
lines, & does spline interp.]
Gout, Christian, and Komatitsch, Dimitri, 2000, Surface fitting of rapidly varying data using rank 
codingapplication to geophysical surfaces: Mathematical Geology, v. 32, no. 7, p. 873-888.    
[scale transformation w/ pre- & post-processing = superior to splines; volcano DEM]
Grabau, W.E., 1958, Derivation of a numerical description of the generalized plan and profile: office 
memorandum to Chief, Geology Branch, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 
Vicksburg, unpublished manuscript, 14 July, 7 p.    [the char. PPL (here GPPL) was defined in Dec. 
1957 'Resum' doc.; this memo revised as appendix to Van Lopik & Kolb 1959]
Graff, L.H., 1997, State-of-the-art terrain analysis capabilities for todays army: ACSM/ASPRS Annual 
Convention and Exposition, Seattle, WA, 7-10 April, Technical Papers, v. 3, p. 716-725.    [no info]
Graham, L.C., 1980, Stereo radar for mapping and interpretation, in Radar geologyan assessment, 
report of the Radar Geology Workshop, Snowmass, CO, 16-20 July 1979, Jet Propulsion 
Laboratory Publication 80-61, p. 336-350.    [introduction to radargrammetry for terrain heights]
Graham, S.E., and Pike, R.J., 1998a, Elevation maps of the San Francisco Bay region, Californiaa 
digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-625, 17 p., scale 1:125,000; 
http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of98-625/index.html.    [data & printer plots fr new DEM of ca. 24 
M elevs spaced at 30 m & mosaicked from 1:24K quad. DEMs]
Graham, S.E., and Pike, R.J., 1998b, Slope maps of the San Francisco Bay Region, CA: U.S. Geol. 
Survey, Open-file Report 98-766, 17 p.; http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of98-766/.    [data & 
printer plots computed fr ca. 24 M elevs spaced at 30 m]
Graham, S.T., Famiglietti, J.S., and Maidment, D.R., 1999, Five-minute, 1/2, and 1 data sets of 
continental watersheds and river networks for use in regional and global hydrologic and climate 
modeling studies: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 2, p. 583-587.    [ult. DEM-to-watershed; 
fr. TerrainBase 5' Global DTM & CIA World Data Bank II]
Graniero, P.A., and Price, J.S., 1999, The importance of topographic factors on the distribution of 
bog and heath in a Newfoundland blanket bog complex: Catena, v. 36, no. 3, p. 233-254.    [DEM 
params.esp. substrate area, slope & plan curvexplain 22% variance]
Gran, J.G., 1929, Relative height classification, in Reine Geographie: Acta Geographica, v. 2, no. 2 
(202 p.), p. 70-72.    [0-5m flat, 5-10m hillocks, 10-20m etc.; 1st Finnish quant. work?]
Grayman, W.M., Males, R.M., Gates, W.E., and Hadder, A.W., 1975, Land-based modeling system 
for water quality management studies: Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, v. 101, p. 567-
580.    [TIN system, ADAPT, developed independently of Peucker's concept]
Grayson, R.B., and Blschl, Gnter, 2000, Spatial modelling of catchment dynamics, Chap. 3, in 
Grayson, R.B., and Blschl, Gnter, eds., Spatial Patterns in Catchment Hydrology: Cambridge 
(UK) Univ. Press, p. 51-81.    [pp. 56-70 good on model structure, discretisation, element size & 
linkage]
Grayson, R.B., Moore, I.D., and McMahon, T.A., 1992, Physically based hydrologic modelling, I. A 
terrain-based model for investigative purposes: Water Resources Research, v. 28, no. 10, p. 2639-
2659.    [parses terrain by steepest upslope lines search; yields better ridges than channels]
Green, J.F.N., Bull, A.J., Gossling, F., Hayward, H.A., Turner, E.A., and Wooldridge, 1934, The river 
Moleits physiography and superficial deposits: Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, v. 45, 
part 1, p. 35-69.    [measured long. profiles of trunk & tributaries; fit eqn. to upstream data & 
terraces to est. former profile]
Griffin, M., Beasley, D., Fletcher, J., and Foster, G., 1988, Estimating soil loss on topographically 
nonuniform field and farm units: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, July/August, p. 326-331.    
[making slope-length calc. biggest problem in applying USLE]
Gritzner, M.L., Marcus, W.A, Aspinall, Richard, and Custer, S.G., 2001, Assessing landslide potential 
using GIS, soil wetness modeling and topographic attributes, Payette River, Idaho: 
Geomorphology, v. 37, nos. 1-2, p. 149-165.    [Bayes model; small slides; slope & elev. best 
predictors; aspect, plan & profile curv., upslope A, flowpath L, moisture index not significant]
Grout, B.W., Jr., 1994, A history of digital elevation model production at RMMC: Rocky Mountain 
Benchmark (USGS Rocky Mountain Mapping Center, Denver Federal Center, CO), v. 3, no. 3, 
paging unknown.    [incl. description of manual profiling technique that generated striped artifacts in 
early (Level 1) USGS DEMs]
Gnther, S., 1875, Die Kstenentwicklung, ein mathematischer Beitrag zur vergleichenden Erdkunde 
(coastal convolution, a mathematical contribution to comparative geography, in German): Grunerts 
Archiv der Math. und Physik, v. 57, p. 277-284.    [the area/perimeter relation; quoted by Rohrbach, 
1890]
Gnther, S., 1882, Die wahre Definition des Begriffes 'Kstenentwicklung' (the true definition of the 
term 'coastal convolution', in German): Verh. d. II, Deutschen Geograpentages zu Halle, p. 141-
146, plus comments on the lecture by Keber, Zppritz, & Breusing on p. 146.    [the area/perimeter 
relation; see review by Rohrbach, 1890]
Gupta, V.K., and Mesa, O.J., 1988, Runoff generation and hydrologic response via channel network 
geomorphologyrecent progress and open problems: Journal of Hydrology, v. 102, no. 1-4, p. 3-
28.    [must add terrain height to planimetric network models]
Guru, Lidia, 2000, The Correlation of Sanded Wood Surface Roughness to Wood Structure and 
Finish Quality: Dept. of Forest Products Technology, Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College, 
UK, Ph.D. thesis; for research proposal, see 
http://www.bcuc.ac.uk/technology/FPRC/TRAINING/LidiaGurau.htm.    ["to improve understanding 
of how process variables influence surface roughness of sanded solid wood"; excellent intro & 
biblio on morphometry of finished wood]
Gustafson, E.J., 1998, Quantifying landscape spatial patternwhat is the state of the art?: 
Ecosystems, v. 1, p. 143-156.    [indices, spatial heterogeneity, patchiness, scale, geostatistics, 
autocovariation, spatial models]
Gustafson, E.J., Murphy, N.L., and Crow, T.R., 2001, Using a GIS model to assess terrestrial 
salamander response to alternative forest management plans: Journal of Environmental 
Management, v. 63, p 281-292.    [position on slope between ridge crest and valley bottom fr 30 m 
DEM]
Guth, P.L., 1999a, Quantifying topographic fabriceigenvector analysis using digital elevation 
models, in Merisko, R.J., ed., Advances in Computer-Assisted Recognition: Applied Imagery Pattern 
Recognition (AIPR) Workshop, 27th, Washington DC, 14-16 October 1998, Proceedings: SPIE (Intl. 
Soc. Optical Engrg.) v. 3584, p. 233-243.    [adapts Woodcock's 1977 eigenvector method; 
ln(S1/S2) or 'flatness' & ln(S2/S3) or 'organization' to DEMs]
Guth, P.L., 1999b, Quantifying and visualizing terrain fabric from digital elevation models, in Diaz, J., 
Tynes, R., Caldwell, D., and Ehlen, J., eds., International Conference on GeoComputation, 4th, 
Fredericksburg VA, Mary Washington College, 25-28 July, GeoComputation 99: CD-ROM ISBN 0-
9533477-1-0; http://www.geovista.psu.edu/geocomp/geocomp99/Gc99/096/gc_096.htm.    [DEM-
based classific. on elev., 'ruggedness', & topo fabric (fr. eigen-analysis)]
Guth, P.L., 1999c, Contour line 'ghosts' in USGS Level 2 DEMs: Photogrammetric Engineering and 
Remote Sensing, v. 65, no. 3, p. 289-296.    [3 ways to show bias in contour-to-grid comp.; Lev. 2 
still better than Lev. 1]
Guth, P.L., 2001, Quantifying terrain fabric in digital elevation models, in Ehlen, Judy, and Harmon, 
R.S., eds., The environmental legacy of military operations: Geological Society of America Reviews 
in Engineering Geology, v. 14, p. 13-25.    [continues work on terrain fabrics in two 1999 papers to 
automate the SSO diagram of Chapman 1951 & 52]
Guzzetti, Fausto, Malamud, B.D., Turcotte, D.L., and Reichenbach, Paola, 2000, Power-law 
correlations of Italian landslide areas (abs.): Eos Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 
v. 81, no. 48 (Supplement, NG62C-19), p. F566.    [area/freq. scaling statistics independent of 
trigger mech.]
Gvin, V.Ya., 1963, Application of morphometry in structural studies of the Upper and Middle Volga 
and Kama Regions (in Russian), in Problems of Geography, no. 63, Quantitative Methods in 
Geomorphology: Geographizdat, Moscow, p. 64-80.    [no info]
Gwinner, Klaus, Hauber, Ernst, Jaumann, Ralf, and Neukum, Gerhard, 2000, High-resolution, digital 
photogrammetric mappinga tool for Earth science: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical 
Union, v. 81, no. 44, p. 513, 516, & 520.    [state-of-art technique to get DEMs & ortho-images]
H
Haas, C., Liu, Q., and Martin, T., 1999, Retrieval of Antarctic sea-ice pressure ridge frequencies from 
ERS SAR imagery by means of in situ laser profiling and usage of a neural network: International 
Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 20, no. 15 & 16, p. 3111-3123.    [large area; 30% error; Fisher-K 
stats + half width & tail-to-mean ratio]
Hack, J.T., 1965, Geomorphology of the Shenandoah Valley Virginia and West Virginia and origin of 
the residual ore deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 484, 84 p.    [map of relief / 
sq. mi.; hypso. curves; quant. slope-profile analysis; long. stream profiles; azimuthal asymmetry of 
slope]
Hack, J.T., and Goodlett, J.C., 1960, Geomorphology and forest ecology of a mountain region in the 
Central Appalachians: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 347, 66 p.    [early postwar 
USGS quant.; var. relations, long. profile, slope asymmetry, etc.; recaps G.K. Gilbert concepts; 1st? 
assoc. of concave-straight-convex slopes w/ var. in vegetation & moisture content]
Hadley, R.F., 1961, Some effects of microclimate on slope morphology and drainage basin 
development, in Geological Survey research 1961, short papers in the geologic and hydrologic 
sciences, articles 1-146: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424-B, art. 16, p. 32-34.    
[Slope/aspect rose diagram (n= 50); rekated to drainage density & veg.]
Hagen, J.O., Etzelmller, Bernd, and Nuttall, A.-M., 2000, Runoff and drainage pattern derived from 
digital elevation models, Finsterwalderbreen, Svalbard: Annals of Glaciology, v. 31, p. 147-152.    
[surging glacier; difference 1970 & 1990 DEMs; flowpaths fr DEM]
Hagood, M.J., 1943, Statistical methods for delineation of regions applied to data on agriculture and 
population: Social Forces, , v. 21, p. 287-297.    [early use of principal-components analysis in 
regional classification]
Hann, R.A., 1957, A method of quantitative topographic analysis of wood surfaces: Forest Products 
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conformance to prescribed standards, as on metals]
Hall, D.B., 1998, Using digital elevation models to calculate a time-averaged landscape denudation 
rate: Physical Geography, v. 19, no. 4, p. 341-349.    [subtr. pre- fr. post-erosion surface to get 
basin vol. (age interval known]
Halsey, T.C., 2000, Diffusion-limited aggregationa model for pattern formation: Physics Today, v. 
53, no. 11, p. 36-41.    [topologic scaling of rivers = one example; shows importance of geomorph. 
processes in the physical sciences]
Hamilton, G.S., and Dowdeswell, J.A., 1996, Controls on glacier surging in Svalbard: Journal of 
Glaciology, v. 42, no. 140, p. 157-168.    [univariate analysis of 615 glac.: signif. diff. geom.; L is 
dominant]
Hancock, G.R., and Willgoose, G.R., 2001, The production of digital elevation models for 
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[slope/A plots fr 6.0mm2.0mm-grid DEM of mini-terrain]
Hancock, G.R., and Willgoose, G.R., 2001, Use of a landscape simulator in the validation of the 
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v. 37, no. 7, p. 1981-1992.    [model OK, but DEM error critical to derived statistics]
Hankley, Chip, 1999, Quaternary landforms in Wisconsinhow hillshading can be used to 
accentuate topographic features, in Soller, D.R., ed., Digital Mapping Techniques '99, Workshop 
Proceedings: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-386, p. 205-209, 
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/of99-386/hankley.html.    [adapts Haugerud/Greenberg color Arc/Info AML 
algorithm to WI 30m DEM]
Hansen, M.F., 1984, Strategies for classification of landslides, chap. 1 in Brunsden, Denys, and Prior, 
D.B., eds., Slope Instability: London, Wiley, p. 1-25.    [reviews morphometric approaches of 
Skempton 1953, Brunsden 1973, Blong 1973, Crozier 1973]
Hanssen, R.F., 2001, Radar Interferometrydata interpretation and error analysis: 
Dordrecht/Boston/London, Kluwer, 308 p.    [useful historical background & review]
Hardy, R.J., Bamber, J.L., and Orford, S., 2000, The delineation of drainage basins on the 
Greenland ice sheet for mass-balance analyses using a combined modelling and geographical 
information system approach: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, nos. 11-12, p. 1931-1941.    [10 'ice 
basins' by Arc/Info GIS from 2.5-km DEM (ERS-1 data) & 'balance flux']
Harrison, A.R., and Dunn, R., 1993, Problems of sampling the landscape, in Haines-Young, R.H., 
Green, D.R., and Cousins, S.H., eds., Landscape Ecology and Geographic Information Systems: 
London, Taylor and Francis, p. 101-109.    [spatial sampling must accommodate 2D & 3D variables]
Harrison, K., and Thackeray, A.D., 1940, On the direction of certain valleys: Geological Magazine, v. 
77, no. 2, p. 82-88.    [azimuth-freq. diagrams (25-ft river segments; 150<n<1110) related to joints, 
not glaciation]
Hartshorne, James, 1997, Assessing the influence of digital terrain model characteristics on tropics 
slope stability analysis, in Kemp, Z.A., ed., Innovations in GIS 4: London, Taylor and Francis, p. 
198-214.    [DEM resolution & quality significantly affect hazard-zonation models]
Haruyama, M., and Kitamura, R., 1984, An evaluation method by the quantification theory for the risk 
degree of landslides caused by rainfall in active volcanic area, in International Symposium on 
Landslides, 4th, 16-21 September, Toronto, Proceedings: Rexdale, Ont., Canadian Geotechnical 
Society, v. 2, p. 435-440.    [Eigenvector analysis of elev., contour & stream density, rel. relief, 
slope form, geology, & land use]
Harvey, C.A., and Eash, D.A., 1996, Description, instructions, and verification for BASINSOFT, a 
computer program to quantify drainage-basin characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey, Water-
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macro compare well w/ manually derived measures]
Hasbargen, L.E., and Paola, Chris, 2000, Landscape instability in an experimental drainage basin: 
Geology, v. 28, no. 12, p. 1067-1070.    [lab analog model 1 m across; ridge density @ 1 cm2 
resolution]
Hassan, M.M., 1988, Filtering digital profile observations: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote 
Sensing, v. 54, no. 10, p. 1391-1394.    [low-pass filtering of white noise to reduce error in level-1 
USGS DEMs]
Haxby, W.F., 1985, Gravity field of world's ocean (color map): Boulder, CO, National Geophysical 
Data Center, NOAA, Reporty MGG-3.    [Seasat radar altimetry; important precursor to Smith & 
Sandwell 1997 map & DEM]
Hayakawa, N., et al. (no author info), 1995, Study on extracting drainage network from square-grid 
DEM (in Japanese): Annual Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, JSCE, v. 39, p. 127-132.    [pits in 
DEM & flat areas pose big problems]
Hayashi, M., and van der Kamp, G., 2000, Simple equations to represent the volume-area-depth 
relations of shallow wetlands in small topographic depressions: Journal of Hydrology, v. 237, nos. 
1-2, p. 74-85.    [also profiles & % hypsometric curves]
Hayes, Brian, 2000, Dividing the continent: American Scientist, v. 88, no. 6, p. 481-481.    [computer 
scientist discovers terrainwatersheds, divides, Cayley & Maxwell, DEMs, & image analysis]
Haynes, V.M., 1968, The influence of glacial erosion and rock structure on corries in Scotland: 
Geografiska Annaler, v. 50A, no. 4, p. 221-234.    [curves y= of form k(1-x)e-x better fit longitudinal 
profiles of cirques than circles]
Head, J.W. III, Hiesinger, Harald, Ivanov, Mikhail, Kreslavsky, M.A., Pratt, Stephen, and Thomson, 
B.J., 1999, Possible ancient oceans on Marsevidence from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data: 
Science, v. 286, no. 5447, p. 2134-2137.    [elev & slope maps, relief shading, flooding-vol. est.]
Head, J.W. III, Kreslavsky, Mikhail, Hiesinger, Harald, Ivanov, Mikhail, Pratt, Stephen, and Seibert, 
Nicole, 1998, Oceans in the past history of Marstest for their presence using Mars Orbiter Laser 
Altimeter (MOLA) data: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, no. 24, p. 4401-4404.    [Elev. & 
slope; poss. shoreline @ lowland plains; slope/scale-length relation]
Head, J.W. III, Yuter, S.E., and Solomon, S.C., 1981, Topography of Venus and Eartha test for 
the presence of plate tectonics: American Scientist, v. 69, no. 6, p. 614-623.    [topo profiles & 
whole-planet % hypso. curves for both; Venus elevs (Pioneer altimetry) not bimodal]
Heikkinen, Olavi, 1975, A trend-surface analysis of relief in Sipoo, southern Finland: Fennia, v. 141, 
p. 1-54.    [valley, mean, & summit heights fr. 1/20K & 50K topo maps]
Hemenway, D.D., 1995, An efficient analytical approach for generating digital elevation models: 
Alberta, University of Edmonton, M.Sc. thesis, paging unknown.    [DEM fr digitized random elevs 
by a multiquadric technique, QSURF]
Henkel, L., 1900, Berechnung der Dichte des Eisenbahnnetzes (calc. density of railroad networks; in 
German): Geographische Zeitschrift, v. 6, p. 220-221.    [adapted to drainage density; x = 2A/L; P 
= unit-cell area & L = total length]
Hennrich, Kirsten, Schmidt, Jochen, and Dikau, Richard, 1999, Regionalization of geomorphometric 
parameters in hydrological modelling using GIS, in Diekkrger, Bernd, Kirkby, M.J., and Schrder, 
Ulrich, eds., Regionalization in Hydrology: Conference, Technical University of Braunschweig, 
Germany, 10-14 March, 1997, Proceedings: IAHS Publication no. 254, p. 181-191.    [morph 
params correl. w/ hydro indices is scale dependent & better at fine scales]
Herrick, R.R., and Lyons, S.N., 1998, Inversion of crater morphometric data to gain insight on the 
cratering process: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 33, p. 131-143.    [complex crater d, d/D 
threshold, onset D for peaks, terraces, & peak rings.; acoustic fluidization model (Melosh 1982) & 
nonproportional growth (Schultz 1988) in published forms do not reproduce morph. data.  Most 
data consistent w/ linear dependence on crustal strength / hydrostatic pressure, c/rg.]
Herrick, R.R., and Sharpton, V.L., 2000, Implications from stereo-derived topography of Venusian 
impact craters: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105/E8, p. 20,245-20,262.    [Venusian craters 
50% deeper than complex craters on Earth; other quant. results]
Herzfeld, U.C., and Overbeck, Christoph, 1999, Analysis and simulation of scale-dependent fractal 
surfaces with application to seafloor morphology: Computers and Geosciences, v. 25, no. 9, p. 
979-1007.    [methods capture roughness & anisotropy, & extrapolate to other scales & locations]
Herzfeld, U.C., Kim, I.I., Ocutt, J.A., and Fox, C.G., 1993, Fractal geometry and seafloor 
topographytheoretical versus data analysis for the Juan de Fuca Ridge and the East Pacific 
Rise: Annales Geophysicae, v. 11, no. 6, p. 532-541.    [seafloor fractal, but neither self-similar, 
self-affine, nor multifractal in usual sense]
Hevelius, Johannes, 1647, Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio, atque accurata tam macularum 
ejus, quam motuum diversorum, aliarumque omnium vicissitudinum phasiumque telescopi ope 
deprehensarum, delineatio.  Addita est nova ratio lentes expoliendi, telescopia construendi, et 
horum adminiculo varias observationes exquisite instituendi (in Latin): Danzig, Hnefeld for the 
author, 563 p. + 111 engravings.    [1st good atlas of Moon, not surpassed for 100 yrs.; a few 
relative-height determinations from shadow lengths were later compared by Schrter (1791) with 
his]
Hickey, R.J., 2000, Slope angle and slope length solutions for GIS: Cartography (Canberra), v. 29, 
no. 1, p. 1-8.    [updates 1994 Hickey et al. computations for USLE]
Hill, J.M., Graham, L.A., and Henry, R.A., 2000, Wide-area topographic mapping and applications 
using airborne LIght Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) technology: Photogrammetric Engineering 
and Remote Sensing, v. 66, no. 8, p. 908-909, 911-914, 927.    [nontechnical intro./review; good 
biblio]
Hilley, George, and Arrowsmith, Ramon, 2001, Santa Cruz Mountains and San Francisco Bay 
Peninsula Morphometry: http://activetectonics.la.asu.edu/scm/morphometry/morphometry.html.    
[envelope, sub-envelope, & elev. residuals maps fr 1/24K DEMs by Arc/Info macro]
Herdt, K.N., Rodhe, Allan, Seibert, Jan, and McDonnell, J.J., 1998, Testing DTM-based spatial soil 
moisture predictions with peat mapping in forested central Sweden (abs.), Transactions of the 
American Geophysical Union, v. 79, no. 45, supplement, p. F249.    [new 'drainage efficiency index' 
outperformed TOPMODEL by 20%]
Hochstger, F., 1995, Verwaltung landesweiter Gelndehhendaten (in German; Administration of 
country-wide land-height data): Salzburger Geographische Materialien, no. 22, p. 98-106; 
http://www.ipf.tuwien.ac.at/veroeffentlichungen/fh_p_agit95.html#ZF.    [managing the Austrian 
250-m DEM; oblique relief-shaded image]
Hodgson, M.E., and Gaile, G.L., 1996, Characteristic mean and dispersion in surface orientations for 
a zone: International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, v. 10, no. 7, p. 817-830.    [circ. 
stats.]
Hodgson, M.E., and Gaile, G.L., 1999, A cartographic modeling approach for surface orientation-
related applications: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 65, no. 1, p. 85-95.    
[bi-directional angles in DEMs as Hemisph. vectors using linear algebra]
Hoffmann, Klaus, Fleck, W., Gndra, H.I., and Dikau, Richard, 1993, Computergesttzte 
Modellierungen zu Relief-Bodenbeziehungen in Lgebieten Nord-Baden-Wrttembergs 
(computer-aided modelling to resolve relief-soil relations in no. Bavaria & Wurtt.): Mitteilungen der 
Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, v. 72, p. 935-938.    [10 params.: slope; aspect; plan & 
prof. curv.; up- & downslope flowlengths, height diffs.; upslope area & slope]
Holmes, K.W., 1999, Calculation of error in a USGS 30-meter digital elevation model and its effects 
on terrain attributes and environmental modeling: Santa Barbara, University of California, M.A. 
thesis, 91 p.    [see Holmes et al. 2000]
Holmes, K.W., Chadwick, O.A., and Kyriakidis, P.C., 2000, Error in a USGS 30-meter digital elevation 
model and its impact on terrain modeling: Journal of Hydrology, v. 233, nos.1-4, p. 154-173.    
[used GPS data; several params. eval.; geostat. modeling; propagation error worst in drains & 
along streamlines]
Hook, J.C., 1954, The quantification of Landform Characteristics: Iowa City, State University of Iowa, 
mimeographed, unpublished, 17 p.    [discusses 18th German & later morphometry (fr 
Neuenschwander 1944); seminar paper and/or part of 1955 thesis?]
Hooke, R.LeB., 1968, Steady-state relationships on arid-region alluvial fans in closed basins: 
American Journal of Science, v. 226, no. 8, p. 609-629.    [log-log fan/basin area; basin slope/area; 
fan slope/basin area]
Hooke, R.LeB., 2000, Toward a uniform theory of clastic sediment yield in fluvial systems: Geological 
Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 12, p. 1778-1786.    [elev., relief, slope angle & length]
Horton, R.E., 1941, Sheet erosionpresent and past: Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 
22, pt. 2, p. 299-305.    [measured large river-basins are 'pear-shaped ovoids' in plan, as are 
basins modeled fr parabolic cross & long. sections]
Hoss, H., 1996, DTM Derivation with laser scanner data: Geomatics Information Magazine, v. 10 , no, 
10, p. 2831.    [addresses caveats & quality control as well as flow of procedural steps]
Hoss, H., 1997, Einsatz des Laserscanner-Verfahrens beim Aufbau des digitalen 
Gelndehhenmodells DGM in Baden-Wrttemberg (in German): Photogrammetrie Fernerkundung 
Geoinformation, v. 2, p. 131142.    [a procedure for DEM generation from laser-scanned heights]
Houbolt, J.C., Walls, J.H., and Smiley, R.F., 1955, On spectral analysis of runway roughness and lads 
developed during taxiing: Washington, D.C., NACA Technical Note 3484, 9 p.    [summarizes PSD 
material, e.g. Walls et al. 1954]
Hovius, Niels, 1996, Regular spacing of drainage outlets from linear mountain belts: Basin Research, 
v. 8, no. 1, p. 29-44.    [important neo-orometry! char. stream spacing (n= 205, 1/250K-1/1000K 
topo maps) for 10 orogens = 2.070.16 the half-width of the mtn. belt (median= 2.13); Himalayas 
the exception (spacing ratio= 1.17); no explanation; related to Hack's law?]
Howard, Alan D., 1989, Morphometry of planimetric landforms: Reports of Planetary Geology and 
Geophysics Program - 1988: NASA Technical Memorandum 4130, p. 313-315.    ['path-cutting' & 
'convex-stepping' metrics for scarps & fluvial systems]
Howarth, P.J., and Bones, J.G., 1972, Relationships between geometric form and process on high 
Arctic debris-slopes, southwest Devon Island, Canada, in Price, R.J., and Sugden, D.E., eds., Polar 
Geomorphology: Institute of British Geographers, Special Publication 5, p. 139-153.    [measured 
profiles of talus slopes]
Hrnciarov, Tatiana, and Mikls, Ladislav, 1991, Morphometric indices in the interpretation of water 
and material motion dynamics illustrated on the example Doln Malanta: Ecology (CSFR), v. 10, no. 
2, p. 187-221.    [no info]
Hsia, J.-S., and Newton, Ian, 1999, A method for the automated production of digital terrain models 
using a combination of feature points, grid points, and filling back points: Photogrammetric 
Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 65, no. 6, p. 713-719.    [digital photogrammetry]
Hsu, M.-L., and Robinson, A.H., 1970, The fidelity of isopleth maps, an experimental study: 
Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 92 p.    [depends on character of source distribution 
(i.e. topo), size & shape of mapping units (pixels), & the number of control points]
Huang, C., 1998, Quantification of soil microtopography and surface roughness, in Baveye, Phillipe, 
Stewart, B.A., and Parlange, J.-Y., eds., Fractals in Soil Science: Berlin, Springer Verlag, p. 153-
168.    [used 2-D laser scanner to make DEM]
Huang, Y.D., 2000, Evaluation of information loss in digital elevation models with digital 
photogrammetric systems: Photogrammetric Record, v. 16, no. 95, p. 781-791.    [uses rms 
differences betw. candidate DEM & a much denser DEM 'standard']
Hubbard, Bryn, Siegert, M.J., and McCarroll, Danny, 2000, Spectral roughness of glaciated bedrock 
geomorphic surfacesimplications for glacier sliding: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, no. 
B9, p. 21,295-21,303.    [micro- & macro-profiles combine in 5-order PSD's that yield 2 bed-
roughness indices]
Huber, William, 1825, Considrations gnrales sur les Alpes centrales (in French): Bulletin de la 
Socit Gographique de Paris, v. 5, p. 105ff.    [refined Humboldt's quant. comparison of ridge & 
summit mean heights by averaging all summits rather than just a sampling]
Huggett, R.J., 1975, Soil landscape systemsa model of soil genesis: Geoderma, v. 13, no. 1, p. 1-
22.    [added flow lines to Troeh's 1964 four concave-convex elements to segment land-surface 
form by slope & curvature; 4 block diagrams; crude computer result]
Huggins, K.H., 1935, The Scottish Highlandsa regional study: Scottish Geographical Magazine, v. 
51, p. 296-306.    [delimited by relief (> 700') on 2-mi. grid (O.S. maps); used 800' contour & 
summits >1500']
Huggins, L.F., and Monke, E.J., 1966, The mathematical solution of the hydrology of small 
watersheds: Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, Water Resources Research Center, Technical 
Report No. 1, 130 p.    [one of 1st true distributed-parameter hydrologic models; basis of 
ANSWERS model]
Hughes, D.A., 1981, An approach to the quantification of floodplain form: Area (London), v. 13, no. 
4, p. 285-291.    [no info]
Hughes, L.A., Smith, D.H., and Ryley, A., 2001, Robust data compression for digital elevation models 
(ext. abs.), in Kidner, D.B., and Higgs, G., eds., GIS Research UK 9th, Annual Conference 
(GISRUK 2001), University of Glamorgan, Wales, 18-20 April 2001, Proceedings: p. 462-467.    [no 
info]
Hughes, R.J., Jr., 1959, Volume estimates from contours: Economic Geology, v. 54, no. 4, p. 730-
737.    [exemplified by cut-and-fill grading of an area]
Hum, Io., and Rdulescu, D., 1978, Automatic production of thematic maps of slope stability: 
Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, no. 17, p. 95-99.    [early 
computer map fr quant. coding of variables incl. slope & aspect]
Humboldt, Alexander von, 1808, et ann. suiv., Nivellement baromtrique fait dans les rgions 
quinoxiales du Nouveau Continent 1799-1804 (in French; barometric surveying in equatorial 
regions of the Americas), published as a separate from Recueil d'observations astronomiques, 
d'oprations trigonomtriques et de mesures baromtriques, Partie 4, 2 vol. (v. 21 & 22) Paris, F. 
Schoell, Treuttel & Wrtz, in Alexandre de Humboldt et Aim Bonpland, 1805-34, Voyage aux 
rgions quinoxiales du nouveau continent fait en 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803 et 1804, 30 v., 
paging unknown.    [500 heights calculated by Jabbo Oltmanns fr Humboldt's measurements, 
Laplace's formula, & Ramond's barometric coeff.  It may have been here (otherwise in an 
unspecified 1807 work) where Humboldt complained that heights of only 62 of the world's 
mountains were measured and he had accounted for half]
Humboldt, Alexander von, 1817, De distributione geographica plantarum secundum coeli temperiem 
et altitudinem montium, Prolegomena (in Latin; on the geogr. distr. of plants in the new world, 
temperatures, & heights of mountains): Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris & Lubeck, 250 p., hand-colored 
engraved foldout map.    [footnote to p. 112 in Edinb. New Phil. Jour., (1845, v. 39) says p. 81 & 
182 (82?) of the 1817 work mention 'the distinction which is so important to climatology & human 
civilization, of continents having uniform, and those having indented coasts; .... the relation of the 
extent of coasts to the area of the continent, which is ... the measure of the accessibility of the 
interior'  This is the (later) much-pursued quantification of continental area/perimeter, or 'coastal 
development' (Kstenentwicklungen i.e. 'convolution').  The concept, attributed by Humboldt to 
Strabo & evidently 1st quantified by Ritter (1826, 1828), claims that highly indented coasts, e.g. 
Europe, lead to more advanced cultures]
Humboldt, Alexander von, 1835, article title unknown: Berghaus' Annalen der Erdkunde, v. 12, p. 
490ff.    [contains material on '... the relation of the extent of coasts to the area of the continent, 
which is ... the measure of the accessibility of the interior ...' (ref. = Edinb. New Phil. Jour., 1845, v. 
39, p. 112 footnote is early mention in English of the (later) much-pursued quantification of 
continental area/perimeter, or 'coastal development' (i.e. Kstenentwicklungen or 'convolution').  
The concept, attributed by Humboldt to Strabo & evidently 1st quantified by Ritter (1826, 1828), 
claims that highly indented coasts, e.g. Europe, lead to more advanced cultures]
Humboldt, Alexander von, 1843c, An attempt to determine the height of continents: Edinburgh New 
Philosophical Journal, v. 34, art. 12, p. 326-337.    [measured heights refute Laplace's 1825 
deduced mean height of Earth's continents of 1000 m (3028'); see several other A. von H. refs. to 
this work]
Hunt, C.B., 1950, Military geology, in Paige, Sidney, ed., Application of Geology to Engineering 
Practice: Geological Society of America, p. 295-327.    ['scopograph' instrument projected contour 
maps into landing-craft-level visualizations of terrain; basic descr. of terrain (incl. map units) for 
observation, concealment, cover, trafficability; WW II experience]
Hurtrez, J.-E., Lucazeau, F., Lav, J., and Avouac, J.-P., 1999, Investigation of the relationships 
between basin morphology, tectonic uplift, and denudation from the study of an active fold belt in 
the Siwalik Hills, Nepal: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, no. B6, p. 12,779-12,796.    [of 
27 params (17 basins), only basin elev & hyps. int. correl signif. w/ uplift rate; re-derives hypsometric 
integral (no ref. to Pike & Wilson 1971)]
Hutchinson, M.F., 2001, ANUDEM version 4.6.3: Canberra, Centre for Resources and Environmental 
Studies, Australian National University; http://cres.anu.edu.au/outputs/anudem.html.    [successful 
software package; yields accurate DEMs with sensible drainage properties fr ~small, but well 
chosen, elev. & stream line data]
Hutchinson, M.F., and Gallant, J.C., 1999, Representation of terrain, ch. 9, in Longley, P.A., 
Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J., and Rhind, D.W., eds., Geographical Information Systems, v. 1, 
Principles and Technical Issues, 2nd ed.: New York, Wiley, p. 105-124.    [state-of-art review of 
DEMs & modeling, supplants Weibel & Heller, 1991]
Hutchinson, M.F., and Gallant, J.C., 2000, Digital elevation models and representation of terrain 
shape, in Wilson, J.P., and Gallant, J.C., eds, Terrain AnalysisPrinciples and Applications: New 
York, Wiley, p. 29-50.    [review, emphasizing ANUDEM software package]
Hutchinson, M.F., Stein, J.L., and Stein, J.A., 2001, Upgrade of the 9 second Australian digital 
elevation modelA joint project of CRES and AUSLIG: CRES, ANU, 
http://cres.anu.edu.au/dem/index.html.    [intro, sample images, purchase, GEODATA 9" DEM hist 
& descr, revised source data, ANUDEM gridding algorithm, accuracy est., refs]
I
Ibbit, R.P., Willgoose, G.R., and Duncan, M.J., 1999, Channel network simulation models compared 
with data from the Ashley River, New Zealand: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 12, p. 3875-
3890.    [250-m DEM; OCN & SIBERIA tested-neither satisfactory; used hypso. int.]
Ijjasz-Vasquez, E.J., Rodriguez-Iturbe, Ignacio, and Bras, R.L., 1992, On the multifractal 
characterization of river basins: Geomorphology, vol. 5, nos. 3-5, p. 297-310.    [develops 
multifractal spectra of various parameters]
Inamdar. S.P., and Dillaha, T.A., 2000, Relationships between drainage area, slope length, and 
slope gradient for riparian slopes in Virginia: Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural 
Engineers, v. 43, no. 4, p. 861-866.    [contributing areas computed fr 1-m DEMs; infer fine-scale A 
fr coarser-scale params.]
Inbar, M., and Risso, C., 2001, A morphological and morphometric analysis of a high density cinder 
cone volcanic fieldPayun Matri, south-central Andes, Argentina : Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, 
v. 45, no. 3, p. 321-343.    [summ. 120 cones & 8 groups; params. Hco, Wco, ratio, slope, Dcr]
Inkpen, R.J., Collier, Peter, and Fontana, Dominic, 2000, Close-range photogrammetric analysis of 
rock surfaces: Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, Supplementband 120, p. 67-81.    [DEMs & 
variograms of weathered vs. unweathered surfaces]
Iri, M., Shimakawa, Y., and Nagai, T., 2000, Extraction of invariants from digital elevation data with 
applications to terrain topography (in Japanese): Symposium on Integrated Geographical 
Information Systems, Proceedings: v. 5, p. 33-46.    [peaks, bottoms (pits), & cols (passes) = critical 
points]
Ivanov, S.S., 1994, Global reliefevidence of fractal geometry, in Kruhl, J.H., ed., Fractals and 
Dynamic Systems in Geoscience: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 221-230.    [1975 revised Scripps topo 
data on 1 global grid; gets D = 1.37]
Ivanov, M.A., and Head, J.W., 2001, Altitude distribution of units, 3.4 in Geology of 
Venusmapping of a global geotraverse at 30N latitude: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 
106, no. E8, p. 17,544-17,546.    [hypsograms suggest 3 groups of geologic units]
Iwahashi, Junko, and Kamiya, Izumi, 1995, Landform classification using digital elevation model by 
the skills of image processingmainly using the Digital National Land Information: Joho Chishitsu 
(Geoinformatics; Osaka), v. 6, no. 2, p. 97-108.    [no info; probably related to Iwahashi 1994?]
Iwahashi, Junko, Watanabe, Shiaki, and Furuya, Takahiko, 2001, Landform analysis of slope 
movements using DEM in Higashikubiki area, Japan: Computers & Geosciences, v. 27, no. 7, p. 
851-865.    [spatial freq.  failure proclivity; slope dist. ~ normal on slides, but not stable terrain]
J
Jackson, C.R., and Sturm, C.A., 2002, Woody debris and channel morphology in first- and second-
order forested channels in Washington's coastal ranges: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 9, 
p. 16-1 to 16-14.    [step-pool freq., step height / channel slope; streams probl. 'step-riffle' not 'step-
pool']
Jger, Stefan, 1993, Computergesttzte Erzeugung und Anwendung umweltrelevanter Basisdaten 
der Reliefgeometrie (Computer-assisted production and use of environmentally relevant basic data 
of relief geometry), in Barsch, Dietrich, and Karrasch, Heinz, eds. Geographie und Umwelt: 
Tagungsbericht und wissenschaftl. Abhandlungen, 48, Deutscher Geographentag 1991, 
Wiesbaden, Steiner Verlag, p. 153-158.    [no info]
Jger, Stefan, and Wieczorek, G.F., 1994, Landslide susceptibility in the Tully Valley area, Finger 
Lakes region, New York: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-file report 94-615, one sheet, 1/50,000 
scale.    [fr. logistic regr. of 90-m DEM slope, old lake levels & pres./abs. of clays]
Jakobsson, Martin, Cherkis, Norman, Woodward, John, Macnab, Ron, and Coakley, Bernard, 2000, 
New grid of Arctic bathymetry aids scientists and mapmakers: Eos, Transactions, American 
Geophysical Union, v. 81, no. 9, p. 89, 93, & 96; 
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/arctic.html.    [new standard: IBCAO (2.5km DBM grid), 
compiled fr diverse sources, incl. declassified & Russian]
Jakobsson, Martin, 2002, Hypsometry and volume of the Arctic Ocean and its constituents seas: 
Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 3, 10.1029/2001GC000302.    [2.5km Intl. Bath. Chart 
Arct. Oc. DBM reveals broad shallow shelves]
Jankowski, D.G., and Squyres, S.W., 1991, Sources of error in planetary photoclinometry: Journal of 
Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. E4, p. 20,907-20,922.    [quant. anal. of at least 7, fr spacecraft 
image, the planet imaged, & scan-line orientation; good biblio]
Janoo, V.C., 1998, Quantification of shape, angularity, and surface texture of base course materials: 
Hanover, NH, US Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, 
CRREL Special Report 98-1, 22 p.; 
http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/techpub/CRREL_Reports/reports/SR98_01.pdf.    [reviews direct & 
indirect morphometric methods, incl. Wright 1955]
Jansma, Pamela, Mattioli, Glen, Matias, Audeliz, and Harding, David, 1999, Northeastern Caribbean 
topography gets a digital upgrade from laser altimetry: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical 
Union, v. 80, no. 43, p. 511.    [SLICER (Scanning LIDAR Imager of Canopies by Echo Recovery) 
data corrects DEMs by removing vegetative cover]
Jayko, A.S., 1997, Digital geomorphic investigation, in U.S. Geological Survey, Investigation of the 
San Bruno Fault near the extension of the Bay Area Rapid Transit line from Colma to San 
Francisco International Airport, San Mateo County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file 
Report 97-429, p. 26-55.    [15-m DEM from 4 mid-19th C. topo maps; shaded relief, slope, curv., 
profiles]
Jayko, A.S., 2000, Digital analysis, p. 7-8 in Bonilla, M.G., Jachens, R.C., Jayko, A.S., Wentworth, 
C.M., and McGarr, A.F., The demise of the San Bruno Fault: California Geology, v. 53, no. 2, p. 4-
19.    [15-m DEM from 4 mid-19th C. topo maps; shaded relief, curv., profiles]
Jelinek, H.F., Jones, C.L., and Warfel, M.D., 1998, Is there meaning in fractal analysis?, in Standish, 
Russell, and seven others, eds., Complex Systems '98, Complexity Between the EcosFrom 
Ecology to Economics, 30 Nov.-3 Dec., Univ. NSW, Sydney, Australia, Proceedings: Complexity 
International (ANU, Canberra), v. 6; http://www.csu.edu.au/ci/vol06/jelinek/jelinek.html.    [clarifies 
semantics of 'fractal', often used ignoring principles of scaling theory; need linguistic template to 
communicate across disciplines]
Jenco, Marin, 1993, The morphometric analysis of georelief in terms of a theoretical conception of 
the complex digital elevation model of georelief: Universitas Comeniana, Univerzita Komenskho, 
Bratislava, Geographica Nr. 33, p. 133-153.    [Krcho-type analysis of topo. as a random field]
Jennings, P.J., and Siddle, H.J., 1998, Use of landslide inventory data to define the spatial location 
of landslide sites, South Wales, UK, in Maund, J.G., and Eddleston, Malcolm, eds., Geohazards in 
Engineering Geology: London, The Geological Society, Engineering Geology Special Publication 
no. 15, p. 199-211.    [shallow slides: slope >24, nr. coal, 1 ha, 90 m long; deep-seated harder to 
char.; >10ha, whole hillside, longer than 250m]
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1997, DEM auxiliary datasets preparation plandigital elevation mapping 
support to the EOS/AM-1 platform: Pasadena, CA, California Institute of Technology, JPL D-13508, 
release 2. 65 p.    [30' GTOPO30 spacing met requirements set up here]
Jezek, K.C., Liu, Hongxing, Zhao, Zhiyuan, and Li, Biyan, 1999, Improving a digital elevation model 
of Antarctica using radar remote sensing data and GIS techniques: Polar Geography, v. 23, no. 3, 
p. 185-200.    [successful upgrade, but more remains to be done]
Jiao, K.Q., 1981, Cross-section of glacial valley at the head of Urumqi River, Tian Shan (in Chinese): 
Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, v. 3, p. 92-96.    [fits power-law model]
Jimenez, J.A., Maia, L.P., Serra, Jordi, and Morais, Jader, 1999, Aeolian dune migration along the 
Cear coast, north-eastern Brazil: Sedimentology, v. 46, no. 4, p. 689-701.    [h/W & L/W relations 
(largest barchans yet) are linear]
Jiskoot, Hester, Boyle, Paul, and Murray, Tavi, 1998, The incidence of glacier surging in 
Svalbardevidence from multivariate statistics: Computers and Geosciences, v. 24, no. 4, p. 387-
399.    [logit regr. on 13 var. n= 504; glacier length, sfce slope & lithology best pred.]
Johansson, Magnus, 1999, Analysis of digital elevation data for paleosurfaces in south-western 
Sweden: Geomorphology, v. 26, no. 4, p. 279-295.    [3 surfaces interpr. fr. DEM trend-srfce & rel & 
abs relief]
Johansson, Magnus, Olvmo, Mats, and Sderstrm, Mats, 1999, Application of digital elevation and 
geological data in studies of morphotectonics and reliefa case study of the sub-Cambrian 
peneplain in south-western Sweden: Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, v. 43, no. 4, p. 505-520.    
[trend-surface & distance-weight. moving ave. for 50-m National DEM]
Johns Hopkins University, 1952, The effects of terrain on battlefield visibility (SECRET): Operations 
Research Office, Technical memorandum ORO-T-161, paging unknown.    [no info; likely is early 
quant. line-of-sight research]
Johns Hopkins University, 1955, Limitations imposed by topography on line-of-sight surveillence and 
communication (CLASSIFIED): Operations Research Office, Technical memorandum ORO-T-332, 
paging unknown.    [LOS; no details]
Jomelli, Vincent, 1997, Godynamique des dpts d'avalanchesanalyses morphomtriques et 
sdimentologiques (in French): doctoral thesis, Univ. Denis Diderot de Paris 7, 252 p.    [longitud. 
profiles, slope, concavity index, distance from apex; 20 deposits]
Jomelli, Vincent, 1999, Dpts d'avalanches dans les Alpes Franaisesgomtrie, sdimentologie 
et godynamique depuis le Petit ge Glaciaire (in French w English abstract & fig. captions): 
Gographie Physique et Quaternaire, v. 53, no. 2, p. 199-209.    [longitud. profiles, slope, 
concavity index, distance from apex; 20 deposits]
Jomelli, Vincent, and Francou, Bernard, 2000, Comparing the characteristics of rockfall talus and 
snow avalanche landforms in an Alpine environment using a new methodological approachMassif 
des Ecrins, French Alps: Geomorphology, v. 35, nos. 3-4, p. 181-192.    [slope freq.; 
slope/distance; clast fabric & sorting]
Jones, C.B., 1997, Surface modeling and spatial interpolation, Chapter 12 in Geographical 
Information Systems and Computer Cartography: Harlow, UK, Addison Wesley Longman, p. 197-
213.    [textbook; DEM-based examples; good summary]
Jones, C.B., Kidner, D.B., and Ware, J.M., 1994, The implicit triangulated irregular network and 
multiscale databases: The Computer Journal, v. 37, no. 1, p. 43-57.    [can retrieve contours & form 
lines from multi-scale line tree (MSLT) edge file]
Jones, J.A.A., 1978, The spacing of streams in a random-walk model: Area (London), v. 10, no. 3, p. 
190-197.    [no info]
Jones, K.H., 1998, A comparison of algorithms used to compute hill slope as a property of the DEM: 
Computers and Geosciences, v. 24, no. 4, p. 315-323.    [Fleming-Hoffer (1979) & Horn (ARC/INFO 
GRID) best of 8 methods; max. slope = worst]
Jones, N.L., Kennard, M.J., and Zundel, A.K., 2000, Fast algorithm for generating sorted strings: 
Computers and Geosciences, v. 26, no. 7, p. 831-837.    [randomly sorts contour segments; faster 
than contour tracing]
Jones, Richard, 2002, Algorithms for using a DEM for mapping catchment areas of stream sediment 
samples: Computers and Geosciences, v. 28, no. 9, p. 1051-1060.    [efficient 'priority-first-search 
weighted-graph' algorithm enforces drainage continuity for both pits & flat terrain & improves on 
others (reviewed)]
Jordan, M.-E.-C., 1872a, Sur les lignes de fate et de thalweg (in French; on ridge & drainage lines): 
Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Sances de l'Acadmie des Sciences, v. 74, no. 23, p. 
1457-1459.    [mathematician; his contribution, a series of discussions with Boussinesq, 
summarized by Lpez 1997: at a valley bottom, the only way to identify the terrain slope-line where 
others converge is to observe its originat a saddle point or a double inflection point of the level 
curves, taking into account channels along ravines; see also Rieger 1997, who prefers Jordan's 
def. to Rothe 1915]
Jordan, M.-E.-C., 1872b, Sur les lignes de fate et de thalweg; rponse aux observations de M. 
Boussinesq (in French; on ridge & drainage lines; reply to ... M. B.): Comptes Rendus 
Hebdomadaires des Sances de l'Acadmie des Sciences, v. 75, no. 11, p. 625-627.    [response 
to Boussinesq's 1872b criticism; see remarks for Jordan 1872a]
Jordan, M.-E.-C., 1872c, Nouvelles observations sur les lignes de fate et de thalweg (in French; new 
obs. on ridge & drainage lines): Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Sances de l'Acadmie des 
Sciences, v. 75, p. 1023-1025.    [see remarks for Jordan 1872a]
Jorgeson, Jeff, Freeman, G.E., Johnson, B.E., and, Nelson, Jim, 1998, Hydrologic modeling of West 
Fork Cedar River Watershed using GEOSHED automated drainage analysis (abs.), in Hallam, C.A., 
and Salisbury, J.M., eds., GIS Applications in Water Resources ResearchAmerican water 
Resources Annual Meeting, Chicago Ill, November 6-10, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-file 
Report 98-751, p. 8.    [DEM-to-watershed transformation on 3' DEM in GRASS]
Journel, A.G., Kyriakidis, P.C., and Mao, Shuguang, 2000, Correcting the smoothing effects of 
estimatorsa spectral postprocessor: Mathematical Geology, v. 32, no. 7, p. 787-813.    [results 
from DEM verify theory of spatial interpolation by autocovariance]
Jovanovc, P.-S., 1940, Les profils fluviatiles en long, leurs formes et leurs gnses. Essai de 
mthodes morphogntiques nouvelles (in French): Skopje and Paris (Armand Colin), 196 p.    
[statistical study of longitudinal stream profiles]
Judge, E.K., and Overton, M.F., 2001, Remote sensing of barrier island morphologyevaluation of 
photogrammetry-derived digital terrain models: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 17, no. 1, p. 207-
220.    [101 surveyed dune & beach profiles compare well w/ DEM profiles]
Junkins, J.L., Jancaitis, J.R., and Miller, G.W., 1972, Smooth Irregular Curves: Photogrammetric 
Engineering, v. 38, p. 565-573.    [probably still the best method to interpolate along a line past 
simple linear interpolation]
K
Kaikko, Johann, 1934, Die Hhenunterschiede (height differences), in Streifigkeit der Landschaft in 
Ladoga-Karelien mit besonder Bercks. ihrer Abhngigkeit vom Felsuntergrund: Fennia, v. 58, no. 
4, p. 24, map 6, 1/1M.    [5 km squares, 15 10-m relief intervals]
Kaitanen, Veijo, 1975, Composition and morphotectonic interpretation of the Kiellajohka drainage 
basin, Finnish Lapland: Fennia, v. 140, 54 p.    [applies new quant. methods to analysis of fluvial-
relief evolution]
Kammerer, Peter, 1986, Verbesserung der morphometrischen Erfassung des Reliefs mit Hilfe des 
Digitalen Gelndemodells (in German; Improved morphometric understanding of relief with the aid 
of DEMs): Mitt. der Geographischen Gesellschaft in Mnchen, v. 71, p. 57-79.    [no info]
Kammerer, Peter, 1990, Die Verarbeitung von Gelndehhendaten des Bayerischen 
Landesvermessungsamtes auf dem PC (in German; processing Bavarian Office for Land 
Surveying's DEM on the PC): Mitt. der Geographischen Gesellschaft in Mnchen, v. 75, p. 21-29.    
[no info]
Kane, Phillip, 1978, Origins of valley asymmetry at Sarah Canyon, California: Yearbook of the 
Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, v. 40, p. 103-115.    [microclim. & veg. type & density; 
topo. diffs. incl. drainage area, density, bifurc. ratio, max. slope gradient, mean slope & channel 
gradient]
Kanisawa, Satoshi, and Yokoyama, Ryuzo, 1999, Extraction of geologic information from digital 
elevation map of 50m-meshapplication of slope and openness maps to the Kitakami Mountains 
(in Japanese): Chisitsu News, no. 542, p. 31-38.    [reticulate structure of joint pattern revealed 
clearly for 1st time by 'openness']
Kant, Immanuel, 1802, Physische Geographie (in German), F.T. Rink, ed.: Knigsberg, Gbbels & 
Unzer, v. 1, 312 p., v. 2, 248 p.; republished 1923 as Kant's Gesammelte Schriften, in Akad. der 
Wissenschaften zu Berlin, v. 9, p. 151-436.    [among earliest quant. geomorph., see notes for 
Kant 1803; the only edition authorized by Kant; contents of lectures date to 1775 (v. 1) and 1759 
(v. 2)]
Kant, Immanuel, 1803, Physische Geographie (in German): Mainz & Hamburg, ed. Gottfried Vollmer, 
v. 3 (of 6, v. 1 in 1801), section 1, p. 18.    [one of earliest morphometric observations, namely, 
tributaries normally meet main river at 45 (p. 18); cf Playfair 1802, p. 113-14; Kant among 1st to 
advocate land quantification beyond mere listing surface extent, height, & depth; Kant never 
traveled but his collected geographic observations by others (he constantly entertained intellectual 
guests) were highly influential. Kant also infl. J.H. Schrter 1791, 1802. Defects of Vollmer's edition 
of Kant (only Rink 1802 ed. is authoritative; see Hartshorne 1939, The Nature of Geography, 
Annals AAG, 29/3 & 4, p. 38-39) do not necessarily invalidate attribution of the 45 'rule' (angle is 
variable) to Kant; lectures on which books were based date to mid-1700's.]
Kao, R.C., 1963, The use of computers in the processing and analysis of geographic information: 
Geographical Review, v. 53, p. 530-547.    [early advocate of automated spatial data handling]
Kar, Amal, 1998, Present-day mobile crescentic dunes in the Thar desert, India, in Alsharhan, A.S., 
Glennie, K.W., Whittle, G.L., and Kendall, C.G.St.C., eds., Quaternary Deserts and Climatic 
Change: Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 155-164.    [1 barchan; shape changes w/ season & degree of 
development]
Kar, Amal, Tsunekawa, Atsushi, and Miyazaki, Tadakuni, 1998, Potentiality of global positioning 
system in sand dune measurementa case study from the Thar desert, India, in Alsharhan, A.S., 
Glennie, K.W., Whittle, G.L., and Kendall, C.G.St.C., eds., Quaternary Deserts and Climatic 
Change: Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 433-438.    [1st -ever landform from GPS?; 9122 good elevs for 1 
parabolic dune; took 6 hrs.; 1-m CI map from DEM]
Kargel, J.S. 1986, Morphologic variations of Martian rampart crater ejecta and their dependencies 
and implications, in Abstracts of papers submitted to the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 
17th, March, Houston, TX, The Lunar and Planetary Institute: Lunar and Planetary Science XVII, 
p. 410-411.    [the old area/perimeter relation (see Woronow & Mutch 1980); calc. 'lobateness' = 
P/(4A)0.5 for 538 craters]
Karlekar, S.N., 1995, Keskar, Umesh, The quantitative assessment of a few landslides around 
Chiplun and Sangameshwar (Maharashtra): Geographical Review of India, v. 57, no. 1, p. 1-19.    
[PCA: 26 attributes & 15 sites; major var.= height, 'spread' & 'ground length']
Kastrop, J.E., 1949, Sun Oil Company's mobile elevation meter: World Oil, v. 128, no. 13, p. 76-80.    
[3-wheel trailer; electro-mechanical slope integratin system; elev. accuracy is fraction of a foot over 
several miles; less acc. in rough terrain]
Kasugaya, Nobumasa, 1981, A method of the morphometry by the application of the mechanical 
quadratures (in Japanese with English abstract): Transactions, Japanese Geomorphological Union, 
v. 1, no. 2, p. 135-149.    [8-point terrain-ruggedness index: true area/map area?]
Kasugaya, Nobumasa, and Chikatsu, Hirofumi, 1981, Some examples of the application of the 
mechanical quadratures to morphometry (in Japanese with English abstract): Transactions, 
Japanese Geomorphological Union, v. 1, no. 2, p. 151-164.    [n=10; ruggedness index: landform 
volume, evenness]
Katsube, Keiichi, 2000, Morphometry of mountains based on a 50-m DEM (in Japanese), in Sugimori, 
H., Aoki, T., Suzuki, Y., and Oguchi, T., eds., Integration of digital measurement methods for the 
GIS analyses of hilly lands: Nagoya, Chunichi Shinbun, p. 35-37.    [similar height/slope relations 
for diff. rock types in diff. ranges]
Katsube, Keiichi, and Oguchi, Takashi, 1999, Altitudinal changes in slope angle and profile curvature 
in the Japan Alpsa hypothesis regarding a characteristic slope angle: Geographical Review of 
Japan, v. 72 (Ser. B), no., 1, p. 63-72.    [50m DEM; 3 alt. zones in 3 ranges:<1 km, 1-2.8 km, >2.8 
km]
Kaufmann, Victor, 1998, Geomorphometric monitoring of active rock glaciers in the Austrian Alps (in 
German), in International Symposium on High Mountain Remote Sensing and Cartography 4th 
(HMRSC-4), 19-29 August 1996, Proceedings: University of Karlstad, Austria, Research Report 
97/3 Natural Sciences / Technology, p. 97-113.    [chapter 6 is on morphometry]
Kaulfuss, W., 1975, Darstellungsmethode und Anwendungsmoeglichkeiten eines Kartogramms der 
Reliefenergie fuer den Bezirk Dresden (in German; Representation methods & applicability of a 
relative-relief map of the Dresden area: Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, v. 119, no. 4, p. 
317-319.    [no info; late use of obsolete term 'reliefenergie']
Kavouras, Marinos, 1989, Vectorization of scanned contour data: Technical Chronicles  (in Greek), 
v. 9, no. 3, p. 127-149.    [no info]
Kawabata, Daisaku, Oguchi, Takashi, and Katsube, Keiichi, 2001, Effects of geology on slope 
angles in the southern Japanese Alpsa GIS approach:  Transactions, Japanese 
Geomorphological Union, v. 22, n5. 3, p. 827-836.    [height/slope relations for 24 rock types fr 55m 
DEM; some rel. to landsliding]
Kawakami, H., and Saito, Y., 1984, Landslide risk mapping by a quantification method, in 
International Symposium on Landslides, 4th, 16-21 September, Toronto, Proceedings: Rexdale, 
Ont., Canadian Geotechnical Society, v. 2, p. 535-540.    [weighted freqs. of valley density, elev., 
slope, formation, geol. structure]
Keane, C.M., 1997, Terrain texture and its potential for landform classification in western Piedmont of 
Maryland: College Park, University of Maryland, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 222 p.    [no info]
Keber, Dr., 1882, comments (in German) in Gnther (1882), p. 146.    [the area/perimeter problem]
Keefer, D.K., 1984, Rock avalanches caused by earthquakessource characteristics: Science, v. 
223, no. 4642, p. 1288-1290.    [source slope-height (min.= 150 m) vs. gradient (min.= 25) for n= 
23]
Kennelly, P.J., and Kimerling, A.J., 2001, Modifications of Tanaka's illuminated contour method: 
Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, v. 28, no. 2, p. 111-123.    [aspect varies by 
color, slope by contour width]
Kennedy, F.E., Brown, C.A., Kolodny, J., and Sheldon, B.M., 1999, Fractal analysis of hard disk 
surface roughness and correlation with static and low-speed friction: Transactions of the ASME, v. 
121, no. 4, p. 968-974.    [2 parameters (by patchwork method) sensitive to surface-finishing 
processes]
Kenny, F.M. (compiler), 1998, Digital elevation model of the Greater Toronto and Oak Ridges Moraine 
areas, southern Ontario (chromo-stereo enhancement): Geological Survey of Canada, Open-File 
Report 3423, 1 sheet, map scale 1:200,000.    [paper map from DEM released on CD-ROM a year 
later]
Kenny, F.M, Paquette, J., Russell, H.A.J., Moore, A., Hinton, M.J., 1999, Digital elevation model, 
greater Toronto area, southern Ontario, and Lake Ontario bathymetry: Geological Survey of 
Canada, Open-File Report 3678, 1 CD-ROM, containing Arc/Info E00, USGS DEM, and Vertical 
Mapper files.    [hydrol. OK DEM fr 1/50 000 database; ARC/INFO TOPOGRID; 30 m grid, +3 m 
vert.]
Kerenyi, A., 1977, Kulonbozo reliefenergia-abrazolasok es az erozio kapesolata a tokaji Kopasz-
hegy peldajan (in Hungarian; Methods for presentation of relative relief and erosion on the example 
of the Kopasz Mt. in Tokaj: Foldrajzi Ertesito (Geographical Bulletin; Budapest), v. 26, nos. 3-4, p. 
289-304.    [no info]
Kertsz, dam, 1979, Application of morphometric methods to geomorphological research, in Marosi, 
S., ed., Applied Geographical Research in the Geographical Research Institute of the Hungarian 
Academy of Sciences: Abstract no. 21, p. 51-62.    [p. 54 & 62, defines microrelief by no. contours 
crossing sample circle]
Kertsz, dam, and Szilrd, Jen, 1979, Some problems of slope development reflected in slope-
profile investigations: Geographia Polonica, v. 41, no. 1, p. 21-26.    [geomorph. interpr. of detailed 
field slope-profile char.]
Kervyn, Franois, 2001, Modelling topography with SAR interferometryillustrations of a favourable 
and less favourable environment: Computers and Geosciences, v. 27, no. 9, p. 1039-1050.    
[obtained usable InSAR DEM from one area but not another (vegetation too dense)]
Kheyfets, B.S., 1958, The use of polynomials for mathematical characterization of topographic 
complexity (in Russian): Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnyh Zavedeny, Geodesiya i Aerophotosyemka, 
no. 1, p. 79-86.    [no info]
Kidner, D.B., 1991, Digital terrain models for radio path loss calculations: Ph.D. Thesis, The 
Polytechnic of Wales, 269 p.    [results differ by type of DEMs & its accuracy]
Kidner, D.B., Eynon, Christopher, and Smith, D.H., 2001, Multiscale terrain databases (ext. abs.), in 
Kidner, D.B., and Higgs, G., eds., GIS Research UK 9th, Annual Conference (GISRUK 2001), 18-
20 April 2001, University of Glamorgan, Wales, Proceedings: p. 151-153.    [hierarch. encodes 131-
million-point Great Britain DEM by implicit quadtree pyramid]
Kidner, D.B., and Smith, D.H., 1997, Data compression for digital elevation models, in Hodgson, S., 
Rumor, and Harts, J.J., eds., Joint European Conference on Geographical Information, 3rd, 
Vienna, Austria, Proceedings: Amsterdam, IOS Press, v. 1, p. 96-105.    [review; prediction 
preprocessing improves performance over GZIP, etc.]
Kidner, D.B., and Smith, D.H., 1997, Storage-efficient techniques for representing digital terrain 
models, in Kemp, Z.A., ed., Innovations in GIS 4: Edinburgh, Taylor and Francis, p. 25-41.    [large 
datasets are forcing efficiencies in storage]
Kidner, D.B., and Smith, D.H., 1998, Storage-efficient techniques for handling terrain data, in Spatial 
Data Handling '98 Conference, 11-15 July, Vancouver, BC, Proceedings: p. 373-385.    [large 
datasets are forcing greater efficiencies in storage]
Kidner, D.B., Dorey, M.I., and Smith, D.H., 1999, What's the point? Interpolation and extrapolation 
with a regular grid DEM, in International Conference on GeoComputation, 4th, Fredericksburg VA, 
Mary Washington College, 25-28 July, GeoComputation 99: 
http://www.geovista.psu.edu/geocomp/geocomp99/Gc99/082/gc_082.htm.    [high-order 
techniques > linear ones; bicubic interpol. = min. for DEMs]
Kidner, D.B., Sparkes, A.J., Dorey, M.I., Ware, J.M. and Jones, C.B., 2001, Visibility analysis with the 
multiscale implicit TIN: Transactions in GIS, v. 5, no. 1, p. 19-37.    [storage-reduction method 
applied to viewsheds]
Kidner, D.B., Ware, J.M., Sparkes, A.J. and Jones, C.B., 2000, Multiscale terrain and topographic 
modelling with the implicit TIN: Transactions in GIS, v. 4, no. 4, p. 361-378.    [reduces size needs a 
lot by storing only vertices & constraining features at var. scales]
Kieffer, Hugh, Kargel, J.S., and 40 others, 2000, New eyes in the sky measure glaciers and ice 
sheets: Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 81, no. 24, p. 265, 270-271.    
[DEMs fr ASTER stereo coverage will quantify glacier topo. changes]
Kieniewicz, J.M., Chappelow, J.E., and Sharpton, V.L., 2000, Properties of Martian surfaces from the 
morphology of small impact craters (abs.): Eos Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 
81, no. 48 (Supplement, P62B-03), p. F780.    [use depth/diam. ratios to infer substrate character]
Killian, K., and Kraus, K., 1992, Punkte in topographischen Flchen mit gleicher Gelndeneigung (in 
German; points in topographic surfaces with same slope (?)): sterreichische Zeitschrift fr 
Vermessungswesen und Photogrammetrie, v. 80, no. 1, p. 20-24.    [technique to assess & model 
contour accuracy]
Kim, Sanghyun, Kim, Kyunghyun, and Jung, Sunhee, 2001, A digital elevation analysisspatially 
distributed flow apportioning algorithm (in Korean with English abstract): Journal of Korea Water 
Resources Association, v. 34, no. 3, p. 241-251.    [spatially varied flow-apport. to accomm. A fr 
upslope cells; channel init. threshold; topography index]
King, D., Bourennane, H., Isambert, M., and Macaire, J.J., 1999, Relationship of the presence of a 
non-calcareous clay-loam horizon to DEM attributes in a gently sloping area: Geoderma, v. 89, nos. 
1-2, p. 95-111.    [20X20m DEM; gradient & aspect dominant; wind, not H2O, = major process]
King, G.Q., 1982, Morphometry of Great Basin playas: Salt Lake City, UT, University of Utah, 
unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 137 p.    [drainage basins, morphometry, statistical analysis]
Kirby, Eric, and Whipple, Kelin, 2001, Quantifying differential rock-uplift rates via stream profile 
analysis: Geology, v. 29, no. 2, p. 415-418.    [differences in channel concavity (Nepal) match 
predictions of stream-power model]
Kirkby, M.J., 1971, Hillslope process-response models based on the continuity equation, in 
Brunsden, Denys, ed., Slopes, Form and Process: London, Institute of British Geographers, 
Special Publication no. 3, p. 15-30.    [formal introduction of the continuity eqn. into geomorp. 
modeling]
Kirkby, M.J., 1984, Modelling cliff development in South WalesSavigear re-reviewed: Zeitschrift fr 
Geomorphologie, v. 28, no. 4, p. 405-426.    [continuum eqn. for mass-balance model, incl. 
landsliding; results agree w/ Savigear 1952]
Kirkby, M.J., 1993, Long term interactions between networks and hillslopes, in Beven, Keith, and 
Kirkby, M.J., eds., Channel Network Hydrology: New York, Wiley, p. 255-293.    [state-of-art 
progress report, esp. flood forecasting]
Kirkby, M.J., 1997, TOPMODELa personal view: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 9, p. 1087-
1098.    [future variants may have to sacrifice simplicity for added realism]
Kirkby, M.J., 1999, Translating models from hillslope (1 ha) to catchment (1000 km2) scales, in 
Diekkrger, Bernd, Kirkby, M.J., and Schrder, Ulrich, eds., Regionalization in Hydrology, 
Conference, Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany, 10-14 March, 1997, Proceedings: 
IAHS Publication no. 254, p. 1-12.    [current methods primitive; uses DEM elev. in 'flowstrips' to 
scale up all other params.]
Klein, Micha, 1981, A quantitative approach to the analysis of slope roughness and effective slope 
angle: Catena, v. 8, p. 281-284.    [3 micro-profiles on 3 gravelly field plots; SDC freq.]
Kling, Johan, 1998, The difference between sorted circle and polygon morphology and their 
distribution in two alpine areas, northern Sweden: Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, v. 42, no. 4, p. 
439-452.    [n=700; circles smaller, width/length higher, & @ higher elev.]
Klinkenberg, Brian, and Clarke, K.C., 1992, Exploring the fractal mountains, in Palaz, I., and 
Sengupta, S.K., eds., Automated Pattern Analysis in Petroleum Exploration: New York, Springer-
Verlag, p. 201-212.    [fractal modeling of terrain (variogram method); see Clarke, 1993]
Klostermann, Henning, 1970, Zur geomorphometrischen Kennzeichnung kleiner Einzugsgebiete (in 
German; morphometric characterization of small catchment areas): Petermanns Geographische 
Mitteilungen, v. 114, no. 4, p. 241-260.    [watershed morphometry, German examples]
Knighton, A.D., 2000, Profile form and channel gradient variation within an upland drainage basin - 
River Noe, Derbyshire: Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, Supplementband 122, p. 149-164.    [7 
streams; exponential fcn fits better than linear, log, or power]
Kobrick, Michael, 2002, Planetary phrenologythe lumps and bumps of the Earth: Engineering and 
Science (California Institute of Technology), v. 65, no. 1, p. 22-31.    [the 2000 SRTM presented to 
a general audience]
Koch, Helge von, 1905, Une mthode gomtrique lmentaire pour l'tude de certaines questions 
de la thorie des courbes planes (in French; simple geometric method to study certain theoretical 
issues on planar curves): Acta mathematica (Stockholm), v. 30, Octobre, p. 145-174.    [origin of 
fractal theory; not content with the geometric formulation of Weierstrass]
Kochel, R.C., and Piper, J.F., 1986, Morphology of large valleys on Hawaiievidence for 
groundwater sapping and comparisons with Martian valleys: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 
91, no. B13, p. E175-E192.    [PCA (13 parameters x 53 basins) separates runoff valleys fr. 
sapping val.]
Koenderink, J.J., and Doorn, A.J. van , 1993, Local features of smooth shapesridges and courses, 
in Geometric Methods in Computer Vision II, v. 2031, SPIE, p. 1232-1251.    [disputes 
mathematical correctness of contour-to-watershed algorithms]
Koenderink, J.J., and Doorn, A.J. van, 1994, Two-plus-one-dimensional differential geometry: Pattern 
Recognition Letters, v. 15, no. 5, p. 439-443.    [historical overview of ridge detectors 1st proposed 
in early 19th C. to define watersheds]
Koenderink, J.J., and Doorn, A.J. van, 1998, The structure of relief, in Advances in Imaging & 
Electron Physics, v. 103, p. 65-150.    [review scalar fields on 2D manifolds (reliefcontour & fall 
curves, ridges & courses) for computer vision]
Kok, A.L., Blais, J.A.R., and Rangayyan, R.M., 1987, Filtering of digitally correlated Gestalt elevation 
data: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 53, no. 5, p. 535-538.    [attempt (not 
wholly successful) to fix striped artifacts in Level-1 USGS DEMs]
Konovalov, N.E., 1974, Digital modelling of topographic conditions of a terrain for design of linear 
constructions (in Russian), in Vasilyev, A.P., ed., Transactions of GiprodorNII, no. 8, Survey and 
Design of Highways: GiprodorNII, Moscow, p. 21-33.    [no info]
Kophstahl, E., 1988, Automationsgesttztes Erfassen, Verarbeiten und Darstellen topographischer 
Daten fr die Herstellung der Deutschen Grundkarte 1/5000 - Hhe in Niedersachsen (in German; 
automated entry, processing & representation of topo. data for making the German 1/5000 base 
map - height in Lower Saxony): Nachr. Karten- u. Vermessungswesen, I, v. 92, p. 55-59.    [no info]
Koristka, Karel, 1861, Bericht ber einige im niederen Gesenke und im Marsgebirge ausgefhrte 
hhenmessungen (... on height meas. in the low sinks (sic) & the Marsgebirge; in German): Vienna, 
F.B. Geitler, 20 p.    [obtaining elev. data; no other info]
Koristka, Karel, 1863, Hypsometrie von Mhren und sterreichisch Schlesien (hypsometry of Moravia 
& Austrian Silesia; in German): Brnn, Im commission bei E. Hlzel in Olmtz, 160 p., map.    
[measurements, quantitative terrain description]
Kossinna, Erwin, 1933, Die Erdoberflche (in German), in Gutenberg, Beno, ed., Handbuch der 
Geophysik, v. 2: Berlin, Borntrger, p. 869-954.    [broad-scale post-Humboldt hypsometry, etc.]
Kostaschuk, R.A., MacDonald, G.M., and Putnam, P.E., 1986. Depositional process and alluvial fan-
drainage basin morphometric relationships near Banff, Alberta, Canada: Earth Surface Processes 
and Landforms, v. 11, p. 471-484.    [found 2 types of fans; relations differ by type]
Kthe, Rdiger, 1988, Versuch einer computergesteuerten morphographisch-prozeorientierten 
Reliefanalyse fr die bodenkunliche Kartierung (in German): unpublished Dipl. Arb. Lehrstuhl Phys. 
Geogr., Univ. Hannover, paging unknown.    [SARA software package prototype?]
Kthe, Rdiger, and Lehmeier, Friedmut, 1993, SARA, ein System zur Automatischen Relief-Analyse 
(in German): Standort, Zeitschrift fr Angewandte Geographie (Kln), v. 4, p. 11-21.    [software 
SARA for DEM-based fluvial modeling]
Kthe, Rdiger, Gehrt, Ernst, and Bhner, Jrgen, 1996, Automatische Reliefanalyse fr 
geowissenschaftliche Kartierungenderzeitiger Stand und Weiterentwicklungen des Programms 
SARA (Automatic relief analysis for geoscientific mappingpresent status and progress of SARA): 
Arbeitshefte Geologie (Hannover), v. 1, p. 31-37.    [DEM-based package for terrain modeling & 
mapping]
Koutaniemi, Leo, 1982, The relationship between relative height and microreliefThree case studies 
from northern Finland: Fennia, v. 160, no. 2, p. 277-294.    [1/20K maps; n=3439; microrelief = no. 
contour-crossings on sample circle]
Kraak, M.-J., and Ormelling, Ferjan, 1996, Relief (Sect. 5.5), in CartographyVisualization of Spatial 
Data: Harlow, UK, Addison-Wesley Longmans, p. 100-108.    [textbook; gen'l. info on DEM's & 
applics. esp. carto/viz.]
Krabill, W., Frederick, E., Manizade, S., Martin, C., Sonntag, J., Swift, R., Thomas, R., Wright, W., and 
Yungel, J., 1999, Rapid thinning of parts of the southern Greenland ice sheet: Science, v. 283, p. 
1522-1524.    [1993 & 1998 laser altimetry (70-m planes) differenced; error eval.]
Krabill, W., Abdalati, W., Frederick, E., Manizade, S., Martin, C., Sonntag, J., Swift, R., Thomas, R., 
Wright, W., and Yungel, J., 2000, Greenland ice sheethigh-elevation balance and thinning, 
Science, v. 289, p. 428-430.    [color map from airborne laser altimetry & GPS]
Kramrisch, F., 1935, Zur Rauhigkeitsbestimmung von Gesteinbruchsflchen (in German; roughness 
grading of stone aggregate surfaces): Geologie und Bauwesen, v. 7, no. 2, p. 33-59.    [industrial 
morphometry; profiles from sectioned casting; roughness = length of fine-scale profile / length of 
coarse-scale profile; see Wright 1955]
Kraus, K., 1994, Visualization of the quality of surfaces and their derivatives: Photogrammetric 
Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 60, no. 4, p. 457-462.    [graphic means for assessing DEM 
accuracy & error]
Kraus, K., and Pfeifer, N., 1998, Determination of terrain models in wooded areas with airborne laser 
scanner data: ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, v. 53, no. 4, p. 193-203.    
[better than photogramm., but derived contours not good enough for geomorph.]
Krcho, Jozef, 1983, Theoretical conception and interdisciplinary application of the complex digital 
model of relief in modelling bidimensional fields (in Slovak with English abstract): Geograficky 
Casopis., v. 35, p. 265-291.    [terrain segmentation by pos. & neg. DEM curvature]
Krcho, Jozef, 1986, Geometric forms of the georelief and their hierarchic levels (in Slovak, with 
English abstract): Geograficky Casopis, v. 38, p. 210-235.    [no info, but undoubtedly related to 
known works]
Krcho, Jozef, 1987, Mathematical properties of the topographical surface of georelief from the 
viewpoint of morphometric analysis as well as modelling by means of a complex digital model (in 
Slovak, with English abstract): Geograficky Casopis, v. 39, p. 169-204.    [no info, but undoubtedly 
related to known works]
Krcho, Jozef, 1989, Mathematical properties of the georelief from the viewpoint of geometric forms 
and its modelling by approximating functions of two variables (in Slovak, with English abstract): 
Geograficky Casopis, v. 41, no. 1, p. 23-47.    [no info, but undoubtedly related to known works]
Krcho, Jozef, 1999, Landscape as a spatially organized system and georelief as a subsystem of 
landscapethe influence of georelief on spatial differentiation of landscape proceses: 
http://www.mpsr.sk/slovak/dok/gn/book/45kap/45kap.htm.    [online treatise on his random-field 
approach to geomorphometry, with illustrations & biblio]
Krebs, Norbert, 1923, Sddeutschland: Leipzig & Berlin, p. 6 (map), 1/4.5M scale.    [2nd relative-
relief map of So. Germany; 5 intervals]
Krebs, Norbert, 1928, Karte der Reliefenergie, in Die Ostalpen und das heutige sterreich, v. 1: 
Stuttgart, plate 5, 1/2M.    [7 relative-relief intervals]
Kreslavsky, M.A., and Head, J.W. III, 1999, Kilometer-scale slopes on Mars and their correlation with 
geologic unitsinitial results from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data: Journal of Geophysical 
Research, v. 104, no. E9, p. 21,911-21,924.    [med. slope @ lengths 0.4-25 km; S/L comp. w/ 
GTOPO30 (slope same)]
Kreslavsky, M.A., and Head, J.W. III, 1999, Morphometry of small shield volcanoes on 
Venusimplications for the thickness of regional plains: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, 
no. E8, p. 18,925-18,932.    [arithmet. height/diameter stats; small domes; cf Bulwer &]
Kreslavsky, M.A., and Head, J.W. III, 2000, Kilometer-scale roughness of Marsresults from MOLA 
data analysis: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, no. E11, p. 26,695-26,711.    ['differential 
slope' vs. 0.6-20 km base length]
Krumbein, W.C., 1978, Some recent developments in the mathematical geology of stream-channel 
networks, in Merriam, D.F., ed., GeomathematicsPast, Present, and Prospects: Syracuse, NY, 
Syracuse University Geology Contributions, No. 5, p. 37-56.    [excellent review of Shreve's & 
others' topological model 1967-78]
Krmmel, O., 1979, Versuch einer vergleichenden Morphologie der Meeresrume (attempt at a 
comparative morphology of sea areas, in German): Leipzig, publ. & paging unknown.    
[area/perimeter relation; Kstengliederung (coastal arrangement) in %, e = (100/U)(U-K); for K see 
Rohrbach, 1890]
Krupnik, Amnon, 2000, Accuracy assessment of automatically derived digital elevation models from 
SPOT images: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 66, no. 8, p. 1017-1023.    
[good overall, some problems in agricultural land & moutains; ref. DEM 1-2m elev. acc.]
Krzyszkowski, Dariusz, and Stachura, Renata, 1993, Morphologic effects of neotectonic movements 
in the Walbrzych foothills, Middle Sudety Mountains, SW Poland (in Polish with English summary & 
figure captions): Folia Quaternaria, v. 64, p. 71-81.    [relative-relief & slope maps]
Kudrnovsk, O., 1975, Morfometricke metody a jejich aplikace pri fyzickogeograficke regionalizaci (in 
Czech; morphometric methods & their application to physico-geographical regionalization): Studia 
Geographica (Brno), v. 45, 182 p.    [86 refs, landform description, quant. geomorph.]
Kuenen, Ph.H., 1935, Geological interpretation of the bathymetrical results, in The Snellius 
Expedition in the Eastern Part of the Netherlands East Indies 1929-1930: Leyden, E.J. Brill, v. 5, 
Geological Results, pt. 1, p. 62-69.    [submarine slopes of composite andesite cones average 25]
Kugler, Hans, 1965, Aufgaben, Grundstze und methodische Wege fr gromastabiges 
geomorphologisches Kartieren (in German): Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, v. 109, no. 
4, p. 241-257.    [slope & relief as components of large-scale geomorphologic maps]
Khni, A., and Pfiffner, O.A., 2001a, Drainage patterns and tectonic forcinga model study for the 
Swiss Alps: Basin Research, v. 13, no. 2, p. 169-197.    [broad-scale SPM (surface-process 
modeling) of mtn. topography on 100x100 1-km grid cells yields var. relief & drainage patterns]
Khni, A., and Pfiffner, O.A., 2001b, The relief of the Swiss Alps and adjacent areas and its relation 
to lithology and structuretopographic analysis from  250-M DEM: Geomorphology, v. 41, no. 4, p. 
285-307.    [broad-scale neo-orometry fr GTOPO30; rel. to erosion patterns; compare elev., relief, & 
slope; summit-level map]
Kumar, Muneendra, 2000, A WGS'84 orthometric height of Mount Everest: GPS World, v. 11, no. 10, 
p. 46-48.    [29,028' / 8850m  2m, 1 sigma uncertainty]
Kumar, Praveen, Verdin, K.L., and Greenlee, S.K., 2000, Basin level statistical properties of 
topographic index for North America: Advances in Water Research, v. 23, no. 6, p. 571-578.    
[params of TOPMODEL wetness index for 5020 NA basins fr. GTOPO30 DEM]
Kusumayudha, S.B., Zen, M.T., Notosiswoyo, Sudarto, Gautama, R.S., 1997, Analisis fraktal aliran 
Kali Oyo di Pegunungan Selatan Jawa Tengah, kendali litologi dan struktur geologi: J. Teknol 
Mineral, v. 4, no. 2, p. 71-86.    [see same authors, 2000]
Kusumayudha, S.B., Zen, M.T., Notosiswoyo, Sudarto, Gautama, R.S., 2000, Fractal analysis of the 
Oyo River, cave systems, and topography of the Gunungsewu karst area, central Java, Indonesia: 
Hydrogeology Journal, v. 8, no. 3, p. 271-278.    [D (Oyo r.) = 1.0-1.5, cave rivers = 1.04-1.08, 
topo. = 1.5-1.7]
Kweon, I.S., and Kanade, Takeo, 1994, Extracting topological terrain features from elevation maps: 
Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing / Image Understanding, v. 59, no. 2, p. 171-
182.    [definition of ridges & valleys based on 3 derivatives of elev.; 'topographic change trees' (3 
types) descr. surface 'connectability']
Kyriakidis, P.C., Shortridge, A.M., and Goodchild, M.F., 1999, Geostatistics for conflation and 
accuracy assessment of digital elevation models: International Journal of Geographical Information 
Science, v. 13, no. 7, p. 677-707.    [used higher-resolution DEM as 'ground truth']
L
La Barbera, P., and Lanza, L.G., 2000, Comment on 'A physical explanation of the cumulative area 
distribution curve' by Hemantha Perera and Garry Willgoose: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 
3, p. 815-817.    [gets different value of phi for CAD based on Tokunaga stream numbering]
La Barbera, P., and Lanza, L.G., 2001, On the cumulative area distribution of natural drainage 
basins along a coastal boundary: Water Resources Research, v. 37, no. 5, p. 1503-1509.    
[Horton analysis of independent conterminous basins outlet to the sea]
Lado Liares, M., Taboada Castro, M.M., and Dieguez Villar, A., 1998, Relacin entre ndices de 
rugosidadtortuosidad, pendiente lmite, distancia lmite y rugosidad aleatoria (Relations between 
roughness indicestortuosity, limiting slope, limiting difference, and random roughness, in 
Spanish): Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolxico de Laxe (Univ. Corua), v. 23, p. 151-164.    
[microtopo of cultivated fields; pinmeter; slope & difference most highly correlated]
Lague, D., Davy, Philippe, and Crave, Alain, 2000, Estimating uplift rate and erodability from the 
area-slope relationshipexamples from Brittany (France) and numerical modelling: Physics and 
Chemistry of the Earth (A), v. 25, no. 6-7, p. 543-548.    [spatially averaged uplift ratio computed fr 
250-m DEM]
Lake, Philip, 1928, On hill slopes: Geological Magazine, v. 65, no. 3, p. 108-116.    [early detailed 
slope profiles (n=9) for geomorph.; arcs fit circle or parabola]
Lancaster, Nicholas, 1981, Aspects of the morphometry of linear dunes of the Namib Desert: South 
African Journal of Science, v. 77, no. 8, p. 366-368.    [orientation statistics]
Lancaster, S.T., and Bras, R.L., 2002, A simple model of river meandering and its comparison to 
natural channels: Hydrological Processes, v. 16, no. 1, p. 1-26.    [based on planform sinuosity; 
more like cellular models; yields compound bends & multibend loops]
Lane, S.N., 2000, The measurement of river channel morphology using digital photogrammetry: 
Photogrammetric Record, v. 16, no. 96, p. 937-961.    [review & progress rept.; now underutilized; 
data qual. a problem]
Lane, S.N., James, T.D., and Crowell, M.D., 2000, Application of digital photogrammetry to complex 
topography for geomorphological research: Photogrammetric Record, v. 16, no. 95, p. 793-821.    
[detailed quality & error analysis, not geomorph. applics. per se]
Langbein, W.B., 1964, Profiles of rivers of uniform change: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional 
Paper 501-B, 4 p.    [concavity = 2A/F; F, fall; A, height diff. of straight line & profile in middle]
Laplace, P.S. de, 1825, no title for entry (in French), in Trait du Mcanique Cleste: J.B.M. Duprat, 
Paris, v. 5, book 11, chap. 1, p. 13, 14, 16 (var. cit.); see also, 4-v Engl. transl. by Nathaniel 
Bowditch, 1829-39, Boston MA.    [Assuming conditions of equilibrium, deduced mean ocean depth 
= mean height (asl) of continents (3280 ft); this error inspired von Humboldt's (& others') calc. of 
mean height of continents]
Larsen, M.C., and Parks, J.E., 1998, Map showing landslide susceptibility in the Comero Municipality, 
Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-file Report 98-566, scale 1/20,000.    
[slope+elev.+aspect+land use+debris-flow meas. = 3 classes]
Lastochkin, A.N., 1987, Morphometrical investigations in geomorphology. I. Classification of 
morphometric constructs and characteristics (in Russian, v. brief English summary): Vestnik 
Leningradskogo Universiteta; Geologiia, Geografii, Serie 7, 1987, no. 3, p. 44-53.    [proposed 
classification; long table; 36 refs. incl. Krcho & Pal]
Lastochkin, A.N., 1988a, Morphometrical investigations in geomorphology. II. Studies of 
morphological features of the Earth's surface (in Russian, v. brief English summary): Vestnik 
Leningradskogo Universiteta; Geologiia, Geografii, Serie 7, 1988, no. 1, p. 37-50.    [reviews range 
of morph. attributes; cites Krcho; 27 refs.]
Lastochkin, A.N., 1988b, Morphometrical investigations in geomorphology. III. Studies of the 
morphology of constituent parts of the Earth's surface (in Russian, v. brief English summary): 
Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta; Geologiia, Geografii, Serie 7, 1988, no. 3, p. 50-64.    
[further? reviews range of morph. attributes; 36 refs.]
Lazarevich, K.S., 1992, The hypsometric map as a special geomorphological map: Mapping Sciences 
and Remote Sensing, v. 29, p. 163-171.    [transl. fr. Russian in Geomorfol., no. 2, p. 38-45, 1991]
Leberl, F.W., 1980, Application of imaging radar to mapping, in Radar geologyan assessment, 
report of the Radar Geology Workshop: Snowmass, CO, 16-20 July 1979, Jet Propulsion 
Laboratory Publication 80-61, p. 307-335.    [reviews topographic mapping fr. radargrammetry; 
large biblio.]
Leberl, F.W., 1998, Radargrammetry, Chapter 4 in Henderson, F.M., and Lewis, A.J., eds., Manual of 
Remote Sensing (3rd ed.), v. 2, Principles and Applications of Imaging Radar: New York, John 
Wiley & Sons, p. 183-269.    [state-of-art review; refs occupy p. 252-269]
Leblanc, F., 1842, Observations sur le maximum d'inclinaison des talus dans les montagnes (in 
French): Bulletin de la Socit Gologique de la France, v. 14, p. 85-98.    [126 values from var. 
sources; among earliest systematic measurements of slope]
Lecce, S.A., 1991, Influence of lithologic erodibility on alluvial fan area, western White Mountains, 
California and Nevada: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 16, no. 1, p. 11-18.    [power 
functions relating fan to basin area]
Lee, Jay, 1994, Digital analysis of viewshed inclusion and topographic features on digital elevation 
models: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 60, no. 4, p. 451-456.    [defines 
pixel dominance in intervisibility; contrasts peaks, pits, ravines, ridges]
Lee, J.I., and Kim, S.H., 2000, Application of topographic index calculation algorithm considering 
topographic properties (in Korean with English abstract): Journal of Korea Water Resources 
Association, v. 33, no. 3, p. 279-288.    [test TOPMODEL by DEM's at 20, 30, 40, 50 m grids]
Leech, M.L., Egger, A.E., and Howell, D.G., 2002, A guided inquiry approach to learning the geology 
of the U.S. (abs.): Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, 27-30 October, 
paper no. 154-12; http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_37904.htm.    
[pedagogic applic. of broad-scale computer visualization combining shaded relief & geology]
Legates, D.R., and Wilmot, C.J., 1986 Interpolation of point values from isoline maps: American 
Cartographer, v. 13, no. 4, p. 308-323.    [D.H. Douglas' contour to grid method CONSURF better 
than prior algorithms]
Legendre, Pierre, and Legendre, Louis, 1998, Spatial analysis, Ch. 13 in Numerical Ecology (2nd 
English ed., 853 p.): Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 707-785.    [statistics, well explained; 'practical 
handbook & ref. text']
Lehmann, J.G., 1831, On situation, or the guide for correct representation of the landsurface on 
topographic maps and plans (in Russian, transl. fr. German): St. Petersburg, 74 p.    [no info; may 
be transl. of Lehmann 1799, who invented hachuring, the basis of analytical (i.e. quant.) hill-
shading; used slope hachures & later shadow hachures]
Lehmann, Otto, 1934, ber die morphologischen Folgen der Wandwitterung (in German; morph. 
consequences of cliff weathering): Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, v. 8, p. 93-99.    [refinement of 
Fisher's 1866 theory; added effects of cliff & scree angles, rock/scree V ratio]
Lehmeier, Friedmut, 1993, Auszug des Symbolschlussels Geomorphologie (DARG) (in German: 
extract from the Geomorphology Data Code (DARG)): Geologisches Jahrbuch, v. F26, no. 2, p. 47-
135.    [see Roeschmann & Lehmeier 1993; fleshes out detailed system of relief char. in plan & 
profile; Kugler, Demek infl.]
Leith, A.C., and McKinnon, W.B., 1991, Terrace width variations in complex Mercurian craters and the 
transient strength of cratered Mercurian and lunar crust: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, 
no. E4, p. 20,923-20,931.    [after Pearce & Melosh 1986; uses some Pike 1988 D & d data; 
discusses peak recoil vs rim slumping]
Lemmens, M.J.P.M., 1999, Uncertainty in automatically sampled digital elevation models, Ch. 47 in 
Lowell, Kim, and Jaton, Annick, eds., Spatial Accuracy AssessmentLand Information Uncertainty 
in Natural Resources: Chelsea, MI, Ann Arbor Press, p. 399-407.    [DEM uncertainty poorly known 
& sources complex; manual capture breaklines best]
Leopold, L.B., 1970, Review of studies of hillslopes  U.S.A.: Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, 
Supplementband 9, p. 57-66.    [summarizes some 1960's morphometry]
Lessing, Peter, and Erwin, R.B., 1977, Landslides in West Virginia, in Coates, D.R., ed., Reviews in 
Engineering Geology, Geological Society of America, v. 3, Landslides: p. 245-254.    [summarizes 
1976 work; slope concavity & proximity to other slides assoc. w/ slides, no preferred azimuth]
Lessing, Peter, Kulander, B.R., Wilson, B.D., Dean, S.L., and Woodring, S.M., 1976, Landslide 
correlations and statistics, pp. 31-40, in West Virginia Landslides and Slide-prone Areas: 
Morgantown, WV, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Environmental Geology Bulletin 
No. 15, 64 p. & 28 landslide-susceptibility maps, scale 1:24,000.    [slope concavity & proximity to 
other slides assoc. w/ slides, no preferred azimuth; analysis of R- & Q-mode clustering of 39 
variables & 100 slides not well handled]
Lessing, Peter, Messina, C.P., and Fonner, R.F., 1983, Landslide risk assessment: Environmental 
Geology, v. 5. no. 2, p. 93-99.    [2416 W.VA slides; summary diagram incl. bedrock, dip dir., slope, 
aspect. area, est. curve., proximity other slides, etc.]
Leverington, D.W., Teller, J.T., and Mann, J.D., 2002, A GIS method for reconstruction of late 
Quaternary landscapes from isobase data and modern topography: Computers and Geosciences, 
v. 28, no. 5, p. 631-639.    [interpolated isobases subtracted from present topo. & bathymetry]
Lex, Franz, 1925, Karte der relativen Hhen in Krnten (in German): Vienna, Krntner Heimatlas, 
map 4, 1/1.75M.    [5-km separation of points; 7 intervals]
Li, Rongxing, Liu, J.-K., and Felus, Yaron, 2001, Spatial modeling and analysis for shoreline change 
detection and coastal erosion monitoring: Marine Geodesy, v. 24, no. 1, p. 1-12.    [computes DEM 
surfaces of water & lake bottom to get shoreline]
Li, Xin, Lu, Ling, Cheng, Guodong, and Xiao, Honglang, 2001, Quantifying landscape structure of 
the Heihe River Basin, north-west China using FRAGSTATS: Journal or Arid Environments, v. 48, 
no. 4, p. 521-535.    [6 ecoregions delimited fr 9 metrics; technique could be applied to shaded-
relief, other topo data?]
Li, Yingkui, Liu, Gengnian, and Cui, Zhijiu, 2001a, Glacial valley cross-profile morphology, Tien Shan 
Mountains, China: Geomorphology, v. 38, nos. 1-2, p. 153-166.    [quadratic eqns better than 
power law; Rockies differ fr TS; glac. & fluv. valleys differ quant'ly.]
Li, Yingkui, Liu, Gengnian, and Cui, Zhijiu, 2001b, Longitudinal variations in cross-section 
morphology along a glacial valleya case study from the Tien Shan, China: Journal of Glaciology, 
v. 47, no. 157, p. 243-250.    [new, variable width/depth ratio model uses slope & breadth]
Liang, Chaojun, and Mackay, D.S., 1997, Feature-based optimization of flow directions and upslope 
areas on grid-based digital elevation models, in GIS/LIS'97, Cincinnati, OH, October, Proceedings: 
Bethesda MD, ASPRS, p. 45-52.    [refined Mackay & Band 1998 approach by adding rule-based 
heuristic]
Liang, Chaojun, and Mackay, D.S., 2000, A general model of watershed extraction and 
representation using globally optimal flow paths and up-slope contributing areas: International 
Journal of Geographical Information Science, v. 14, no. 4, p. 337-358.    ['breadth-first' search + 
'feature-based global opt.' gives good DEM-based results in flat terrain]
Lidov, V.P., Setunskaya, L.E., and Khmeleva, N.V., 1956, Study of erosion microforms by 
quantitative methods, in Rihter, G.D., and Dyachenko, A.E., eds., Agricultural Erosion and Its 
Control: Soviet Academic Press, Moscow, p. 47-69.    [no info]
Lindstrom, Peter, Koller, David, Ribarsky, William, Hodges, L.F., Faust, Nick, and Turner, G.A., 1996, 
Real-time, continuous level of detail rendering of height fields, in SIGGRAPH'96 Conference, 4-9 
August, New Orleans LA, Proceedings: p. 109-118; 
<http://www.gvu.gatech.edu/people/peter.lindstrom/papers/siggraph96/>.    [important; dynamic 
DEM display using regular grid; triangular-bintree mesh & bottom-up vertex-reduction; some 
similarities to later ROAM algorithm]
Link, L.E., 1969, Capability of airborne laser profilometer to measure terrain roughness, in 
Symposium on remote sensing of environment, 6th, Ann Arbor, MI, Proceedings: v. 1, p. 189-196.    
[12 varied test sites; may be OK if sources of error eliminated]
Linnett, L.M., Clarke, S.J., Graham, C., and Langhorne, D.N., 1991, Remote sensing of the sea-bed 
using fractal techniques: Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, v. 3, no. 5, p. 
195-203.    [classified images of the seafloor by fractal segmentation]
Little, J.J., and Shi, Ping, 1998, Structural lines, TINs, and DEMs, in International Symposium on 
Spatial Data Handling 8th, 11-15 July, Vancouver BC, Proceedings: p. 627-636.    [structural lines, 
based on local curvature not water flow, are skeleton for TIN]
Little, J.J., and Shi, Ping, 2001, Structural lines, TINs, and DEMs, in van Kreveld, M., ed., 
Algorithmica, v. 30, no. 2, Special Issue on Algorithms for Geographic Information, p. 243-263.    
[structural lines, based on local curvature not water flow, are skeleton for TIN]
Liu, Hongxing, 1999, Generation and refinement of a continental scale digital elevation model by 
integrating cartographic and remotely sensed dataa GIS-based approach: Columbus OH, Ohio 
State University, unpublished Ph.D. thesis.    [Antarctica; supporting details for Liu et al. 1999 JGR 
paper]
Liu, Hongxing, and Jezek, K.C., 1999, Investigating DEM error pattern by directional variograms and 
Fourier analysis: Geographical Analysis, v. 31, no. 3, p. 249-256.    [varies;  2-100m at 0.2-5km 
res.; used their Antarctic data]
Liu, Hongxing, Jezek, K.C., and Li, Biyan, 1999, Development of an Antarctic digital elevation model 
by integrating cartographic and remotely sensed dataa geographic information system based 
approach: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, no. B10, p. 23,199-23,213.    [best yet; 0.2-
5km res.  2-100m.; derived shaded relief & flow lines]
Liu, Xi-lin, 2000, Approaches to risk assessment of debris flow (in Chinese): Journal of Mountain 
Science, v. 18, no. 4, p. 341-345.    [basin A & R, channel L, drainage density, active channel 
proportion]
Lpez, A.M., 1997, Ridge/valley-like structurescreases, separatrices, and drainage patterns, in 
CVonline: On-Line Compendium of Computer Vision, R. Fisher, ed., online Oct. 8, 1997; 
<http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/CVonline/LOCAL_COPIES/LOPEZ/cvonline.html>.    [review of 
descriptive-geometric fundamentals of drainage nets, their 19th C. developmental history, & how & 
why they relate closely to computer vision & (briefly) to the DEM-to-watershed transformation; 
English translation from the Spanish]
Lpez, A.M., 1999, Multilocal methods for ridge and valley delineation in image analysis: Ph.D thesis, 
Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona, 345 p. 
<http://www.cvc.uab.es/shared/staff/all_staff/antonio.htm>.    [close coupling of image 
analysis/computer vision, here applied to medical imaging, with drainage nets & their extraction 
from DEMs]
Lpez, A.M., 1999, Delineation of drainage patterns in gridded DEMs, Ch. 5 in Multilocal methods for 
ridge and valley delineation in image analysis: Ph.D thesis, Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona, p. 
125-167; <http://www.cvc.uab.es/shared/staff/all_staff/antonio.htm>.    ['free-flow' algorithm uses 
flowlines rather than pixel-to-pixel routing]
Lpez, A.M., Lumbreras, F., Serrat, Joan, and Villanueva, J.J., 1999, Evaluation of methods for ridge 
and valley detection: IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI), v. 
21, p. 327-335.    [descriptive geometry of drainage nets in machine vision; see Lpez 1997]
Lpez, Carlos, 2002, An experiment on the elevation accuracy improvement of photogrammetrically 
derived DEM: International Journal of Geographical Information Science, v. 16, no. 4, p. 361-375.    
[technique to identify elevation outliers]
Lpez-Blanco, Jorge, and Villers-Ruiz, Lourdes, 1995, Delineating boundaries of environmental units 
for land management using a geomorphological approach and GISa study in Baja California, 
Mexico: Remote Sensing of the Environment, v. 53, no. 2, p. 109-117.    [DEM & other ingredients; 
32 landscape units fr. overlay comparison]
Lopz-Santoyo, A., 1978, Structural relief interpretation through profile analysis, in Davis, J.C., ed., 
Computer Mapping for Resource Analysis, a CoGeoData Conference, Kansas Geological Survey, 
University of Kansas, and Instituto de Geografa de la UNAM, Mexico, Proceedings: p. 168-182.    
[no info]
Loveland, T.R., and Ramey, Ben, 1986, Applications of U.S. Geological Survey Digital Cartographic 
Products, 1979-1983: U.S. Geol. Survey, Bulletin 1583, 44 p.    [several use 7.5' DEM's, Digital 
Terrain Tapes, & Arc-second DEM's]
Lu, Zhong, Mann, Drte, Freymueller, J.T., and Meyer, D.J., 2000, Synthetic aperture radar 
interferometry of Okmok volcano, Alaskaradar observations: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 
105, no. B5, p. 10,791-10,806.    [high-accuracy DEM fr tandem images better than 90m DEM fr 
1/250K map]
Lukas, K., and Weibel, Robert, 1995, Assessment and improvement of methods for analytical 
hillshading, in International Cartographic Conference, 17th, Barcelona, Proceedings: p. 2231-2240.    
[no info]
Luo, Wei, 2000, Quantifying groundwater-sapping landforms with a hypsometric technique: Journal of 
Geophysical Research, v. 105, no. E1, p. 1685-1694.    [5 parameters of the hyps. curve 
differentiate fluvial fr. sapping basins]
Luo, Wei, 2000, Review of RiverTools, version 2.0, Research Systems, Inc., 4990 Pearl East Circle, 
Boulder, CO 80301: Computers and Geosciences, v. 26, no. 2, p. 237-238.    [easy to use, 
excellent visualiz.; needed improvements typical of early version software]
Luo, Wei, 2001, LANDSAPa coupled surface and subsurface cellular automata model for landform 
simulation: Computers and Geosciences, v. 27, no. 3, p. 363-367.    [based on model of Chase 
1992 to model Martian channel devel.]
Luo, Wei, 2002, Hypsometric analysis of Margaritifer Sinus and origin of valley networks: Journal of 
Geophysical Research. v. 107E, no. E10, 10.1029/2001JE001500.    [MOLA data; most basins 
have hypso. char. of groundwater sapping, some fluvial]
Luoma-Aho, Seppo, 1982, Landforms and morphostructure in Koillismaa, Finland: Fennia, v. 160, 
no. 1, p. 1-41.    [1/20K elevs etc. gridded at 1 & 2km; made maps of elev, relative relief, form 
density, aspect, geology; correl. matrices]
Lttig, Gerd, 1953, Eisrand und Reliefenergie: Neues Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palaeontologie 
Monatshefte (Stuttgart), v. 1, p. 16-20.    [position of Saale ice margin determined fr contrast in 
relative relief]
Lynch, Steve, 2002, Digital elevation models and spatial resolution: South African Journal of 
Science, v. 98. no. 5/6, p. 219-222.    [tutorial; eval. 3 S.A. DEMs; error considerations, etc.]
Lynn, Greg, 1993, Probable geometriesthe architecture of writing in bodies: Any (New York, the 
Anyone Corp.), May-June, v.1 no. 0. p. 44-49; 
www.lcc.gatech.edu/~xinwei/classes/lcc/6310_ExpressiveMedium/ 
readings/Lynn/LynnProbableGeometries.pdf.    [theoretico-philosoph. views on geometry & shape 
measurement, re architecture but describes stereological 'random section model' (Buffon-Delesse-
Rosiwal-Glagolev area sampling)]
Lyon, J.G., ed., 2002, in-press?, GIS for Watershed and Water Resource Management: New York, 
Taylor and Francis, 220 p.    [publication much-delayed; at least 6 papers on DEM-based 
landscape analysis]
Lythe, M.B., Vaughn, D.G., and the BEDMAP Consortium, 2001, BEDMAPa new ice thickness and 
subglacial topographic model of Antarctica: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, no. B6, p. 
11,335-11,351.    [50 yrs worth of data compile new 5-km DEMs; images & ice thickness freq.]
M
Macar, Paul, 1957-58, Compte rendu de la session extraordinaire de la Socit Gologique de 
Belgique (in French): v. 81, p. 8-13.    [more alt.-freq. using only geomorph. signif. 'bench' elevs. 
from large-scale maps]
Macar, Paul, 1963, Etudes rcentes sur les pentes et l'volution des versants en Belgique: Nachr. 
Akad. d. Wiss. Gttingen, Math. Phys. Klasse, p. 71-84.    [slope-profile analysis from large-scale 
maps]
Macar, Paul, and Pissart, A., 1966, Recherches sur l'evolution des versants effectues a l'Universit 
de Liege (in French), p. 278-288 in Earth and Moon, studies presented in homage to Professor 
J.P. Bakker on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday: Leiden, E.J. Brill, 324 p.    [summarizes 
methods & results of post-WWII Belgian school of morphometry]
MacGregor, D.R., 1957, Some observations on the geographical significance of slopes: Geography, 
v. 42, p. 167-173.    [links 7 intervals of slope to perceptual cues & observer position]
MacGregor, K.R., Anderson, R.S., Anderson, S.P., and Waddington, E.D., 2000, Numerical 
simulations of glacial-valley longitudinal profile evolution: Geology, v. 28, no. 11, p. 1031-1034.    
[derive plots of elev.-distance & valley hang & step height]
MacLennan, M.A., Fotheringham, Stewart, Batty, Michael, and Longley, P.A., 1991, Fractal geometry 
and spatial phenomenaa bibliography: Santa Barbara, CA, National Center for Geographic 
Information and Analysis, Report 91-1, 53 p.; 
http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/Publications/Tech_Reports/91/91-1.pdf.    [excellent through 1990]
MacMillan, R.A., 2000, A protocol for preparing digital elevation (DEM) data for input and analysis 
using the landform segmentation model (LSM) programs: prepared for the Soil Variability Analysis 
to Enhance Crop Production (SVAECP) Project, prepared by LandMapper Environmental 
Solutions, Edmonton, AB. <http://www.infoharvest.ca/SVAECP/docs/DEM_Protocol3.pdf>.    
[segmentation of land-surface form fr DEM derivatives]
MacMillan, R.A., and Pettapiece, W.W., 1997, Soil landscape modelsautomated landform 
characterization and generation of soil-landscape models: Lethbridge, AB, Research Branch, 
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Technical Bulletin no. 1997-1E. 75 p.    [segmentation of land-
surface form fr DEM derivatives]
MacMillan, R.A., and Pettapiece, W.W., 2000, Landform segmentation model (LSM) users manual, in 
Coen, G.M., Pettapiece, W.W., Goddard, T.W., Nolan, S.C., and MacMillan, R.A., eds., Landscape 
analysis for precision agriculture and model application: Lethbridge, AB, Lethbridge Research 
Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Final (internal) report, p. 8-46.    [segmentation of land-
surface form fr DEM derivatives]
MacMillan, R.A., Pettapiece, W.W., Nolan, S.C., and Goddard, T.W., 2000, A generic procedure for 
automatically segmenting landforms into landform elements using DEMs, heuristic rules and fuzzy 
logic, in D. Dubois, D., and Prade, H., eds., Uncertainty in Geographic Information Systems and 
Spatial Data: Fuzzy Sets and Systems, v. 113, no. 1, p. 81-109.    [segmentation of land-surface 
form fr DEM derivatives]
Machn, J., and Navas, A., 1998, Spatial analysis of gypsiferous soils in the Zaragoza province 
(Spain), using GIS as an aid to conservation: Geoderma, v. 87, nos. 1-2, p. 57-66.    [elev & slope 
from 1/200,000-scale DEM]
Mackay, J.R., 1954, Arithmetic-square root graph paper: The Professional Geographer, v. 6, no. 1, p. 
15-16.    [one way to speed up the graphing of ground slope and area curves]
Mackey, B.G., Widdifield, C.A., McKenney, D.W., Lawrence, K.M., Szcyrek, N., and Sims, R.A., 1994, 
Development of a new digital elevation model for Ontario, in Lee, Y. C. (chairperson), Canadian 
conference on GIS / Conference Canadienne sur les SIG, Ottawa, 6-10 June, Proceedings: p. 
633-645.    [see 1994 report]
Mackey, B.G., McKenney, D.W., Widdifield, C.A., Sims, R.A., Lawrence, K.M., and Szcyrek, N., 1994, 
A new digital elevation model of Ontario: Sault Ste Marie, Ontario, Natural Resources of Canada 
and Canadian Forest ServiceOntario NODA/NFP Technical Report No. 6, 26 p. + appendices.    
[200 m DEM; ANUDEM unsuccessful in low relief areas on 100m grid ; got network fr interpreted 
base data to enhance ANUDEM]
MacLeod, Norman, 1999, Generalizing and extending the eigenshape method of shape visualization 
and analysis: Paleobiology, v. 25, no. 1, p. 107-138.    [a special case of 'relative warp analysis 
(Bookstein 1991) defined over broad variety of phenomena & representational strategies; 
advocates combining 'landmark' with 'outline' techniques; MAC & Wintel software download at 
http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/morph/]
MacLeod, Norman, 2002, Geometric morphometrics and geological shape-classification systems: 
Earth-Science Reviews, v. 59, nos. 1-4, p. 27-47.    [reviews & discusses new 'conceptual 
synthesis'; distinguishes 'geometry', 'pattern recognition', & 'morphometrics' approaches; re-do of 
sed. grain, leaf, & valley shape classifications by eigenshape analysis of 'landmarks'; 8 alpine-valley 
cross-sections ('V' vs. 'U') fr R.J. Small 1972 geomorph. text]
Madej, M.A., 2001, Development of channel organization and roughness following sediment pulses 
in single-thread, gravel bed rivers Water Resources Research, v. 37, no. 8, p. 2259-2272.    [step 
spacing & A/channel slope; autocorrel.; thalweg-profile analysis]
Maerz, N.H., Chepur, Poornima, Myers, J.J., and Linz, Justin, 2001, Concrete roughness 
characterization using laser profilometry for fiber-reinforced polymer sheet application: National 
Research Council, Washington D.C., Transportation Research Record, no. 1775, p. 132-139; 
http://www.utc.umr.edu/Publications/Proceedings/2001/TRBconc.pdf.    ['laser striping', adapt. of 
'shadow profilometry' devel. fr. princ. of the Schmaltz microscope; 3 roughness params. (all same?, 
i.e., slope); reveals inconsistency in 1 of 9 CSP standard surfaces]
Maerz, N.H., and Franklin, J.A., 1990, Roughness scale effect and fractal dimension, in Pinta da 
Cunha, A., International Workshop on Scale Effects in Rock Masses, 1st, Loen, Norway June 4-6, 
Proceedings: Rotterdam, Balkema, p. 121-126.    [shadow profilometry after Schmalz 1936; rock-
joint surfaces not self-similar]
Magdalene, Suzanne, and Alexander, E.C. Jr., 1995, Sinkhole distribution in Winona County, 
Minnesota, revisited, in Beck, B.F., ed., Karst Geohazards: Rotterdam, Balkema, p. 43-51.    
[n=605; nearest-neighbor analysis: clustered distr.]
Mainar, C.V., 2000, Images virtuelles du reliefrupture ou continuit dans les representations du 
relief? (in French): Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, v. 44, no. 2, p. 165-174.    [some thoughts on 
evolution of relief portrayal]
Matre, Henri, and Pinciroli, Matteo, 1999, Fractal characterization of a hydrological basin using SAR 
satellite images: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 37, no. 1, p. 175-181.    
[D fr. image proc.; agree w/ Horton, Strahler, Shreve models]
Majdanowski, Stefan, 1947, Distribution, density and directions of lake-channels of the Polish 
lowlands (in Polish with long English summary: Przeglad Geograficzny (Polish Geographical 
Review), v. 21, nos. 1-2, p. 47-69.    [300 100K maps sampled w/ squares; 7 map intervals; density 
> to E.]
Makkaveev, N.I., 1955, Ruslo reki i eroziya v ee basseine (in Russian): Inst. Geogr., AN SSSR, p. 54-
56.    [L=cAn, where A=drainage area & L=length of trunk stream; 'Hack's Law']
Malamud, B.D., and Turcotte, D.L., 2001, Wavelet analyses of Mars polar topography: Journal of 
Geophysical Research, v. 106, no. E8, p. 17,497-17,504.    [power-law dependence of WT 
variance on wavelength, b3.5-3.7]
Maling, D.H., 1955, The geomorphology of the Wear Valley: Durham, UK, University of Durham, Ph.D. 
thesis, paging unknown.    [5000 grid squares minimum req. for stat. signif. sample of topography]
Malthe-Srenssen, Anders, Walmann, Thomas, Jamtveit, Bjrn, Feder, Jens, and Jssang, Torstein, 
1999, Simulation and characterization of fracture patterns in glaciers: Journal of Geophysical 
Research, v. 104, no. B10, p. 23,157-23,174.    [simple model of scaling relation for circumferential 
pattern on Iceland cauldron]
Malzbender, Thomas, Gelb, Daniel, and Wolters, Hans, 2001, Polynomial texture maps, in 
SIGGRAPH 2001, Los Angeles, CA, 12-17 August, Proceedings: p. 519-528; 
http://www1.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/graph/383259/p519-malzbender/p519-
malzbender.pdf.    [enhances photorealism by storing coefficients of biquadratic polynomial in each 
texel (texture cell); uses images not DEMs]
Malyavsky, B.K., and Zharnovsky, A.A., 1974, On digital terrain modelling (in Russian): Geodesiya i 
Cartographiya, no. 6, p. 31-38.    [no info]
Mandelbrot, B.B., 1985, Self-affine fractals and fractal dimension: Physica Scripta (Sweden), v. 32, 
no. 4, p. 257-260.    [suggests relief profiles are not self-similar, & D of non-fractal objects can be 
calculated, but it has no theoretical meaning]
Mandelbrot, B.B., 2002, Gaussian Self-Affinity and Fractalsglobality, the Earth, 1/F noise, and 
R/Sselecta (old or new) vol. H: New York, Springer, 663 p.    [selected works, reprinted, transl. or 
new w annotations & guest contrib.]
Mangold, N., and Allemand, P., 2001, Topographic analysis of features related to ice on Mars: 
Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, no. 3, p. 407-410.    [topographic profiles, topo. params of 
debris aprons & scarps]
Manning, G., Fuller, L.G., Eilers, R.G., and Florinsky, I.V., 2001, Topographic influence on the 
variability of soil properties within an undulating Manitoba landscape: Canadian Journal of Soil 
Science, v. 81, no. 4, p. 439-447.    [apply terrain-segmentation (by R, plan/profile curv., slope, 
catchment) to get 'landform element complexes']
Mansikkaniemi, Hannu, 1970, The sinuosity of rivers in northern Finland: Publicationes Instituti 
Geographici Universitatis Turkuensis, v. 52, p. 16-32.    [new method for degree & quality of 
sinuosity]
Mansikkaniemi, Hannu, 1972, Regional differences in the sinuosity of rivers in Finland: Fennia, v. 
118, p. 1-33.    [method. critique; applies new index to 81 rivers; 5 gen'l. types]
Margot, J.-L.C., Campbell, D.B., Jurgens, R.F., and Slade, M.A., 1999, The topography of Tycho 
crater: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, no. E5, p. 11,875-11,882.    [200-m XY/30-m Z 
res. from radar interferometry; crater dimensions unchanged]
Margot, J.-L.C., Campbell, D.B., Jurgens, R.F., and Slade, M.A., 1999, Topography of the lunar poles 
from radar interferometrya survey of cold trap locations: Science, v. 284, no. 5420, p. 1658-1660.    
[150-m XY/50-m Z res. of hard-to-see terrain]
Mark, D.M., 1997, The history of geographic information systemsinvention and re-Invention of 
triangulated irregular networks (TINS): GIS/LIS'97, Cincinnati, OH, October 28-30, Proceedings: 
CD-ROM, p. 267-272.    ['multiple invention'; precusors (Hormann &), T. Poiker, ADAPT, & C. Gold]
Mark, D.M., and Smith, Barry, 2002?, A science of topographybridging the qualitative-quantitative 
divide, in Shroder, J.F. Jr., and Bishop, M.P., eds., Geographic Information Science (GIScience) 
and Mountain Geomorphology: Chichester UK, Praxis Scientific Publishing / Springer-Verlag, in 
press. <http://wings.buffalo.edu/philosophy/faculty/smith/articles/topography.pdf>.    [some basic 
underpinnings for morphometry; defining mountains & topo. in the geospatial domain; J.J. Gibson 
concepts]
Mark, D.M., and Smith, Barry, 2002?, Do mountains exist? Ontology of landforms and topography: 
Environment & Planning B, in-press.  
<http://wings.buffalo.edu/philosophy/faculty/smith/articles/Mountains.htm>.    [more theoretical 
background for morphometry; defining mtns. & topo. in geospatial domain'; Gibsonian concepts 
elaborated]
Marks, Kate, and Bates, Paul, 2000, Integration of high-resolution topographic data with floodplain 
flow models: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, nos. 11-12, p. 2109-2122.    [high accuracy of LIDAR 
data needed to get good flood-hazard model]
Martinoni, Daria, and Bernhard, Luzi, 1998, A conceptual framework for reliable digital terrain 
modelling, in Spatial Data Handling '98 Conference, 11-15 July, Vancouver, BC, Proceedings: p. 
737-750.    [approach to DEM error evaluation & prevention]
Martinoni, Daria, and Schneider, Bernhard, 1999, Pluggable terrain modulemoving digital terrain 
modelling to a distributed geoprocessing environment, in Vckovski, A., Brassel, K.E., and Schek, 
H.-J., eds., INTEROP 1999, Interoperating Geographic Information Systems, 2nd, Zrich, 
Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1580, Springer, Heidelberg & Berlin, p. 315-327.    
[programming software architecture]
Martz, L.W., and Garbrecht, Jurgen, 1999, An outlet breaching algorithm for the treatment of closed 
depressions in a raster DEM: Computers and Geosciences, v. 25, no. 7, p. 835-844.    [alternative 
to filling pits; assumes DEM error is over-, not underestimation]
Mason, D.C., Davenport, I.J., Flather, R.A., and Gurney, C., 1998, A digital elevation model of the 
inter-tidal areas of the Wash, England, produced by the waterline method: International Journal of 
Remote Sensing, v. 19, no. 8, p. 1455-1460.    [DEM fr. tide-surges on ERS-1 SAR images]
Mason, P.J., Rosenbaum, M.S., and Moore, J.McM., 1998, Digital image texture analysis for landslide 
hazard mapping, in Maund, J.G., and Eddleston, Malcolm, eds., Geohazards in Engineering 
Geology: London, The Geological Society, Engineering Geology Special Publication no. 15, p. 
297-305.    [enhance contrast, etc.; fine res. (10m or better) essential; still need DEM]
Masoud, Alaa, Masumoto, Shinji, Raghavan, Venkatesh, Kajiyama, Atsusuhi, and Shiono, Kiyoji, 
2002, Landscape modeling and analysis based on digital elevation models generated from 
topographic mapsalgorithm and appliocation on Safaga area, Red Sea coast, Egypt: Journal of 
Geosciences, Osaka City University, v. 45, art. 6, p. 73-87.    [28.5-m-res. DEM min. discretization; 
curv.-based classif. into ridges, channels, & conv., conc., & planar slopes]
Massari, Remo, and Atkinson, P.M., 1999, Modeling susceptibility to landslidingan approach based 
on individual landslide type: Transactions, Japanese Geomorphological Union, v. 20, no. 3, p. 151-
168.    [generalized linear modeling; logistic regress.; geol., slope & veg. dominant]
Mather, A.E., Harvey, A.M., and Stokes, M., 2000, Quantifying long-term catchment changes of 
alluvial fan systems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 12, p. 1825-1833.    [log-log 
fan & drainage area]
Matmon, A., Zilberman, E., and Enzel, Y., 2000, Determination of escarpment age using morphologic 
analysisan example from the Galilee, northern Israel: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 
112, no. 12, p. 1864-1876.    [normalized distance/altitude graphs]
Mattar, K.E., Gray, A.L., Geudtner, D., and Vachon, P.W., 1999, Interferometry for DEM and terrain 
displacementeffects of inhomogeneous propagation: Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 
25, no. 1, p. 60-69.    [atmospheric vagaries a problem; need multiple independent measurements]
Matui, Isamu, 1932, Statistical study of the distribution of scattered villages in two regions of the 
Tonami Plain, Toyama Prefecture: Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography, v. 9, p. 251-255.    
[1st use of the quadrat method for spatial analysis in geography?]
Maunder, C.J., 1999, An automated method for constructing contour-based digital elevation models: 
Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 12, p. 3931-3940.    [uses natural flow lines & contours; no 
user-defined critical points]
Maune, D.F., ed., 2001, Digital Elevation Model Technologies and Applications, the DEM Users 
Manual: Bethesda, MD, American Society for Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, 540 p.; 
https://eserv.asprs.org/wasprs/staticcontent/staticpages/1067.htm.    [13 chapters on DEM 
operational issues; vert datums, accuracy stds, USGS DEM program, photogramm., IFSAR, LIDAR 
(incl. airborne bathymetry), SONAR, enabling tech., quality assessment]
Maxwell, J.C., 1955, The bifurcation ratio in Horton's law of stream numbers (abs.): Transactions, 
American Geophysical Union, v. 36, no. 3, p. 520.    [modified to apply to stream segments; in plot 
of log str. no. & str. order, abs. val. of antilog of slope of linear fit = bifurc. ratio]
Maxwell, J.C., 1967, Quantitative geomorphology of some mountain chaparral watersheds of 
southern California, in Garrison, W.L., and Marble, D.F., eds., Quantitative Geography, Part II, 
Physical and Cartographic Topics: Evanston, Ill., Northwestern University, Department of 
Geography, Studies in Geography no. 14, p. 108-226.    [publ. of 1960 thesis; of Strahler students 
the most aware of European morphometry; multiple-regression analysis confirmed Hortonian 'laws' 
in steep semi-arid terrain]
Mayer, L., 2000, Application of digital elevation models to macroscale tectonic geomorphology, in 
Summerfield, M.A., ed., Geomorphology and Global Tectonics (papers from International 
Conference on Geomorphology 4th, Bologna, 1999): Chichester UK and New York, Wiley, paging 
unknown.    [no info; presumably Larry Mayer, the quant. geomorphologist; see Mayer 1990 & 
1994?]
McAdoo, B.G., Pratson, L.F., and Orange, D.L., 2000, Submarine landslide geomorphology, US 
continental slope: Marine Geology, v. 169, nos. 1-2, p. 103-136.    [15 morphometric params. for 83 
slides; histograms, correlations]
McAllister, Michael, 1999, A watershed algorithm for triangulated terrains, in Canadian Conference on 
Computational Geometry 11th, Vancouver, BC, University of British Columbia, 15-18 August, 
Proceedings: p. 103-106 http://www.cs.ubc.ca/conferences/CCCG/elec_proc/fp50.pdf (8 p.).    
[DEM-to-watershed transformation; vector-based algorithm guarantees one polygon per basin]
McAllister, Michael, and Snoeyink, Jack, 1997, Medial axis generalisation of hydrology networks, in 
Auto-Carto 13, Symposium on Automated Cartography 13th, 5-10 April, Seattle WA, Proceedings: 
p. 164-173.    [from TIN; added benefits from use to depict rivers & lakes; similar to M&S 2000?]
McAllister, Michael, and Snoeyink, Jack, 1999, Extracting consistent watersheds from digital river and 
elevation data: ASPRS Annual Conference, 
http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/snoeyink/papers/asprs99.pdf.    [combine TIN & steepest-descent flow 
models to identify watershed breaklines]
McAllister, Michael, and Snoeyink, Jack, 2000, Medial axis generalization of river networks: CaGIS, v. 
27, no. 2, p. 129-138.    [Voronoi quant.-carto. relation of medial axis to riverbank from TIN; similar 
to M&S 1997?]
McArthur, D.E., Fuentes, R.W., and Devarajan, Venkat, 2000, Generation of hierarchical 
multiresolution terrain databases using wavelet filtering: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote 
Sensing, v. 66, no. 3, p. 287-295.    [scale-variant hierarchical triangulations (ca. like a quadtree)]
McBride, E.F., and Picard, M.D., 2000, Origin and development of tafoni in Tunnel Spring Tuff, 
Crystal Peak, Utah, USA: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: v. 25, no. 8, p. 869-879.    
[height, width, depth plots fr field meas.]
McCarroll, Danny, 1992, A new instrument and techniques for the field mesurement of rock surface 
roughness: Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, v. 36, no. 1, p. 69-79.    [micro-roughness meter; 2 
indices: slope std. dev., mean abs. diff adjacent slopes]
McClung, D.M., 2001, Characteristics of terrain, snow supply and forest cover for avalanche initiation 
caused by logging: Annals of Glaciology, v. 32, p. 223-229.    [probl. plot for start-zone slope; 
cross- & down-slope shape; concave slopes most at risk]
McGill, G.E., 2001, The Utopia Basin revisitedregional slope and shorelines from MOLA profiles: 
Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, no. 3, p. 411-414.    [topographic profiles, crater 
size/frequency]
McNamara, J.P., Kane, D.L., and Hinzman, L.D., 1999, An analysis of an Arctic channel network 
using a digital elevation model: Geomorphology, v. 29, nos. 3-4, p. 339-353.    [scaling char. hold 
only for channels larger than permafrost 'water tracks'; 10-m DEM]
Medler, M.J., and Yool, S.R., 1998, Computer-assisted terrain stratification: Physical Geography, v. 
19, no. 5, p. 433-443.    [Terrain 'poses' (types?) from combo of elev, slope & aspect by RGB Dig. I-
P]
Meentemeyer, R.K., and Moody, Aaron, 2000, Automated mapping of conformity between 
topographic and geological features: Computers and Geosciences, v. 26, no. 7, p. 815-829.    [fr 
DEM & geologic map; needs slope, aspect, & bedding dip & azimuth]
Mehrotra, G.S., Dharmaraju, R., and Prakash, S., 1994, Morphometric appraisal of slope instability of 
Chilla Landslide, Garhwal Himalaya: Journal of the Geological Society of India, v. 44, no. 2, p. 203-
211.    [profile analysis of 1 landslide, after Crozier, 1973, suggests processes]
Mehrotra, G.S., Sakart, S., and Dharmaraju, R., 1992, Landslide hazard assessment in Rishikesh-
Tehri area, Garwal Himalaya, India, in Bell, D.H., ed., Landslides, International Symposium 6th, 10-
14 February, Christchurch NZ, Proceedings: Rotterdam, Balkema, v. 2, p. 1001-1006.    [no DEM; 
slope segments; variables include drainage density, spatial freq. by slope angle & lithology]
Meinardus, Wilhelm, 1926, Die hypsographischen Kurven Grnlands und der Antarktis und die 
Normalform der Inlandeisoberflche (in German): Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, v. 72, 
no. 5/6, p. 97-105.    [gross morphometry of Earth's two largest areas of continental ice]
Meisel, J.E., and Turner, M.G., 1998, Scale detection in real and artificial landscapes using 
semivariance analysis: Landscape Ecology, v. 13, no. 6, p. 347-362.    [elev., aspect, & slope; elk 
foraging in Yellowstone Park]
Mekhbaliyev, M.M., 2001, Morfometricheskiy analiz kart ekspozitsii sklonov kartografo-
matematicheskim metodom (in Russian; morphometric analysis of slope exposure maps by 
cartographic-mathematical method): Izvestiya Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, v. 133, 
no. 5, p. 54-64.    [relief, slope, variance analysis]
Melton, M.A., 1960, Intravalley variation in slope angles related to microclimate and erosional 
environment: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 71, no. 2, p. 133-144.    [4.42 N-S diff. in 
Wyoming ascribed solely to aysmmetric stream corrasion]
Melton, M.A., 1965, The geomorphic and paleoclimatic significance of alluvial deposits in southern 
Arizona: Journal of Geology, v. 73, no. 1, p. 1-38.    [alluvial fan slope related to basin relief & area]
Mendicino, Giuseppe, 1999, Sensitivity analysis on GIS procedures for the estimate of soil erosion 
risk: Natural Hazards, v. 20, nos. 2-3, p. 231-253.    [2-D DEMON best of 3 models at getting 
stream flowpaths fr DEM]
Menduni, Giovanni, and Riboni, Vittoria, 2000, A physically based catchment partitioning method for 
hydrological analysis: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, nos. 11-12, p. 1943-1962.    [new contour line-
to-watershed algorithm, superior to DEM & TIN models]
Mertes, L.A.K., Dunne, Thomas, and Martinelli, L.A., 1996, Channel-floodplain geomorphology along 
the Solimes-Amazon River, Brazil: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 9, p. 1089-
1107.    [downstream distance vs. sinuosity, width, bank height, & island & lake density, area, 
circularity]
Mesa, O.J., 1986, Analysis of channel networks parameterized by elevation: University of Mississippi, 
unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 155 p.    [Markov analysis; width fcn. needs only 2 parameters, area & 
branching]
Messina, Paula, and Stoffer, Phil, 2000, Terrain analysis of the Racetrack Basin and the sliding rocks 
of Death Valley: Geomorphology, v. 35, nos. 3-4, p. 253-265.    [tested airflow char. fr DEM aspect 
& intervisibility of surrounding relief]
Meyer, Fernand, 1991, Un algorithme optimal de ligne de partage des eaux (in French): 8me 
Congrs RFIA, Lyon, France, p. 847-857.    [most efficient algorithm for grey scale-to-'watershed' 
transformation for image segmentation]
Meyer, T.H., Eriksson, Marian, and Maggio, R.C., 1997, A preliminary study on approximating hillslope 
at a point, in Applied Geography Conferences, Albuquerque NM, Papers and Proceedings: v. 20, 
p. 177-187.    [extended method of Philip & Watson 1986 to approx. terrain surface-normal vectors]
Meyer, T.H., Eriksson, Marian, and Maggio, R.C., 2001, Gradient estimation from irregularly spaced 
data sets: Mathematical Geology, v. 33, no. 6, p. 693-717.    [a generalization of finite-difference 
methods; uses directional derivatives; see M.E.M. 1997]
Midtb, Terje, 1987, Digitale terrengmodellar: University of Trondheim, Norwegian Institute of 
Technology, Department of Surveying and Mapping, unpublished Master's thesis, paging unknown.    
[no info]
Mikhail, E.M., Bethel, J.S., and McGlone, J.C., 2001, Digital elevation models (DEMs), 8.2.1 in 
Introduction to Modern Photogrammetry: New York, Wiley, p. 228-233.    [explains grid vs. TIN, var. 
caveats, banding in raster DEMs]
Mikls, Ladislav, 1991a, Morphometric indices of the relief in the LANDEP methods and their 
interpretation: Ecology (CSFR), v. 10, no. 2, p. 159-186.    [drainage-basin parameters]
Mikls, Ladislav, 1991b, Interpretation of the morphometric relief indices for spatial differentiation of 
microclimatic conditions: Ecology (CSFR), v. 10, no. 2, p. 223-246.    [no info; probl. drainage-basin 
parameters]
Milana, J.P., and Ruzycki, Luca, 1999, Alluvial-fan slope as a function of sediment transport 
efficiency: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 69, no. 3, p. 553-562.    [n=37; power laws: fan & 
basin A; precip = major var. in fan-to-fan slope diffs.]
Miliaresis, G.Ch., 1999, A region growing algorithm for the segmentation of alluvial fans from digital 
elevation models, in Symposium on Imaging Applications in Geology, Geovision99, University of 
Lige, Belgium, May 6-7, Proceedings: p. 189-192.    [Old Army 3' DEM; Death Valley; complex 
procedure, req. Landsat image]
Miliaresis, G.Ch., 1999, Automated segmentation of alluvial fans to regions of high to intermediate 
flood hazard from Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery, in International Symposium on 
Operationalization of Remote Sensing, 2nd, ITC Enschede, Neth., August 16-20, Proceedings: CD-
ROM; abstract = http://www.itc.nl/ags.    [Old Army 3' DEM; Death Valley; complex procedure 
(region-growing), req. Landsat image]
Miliaresis, G.Ch., 2000, Recognition of landforms from DEMs and satellite imagery with expert 
systems, pattern recognition and image processing techniques (in Greek with English abstract & 
reference list): National Technical University of Athens, Dept. of Surveying and Regional Planning, 
unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 267 p.    [Zagros & Great Basin mtns. fr GTOPO30, their extraction, 
parametric repr., fuzzy repr. & pattern recognition]
Miliaresis, G.Ch., 2001a, Geomorphometric mapping of Zagros Ranges at regional scale: Computers 
and Geosciences, v. 27, no. 7, p. 775-786.    [mountains delimited by region-growing algorithm]
Miliaresis, G.Ch., 2001b, Extraction of bajadas from digital elevation models and satellite imagery: 
Computers and Geosciences, v. 27, no. 10, p. 1157-1167.    [bajadas delimited by slope & 
drainage pixels in region-growing algorithm]
Miliaresis, G.Ch., and Argialas, D.P., 1998, Parametric representation and classification of mountain 
objects extracted from moderate resolution digital elevation data, in Buccianti, A., Nardi, G., and 
Potenza, R., eds., Annual Conference 4th, International Association for Mathematical Geology, 
Isola d'Ischia, Naples, IT, October 5-9, Proceedings: p. 892-897.    [12 params. & 36 Nevada 
mountain ranges fr. GTOPO30]
Miliaresis, G.Ch., and Argialas, D.P., 1998, Physiographic feature extraction from moderate resolution 
digital elevation data, in Annual Conference 24th, RSS98, Remote Sensing Society, University of 
Greenwich, UK September 9-11, Proceedings: p. 545-551.    [GTOPO30 work; precursor to 1999 
C&G paper]
Miliaresis, G.Ch. and Argialas, D.P., 1999a, Fuzzy pattern recognition of compressional mountain 
ranges in Iran, in Annual Conference 5th, International Association for Mathematical Geology, 
Trondheim, August 6-11, Proceedings: p. 227-232.    [region-growing fr. ridge & valley seed pixels? 
same 6 parameters as Basin & Range]
Miliaresis, G.Ch., and Argialas, D.P., 1999b, Formalisation of the photo-interpretation process by a 
fuzzy set representation of mountain objects in the geomorphic context of the Great Basin Section, 
in Annual Conference 25th, RSS99, Remote Sensing Society, University of Wales, Cardiff, UK, 
September 8-10, Proceedings: p. 745-750.    [GTOPO30; attributes: diam., eccentricity, elev., relief, 
massiveness, slope]
Miliaresis, G.Ch., and Argialas, D.P., 1999c, Segmentation of physiographic features from the global 
digital elevation model / GTOPO30: Computers and Geosciences, v. 25, no. 7, p. 715-728.    [US 
Basin & Range mtns., basins, & piedmont slopes: region-growing fr. ridge & valley seed pixels]
Miliaresis, G.Ch., and Argialas, D.P., 2000, Extraction and delineation of alluvial fans from digital 
elevation models and Landsat thematic map images: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote 
Sensing, v. 66, no. 9, p. 1093-1101.    [Old Army 3' DEM; Death Valley; complex procedure (region-
growing), req. Landsat image]
Miliaresis, G.Ch., and Argialas, D.P., 2002, Quantitative representation of mountain objects extracted 
from the global digital elevation model (GTOPO30): International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 23, 
no. 5, p. 949-964.    [12 mtn. params. classif. by K-means into 4 spatially distinct mtn. clusters]
Miller, D.J., 1995, Coupling GIS with physical models to assess deep-seated landslide hazards: 
Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, v. 1, no, 3, p. 263-276.    [factor-of-safety modeled for 
12,438 30-m DEM topo profiles]
Miller, J.P., 1958, High mountain streamseffects of geology on channel characteristics and bed 
material: Socorro NM, State Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Memoir 4, 53 p.    [Hack's law 
& other quant. relations verified in Sange de Cristo Range]
Miller, J.P., and Leopold, L.B., 1963, Simple measurements of morphological changes in river 
channels and hill slopes, in Changes of Climate, Arid Zone Research 20, Rome Symposium, 
Proceedings: Paris, UNESCO, p. 421-427.    [no info]
Miller, J.W., 1972, Variations in New York drumlins: Annals of the Association of American 
Geographers, v. 62, no. 3, p. 418-423.    [length, width, height fr. 1/24K contour maps]
Miller, O.M., 1951, Relief on maps and modelssome conclusions and a proposal: Columbus OH, 
Ohio State University, Mapping and Charting Research Laboratory, Technical Paper no. 151.    [the 
slope-zone technique of Miller & Summerson 1960]
Milling, M.E., and Tuttle, S.D., 1964, Morphometric study of two drainage basins near Iowa City, Iowa: 
Iowa Academy of sciences Proclamations, v. 71, p. 304-319.    [azimuthal asymmetry explained by 
differential deposition of loess]
Milne, B.T., 1991, Lessons from applying fractal models to landscape patterns, in Turner, M.G., and 
Gardner, R.H., eds., Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology, the analysis and interpretation of 
landscape heterogeneity: New York, Springer-Verlag, Ecological Studies Series, p. 199-235.    
[quantifying the non-topo X,Y domain]
Milne, J.A., and Sear, D.A., 1997, Modelling river channel topography using GIS: International 
Journal of Geographical Information Science, v. 11, no. 5, p. 499-519.    [contains summary of 
DEM applications]
Milton, L.E., 1967, Analysis of the laws of drainage-net composition: Bulletin of the International 
Association for Scientific Hydrology, v. 12, no. 1, p. 51-56.    ['laws' are stat. prob. functions 
resulting from the technique itself]
Mino, Yokichi, 1942, Study on peneplains viewed from rock floor theory (Chikei Genron; in 
Japanese): Kokon-shoin, Tokyo, p. 393-408.    [unspecified geomorphometry]
Mino, Yokichi, 1981, Early episode of quantitative research on landform evolution (in Japanese with 
English abstract): Transactions, Japanese Geomorphological Union, v. 2, no. 1, p. 135-137.    [brief 
review of >'40's Japanese morphometry]
Mironova, E.A., 1958, Experiment in morphometric description of erosion relief, in Rihter, G.D., and 
Dyachenko, A.E., eds., Agricultural Erosion and Its Control: Soviet Academic Press, Moscow, p. 
193-222.    [no info]
Mitsov, Helena, 1993, Surfaces and Modeling: GRASSclippings (Champaign, Ill., U.S. Army Corps 
of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory), V. 7, no. 1, p. 18-19.    [slope 
curves (flowlines), raster maps of flowpath length & flowline densities fr raster DEM]
Mitchell, N.C., 2001, Transition from circular to stellate forms of submarine volcanoes: Journal of 
Geophysical Research, v. 106, no. B2, p. 1987-2003.    [n=141; elongation, moment of inertia, 
perimeter dist.; trans. ca. 3 km edifice height]
Mizukoshi, Hiroko, and Aniya, Masamu, 2000, Automated classification of plan and profile forms of 
slope using digitized contour data (in Japanese with English abstract & figure captions): 
Transactions, Japanese Geomorphological Union, v. 21, no., 3, p. 307-328.    [contour-to- (1) 
convergent, divergent & planar slopes, & (2) concave, convex & planar profiles]
Mizukoshi, Hiroko, and Aniya, Masamu, 2002, Use of contour-based DEMs for deriving and mapping 
topographic attributes: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 68, no. 1, p. 83-93.    
[algorithms generate flow (fall) lines and then compute slope gradient & aspect & classify & map 
slope profile & plan forms]
Moellering, Harold, 2001, Analytical cartographypast, present, and future, in AGILE Conference on 
Geographic Information Science, 4th, GI in EuropeIntegrative, Interoperable, Interactive, Brno, 
Czech republic, 19-21 April, Proceedings: p. 599-614; 
http://agile.isegi.unl.pt/Conference/Brno2001/Questions.pdf.    [review briefly mentions fractals, TIN, 
Warntz nets; biblio]
Molchanov, A.K., 1967, On the study of characteristic and limiting slope angles in the southern 
regions of the Buryat A.S.S.R. (in Russian): Metody Geomorfologicheskikh Issledovannii, no. 1, p. 
134-143.    [1, 3-4, 9-12, 16-18, 31-33; gentle slopes more common than level land]
Monmonier, M.S., Pfaltz, J.L., and Rosenfeld, Azriel, 1966, Surface area from contour maps: 
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 32, no. 3, p. 476-482.    [processes 
digitized contours; Surface area related to projected area]
Montgomery, D.R., 1998, Review of 'Fractal River Basins. Chance and Self-Organization' by Ignacio 
Rodrguez-Iturbe and Andrea Rinaldo: Nature, v. 396, no. 6711, p. 536.    ['stimulating, etc.'; 
reviewer defends 'reductionist, process-oriented' work decried by authors]
Montgomery, D.R., 2000, Erosional processes at an abrupt channel headimplications for channel 
entrenchment and discontinuous gully formation, in Darby, S.E., and Simon, Andrew, eds., Incised 
River ChannelsProcesses, Forms, Engineering and Management: Chichester UK, John Wiley & 
Sons, p. 247-276.    [inverse relation betw. drainage area and slope for the Marin Co. CA test site]
Montgomery, D.R., 2001, Slope distributions, threshold hillslopes, and steady-state topography, in 
Pazzaglia, F.J., and Knuepfer, P.L.K., eds., The steady-state orogenconcepts, field 
observations, and models: American Journal of Science, v. 302, nos. 4 & 5, p. 432-454.    [DEMs 
of Olympic & Oregon Coast Range Mts. test relations among SD, TH, & SST]
Montgomery, D.R., Balco, Greg, and Willet, S.D., 2001, Climate, tectonics, and the morphology of the 
Andes: Geology, v. 29, no. 7, p. 579-582.    [broad-scale orometry; cross-range asymmetry, width, 
hypsometry, & max. elev.]
Montgomery, D.R., and Brandon, M.T., 2002, Topographic controls on erosion rates in tectonically 
active mountain ranges: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 201, no. 3-4, p. 481-489.    [slope 
& relief; nonlinear rate w/ relief;  GTOPO30 local relief on 10 km circles for 4 continents]
Montgomery, D.R., and Dietrich, W.E., 1994, A physically based model for the topographic control on 
shallow landsliding: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 4, p. 1153-1171.  
http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~geomorph/shalstab/.    [development of software to predict debris 
flow]
Montgomery, D.R., and Greenberg, H.M., 2000, Local relief and the height of Mount Olympus: Earth 
Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 25, no. 4, p. 385-396.    [valley W/slope L & % local relief 
(30-m DEM) infer eros. control of high peak location]
Moore, I.D., Burch, G.J., and Mackenzie, D.H., 1988, Topographic effects on the distribution of 
surface soil water and the location of ephemeral gullies: Transactions, American Society of 
Agricultural Engineers, v. 31, no. 4, p. 1098-1107.    [topo. heterogeneity vital in pred. catchment 
moisture; TOPO software for terrain analysis formally became TAPES]
Moores, E.A., 1966, Regional drainage basin morphometry: Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 
unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, paging unknown.    [Drainage basin morphometry, fluvial features]
Mora C., Sergio, and Vahrson, W.-G., 1994, Macrozonation methodology for landslide hazard 
determination: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, v. 31, no. 1, p, 49-58.    
[unusual in that uses relative relief on 1 km as slope parameter]
Morawetz, Sieghard, 1937, Das Problem der Taldichte und Hangzerschneidung (in German; The 
problem of valley density and slope incision): Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, v. 83, no. 
12, p. 346-350.    [comparative drainage density (12 refs.) & geomorphic process]
Morawetz, Sieghard, 1939, Reliefenergie und Vergletscherung in der Nanga Parbat-Gruppe: 
Zeitschrift fr Gletscherkunde, v. 26, no. 3-4, p. 303-307.    [no info]
Morawetz, Sieghard, 1957, Fragen der Talnetz- und Kammentwicklung insbesondere in den 
Ostalpen und einigen Nachbargebieten (in German; ... on valley network & ridge development esp. 
in eastern Alps & contiguous areas), in Neef, Ernst, ed., Geomorphologische Studien (the 
Machatschek Festschrift): Gotha, VEB Hermann Haack, Ergnzungsheft (supplement volume) no. 
262 to Petermanns Geographischen Mitteilungen, p. 91-101.    [drainage density (same 12 
Fludichte refs as 1937 paper) & geomorphic process]
Morgen, Herbert, 1940, Die natrlichen Ertragsfaktoren ... in 26 Landkreisen Pommerns. Ein raum-
politische Studie (in German; natural yield factors ... in 26 Pomeranian districts. A geo-political 
study): Berichte ber Landwirtschaft, N.F., no. 151, p. 28.    [map of relative relief; 1/850K; 8 
intervals]
Morisawa, M.E., 1959a, Relation of morphometric properties to runoff in the Little Mill Creek, Ohio, 
drainage basin: Office of Naval Research Project NR 389-042, Contract N6 ONR 271-30: Nonr 266 
(50), Technical Report no. 17: New York, Columbia University, Department of Geology, 10 p.    
[prelude to thesis; signif. power-fcn. correl. for stream L, relief ratio, & 2 shape ratios]
Morisawa, M.E., 1959b, Relation of quantitative geomorphology to stream flow in representative 
watersheds of the Appalachian Plateau province: Office of Naval Research Project NR 389-042, 
Contract N6 ONR 271-30: Nonr 266 (50), Technical Report no. 20: New York, Columbia University, 
Department of Geology, 94 p.    [published in 1962; identified 5 diff. types of difficulty in defining 
channel networks fr contour maps]
Mosley, M.P., and Parker, R.S., 1973, Re-evaluation of the relationship of master streams and 
drainage basinsdiscussion: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 9, p. 3123-3125.    
[var. criticisms of Mueller 1972 on Hack's law exponent]
Mossman, James, 2001, New color system enhances relief mapping: ArcUser (ESRI, Redlands CA), 
Jan.-March, p. 54-56.    [continuous-appearing shaded-relief fr lighter, closer-spaced color palette]
Mostafa, M.E., and Hussein, M.T., 1997, Automated characterization of some morphological features 
with application to Khor Baraka drainage basin, Sudan: Journal of King Abdulaziz University (Saudi 
Arabia), Earth Science, v. 9, p. 39-55, 1997.    [basin perimeter, total & fractal areas, hypsometric 
curves, network maps]
Mueller, J.E., 1972, Re-evaluation of the relationship of master streams and drainage basins: 
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, no. 11, p. 3471-3473.    [Hack's law exponent ~0.47 
for 65 mid-to-large basins]
Mueller, J.E., 1973, Re-evaluation of the relationship of master streams and drainage basinsreply: 
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 9, p. 3127-3130.    [Hack's law exponent ~0.55 
for 250 small-to-large basins; stream sinuosity not an influence on ~0.5 exponent]
Mller, Bernd, and Mietz, Olaf, 1991, Zum Einflu morphometrischer Faktoren auf Prozeablufe in 
Binnenseen am Beispiel von Seengruppen des Jungmornengebietes im nrdlichen Mittel- und 
Osteuropa (... morph. factors influencing process sequence in inland lakes ..., in German): 
Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, v. 135, no. 2, p. 123-132.    [lake-basin shape, slope of 
floor, & floor roughness]
Mller, Emil, 1912, Lehrbuch der Darstellenden Geometrie fr Technische Hochschulen, v. I (in 
German; 1st publ. 1908?, v. 2 in 1916): Leipzig & Berlin, Teubner, p. 52.    [inspired Rothe 1915?; 
ascribes earliest descriptive-geometric treatment of ridges & watercourses to Dupuis de Torcy & 
Brisson 1808, but claims 'a perfectly rigorous geometrical definition ... has not yet been found']
Mller, Emil, 1919, Besondre Punkte und Linien auf der Gelndeflche; Verlauf von Schichten- und 
Fallinien (in German: special points & lines on the ground surface; course of contour and slope 
lines,  166 in Lehrbuch der Darstellenden Geometrie fr Technische Hochschulen, v. I (?) (2nd ed; 
1st publ. 1918?): Leipzig & Berlin, Teubner, p. 47-53.    [expanded? his 1912 treatment (other 
earlier editions exist); refs Dupuis de Torcy & Brisson 1808 (1st modern citation?), later French 
work, Maxwell 1870; credits Rothe 1915 with correctly defining watercourses]
Murata, Teizo, 1931a, Theoretical consideration on the shape of alluvial fans: Geographical Review 
of Japan, v. 7, no. 7, p. 569-586.    [not seen; geometric conceptualization of fan relief and plan 
form? as equations?]
Murata, Teizo, 1931b, Relation betwen a fan and its surrounding mountains: Geographical Review of 
Japan, v. 7, no. 8, p. 649-663.    [not seen; geometric relations?]
Murphey, J.B., Wallace, D.E., and Lane, L.J., 1977, Geomorphic parameters predict hydrograph 
characteristics in the Southwest: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 13, no. 1, p. 25-38.    [catchment 
area = best; new shape/size param.]
Murray, John, 1886, Drainage areas of the continents and their relation to oceanic deposits: Scottish 
Geographical Magazine, v. 2, no. 9, p. 548-555.    [watershed planimetry of new Bartholomew 
global Lambert equal-area maps; land/water (area) = 1/2.5, cf. Penck 1886]
Murtaugh, C.R., and Antonatos, P.P., 1949, Test of the 2' x 2' supersonic wind tunnel nozzle: U.S. 
Air Force Memorandum Report MCREXA9-90311-1-10, 1 July, paging unknown.    [PSD-like 
surface-curvature analysis of metal-finishing, adapted by Schloss 1965 to terrain analysis for Apollo 
Project]
Musgrave, F.K., 1993, Methods for realistic landscape imaging: New Haven, CT, Yale University, 
unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 268 p.    [fractal Brownian motion simulations]
Musgrave, G.W., 1947, The quantitative evaluation of factors in water erosion, a first approximation: 
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 2, no. 3, p. 133-138.    [derived equation for soil loss; 
uses data fr. uniform slopes]
Myers, D.M., 1999, Review of 'GSLIBGeostatistical Software Library and User's Guide, second 
edition,' by C.V. Deutsch & A.G. Journel, 1998: Computers and Geosciences, v. 25, no. 3, p. 309-
312.    [thorough review; mildly critical; 'strictly user-beware;' cites other software]
N
Naden, P.S., 1993, A routing model for continental-scale hydrology, in Symposium on Macroscale 
Modeling of the Hydrosphere, Yokohama, July, Proceedings: IAHS Publication 214, p. 67-79.    
[early broad-scale DEM-based model; implicit source-to-sink method]
Nagel, Dr., 1835, ber die Kstengestaltung der Erdteile (on the coastal shape of the continents, in 
German): Heinrich Berghaus' Annalen der Erd-, Vlker-, und Staatenkunde (Berlin), v. 12, p. 490-
497.    [after Ritter 1826, next work on coast shape?; K = U/2F: U = coast perimeter, F = area 
enclosed; see Rohrbach, 1890]
Nakano, M., Takagi, A., and Haraguchi, N., 1985, Stochastic simulation of gully networks on eroded 
land, in El-Swaify, S.A., Moldenhauer, W.C., and Lo, Andrew, eds., Soil Erosion and Conservation: 
Ankeny, Iowa, Soil Conservation Society of America, p. 178-187.    [used prior sim. models & 
Strahler ordering; varied results]
Nakayama, Daichi, 1998, A study of DEM-based drainage basin classificationthe case of the 
Abukuma Mountains (in Japanese with English abstract & figure captions): Geographical Review of 
Japan, v. 71A, p. 169-186.    [54 basins, 5 hyps. & 6 planim. char.; PCA = 3 PC's & 4 types]
NASA, 2002, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission: U.S. National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration, http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/.    [official online source for SRTM data and 
information]
Natarajan, Padma, 1999, Intelligent retrieval of ridgelines from digital elevation models: Orono ME, 
University of Maine, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, unpublished MSEE thesis, 
paging unknown.    [presented at 1999 ASPRS ANnual Conference]
Nellemann, Christian, and Reynolds, P.E., 1997, Predicting late winter distribution of muskoxen using 
an index of terrain ruggedness: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 29, no. 3, p. 334-338.    [Indices 
based on contour characteristics fr topo maps]
Neumann, G.A., Rowlands, D.D., Lemoine, F.A., Smith, D.E., and Zuber, M.T., 2001, Crossover 
analysis of Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 106, no. E10, p. 
23,753-23,768.    [error for 5000 orb. profiles modeled by 24 M elev. crossovers; adjusted tracks 
accuracy < 1 m vert.]
Neumann, Ludwig, 1889, Die mittlere Kammhhe der Berner Alpen (in German, mean crest levels of 
the Bernese Alps): Berichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Freiberg im Br., v. 4, no. 1, p. 
45-50.    [definition of 'mean crest-level'height 'longitudinal crest profile would take if limited to 
consistently even portions parallel to sea level', as cited by Fiedler 1890]
Neumann, Ludwig, 1888, Orometrische Studien im Anschlu an die Untersuchungen des 
Kaiserstuhlgebietes (orometric studies after investigations of the Kaiserstuhl area; in German): 
Zeitschrift fr wissenschaftliche Geographie (Weimar), v. 7, no. 1, p. 320-332.    [post-Sonklar work; 
cited elsewhere as 'Untersuchung' & 'Kaiserstuhlgebirges']
Neumann, Ludwig, 1889, Orometrische Studien im Anschlu an die Untersuchungen des 
Kaiserstuhlgebietes (conclusion): Zeitschrift fr wissenschaftliche Geographie (Weimar), v. 7, no. 
2/3, p. 362 (361?)-378.    [balance of Neumann 1888]
Neumann, Ludwig, 1900, Die Dichte des Flunetzes im Schwarzwalde (Stream network density in the 
Black Forest, in German): Gerlands Beitrge zur Geophysik, Leipsig, v. 4, ca. p. 222.    [early dd 
work; defined drainage density = L/A; L = total stream lengths & A = basin area; 1 km squares]
Newman, W.I., Turcotte, D.L., and Gabrielov, A.M., 1997, Fractal trees with side branching: Fractals, 
v. 5, no. 4, p. 603-614.    [more direct descr. of river structure, based on Tokunaga scaling]
Newson, M.D., 1978, Drainage Basin characteristics, their selection, derivation and analysis for a 
flood study of the British Isles: Earth Surface Processes, v. 3, no. 3, p. 277-293.    [>1000 basins]
Nice, Bruno, 1948, Energia del rilievo, in La fittezza del reticolato idrografico nell'Appennino tosco-
emiliano: Riv. Geogr. Ital., v. 60, p. 11-22, & 65-98.    [1/700K relative-relief map; 3x3 samples; 7 
intervals]
Nicholls, R.J., and Small, Christopher, 2002, Improved estimates of coastal population and exposure 
to hazards released: EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 83, no. 28, p. 301, 305.    
[quant. rel. (graphs & maps) of pop. density to elev. & distance from coast; need LiDAR to improve 
low-lying elevs.]
Nieuwenhuis, J.D., and van den Berg, J.A., 1971, Slope investigations in the Morvan (Haut Folin 
area): Revue de Gomorphologie Dynamique, v. 20, no. 4, p. 161-176.    [6063 field-profile angles 
at 10-m length; stat. relation betw. slope & elev. & rock type]
Nikora, V.I., and Goring, D.G., 2001, Extended self-similarity in geophysical and geological 
applications: Mathematical Geology, v. 33, no. 3, p. 251-271.    [structure func. & ESS (extended 
self-sim.) plots of Martian topo. &]
Nogami, Michio, 1995, Geomorphometry for detailed digital elevation model (in Japanese with English 
summary): Chishitsu Chosajo Geppo (Bull. Japan. Geol. Survey), v. 46, no. 4, p. 465-474.    
[DEM's, drainage basins & patterns, math. models]
Nogami, Michio, 1998, An algorithm and a C-program source for automated drainage network 
extraction (in Japanese with English abstract): Theory and Applications of GIS (J. of GIS Assoc. of 
Japan), v. 6, no. 1, p. 95-102.    [flood-type; random-walk techn. gives good results on flats]
Nogami, Michio, 1999, Effects of geology on geomorphometric characteristics analyzed by a 50-m 
digital elevation model (in Japanese with English abstract and figure captions): Geographical 
Review of Japan, v. 72A, no. 1, p. 23-29.    [50m DEM; height, slope, convexity, & geology of 
Japan change through time]
Nogami, Michio, 2000, 50m-DEM and landforms of Japanese Islands (abs.): Transactions, Japanese 
Geomorphological Union, v. 21, no. 1, p. 69-70.    [PCA of morphometric properties of 597 
mountain summits]
Noguchi, Naohiko, 1972, Quantitative geomorphology and relative rate of erosion, Pescadero Creek 
Basin, San Mateo Co., California: University of Santa Cruz, Dept. Earth Sciences, unpublished 
M.Sc. thesis, 109 p.    [only the areal params. correlate highly with environmental variables]
Nolan, T.J., Kirk, R.M., and Shulmeister, J., 1999, Beach cusp morphology on sand and mixed sand 
and gravel beaches, South Island, New Zealand: Marine Geology, v. 157, no. 3-4, p. 185-198.    
[most quant relations covary; amplitude & spacing poorest]
Noumi, Yousuki, Shiono, Kiyoji, Masumoto, Sinji, and Raghavan, Venkatesh, 1999, Generation of 
DEM from the topographic mapsutilization of inter-contour information (in Japanese with English 
abstract & figure captions): Geoinformatics, v. 10, no. 4, p. 235-246.    [interpolates elevs. from set 
of inequality constraints prior to creating DEM]
Nowacki, Gregory, Shephard, Michael, Krosse, Patricia, Pawuk, William, Fisher, Gary, Baichtal, 
James, Brew, David, Kissinger, Everett, and Brock, Terry, 2001, Ecological subsections of 
Southeast Alaska and neighboring areas of Canada: USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region, 
Technical Publication No. R10-TP-75, 306 p.    [binned elev., slope, aspect, 'roughness' (std. dev. 
elev.) & slope & elev. histograms for 73 regions fr 60m DEM (1:63,360 maps)]
Nowak, Hans, 1944, Die Reliefenergie im Grenzsaume der Bhmischen Masse zwischen Donau und 
Thaya: Mitteilungen Geograph. Ges. Wien, no. 87, p. 16-18.    [1/420K relative-relief map; 1 km 
samples; 7 relief intervals]
Nuth, Van, Pulliam, Jay, and Wilson, Clark, 2002, Migration of radar altimeter waveform data: 
Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no. 10, p. 131-1 to 131-4.    [Greenland ice-sheet data reveal 
one limitation of current radar altmeters]
Nye, J.F., 1965, Flow of a glacier in a channel of rectilinear, elliptic, or parabolic cross-section: Journal 
of Glaciology, v. 5, no. 41, p. 661-690.    [shape factor = (A/h of trimline above thalweg) x trough 
perimeter]
O
O'Donnell, Greg, Nijssen, Bart, and Lettenmaier, D.P., 1999, A simple algorithm for generating 
streamflow networks for grid-based, macroscale hydrological models: Hydrological Processes, v. 13, 
no. 8, p. 1269-1275.    [gets coarse-scale network from fine-scale DEMs using accumulation-flow 
file]
O'Sullivan, David, and Turner, Alasdair, 2001, Visibility graphs and landscape visibility analysis: 
International Journal of Geographical Information Science, v. 15, no. 3, p. 221-237.    [applied 
graph theory yields pixel surface colored by size of visible neighborhoods]
Ochi, Shiro, and Shibasaki, Ryosuke, 1999, Development of 1km drainage model based on 
GTOPO30 and global data sets, in Otsubo, Kuninori, Tsuboi, Kaoru, and Hiromoto (Airies), Misako, 
eds., 1999 NIES Workshop on Information Bases and Modeling for Land-use and Land-cover 
Changes Studies in East Asia, 25-27 January, Tsukuba, Japan, Proceedings: p. 201-205.    
[algorithm for drainage-direction matrix, but fit still inconsistent]
Ochi, Shiro, and Shibasaki, Ryosuke, 1999, Algorithm for generating drainage direction matrix using 
DEM (GTOPO30) and DCW (in Japanese with English abstract and figure captions): Journal of the 
Japan Society of Photogrammetry, v. 38, no. 3, p. 60-68.    [combines DEM with planimetric stream 
depiction to get better DDM]
Ochis, Heidi, and Russell, E.C., 1997, Comparison of a piecewise transformation to polynomial-based 
geometric correction algorithms: Boulder, CO, Computer Terrain Mapping, Inc., 13 p.; 
http://www.ctmap.com/gis_journal/geotin.pdf.    [piecewise technique better, & for all relief types]
Ochis, Heidi, Russell, E.C., and Hoffer, R.M., 1997, A comparison of a triangulation-based piecewise 
transformation to polynomial-based geometric correction algorithms, in ACSM/ASPRS Annual 
Convention & Exposition, Seattle, WA, April 7-10: Technical Papers, v. 3, p. 215-225.    [piecewise 
technique better, & for all relief types]
Ogden, F.L., Garbrecht, Jurgen, DeBarry, P.A., and Johnson, L.E., 2001, GIS and distributed 
watershed models. IImodules, interfaces, and models: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 6, 
no. 6, p. 515-523.    [2nd of 2-part GIS tutorial for practicing engineers; applics.]
Oguchi, Takashi, Tanaka, Yukiya, Kim, Tae-Ho, and Lin, Zhou, 2001, Large-scale landforms and 
hillslope processes in Japan and Korea: Transactions of the Japanese Geomorphological Union, v. 
22, no. 3, p. 321-336.    [A/elev., slope map, slope/elev., % slope >15 & % slope < 2/elev.]
Ohmori, Hiroo, and Sugai, Toshihiko, 1994, Morphometrical characteristics of landslide masses and 
their geomorphological implications: Transactions, Japanese Geomorphological Union, v. 15, no. 1, 
p. 1-16.    [see 1995 paper by same authors]
Oimoen, M.J., 2000, An effective filter for removal of production artifacts in U.S. Geological Survey 
7.5-minute digital elevation models, in Conference on Applied Geologic Remote Sensing, 14th, 6-8 
Nov., Las Vegas, NV, Proceedings: Ann Arbor, MI, Veridian ERIM International, p. 311-319; 
http://edcnts12.cr.usgs.gov/ned/filter/; also http://gisdata.usgs.net/ned/filter/index.html.    ['mean 
profile filter' at least partially successful in removing 'stripes' from level 1 USGS DEMs]
Okagama, T., 1969, Gipfelflur, in Quaternary tectonic map of Japan: National Research Center for 
Disaster Prevention, map no. 6, 1/2,000,000.    [summit-height envelope fr 1.5' x 1.25' grid 
&1/50,000 maps]
Okayama, T., 1932, Some problems on mountain topographic features (in Japanese): Geography of 
Iwanamikoza (Geographical course of Iwanami), Iwanamisyoten, Tokyo, 50 p.    [among earliest 
Japanese use of morphometric methods]
Okayama, T., 1953, The geomorphic structure of Japanas a starting point of regional 
geomorphology (in Japanese): Sundai Shigaku (Sundai Historical Review), v. 13 (not 3?), p. 28-38.    
[summit-height envelope fr 1.5' x 1.25' grid &1/50,000 maps]
Okimura, Takashi, and Kawatani, T., 1986, Mapping of the potential surface-failure sites on granite 
mountain slopes, in Gardiner, V., ed., International Geomorphology 1986, Part I: New York, John 
Wiley & Sons, p. 121-138.    [debris flows; incl. slope & slope curvature fr.10m DEM]
Olivera, Francisco, Famiglietti, James, and Asante, Kwanbena, 2000, Global-scale flow routing using 
a source-to-sink algorithm: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 8, p. 2197-2207.    [instead of 
cell-to-cell routing; hydrographs for large basins fr. GTOPO30 seem OK]
Olivera, Francisco, 2001, Extracting hydrologic information from spatial data for HMS modeling: 
Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 6, no. 6, p. 524-530.    [princ. & meth. behind DEM-to-
watershed, etc. for input to USACE's modeling system]
Olivier, J., and Valentine, R., 1965, Engineering Lunar Model Obstacles (ELMO): JFK Space Center, 
Future Studies Branch, Launch Support Equipment Engineering Division, Tech. Report TR-145-D, 
paging unknown.    [to provide pre-real lunar data quant. design criteria for Lunar Roving Vehicle 
design concepts; synthetic technique used 2 params, terrain obstacle spacing (constant) & size 
(var.), for var. topo profiles]
Onde, H., 1938, La Maurienne et la Tarentaise, tude morphologique (in French): Revue de 
Gographie Alpine, v. 26?, p. 663-771; also La Maurienne et la Tarentaise. tude de gographie 
physique: Thse Lettres Grenoble / Grenoble, Arthaud, 624 p.    [applic. of morphometry; correl. 
basin discharge w/ mean elev., etc.; esp. ch. VI, p. 75-103]
Onde, H., 1939, L'aration des massifs montagneux et son valuation (in French): Revue de 
Gographie Alpine, v. 27, p. 447-453.    ['coefficient of aeration' applied to mountains]
Ongley, E.D., 1968, Towards a precise definition of drainage basin axis: Australian Geographical 
Studies, v. 6, no. 1, p. 84-88.    ['basin vectoral axis' = vector resultant of high-order links]
Ore, H.T., and White, E.D., 1958, An experiment in the quantitative analysis of drainage basin 
characteristics: Compass, Sigma Gamma Epsilon, v. 36, no., 1, p. 23-38.    [Horton analysis of 2 
Iowa basins supports laws of stream numbers & lengths]
Orlandini, Stefano, and Lamberti, Alberto, 2000, effect of wind on precipitation intercepted by steep 
mountain slopes: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 5, no. 4, p. 346-354.    [6 basin params. fr 
DEM combine w/ modeled 3D rainfall field]
Orris, G.J., and Williams, J.W., 1984, Landslide length-width ratios as an aid in landslide identification 
and verification: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, v. 21, no. 3, p. 371-375.    
[n=153; different l/w for diff. facies of St. Clara fm. in No. CA]
Ottoson, Patrik, 2001, Compressing digital elevation models with wavelet decomposition, in 
ScanGIS'2001, Scandinavian Research Conference on Geographical Information Science 8th, s, 
Norway, 25-27 June, Proceedings: p. 15-31; <http://www.nlh.no/conf/scangis2001/papers/12.pdf>.    
[addresses issues in adapting wavelet decomp. to 50m Sweden DEM]
Otuka, Y., 1933, The Japanese coastline (in Japanese with English summary: Geographical Revue 
of Japan, v. 9, p. 819-843.    [coastline shape = (L-D)/D where D = circle diam & L = shoreline 
length in circle]
Overbeck, Christoph, 1997, Simulation der Topographie des Meersbodens mit Hilfe fraktaler 
Prozesse (in German): Universitt Trier, Germany, unpublished thesis (Diplomarbeit), 180 p.    
[found scale-dependent breaks in fractal analyses of seafloor topo form]
Ozawa, Taku, Doi, Koichiro, and Shibuya, Kazuo, 1999, A case study of generating a digital 
elevation model for the Sya Coast area, Antarctica, usinbg JERS-1 SAR interferometry: Polar 
Geoscience, no. 12, p. 227-239.    [50m grid; 23 control pts. for 45km x 55km area; better than 
GTOPO30]
P-Q
Pack, R.T., Tarboton, D.G., and Goodwin, C.N., 1999, GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping 
with SINMAP, in Bay, J.A., ed., Symposium on Engineering Geology and Geotechnical 
Engineering, 34th, Proceedings: p. 219-231.    [SINMAP = DEM-dependent software package; see 
Tarboton 1997]
Paillou, Philippe, and Gelautz, Margrit, 1999, Relief reconstruction from SAR stereo pairsThe 
'optimal gradient' matching method: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 37, 
no. 4, p. 2099-2107.    [pairs preproc., then filtered to get gradient (brightness?)-amplitude images]
Pal, S., 1972, A classification of morphometric methods of analysisAn appraisal: Geographical 
Review of India, v. 34, (cited by Lastochkin, 1987).    [no info]
Palacios-Vlez, O.L., Gandoy-Bernascon, William, and Cuevas-Renaud, Baltasar, 1998, Geometric 
analysis of surface runoff and the computation order of unit elements in distributed hydrological 
models: Journal of Hydrology, v. 211, nos. 1-4, p. 266-274.    [new algorithms for kinematic 
cascade from DEM or TIN]
Palmu, J.-P., 1997, Combining Quaternary geological and digital elevation model data, in Autio, Sini, 
ed., Geological Survey of Finland Current Research 1995-1996: Geological Survey of Finland 
Special paper 23, p. 109-116.    [novel DEM visual. technique; ChromaDepth; depth parallax 
inmduced by color]
Panin, A.V., and Gelman, R.N., 1997, Experience applying GPS techniques to derivation of large-
scale digital terrain models (in Russian): Geodesiya i Cartographiya, no. 10, p. 22-27.    [no info]
Papanikolaou, K., and Derenyi, E.E., 1987, GIS in support of remote sensing technologypresent 
applications, future possibilities, in American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote 
SensingAmerican Congress on Surveying and Mapping, International Conference, Exhibits, and 
Workshops on Geographic Information Systems, 2nd, GIS '87-San Francisco, October 26-30, 
Proceedings: v. 1, p. 333-339.    [gen'l. info on DEMs, slope & aspect, shadowed area, & ridge 
extraction]
Pareschi, M.T., Favalli, M., Giannini, F., Sulpizio, R., Zanchetta, G., and Santacroce, R., 2000, May 5, 
1998, debris flows in circum-Vesuvian areas (southern Italy)insights for hazard assessment: 
Geology, v. 28, no. 7, p. 639-642.    [10-m DEM fr. 1/25K TIN: basin slope vs. shape factor, &; 
superb oblique shaded-relief image of area is on cover of v. 28, no. 8]
Park, Donggyu, Cho, Hwanggue, and Kim, Yangsoo, 2001, A TIN compression method using 
Delaunay triangulation: International Journal of Geographical Information Science, v. 15, no. 3, p. 
255-269.    [reviews past methods; near-equiangular triangles.]
Parlow, E., and Schweinfurth, G., 1995, Das Digitale Gelndemodell, in Fiedler, F., Klimaatlas 
Oberrhein Mitte-Sd: Textteil, IFG Offenbach, p. 17-18.    [no info]
Pastor-Satorras, Romualdo, and Rothman, D.H., 1998a, Scaling of a slopethe erosion of tilted 
landscapes: Journal of Statistical Physics, v. 93, nos. 3/4, p. 477-500.    [propose theory to model 
erosion; attempt to explain inflected shape of autocorrel. fcn.; var, comparisons w. topo-map data.]
Pastor-Satorras, R., and Rothman, D.H., 1998b, Stochastic equation for the erosion of inclined 
topography: Physical Review Letters, v. 80, no. 19, p. 4349-4352.    [abbreviated version of P-S & 
R 1998a]
Patel, J.G., Pappalardo, R.T., Head, J.W., Collins, G.C., Hiesinger, Harald, and Sun, Jie, 1999, 
Topographic wavelengths of Ganymede groove lanes from Fourier analysis of Galileo images: 
Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, no. E10, p. 24,057-24,074.    [dominant wavelenths vary 
w/ location, fr 1-2 km to 5-10 km]
Paulson, M.J., and Tucker, Dean, 1998, Comparison of GIS-based watershed delineation algorithms 
(abs.), in Hallam, C.A., and Salisbury, J.M., eds., GIS Applications in Water Resources 
ResearchAmerican water Resources Annual Meeting, Chicago Ill, November 6-10, 1994: U.S. 
Geological Survey, Open-file Report 98-751, p. 18.    ['several' packages evaluated; no further 
details on results]
Payer, Julius, 1865, Orometrischer Theil, p. 6-8 in Die Adamello-Presanella-Alpen nach dem 
Forschungen und Aufnahmen (in German): Gotha, Justus Perthes, Ergnzungsheft (supplement 
volume) no. 17, to Petermanns Geographischen Mitteilungen, 36 p.    [measurements of elev., 
slope, rel. relief, & a ratio for various mountains in the Tyrol]
Pazzaglia, F.J., and Brandon, M.T., 2001, A fluvial record of long-term steady-state uplift and erosion 
across the Cascadia forearc high, western Washington state, in Pazzaglia, F.J., and Knuepfer, 
P.L.K., eds., The steady-state orogenconcepts, field observations, and models: American 
Journal of Science, v. 302, nos. 4 & 5, p. 385-431.    [elev. & slope / distance profiles; use valley 
profile, terrace levels & ages, & kinematic model to est. incision & rock uplift across a mtn. range]
Pazzaglia, F.J., and Knuepfer, P.L.K., eds., 2001, The steady-state orogenconcepts, field 
observations, and models: American Journal of Science, v. 302, nos. 4 & 5, p. 313-512; 
http://www.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/TableContents.html.    [broad-scale work; 'neo-orometry'?; 1st & 
5th-8th of 8 papers all have morphometric contributions]
Pearce, S.J., and Melosh, H.J., 1986, Terrace width variations in complex lunar craters: Geophysical 
Research Letters, v. 13, no. 13, p. 1419-1422.    [W < w/ distance fr rim, & largest terrace (nearest 
rim) > w/ rim D; pre-collapse topo profile most important control on width; see also Leith & McKinnon 
1991]
Peckham, S.D., and Gupta, V.K., 1999, A reformulation of Horton's laws for large river networks in 
terms of statistical self-similarity: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 9, p. 2763-2777.    
[generalizes scaling from means to entire distribtions; supported by Shreve model]
Peeters, L., 1944, De Waarde van Enkele Kartografische Methoden bij de Analyse van een 
polycyclish Relief (in Dutch): Natuurwetenschnappelyk Tijdschr., v. 26, no. 1, p. 25-35.    [Macar 
(1938) sampling technique; choice of spacing of sampling grid precludes total objectivity]
Pegler, K.H., 1999, TIN random densificationa process to minimize the ridging phenomenon in 
DTMs (abs.): URISA Annual Conference, Chicago, IL, August 21-25, 
<http://www.urisa.org/99Conference/database_design_and_maintenance.htm>.    [attempt to fix 
'stripes' in stereo-profiled DEMs]
Pguy, Ch.P., 1945, Recherches sur les orientations directrices de l'hydrographie dans les chaines 
plisses (in French): Revue de Gographie Alpine, v. 33, p. 215-237.    [index of correl. betw. river 
orientation & fold axes]
Pguy, Ch.P., 1947, Haute Durance et UbayeEsquisse physique de la zone intra-alpine des Alpes 
franaises du Sud (in French): Thse Lettres Grenoble / Grenoble, Arthaud, 314 p.; also chap. III: 
Revue de Gographie Alpine, v. 35, no. 3.    [elevation statistics, etc.]
Peikert, Ronald, and Roth, Martin, 1999, The "parallel vectors" operatora vector field visualization 
primitive, in IEEE conference Visualization'99, 24-29 October, San Francisco CA, Proceedings: 
IEEE Computer Society Press, p. 263-270; <http://www.cg.inf.ethz.ch/~peikert/vis99/slides.pdf>.    
[descriptive geometry of vortex surfaces in turbomachinery; cites ridge & valley defs. by Saint-
Venant, Breton de Champs, Rothe, Haralick]
Pelletier, J.D., 1999, Self-organization and scaling relationships of evolving river networks: Journal of 
Geophysical Research, v. 104, no. B4, p. 7359-7375.    [diffusion-eqn model of landscape evol. fr. 
overland & channel flow; used RiverTools]
Penck, Albrecht, 1886, Einteilung und mittlere Kammhhe der Pyranen (arrangement? & mean 
crest heights of the Pyrenees; in German): Jahresbericht der Geographischen Gesellschaft in 
Mnchen (1885), v. 11, no. 20, p. 58-75, 64ff.    ['calculated profile area by summing trapezoids 
defined by adjacent contours & the contour interval' (Riedel 1907)]
Penck, Albrecht, 1886, Relative proportion of land and water on the surface of the Earth (transl. from 
German by J.T. Bealby): Scottish Geographical Journal, v. 2, no. 6, p. 358-362.    [history of land 
area /water area est.; puts it at 1/2.57-1/2.60; discusses the many uncertainties]
Penck, Albrecht, 1894a, Morphometrie des Bodensees (in German; morphometry of Lake 
Constance): Jahresbericht der Geographischen Gessellschaft in Mnchen, p. 119-155.    [tests 
formulae given in 1894 book; shallow lake differs in form fr others in Europe; see Peucker 1894]
Penck, Albrecht, 1894b, Orometrie in Morphologie der Erdoberflche (in German), Stuttgart, J. 
Engelhorn, v. 2, p. 339-343.    [summarizes mountain morphometry; comments on work of Sonklar, 
others]
Penck, Walther, 1922, Morphologische Analyse (in German): Berlin, Verhandlung des 20 Deutschen 
Geographentages Leipzig 1921, p. 122-128.    [cited by D. Merriam 1981 as having quant. 
material; Penck's posthumous 1924 book does develop Fisher 1866 theory of slope retreat]
Perez, Albert, 2000, Source Water Protection Projecta comparison of watershed delineation 
methods in ARC/INFO and ArcView GIS, in Djokic, Dean, and Maidment, David, eds., Hydrologic 
and Hydraulic Modeling Support with Geographic Information Systems: Redlands CA, ESRI Press, 
p. 53-64; http://www.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap483/p483.htm.    
[compares Arcview w Spatial Analyst & Watershed Delineator Extensions with ARC/INFO GRID 
AMLs]
Perlant, F., 2000, Using stereo images for digital terrain modeling: Surveys in Geophysics, v. 21, nos. 
2-3, p. 201-207.    [elementary intro to making a DEM from stereo images]
Pernarowski, Leszek, 1960, Application of statistical methods in investigating dune forms: Przeglad 
Geograficzny (Polish Geographical Review), v. 32, supplement (XIXth IGC, Stockholm), p. 57-66 + 
errata sheet.    [Czekanowski's 'meth. of differ.' on ave. azimuth, windw. & lee slopes, asymmetry, 
height]
Petzold, Bettina, Reiss, Peter, and Stssel, Wolfgang, 1999, Laser scanningsurveying and 
mapping agencies are using a new technique for the derivation of digital terrain models: ISPRS 
Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, v. 54, p. 95104; 
http://www.fsl.orst.edu/~lefsky/isprs/1130.pdf.    [Germany; more accurate & less costly than 
photogrammetry; some quality caveats]
Peucker, Karl, 1894, Morphometry of the Lake of Constance: The Geographical Journal, v. 4, no. 3, 
p. 264-266.    [English summary of Penck 1894; "... morphometric values posses an importance 
only when compared with the corresponding ones for other forms of the surface ..."]
Pw, T.L., Burbank, Lawrence, and Mayo, L.R., 1967, Multiple glaciation of the Yukon-Tanana 
upland, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations Map, I-507, one sheet, 
1/500,000 scale.    [rose diagrams summarize 1088 cirque azimuths (NNE dominate)]
Philip, G.M., and Watson, D.F., 1986, A method for assessing local variation among scattered 
measurements: Mathematical Geology, v. 18, no. 8, p. 759-764.    [surface-roughness metric 
computes an approx. of surface-normal vector via vector cross-products; slope]
Phillips, J.D., 1999, Divergence, convergence, and self-organization in landscapes: Annals of the 
Association of American Geographers, v. 89, no. 3, p. 466-488.    [reviews 11 definitions of S-O; 
urges caution in using term]
Pickup, Geoff, and Marks, Alan, 2000, Identifying large-scale erosion and deposition processes from 
airborne gamma radiometrics and digital elevation models in a weathered landscape: Earth Surface 
Processes and Landforms, v. 25, no. 5, p. 535-557.    [map-based DEMs insuffic.; DEM fr radar 
altimetry & GPS got ground not trees]
Pike, R.J., 1976, Crater dimensions from Apollo data and supplemental sources: The Moon, v. 15, p. 
463-477.    [large database of measurements (H, h, D, d, circularity) from spacecraft 
photogrammetry]
Pike, R.J., 2000a, Geomorphometrydiversity in quantitative surface analysis: Progress in Physical 
Geography, v. 24, no. 1, p. 1-20.    [state-of-art review of a dozen varied topics]
Pike, R.J., 2000b, Nano-metrology and terrain modellingconvergent practice in surface 
characterisation: Tribology International, v. 33, no. 9, p. 593-600.    [redo of Wood & Snell 1960 
illustrates potential technique for parsing an engineering surface]
Pike, R.J., 2001a, Scenes into numbersfacing the subjective in landform quantification, in Hoffman, 
R.R., and Markman, A.B., eds., Interpreting remote sensing imageryhuman factors: Boca Raton 
FL, Lewis Publ. (CRC), p. 83-114.    [quant. inferential steps & analytic procedures link perception 
of (mostly planetary) surface form with interpretation]
Pike, R.J., 2001b, Digital terrain modeling and industrial surface metrologyconverging realms: The 
Professional Geographer, v. 53, no. 2, p. 263-274.    [automobile cylinder-wall micro-topography 
exemplifies methods of industrial surfacing as spatial processes]
Pike, R.J., 2001c, Digital terrain modelling and industrial surface metrologyconverging crafts: 
International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, v. 41, nos. 13-14, p. 1881-1888.    [2 
examples of redundancy in morphometric analysis, fr metrology & geomorphology]
Pike, R.J., 2001d, Geometric signaturesexperimental design, first results (abs.): Int'l. Conference on 
Geomorphology 5th, Chuo Univ., Tokyo, Japan, August 2001; DEMs and Geomorphology, 
Geographic Information Systems Association (Japan) Special Publication, v. 1, p. 50-51; and 
Transactions, Japanese Geomorphological Union, v. 22, no. 4, p. C-192.    [corrected correlations 
for 91 samples x 49 parameters fr 1/24K topo map DEMs]
Pike, R.J., 2001e, "Topographic fragments" of geomorphometry, GIS, and DEMs (abs): Int'l. 
Conference on Geomorphology 5th, Chuo Univ., Tokyo, Japan, August 2001; DEMs and 
Geomorphology, Geographic Information Systems Association (Japan) Special Publication, v. 1, p. 
34-35.    [misc. observations & recommendations on current state of art]
Pinchemel, Philippe, 1950, L'analyse morphomtrique des rseaux hydrographiques (in French; 
morphom. anal. hydro. networks): Comptes Rendues des Sances de l'Acadmie des Sciences 
(Paris), v. 230, 5 Feb., p. 556-557.    [presumably Hortonian analysis]
Piper, D.J.W., and Evans, I.S., 1967, Computer analysis of maps using a pencil follower: 
Geographical Articles (Cambridge Univ., UK), v. 9, p. 21-25.    [stored & manipulated digitized 
versions of contours fr printed maps]
Pitty, A.F., 1969, Some problems in selecting a ground-surface length for slope-angle measurement: 
Revue de Gomorphologie Dynamique, v. 17, no. 2, p. 66-71.    [optimal length = ?]
Pitty, A.F., 1970, A scheme for hillslope analysis, II. Indices and tests for differences: University of 
Hull (UK), Occasional Papers in Geography, no. 17, 56 p.    [fr. Ph.D. thesis; reduces descr. to 
series of indices: freq. distr., profiles, component shapes, irregularities., position on profile]
Piwowar, A., 1902, ber Maximalbschungen trockener Schuttkegel und Schutthalden (in German): 
Vierteljahrsschrift d. Nat. forsch. Gesellschaft Zrich, v. 48, p. 43-56.    [measured profiles of talus 
slopes]
Planchon, Olivier, Esteves, Michel, Silvera, Norbert, and Lapetite, J.-M., 2002, Microrelief induced by 
tillagemeasurement and modelling of surface storage capacity: Catena, v. 46, no. 2-3, p. 141-
157.    [random roughness param. fr 5 cm DEM spacing @ 1 mm vert. accuracy]
Playfair, John, 1802,  99 & 111, in Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth: Edinburgh, 
facsimile reprints 1956, Urbana, Univ. Illinois Press, & 1964, New York, Dover, 528 p.    [a 
geometer, & one of the 1st in Britain to teach modern math. analysis & recent work from Europe, 
he early recognized key relations (generalized as 'Playfair's Law') quantified only much 
laterstream size proportional to that of its valley; channels & valleys of streams & tributaries ('... 
and valley side slopes' implied) meet on same level, p. 102; stream-junction angles are acute 
upstream of junction, p. 113-14 (see also Kant, 1803, p. 18).]
Plazanet, C., and Spagnuolo, M., 1998, Seafloor valley shape modeling, in Spatial Data Handling '98 
Conference, 11-15 July, Vancouver, BC, Proceedings: p. 751.    [no info]
Portnova, O.V., 1975, Distinctive features of stereophotogrammetric measurements in derivation of 
digital terrain models (in Russian): Geodesiya i Cartographiya, no. 6, p. 24-27.    [no info]
Potter, D.M., 1957, Measurements of runway roughness of four commercial airports: Langley Field, 
VA, Aeronautical Laboratory, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, NACA Research 
Memorandum RM L56126, 86 p.    [raw data for elev. profiles surveyed w/ level, rod, & tape at 2' 
(0.6 m) interval & 0.01" vert. precision interpolated to 0.001"; 2 unlabeled PSD plots for one 
runway]
Premoze, Simon, Thompson, W.B., and Shirley, Peter, 1999, Geospecific rendering of alpine terrain: 
Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, 10th, EGWR'99, Grenada, Spain, 21-23 June, (paper not in 
proceedings); http://www.cs.utah.edu/vissim/papers/snowTerrain/.    [adding color aerial imagery, 
shading & shadowing for time of day, snow cover, & 3-D instancing of trees and brush to DEM 
much improve visual quality]
Press, Harry, and Tukey, J.W., 1956, Power spectral methods of analysis and their applications to 
problems in airplane dynamics, in Durbin, E.C., ed., Flight Test Manual: North American Treaty 
Organization AGARD (Advisory Group for Aeronautical Research and Development), Part IVC, p. 1-
41; also in The Collected Works of John W. Tukey v. ITime Series, 19491964, Wadsworth 
Advanced Books & Software: Monterey, CA., p. 185-255].    [actual work may date closer to ~1954 
(see Walls et al. 1954); many PSD examples; comp. details; introduced 'prewhitening, simplifying 
choice of window]
Prior, D.B., and Renwick, W.H., 1980, Landslide morphology and processes on some coastal slopes 
in Denmark and France: Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband 34, p. 63-86.    [surveyed 
profiles & slope-freq. distributions of clay slopes]
Puppo, E., Davis, L., De Menthon, D., and Teng, Y., 1994, Parallel terrain triangulation: International 
Journal of Geographical Information Systems: v. 8, no. 2, p. 105-128.    [developed & implemented 
(for 1st time) a parallel algorithm for Delaunay triang.]
R
Raasch, W., 1979, Photometric measurement of terrain roughness: Journal of Terramechanics, v. 16, 
no. 2, p. 87-111.    [no info]
Rachocki, Andrzej, 1981, Alluvial Fansan attempt at an empirical approach: Chichester & New 
York, Wiley, 161 p.    [intro to quant. p. 23-24, & randon-walk model p. 111-143]
Raczkowski, M., Wojcik, A., and Zuchiewicz, W., 1985, Mloda tektonika Karpat w swietle analizy 
morfostrukturalnej (in Russian): Zesz Nauk AGH, kwart Geologia, v. 11, no. 2, p. 38-83.    [isoline 
maps of valley height & stream length in the Carpathians; method of Filosofov 1960, 63, 70]
Radebaugh, Jani, and Christiansen, E.H., 1999, Terrestrial pluton and planetary caldera 
sizesimplications for the origin of calderas (abs.): EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical 
Union, v. 80, no. 46, Supplement, p. F635.    [freq. distr. of plutons based on Pike & Clow 1981 
caldera data]
Radionov, V.A., 1996, On accuracy of digital representation of relief (in Russian): Geodesiya i 
Cartographiya, no. 10, p. 34-37.    [no info]
Rdulescu, D., 1975, Digitalizarea suprafetelor (in Rumanian, digital modeling of surfaces): 
Symposium of Photogrammetry, Rumanian Committee of Photogrammetry, Comission V, Bucharest, 
Proceedings: paging unknown.    [digital model of irregularly-spaced elevs fr profiles; yields slopes]
Raines, G.L., 2002, Description and comparison of geologic maps with FRAGSTATSa spatial 
statistics program: Computers and Geosciences, v. 28, no. 2, p. 169-177.    [1st Earth-science 
use? implem. in Patch Analysis extension of ESRI's Arcview by converting polygon files to grids; 
potential applic. to drainage basins & topo. facets]
Ramsey, E.W. III, Nelson, G.A., Laine, S.C., Kirkman, R.G., and Topham, Willie, 1998, Generation of 
coastal marsh topography with radar and ground-based measurements: Journal of Coastal 
Research, v. 14, no. 3, p. 1158-1164.    [ERS-1 SAR flood extent + contours; 5-9X better; eval. 
errors]
Rana, Sanjay, and Morley, Jeremy, 2002, Surface Networks: London, UK, University College, Centre 
for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Working paper 43, 72 p.; 
http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/working_papers/Paper43.pdf.    [reviews surface-specific abstraction of 2-
D surfaces, 1859-2000]
Range, Wolfgang, 1961, Morphometrische Untersuchungen in den Einzugsgebieten der Bayerischen 
Alpenflsse (Morph. inves. in catchments of Bavarian alpine rivers, in German): Verffentlichung 
aus dem Arbeitsbereich der Bayer. Landesstelle fr Gewsserkunde in Mnchen, 62 p.    [defines 
& calc. area, mean slope & elev, drainage density, etc. fr contour maps]
Rao, L.A.K., Asif, Mohammed, and Ali, S.R., 1997, Quantitative hydrogeomorphic investigation of 
Kali-Sindh sub-basin within Rajgarh district, Madhya Pradesh, India: Indian Journal of Earth 
Sciences, v. 24, nos. 3-4, p. 45-50.    [Horton/Strahler analysis; geol. structure does not affect 
stream topology]
Rapp, Anders, 1967, On the field survey of hillslopes: Revue de Gomorphologie Dynamique, v. 17, 
no. 4, p. 152.    [favors 5-m or 10-m slope-length sampling interval]
Rasehorn, F., 1911, Die Fludichte im Harze und in seinem nrdlichen Vorlande (in German; 
drainage density in the Harz ...): Univ. Halle, dissertation, 58 p., Zeitschrift fr Gewsserkunde, v. 9, 
p. 1-56.    [x = A/n, A = basin area & n = number of segments]
Ravenstein, M.A., 1841, Some observations on relief maps: Report of the Tenth Meeting of the 
British Association for the Advancement of ScienceNotices and abstracts of communications, 
Geology Section, Glasgow, August 1840, v. 9, p. 122-123.    [invented raised relief (stamped in 
plastic); his 1838 'Plastic Atlas']
Ray, C.K., 1994, Representing visibility for siting problems: Ph.D, Thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic 
Institute, Troy, New York, April, paging unknown.    [forms core of Franklin & 1994 on missile battery 
siting]
Ray, C.K., 1994, A new way to see terrain: Military Review, v. 2, no. 1, p. 81-89.    [3D representation 
much quicker, more accurate & efficient than 2D map]
Reeb, Georges, 1946, Sur les points singuliers d'une forme de Pfaff completement integrable ou 
d'une fonction numrique (in French; On the singular points of a completely integrable Pfaffian form 
or of a numerical function): Paris, Comptes Rendus de L'Acad. des Sciences, v. 222, p. 847-849.    
[proposed topological graph (a critical-point graph) that defines the skeleton of a surface]
Rees, W.G., 1992, Measurements of the fractal dimension of ice-sheet surfaces using Landsat data: 
International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 13, p. 663-671.    [semivariogram analysis, other]
Rees, W.G., 1998, A rapid method of measuring snow-surface profiles: Journal of Glaciology, v. 44, 
no. 148, p. 674-675.    [photo against portable black back-plate + image-processing = topo profile]
Rees, W.G., 2000, The accuracy of digital elevation models interpolated to higher resolutions: 
International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 21, no. 1 p. 7-20.    [bilinear or bicubic interp. OK; rms 
acc. of interp. DEM = 0.2-0.6 std. dev. of height diff. of adj. elevs.]
Remond, Agns, Beaudoin, Andr, and King, Christine, 1999, SAR imagery to estimate roughness 
parameters when modelling runoff risk: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 20, no. 13, p. 
2613-2625.    [six params. of periodic & random roughness for 4 classes of agric. fields]
Rmy, Frdrique, Legresy, Benot. and Testut, Laurent, 2001, Ice sheet and satellite altimetry: 
Surveys in Geophysics, v. 22, no. 1, p. 1-29.    [reviews modern polar ice-sheet mensuration]
Rencz, Andy, Leclerc, Yvonne, Wright, Dan, Bonham-Carter, G.F., and Balma, Rob, 1991, Digital 
topography for earth sciences (Topographie numerique et sciences de la terre): Geos (Ottawa), v. 
20, no. 2, p. 1-6.    [no info]
Reniger, Anna, 1954, Significance of land relief for agriculture (in Polish with English summary + fig. & 
table captions: Przeglad Geograficzny (Polish Geographical Review), v. 26, no. 4, p. 37-47.    [data 
for 6 areas fr l/100K 5-class slope map; correl. w/ veg. & soils]
Renssen, H., and Knoop, J.M., 2000, A global river routing network for use in hydrological modeling: 
Journal of Hydrology, v. 230, nos. 3-4, p. 230-243.    [fr. TerrainBase 30' DEM (NGDC 1997); basin 
areas test well re publ. data]
Replumaz, A., Lacassin, R., Tapponnier, P., and Leloup, P.H., 2001, Large river offsets and Plio-
Quaternary dextral slip rate on the Red River fault (Yunnan, China): Journal of Geophysical 
Research, v. 106, no. B1, p. 819-836.    [drainage area/apparent offset, river spacing, up-
downstream correl.]
Reuschle, F., 1869, Kritische Miszellen zur Geographie I. Das Ma der Kstenentwicklung und 
Grenzentwicklungs-Koeffizienten berhaupt (Critical goal ? of geography I. measuring generalized 
coefficients of coastal and border convolution): Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fr Erdkunde zu Berlin, 
v. 4, p. 193-199.    [coastal convolution = U/2F: U = perimeter of coast, F = area enclosed; also 
r1 = F/; see Rohrbach, 1890]
Ribolini, Adriano, 2000, Relief distribution, morphology and Cenozoic differential uplift in the 
Argentera Massif (French-Italian Alps): Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, v. 44, no. 3, p. 363-378.    [R 
analysis after Burbank 1992, Gilchrist et al 1994, & Fielding et al. 1994]
Rice, R.M., Corbett, E.S., and Bailey, R.G., 1969, Soil slips related to vegetation, topography, and 
soil in southern California: Water Resources Research, v. 5, no. 3, p. 647-659.    [n= 200; slope 
gradient >80% for all landslides; prox. to streams, veg. type & density important; discrim. analysis]
Rice, R.M., and Foggin, G.T. III, 1971, Effect of high intensity storms on soil slippage on 
mountainous watersheds in southern California: Water Resources Research, v. 7, no. 6, p. 1485-
1496.    [topo data incl. aspect, vol., area, length, width; discrim. analysis, slope most important]
Rice, S.P., and Church, Michael, 2001, Longitudinal profiles in simple alluvial systems: Water 
Resources Research, v. 37, no. 2, p. 417-426.    [elev./dist. for stream links are expoential or 
quadratic]
Rice-Snow, Scott, 1998, Fractal characteristics of drainage basin boundaries in Puerto Rico, in 
Johnson, A.I., and Fernandez-Jauregui, C.A., eds., Hydrology in the Humid Tropic Environment: 
Symposium, Kingston, Jamaica, 17-23 November, 1996, Proceedings: IAHS Publication no. 253, p. 
195-201.    [6 large basins; D (1.06-1.11) like that of temperate basins]
Rice-Snow, Scott, and Russell, Joshua, 1999, Long-range persistence of elevation and relief values 
along the Continental Divide in the conterminous U.S., in International Conference on 
GeoComputation, 4th, Fredericksburg VA, Mary Washington College, 25-28 July, GeoComputation 
99: http://www.geovista.psu.edu/geocomp/geocomp99/Gc99/043/gc_043.htm.    [both params. 
robustly self-affine, D = 1.0-1.2, fr. Mex. to Can.]
Richards, K.S., 1978, Yet more notes on the drainage density-basin area relationship: Area 
(London), v. 10, no. 5, p. 344-353.    [w/ discussion by Pethick, Ferguson, & Gerrard]
Riedel, Wilhelm, 1907, Die Einteilung des Odenwaldes in orographische GruppenEin Beispiel fr 
die Verwertung der Ergebnisse orometrischer Untersuchungen zur Einteilung von Gebirgen (in 
German; dividing the Odenwald into orogr. sectionsan example using results of orometric 
investig. to classify mountains): Univ. Gieen, Dissertation, 54 p.    [using 14 ridge params. (4 
'improved' over Sonklar's) fr new 1/25K topo map, partitions area into hierarchy of 3 main divs. & 4 
divs. containing 17 dominant ridges]
Rieger, J.H., 1997, Topographical properties of generic images: International Journal of Computer 
Vision, v. 23, no. 1, p. 79-92.    [both computer vision (grey values) & Earth science (terrain heights) 
need geometric descr. of surface features, e.g. watercourses, a non-trivial problem; prefers Jordan 
1872a definition of critical lines to Rothe 1915; found 1808 Dupuis de Torcy & Brisson ref. in Mller 
1919]
Riitters, K.H., O'Neill, R.V., Hunsaker, C.T., Wickham, J.D., Yankee, D.H., Timmins, S.P., Jones, K.B., 
and Jackson, B.L., 1995, A factor analysis of landscape pattern and structure metrics: Landscape 
Ecology, v. 10, no. 1, p. 23-39.    [best discussion to consult after the FRAGSTATS manual]
Riley, S.J., DeGloria, S.D., and Elliot, R., 1999, A terrain ruggedness index that quantifies 
topographic heterogeneity: Intermountain Journal of Sciences, v. 5, no. 1-4, p. 23-27.    [no details]
Rinaldo, Andrea, and Rodrguez-Iturbe, Ignacio, 1998, Scaling in river networks, in Sposito, Garrison, 
ed., Scale Dependence and Scale Invariance in Hydrology: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University 
Press, p. 61-87.    [Hack's Laws = outgrowth of fractality, which exists imperfectly within upper & 
lower limits]
Rinaldo, Andrea, Fagherazzi, Sergio, Lanzoni, Stefano, Marani, Marco, and Dietrich, W.E., 1999, 
Tidal networks 2. Watershed delineation and comparative network morphology: Water Resources 
Research, v. 35, no. 12, p. 3905-3917.    [quantify network properties, incl. power-law relations]
Rinaldo, Andrea, Fagherazzi, Sergio, Lanzoni, Stefano, Marani, Marco, and Dietrich, W.E., 1999, 
Tidal networks 3. Landscape-forming discharges and studies in empirical geomorphic relationships: 
Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 12, p. 3919-3929.    [simple model predicts local peak ebb & 
flood Q; tested OK on Venice Lagoon]
Ritchie, J.C., 1995, Airborne laser altimeter measurements of landscape topography: Remote 
Sensing of the Environment, v. 53, no. 2, p. 91-96.    [4000 data/sec. at 5cm-res.; GPS control; 
microtopo. elevs.]
Ritter Carl, 1806, Sechs Karten von Europa mit erkrendem Texte (in German): Schnepfenthal.    
[map V, 'Die Gebirgshhen in Europa, ihre Vegetationsgrenzen & verschiedene Luftschichten', 
altho rather primitive (no contour lines), is perhaps the 1st layer-tint elevation map]
Ritter, Carl, 1826, ber geographische Stellung und horizontale Ausbreitung der Erdteile (Geogr. 
position & horizontal extent of the continents; in German): Berlin, lecture at Kgl. Akad. d. 
Wissenschaften, December 14, published 1852 in Einleitung zur allgemeinen vergleichenden 
Geographie, und Abhandlungen zur Begrndung einer mehr wissenschaftlichen Behandlung der 
Erdkunde: Berlin, Sammlung der Abhandlungen Ritters, p. 103-128.    [calculated circularity index 
for the continents; related cont. area to square of perimeter or area of smallest circumscribed circle; 
the 1st-ever spatial morphometry?  see 1861 Gage transl.]
Ritter, Carl, 1828, Bemerkungen ber Veranschaulichungsmittel rumlicher Verhltnisse bei 
graphischen Darstellungen durch Form und Zahl (Illustrative methods for spatial properties using 
diagrams of form & number; in German): Berlin, lecture at Kgl. Akad. d. Wissenschaften, January 
17, published 1852 in Einleitung zur allgemeinen vergleichenden Geographie, und Abhandlungen 
zur Begrndung einer mehr wissenschaftlichen Behandlung der Erdkunde: Berlin, Sammlung der 
Abhandlungen Ritters, p. 129-150.    [early spatial morphometry; includes 1826 calc. of circularity 
index of the continents; see 1861 Gage transl.]
Robison, E.G., Mills, K.A., Paul, James, Dent, Elizabeth, and Skaugset, Arne, 1999, Digital elevation 
models (DEMs) and ground-slope comparisons, pp. 32-39 in Storm impacts and landslides of 
1996Final Report: Oregon Department of Forestry, Forest Practises Technical Report no. 4, 145 
p.    [30-m DEM slopes (fr 40' CI map) poorly correl. w/ site slope (smaller scale length & better 
source maps)]
Rodda, J.C., 1970, A trend-surface analysis trial for the planation surfaces of north Cardiganshire: 
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Publ. no. 50, p. 107-114.    [early applic. of T-
S technique to topo.]
Roering, J.J., Kirchner, J.W., and Dietrich, W.E., 1999, Evidence for nonlinear, diffusive transport on 
hillslopes and implications for landscape morphology: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 3, p. 
853-870.    [back to Davis & Gilbert; transport law  slope angle; field agreement (2-m DEM)]
Roering, J.J., Kirchner, J.W., and Dietrich, W.E., 2001, Hillslope evolution by nonlinear, slope-
dependent transportsteady state morphology and equilibrium adjustment timescales: Journal of 
Geophysical Research, v. 106, no. B8, p. 16,499-16,513 (minor correction in 106, B11, 26,787).    
[simulations; suggest hilltop curvature, not relief & slope, indicates tectonic forcing]
Roeschmann, Gnter, and Lehmeier, Friedmut, 1993, Vorschlge zur morphographischen 
Kennzeichnung des Oberflchenreliefs fr punktbezogene geowissenschaftliche Profilaufnahmen 
(REPA) (in German: proposals for the morphographic characterization of surface relief for 
geoscientific data acquisition at drilling sites and exposures): Geologisches Jahrbuch, v. F26, no. 1, 
p. 3-46.    [exhautive system for relief char. in plan & profile, 'what is to be descr.' Kugler, Demek 
infl.]
Rogers, C.A., 1993, Describing landscapesindices of structure: Burnaby, BC, Simon Fraser 
University, unpublished M.Sc. thesis, 170 p.    [landscape ecology; used metrics now in 
FRAGSTATS]
Romieux, A., 1890, Relations entre la dformation actuelle de la crote terrestre et les densits 
moyennes des terres et des mers (in French;): Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Sances de 
l'Acadmie des Sciences / Institut de France, v. 111, p. 994-996.    [tries to reconcile mean land & 
sea elevs. with geophysics in light of Challenger Expedition data]
Romstad, Brd, 2001, Improving relief classification with contextual merging, in ScanGIS'2001, 
Scandinavian Research Conference on Geographical Information Science 8th, s, Norway, 25-27 
June, Proceedings: p. 3-13; <http://www.nlh.no/conf/scangis2001/papers/15.pdf>.    [more uniform, 
less 'noisy' terrain types; 10m DEM of Spitzbergen]
Rosiek, M.R., Kirk, R., and Howington-Krause, A., 1999, Lunar south pole topography derived from 
Clementine imagery, in Workshop on new views of the Moon IIunderstanding the Moon through 
the integration of diverse datasets: Houston TX, Lunar and Planetary Institute, LPI Contribution no. 
980, p. 52-53.    [fr Clementine altimetry; 90-65 S at 1km/px; color map]
Rosiwal August, 1898, ber geometrische Gesteinsanalysen. Ein einfacher Weg zr ziffermassigen 
Feststellung des Quantittsverhltnisses der Mineral-Bestandteile gemengter Gesteine (in German; 
Geometric rock analysis. A simple method for numerical determination of quant. ratios of mineral 
fractions of mixed rocks; transl. H.G. Ranson, 1960, Royal Aircraft Establ., Farnborough, U.K., Lib. 
Trans. #871): Verhandl. der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt, Vienna, 5/6, p. 
143-175.    [parallel-line sampling to obtain area (& thus volume, after stereological principle of 
Achille Delesse 1847) of mineral constituents in rocks fr microscope analysis of thin sections; 
directly adapts to area measurement on maps]
Rossi, M.J., 1999, Plan-curvature effect on the formation of tumuli on shield volcanoesan example 
from Leitin lava flow field in Iceland: Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, Supplementband 114, p. 1-10.    
[tumuli freq., plancurv., & slope / dist. fr vent; freq. of tumulus H, W, & A]
Rosu, Al, and Balteanu, D., 1969, Caracterizarea cantitativa si clasificarea unitatilor geomorfologice 
din Romania, pe baza varietatii reliefului (Quantitative characterization and classification of 
geomorphic units in Romania based on relief variations): Terra (Helsinki), v. 1, no. 1, p. 28-31.    
[defined 18 units on relief energy & dissection]
Rothe, Rudolf, 1915, Zum problem des talwegs (in German; on the drainage-line problem): 
Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Math. Gesellschaft, v. 14, p. 51-69.    [key to older French refs.; citing 
math. definition (Saint-Venant 1852) & theorem (Breton de Champ 1854), Rothe criticizes Jordan 
1872a & rather vaguely defines valley (& ridge) lines (flow-lines where other flow-lines converge & 
join to form a stream channel) as points where slope is locally minimal re/ other points at same 
elev.]
Roubal, J., and Poiker, T., 1985, Automated contour labeling and the contour tree, in Auto-Carto 7, 
International Symposium on Computer-Aided Cartography, 7th, Washington, D.C., March 11-14, 
Proceedings: p. 472-481.    [data structure evolved into Kweon & Kanade 1994 'topographic 
change tree']
Rouse, W.C., 1984, Flowslides, chap. 12 in Brunsden, Denys, and Prior, D.B., eds., Slope Instability: 
London, Wiley, p. 491-522.    [obs. on approx. geometries of ~20 flowslide (e.g. Gros Ventre, 
Blackhawk, Sherman, Madison Cyn.) rupture surfaces, tracks, & deposits]
Rowbotham, D.N., and Dudycha, Douglas, 1998, GIS modelling of slope stability in Phewa Tal 
watershed, Nepal: Geomorphology, v. 26, nos. 1-3, p. 151-170.    [creates irreg. 'terrain units' fr 
DEM maxs & mins fr elev. & curvature surfaces]
Rowland, S.K., and Garbeil, Harold, 2000, Slopes of oceanic basalt volcanoes, in Mouginis-Mark, 
P.J., Crisp, J.A., and Fink, J.H., eds., Remote Sensing of Active Volcanism: Washington, DC, 
American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 116, p. 223-247.    [DEMs & slope for 15 
shields in 4 regions; plot slope vs. elev. & % total elev.]
Rowland, S.K., MacKay, M.E., Garbeil, H., and Mouginis-Mark, P.J., 1999, Topographic analyses of 
Kluea volcano, Hawai'i, from interferometric airborne radar: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 61, no. 1-2, 
p. 1-14.    [10-m DEM, vert. accuracy 1-2 m; compare w/ USGS DEM & ground truth survey]
Rubey, W.W., 1952, Final stages in development of present topography, p. 122-136 in Geology and 
mineral resources of the Hardin and Brussels quadrangles (in Illinois): U.S. Geological Survey, 
Professional Paper 218, 179 p.    [eqn. relates stream-surface slope to channel depth/width, load, 
particle size, & discharge; used many results from G.K. Gilbert's 1914 flume experiments]
Rudenko, M.V., Dzhumaylo, N.A., and Berezhnyy, B.V., 1983, A computer method for the statistical 
analysis of bottom relief data: Oceanology, v. 22, no. 5, p. 630-632.    [morphometry, relief, 
statistical analysis]
Ruffin, B.W., 1965, Lunar heights from shadows automatically: Photogrammetric Engineering, v. 31, 
no. 5, p. 741-743.    [qual. descript. of quant. processes for getting spot heights for the ACIC lunar 
charts]
Ruggles, C.L.N., Medyckyj-Scott, D.J., and Gruffydd, A., 1993, Multiple viewshed analysis using GIS 
and its archaeological applicationa case study in northern Mull, in Andresen, J., Madsen, T., and 
Scollar, I., eds., Computing the pastComputer Applications and Quantitative Methods in 
Archaeology, CAA92 Aarhus: Aarhus, Denmark, Aarhus University Press, p. 125-131.    [used to 
solve historico-archeological problems]
Ruhe, R.V., 1967, Geomorphic surfaces and surficial deposits in southern New Mexico: Socorro NM, 
State Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Memoir 18, 65 p.    [eqns. of profiles & contours on 
fans, pediments, & piedmonts; fits ellipse to plan of mtn. range]
Ruhe, R.V., and Walker, P.H., 1968, Hillslope models and soil formation, I, in International Congress 
of Soil Science, 9th, Adelaide, Australia, Transactions: v. 4, p. 551-560.    [parsed geomorph. units 
fr concavo-convexity & slope gradient, length, & width; proposed quant. descr. but did none]
Russell, E.C., Kumler, Mark, and Ochis, Heidi, 1995, Identifying and removing systematic errors in 
USGS DEMs, in Conference, GIS in the Rockies, Denver, CO, 25-27 Sept., Proceedings: paging 
unknown; http://www.ctmap.com/gis_journal/destripe.pdf.    [row-by-row DEM power-spectrum 
estimates better than low-pass filtering]
Russell, E.C., and Ochis, Heidi, 1995-96?, Mitigation methods for systematic errors in USGS DEMs: 
Boulder, CO, Computer Terrain Mapping, Inc., 8 p.; 
http://www.ctmap.com/gis_journal/filtering_wp.pdf.    [good review of Level 1 7.5' problem; 
improvements fr power-spectrum (manual profiling) or global + local filtering (Gestalt Photomapper 
II)]
Rutkis, Janis, 1971, Tables on relative relief in middle and western Europe: Uppsala Universitet, 
Naturgeografiska Institutionen, Uppsala, Sweden, UNGI Rapport 9, 22 p.    [+ 2 appendices with 
69 pages of tables of elevation; see William-Olssen, 1975]
Ruxton, B.P., 1958, Weathering and subsurface erosion in granite at the piedmont angle, Balo, 
Sudan: Geological Magazine, v. 95, no. 5, p. 353-377.    [quant. data on slope profiles suggest 
correl. betw. slope & lithology]
Rzhanitsky, N.A., 1960, Morphological and hydrological regularities of the structure of the river net 
(translated from the Russian by D.B. Krimgold): U.S. Agricultural Research Service, 380 p.    [quant. 
drainage analysis applied to USSR hydro. problems; big. Engl. biblio]
S
Sadahiro, Yukio, 2001, Analysis of surface changes using primitive events: International Journal of 
Geographic Information Science, v. 15, no. 6, p. 523-538.    [modify 'structural graph' (Warntz 
topology; critical points & integral curves)]
Sagar, B.S.D., 2002, Qualitative models of certain discrete natural features of drainage environment: 
New Delhi, India, Allied Publishers Ltd., ca. 225 p, in-press.    [a morphometric monograph 
('qualitative' a misnomer) on spatial fractal char. of rivers, math. morphology, '1-D maps']
Sagar, B.S.D., and Murthy, K.S.R., 2000, Generation of a fractal landscape using nonlinear 
mathematical morphological transformations: Fractals, v. 8, no. 3, p. 267-272.    [fr 3r-order Koch 
quadric fractal; 'resembles landscape (w/) alluvial fans, of interest to theoretical geomorphologists']
Sagar, B.S.D., Murthy, M.B.R., Rao, C.B., and Raj, Baldev, 2002, Morphological approach to extract 
ridge and valley connectivity networks from digital elevation models: International Journal of 
Remote Sensing, v. 23, in press, 9 p.    [math. morph. transform. of grey-scale image of DEM; 
Gaussian blurring technique]
Sagar, B.S.D., and Rao, B.S.P., 1995, Fractal relation on perimeter to the water body area: Current 
Science (Bangalore, India), v. 68, no. 11, p. 1129-1130.    [the old (mid 19th Cent.) area/perimeter 
problem yet again]
Sagar, B.S.D., and Srinivas, D., 1999, Estimation of number-area-frequency dimensions of surface 
water bodies: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 20, no. 13, p. 2491-2496.    [math. 
morph.; set theory-based transform, the 'cascade of erosion-dilation' for 1700 lakes]
Sagar, B.S.D., Venu, M., and Murthy, K.S.R., 1999, Do skeletal networks derived from water bodies 
follow Horton's laws?: Mathematical Geology, v. 31, no. 2, p. 143-154.    ['yes', acc. to Melton's law, 
tested on Nizamsagar Reservoir]
Sagar, B.S.D., Venu, M., and Srinivas, D., 2000, Morphological operators to extract channel networks 
from digital elevation models: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 21, no. 1 p. 21-29.    
[mathematical morphology simplifies DEM-to-network transf. from a simulated DEM]
Saint-Venant, A.J.C.B. (Adhmar Jean-Claude Barr) de, 1852, Sur les surfaces  plus grande pente 
constante ainsi que sur les lignes courbes parallls, sur celles qu'on peut appeler anti-parallls, et 
sur les lignes de fate et de thalweg des surfaces courbes en gnral (in French; on surfaces of 
greater constant slope as well as curved parallel lines, anti-parallels, and ridge & thalweg lines of 
curved surfaces in general): Bulletin de la Socit Philomathmatique de Paris, March 6 session, p. 
24-29.    [mathematician & civil engineer; 2 theorems here; this possibly 1st identify of ridges & 
drains as points of minimum slopecompared to other points at same elevation, altho did not 
specify flow-lines (slope = zero) that form drainage pattern (see Haralick 1983)]
Sakaguchi, Yukata, 1968, On mountain-forming processes: Geographical Review (Japan), v. 77, p. 
284-310.    [used relative relief & summit altitude]
Salisbury, N.E., 1980, Thresholds and valleys widths in the South River basin, Iowa, in Coates, D.R., 
and Vitek, J.D., eds., Thresholds in Geomorphology: London, George Allen and Unwin, p. 103-
129.    [problem of valley widening approached by regression analysis of basin area, reach length, 
slope, etc.]
Sallenger, A.H. Jr., Krabill, William, Brock, John, Swift, Robert, Jansen, Mark, Manizade, Serdar, 
Richmond, Bruce, Hampton, Monte, and Eslinger, David, 1999, Airborne laser study quantifies El 
Nio-induced coastal change: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 80, no. 8, p. 89, 
92, 93.    [Airborne Topo. Mapper (ATM): 2-m spacing & 14-cm rms vert. error show erosion]
Sandwell, D.T., and Smith, W.H.F., 2001, Bathymetric estimation, in Fu, L.-L., and Cazenave, eds., 
Satellite Altimetry and Earth SciencesA handbook of techniques and applications: New York, 
Academic Press, p. 441-457.    [state-of-art overview]
Sapozhnikov, V.B., and Foufoula-Georgiou, Efi, 1999, Horizontal and vertical self-organization of 
braided rivers: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 3, p. 843-851.    [dynamic scaling emerges as 
critical state approached; braided rivers are S-O systems]
Sauermann, G., Rognon, P., Poliakov, A., and Herrmann, H.J., 2000, The shape of the barchan 
dunes of Southern Morocco: Geomorphology, v. 36, nos. 1-2, p. 47-62.    [h/W; n=8; claim shape 
not necessarily size-invariant]
Saunders, William, 2000, Preparation of DEMs for use in environmental modeling analysis, in Djokic, 
Dean, and Maidment, David, eds., Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modeling Support with Geographic 
Information Systems: Redlands CA, ESRI Press, p. 29-52; 
http://www.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap802/p802.htm.    [integrates vector 
hydro layer into DEM prior to watershed delineation ('stream burning')]
Savigear, R.A.G., 1967, On surveying slope profiles: Revue de Gomorphologie Dynamique, v. 17, 
no. 4, p. 153.    [see also de Bthune, & Rapp, same source]
Savigear, R.A.G., 1967, The analysis and classification of slope profile forms, in Macar, Paul, ed., 
L'evolution des versants: Lige, p. 271-287.    [last (?) Savigear paper on slope profiles (1st in 
1952)]
Schaber, G.G., Pike, R.J., and Berlin, G.L., 1979, Terrain-analysis procedures for modeling radar 
back-scatter: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 79-1088, 20 p. + 41 p. appendix.    [the Pike 
et al. 1968-70 software package; appendix has entire FORTRAN code & worked example]
Scheer, Roderich, 1933, Die zahlenmige Erfassung der Reliefenergie und ihre Darstellung 
(numerical capture of relief energy and its representation, in German): Geogr. Wochenschrift 
(Breslau), v. 1, no. 17, p. 463-464.    [brief note on relative-relief technique]
Scheidegger, A.E., 1967, A stochastic model for drainage patterns into an intermontane trench: 
Bulletin of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology, v. 12, no. 1, p. 15-20.    [introduced 
the directed random network, the simplest possible reasonable flow model]
Scheidegger, A.E., 1968, Horton's law of stream numbers: Water Resources Research, v. 4, no. 3, p. 
655-658.    ['law' math. consistent only for structurally Hortonian networks, which are rare in nature]
Scheidegger, A.E., and Langbein, W.B., 1966, Probability concepts in geomorphology: U.S. 
Geological Survey Professional Paper 500-C, p. C1-C14.    [var. examples of randomness concepts 
in understanding landforms & rivers]
Schenk, P.M., 2002, Thickness constraints on the icy shells of the galilean satellites from a 
comparison of crater shapes: Nature, v. 417, no. 6887, p. 419-421.    [d/D plots for Callisto, 
Ganymede, & Europa fr stereo DEMs, photoclinometry, & shadow lengths]
Schenk, P.M., Hargitai, Henrik, Wilson, Ronda, McEwen, Alfred, and Thomas, Peter, 2001, The 
mountains of Ioglobal and geological perspectives from Voyager and Galileo: Journal of 
Geophysical Research, v. 106, no. E12, p. 33,201-33,222.    [L, W, A, h (mean h= 6.3 km) for 115 
mtns. & 541 volcanoes (mean h= 17.5 km); h fr shadow lengths, twilight illum., limb profiles, & 
stereo elev. mapping)]
Schick, A.P., 1964, Accuracy of the 1/20,000 topographic maps of Israel for morphometric studies: 
Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society, v. 28, no. 1, p. 43-54.    [1/2500 maps better than 1/20K 
maps, by ~10%]
Schilling, S.P., 1998, LAHARZGIS programs for automated mapping of lahar-inundation hazard 
zones: U.S.Geological Survey, Open-file Report 98-638, 80 p.    [based on Iverson & (1998); 
menu-driven ARCINFO GRID software uses DEM]
Schlager, Wolfgang, and Adams, E.W., 2001, Model for the sigmoidal curvature of submarine slopes: 
Geology, v. 29, no. 10, p. 883-886.    [STRATA pkg. consis. w/ upper-planar / lower-concave-
upward model of shelf-slope break]
Schloss, Milton, 1965, Quantifying terrain roughness on lunar and planetary surfaces: American 
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2nd Annual Meeting, July 26-29, San Francisco CA, 
Paper no. 65-389 (separate), 22 p. also abstracted 1966, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 
(AIAA), v. 3, p. 283-285.    [PSD-like log-log plots fr slope & curvature deviations extended to 1.25'-
grid DEM fr USGS map of Ranger 7 (Mare Cognitum) site]
Schmaltz, Gustav, 1929, ber Gltte und Ebenheit als physikalisches und physiologisches Problem 
(smoothness & parallelism as a physical & physiological problem, in German): Zeitschrift des 
Vereines deutscher Ingenieure, v. 73, no. 41, p. 1461 ff.    [engineering-surface measurements fr 
microscopic study of profile sections]
Schmaltz, Gustav, 1936, Technische OberflchenkundeFeingehalt und Eigenschaften von 
Grenzflchen technischer Krper insbesondere der Maschinenteile (in German; Technical surface 
sciencesmoothness & characteristics of exterior surfaces of workpieces, esp. machine parts): 
Berlin, Springer Verlag, 286 p.    [review of industrial surface metrology, earlier work; profile 
quantification using the Schmaltz microscope]
Schmid-McGibbon, Gesche, and Eyton, J.R., 1996, Frequency-based contextual landform 
classification: Geomatica, v. 50, no. 3, p. 287-299.    [freq. counts fr. classified DEM's of relief, 
slope & curvature]
Schmidt, Jochen, 1996, Untersuchungen zum Einflu geomorphologischer Variabilitt und Struktur 
auf den Niederschlag-Abflu-Proze in kleinskaligen Einzugsgebieten (in German, Studies on 
influence of geomorphologic variability & structure on rainfall-discharge process in small-scale 
catchments): Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg, Geographisches Institut, unpublished 
Diplomarbeit, 183 p.    [hydrologic terrain modelling]
Schmidt, Jochen, and Dikau, Richard, 1999, Extracting geomorphometric attributes and objects from 
digital elevation modelssemantics, methods, future needs, in Dikau, Richard, and Saurer, Helmut, 
eds., GIS for Earth Surface Systems Analysis and Modelling of the Natural Environment: Stuttgart, 
Borntraeger, p. 153-173.    [overview in GIS context; extends previous work w/ GRASS & 
ARC/INFO examples]
Schmidt, Jochen, Hennrich, Kirsten, and Dikau, Richard, 2000, Scales and similarities in runoff 
processes with respect to geomorphometry: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, nos. 11-12, p. 1963-
1979.    [framework overview for detailed work in Schmidt et al. 1998 & Hennrich et al. 1999]
Schmidt, Jochen, Merz, Bruno, and Dikau, Richard, 1998, Morphological structure and hydrological 
process modelling: Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, Supplementband, 112, p. 55-66.    [basin 
morphometry & rainfall-runoff related using SAKE model]
Schmidt, Jrgen, 2000, Oberflchenabflu und erosion, Mglichkeiten und Grenzen der 
mathematischen Prozebeschreibung (in German; runoff & erosion, potentialities & limitations on 
math. desc. of process: Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, Supplementband, 123, p. 1-12.    [reviews 
SLOP 3D, EROSION 2D/3D, RillGrow (Ahnert, etc.); newer models finer scale]
Schmidt, K.M., and Davidson, J.G., 1999, Using geomorphic features to constrain tectonic activity 
near Pahrump Valley, Nevada and California, in Conference on Status of Geologic Research and 
Mapping in DeathValley National Park, Las Vegas, NV, April 9-11: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-
file report 99-153, p. 154-155.    [mountain-front sinuosity, valley H/W, & drainage area x slope]
Schmidt, K.M., and Montgomery, D.R., 1996, Rock mass strength assessment for bedrock 
landsliding: Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, v. 2, no. 3, p. 325-338.    [quantifies 
relief, slope, & bedding-plane properties]
Schneider, Bernhard, 1995, Adaptive interpolation of digital terrain models, in International 
Cartographic Conference, 17th, Barcelona, Proceedings: v. 2, p. 2206-2210.    [no info; probably 
like his 1998 work]
Schneider, Bernhard, 1998a, Geomorphologisch plausible Rekonstruktion der digitalen 
Reprsentation von Gelndeoberflchen aus Hhenliniendaten (in German; geomorph. plausible 
rec. of terrain surfaces fr contour data): Geographisches Institut Universitt Zrich, Geoprocessing 
Reihe, v. 35 (Inaugural dissertation), 226 p. + appendices; 
http://www.geo.unizh.ch/~benni/b_3.html.    [surface directly fr contours via TIN better than contour-
to-grid; several applics.]
Schneider, Bernhard, 1998b, Geomorphologically sound reconstruction of digital terrain surfaces from 
contours, in International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling 8th, 11-15 July, Vancouver BC, 
Proceedings: p. 657-667.    [thesis work; gets surface directly from contours via TIN; several 
applics]
Schneider, Bernhard, 2000, Uncertainty propagation in digital terrain modelling with Taylor methods 
and interval arithmetic, in Accuracy 2000, July 2000, Amsterdam, Proceedings: p. 561-568.    [no 
info]
Schneider, Bernhard, 2001, Phenomenon-based specification of the digital representation of terrain 
surfaces: Transactions on GIS, v. 5, no. 1, p. 39-52.    [no info]
Schneider, Bernhard, 2001, Uncertainty of local form in digital terrain modelling (extd. abs.), in GIS 
Research UK 9th Annual Conference (GISRUK 2001), Proceedings: p. 336-340.    [no info]
Schneider, Bernhard, and Martinoni, Daria, 2001, A distributed geoprocessing concept for enhancing 
terrain analysis for environmental modeling: Transactions on GIS, v. 5, no. 2, p. 166-178.    [no 
info]
Schneider, Hans, 1932, Maximal Reliefenergie, in Morphologie des Buntsandsteinodenwaldes: 
Frankf. Geogr., v. 6, no. 2, plate 6, 1/800K map.    [map of relief 'energy' on 5km squares; 7 
relative-relief intervals]
Schoorl, J.M., Sonneveld, M.P.W., and Veldkamp, A., 2000, Three-dimensional landscape process 
modellingthe effect of DEM resolution: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: v. 25, no. 9, p. 
1025-1034.    [5 DEM spacings for hillslope & basin; erosion & sedimentation rates over- & 
underpred.]
Schrghofer, Norbert, and Rothman D.H., 2001, Basins of attraction on random topography: Physical 
Review E, v. 63, no. 2, p. 132-137.    [ability to collect water  contour curv. / local slope, so 
hillslope & drainage area statistically related, even in random topography; Gaussian surfaces model 
random topography]
Schrepfer, Hans, 1933, Karte (2) der Reliefenergie, in Der Kaiserstuhl: Bad. Landeresverein f. 
Naturkunde und Naturschutz, Freiburg i B., p. 5, 1/133K map, and p. 7, 1/120K map 
(Taleintiefung).    [maps of relief 'energy'; resp. 7 and 4 relative-relief intervals]
Schrder, Florian, and Robach, Patrick, 1994, Managing the complexity of digital terrain models: 
Computers and Graphics, v. 18, no. 6, p. 775-783.    [create TINs from DEMs (an off-line process, 
due to its complexity)]
Schroeder, Martin, 1995, Computergesttzte Reliefmodellierung der Erde (in German, computer-
assisted relief modelling of the Earth): Diplomarbeit im Fach Geographie, Ruprecht-Karls Univ. 
Heidelberg, Fakultt fr Geowissenschaften Geographisches Institut, 84 p. and 4 fold-out color 
maps.    [Hammond classif. of New Mexico, US (lower 48), & world (GTOPO30)]
Schruben, P.G., 1998, Color shaded-relief map of the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological 
Survey, Open-file Report 99-0011, CD-ROM (ESRI ArcView 3.0 reqd.), and 
http://pubs.usgs.gov/openfile/of99-011/ (Adobe Photoshop reqd.).    [15 arc-sec fr. old Arny data; 
uses Mark's multi-directional shading]
Schuller, D.J., Rao, A.R., and Jeong, G.D., 2001, Fractal characteristics of dense stream networks: 
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technique]
Schultze, C., 1864, Flcheninhalt und Kstenlnge. Notiz, betr. den Schumannschen Vorschlag. 
(Area & coastal length. Note, Schumann's suggestion considered, in German): Petermanns Geogr. 
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length, for K see Rohrbach, 1890]
Schulz, Karsten, Huwe, Bernd, Wrlen, Christine, and Eiden, Reiner, 1999, Wind speed 
regionalization and its influence on areal evapotranspiration prediction, in Diekkrger, Bernd, 
Kirkby, M.J., and Schrder, Ulrich, eds., Regionalization in Hydrology: Conference, Technical 
University of Braunschweig, Germany, 10-14 March, 1997, Proceedings: IAHS Publication no. 254, 
p. 97-104.    [distributed DEM data much improve ET estimates over those based on central station 
topo only]
Schumann, Dr., 1864, comments (in German) in Bothe (1864a), p. 406.    [the area/perimeter 
problem; 'coastal development' = U/2F: U = perimeter of coast, F = area enclosed; and r1 = 
F/; see Rohrbach, 1890]
Schumm, S.A., 1954, Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy, New 
Jersey: Office of Naval Research Project no. 389-042, Contract N6 ONR 271-30, Technical Report 
no. 8, New York, Columbia University, Department of Geology, 86 p. + illustrations.    [most 
prominent Strahler student; extended Horton work on topologic & geometric variables]
Schumm, S.A., 1954, The relation of drainage basin relief to sediment loss, in International 
Association of Hydrology, IUGG, General Asembly 10th, Rome, Proceedings: v. 1, p. 216-219.    
[defined relief ratio, Rh, as total basin relief / max. basin length parallel to main trunk]
Schwartz, P.M., Levine, D.A., Hunsaker, C.T., and Timmins, S.P., 1995, TERRAIN, a computer 
program to process digital elevation models for modeling surface flow: U.S. Department of Energy, 
National Laboratories, Oak Ridge TN, 73 p.    [software calculates overland flow paths, watershed 
boundaries, slope, & aspect; US$22.95]
Scott, P.J., 2001, An algorithm to extract critical points from lattice height data: International Journal 
of Machine Tools and Manufacture, v. 41, Nos. 13-14, p. 1889-1897.    [satisfies Euler Criterion & 
other topological properties that always must apply to continuous data]
Seibert, Jan, 1999, On TOPMODEL's ability to simulate groundwater dynamics, in Diekkrger, Bernd, 
Kirkby, M.J., and Schrder, Ulrich, eds., Regionalization in Hydrology: Conference, Technical 
University of Braunschweig, Germany, 10-14 March, 1997, Proceedings: IAHS Publication no. 254, 
p. 211-220.    [basic assumptions obstruct correct simulation of spatial & temporal dynamics]
Serra, Jean, 1995, (online) Course on mathematical morphology: Centre de Morphologie 
Mathmatique, Fontainebleau, France. <http://cmm.ensmp.fr/~serra/cours.htm>.    [chapter 9, 'Skiz 
and Watershed', describes grey scale-to-elevation transformation; standard text on subject = Serra 
Jean, 1982, Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphology: London, Academic Press]
Serrat, Joan, Lpez, A.M., and Lloret, David, 2000, On ridges and valleys, in International 
Conference on Computer Vision 15th (ICPR'00), IEEE Computer Society, 3-8 September, 
Barcelona: Proceedings, v. 4, p. 59-66.    [intro. to descriptive geometry of ridges & drains in 
machine vision; taxonomy; see Lpez 1997 & 1999]
Seymour, M., and Cumming, I., 1998, Improving DEMs using SAR interferometry, in IEEE 
International Geoscience and Remore Sensing symposium (IGARSS), Seattle WA, July 6-10, 
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GTOPO30]
Sharma, H.S., 1986, Climate and drainage basin morphometric properties - a case study of 
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Sharpton, V.L., and Head, J.W. III, 1985, Analysis of regional slope characteristics on Venus and 
Earth: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, no. B5, p. 3733-3740.    [Pioneer/Venus data; 
3x3 samples; same range, diff. freq. distr.]
Shary, P.A., 2001, Analytical GIS "Eco": <http://members.fortunecity.com/eco4/giseco/>.    [software 
package for digital terrain modeling & display, by Peter Shary, for Windows 95/98/2000/NT; 23 land 
surface attributes; $US 900/1200 as of 05/02; emphasis on soils analysis by the curvature 
measures in Shary 1995 & Shary et al. 2002]
Shary, P.A., Sharyara, L.S., and Mitusov, A.V., 2002, Fundamental quantitative methods of land 
surface analysis: Geoderma, v. 107, nos. 1-2, p. 1-32.    [DEM-based random-field parameterization 
of surface curvature after Gauss 1827, Evans & Young 1978, Krcho 1973 & 83; formulae for 12 
curvatures & 7 other local parameters]
Shepard, F.P., 1970, Lagoonal topography of Caroline and Marshall Islands: Geological Society of 
America Bulletin, v. 81, no. 7, p. 1905-1914.    [4-fa contours reveal irreg. floors; 10-20-m-relief 
knoll-&-basin topo]
Shiiba, Michiharu, Ichikawa, Yutaka, Sakakibara, Tetsuyoshi, and Tachikawa, Yasuto, 1999, A new 
numerical representation form of basin topography (in Japanese with English abstract & figure 
captions): Transactions of the Japanese Society of Civil Engineers, n. 621/II-47, p. 1-9.    [gets 
both concentration & divergence of flow fr grid DEM]
Shimazu, Hiroshi, 2001, Relief condition and sediment transport processes in Japanese and Korean 
mountain river basins: Transactions of the Japanese Geomorphological Union, v. 22, no. 3, p. 307-
320.    [R/elev., R components by river type; elev. & slope/stream distance]
Shinagawa, Yoshihisa, and Kunii, T.L., 1991, Constructing a Reeb graph automatically from cross 
sections: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, v. 11, no. 6, p. 44-51.    [topological skeleton 
of 3-D object from surface contours]
Shinagawa, Yoshihisa, Kunii, T.L., and Kergosien, Y.L., 1991, Surface coding based on Morse 
theory: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, v. 11, no. 5, p. 66-78.    [extends Morse theory 
(for abstracting shape of a surface) to sections of 3-D objects]
Shinagawa, Yoshihisa, Kunii, T.L., Belyaev, A.G., and Tsukioka, Taketo, 1996, Shape modeling and 
shape analysis based on singularities: The International Journal of Shape Modeling, v. 2, no. 1, p. 
85-102.    [define fcn. on object & use its singularities to abstract object shape; Reeb graph, 
wavelets]
Shortridge, A.M., 1997, Characterizing the relationship between 7.5' and 1 degree digital elevation 
models: Santa Barbara, University of California, M.A. thesis, 70 p.    [the "old Army" 1 degree data 
are poor by comparison]
Shortridge, A.M., 2001, Characterizing uncertainty in digital elevation models: ch. 11, in Hunsaker, 
C.T., Goodchild, M.F., Friedl, M.A., Case, T.J., eds., Spatial Uncertainty in EcologyImplications for 
Remote Sensing and GIS Applications: New York, Springer, p. 238-257.    [2 causes; diffs. betw. 
data model & real surface, and poor capture by production methods]
Shortridge, A.M., and Clarke, K.C., 1999, On some limitations of square raster cell structures for 
digital elevation data modeling, Ch. 41 in Lowell, Kim, and Jaton, Annick, eds., Spatial Accuracy 
AssessmentLand Information Uncertainty in Natural Resources: Chelsea, MI, Ann Arbor Press, p. 
341-347.    [identified resampling problems that need to be addressed by GIS users]
Shrestha, R.L., and Carter, W.E., 2000, Bare earth digital terrain model from airborne laser swath 
mapping (abs.): Eos Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 81, no. 48 (Supplement, 
G72A-01), p. F323.    ['ground clutter' (structures, vegetation, etc.) filtered out of DEMs]
Shreve, R.L., 1963, Horton's "Law" of stream numbers for topologically random drainage netwirks 
(abs.): Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 44, no. 1, p. 44-45.    [1st publ. by Shreve on 
randomness, rather than orderly development, in river patterns]
Shreve, R.L., 1974, Variation of main stream length with basin area in river networks: Water 
Resources Research, v. 10, no. 6, p. 1167-1177.    [Systematic deviation of observations (n = 461) 
from Hack's Law]
Shulits, Samuel, 1955, Graphical analysis of trend profile of a shortened section of river: Transactions 
of the American Geophysical Union, v. 36, no. 4, p. 649-654.    [cutoffs on the Rhine; slope & 
sediment size closely related]
Siakeu, Jean, and Oguchi, Takashi, 2000, Soil erosion analysis and modellinga review: 
Transactions, Japanese Geomorphological Union, v. 21, no. 4, p. 413-429.    [USLE & alternatives; 
includes caveats on DEM-based work]
Siegburg, Werner, 1987, Talasymetrien in der Umgebung von Bonn (Valley symmetry around Bonn): 
Decheniana, v. 140, p. 204-217.    [no info]
Siegburg, Werner, 1988, Multivariate statistische Untersuchungen zur Hanggenese am Beispiel des 
Siebengebirges (multivariate statistical studies of slope genesis exemplified by the Sieben 
mountains): Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, v. 32, no. 4, p. 481-497.    [correl. slope, conc., conv. 
w/ geology, aspect, sed. cover, etc.]
Siegmund, Mike, and Hall, Kevin, 2000, A study of valley-side slope asymmetry based on the 
application of GIS analysisAlexander Island, Antacrtica: Antarctic Science, v. 12, no. 4, p. 471-
476.    [slope & aspect of polygons of TIN-DEM fr map contours]
Sigle, M., 1985, Das digitale Hhenmodell fr das Land Baden-Wrttemberg (in German): Nachr. 
Karten-und Vermessungswesen, Series I, v. 95, p. 143-154.    [the Baden-Wrttemberg provincial 
DEM]
Sigle, M., Hellwich, O., and Kstli, A., 1992, Intersection and combination of digital elevation 
modelsmethods and applications: International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote 
Sensing, v. 29, pt. B4, Commission IV, p. 878-882.    [DEM analysis pkg SCOP]
Simonett, D.S., 1967, Landslide distribution and earthquakes in the Bewani and Torricelli Mountains, 
New Guinea, a statistical analysis, in Jennings, J.N., and Mabbutt, J.A., eds., Landform Studies 
from Australia and New Guinea: Canberra, Australian National University Press, p. 64-84.    [L/S 
elev., slope angle & length, area, vol.; mult. regression eqns.; denudation est.]
Singh, R.L., 1967, Morphometric analysis of terrain, Part 2: Indian Sci. Congr. Ass., 54th Sess., Proc. 
p. 115-134.    [Relative relief, dissection indexes, drainage texture or density, slope]
Sinha-Roy, S., 2002, Hypsometry and landform evolutiona case study in the Banas drainage 
basin, Rajasthan, with implications for Aravalli uplift: Journal of the Geological Society of India, v. 
60, no. 1, p. 7-26.    [10 basins; tectonic history interpr. fr shape of % hypsom. curves & relation to 
several other basin measures]
Sirotkin, M.P., 1961, Calculation of topographic volume by approximate integration techniques (in 
Russian): Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnyh Zavedeny, Geodesiya i Aerophotosyemka, no. 6, p. 39-46.    
[no info]
Sitnikov, V.K., 1964, Calculation of mean river slope and valley side slope (in Russian): Meteorol. 
Gidrol., no. 3, paging unknown.    [no info]
Sivapalan, M., Jothityangkoon, C., and Menabde, M., 2002, Linearity and nonlinearity of basin 
response as a function of scalediscussion of alternative definitions: Water Resources Research, 
v. 38, no. 2, p. 4-1 to 4-5.    [Hack's law arises from linear network response & a purely geometrical 
property of the basin]
Sjogren, D.B., and Rains, R.B., 1995, Glaciofluvial erosional morphology and sediments of the 
Coronation-Spondin Scabland, east-central Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 32, no. 
5, p. 565-578.    [1/20K DEMs & altimetric surveys of v. low-relief features; 1-2-m CI]
Skempton, A.W., 1953, Soil mechanics in relation to geology:  Proceedings of the Yorkshire 
Geological Society, v. 29, pt. 1, no. 3, p. 33-62.    [1st distinction of landslides by D/L, where D= 
depth of moving mass & L= length upslope; also slope gradient vs. slope height]
Skidmore, A.K., 1997, GIS applications and use of digital terrain modelling, in Hodgson, S., Rumor, 
and Harts, J.J., eds., Joint European Conference on Geographical Information, 3rd, Vienna, 
Austria, Proceedings: Amsterdam, IOS Press, v. 1, p. 442-463.    [reviews DEM's in GIS; DEM 
accuracy, quality, role in modeling; big biblio heavy on applic.]
Skinner, H., and Moore, A.J., 1997, Digital elevation model of the Oak Ridges Moraine, southern 
Ontario (hillshade enhanced): Geological Survey of Canada, Open-File Report 3297, 1 poster.    
[Oak Ridges Moraine NATMAP Project; see Kenny 1998 & Kenney et al. 1999]
Slatton, K.C., Crawford, M.M., and Evans, B.L., 2001, Fusing interferometric radar and laser altimeter 
data to estimate surface topography and vegetation heights: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience 
and Remote Sensing, v. 39, no. 11, p. 2470-2482.    [one way to get accurate, dense, and broad 
coverage]
Small, D., 1998, Generation of Digital elevation Models Through Spaceborne SAR Interferometry: 
Department of Geography, Univ. Zurich, Remote Sensing Series, v. 30, 150 p.    [hybrid text/Ph.D. 
thesis; thorough on DEM analysis fr. 2 test areas]
Small, Christopher, and Cohen, J.E., 1999, Continental physiography, climate and the global 
distribution of human population, in International Symposium on Digital Earth, Beijing, Proceedings: 
Beijing, China, Science Press, p. 965-971; http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~small/population.html.    
[graphs show how world pop. density diminishes rapidly w/ elev. & distance fr sea & permanent 
rivers]
Smalley, I.J., and Unwin, D.J., 1968, The formation and shape of drumlins and their distribution and 
orientation in drumlin fields: Journal of Glaciology, v. 7, p. 377-390.    [applied nearest-neighbor 
test]
Smart, J.S., 1972, Channel networks: Advances in Hydroscience, v. 8, p. 305-346.    [Melton's law: 
channel freq./sq (ch. density)  0.69]
Smart, J.S., 1973, The random model in fluvial geomorphology, in Morisawa, M.E., ed., Fluvial 
Geomorphology, in annual geomorphology symposium, 4th, Binghamton, N.Y., SUNY, 
Proceedings: Publications in Geomorphology, p. 27-49.    [introduces 3rd postulate to Shreve's 2; 
finds topol. random model better than Horton's laws]
Smith, D.D., and Whitt, D.M., 1948, Evaluating soil losses from field areas: Agricultural Engineering, v. 
29, no. 9, p. 394-396.    [derived eqn for soil loss (corn-belt slope-practice); uses data fr. uniform 
slopes]
Smith, D.E., Zuber, M.T., and 17 others, 1999, The global topography of Mars and implications for 
surface evolution: Science, v. 284, no. 5419, p. 1495-1503.    [26-million-elev MOLA DEM at 1 
(~59 km) res. & +13-m accuracy]
Smith, D.E., Zuber, M.T., and 22 others, 2001, Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeterexperiment summary 
after the first year of global mapping of Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 106, no. E10, p. 
23,689-23,722.    [Sect. 8, misc. topo. results; regional elev, slope; crater d/D; volc. relief & vol.; 5 
lg drainage basins]
Smith, K.G. 1958, Erosional processes and landforms in Badlands National Monument, South 
Dakota: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 69, no. 8, p. 1975-1008.    [results on 
topo. texture, bifurcation ratios, & statistics of slope length & gradient in p. 998-1006]
Smith, L.C., 2002, Emerging applications of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) in 
geomorphology and hydrology: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, v. 92, no. 3, 
p. 385-398.    [applics underdeveloped in geography; review & good biblio]
Snyder, N.P., Whipple, K.X., Tucker, G.E., and Merritts, D.J., 2000, Landscape response to tectonic 
forcingdigital elevation model analysis of stream profiles in the Mendocino triple junction region, 
northern California: Geological Society of America Bulletin. v. 112, no. 8, p. 1250-1263.    [DEM 
slope-area of 21 channels; profile concavity constant]
Sobolev, S.S., 1936, Map of erosion depth in the Ukranian SSR and related problems (in Russian): 
Problemy sovetskogo pochvovedeniya, no. 1: Moscow-Leningrad, AN SSSR, paging unknown.    
[no info]
Sobolev, S.S., 1948, Development and Control of Erosion Processes in the European Part of the 
USSR, v. 1: Soviet Academic Press, Moscow, 307 p.    [no info]
Soille, Pierre, 1988, Modles numriques de terrain et morphologie mathmatiquedlimitation 
automatique de bassins versants (in French): Mmoire de fin d'tudes (Master's Thesis), Louvain-la-
Neuve, Belgium, Universit catholique de Louvain, paging unknown.    [DEM's-to-watershed using 
mathematical morphology]
Soille, Pierre, 1989, Modles numriques de terrain et morphologie mathmatiquedlimitation 
automatique de bassins versants (in French): 2mes Journes Utilits et Limites des Modles en 
Hydrologie, Montpellier, ORSTOM, p. 12-13.    [DEM's-to-watersheds]
Soille, Pierre, 1990, Gnration de MNT  partir de fonctions distances (in French): 3mes Journes 
Utilits et Limites des Modles en Hydrologie, Montpellier, ORSTOM, p. 1-14.    [DEM work; no 
other info]
Soille, Pierre, 1999, Morphological Image Analysis: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 316 p. (English edition of 
Morphologische Bildverarbeitung, 1998).    [math. morphology; a few DEM applics.; p. 230-39, 'the 
watershed transformation' (grey scale to elevation)]
Soille, Pierre, 1999, Processing of digital elevation maps, Chapter 19 in Jhne, B., Hauecker, H., 
and Geiler, P., eds., Handbook of Computer Vision and Applications, v. 3: San Diego, Academic 
Press, p. 411-428.    [no info; see other articles]
Soille, Pierre, 2002, Advances in the analysis of topographic features on discrete images: Lecture 
Notes in Computer Science, no. 2301, p. 175-186.    [math. morphology; imposition of minima, 
lower complete transf., hit-or-miss transform, extracting crest lines by skeletonisation]
Soille, Pierre, and Gratin, C., 1994, An efficient algorithm for drainage networks extraction on DEMs: 
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, v. 5, no. 2, p. 181-189.    [improved 
DEM-to-watershed transformation]
Soille, Pierre, Nickolay, B., and Kppen, M., 1994, A modular system for image segmentation based 
on watershed transformation: Vision Magazine, v. 94, no. 2, p. 118-120.    [mathematical 
morphology, the grey scale-to-'watershed' transformation]
Sokolov, A.A., 1962, Interrelations between the morphological features of basins and of river 
networks (in Russian): Meteorol. Gidrol., no. 2, paging unknown.    [no info]
Sokolov, A.A., 1969, Interrelationship between geomorphological characteristics of a drainage basin 
and stream (in Russian): Soviet Hydrology, Selected Papers, no. 1, paging unknown.    [no info]
Sonklar, C.E. von I., 1860, Die Oetzthaler Gebirgsgruppe, mit besonderer Rcksicht auf Orographie 
und Gletscherkunde, nach eigenen Untersuchungen dargestellte (in German): Gotha, J. Perthes, 
306 p.    [1st use of some of the morphometric measures (pp. 249 ff.) summarized in full later in his 
1873 book (not known if term 'orometrie' coined here); 13 maps]
Sonklar, C.E. von I., 1862, Die Gebirgsgruppe der Hohen Tatra (in German): Petermanns 
Geographischen Mitteilungen, v. 8, no. 4, p. 121-125.    [compares tzthaler Alps & Hohen Tatra 
across 7 of the 12 parameters later summarized in 1873 book]
Sonklar, C.E. von I., 1866, Die Gebirgsgruppe der Hohen-Tauern, mit besonderer Rcksicht auf 
Orographie, Gletscherkunde, Geologie und Meteorologie, nach eigenen Untersuchungen 
dargestellt (in German): Vienna, Beck'sche Universitts-Buchhandlung, 408 p.    [Pt. 1, Orographie, 
Orometrie, Topographie; further use of some of the morphometric measures later summarized in his 
1873 book]
Sonklar, C.E. von I., 1872, Die Zillerthaler Alpen, mit besonderer rcksicht auf orographie, 
gletscherkunde und geologie nach eigenen untersuchungen dargestellt (in German): Gotha, 
Justus Perthes, Ergnzungsheft (supplement volume) no. 32, to Petermanns Geographischen 
Mitteilungen, 61 p.    [many mean heights of ridges & other forms in chap. VI-VII, pp. 39-54ff.]
Sowter, M.J., and Talling, P.J., 1998, Topographic fingerprinting of erosional processes in 
mountainous regions (abs.): Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 79, no. 45, 
supplement, p. F366.    [suite of DEM params. ; relief, slope, plan. arrangement of ridges, valleys, 
spurs]
Sparks, B.W., 1949, The denudation chronology of the dip-slope of the South Downs: Proceedings 
of the Geologists' Association, v. 60, no. 3, p. 165-215.    [devised the height-range diagram; 
plotted 283 field-surveyed flat areas]
Sparks, B.W., 1952, Stages in the physical evolution of the Weymouth Lowland: Transactions and 
Papers of the Institute of British Geographers, no. 18, p. 21.    [elaborated the height-range 
diagram of Sparks 1949]
Speckmann, Bettina, and Snoeyink, Jack, 2001, Easy triangle strips for TIN terrain models: 
International Journal of Geographical Information Science, v. 15, no. 4, p. 379-386.    [spanning 
trees based on visibility = simple & effective way to get strips]
Spinney, Jamie, 2001, Environmental Application of LIDAR DataExploring High-Resolution 
Watershed Delineation: Lawrencetown, NS, Nova Scotia Community College, Centre of Geographic 
Sciences (COGS), Applied Geomatics Research Group, report; 
http://142.227.25.130:8787/agrg/reports/lidar_watersheds.pdf; slide presentation at 
http://142.227.25.130:8787/agrg/presentations/pdf/Watersheds.pdf.    [feasibility study, compare w 
map data; used Arc/Info AML; LIDAR has both +&s]
Squividant, E., 1994, MNTsurf, logiciel de traitment des Modles Numrique de Terrain: Rennes, 
ENSAR (Ecole Nationale Suprieure Agronomique de Rennes), internal document, paging 
unknown.    [calculates such hydro parameters as catchment area]
Srinivasan, Raghavan, and Engel, B.A., 1991, Effect of slope prediction methods on slope and 
erosion estimates: Applied Engineering in Agriculture, v. 7, no. 6, p. 779-783.    [compared 4 
square-grid-DEM slope-calc. techniques against field meas.; found neighborhood & quadratic best. 
& max. slope poorest]
Srinivasan, Raghavan, Engel, B.A., Wright, J.R., Lee, J.G., and Jones, D.D., 1994, The impact of 
GIS-derived topographic attributes on the simulation of erosion using AGNPS: Applied Engineering 
in Agriculture, v. 10, no. 4, p. 561-566.    [refinement of their 1991 experiment; neighborhood 
method best]
Stange, Paul, 1885, Orometrie des Thringerwaldes (in German): Friedrichs-Universitt Halle-
Wittenberg, Inaugural-Dissertation (Ph.D.), 44 p.; also 1885, in Petermanns Geographische 
Mitteilungen, v. 31, no. 7?, p. 250-254.    [Sonklar's volume method for mountains = mean 
dimensions for Thur. Forest block; 12 meas. for 36 valleys, 17 N & 19 SW (sloping?)]
Stark, C.P., and Hovius, Niels, 2001, The characterization of landslide size distributions: Geophysical 
Research Letters, v. 28, no. 6, p. 1091-1094.    [power-law scaling, but small failures are strongly 
undersampled]
Stark, C.P., and Stark, G.J., 2001, A channelization model of landscape evolution, in Pazzaglia, F.J., 
and Knuepfer, P.L.K., eds., The steady-state orogenconcepts, field observations, and models: 
American Journal of Science, v. 302, nos. 4 & 5, p. 486-512.    [sub-grid scale parameterization 
aggregates channel properties of roughness, srfce morph., cross-sect.]
Steger, Carsten, 1997, Removing the bias from line detection in CVPR '97, IEEE International 
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 17-19 June, Puerto Rico, Proceedings: 
p. 116-122.    [develops explicit model for surroundings of curvilinear structures ('lines') as well as 
lines themselves]
Steger, Carsten, 1998, An unbiased detector of curvilinear structures: IEEE Transactions on Pattern 
Analysis and Machine Intelligence, v. 20, no. 2, p. 113-125.    [similar to Steger 1997 (& unpubl. 
1997 Ph.D. dissertation)]
Steger, Carsten, 1999, Subpixel-precise extraction of watersheds, in IEEE International Conference 
on Computer Vision 7th (ICCV'99), 2025 September, Corfu, Greece, Proceedings (CD-ROM): p. 
884-890.    [critical points & flowlines fr Gaussian filter derivatives superior to pixel-by-pixel routing]
Steiner, N., Harder, M., and Lemke, P., 1999, Modelling sea ice roughness in the Arctic, in 
Wettlaufer, J.S., Dash, J.G., and Untersteiner, Norbert, eds., Ice Physics and the Natural 
Environment: NATO ASI Series (1997 meeting), v. I 56, Berlin, Springer, p. 341-345.    [model fr 
statistics of observed pressure-ridge geometry; use to verify remote sensing]
Steinhauser, Dr., 1864, comments (in German) in Bothe (1864a), p. 406.    [the area/perimeter 
problem; 'coastal convolution' = ((U/4)2)/F, U = coast length, F = land area]
Stelford, Mark, 1998, Sources of error in morphometrically defined hydrologic source areas (abs.), in 
Hallam, C.A., and Salisbury, J.M., eds., GIS Applications in Water Resources ResearchAmerican 
water Resources Annual Meeting, Chicago Ill, November 6-10, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey, 
Open-file Report 98-751, p. 19.    [problem = 'sinks' in glaciated & karst terrain on 7.5' DEM's not 
real]
Stepinsky, T.F., Marinova, M.M., McGovern, P.J., and Clifford, S.M., 2002, Fractal analysis of 
drainage basins on Mars: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no. 8, p. 30-1 to 30-4.    [4-point 
network descriptor fr Tarboton algorithm on 0.5 km DEMs of old mtn. terrain fr MOLA data]
Sternberg, H., 1875, Untersuchungen ber Lngen- und Querprofil geschiebefhrender Fluss (study 
of the longitudinal & transverse profile of the most (?) prominent river; in German): Zeitschrift fr 
Bauwesen, v. 25, no. 11-12, p. 483-506.    [the Rhine; 1st to suggest long. profile = exponential 
curve; related slope to sediment sizesee Gilbert 1877]
Stevens, N.F., Wadge, G., and Murray, J.B., 1999, Lava flow volume and morphology from digitised 
contour mapsa case study at Mount Etna, Sicily: Geomorphology, v. 28, nos. 3-4, p. 251-261.    
[differences 10-m DEM's fr 1969 & 1991 1/25K maps, 25-m CI; not OK for thin flows]
Stewart, E.M., and Head, J.W., 2001, Ancient Martian volcanoes in the Aeolis regionnew evidence 
from MOLA data: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 106, no. E8, p. 17,505-17,513.    [parabolic 
curves fit to flank topo. of candidate stratocone MOLA 'Feature A' suggest original h ~3 km]
Stewart, Ian, 1991, A Swift trip over rugged terrain: Scientific American, v. 264, no. 6, p. 123-125.    
['critical points' theorem; H+V-P=2, where H= no. of local maxima, V= min., P= saddles]
Stocks, J., 1939, Neues zur Morphometrie des Atlantischen Ozeans: Annaler der Hydrographie und 
Maritimen Meteorology, v. 67, p. 1-13.    [see Stocks, 1938; (NB, author's initial Th.?)]
Stoddard, P.R., and Jurdy, D.M., 2002, Distribution of Io's volcanoespossible influence on spin 
axis: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no. 9, 10.1029/2001GL014539, p. 63-1 to 63-4.    [351 
volcanoes & ~100 mountains are complementary re longitude]
Stoddart, D.R., ed., 1997, Process and Form in Geomorphology: London & NY, Routledge, 415 p.    
[not seen; the Chorley Festschrift; a few papers appear to be morphometric]
Stokes, S., Goudie, A.S., Ballard, J., Gifford, C., Samieh, S., Embabi, N., and El-Rashidi, O.A., 1999, 
Accurate displacement and morphometric data using kinematic GPS: Zeitschrift fr 
Geomorphologie, Supplementband 116, p. 195-214.    [h/W data on 20 barchans in SW Egypt]
Stout, K.J., and others, 1999, 14 (+3) parameters for 3D surface roughness: University of 
Huddersfield, UK, School of Engineering, Center for Ultra Precision Techniques, 
<http://zeus.plmsc.psu.edu/~manias/MatSc597/roughness/definitions.html>.    [details on industrial 
morphometric measures on Web; see Stout et al., 1993, 2000]
Stout, K.J., and Blunt, Liam, eds., 2000, Three-Dimensional Surface Topography (2nd Ed): London 
UK and Bristol PA, Penton Press, 308 p.    [enlarged ed. of state-of-art review of a major 
development in metrology]
Stout, K.J., Blunt, Liam, Dong, W.P., Mainsah, Evaristus, Luo, N., Mathia, T.G, Sullivan, P.J., and 
Zahouani, H., 2000, The development of methods for the characterisation of roughness in three 
dimensions (2nd ed.): London UK and Bristol PA, Penton Press, 384 p.    [revision & enlargement 
of important 1993 review]
Stover, J.C., 1995, Optical ScatteringMeasurement and Analysis, 2nd ed.: SPIE Press, Bellingham 
WA, 340 p.    [full description of power spectral density applied to optical micro-surfaces]
Strahler, A.N., 1952, Dynamic basis of geomorphology: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 
v. 63, no. 9, p. 923-938.    [mechanics & fluid dynamnics; 1st mention of general systems theory in 
geomorph.]
Strahler, A.N., 1954, Quantitative geomorphology of erosional landscapes: 19th International 
Geological Congress, Algiers, 1952, Comptes Rendues, Section 13, part 3, fasc. 15, p. 341-354.    
[good summary & intro to the subject]
Strahler, A.N., 1956, The nature of induced erosion and aggradation, in Thomas, W.L., Jr., ed., 
Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth: University of Chicago Press, p. 621-638.    
[introduces 'Horton Number' = runoff intensity + slope + 'erosion porportionality']
Strahler, A.N., 1958, Dimensional analysis applied to fluvially eroded landforms: Bulletin of the 
Geological Society of America, v. 69, no. 3, p. 279-300.    [parameter lists; methodol. statements; 
descr. of optimal analytic procedures]
Strahler, A.N., 1968, Quantitative geomorphology, in Fairbridge, R.W., ed., The Encyclopedia of 
Geomorphology, New York, Reinhold, p. 898-912.    [his last state-of-art summary of Horton-
Strahler geomorph.; modified from Strahler 1964]
Streit, Ulrich, Fuhrmann, Sven, Krause, Joachim, and Mittring, Peter, 1999, GIS for regionalization 
and visualization in hydrology, in Diekkrger, Bernd, Kirkby, M.J., and Schrder, Ulrich, eds., 
Regionalization in Hydrology: Conference, Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany, 10-14 
March, 1997, Proceedings: IAHS Publication no. 254, p. 253-258.    [flow-direction applic. of 'Tools 
for Hydro. Info. & Modelling', T4HIM, in ARC/INFO]
Strumbo, D.A.,1963, Surface texturemeasurement methods: Forest Products Journal, v. 12, no. 7, 
p. 299-303.    [early surface-roughness analysis on wood]
Struzik, Z.R., 1996, From coastline length to inverse fractal problemthe concept of fractal 
metrology: University of Amsterdam, Neth., unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, paging unnown.    
[continued development of the wavelet transform; highly mathematical]
Sulebak, J.R., 1997, Geomorphometric studies of different topographic regionsanalysis and 
applications from Norway and Sweden: University of Oslo, Department of Geography, Sc.D. thesis, 
204 p.    [see Sulebak 1999 & Sulebak et al. 1997]
Sulebak, J.R., 1999, Fractal analysis of surface topography: Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift (Norwegian 
Journal of Geography), v. 53, no. 4, p. 213-225.    [topo. scaling; 50m DEM; multiple PSD of 2 
areas: not unifractal; good biblio]
Sulebak, J.R., Tallaksen, L.M., and Erichsen, B., 2000, Estimation of areal soil moisture by use of 
terrain data: Geografiska Annaler, v. 82A, no. 1, p. 89-105.    [slope, aspect, plan & profile curv., & 
wetness index fr 5m DEM; regression model]
Summerfield, M.A., 1976, Slope form and basal stream relationshipsa case study in the Westend 
basin of the southern Pennines, England: Earth Surface Processes, v. 1, no. 1, p. 89-96.    [54 
field slope-profiles at 5-m segments, convexity index]
Summerfield, M.A., 1991, Sub-aerial denudation of passive marginsregional elevation versus local 
relief models: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 102, no. 3/4, p. 460-469.    [slope/modal 
elev. & slope/relief fr 1/250K map 15' DEM]
Sun, Tao, Meakin, Paul, and Jssang, Torstein, 2001, A computer model for meandering rivers with 
multiple bed load sediment sizes, 1, Theory, 2, Computer simulations: Water Resources Research, 
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meander is growth controlled by curvature-related instabilities]
Sung, Q.C., Chan, Y.C., and Chao, P.C., 1998, Spatial variation of fractal parameters and its 
geological implications: Terrestrial, Atmosphere and Oceanic Sciences (TAOS; Taiwan), v. 9, no. 4, 
p. 655-672.    [includes an azimuth-related parameter]
Surell, Alexandre, 1841, tude sue les torrents des Hautes-Alpes: Paris, Carilian-Goeury and V. 
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profile concave]
Svensson, Harald, 1956, Method for exact characterizing of denudation surfaces, especially 
peneplains, as to position in space: Lund, Sweden, Lund Studies in Geography, Ser, A, no. 8, 
paging unknown.    [trend-surface analysis to map & distinguish erosional surfaces]
Swan, S.B.St.C., 1966, Stream representation on Malayan maps: Journal of Tropical Geography 
(Singapore), v. 22, no. 1, p. 1-9.    [incomplete patterns pose problem for drainage-density calc.]
Sweeting, M.M., 1955, The land-forms of north-west County Clare: Transactions and Papers of the 
Institute of British Geographers, no. 21, p. 33-49.    [elaborated the height-range diagram of 
Sparks 1949]
Sykioti, Olga, Deffontaines, Benot, Chrowicz, Jean, Obert, Daniel, Marsily, Ghislain de, Lauverjat, 
Jacques, and Carvalho, Jose, 1996, Imagerie numrique de la surface topographie, Application  
la gomtrie d'un milieu karstiqueVerneuil-sur-Avre (Perche) (in French w/ English summary & 
figure captions): Bulletin de la Socit Gologique de la France, v. 167, no. 2, p. 269-284.    
[synth. incl. drainage net + slope, hillshade, & envelope map fr 50-m DEM]
Szekely, Balazs, 2001, On the surface of the Eastern Alps; a DEM study: Tuebinger 
Geowissenschaftliche Arbeiten, Reihe A, Geologie, Palaeontologie, Stratigraphie, v. 60, 124 p.    
[neo orometry; elev. max, mean, range, std dev., autocorrelation, variogram, slope, ruggedness 
params, regions, etc.]
T
Tada, Fumio, 1937, Relief energy of Jehol (2), in Geography of Jehol, Report of the first scientific 
expedition to Manchuria (in Japanese with German (& English?) summary): Tokyo, p. 121-132, 
plate 4, 1/2.5M, and plate 5, 1/1.5M (diff. method).    [maps of 'relief energy'; resp. 8 & 10 relative-
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Tahari, D., 1994, Les Modles Numrique de Terrainюtat de l'art: Bulletin trimestriel de la Socit 
Belge de Photogrammtrie-Tldtection et Cartographie, no. 195-196, p. 25-40.    [French-
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Taillefer, F., 1948, L'altitude moyenne des rgions naturelles des Pyrnes franaises (in French): 
Revue de Gographie Alpine, v. 36, no. 1, p. 145-160.    [mean elev. & 'coeff. of articulation' for 52 
& 46 zones, resp.]
Tajchman, S.J., 1981, On computing topographic characteristics of a mountain catchment: Canadian 
Journal of Forest Research, v. 11, p. 768-774.    [mean slope of TIN facets]
Takahashi, S., Ikeda, T., Shinagawa, Y., Kunii, T.L., and Ueda, M., 1995, Algorithms for extracting 
correct critical points and constructing topological graphs from discrete geographical elevation data, 
in Post, F., and Gbel, M., eds., Eurographics '95; Computer Graphics Forum, v. 14, no. 3: 
Blackwell Publishers, p. C181-C192.    [current definitions of 'critical points' fail to meet the Euler 
Criteria in DEM representation of terrain features; raster image-processing, filtering]
Takken, Ingrid, Jetten, Victor, Govers, Gerard, Nachtergaele, Jeroen, and Steegen, An, 2001, The 
effect of tillage-induced roughness on runoff and erosion patterns: Geomorphology, v. 37, nos. 1-
2, p. 1-14.    [flowpaths from 5-m DEM in tilled fields improve runoff calcs.]
Takken, Ingrid, Govers, Gerard, Steegen, An, Nachtergaele, Jeroen, and Gurif, Jrome, 2001, The 
prediction of runoff flow directions on tilled fields: Journal of Hydrology, v. 248, nos. 1-4, p. 1-13.    
[logistic regr. eqn using slope, tillage direction, aspect, roughness]
Talling, P.J., Stewart, M.D., Stark, C.P., Gupta, Sanjeev, and Vincent, S.J., 1997, Regular spacing of 
drainage outlets from linear fault blocks: Basin Research, v. 9, no. 4, p. 275-302.    [neo-orometry 
re/ Hovius 1996; stream spacing (n=551) char. of indiv. blocks (n= 43), but mean ratios var. widely = 
1.4-4.1 the half-width of the block]
Tang, Tao, and Day, M.J., 2000, Field survey and analysis of hillslopes on tower karst in Guilin, 
southern China: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 25, no. 11, p. 1221-1235.    [slope-
profile quantification]
Tanner, W.F., 1956, Parallel slope retreat in humid climate: Transactions, American Geophysical 
Union, v. 37, no. 5, p. 605-607.    [3 stat. tests on 1/24K N. GA topo maps all suggest parallel 
retreat]
Tarboton, D.G., and Shankar, Ude, 1998, The identification and mapping of flow networks from 
digital elevation data (abs.): Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 79, no. 45, 
supplement, p. F248.    [3 methods; best = accumulated no. of locally concave grid cells]
Tate, N.J., 1995, The fractal dimension of topography: Norwich, UK, University of East Anglia, 
unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 296 p.    [details & elab. for Tate 1998]
Tate, N.J., 1998a, Estimating the fractal dimension of synthetic topographic surfaces: Computers and 
Geosciences, v. 24, no. 4, p. 325-334.    [several methods: none 'optimal,' poor reproducibility; big 
biblio]
Tate, N.J., 1998b, Maximum entropy spectral analysis for the estimation of fractals in topography: 
Earth Surface Processes and LandformsTechnical and Software Bulletin, v. 23, p. 1197-1217.    
[MEM introduced; advantages & disadv., tradeoffs w/ other methods]
Taud, Hind, Parrot, J.-F., and Alvarez, Roman, 1999, DEM generation by contour line dilation: 
Computers and Geosciences, v. 25, no. 7, p. 775-783.    [contours dilate until they meet & create 
intermediate contour lines]
Taylor, T.J., 1851, An Inquiry into the Operation of Running Streams and Tidal Waters, with a view to 
determine their principles of action, and an application of those principles to the improvement of the 
River Tyne: London, Longman Brown Green and Longmans, 119 p.    [dynamic adjustment of form 
to process re. hydraulic geometry]
Tebbens, S.F., Burroughs, S.M., Barton, C.C., and Naar, D.F., 2001, Statistical self-similarity of 
hotspot seamount volumes modeled as self-similar criticality: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, 
no. 14, p. 2711-2714.    [cum. freq-vol. distr. is truncated power law, scaling exp. a = 0.57 (~ D= 
1.71)]
Temple, P.H., and Rapp, Anders, 1972, Landslides in the Mgeta area, western Uluguru Mountains, 
Tanzania: Geografiska Annaler, v. 54A, nos. 3-4, p. 157-193.    [n=34; scar W, d, L; gradient; vol., 
dist. fr ridge crest; aspect]
Thauer, Walter, 1955, Morphologische Studien im Frankenwald und Frankenwaldvorland: 
Sonderabdruck aus den Mitteilungen der Frnkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, no. 1, 232 p.; 
also 1954 dissertation.    [relative-relief map by the circle method, published 1955 in Petermanns 
Geogr. Mitt. as plate 1]
Thieken, A.H., Lcke, Andreas, Diekkrger, Bernd, and Richter, Otto, 1999, Scaling input data by 
GIS for hydrological modelling: Hydrological Processes, v. 13, no. 4, p. 611-630.    [diff. in DEM 
resolution (12.5-50m) makes huge diff. in channels & params.; used KINEROS model]
Thom, B.G., 1970, Carolina Bays in Horry and Marion Counties, South Carolina: Geological Society 
of America Bulletin, v. 81, no. 3, p. 783-814.    [A-L-W-ellipt. & orient. stats.; nearest-neighbor tests; 
inconclusive]
Thomas, A.L., King, D., Dambrine, E., Couturier, A., and Roque, J., 1999, Predicting soil classes with 
parameters derived from relief and geologic materials in a sandstone region of the Vosges 
mountains (Northesastern France): Geoderma, v. 90, no. nos. 3-4, p. 291-305.    [Stats for elev, 
slope, aspect, plan & profile curv., dist. to stream fr 50-m DEM]
Thomas, R., Davis, C., Frederick, E., Manizade, S., Sonntag, J., Krabill, and McConnell, J., 1999, 
Greenland ice sheet elevation change since 1978 from radar and laser altimetry: Polar Geography, 
v. 23, no. 3, p. 169-184.    [radar & laser data agree; So. Greenland in balance]
Thomas, T.R., Rosn, B.-G., and Amini, N., 1999, Fractal characterisation of the anisotropy of rough 
surfaces: Wear, v. 232, no. 1, p. 41-50.    [3-D structure functions & topothesy for diff. textures]
Thompson, J.A., Bell, J.C., and Butler, C.A., 2001, Digital elevation model resolutioneffects on 
terrain attribute calculation and quantitative soil-landscape modeling: Geoderma, v. 100, nos. 1-2, 
p. 67-89.    [10m surveyed DEM  0.1m precision vs. 30m DEM  1.0m prec.]
Thompson, M.M., 1956, How accurate is that map?: Surveying and Mapping, v. 16, no. 2, p. 164-
173.    [admits U.S. vertical acc. standards lower than those in Europe & that slope gradient needs 
to be taken into account]
Thompson, W.B., Thoenen, G.W., Moore, R.G., and Henderson, T.C., 1998, Extraction of micro-
terrain features, in 1998 IMAGE Conference, Scottsdale, AZ, 27 August, The IMAGE Society, 
Inc., Proceedings: p. WBT 1-9, http://www.cs.utah.edu/vissim/bibliography/papers/ravine-
features.pdf.    [hydrol. analysis + computer vision, better than texture mapping; small ravines, 
military applic.]
Tillmann, E., 1915, Orometrie der Eifel (in German): Bonn, Univ. Bonn, Ph.D. diss., 92 p.    [drainage 
density, mean slope & height &/or volume]
Tillo, A.A., 1890, Orography of European Russia based on a hypsometric map (in Russian): 
Proceedings of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, v. 26, p. 8-32.    [among earliest 
Russian morphometry]
Tillo, A.A., 1889, Untersuchung ber die mittlere Hhe der Kontinente und die mittlere Tiefe der 
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U
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V
Vacher, H.L., 1999, Computational geology 5if geology, then calculus: Journal of Geoscience 
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surfaces at basin and subbasin scales: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, no. B6, p. 
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Veneziano, Daniele, Moglen, G.E., Furcolo, Pierluigi, and Iacobellis, Vito, 2000, Stochastic model of 
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Ventura, S.J., and Irvin, B.J., 2000, Automated landform classification methods for soil-landscape 
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Veregin, Howard, 2000, Quantifying positional error induced by line simplification: International 
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Vertessy, R.A., Hatton, T.J., O'Shaughnessy, P.J., and Jayasuriya, M.D.A., 1993, Predicting water 
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Veverka, Joseph, and 32 others, 2000, NEAR at Erosimaging and spectral results: Science, v. 
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surface characteristics and rainfall on the fractal dimension of soil microrelief, in Spanish): Cadernos 
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Vogt, P.R., 2000, Endoresment of global ocean mapping project: Eos, Transactions of the American 
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W
Wadhawan, S.K., 1998, Late Quaternary evolution of clustered parabolic megadunes in Thar desert, 
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Wagner, Hermann, 1903a, Das Messen auf Karten (measurements on maps),  112-115 in Lehrbuch 
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Wagner, Hermann, 1903b, Orometrische Werte (the value of orometry),  173 in Lehrbuch der 
Geographie, v. 1 Einleitung Allgemeine Erdkunde (in German; ... intro to gen'l Earth science): 
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Wagner, Paul, 1933, Morphometrische Studien aus Sachsen; Fehlerquellen und Fehlergrenzen (in 
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Walschot, L., 1973, De hellingkaart (in Dutch): Natuurwetenschappelijk Tijdschrift, v. 55, p. 210-226.    
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Wang, Jianjun, Robinson, G.J., and White, Kevin, 2000, Generating viewsheds without using 
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Wang, Xinhao, and Yin, Zhi-Yong, 1997, An evaluation of using ArcInfo to extract basin 
physiographic parameters from DEMs, in 1997 ESRI International User Conference, San Diego, 
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Warner, R.C., and Budd, W.F., 2000, Derivation of ice thickness and bedrock topography in data-gap 
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Naval Research, Project NR 389-147, Technical Report, p. 11-94, 173-184.    [11 sections review 
network, surface topology; 'rediscovery' of concept origins; cites Reech (1858, including a free 
transl.), Cayley, & Clerk Maxwell]
Warntz, William, and Waters, Nigel, 1975, Network representations of critical elements of pressure 
surfaces: Geographical Review, v. 65, no. 4, p. 476-492.    [applies peak-pit-pass-pale / ridge-
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Watson, D.F., 1992, Contouringa guide to the analysis and display of spatial data: Oxford, UK, 
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Watters, T.R., Schultz, R.A., Robinson, M.S., and Cook, A.C., 2002, The mechanical and thermal 
structure of Mercury's early lithosphere: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no, 11, p. 37-1 to 37-
4.    [Topo. profile of 1.3-km-high lobate scarp fr DEM fr Mariner 10 stereo pairs]
Weaver, J.D., 1960, Note on higher level erosion surfaces of Puerto Rico: Caribbean Geol. Conf., 2d, 
Mayagueez, P.R., Jan. 4-9, 1959, Trans., p. 96-98.    [altimetric curves fr 38 1/30,000 quads; 5 
levels, 2 known]
Webber, B.B., 1995, Testing the vertical accuracy of United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute and 
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[stat. comp. yields true accuracy & potential problems in diff. terrains]
Weber, Dominique, and Herrmann, Agnes, 2000, Contribution de la photogrammtrie numrique  
l'tude spatio-temporelle de versants instablesl'exemple du glissement de terrain de Super-
Sauze (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France) (in French with English summary & figure captions): 
Bulletin de la Socit Gologique de la France, v. 171, no. 6, p. 637-648.    [6 DEMs, difference 
maps, trace morph. evolution of a complex flow slide]
Wechsler, S.P., 1999, Digital elevation model (DEM) uncertaintyevaluation and effect on 
topographic parameters: Redlands, CA, ESRI User Conference, 
http://www.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap262/p262.htm#_Author_Informatio
n;  or http://www.csulb.edu/~wechsler/Dissertation/P262/P262.html.    [used DEM metadata & 
spatial char.; Monte-Carlo simulations]
Wechsler, S.P., 2000, Effect of DEM Uncertainty on Topographic Parameters, DEM Scale and Terrain 
Evaluation: SUNY Syracuse, Ph.D. dissertation, 380 p.; 
http://www.csulb.edu/~wechsler/Dissertation/Abstract_web.doc.    [ArcView-implemented Monte 
Carlo simulations use random error fields to quantify uncertainty in DEM, slope, upslope contrib. A, 
& topo. index (TI)]
Weibel, Robert, 1990, Verarbeitung und Anwendung digitaler Gelndemodelle im Bereich der 
Geographie (in German; Processing & applying DTMs in Geography): Geographica Helvetica, v. 45, 
no. 4, p. 145-153.    [no info]
Weibel, Robert, 1997, Digital terrain modelling for environmental applicationsa review of techniques 
and future trends, in Hodgson, S., Rumor, and Harts, J.J., eds., Joint European Conference on 
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X
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Xu, Wei, and Cumming, Ian, 1999, A region-growing algorithm for InSAR phase unwrapping: IEEE 
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Y
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features by 'opennesses' (in Japanese with English abstract & figure captions): Journal of the 
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Z
Zaitsev, V.M., Lavrova, V.S., and Chigirev, A.A., 1973, Derivation of contour maps using a 
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Geophysical Monograph 116, p. 179-205.    [DEMs for 16 edifices; much variance in quality]
Zeitler, P.K., Meltzer, A.S., Koons, P.O., Craw, David, Hallet, Bernard, Chamberlain, C.P., Kidd, 
W.S.F., Park, S.K., Seeber, Leonardo, Bishop, Michael, and Shroder, John, 2001, Erosion, 
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Zhou, L., Kato, K., Umehara, N., and Miyake, Y., 1999, Nanometer scale island-type texture with 
controllable height and area ratio formed by ion beam etching on hard disk head sliders: 
Nanotechnology, v. 10, no. 4, p. 363-372.    [nanoscopic 'landforms' created by design]
Zhu, Dehao, 1982, Evolution of peak cluster-depression in Guilin area and morphometric 
measurement (in Chinese): Carsologica Sinica, v. 1, p. 127-134.    [claims to have identified 
evidence of 'dynamic equilibrium']
Zhu, Honglei, and Schneider, Kristin, 1999, Flat feature processes from triangulated irregular 
networks for hydrological modeling, in International Conference on GeoComputation, 4th, 
Fredericksburg VA, Mary Washington College, 25-28 July, GeoComputation 99: 
http://www.geovista.psu.edu/geocomp/geocomp99/Gc99/091/gc_091.htm.    [algorithm removes 
level triangles, channels, & ridges in TIN models]
Zhu, Honglei, Eastman, J.R., and Toledano, James, 2001, Triangulated irregular network optimization 
from contour data using bridge and tunnel edge removal: International Journal of Geographical 
Information Science, v. 15, no. 3, p. 271-286.    [Delaunay triangulation & parabolic interpolation of 
B & T edges]
Zimmerman, B.B., 1972, Perspective view by computer: The Military Engineer, v. 64, no. 422 
(November-December), p. 431.    [hidden- & parallel-line plots of relief fr profiles or digitized 
contours]
Zobeck, T.M., and Popham, T.W., 2001, Cropping and tillage effects on soil roughness properties: 
Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, v. 44, no. 6, p. 1527-1536.    [5 cm 
DEM; random roughness, ridge height, & cum. shelter angle distr.]
Zppritz, Dr., 1882, comments (in German) in Gnther (1882), p. 146.    [the area/perimeter problem]
Ztl, Josef, 1951, Die Reliefenergie des Waldaist-Gebietes, in Landformung und Talentwicklung in 
Flugebiet der Waldaist: Arbeiten a. d. Obersterr. Musealvereins, v. 96, p. 36.    [ca. 1/250K 
relative-relief map; 500-m samples; 6 relief intervals]
Zuber, M.T., and 14 others, 2000, Internal structure and early thermal evolution of Mars from Mars 
Global Surveyor topography and gravity Science, v. 287, no. 5459, p. 1788-1793.    [crust 
thickness not correl. w/ topo. dichotomy, but is thin under lg. basins]
Zuber, M.T., and 20 others, 1998, Observations of the north polar region of Mars from the Mars 
Orbiter laser altimeter: Science, v. 282, no. 5396, p. 2053-2060.    [2-km res. DEM; profiles of 
craters &; much new from MOLA]
Zuber, M.T., Smith, D.E., Phillips, R.J., Solomon, S.C., Banerdt, W.B., Neumann, G.A., and 
Aharonson, Oded, 1998, Shape of the northern hemisphere of Mars from the Mars Orbiter laser 
altimeter (MOLA): Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, no. 24, p. 4393-4396.    [18 profiles; elev. 
& slope (low E  low S); peaked hypsogram]
Zuber, M.T., and 11 others, 2000, The shape of 433 Eros from the NEAR-Shoemaker laser 
rangefinder: Science, v. 289, no. 5487, p. 2097-2101.    [detailed topo model of complex body 
from Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous; elev. maps & slope maps & freq. distr.]
Zuchiewicz, Witold, 1995, Selected aspects of neotectonics of the Polish Carpathians: Folia 
Quaternaria (Krakow), no. 66, p. 145-204.    [relative relief, stream orders & long. profiles, var. 
param. ratios & correls., etc.]

CORRECTIONS
Abdul-Rahman, Alias, 1992, Triangular network in digital terrain relief modelling: ITC, Enschede, Netherlands, 
unpublished M.Sc. thesis, paging unknown. http://www.odyssey.maine.edu/gisweb/spatdb/egis/eg94038.html.    
[developed set of TIN-based DTM algorithms for PC environment]
Baldwin, Jonathan, Fisher, Peter, Wood, Joseph, and Langford, Mitchel, 1996, Modelling environmental cognition 
of the view with GIS: International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, 3rd, January 
21-25, Santa Fe NM, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Proceedings (NCGIA CD-ROM); 
http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/jwo/research/dem_char/santafe/.    [various considerations of viewshed analysis fr 
DEM]
Boyko, A.V., 1980, Metody i sredstva avtomatizatsii topograficheskikh s'yemka (Methods and Tools for 
Automated Topographic Surveys; in Russian): Nedra, Moscow, 222 p.    [no info]
Brndli, Martin, 1996, Hierarchical models for the definition and extraction of terrain features, in Burrough, P.A., 
and Frank, A.U., eds., Geographic Objects with Indeterminate Boundaries, GISDATA series 2: London, Taylor 
and Francis, p. 257-270.   [object-oriented top-down approach to peaks, pits, & ridges; detail > at lower levels]
Brown, C.D., and Grimm, R.E., 1996, Floor subsidence and rebound of large Venus craters: Journal of 
Geophysical Research, v. 101, no. E11, p. 26,057-26,067.    [no evidence for elastic rebound est. rigid 
lithosphere 1015 km thick]
Chentsov, V.N., 1948, Morphometric indices on small-scale geomorphological maps (in Russian), in Grigoryev, 
A.A., and Markov, K.K., eds., Problems of Geomorphology, Transactions of the Institute of Geography, no. 39: 
Soviet Academic Press, Moscow, p. 291-306.    [no info]
Chou, Yue-Hong, 1992, Slope-line detection in a vector-based GIS: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote 
Sensing, v. 58, no. 2, p. 227-233.    [derives slope lines (slow-lines normal to contours) from digitized 
contours, preferred to grid DEMs]
Clarke, K.C., Hoppen, Stacy, and Gaydos, L.J., 1996, Methods and techniques for rigorous calibration of a 
cellular automaton model of urban growth: International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental 
Modeling, 3rd, January 21-25, Santa Fe NM, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, 
Proceedings (NCGIA CD-ROM); 
http://www.sbg.ac.at/geo/idrisi/gis_environmental_modeling/sf_papers/clarke_keith/clarkeetal.html.    [ground-
slope gradient fr a DEM is one of the model constraints]
Coates, D.R., 1958, Quantitative geomorphology of small drainage basins of southern Indiana: Department of 
Geology, Columbia University, NY, Office of Naval Research, Geography Branch, Project NR 389-042, 
Technical Report no. 10, 67 p. (Ann Arbor, University Microfilms: publ. no. 17, MicA 56-2237).    [10 3rd-order 
basins ea. in 6 areas; L, A, P, DD, circ., relief, slope & stream gradient, hyps. integr. & curves, etc.; strong 
contrast betw. USGS topo map & field-derived topo map "... somewhat startling and the implications 
disturbing."]
De Sawal, Robert, 1996, Digital elevation data and GIS projects: International Conference on Integrating GIS and 
Environmental Modeling, 3rd, January 21-25, Santa Fe NM, National Center for Geographic Information and 
Analysis, Proceedings (NCGIA CD-ROM); http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/conf/SANTA_FE_CD-
ROM/sf_papers/desawal_robert/usgspost.html.    [good description of DEMs, their creation, flaws & limitations]
Einstein, Albert, 1926, Die Ursache der Manderbildung der Flulufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes 
(Cause of the formation of meanders in river courses and of the so-called Baer's law): Naturwissenschaften, v. 
14, no. 11, p. 223-224.    [the great man on a hydrogeomorphic problem]
Fels, J.E., and Matson, K.C., 1996, A cognitively-based approach for hydrogeomorphic land classification using 
digital terrain models: International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, 3rd, January 
21-25, Santa Fe NM, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Proceedings (NCGIA CD-ROM); 
http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/conf/SANTA_FE_CD-ROM/sf_papers/fels_john/fels_and_matson.html.    [land types 
of all NC fr 100-m DEM; land-type classifications for each of 6 major NC physiographic provinces]
Florinsky, I.V., Grokhlina, T.I., and Mikhailova, N.L., 1995, LANDLORD 2.0Software for the analysis and mapping 
of geometrical characteristics of relief (in Russian): Geodesiya i Cartographiya, no. 5, p. 46-51.    [elev., slope, 
aspect, curv., area, topo. index, stream power index]
Gallant, J.C., and Hutchinson, M.F., 1996, Towards an understanding of landscape scale and structure: 
International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, 3rd, January 21-25, Santa Fe NM, 
National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Proceedings (NCGIA CD-ROM); 
http://www.sbg.ac.at/geo/idrisi/gis_environmental_modeling/sf_papers/gallant_john/paper.html.    [positive 
wavelet decomposition identifies topo features at diff. scales; feature shapes & orientations may help char. 
landforms & delimit contrasting regions]
Garbrecht, Jurgen, and Martz, L. W., 1997, TOPAZAn Automated Digital Landscape Analysis Tool for 
Topographic Evaluation, Drainage Identification, Watershed Segmentation and Subcatchment Parameterization; 
TOPAZ User Manual: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grazinglands Research 
Laboratory, El Reno, OK, ARS Publication no. GRL 97-4, 119 p.    [DEM-to-watershed software; see also 
TOPAZ Installation Guide, ARS Publ. GRL 97-3, 12 p. & TOPAZ Overview, ARS Publ. GRL 97-2, 21 p.]
Gauss, C.F., 1827, Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curvas (in Latin): Gttingen gelehrte Anziegen, no. 
177 (5 Nov.), p. 1761-1768; abstract originally delivered before the Royal Society of Gttingen on 8 October 
1827; reprinted 1873 in Carl Friedrich Gauss Werke: Kniglichen Gessellschaft der Wissenschaften zu 
Gttingen 4, p. 217-258; translated 1902, as General investigations on curved surfaces of 1827 and 1825, by 
Adam Hiltebeitel & James Morehead: Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 127 p., & reprinted 1965, 
Hewlett NY, Raven Press.    [landmark paper; the result of 30 years of thinking on geodesy; seed of a century 
of subsequent work in differential geometry; origin of ground-surface classification by curvature & treating 
topography as a random field; see Krcho, Shary, Dombrowski]
Gessler, P.E., McKenzie, Neil, and Hutchinson, Michael, 1996, Progress in soil-landscape modelling and spatial 
prediction of soil attributes for environmental models: International Conference on Integrating GIS and 
Environmental Modeling, 3rd, January 21-25, Santa Fe NM, National Center for Geographic Information and 
Analysis, Proceedings (NCGIA CD-ROM); http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/conf/SANTA_FE_CD-
ROM/sf_papers/gessler_paul/my_paper.html.    [elev., gradient, & topo index fr 20m grid DEM fr 10-m contours 
@ 1:25 000]
Hooke, R.LeB., and Rohrer, W.L., 1979, Geometry of alluvial fanseffects of discharge and sediment size: 
Earth Surface Processes, v. 4, no. 2, p. 147-166.    [Markov-process models of slope & rel. elev. compared w/ 
field meas.; power fncs. relate fan to basin properties]
Hoy, D.R., and Taylor, J.A., 1963, A descriptive classification of terrain (abs.): Annals of the Association of 
American Geographers, v. 53, no. 4, p. 598.    [local relief, slope 'intensity' (contour density), topo. texture = 
basic elements; mapped Ohio]
Hutchinson, M.F., 1996, A locally adaptive approach to the interpolation of digital elevation models: International 
Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, 3rd, January 21-25, Santa Fe NM, National Center 
for Geographic Information and Analysis, Proceedings (NCGIA CD-ROM); 
http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/gtopo30/papers/local.html.    [extends existing finite-difference approach to 
interpolation of DEMs]
Hutchinson, M.F., Nix, H.A., McMahon, J.P., and Ord, K.D., 1996, The development of a topographic and climate 
database for Africa: International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, 3rd, January 21-
25, Santa Fe NM, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Proceedings (NCGIA CD-ROM); 
http://www.sbg.ac.at/geo/idrisi/gis_environmental_modeling/sf_papers/hutchinson_michael_africa/africa.html.    
[digitized all 39 l/1M-scale air nav. charts; 109,000 non-zero pts. incl. spot elevs, important points on 
contours, streams]
Jackson, J.R., 1834, Hints on the subject of geographical arrangement and nomenclature: Journal of the Royal 
Geographical Society, v. 4, art. 4, p. 72-88 + colored diagram.    [earliest (?) known topological ordering of 
streams (not cited in Cayley's two papers), but not definitive; lists basic geom. attributes of land form; plea for 
precise descr.]
Koristka, Karel (Carl), 1858, Studien ber die Methoden und die Bentzung hypsometrischer Arbeiten, 
nachgewiesen an den Niveauverhltnissen der Umgebungen von Prag. Ein neuer Beitrag zur Geodsie und zur 
Orographie (... methods & applic. of hypsom. work, detecting altitude relations around Prague. A new contrib. 
to geodesy & orography; in German): Gotha, Justus Perthes, 107 p., 2 colored contour maps.    [his most 
signif. morphometric work; reviewed in Petermanns Geogr. Mitt. 1858, v. 4, no. 12, p. 517; much on method; 
many heights; 1st mean-slope calculations (p. 96-102), for several valleys (formula later criticized as too 
complex for any but ridge-&-valley terrain)]
Kthe, Rdiger, 1996, Literary references for DTM, relief analysis, relief and soil, and relief and hydrology: 
http://uggg-pc-s1.uni-geog.gwdg.de/pg/sara/litdgm-e.htm.    [link dead, 10/2002]
Laffan, Shawn, 1996, Rapid appraisal of groundwater discharge using fuzzy logic and topography: International 
Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, 3rd, January 21-25, Santa Fe NM, National Center 
for Geographic Information and Analysis, Proceedings (NCGIA CD-ROM); 
http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/conf/SANTA_FE_CD-ROM/sf_papers/laffan_shawn/s_fetxt4.html.    [minimalist 
broad-area model; 10m cell size, index of slope curvature]
Levitt, D.A., and Sandwell, D.T., 1996, Modal depth anomalies from multibeam bathymetryis there a South 
Pacific superswell?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 139, nos. 1-2, p. 1-16.    robust depths fr mode-
seeking procedure (ETOPO5 data poor) reveal concentrations of deep flat surfaces]
Maidment, D.R., 1996, GIS and hydrologic modelingAn assessment of progress: International Conference on 
Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, 3rd, January 21-25, Santa Fe NM, National Center for Geographic 
Information and Analysis, Proceedings (NCGIA CD-ROM): 
http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/gishydro/meetings/santafe/santafe.htm.    [incl. processing DEMs & 
standardized approach to watershed delineation]
Matson, K.C., and Fels, J.E., 1996, Approaches to automated water table mapping: International Conference on 
Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, 3rd, January 21-25, Santa Fe NM, National Center for Geographic 
Information and Analysis, Proceedings (NCGIA CD-ROM); http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/conf/SANTA_FE_CD-
ROM/sf_papers/matson_kris/santa-fe.2.html.    ['landscape-classification' approach uses land types 
determined fr DEMs]
Mayer, Larry, 1990, Introduction to Quantitative Geomorphologyan exercise manual: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 
Prentice Hall, 380 p.; online electronic edition, 1995, at http://tgl.geology.muohio.edu/gbook/gresources.html, 
link dead 10/2001.    ['a quantitative foundation for the study of geomorphological processes']
McCullagh, M.J., 1996, Quality, visualization, and use of terrain models in physical system modelling: 
International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, 3rd, January 21-25, Santa Fe NM, 
National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Proceedings (NCGIA CD-ROM); 
http://www.sbg.ac.at/geo/idrisi/gis_environmental_modeling/sf_papers/mccullagh_michael/mjmpaper.html.    
[GIS pkgs. overtaken in flexibility & photorealism by true 3-D modelling systems]
Miller, D.R., and Morrice, J.G., 1996, Assessing uncertainty in catchment boundary delimitation: International 
Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, 3rd, January 21-25, Santa Fe NM, National Center 
for Geographic Information and Analysis, Proceedings (NCGIA CD-ROM); 
http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/conf/SANTA_FE_CD-ROM/sf_papers/miller1_david/miller_paper1.html.    [derivation, 
reliability, stability assessment, national UK database]
Mitas, Lubos, Mitsov, Helena, Brown, W.M., and Astley, Mark, 1996, Interacting fields approach for evolving 
spatial phenomenaApplication to erosion simulation for optimized land use: International Conference on 
Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, 3rd, January 21-25, Santa Fe NM, National Center for Geographic 
Information and Analysis, Proceedings (NCGIA CD-ROM); 
http://www2.gis.uiuc.edu:2280/modviz/viz/SF.final/mitas.html.    [elev., slope gradient & curvature combined 
with non-topo spatial info.]
Mitsov, Helena, and Hofierka, Jaroslav, 1993, Interpolation by regularized spline with tensionII, application 
to terrain modeling and surface geometric analysis: Mathematical Geology, v. 25, no. 6, p. 657-669.    [better 
eqns for profile, plan & tangent curvatures by descr.-geom. combining grid & vector appraches; real terrain 
examples; added to GRASS pkg.]
Mller-Wohlfeil, D.-I., Lahmer, W., Krysanova, V., and Becker, A, 1996, Topography-based hydrological modelling 
in the Elbe drainage basin: International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, 3rd, 
January 21-25, Santa Fe NM, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Proceedings (NCGIA 
CD-ROM); http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/conf/SANTA_FE_CD-ROM/sf_papers/mueller_dirk/dmwpaper.html.    
[apply TOPMODEL & WET, models based on the topographic-index concept]
Nowicki, A.L., 1961, Topographic lunar mapping at the Army Map Service: Washington, D.C., September, AMS 
Technical Report no. 37, 20 p.    [How AMS' 1:5M stereo 1-km-contour maps of the Moon were made fr 1896-
1907 Paris Observatory photo plates]
Ollier, C.D., 1967, Geomorphic indications of contour map inaccuracy: Cartography (Canberra), v. 6, p. 121-124.    
[more caveats]
Pguy, Ch.P., 1942, Une analyse morphomtrique de la zone intra-alpine des Alpes franaises Mridionales (in 
French): Bull. Assoc. Gogr. Fran., B, no. 144-145, p. 22-24.    [rock hardness controls ave. slope but not 
elev.]
Penck, Albrecht, 1894, Chapter 2, Morphographie und Morphometrie, in Morphologie der Erdoberflche (in 
German), Stuttgart, J. Engelhorn, v. 1, p. 33-95.    [state-of-art review, possibly the most important until 
Neuenschwander 1944; subheads incl. the forms their parts ('form-elements', 'unit-forms', 'landscapes', & 
'areas') & representation, mean height & slope (formula on p. 47), processing & surface area, mean height & 
fall & height processing of surface boundaries & area of boundary profiles, boundary processing & spatial 
arrangement, volume calc., surface & distance calc., types & classes of forms; mean slope formula; scale-
dependent lengths of Istrian coast; etc.; book review by Charles Lapworth 1895, Geogr. Jour. 5/6, p. 575-81]
Pitty, A.F., 1969, A scheme for hillslope analysis, I. Initial considerations and calculations: University of Hull 
(UK), Occasional Papers in Geography, no. 9, 76 p.    [fr. Ph.D. thesis; background, slope char., meas. 
methods, diagrams & calcs.; favors field over map data] 
Ritter, Carl, 1852, Einleitung zur allgemeinen vergleichenden Geographie, und Abhandlungen zur Begrndung 
einer mehr wissenschaftlichen Behandlung der Erdkunde (Introduction to general comparative geography, & 
papers establishing a more scientific treatment of geography, in German): Berlin, Sammlung der Abhandlungen 
Ritters (Ritter's Collected Papers), Berlin, G. Reimer, 246 p.    [among earliest morphometry; re-release of 
'Einleitung...' & 'Allgemeine Vorbemerkungen ber die festen Formen der Erdrinde' (both from intro to v. 1 of the 
Erdkunde, 1817) & 5 lectures at the Kgl. Akad. d. Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1826, 1828, 1833, 1836, 1850, 
published previously in Abhandlung d. kgl. Akad. ... (hist.-phil. Kl.).  A rather free English transl. by Wm.L. 
Gage, ed., 1861 (1863?), Geographical Studies: Boston (also N.Y.?), Gould & Lincoln, 356 p. (see pp. 142, 
150, 212-240, etc.).  French transl. by Danielle Nicolas-Obadia, 1974, Introduction  la gographie gnrale 
compare, Cahiers de gographie de Besanon, no 22; Annales littraires de l'Universit de Besanon, 155: 
Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 253 p.]
Sonklar, C.E. von I., 1873, Orometrischer Theil (Orometric section) p. 173-192, in Allgemeine Orographie, die 
Lehre von den Relief-Formen der Erdoberflche (General orography, the science of relief forms of the earth's 
surface, in German): Vienna, W. Braumller, 254 p.    [one of the landmarks in 19th C. orometry (a term he 
evidently coined, possibly in his 1860 book on the Oetzthaler Gebirgsgruppe), these few pages summarize his 
major contribution, 12 morphometric measureslater criticized (by Penck, Hettner, & others) as too many & 
not suffiently linked to geomorphic process; was the 2nd to propose a mean-slope formula, but too subjective; 
book shows influence by Ritter's concept of 'comparative geography']
U.S. Defense Mapping Agency, 1992, Digital chart of the World (Edition 1, July; for use with the Disk Operating 
System), Fairfax, VA; 2nd, updated edition (1998) at http://www.nima.mil/publications/vmap0.html.    [DCW data 
base1500 megabytes of vector data organized in 17 thematic layers, including all 1000-foot elevation 
contoursEd. 1 on 4 compact disks, VPFVIEW software, and users manual paged by section]
U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, GCIP Reference Data Set (GREDS): U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 94-
388; one CD-ROM; http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/browse/gcip.HTML.    [for 48 U.S. states, incl. 500-m DEM, 
geology, land use, streams, reservoirs, ave. ann. runoff & precip., hydrologic units, etc.]
Vakhtin, B., 1930, On the determination of the mathematical characteristics of relief (in Russian): Geodezist 
(Moscow), no. 2-3, p. 7-16.    [no info]
Verdin, Kristine, and Jenson, S.K., 1996, Development of continental scale digital elevation models and 
extraction of hydrographic features: International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, 
3rd, January 21-25, Santa Fe NM, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Proceedings 
(NCGIA CD-ROM); http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/gtopo30/papers/santafe3.html.    [30 arc-sec. (90 m) global DEM to 
replace ETOPO5 (5 arc-min, 10km) data]
Walker, Hoyt, Leone, J.M. Jr., and Kim, Jinwon, 1996, The effects of elevation data representation on mesoscale 
atmospheric model simulations: International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, 3rd, 
January 21-25, Santa Fe NM, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Proceedings (NCGIA 
CD-ROM); http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/conf/SANTA_FE_CD-ROM/sf_papers/walker_hoyt/gismod96.html.    
[signif. effects fr DEM resampling or smoothing]
Woldenberg, M.J., 1967, Concepts and applicationsspatial order, Part II, in Warntz, William, and Woldenberg, 
M.J., Geography and the properties of surfaces series, paper no. 1: Harvard Papers in Theoretical Geography, 
Cambridge, MA, Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial 
Analysis, for Geography Branch, Office of Naval Research, Project NR 389-147, Technical Report, p. 95-173, 
185-189.    [6 sections on allometric growth, networks, surface topology, fluvial systems]
Zakharov, S.A., 1940, Importance of slope aspect and gradient for soil and vegetation distribution in the 
Great(er) Caucasus (in Russian): Journal Botanique de l'URSS, v. 25, no. 4-5, 378-405.    [see Zingg 1940 for 
presumably similar material]

  The few text citations not in the main bibliography are listed at the close of this introduction or in 'Corrections' 
appended to the main bibliography.
										R.J.Pike / USGS OF 02-465
157