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208
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ns US approval </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
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s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
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ruling.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Glaxo Holdings.
</CO>
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Countr
ies:-
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<TEXT>
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
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e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
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<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
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relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
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The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
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Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
</TEXT>
<XX>
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Countr
ies:-
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</IN>
<XX>
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<TP>TECH  P
roducts & Product use.
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<PAGE> London P
age 24 </PAGE>
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208
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<HEADLINE> FT  08 FEB 94 / UK Company News: Glaxo asthma drug wi
ns US approval </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
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e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
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s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
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ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
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e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
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 the last full
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h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Glaxo Holdings.
</CO>
<XX>
Countr
ies:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>

<IN>P2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
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<TP>TECH  P
roducts & Product use.
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<PAGE> London P
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============= Transaction # 17 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 18 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 20 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-4691</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DIHB8ABGFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9309
08
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 SEP 93 / World Trade News: ABB robots deal with
 GM Europe </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ABB Rob
otics, part of Asea Brown Boveri, has won a 'breakthrough' order
worth nearl
y Dollars 20m to supply more than 200 industrial robots to
General Motors Eu
rope.
The deal is ABB Robotics' first European order from GM, which has prev
iously
bought most of its robots from its former joint venture company, GMFa
nuc
Robotics.
Last year, however, GM sold its 50 per cent stake in GMFanuc t
o its partner,
Fanuc of Japan, as part of its strategy to concentrate on its
 core business
of vehicle production.
The robots are part of substantial inv
estments by GM at its plants in
Belgium, Germany, Sweden and the UK. At leas
t 120 of the robots ABB is
supplying will go to the Vauxhall Motors plant in
 Luton.
Most of the robots will be delivered next year, and will be mainly u
sed for
spot welding. ABB Robotics said the performance and cost efficiency 
of its
product line were key factors in winning the order against fierce Jap
anese
competition.
ABB Robotics' and the renamed Fanuc Robotics are the two 
biggest suppliers
of robots to European industry. Over the past decade, the 
automotive
industry has been the largest customer for industrial robots. It 
remains
important to the robot industry even if growth opportunities are hig
her in
less robotised industrial sectors such as the food industry.
</TEXT>

<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>ABB Robotics.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>BE
Z  Belgium, EC.
    DEZ  Germany, EC.
    SEZ  Sweden, West Europe.
    GBZ 
 United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industr
ial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Contracts.
</TP>
<PUB
>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 21 ==============================================
Transaction #:     21       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-18195</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EJED5AA3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>941
005
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 OCT 94 / Industrial robots 'set to soar by one
 third': Potential for expansion enormous, says report </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE> 
   By FRANCES WILLIAMS </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    GENEVA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
The
 world's industrial robot population is forecast to soar by more than a
thir
d over the four years to 1997, according to a report published by the
United
 Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the International
Federation of 
Robotics yesterday.*
The report, the first in an annual series, says sagging
 growth in robot
investment bottomed out in 1993 and numbers are set to jump
 from 610,000 at
the end of last year to more than 830,000 by the end of 199
7. Annual sales
are predicted to rise from about 54,000 units in 1993 to mor
e than 103,000
units in 1997.
Japan accounts for more than half the world's 
robot stock, equivalent to 325
robots for every 10,000 manufacturing workers
. It is followed by Singapore
(109), Sweden (73), Italy (70) and Germany (62
).
Use of robots is most widespread in the motor vehicle industry, which
acc
ounts for between a third and more than one-half of robots in use in
countri
es such as France, Poland, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan and
Britain.
Tho
ugh Japan now has the highest number of robots in the electrical and
electro
nic industry, it remains the world leader by far in the use of robots
for ve
hicle manufacture.
In the transport equipment sector, which includes motor v
ehicles, Japan has
1,000 robots for every 10,000 workers, compared with 167 
in Sweden, 110 in
France and 63 in Britain.
In most countries, especially th
ose with big motor vehicle industries,
robots are used most frequently for w
elding.
But in some countries machining is the most common application. In J
apan 40
per cent of the robot stock is used for assembly, reflecting the lar
ge-scale
use of robots in the electronic sector.
The potential for expansion
 of robotics is enormous. Numbers would explode
if other industrialised coun
tries were to reach Japan's robot densities and
if industry in general were 
to reach only half the robot density of the
motor vehicle sector.
If all ind
ustries in France and Britain had half as many robots as the motor
industry 
in these countries, the robot stock would more than double. If it
reached ha
lf the density of the Japanese motor vehicle industry, it would
increase mor
e than 20-fold.
*World Industrial Robots 1994: Statistics 1983-93 and foreca
sts to 1997.
Sales No. GV. E94.0.24, UN Sales section, Palais des Nations, C
H-1211 Geneva
10, Dollars 120.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CHZ  Switz
erland, West Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industr
ial Machinery, NEC.
    P3548 Welding Apparatus.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<T
P>MKTS  Market shares.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financia
l Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 22 ==============================================
Transaction #:     22       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-6266</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DCBCFAF0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9303
02
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 MAR 93 / International Company News: Robotics c
hief warns of tough 12-months </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYL
INE>
<TEXT>
EUROPE'S Dollars 500m robotics market is facing a tough year in 
1993 because
of the recession in Germany and reduced investment by the autom
otive sector,
said Mr Bruce Potts, executive vice-president of Fanuc Robotic
s Europe.
But the market was likely to bounce back next year because of stro
ng
underlying demand for robots by European manufacturers keen to improve th
eir
productivity, he said.
Mr Potts was speaking in Coventry at the unveilin
g by Fanuc Robotics, the
world's largest robot producer, of its new series o
f robot control systems.
The controller is a key plank in Fanuc's strategy t
o broaden the use of
robots in non-automotive markets; in Europe, for exampl
e, about 60 per cent
of the installed base of 50,000 to 60,000 robots is use
d by the motor
industry.
It is also an important element in Fanuc's strategy
 to become the market
leader in Europe, where, said Mr Potts, it runs a 'sol
id second' behind ABB
Robotics.
In the past two years, the European robotics
 market has been relatively more
resilient than other sectors of mechanical 
engineering.
Last year, the market was flat, with weakness in some countries
 offset by
the effects of reunification in Germany, which accounts for about
 half the
total market, and by carmakers' spending.
This year, said Mr Potts
, the North American robot market will come out of
recession and will be the
 best-performing of the major markets. The European
market could fall from l
ast year, but would still perform better than the
recession-bound Japanese m
arket.
Fanuc believes the new controller will have the same effect on the ro
bot
market as the 'graphical user interface' had on personal computers by ma
king
the robot easier to understand for users in areas such as welding,
mech
anical handling and painting.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  German
y, EC.
    XGZ  Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Indu
strial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis
.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 24 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 23 ==============================================
Transaction #:     23       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-1242</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-ECYC5AHGFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9403
25
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 MAR 94 / Ingenuity - The FT Engineering Review 
(2): Untouched by human hands - Intelligent machines are a familiar sight on
 motor production lines. Now they are expected to turn their 'hands' to the 
high-speed packing of food and drink / Robots </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOH
N DUNN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A PLATOON of raw recruits drafted in to the French a
rmy to pack combat
rations are having to look lively. Up to 10 different men
us are needed each
month.
Each ration consists of 18 items ranging from a pa
ck of biscuits and a tin
of meat to purification tablets and a miniature sto
ve. In order to keep the
fighting troops fed, the new recruits have to pack 
rations at the rate of 24
a minute.
The luckless legionnaires are 13 industr
ial robots, part of a FFr25m
automated packaging and palletising line built 
for the army by ABB Robotics.
Three robots unload boxes of goodies from pall
ets on to a conveyor which
delivers them to the ration packing station.
Here
 another nine machines, using videos cameras to recognise the right
items, p
ack them into ration boxes in just 2.5 seconds. The 13 robots stack
the rati
on boxes on to a pallet for delivery to the barracks. Five different
menus c
an be put on one pallet to match a barracks' order.
David Marshall, responsi
ble for customer training at ABB Robotics in Milton
Keynes, fervently hopes 
that the food, drinks and confectionery industry -
including even army ratio
ns - will become the next big market for robots.
'The whole robot industry h
as depended on the automotive industry since day
one. Look at the figures - 
80 per cent of the world market for robots is in
the automotive and automoti
ve supply industry. We are looking to the food
industry to perform as well a
s the automotive industry.'
The reason for his optimism is that industrial r
obots have become more
attractive to the food industry for packing and handl
ing, particularly in
the light of new health and safety regulations restrict
ing the weight of
loads that can be lifted manually.
They have become faster
, reliable, more accurate, and easier to incorporate
into a production line.
 Better motor control software has allowed ABB, for
example, to squeeze 25 p
er cent more performance out of the same robot.
Robots are also simpler to p
rogram, operate and maintain. And they can lift
bigger loads. They can also 
be washed down with a hosepipe. And prices are
coming down to a level where 
paybacks are acceptable to the food industry.
'The food, drink and confectio
nery industry is surviving on low-cost female
labour. Despite their flexibil
ity, using people to pack those army rations
would have been a nightmare,' s
ays Marshall. Also, the industry is looking
to cut costs. Although robots ar
e flexible and reliable, so far they have
been too slow and too expensive, s
ays Marshall.
But what is good for the food and drinks makers is good for ma
nufacturing
industry. Mike Wilson, marketing manager at Fanuc Robotics in Co
ventry, says
of the improvements in robot performance: 'Our new ARC Mate wel
ding robot,
for example, is 30 per cent cheaper in real terms than a similar
 model three
years ago. And it is 20 per cent faster. A spot welding robot c
an now do one
spot weld every 1.5 seconds.' Ten years ago, says Wilson, it w
ould have
taken three.
Some of the gain has come from the improved mechanica
l performance of robots
 -faster acceleration and deceleration and better ov
ershoot behaviour. And
some has come from better integration of the robot in
to the process, says
Wilson. 'The spot welding gun will begin to close befor
e it gets to the
weld, for instance.' The load capacity and accuracy of robo
ts has come on in
leaps and bounds, too. 'The biggest robot we do carries 30
0kg. That was
unheard of 10 years ago for an electric robot,' says Wilson.
R
eliability has also greatly improved, he says. An example is the arc
welding
 robot. Weld wires occasionally get stuck in the solidified weld pool
at the
 end of a weld. A few years ago, as the robot moved away it would rip
the we
lding torch off the arm. Today, says Wilson, 'wire-stick' sensors
prevent th
is and automatically send a pulse of current down the wire to burn
it free.

A similar example of improved capability is 'scratch start'. If a bead of
si
lica from the flux gets left on the end of the welding wire, it will not
str
ike an arc and has to be snipped off manually. Today's robot will sense
this
 and scratch the tip of the wire along the component to rub the bead
off. It
 will then go back to the correct place on the weld and start
welding.
Overa
ll, says Wilson, the cost-to-performance ratio of robots today is
considerab
ly better than a few years ago. Most people now buy a robot
'package' which 
includes some process engineering expertise and an
application software pack
age. 'This avoids a lot of programming and makes
them quicker to install and
 easier to operate.'
When Vauxhall bought 120 Fanuc welding robots for its n
ew Astra line at the
Ellesmere Port plant a couple of years ago, it handed t
hem on to six
companies building the welding lines. 'We designed a software 
package for
Vauxhall that would interface the robots with all the hardware a
nd provide
an operator interface. That forced all the line builders to use t
he robots
in the same way. It made maintenance a lot simpler and saved money
. We only
had to write the software once and copy it six times. Each line bu
ilder
would have had to develop their own.'
Yet despite the advances in robo
t technology, Britain has one of the
smallest robot populations of all the i
ndustrialised nations, around 7,600,
compared with Germany's 39,000 and Japa
n's staggering 350,000.
Even the former USSR has more robots per employee in
 manufacturing industry
than Britain. The problem is the 18 month to two yea
r paybacks demanded in
Britain, says Wilson, compared with as long as five y
ears in Japan. 'It is
very difficult to justify any capital expenditure on a
n 18 month payback.'
John Dunn is deputy editor of The Engineer
</TEXT>
<XX>

Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX
>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
    P3556 Food Products Machi
nery.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product use.
    CMMT  C
omment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 
IV </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 24 ==============================================
Transaction #:     24       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-9399</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DKOCBAFRFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9311
10
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  10 NOV 93 / ABB enters robot venture with Renault 
</HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN RIDDING </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    PARIS </DATE
LINE>
<TEXT>
ASEA Brown Boveri, the Swedish-Swiss engineering group, yesterd
ay
strengthened its position in the market for industrial robots, by agreein
g
to acquire the robotics operations of Renault and form a joint venture in

automated vehicle assembly with the French car group.
The two companies said
 the 50-50 venture would employ about 290 people and
have annual sales of ab
out Dollars 80m. After the acquisition of Renault's
robotic operations, ABB'
s French robotic operations will have annual sales
of about Dollars 60m and 
employ about 200 people.
Mr Stelio Demark, managing director of ABB Robotics
, said that the deals
with Renault were a central element in the company's s
trategy of shifting
from a product supplier to a partner of industrial group
s in the design and
manufacture of automated systems. He said that the joint
 venture, which will
centre on 'body in white' activities - where cars are a
ssembled and welded
together - would give ABB access to Renault's production
 line expertise and
enable it to offer higher value-added products and servi
ces.
The proposals, which require final approval by Renault employees, would
 give
ABB its first joint venture project with a carmaker, the biggest marke
t for
robotics, and its first direct participation in the assembly stage of 
the
production line.
Mr Demark said that prices for industrial robots had fa
llen by between 25
and 30 per cent over the past few years, prompting the Re
nault sale.
Renault's robotics operation, the largest in France, accounts fo
r about 12
per cent of total sales of FFr1.4bn (Dollars 238m) from its autom
ation
division. The French group will retain management control of the separ
ate
joint venture for at least two years.
According to Mr Demark, the market
 for industrial robots has strong growth
potential, in spite of the fall in 
prices. He said that while in Japan there
are 25 robots for every 1,000 manu
facturing workers, the ratio is lower in
Europe: in France, there are three 
robots per 1,000 workers.
ABB estimates that it has about 20 per cent of the
 world market for robots
with more than 33,000 currently in operation. Last 
year, ABB's robot
division achieved sales of about Dollars 350m. ABB has wor
ked with Renault
on several automation projects, including the Twingo and Cl
io cars. It also
supplies Volvo, with which Renault is planning to merge.
</
TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Asea Brown Boveri.
    Renault.
    ABB Rob
otics.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CHZ  Switzerland, West Europe.
    S
EZ  Sweden, West Europe.
    FRZ  France, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>

<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CO
MP  Mergers & acquisitions.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Int
ernational Page 17 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 25 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-1130</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CLTALAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9212
19
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  19 DEC 92 / International Company News: ABB acquir
es ESAB robotic welding unit </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ROBERT TAYLOR </BYLI
NE>
<DATELINE>    STOCKHOLM </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE robotics division of Asea
 Brown Boveri, the Swedish-Swiss engineering
group has acquired the robotise
d arc welding business of ESAB, the Swedish
welding company.
The deal will s
trengthen ABB's position as a leading robot manufacturer in
Europe and North
 America. It is estimated that ABB Robotics' annual turnover
will grow by 30
 per cent to Dollars 450m as a result of the acquisition. The
cost of the ac
quisition was not disclosed.
The two companies have worked closely together 
since 1974 in the development
of the welding robotics market. ESAB has provi
ded a delivery service for
about 5,000 ABB-designed robots.
ABB Robotics and
 ESAB have operated separate organisations for production,
research and deve
lopment, as well as sales and service. Mr Stelio Demark,
ABB Robotics presid
ent said yesterday that both companies saw a substantial
business opportunit
y to increase market share and volume in combining their
operations.
ESAB sa
id the deal would provide cost advantages through more integrated
production
 and administration as well as better market coverage.
The company said its 
disposal of its robotics welding business would have a
substantial impact on
 its financial results. It added that ESAB's financial
resources would be he
lped by the agreement so that it could improve its core
business of welding 
product sales in Asia and eastern Europe.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times <
/PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 10 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 26 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4414</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (6): Machines are now used for tasks beyond spot welding - Robots </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROBOTS have become an e
stablished part of the vehicle manufacturing scene
over the past 15 years. T
he motor industry accounts for as much as 40 per
cent of the 450,000 install
ed industrial robots worldwide but their use is
changing and applications ar
e expanding.
The traditional picture of long lines of robots each making bil
lions of spot
welds on car bodies in a working life of eight to 10 years is 
still true,
but only half the story. Those same welding robots are as likely
 to be
grouped in flexible manufacturing cells and capable of handling a wid
e range
of models in quick succession.
At the same time, smaller robots are 
increasingly being used in engine
assembly, where their ability to do qualit
y, repetitive work with a
precision of 1/100th of a millimetre is much in de
mand. Robots are being
used in final assembly work and paint spraying, and s
uppliers hope to be
able to develop these markets now that the technology ha
s been proven.
There is an emerging trend for robots to be used in automotiv
e
sub-contracting, prompted by the vehicle manufacturers' need to be as
conf
ident in the consistency and quality of out-sourced components as for
their 
own work.
The shorter lives of car models, prompted by increased competition
 in the
industry and the Japanese producers' early efforts to reduce product

development times, are changing the use and design of robots.
The tradition
al practice of replacing a robot after two model cycles may
have been approp
riate when each car model was lasting six to eight years.
But with model liv
es reduced to three to four years, users want to keep
their robots for furth
er models, and thus want increased flexibility,
according to Dr Axel Gerhard
t, a senior board member at the holding company
for Kuka, Germany's largest 
robot supplier.
Many of the latest trends in the use of robotics originated 
in Japan where
labour shortages have spurred much greater penetration of rob
ots into
industry overall compared with Europe and the US. But robot supplie
rs such
as ABB Robotics, the largest in Europe, believe the European automot
ive
industry is as enthusiastic a user of robotic automation as its Japanese

counterpart.
However, some of the more recent applications of robots are le
ss prevalent
in Europe, giving an opportunity to suppliers if they can convi
nce producers
of the economic benefits. There are national variations too: t
he UK is a
long way behind the US and the rest of Europe in the use of robot
s in the
paint shop, says Mr Mike Wilson, UK sales and marketing director at
 GMFanuc
Robotics.
The versatility of modern industrial robots for tasks tha
t go beyond spot
welding is illustrated by Kuka's involvement in final assem
bly of the
Citroen XM. Following painting, robots dismount the doors and tai
lgate, with
the aid of sensors, for completion on separate trim lines; the c
ockpit is
picked up by robot from an automatic guided vehicle, inserted thro
ugh the
door and then bolted to the body by a second robot.
Robots are used 
for applying the adhesive sealants and for fitting the glass
exactly into th
e body aperture with the aid of ultrasonic scanners; seats
are inserted by r
obot after measuring the exact position of the body by
means of tactile sens
ors, wheels are mounted and doors and tailgate
refitted.
Some of these tasks
 are difficult for robots because of the nature of final
assembly. Robots ar
e having to operate in a less structured environment,
says Mr Wilson, and de
al with less defined objects such as seats.
Another problem, at least outsid
e Japan, is that labour is available and
costs less than in skilled manufact
uring areas. So robot suppliers have to
find applications that create added 
value, says Mr Stelio Demark, head of
ABB Robotics.
There are still opportun
ities for greater use of robots further up the
production line. Relatively n
ew processes such as laser-cutting and
water-jet cutting are likely to becom
e more prevalent, in association with
robots, especially for working with pl
astics and new advanced composites.
Mr Demark sees a substantial increase in
 automated arc-welding in the
automotive industry and sub-suppliers. And Com
au, the Italian robotics and
systems group, expects some interesting investm
ents in the body area,
prompted by the increased need for new models, accord
ing to Mr Massimo
Mattucci, vice-president for engineering and marketing.
In
 paint spraying, says Mr Demark, robots have hardly scratched the surface.
L
ast year, ABB strengthened its position in the robotic painting market with

the acquisition of Graco in the US, but GMFanuc, a US/Japanese concern, and

Behr of Germany have strong positions.
The flexibility of robots to handle m
odel changes will be the key to their
further implementation in the car body
 area. In engine and transmission
production, robots are becoming better est
ablished, and Mr Mattucci suggests
a new generation of engines prompted by t
ougher environmental regulations
could be the spur to further investment in 
robots.
However, an increasing portion of business for robot suppliers seems
 likely
to come from refurbishment of existing robots rather than new purcha
ses as
customers seek maximum value from their manufacturing investments.
In
 the past three or four years, this has been a growing trend of robot
refitt
ing and modification in the motor industry, carried out during model
changeo
vers and restoring robots to previous levels of accuracy and
productivity.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page III </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 27 ==============================================
Transaction #:     27       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-9501</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DKJC4AEJFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9311
10
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  10 NOV 93 / International Company News: ABB buys R
enault robotics division </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN RIDDING </BYLINE>
<
DATELINE>    PARIS </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
ASEA Brown Boveri, the Swedish-Swiss e
ngineering group, yesterday
strengthened its position in the market for indu
strial robots. It is to
acquire the robotics operations of Renault and form 
a joint venture in
automated vehicle assembly with the French car group.
The
 two companies said that the 50-50 joint venture would employ about 290
peop
le and have annual sales of about Dollars 80m. After the acquisition of
Rena
ult's robotic operations, ABB's French robotic operations would have
annual 
sales of about Dollars 60m and would employ about 200 people.
Mr Stelio Dema
rk, managing director of ABB Robotics, said the deals with
Renault were a ce
ntral element in the company's strategy of shifting from a
product supplier 
to a partner of industrial groups in the design and
manufacture of automated
 systems.
He said the joint venture, which will centre on body in white acti
vities -
where cars are assembled and welded together - would give ABB acces
s to
Renault's production line expertise and enable it to offer higher
value
-added products and services.
The proposals, which require final approval by
 Renault employees, would give
ABB its first joint venture project with a ca
r manufacturer, the biggest
market for robotics, and its first direct partic
ipation in the assembly
stage of the production line.
The expansion of ABB's
 French activities through the acquisition of
Renault's robotics division is
 aimed at achieving economies of scale in what
Mr Demark described as an inc
reasingly competitive market. He said prices
for industrial robots had falle
n by between 25 per cent and 30 per cent over
the past three to four years. 
This prompted Renault to sell its robotics
operations.
Renault's robotics op
eration, the largest in France, accounts for about 12
per cent of total sale
s of FFr1.4bn (Dollars 237.3m) from its automation
division.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Co
mpanies:-
</XX>
<CO>Asea Brown Boveri.
    Renault.
    ABB Robotics.
</CO>

<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>SEZ  Sweden, West Europe.
    CHZ  Switzerland, W
est Europe.
    FRZ  France, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 Gen
eral Industrial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Mergers &
 acquisitions.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 <
/PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 28 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4414</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (6): Machines are now used for tasks beyond spot welding - Robots </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROBOTS have become an e
stablished part of the vehicle manufacturing scene
over the past 15 years. T
he motor industry accounts for as much as 40 per
cent of the 450,000 install
ed industrial robots worldwide but their use is
changing and applications ar
e expanding.
The traditional picture of long lines of robots each making bil
lions of spot
welds on car bodies in a working life of eight to 10 years is 
still true,
but only half the story. Those same welding robots are as likely
 to be
grouped in flexible manufacturing cells and capable of handling a wid
e range
of models in quick succession.
At the same time, smaller robots are 
increasingly being used in engine
assembly, where their ability to do qualit
y, repetitive work with a
precision of 1/100th of a millimetre is much in de
mand. Robots are being
used in final assembly work and paint spraying, and s
uppliers hope to be
able to develop these markets now that the technology ha
s been proven.
There is an emerging trend for robots to be used in automotiv
e
sub-contracting, prompted by the vehicle manufacturers' need to be as
conf
ident in the consistency and quality of out-sourced components as for
their 
own work.
The shorter lives of car models, prompted by increased competition
 in the
industry and the Japanese producers' early efforts to reduce product

development times, are changing the use and design of robots.
The tradition
al practice of replacing a robot after two model cycles may
have been approp
riate when each car model was lasting six to eight years.
But with model liv
es reduced to three to four years, users want to keep
their robots for furth
er models, and thus want increased flexibility,
according to Dr Axel Gerhard
t, a senior board member at the holding company
for Kuka, Germany's largest 
robot supplier.
Many of the latest trends in the use of robotics originated 
in Japan where
labour shortages have spurred much greater penetration of rob
ots into
industry overall compared with Europe and the US. But robot supplie
rs such
as ABB Robotics, the largest in Europe, believe the European automot
ive
industry is as enthusiastic a user of robotic automation as its Japanese

counterpart.
However, some of the more recent applications of robots are le
ss prevalent
in Europe, giving an opportunity to suppliers if they can convi
nce producers
of the economic benefits. There are national variations too: t
he UK is a
long way behind the US and the rest of Europe in the use of robot
s in the
paint shop, says Mr Mike Wilson, UK sales and marketing director at
 GMFanuc
Robotics.
The versatility of modern industrial robots for tasks tha
t go beyond spot
welding is illustrated by Kuka's involvement in final assem
bly of the
Citroen XM. Following painting, robots dismount the doors and tai
lgate, with
the aid of sensors, for completion on separate trim lines; the c
ockpit is
picked up by robot from an automatic guided vehicle, inserted thro
ugh the
door and then bolted to the body by a second robot.
Robots are used 
for applying the adhesive sealants and for fitting the glass
exactly into th
e body aperture with the aid of ultrasonic scanners; seats
are inserted by r
obot after measuring the exact position of the body by
means of tactile sens
ors, wheels are mounted and doors and tailgate
refitted.
Some of these tasks
 are difficult for robots because of the nature of final
assembly. Robots ar
e having to operate in a less structured environment,
says Mr Wilson, and de
al with less defined objects such as seats.
Another problem, at least outsid
e Japan, is that labour is available and
costs less than in skilled manufact
uring areas. So robot suppliers have to
find applications that create added 
value, says Mr Stelio Demark, head of
ABB Robotics.
There are still opportun
ities for greater use of robots further up the
production line. Relatively n
ew processes such as laser-cutting and
water-jet cutting are likely to becom
e more prevalent, in association with
robots, especially for working with pl
astics and new advanced composites.
Mr Demark sees a substantial increase in
 automated arc-welding in the
automotive industry and sub-suppliers. And Com
au, the Italian robotics and
systems group, expects some interesting investm
ents in the body area,
prompted by the increased need for new models, accord
ing to Mr Massimo
Mattucci, vice-president for engineering and marketing.
In
 paint spraying, says Mr Demark, robots have hardly scratched the surface.
L
ast year, ABB strengthened its position in the robotic painting market with

the acquisition of Graco in the US, but GMFanuc, a US/Japanese concern, and

Behr of Germany have strong positions.
The flexibility of robots to handle m
odel changes will be the key to their
further implementation in the car body
 area. In engine and transmission
production, robots are becoming better est
ablished, and Mr Mattucci suggests
a new generation of engines prompted by t
ougher environmental regulations
could be the spur to further investment in 
robots.
However, an increasing portion of business for robot suppliers seems
 likely
to come from refurbishment of existing robots rather than new purcha
ses as
customers seek maximum value from their manufacturing investments.
In
 the past three or four years, this has been a growing trend of robot
refitt
ing and modification in the motor industry, carried out during model
changeo
vers and restoring robots to previous levels of accuracy and
productivity.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page III </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 29 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4414</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (6): Machines are now used for tasks beyond spot welding - Robots </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROBOTS have become an e
stablished part of the vehicle manufacturing scene
over the past 15 years. T
he motor industry accounts for as much as 40 per
cent of the 450,000 install
ed industrial robots worldwide but their use is
changing and applications ar
e expanding.
The traditional picture of long lines of robots each making bil
lions of spot
welds on car bodies in a working life of eight to 10 years is 
still true,
but only half the story. Those same welding robots are as likely
 to be
grouped in flexible manufacturing cells and capable of handling a wid
e range
of models in quick succession.
At the same time, smaller robots are 
increasingly being used in engine
assembly, where their ability to do qualit
y, repetitive work with a
precision of 1/100th of a millimetre is much in de
mand. Robots are being
used in final assembly work and paint spraying, and s
uppliers hope to be
able to develop these markets now that the technology ha
s been proven.
There is an emerging trend for robots to be used in automotiv
e
sub-contracting, prompted by the vehicle manufacturers' need to be as
conf
ident in the consistency and quality of out-sourced components as for
their 
own work.
The shorter lives of car models, prompted by increased competition
 in the
industry and the Japanese producers' early efforts to reduce product

development times, are changing the use and design of robots.
The tradition
al practice of replacing a robot after two model cycles may
have been approp
riate when each car model was lasting six to eight years.
But with model liv
es reduced to three to four years, users want to keep
their robots for furth
er models, and thus want increased flexibility,
according to Dr Axel Gerhard
t, a senior board member at the holding company
for Kuka, Germany's largest 
robot supplier.
Many of the latest trends in the use of robotics originated 
in Japan where
labour shortages have spurred much greater penetration of rob
ots into
industry overall compared with Europe and the US. But robot supplie
rs such
as ABB Robotics, the largest in Europe, believe the European automot
ive
industry is as enthusiastic a user of robotic automation as its Japanese

counterpart.
However, some of the more recent applications of robots are le
ss prevalent
in Europe, giving an opportunity to suppliers if they can convi
nce producers
of the economic benefits. There are national variations too: t
he UK is a
long way behind the US and the rest of Europe in the use of robot
s in the
paint shop, says Mr Mike Wilson, UK sales and marketing director at
 GMFanuc
Robotics.
The versatility of modern industrial robots for tasks tha
t go beyond spot
welding is illustrated by Kuka's involvement in final assem
bly of the
Citroen XM. Following painting, robots dismount the doors and tai
lgate, with
the aid of sensors, for completion on separate trim lines; the c
ockpit is
picked up by robot from an automatic guided vehicle, inserted thro
ugh the
door and then bolted to the body by a second robot.
Robots are used 
for applying the adhesive sealants and for fitting the glass
exactly into th
e body aperture with the aid of ultrasonic scanners; seats
are inserted by r
obot after measuring the exact position of the body by
means of tactile sens
ors, wheels are mounted and doors and tailgate
refitted.
Some of these tasks
 are difficult for robots because of the nature of final
assembly. Robots ar
e having to operate in a less structured environment,
says Mr Wilson, and de
al with less defined objects such as seats.
Another problem, at least outsid
e Japan, is that labour is available and
costs less than in skilled manufact
uring areas. So robot suppliers have to
find applications that create added 
value, says Mr Stelio Demark, head of
ABB Robotics.
There are still opportun
ities for greater use of robots further up the
production line. Relatively n
ew processes such as laser-cutting and
water-jet cutting are likely to becom
e more prevalent, in association with
robots, especially for working with pl
astics and new advanced composites.
Mr Demark sees a substantial increase in
 automated arc-welding in the
automotive industry and sub-suppliers. And Com
au, the Italian robotics and
systems group, expects some interesting investm
ents in the body area,
prompted by the increased need for new models, accord
ing to Mr Massimo
Mattucci, vice-president for engineering and marketing.
In
 paint spraying, says Mr Demark, robots have hardly scratched the surface.
L
ast year, ABB strengthened its position in the robotic painting market with

the acquisition of Graco in the US, but GMFanuc, a US/Japanese concern, and

Behr of Germany have strong positions.
The flexibility of robots to handle m
odel changes will be the key to their
further implementation in the car body
 area. In engine and transmission
production, robots are becoming better est
ablished, and Mr Mattucci suggests
a new generation of engines prompted by t
ougher environmental regulations
could be the spur to further investment in 
robots.
However, an increasing portion of business for robot suppliers seems
 likely
to come from refurbishment of existing robots rather than new purcha
ses as
customers seek maximum value from their manufacturing investments.
In
 the past three or four years, this has been a growing trend of robot
refitt
ing and modification in the motor industry, carried out during model
changeo
vers and restoring robots to previous levels of accuracy and
productivity.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page III </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 30 ==============================================
Transaction #:     30       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4414</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (6): Machines are now used for tasks beyond spot welding - Robots </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROBOTS have become an e
stablished part of the vehicle manufacturing scene
over the past 15 years. T
he motor industry accounts for as much as 40 per
cent of the 450,000 install
ed industrial robots worldwide but their use is
changing and applications ar
e expanding.
The traditional picture of long lines of robots each making bil
lions of spot
welds on car bodies in a working life of eight to 10 years is 
still true,
but only half the story. Those same welding robots are as likely
 to be
grouped in flexible manufacturing cells and capable of handling a wid
e range
of models in quick succession.
At the same time, smaller robots are 
increasingly being used in engine
assembly, where their ability to do qualit
y, repetitive work with a
precision of 1/100th of a millimetre is much in de
mand. Robots are being
used in final assembly work and paint spraying, and s
uppliers hope to be
able to develop these markets now that the technology ha
s been proven.
There is an emerging trend for robots to be used in automotiv
e
sub-contracting, prompted by the vehicle manufacturers' need to be as
conf
ident in the consistency and quality of out-sourced components as for
their 
own work.
The shorter lives of car models, prompted by increased competition
 in the
industry and the Japanese producers' early efforts to reduce product

development times, are changing the use and design of robots.
The tradition
al practice of replacing a robot after two model cycles may
have been approp
riate when each car model was lasting six to eight years.
But with model liv
es reduced to three to four years, users want to keep
their robots for furth
er models, and thus want increased flexibility,
according to Dr Axel Gerhard
t, a senior board member at the holding company
for Kuka, Germany's largest 
robot supplier.
Many of the latest trends in the use of robotics originated 
in Japan where
labour shortages have spurred much greater penetration of rob
ots into
industry overall compared with Europe and the US. But robot supplie
rs such
as ABB Robotics, the largest in Europe, believe the European automot
ive
industry is as enthusiastic a user of robotic automation as its Japanese

counterpart.
However, some of the more recent applications of robots are le
ss prevalent
in Europe, giving an opportunity to suppliers if they can convi
nce producers
of the economic benefits. There are national variations too: t
he UK is a
long way behind the US and the rest of Europe in the use of robot
s in the
paint shop, says Mr Mike Wilson, UK sales and marketing director at
 GMFanuc
Robotics.
The versatility of modern industrial robots for tasks tha
t go beyond spot
welding is illustrated by Kuka's involvement in final assem
bly of the
Citroen XM. Following painting, robots dismount the doors and tai
lgate, with
the aid of sensors, for completion on separate trim lines; the c
ockpit is
picked up by robot from an automatic guided vehicle, inserted thro
ugh the
door and then bolted to the body by a second robot.
Robots are used 
for applying the adhesive sealants and for fitting the glass
exactly into th
e body aperture with the aid of ultrasonic scanners; seats
are inserted by r
obot after measuring the exact position of the body by
means of tactile sens
ors, wheels are mounted and doors and tailgate
refitted.
Some of these tasks
 are difficult for robots because of the nature of final
assembly. Robots ar
e having to operate in a less structured environment,
says Mr Wilson, and de
al with less defined objects such as seats.
Another problem, at least outsid
e Japan, is that labour is available and
costs less than in skilled manufact
uring areas. So robot suppliers have to
find applications that create added 
value, says Mr Stelio Demark, head of
ABB Robotics.
There are still opportun
ities for greater use of robots further up the
production line. Relatively n
ew processes such as laser-cutting and
water-jet cutting are likely to becom
e more prevalent, in association with
robots, especially for working with pl
astics and new advanced composites.
Mr Demark sees a substantial increase in
 automated arc-welding in the
automotive industry and sub-suppliers. And Com
au, the Italian robotics and
systems group, expects some interesting investm
ents in the body area,
prompted by the increased need for new models, accord
ing to Mr Massimo
Mattucci, vice-president for engineering and marketing.
In
 paint spraying, says Mr Demark, robots have hardly scratched the surface.
L
ast year, ABB strengthened its position in the robotic painting market with

the acquisition of Graco in the US, but GMFanuc, a US/Japanese concern, and

Behr of Germany have strong positions.
The flexibility of robots to handle m
odel changes will be the key to their
further implementation in the car body
 area. In engine and transmission
production, robots are becoming better est
ablished, and Mr Mattucci suggests
a new generation of engines prompted by t
ougher environmental regulations
could be the spur to further investment in 
robots.
However, an increasing portion of business for robot suppliers seems
 likely
to come from refurbishment of existing robots rather than new purcha
ses as
customers seek maximum value from their manufacturing investments.
In
 the past three or four years, this has been a growing trend of robot
refitt
ing and modification in the motor industry, carried out during model
changeo
vers and restoring robots to previous levels of accuracy and
productivity.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page III </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 31 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-9501</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DKJC4AEJFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9311
10
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  10 NOV 93 / International Company News: ABB buys R
enault robotics division </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN RIDDING </BYLINE>
<
DATELINE>    PARIS </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
ASEA Brown Boveri, the Swedish-Swiss e
ngineering group, yesterday
strengthened its position in the market for indu
strial robots. It is to
acquire the robotics operations of Renault and form 
a joint venture in
automated vehicle assembly with the French car group.
The
 two companies said that the 50-50 joint venture would employ about 290
peop
le and have annual sales of about Dollars 80m. After the acquisition of
Rena
ult's robotic operations, ABB's French robotic operations would have
annual 
sales of about Dollars 60m and would employ about 200 people.
Mr Stelio Dema
rk, managing director of ABB Robotics, said the deals with
Renault were a ce
ntral element in the company's strategy of shifting from a
product supplier 
to a partner of industrial groups in the design and
manufacture of automated
 systems.
He said the joint venture, which will centre on body in white acti
vities -
where cars are assembled and welded together - would give ABB acces
s to
Renault's production line expertise and enable it to offer higher
value
-added products and services.
The proposals, which require final approval by
 Renault employees, would give
ABB its first joint venture project with a ca
r manufacturer, the biggest
market for robotics, and its first direct partic
ipation in the assembly
stage of the production line.
The expansion of ABB's
 French activities through the acquisition of
Renault's robotics division is
 aimed at achieving economies of scale in what
Mr Demark described as an inc
reasingly competitive market. He said prices
for industrial robots had falle
n by between 25 per cent and 30 per cent over
the past three to four years. 
This prompted Renault to sell its robotics
operations.
Renault's robotics op
eration, the largest in France, accounts for about 12
per cent of total sale
s of FFr1.4bn (Dollars 237.3m) from its automation
division.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Co
mpanies:-
</XX>
<CO>Asea Brown Boveri.
    Renault.
    ABB Robotics.
</CO>

<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>SEZ  Sweden, West Europe.
    CHZ  Switzerland, W
est Europe.
    FRZ  France, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 Gen
eral Industrial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Mergers &
 acquisitions.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 <
/PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 32 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-9444</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CEGBFAFXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
07
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 MAY 92 / Technology: Androids on the march - Af
ter years on the breadline, modern robots are finding gainful employment in 
Europe </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
In the US f
ashion industry they call it 'localised abrasion' - the pre-worn
look for de
nim jeans produced by applying potassium permanganate solution to
the knee, 
thigh and seat areas.
The faded effect has traditionally been achieved throu
gh manual spraying,
but consistency and quality control have been hard to ac
hieve. Now GMFanuc
Robotics has perfected a robotic solution that is three t
imes faster than
manual spraying, can reproduce a spray pattern to an accura
cy of 0.03 inch,
and can be programmed easily to handle a wide range of garm
ents.
The system is a relatively simple example of recent trends in the indu
strial
robotics industry, which is trying to reduce its dependence on compar
atively
mature automotive markets and find new applications elsewhere.
It is
 a trend that is particularly important for robot suppliers in the
European 
market, where the overall penetration of robots into industry is
much lower 
than in Japan, and where a potentially huge market for
non-automotive applic
ations remains untapped.
According to Massimo Mattucci, vice president for e
ngineering and marketing
at Comau of Italy, around 50 per cent of industrial
 robots installed in
Europe are in use in the automotive industry and 20 per
 cent in electronics
 -the reverse of the situation in Japan.
'The automotiv
e industry has more or less understood the potential of
robots,' says Stelio
 Demark, head of ABB Robotics, Europe's largest
producer, although he stress
es, along with other robot industry executives,
the potential of robots in t
he paint-spraying and final assembly area of
European vehicle manufacturing.

The inherent flexibility of modern robots, and the advances made in control

systems and mechanics that have increased their speed and reliability, ough
t
to increase their suitability for small-batch manufacturing in Europe, whe
re
model changes are frequent.
Demark sees new opportunities for robots emer
ging in the European food,
packaging, pharmaceutical and white goods industr
ies.
But the pace at which European industry accepts robots will depend part
ly on
suppliers' ability to counter the mistrust caused by the hype of the 1
970s
and early 1980s, when the robot industry appeared to be carried away by

euphoria over business prospects.
There are other obstacles, too, for suppl
iers to surmount. In Japan, one of
the driving forces behind the growth in t
he industrial robot population to
274,210 in 1990 - nearly 10 times the popu
lation in the former West Germany
 -has been labour shortages.
'Everything h
as to come back to economic considerations,' says Axel
Gerhardt, an executiv
e board member of IWKA, the holding company for Kuka,
Germany's largest robo
t supplier. 'In Europe robots are used where it is
economical to do so. In J
apan the question is often whether to produce with
a robot or not to produce
 there at all.'
Mistakes have also been made in the installation of robots, 
for which the
suppliers and customers have to share the blame. 'People have 
tended to put
in a robot, then have an operator standing by watching,' says 
Demark. 'This
is a half-way house that I wouldn't recommend.'
Increasingly, 
robot suppliers are realising that if they are to make inroads
into the smal
l- and medium-sized businesses that still dominate European
industry - espec
ially outside the automotive sector  - they have to
understand better the cu
stomer's needs and worries.
'You have to enter into an economic calculation 
with the customer and
demonstrate the ability to find a solution,' says Matt
ucci.
That could mean being paid only for a feasibility study that comes dow
n
against the use of robots. But in the long run this approach makes more
se
nse for an industry that wants to broaden its customer base and maintain
its
 reputation.
Comau, which sells most of its robots as part of an integrated 
automation
package, is around 90 per cent dependent on the vehicle industry.
 Mattucci
wants to expand the remaining 10 per cent of the business to 30 pe
r cent
over the next five years by exploiting the group's strengths in robot
ics for
body-welding, mechanical assembly and difficult handling operations.

The Italian company's most ambitious step away from the automotive sector i
s
its involvement in the Columbus Automation and robotics Testbed (Cat)
prog
ramme financed by the European Space Agency. The ground testbed for the
auto
mation and robotics on board the projected Columbus Space Station will
incor
porate a new Comau robot using advanced materials such as aeronautical
alloy
s and composites.
A more-down-to earth approach to broadening the customer b
ase is in evidence
at GMFanuc, the US/Japanese concern which is the world's 
second biggest
supplier. The jean-spraying robot, developed in the US and no
w available in
the UK, offers a high return on investment with a payback of 
less than a
year, says Mike Wilson, the UK sales and marketing manager.
Robo
tics are also in their infancy in the European food industry, partly
because
 it has hitherto been difficult to turn a hose on to a robot to clean
it wit
hout ruining its electrical circuits. In January, GMFanuc launched its
'Wash
down' robot to conform to the strict hygiene requirements of the food
indust
ry and withstand all the chemical substances likely to be used in
washdown o
r wipedown procedures.
In the European electronics industry, robots are more
 frequent but
applications are still developing. Data Packaging, an Irish su
pplier of
plastic moulded components for the computer industry, recently ins
talled an
ABB Robotics painting cell to handle metallic paints used to provi
de an
attractive finish, and assist in electrical shielding, on parts for th
e
Apple Macintosh.
Metallic paints are hard to handle because they block sup
ply lines if not
kept flowing continuously. The ABB system programs the robo
t to fire the
spray gun if the system lays dormant for a given length of tim
e.
Advances such as these are often based on techniques originally developed

for the automotive industry, which is not being neglected in suppliers'
has
te to exploit other markets. A number of fairly recent technologies have
rel
evance to the use of robots in automotive and non-automotive fields.
Laser w
elding, says Wilson, is attracting interest in a number of
industries, inclu
ding aerospace, because of its precision and speed. Unlike
conventional spot
 welding, the robot does not have to reach both sides of
the part to be weld
ed.
Another emerging technology, especially when combined with robotics, is

water-jet cutting, which is likely to become increasingly important for
cutt
ing plastics quickly and cleanly. It is already being used in the
automotive
 industry for cutting carpets, door panels and instrument panels.
In both ar
eas robot suppliers are forming partnerships with companies which
have devel
oped the technologies so that they can exploit the opportunities
quicker. Co
mau has a co-operation agreement with Trumpf, the German machine
tool builde
r best-known for its laser-cutting machines, while last year ABB
Robotics fo
rmed a joint venture with Ingersoll-Rand of the US to develop and
market a r
obotised water-jet cutting system in Europe.
The search for a broader Europe
an customer base coincides with a much more
price-conscious attitude over th
e past two to three years among customers,
due as much to general business c
onditions as to scepticism about the early
claims made by robot suppliers.
S
uppliers are rationalising their product ranges to give customers what they

want and no more, but using developments in control systems to increase the

applications available from each model.
These conditions give advantages and
 disadvantages in more or less equal
measure to European suppliers and Japan
ese/US importers, which control one
third of the market. Demark and Mattucci
 strongly believe that the European
suppliers benefit from a approach based 
on solutions rather than products.
'The Japanese do not have the solutions f
or European needs,' says Mattucci
flatly. This is a view strongly disputed b
y the Japanese producers, but in a
price-sensitive market the the Japanese d
o have the advantage of size -
investment in control systems, in particular,
 can be spread over a bigger
sales base.
Ultimately, though, all the robot s
uppliers could benefit if they can
persuade more European companies of the b
enefits of robots. And that is
likely to be a gradual process where technolo
gy is only one factor in the
equation.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 33 ==============================================
Transaction #:     33       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-9444</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CEGBFAFXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
07
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 MAY 92 / Technology: Androids on the march - Af
ter years on the breadline, modern robots are finding gainful employment in 
Europe </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
In the US f
ashion industry they call it 'localised abrasion' - the pre-worn
look for de
nim jeans produced by applying potassium permanganate solution to
the knee, 
thigh and seat areas.
The faded effect has traditionally been achieved throu
gh manual spraying,
but consistency and quality control have been hard to ac
hieve. Now GMFanuc
Robotics has perfected a robotic solution that is three t
imes faster than
manual spraying, can reproduce a spray pattern to an accura
cy of 0.03 inch,
and can be programmed easily to handle a wide range of garm
ents.
The system is a relatively simple example of recent trends in the indu
strial
robotics industry, which is trying to reduce its dependence on compar
atively
mature automotive markets and find new applications elsewhere.
It is
 a trend that is particularly important for robot suppliers in the
European 
market, where the overall penetration of robots into industry is
much lower 
than in Japan, and where a potentially huge market for
non-automotive applic
ations remains untapped.
According to Massimo Mattucci, vice president for e
ngineering and marketing
at Comau of Italy, around 50 per cent of industrial
 robots installed in
Europe are in use in the automotive industry and 20 per
 cent in electronics
 -the reverse of the situation in Japan.
'The automotiv
e industry has more or less understood the potential of
robots,' says Stelio
 Demark, head of ABB Robotics, Europe's largest
producer, although he stress
es, along with other robot industry executives,
the potential of robots in t
he paint-spraying and final assembly area of
European vehicle manufacturing.

The inherent flexibility of modern robots, and the advances made in control

systems and mechanics that have increased their speed and reliability, ough
t
to increase their suitability for small-batch manufacturing in Europe, whe
re
model changes are frequent.
Demark sees new opportunities for robots emer
ging in the European food,
packaging, pharmaceutical and white goods industr
ies.
But the pace at which European industry accepts robots will depend part
ly on
suppliers' ability to counter the mistrust caused by the hype of the 1
970s
and early 1980s, when the robot industry appeared to be carried away by

euphoria over business prospects.
There are other obstacles, too, for suppl
iers to surmount. In Japan, one of
the driving forces behind the growth in t
he industrial robot population to
274,210 in 1990 - nearly 10 times the popu
lation in the former West Germany
 -has been labour shortages.
'Everything h
as to come back to economic considerations,' says Axel
Gerhardt, an executiv
e board member of IWKA, the holding company for Kuka,
Germany's largest robo
t supplier. 'In Europe robots are used where it is
economical to do so. In J
apan the question is often whether to produce with
a robot or not to produce
 there at all.'
Mistakes have also been made in the installation of robots, 
for which the
suppliers and customers have to share the blame. 'People have 
tended to put
in a robot, then have an operator standing by watching,' says 
Demark. 'This
is a half-way house that I wouldn't recommend.'
Increasingly, 
robot suppliers are realising that if they are to make inroads
into the smal
l- and medium-sized businesses that still dominate European
industry - espec
ially outside the automotive sector  - they have to
understand better the cu
stomer's needs and worries.
'You have to enter into an economic calculation 
with the customer and
demonstrate the ability to find a solution,' says Matt
ucci.
That could mean being paid only for a feasibility study that comes dow
n
against the use of robots. But in the long run this approach makes more
se
nse for an industry that wants to broaden its customer base and maintain
its
 reputation.
Comau, which sells most of its robots as part of an integrated 
automation
package, is around 90 per cent dependent on the vehicle industry.
 Mattucci
wants to expand the remaining 10 per cent of the business to 30 pe
r cent
over the next five years by exploiting the group's strengths in robot
ics for
body-welding, mechanical assembly and difficult handling operations.

The Italian company's most ambitious step away from the automotive sector i
s
its involvement in the Columbus Automation and robotics Testbed (Cat)
prog
ramme financed by the European Space Agency. The ground testbed for the
auto
mation and robotics on board the projected Columbus Space Station will
incor
porate a new Comau robot using advanced materials such as aeronautical
alloy
s and composites.
A more-down-to earth approach to broadening the customer b
ase is in evidence
at GMFanuc, the US/Japanese concern which is the world's 
second biggest
supplier. The jean-spraying robot, developed in the US and no
w available in
the UK, offers a high return on investment with a payback of 
less than a
year, says Mike Wilson, the UK sales and marketing manager.
Robo
tics are also in their infancy in the European food industry, partly
because
 it has hitherto been difficult to turn a hose on to a robot to clean
it wit
hout ruining its electrical circuits. In January, GMFanuc launched its
'Wash
down' robot to conform to the strict hygiene requirements of the food
indust
ry and withstand all the chemical substances likely to be used in
washdown o
r wipedown procedures.
In the European electronics industry, robots are more
 frequent but
applications are still developing. Data Packaging, an Irish su
pplier of
plastic moulded components for the computer industry, recently ins
talled an
ABB Robotics painting cell to handle metallic paints used to provi
de an
attractive finish, and assist in electrical shielding, on parts for th
e
Apple Macintosh.
Metallic paints are hard to handle because they block sup
ply lines if not
kept flowing continuously. The ABB system programs the robo
t to fire the
spray gun if the system lays dormant for a given length of tim
e.
Advances such as these are often based on techniques originally developed

for the automotive industry, which is not being neglected in suppliers'
has
te to exploit other markets. A number of fairly recent technologies have
rel
evance to the use of robots in automotive and non-automotive fields.
Laser w
elding, says Wilson, is attracting interest in a number of
industries, inclu
ding aerospace, because of its precision and speed. Unlike
conventional spot
 welding, the robot does not have to reach both sides of
the part to be weld
ed.
Another emerging technology, especially when combined with robotics, is

water-jet cutting, which is likely to become increasingly important for
cutt
ing plastics quickly and cleanly. It is already being used in the
automotive
 industry for cutting carpets, door panels and instrument panels.
In both ar
eas robot suppliers are forming partnerships with companies which
have devel
oped the technologies so that they can exploit the opportunities
quicker. Co
mau has a co-operation agreement with Trumpf, the German machine
tool builde
r best-known for its laser-cutting machines, while last year ABB
Robotics fo
rmed a joint venture with Ingersoll-Rand of the US to develop and
market a r
obotised water-jet cutting system in Europe.
The search for a broader Europe
an customer base coincides with a much more
price-conscious attitude over th
e past two to three years among customers,
due as much to general business c
onditions as to scepticism about the early
claims made by robot suppliers.
S
uppliers are rationalising their product ranges to give customers what they

want and no more, but using developments in control systems to increase the

applications available from each model.
These conditions give advantages and
 disadvantages in more or less equal
measure to European suppliers and Japan
ese/US importers, which control one
third of the market. Demark and Mattucci
 strongly believe that the European
suppliers benefit from a approach based 
on solutions rather than products.
'The Japanese do not have the solutions f
or European needs,' says Mattucci
flatly. This is a view strongly disputed b
y the Japanese producers, but in a
price-sensitive market the the Japanese d
o have the advantage of size -
investment in control systems, in particular,
 can be spread over a bigger
sales base.
Ultimately, though, all the robot s
uppliers could benefit if they can
persuade more European companies of the b
enefits of robots. And that is
likely to be a gradual process where technolo
gy is only one factor in the
equation.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-9444</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CEGBFAFXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
07
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 MAY 92 / Technology: Androids on the march - Af
ter years on the breadline, modern robots are finding gainful employment in 
Europe </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
In the US f
ashion industry they call it 'localised abrasion' - the pre-worn
look for de
nim jeans produced by applying potassium permanganate solution to
the knee, 
thigh and seat areas.
The faded effect has traditionally been achieved throu
gh manual spraying,
but consistency and quality control have been hard to ac
hieve. Now GMFanuc
Robotics has perfected a robotic solution that is three t
imes faster than
manual spraying, can reproduce a spray pattern to an accura
cy of 0.03 inch,
and can be programmed easily to handle a wide range of garm
ents.
The system is a relatively simple example of recent trends in the indu
strial
robotics industry, which is trying to reduce its dependence on compar
atively
mature automotive markets and find new applications elsewhere.
It is
 a trend that is particularly important for robot suppliers in the
European 
market, where the overall penetration of robots into industry is
much lower 
than in Japan, and where a potentially huge market for
non-automotive applic
ations remains untapped.
According to Massimo Mattucci, vice president for e
ngineering and marketing
at Comau of Italy, around 50 per cent of industrial
 robots installed in
Europe are in use in the automotive industry and 20 per
 cent in electronics
 -the reverse of the situation in Japan.
'The automotiv
e industry has more or less understood the potential of
robots,' says Stelio
 Demark, head of ABB Robotics, Europe's largest
producer, although he stress
es, along with other robot industry executives,
the potential of robots in t
he paint-spraying and final assembly area of
European vehicle manufacturing.

The inherent flexibility of modern robots, and the advances made in control

systems and mechanics that have increased their speed and reliability, ough
t
to increase their suitability for small-batch manufacturing in Europe, whe
re
model changes are frequent.
Demark sees new opportunities for robots emer
ging in the European food,
packaging, pharmaceutical and white goods industr
ies.
But the pace at which European industry accepts robots will depend part
ly on
suppliers' ability to counter the mistrust caused by the hype of the 1
970s
and early 1980s, when the robot industry appeared to be carried away by

euphoria over business prospects.
There are other obstacles, too, for suppl
iers to surmount. In Japan, one of
the driving forces behind the growth in t
he industrial robot population to
274,210 in 1990 - nearly 10 times the popu
lation in the former West Germany
 -has been labour shortages.
'Everything h
as to come back to economic considerations,' says Axel
Gerhardt, an executiv
e board member of IWKA, the holding company for Kuka,
Germany's largest robo
t supplier. 'In Europe robots are used where it is
economical to do so. In J
apan the question is often whether to produce with
a robot or not to produce
 there at all.'
Mistakes have also been made in the installation of robots, 
for which the
suppliers and customers have to share the blame. 'People have 
tended to put
in a robot, then have an operator standing by watching,' says 
Demark. 'This
is a half-way house that I wouldn't recommend.'
Increasingly, 
robot suppliers are realising that if they are to make inroads
into the smal
l- and medium-sized businesses that still dominate European
industry - espec
ially outside the automotive sector  - they have to
understand better the cu
stomer's needs and worries.
'You have to enter into an economic calculation 
with the customer and
demonstrate the ability to find a solution,' says Matt
ucci.
That could mean being paid only for a feasibility study that comes dow
n
against the use of robots. But in the long run this approach makes more
se
nse for an industry that wants to broaden its customer base and maintain
its
 reputation.
Comau, which sells most of its robots as part of an integrated 
automation
package, is around 90 per cent dependent on the vehicle industry.
 Mattucci
wants to expand the remaining 10 per cent of the business to 30 pe
r cent
over the next five years by exploiting the group's strengths in robot
ics for
body-welding, mechanical assembly and difficult handling operations.

The Italian company's most ambitious step away from the automotive sector i
s
its involvement in the Columbus Automation and robotics Testbed (Cat)
prog
ramme financed by the European Space Agency. The ground testbed for the
auto
mation and robotics on board the projected Columbus Space Station will
incor
porate a new Comau robot using advanced materials such as aeronautical
alloy
s and composites.
A more-down-to earth approach to broadening the customer b
ase is in evidence
at GMFanuc, the US/Japanese concern which is the world's 
second biggest
supplier. The jean-spraying robot, developed in the US and no
w available in
the UK, offers a high return on investment with a payback of 
less than a
year, says Mike Wilson, the UK sales and marketing manager.
Robo
tics are also in their infancy in the European food industry, partly
because
 it has hitherto been difficult to turn a hose on to a robot to clean
it wit
hout ruining its electrical circuits. In January, GMFanuc launched its
'Wash
down' robot to conform to the strict hygiene requirements of the food
indust
ry and withstand all the chemical substances likely to be used in
washdown o
r wipedown procedures.
In the European electronics industry, robots are more
 frequent but
applications are still developing. Data Packaging, an Irish su
pplier of
plastic moulded components for the computer industry, recently ins
talled an
ABB Robotics painting cell to handle metallic paints used to provi
de an
attractive finish, and assist in electrical shielding, on parts for th
e
Apple Macintosh.
Metallic paints are hard to handle because they block sup
ply lines if not
kept flowing continuously. The ABB system programs the robo
t to fire the
spray gun if the system lays dormant for a given length of tim
e.
Advances such as these are often based on techniques originally developed

for the automotive industry, which is not being neglected in suppliers'
has
te to exploit other markets. A number of fairly recent technologies have
rel
evance to the use of robots in automotive and non-automotive fields.
Laser w
elding, says Wilson, is attracting interest in a number of
industries, inclu
ding aerospace, because of its precision and speed. Unlike
conventional spot
 welding, the robot does not have to reach both sides of
the part to be weld
ed.
Another emerging technology, especially when combined with robotics, is

water-jet cutting, which is likely to become increasingly important for
cutt
ing plastics quickly and cleanly. It is already being used in the
automotive
 industry for cutting carpets, door panels and instrument panels.
In both ar
eas robot suppliers are forming partnerships with companies which
have devel
oped the technologies so that they can exploit the opportunities
quicker. Co
mau has a co-operation agreement with Trumpf, the German machine
tool builde
r best-known for its laser-cutting machines, while last year ABB
Robotics fo
rmed a joint venture with Ingersoll-Rand of the US to develop and
market a r
obotised water-jet cutting system in Europe.
The search for a broader Europe
an customer base coincides with a much more
price-conscious attitude over th
e past two to three years among customers,
due as much to general business c
onditions as to scepticism about the early
claims made by robot suppliers.
S
uppliers are rationalising their product ranges to give customers what they

want and no more, but using developments in control systems to increase the

applications available from each model.
These conditions give advantages and
 disadvantages in more or less equal
measure to European suppliers and Japan
ese/US importers, which control one
third of the market. Demark and Mattucci
 strongly believe that the European
suppliers benefit from a approach based 
on solutions rather than products.
'The Japanese do not have the solutions f
or European needs,' says Mattucci
flatly. This is a view strongly disputed b
y the Japanese producers, but in a
price-sensitive market the the Japanese d
o have the advantage of size -
investment in control systems, in particular,
 can be spread over a bigger
sales base.
Ultimately, though, all the robot s
uppliers could benefit if they can
persuade more European companies of the b
enefits of robots. And that is
likely to be a gradual process where technolo
gy is only one factor in the
equation.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 35 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-14347</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EDVCVAHWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
420
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 APR 94 / International Company News: French an
d German groups in robotics deal </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN RIDDING </B
YLINE>
<TEXT>
Groupe Schneider of France and AEG Daimler-Benz Industrie of G
ermany are to
pool their robotics businesses in a joint venture, the compani
es announced
yesterday.
The new company, to be called AEG Schneider Automati
on, will have annual
sales of about FFr3bn (Dollars 508m) and will employ 3,
000 people, according
to Schneider.
The French electrical engineering group 
said the joint venture would rank
second in the international market for aut
omated engineering equipment and
robots.
Schneider said the new company woul
d group its Telemecanique and Square D
operations. AEG Daimler-Benz Industri
e, the electrical engineering unit of
Daimler-Benz, will provide its AEG Mod
icon subsidiary.
The two groups declined to comment further, ahead of a more
 detailed
announcement due tomorrow. But industry analysts said the move sho
uld
strengthen their presence in the international market, giving them a
com
bined market share of about 12 per cent.
'In the robotics business it is ess
ential to gain critical mass to be able
to cover the significant R&D costs a
rising in a business which has little
series production,' said an analyst at
 Societe Generale in Paris.
In spite of the advantages, industry observers s
aid question marks remained.
In particular, they said that the joint venture
 could mean the closure of
production sites in Germany and that Schneider ma
y have to accelerate its
rationalisation process in France.
Yesterday's anno
uncement is the latest move in a restructuring of the
international robotics
 industry.
Last year, Asea Brown Boveri, the Swedish-Swiss engineering group
, acquired
the robotics operation of Renault, the French state-owned car gro
up, and
formed a joint venture in automated vehicle assembly.
</TEXT>
<XX>
C
ompanies:-
</XX>
<CO>Groupe Schneider.
    AEG Daimler-Benz Industrie.
    A
EG Schneider Automation.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>FRZ  France, EC.
 
   DEZ  Germany, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3559 Special Industr
y Machinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Strategic links & Joint
 venture.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> International Page 16
 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4578</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFDA4AFNFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
04
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 JUN 92 / International Company News: GM to sell
 GMFanuc stake </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By MARTIN DICKSON </BYLINE>
<DATELINE
>    NEW YORK </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
GENERAL MOTORS is selling its 50 per cent s
take in GMFanuc Robotics to
FANUC, the large Japanese robotics company which
 is its partner in the 10
year-old joint venture.
The deal is the latest exa
mple of GM's new strategy of disposing of
peripheral businesses to concentra
te on turning around its heavily
loss-making North American automotive opera
tions.
Fanuc said it would be making a cash payment to GM but gave no detail
s.
GMFanuc, which supplies GM and other industrial companies with robotic
sy
stems for painting, welding and other manufacturing techniques, had sales
la
st year of over Dollars 250m.
It was established in 1982 at a time when FANU
C had little manufacturing
presence in the US and when GM was anxious to bri
ng robotics technology to
its plants. FANUC now has several businesses in th
e US, including a joint
venture with General Electric which produces control
lers for machine tools.
GMFanuc's present management will remain in place an
d the company, which
employs some 670 people, will continue to operate its s
ales, engineering and
assembly facilities in Auburn Hills, Michigan.
Mr Will
iam Hoglund, GM's chief financial officer, said the company intended
to 'mai
ntain our important relationship with GMFanuc as a GM supplier of
plant auto
mation.' The sale is expected to be completed later this year.
In April GM p
ut up for sale its Allison gas turbine division,which employs
6,300 people a
nd makes turbine engines for the aerospace, industrial and
marine markets.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 37 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4578</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFDA4AFNFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
04
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 JUN 92 / International Company News: GM to sell
 GMFanuc stake </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By MARTIN DICKSON </BYLINE>
<DATELINE
>    NEW YORK </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
GENERAL MOTORS is selling its 50 per cent s
take in GMFanuc Robotics to
FANUC, the large Japanese robotics company which
 is its partner in the 10
year-old joint venture.
The deal is the latest exa
mple of GM's new strategy of disposing of
peripheral businesses to concentra
te on turning around its heavily
loss-making North American automotive opera
tions.
Fanuc said it would be making a cash payment to GM but gave no detail
s.
GMFanuc, which supplies GM and other industrial companies with robotic
sy
stems for painting, welding and other manufacturing techniques, had sales
la
st year of over Dollars 250m.
It was established in 1982 at a time when FANU
C had little manufacturing
presence in the US and when GM was anxious to bri
ng robotics technology to
its plants. FANUC now has several businesses in th
e US, including a joint
venture with General Electric which produces control
lers for machine tools.
GMFanuc's present management will remain in place an
d the company, which
employs some 670 people, will continue to operate its s
ales, engineering and
assembly facilities in Auburn Hills, Michigan.
Mr Will
iam Hoglund, GM's chief financial officer, said the company intended
to 'mai
ntain our important relationship with GMFanuc as a GM supplier of
plant auto
mation.' The sale is expected to be completed later this year.
In April GM p
ut up for sale its Allison gas turbine division,which employs
6,300 people a
nd makes turbine engines for the aerospace, industrial and
marine markets.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 38 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4578</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFDA4AFNFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
04
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 JUN 92 / International Company News: GM to sell
 GMFanuc stake </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By MARTIN DICKSON </BYLINE>
<DATELINE
>    NEW YORK </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
GENERAL MOTORS is selling its 50 per cent s
take in GMFanuc Robotics to
FANUC, the large Japanese robotics company which
 is its partner in the 10
year-old joint venture.
The deal is the latest exa
mple of GM's new strategy of disposing of
peripheral businesses to concentra
te on turning around its heavily
loss-making North American automotive opera
tions.
Fanuc said it would be making a cash payment to GM but gave no detail
s.
GMFanuc, which supplies GM and other industrial companies with robotic
sy
stems for painting, welding and other manufacturing techniques, had sales
la
st year of over Dollars 250m.
It was established in 1982 at a time when FANU
C had little manufacturing
presence in the US and when GM was anxious to bri
ng robotics technology to
its plants. FANUC now has several businesses in th
e US, including a joint
venture with General Electric which produces control
lers for machine tools.
GMFanuc's present management will remain in place an
d the company, which
employs some 670 people, will continue to operate its s
ales, engineering and
assembly facilities in Auburn Hills, Michigan.
Mr Will
iam Hoglund, GM's chief financial officer, said the company intended
to 'mai
ntain our important relationship with GMFanuc as a GM supplier of
plant auto
mation.' The sale is expected to be completed later this year.
In April GM p
ut up for sale its Allison gas turbine division,which employs
6,300 people a
nd makes turbine engines for the aerospace, industrial and
marine markets.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 39 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4461</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AC3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / International Company News: GM to sell
 GMFanuc stake to partner </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By MARTIN DICKSON </BYLINE
>
<DATELINE>    NEW YORK </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
GENERAL MOTORS is selling its 50
 per cent stake in GMFanuc Robotics to
Fanuc, the large Japanese robotics co
mpany which is its partner in the
10-year-old joint venture.
The deal is the
 latest example of GM's new strategy of disposing of
peripheral businesses t
o concentrate on turning around its heavily
loss-making North American autom
otive operations.
Fanuc said it would be making a cash payment to GM but gav
e no details.
GMFanuc, which supplies GM and other industrial companies with
 robotic
systems for painting, welding and other manufacturing techniques, h
ad sales
last year of over Dollars 250m.
It was established in 1982 at a tim
e when Fanuc had little manufacturing
presence in the US and when GM was anx
ious to bring robotics technology to
its plants.
Fanuc now has several busin
esses in the US, including a joint venture with
General Electric which produ
ces controllers for machine tools.
GMFanuc's present management will remain 
in place and the company, which
employs some 670 people, will continue to op
erate its sales, engineering and
assembly facilities in Auburn Hills, Michig
an.
Mr William Hoglund, GM's chief financial officer, said the company inten
ded
to 'maintain our important relationship with GMFanuc as a GM supplier of

plant automation'. The sale is expected to be completed later this year.
In
 April, GM put up for sale its Allison gas turbine division,which employs
6,
300 people and makes turbine engines for the aerospace, industrial and
marin
e markets.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 27 </P
AGE>
</DOC>

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============= Transaction # 41 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-5669</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EFCDVAC3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9406
03
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  03 JUN 94 / Technology: Robot lifts the load </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    BY MAX GLASKIN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A robot fork lift truck t
hat carries loads between lorry trailer and factory
floor could extend autom
ation to the loading bay. A prototype now being
tested maps its surroundings
 continuously and plots its routes.
'There is no system in the world that lo
ads and unloads conventional
trailers fully autonomously,' says Malcolm Robe
rts, director of Guidance
Control Systems of the UK. 'We built a system four
 years ago that relied on
mirrors in the trailers to reflect positioning las
ers but now we don't need
them.'
Drivers of trailers up to 16m long cannot p
ark them accurately enough for a
fixed robot loader to work. The GCS robot c
opes with such variables and also
detects changes in its surroundings - for 
instance, when a pallet is in its
path. A central computer communicates the 
tasks by radio to the robot, which
is otherwise autonomous.
The robot uses a
 variety of sensors to detect its own location and the
trailer. A laser syst
em scans ahead up to 25m; for local positioning,
ultrasound is accurate for 
between 20cm and 2m. The ultrasound data is
interpreted quickly by an off-th
e-shelf transputer but an infra-red sensor
cuts in when data of a higher res
olution is needed - to cope with an
odd-shaped load, for example.
The robot 
analyses when it has nudged up close to a load using a force
sensor and torq
ue measurement on each wheel. More sensors control the
sideways movement of 
the forks so that loads are deposited hard up against
the trailer wall.
'A f
ork-lift truck driver can unload a trailer in half an hour with relative
eas
e and our prototype hasn't yet shown it can work so quickly. We expect to
be
 there later this year,' says Roberts.
However, time is not the only cost fa
ctor as robots are not so prone to
accidental damage to loads.
</TEXT>
<XX>

Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>

<IN>P3537 Industrial Trucks and Tractors.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH
  Products & Product use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Londo
n Page 14 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 42 ==============================================
Transaction #:     42       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-4774</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIEASADWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
04
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 SEP 92 / Technology: Heavies move in - After ye
ars of work in mass production, robots are taking on bigger jobs </HEADLINE>

<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The drive for competitiveness
 and low-cost production may have made the car
industry the natural home for
 the world's robot population, but Karlheinz
Langner and his colleagues at I
GM Robotersysteme have other ideas.
Langner, a managing board member at Aust
ria's only robotics company, has his
sights set on industry's heavy brigade.
 Less visibly than their counterparts
in the car industry, but with increasi
ng urgency, manufacturers of heavy
equipment - anything from excavators to s
teel bridge sections - want to
improve their product quality and reduce cycl
e times, increase their
manufacturing flexibility and clean up their workpla
ce.
All these issues, in varying degrees, have been tackled successfully by 
the
mass-production car industry with the use of robots, but heavy industry 
is
very different.
In recent years, many heavy engineering companies have be
en reticent about
robots. They may have been put off by the robot suppliers'
 sales patter or
unconvinced that a robot can cope with welding, for example
, a crane boom or
bulk handling container, particularly if each item to be w
elded might be
slightly different from the previous one.
Or they might simpl
y have jibbed at the expense - as much as Dollars 350,000
(Pounds 175,000) f
or a sophisticated system with one or more robots, slides,
gantries and devi
ces to rotate a workpiece that could weigh as much as 15
tonnes. And having 
purchased a system, some customers have had to solve
software problems thems
elves to get the robot working correctly.
But companies such as IGM, which c
elebrates its silver jubilee this year,
are spending heavily to find new sol
utions for the use of robots in heavy
industry, and that, in turn, broadens 
the market for the robot suppliers.
Some sectors such as shipbuilding, for i
nstance, are only now waking up to
the opportunities for using robots, which
 were simply not available five
years ago.
Anybody who has visited a modern 
car factory cannot fail to be impressed by
the serried ranks of robots spot 
welding body sections or inserting
dashboards. Such machines, however, are w
orlds apart from those produced by
IGM, which specialises in arc or continuo
us path welding and some cutting
robots, and its rivals at the heavy end of 
the welding equipment industry
such as Esab of Sweden and Cloos of Germany.

A continuous weld is the norm in construction equipment, for example, to
cop
e with the immense stresses to which plant will be subjected during its
work
ing life, and demands for high-quality welding are increasing.
Grappling wit
h the welding of an excavator boom could require up to 16 axes
of movement f
rom the robot and its surrounding equipment, putting pressure
on the robot s
upplier not only to design the system correctly in mechanical
terms but to e
nsure that the software and sensor systems are sufficiently
sophisticated an
d fast to cope.
In such a market, says Langner, understanding the customer's
 needs is of
vital importance. But when almost every customer has a differen
t problem
that may require a customised solution, the challenge could be too
 great for
a small company such as IGM, without the years of experience that
 produces a
clear product strategy.
Each robot supplier has a different appr
oach, but IGM's is based on two
vital elements, says Langner: a modular desi
gn system to allow the company
to respond to individual customers' needs wit
hout having to reinvent the
wheel, and the decision to keep all control syst
ems development in-house.
Broadening the appeal of robots to heavy industry 
requires a combination of
developing the business end of the system (the wel
ding itself), taking the
robot's mechanical engineering to the limits, and c
onstantly updating and
improving the control systems.
IGM develops welding s
ystems together with Fronius, an Austrian welding
equipment company - for th
e customer, after all, the quality of the weld is
the proof of the pudding. 
The robot supplier recently introduced a new
high-performance welding techni
que known as Time (transferred ionised molten
energy), developed originally 
by a Canadian metallurgical expert.
IGM has also developed an automatic head
 change facility, allowing welding
to be followed by flame cutting in one co
ntinuous cycle. This is being used
by a UK customer for welding steel bridge
 sections.
As in machine tools, however, while mechanical developments near 
their limit
it is the brains of the robot system - its software and sensors,
 and the
programming - that is receiving the lion's share of attention. This
 is where
the acronyms really begin to proliferate.
So-called off-line progr
amming, where the robot is set up for the next job
without disturbing its pr
esent task, is particularly important when it could
take many hours, if not 
days, to start up a new component on a welding
robot.
IGM's latest contribut
ion is IOPS, which uses computer-aided simulation of
production cells and ma
nufacturing lines to get the best configuration of
the welding cell for each
 workpiece.
Another important result of the company's R&D work is ISIP, a ne
w
optoelectronic camera system for measuring weld grooves. This uses optical

sensors to determine the position and geometry of the fabrication,
underlin
ing the growing importance of vision systems as the 'eyes' in an
increasingl
y complex 'eyes-brain-hand' environment.
Perhaps the most significant develo
pment at IGM, however, lies at the heart
of the robot software. In a few wee
ks' time, the company will have running a
prototype of a new robot controlle
r based on the transputer, the Inmos
superchip. IGM had realised some five y
ears ago that it needed to have a
more powerful control system, says Langner
, and the new controller will
increase control speeds by a factor of 10.
The
 new control should be on IGM's robots by next year, but Langner also
sees a
pplications for the control outside robotics, with initial demand of
about 5
00-1,000 units a year, compared with the 150-200 IGM will need each
year for
 its robots. 'But we will not market it by ourselves,' Langner
stresses.
</T
EXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 15 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 43 ==============================================
Transaction #:     43       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-15546</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EANDNADMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
114
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 JAN 94 / Technology (Worth Watching): Robots g
et their marching orders </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW FISHER </BYLINE>

<TEXT>
Robots are on the march. In the US, Frost & Sullivan Market Intellige
nce
forecasts that the robot market will double from Dollars 592m (Pounds 40
0m)
in 1992 to Dollars 1.2bn by 1999. Pushing this expansion of nearly 11 pe
r
cent compound growth a year will be competitive pressures for greater
prod
uctivity and quality at lower cost.
Robots will be used increasingly to repl
ace workers in hazardous
environments, partly in reaction to soaring medical
 compensation costs, and
in complex automation systems. Until now, the US ha
s lagged behind Europe
and Japan (the world's largest buyer of robots) in th
is market. Frost &
Sullivan: US, 415 961 9000 UK, 71 730 3438.
</TEXT>
<XX>

Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-

</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>

<TP>MKTS  Market shares.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Londo
n Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 44 ==============================================
Transaction #:     44       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-11018</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHBDUACKFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
802
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 AUG 94 / Technology: Robots get the dirty work
 - Japan is developing intelligent systems to help an ageing population </HE
ADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW FISHER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A nifty little robot d
arts down a street, picks up the rubbish and puts it
into a truck. Inside a 
power station, another robot carries out vital
maintenance work. A hard-pres
sed nurse uses robotic help to move beds and
patients.
Hard to imagine thoug
h it may be, Japanese research experts are working on
such applications - an
d on robots for the home - although it will probably
not be until well into 
the next century that they can be put into practice.
Labour will be in short
 supply in coming years. The 125m population is
ageing and will slowly decli
ne as the birth rate falls.
'Such systems are necessary for coming generatio
ns in Japan,' says Kazuo
Asakawa, head of the intelligent systems laboratory
 at Fujitsu, the Japanese
computer group. 'We have to develop intelligent sy
stems to replace young
people.'
Most people do not want to do the so-called 
'3K' jobs - denoting the
Japanese words for 'dirty, difficult and dangerous'
 - such as working in
hospitals, collecting rubbish, maintaining power stati
ons and cleaning.
Asakawa foresees robots also being used in the office, for
 handling mail and
other straightforward tasks and eventually in the home.
T
he key to such developments will be neural networks - complex computer
syste
ms that can learn to recognise patterns and react accordingly. The
robots wi
ll be equipped with an array of sensors that will enable them to
adapt to th
eir surroundings. 'In 10 years, we hope to develop autonomous
systems using 
neural networks,' says Asakawa.
In the view of Hiroyuki Yoshikawa, president
 of the University of Tokyo,
robots could be the answer to many of Japan's e
conomic and social problems.
'It is necessary to use Japan's highly educated
 labour force to invent these
kinds of things.' He believes that Japanese in
dustry must look ahead to new
products such as these to prepare for a future
 in which over-production and
over-capacity will inhibit industrial growth.

Japan's car industry is already plagued by over-capacity, as well as high
co
sts; the surge in the yen is eating further into export profits. In common
w
ith other academics and industrialists, Yoshikawa warns of the danger of
'ho
llowing-out' as lower-cost countries in Asia and elsewhere take up
productio
n of goods which have become too expensive to make in Japan. The
electronics
 companies are already big producers in south-east Asia and car
makers have 
been expanding their overseas operations.
'We must change the direction of e
ndeavour,' adds Yoshikawa, a specialist in
engineering design theory. He thi
nks industry should lean
towards more automation of services such as healthc
are and cleaning. He
talks of the need for greater 'amplification of service
s', with intelligent,
computer-controlled machines doing much of the awkward
 and dirty work now
done by humans.
In other countries, where unemployment i
s high, this is less of an issue.
But Japan's unemployment rate is less than
 3 per cent, kept low by the
tradition of lifetime employment and the high l
evel of consensus and
discipline in Japanese society. This is despite the re
cession after the
bursting of the 'bubble' economy of the late 1980s.
Japane
se companies already use robots far more widely than the rest of the
world. 
In 1992, there were 350,000 robots in Japan, of which more than
280,000 were
 advanced (operating in different axes, or with sensors or
learning controls
), according to latest statistics from the United Nations
and the Internatio
nal Federation of Robotics. This compared with 47,000
(42,000 advanced) in t
he US and 39,000 (35,500) in Germany.
The electronics industry is the bigges
t user of robots in Japan, followed by
cars. But the advanced applications e
nvisaged by Asakawa, Yoshikawa and
others are still at the pilot stage. The 
Ministry of International Trade and
Industry supports some of them. Work is 
progessing on robots to take the
backache out of nurses' lifting work and on
 micromachines to help doctors
operate and even to carry tiny doses of medic
ine to certain parts of the
body.
The rubbish-collecting robots described by
 Yoshikawa - he calls them 'social
robots' - are still at the basic research
 stage. 'I can't say when they will
be ready. The direction of research is t
o invent new robotics for use on the
roads and streets of a city. I hope thi
s will be completed in five to 10
years.'
A programme to develop robots to e
nter the containment vessels of nuclear
power plants and carry out maintenan
ce work began in 1978, he says. The
first prototype was too heavy at 400kg. 
Toshiba then made a more
sophisticated one, which was suitable for the work.
 But power companies are
reluctant to rely on robots rather than humans for 
work in which safety and
reliability is essential.
'My idea is first mainten
ance, then social and then home robots,' says
Yoshikawa. All these areas, he
 feels, are ripe for 'amplification' through
intelligent automation. Ultimat
ely, the home could be the biggest market for
robots. But to do household cl
eaning and other work, they must be made of
softer materials than metal and 
have more flexible gear systems to fit in
with the random pattern of life in
 the home.
Yoshikawa says there are no prototypes of the home robot yet. But
 he adds
that robot manufacturers such as Fuji Machine and Matsushita have s
hown
considerable interest. Asakawa says Fujitsu is also working on computer

programs for domestic use.
Thus, sometime around 2010, robots could be scur
rying around Japanese
streets, homes, offices and hospitals doing routine jo
bs and taking some of
the strain out of daily life.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-

</XX>
<CN>JPZ  Japan, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General
 Industrial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Ana
lysis.
    TECH  Products & Product use.
    MGMT  Management & Marketing.
<
/TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 11 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 45 ==============================================
Transaction #:     45       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-4779</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIEASADRFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
04
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 SEP 92 / Technology: IGM expands its horizons <
/HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
IGM was founded in 1967 by Gunther Kloimuller and Franz Vo
kurka, two former
Siemens engineers who are now managing board chairman and 
supervisory board
chairman respectively at the Austrian company.
It claims a
bout 15 per cent of the world arc welding robot market in money
terms, but r
ather less in unit terms, as it sells smaller numbers of
relatively expensiv
e equipment. About 50 per cent of the market is in
European hands, with the 
rest held by big Japanese robot suppliers such as
Yaskawa and GMFanuc.
But w
ith consolidated turnover of Sch524m (Pounds 27m) in the year ended
August 1
991, IGM is a minnow in comparison to the Japanese and European
robot giants
, and has to exploit every global opportunity to support
research and develo
pment spending of about 10 per cent of sales.
To bolster its financial stren
gth, the company went public in 1989, raising
Sch275m from an issue of prefe
rence shares, and last year issued ordinary
shares publicly. Just over 50 pe
r cent of the company is retained by the two
founders and their families.
Th
e decision was a timely move. With the worldwide recession in capital
equipm
ent purchases, IGM's sales fell 10-12 per cent in 1990-91, and a
further dec
line of 4 to 5 per cent is expected for the financial year just
ended.
But I
GM has also been particularly effected by the upheaval in the former
Soviet 
Union and eastern Europe, whose share of turnover has dropped from
25.3 per 
cent in 1989-90 to an expected 14 per cent in the year just ended.
This has 
prompted an aggressive policy of Far Eastern expansion. A
collaboration agre
ement last year with India's Bharat Earth Movers was
followed this spring wi
th the establishment of a Korean subsidiary, and IGM
also wants much stronge
r representation in China.
But the eastern countries are also regarded as ve
ry promising long-term  -
the Russians, says Langner, have always been keen 
on the latest developments
in robotics. Along with its subsidiary in Russia,
 IGM is negotiating to
establish a Ukrainian subsidiary, and is also manufac
turing components at an
86 per cent owned Hungarian subsidiary, Roper Robott
echnika.
Although the European Community and Far East are the main export ar
eas, IGM
is also keen to exploit opportunities in the US, where it will open
 new
offices and production facilities at Milwaukee at the end of this year.

</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 15 </PAGE>
</DOC
>

============= Transaction # 46 ==============================================
Transaction #:     46       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-129</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BENBQAC6FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>91051
4
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 MAY 91 / Survey of Computers in Manufacturing (1
1): Search for new applications - Robotics, still on the fringe of the indus
trial sector </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FOR a
ll the hype over the past 20 years about how robots would transform
manufact
uring industry, they still remain on the fringes of the industrial
scene - w
ith the notable exception of manufacturing in Japan.
According to the United
 Nations Economic Commission for Europe, the world
industrial robot populati
on stood at 388,000 units at the end of 1989, of
which 220,000 were in Japan
, 56,000 in western Europe, 37,000 in the US and
 -very roughly - 75,000 els
ewhere.
There are a number of interconnected reasons for this situation. In 
the
past, there has been considerable hostility from trade unions to their
i
ntroduction and managements have taken a lot of convincing about the cost
be
nefits.
Dr Kevin Clarke, manager of manufacturing engineering at PA Consulti
ng
Group, says that, in many instances, robots have not delivered the cost
e
ffectiveness they have promised. Robot manufacturers, he says, have not
deve
loped their products technologically as fast as they might have.
'There's ve
ry little innovation, because the market isn't there,' he says.
However, the
 evidence of the past two years suggests that things may be
changing. Those 
388,000 units represented an increase of 20 per cent from
the end of 1988, a
nd in 1990 US-based robotics companies won record new
orders of Dollars 517.
4m.
The robotics industry was in deep gloom during 1986 and 1987, and especi
ally
in the US where it had become far too dependent on the motor industry -

which took about 40 to 50 per cent of sales.
Mr Donald Vincent, executive v
ice-president of the US Robotic Industries
Association, recalls that 'when t
he automotive industry quit buying in 1986
and 1987, it sent robotics into a
 deep spin.'
This decline had two results. First, it encouraged a much-neede
d
concentration among robot producers. In the middle of the 1980s there were

some 300, according to the International Federation of Robotics (IFR). Now,

it says, there are probably fewer than 100 true producers, led by ABB
Robot
ics, part of the Swiss-Swedish Asea Brown Boveri, GMF Robotics, a joint
vent
ure between Fanuc of Japan and General Motors of the US, and Yaskawa of
Japa
n.
Secondly, the downturn prompted an urgent search for new applications for

robots away from the motor industry and its inherent cyclicality. Dr Clarke

singles out 'clean room' applications for robots in health care and
precisi
on engineering, while Mr Vincent is hopeful of new applications in
the food 
industry, materials handling and packaging.
The wellspring for this diversif
ication into new markets, which has already
begun, is computer power. In mec
hanical terms, robots are relatively simple
beasts, and robotic technology h
as always been based on the use of computers
to overcome mechanical limitati
ons.
Mr Kenneth Waldron, a robotics expert at Ohio State University, says 't
he
major theme which will direct commercial applications of new research in

robotics will be that of taking advantage of the huge increases in computing

power which have become available as a result of the development of advance
d
microprocessors.'
Mr Waldron notes that most current industrial robot syst
ems offer only
incremental improvements over what was possible with the firs
t generation of
microcomputer controllers.
Current research is looking at ar
eas such as greater use of sensing - of the
robot's environment and internal
 state - more sophisticated control
techniques offering greater speed and ac
curacy, robotic mobility and
improved control of the interface between the r
obot and the workpiece.
Given these trends, there has inevitably been consid
erable interest in
industrial vision systems for robots, which could radical
ly change many
applications, particularly in assembly where robots have so f
ar failed to
make their mark.
Previous forecasts for the population of visio
n-equipped robots have not
been realised, but it is reasonable to predict, a
s the IFR has, that the
continuous reduction in prices of computers and sens
ors, and their greater
speed and reliability, will gradually remove the tech
nological and economic
barriers.
Many of the business trends in robotics ove
r the past few years are
illustrated by developments at ABB Robotics, which 
claims to be the world's
biggest supplier - a title which the Japanese manuf
acturers might dispute.
ABB's purchase last year of Cincinnati Milacron's ro
botics business was an
important step in the consolidation of the industry a
round leading European
and Japanese suppliers. Mr Stelio Demark, head of ABB
 Robotics, says the
Cincinnati business brought with it a tremendous US cust
omer base and
undoubted expertise in spot-welding robotics.
The nature of AB
B's customer base has also been changing, and over the past
five years it ha
s reduced its dependence on the automotive industry from
70-75 per cent of s
ales to 50 per cent. ABB is attracting new business from
small and medium-si
zed companies which had previously not bought robots. 'We
may be supplying o
nes and twos, but it's growing very quickly,' says Mr
Demark.
New markets in
clude glass making, different kinds of process applications,
and palletising
. This effort is backed up by spending on research and
development - 10 per 
cent of revenues - that is almost on a par with that of
the pharmaceutical i
ndustry.
Meanwhile the falling cost of electronics is allowing ABB to build 
more
capability and flexibility into its robots. ABB's latest product, the I
RB
6000, was officially launched last month with claims of much greater
flex
ibility and capability than rival products.
Because of these developments, M
r Demark is optimistic about future growth
prospects for ABB and the industr
y. The view is shared by independent
observers.
In a report about to be publ
ished by Frost & Sullivan, the international
market research publishers, tot
al world robot sales are forecast to rise
from Dollars 2.15bn in 1990 to Dol
lars 3.41bn in 1996. The relatively small
size of the industry at the end of
 the 1980s is a reflection of many of the
factors mentioned above.
F & S see
s the Japanese market's share of world robot sales falling from 65
per cent 
last year to 45 per cent in 1996, while Europe's share will rise
from 15 to 
20 per cent, the US will mark time at about 6 per cent and the
rest of the w
orld will jump from 14 per cent to just under 30 per cent.
The biggest growt
h area is Asia, which is good news for the Japanese
producers, but Europe, s
ays Mr Demark, is also 'very interesting,' and the
company's home base. F & 
S sees the European market rising from Dollars 330m
in 1990 to Dollars 687m 
in 1996, with Germany leading the way.
Looking specifically at the European 
market, F & S comments that the
'supplier capable of marketing a complete pa
ckage including sensors,
user-friendly software and simple training and inst
allation will achieve the
best sales penetration.'
ABB is probably justified
 in claiming that it offers more service and
support to European buyers than
 the more product-based approach of the
Japanese, but Dr Clarke wonders whet
her this will still be true in two
years' time. On the other hand Europe, he
 says, is probably not one of the
Japanese producers' priorities, given the 
better growth prospects in the
Asia Pacific region.
As for the balance of po
wer in the industry, both ABB and the Japanese are
growing stronger, the big
 producers are getting bigger, and the smaller
robotics companies, particula
rly in the US and UK, are concentrating on
niches and ancillary services.
If
 the big producers can keep up with development in computing, the 1990s
coul
d well bring the rewards that proved so elusive for much fo the 1980s.
</TEX
T>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page VI Photograph (Omitted
). Photograph ABB robot IRB6000 in a spot welding application (left). Demark
 (right): important consolidations (Omitted). </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 47 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-9376</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DHJCNAEOFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9308
10
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  10 AUG 93 / Observer: Leg pull </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>

Ted Dexter, finally bowled out as chairman of England's cricket selectors,
s
hould have known his innings was up when the latest Information Technology
R
eview added its weight to the growing criticism of English cricket.
It was u
p to London University computing professor John Campbell,
stone-walling agai
nst unrealistic claims about the possibilities of
artificial intelligence, t
o state the obvious.
'It may be possible to build a cricket-playing robot, b
ut we don't think
that we can equip it with the knowledge and batting skills
 of Don Bradman,'
Campbell says, before adding: 'though building something w
ith just the
competence of an average member of the present English national
 cricket team
may be another matter.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ
  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P7941 Sports Clubs, 
Managers, and Promoters.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</
TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 13 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 48 ==============================================
Transaction #:     48       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-11363</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CJ0BMAC4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>921
027
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 OCT 92 / People: Electronic switches </HEADLIN
E>
<TEXT>
Arthur Collie, a leading robotics expert, has been appointed as an

industrial professor by the University of Portsmouth. Scottish-born Collie,

63, is technical director of Portech, the Portsmouth engineering company
wi
th whom the university has a co-operative agreement on robotic design.
Under
 his leadership, the university's robotics group within the Faculty of
Engin
eering has developed a series of wall-climbing robots which has aroused
worl
dwide interest.
*****
Andy Etherington, formerly marketing and development d
irector with Mecca
Leisure, has been appointed md of GRUNDIG BUSINESS SYSTEM
S in the UK in
succession to Richard Hargrave.
*****
Clive Ainsworth, former
ly commercial director of Frontline, has been
appointed md of Databit CCSL, 
a SIEMENS company.
*****
Brandon Barnwell, formerly European president of Sq
uare D, has been
appointed divisional director of drives & standard products
 group of Siemens
in the UK.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> 
London Page 20 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 49 ==============================================
Transaction #:     49       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-13625</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EAYDAACEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
125
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 JAN 94 / Technology: Robots ration costs </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANNA KOCHAN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A new robot installation 
for packing military rations is helping the French
army cut costs and could 
even earn it some money. The FFr60m (Pounds 6.8m)
facility is automated and 
can respond quickly to sharp increases in demand
at times of crisis.
This co
uld make it attractive to other armies and aid organisations, says
Colonel H
ugues Keller, head of the facility at Angers, south-west France.
With an out
put of 24 rations per minute, the plant easily satisfies the
army's regular 
annual requirement for 2m rations and could produce two or
three times as mu
ch.
Developed as part of the army's cost-cutting programme, the facility
con
centrates the production of military rations on one site. Before, there
were
 two. Also, says Keller, 'we have seized the opportunity and installed
state
-of-the-art technology which will satisfy the needs not only of today's
army
 but also that of the next century'.
The robots fill cardboard cartons with 
the 18 constituents of a soldier's
daily food allowance. The 14 possible men
us include tinned cooked meals,
chocolate bars, chewing gum, packet soup, wa
ter purification tablets, dry
crackers and paper tissues.
Each package must 
be put in the right position in the box so it can be
closed, sealed and cove
red in plastic film, ready to be packed for shipment.
At the centre of the s
ystem is a line of nine small robots from Californian
manufacturer Adept, ea
ch responsible for loading two different components
into the cartons from a 
conveyor.
The larger, more robust items such as the tins are put into the ra
tion
carton first. These are removed from their boxes and fed directly to th
e
Adept line, one layer at a time, by three large robots from ABB Robotique

France, part of the Swiss-Swedish group. The smaller items are then fed to
t
he Adept robots.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>FRZ  France, EC.
</CN>
<
XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
    P356
5 Packaging Machinery.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product
 use.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<P
AGE> London Page 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 50 ==============================================
Transaction #:     50       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-13969</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EDVCVACMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
422
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 APR 94 / Technology (Worth Watching): Robot-se
lected gene colonies </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CLIVE COOKSON </BYLINE>
<TEX
T>
The international Human Genome Project - aimed at mapping and identifying

the estimated 100,000 human genes - is stimulating rapid advances in
labora
tory automation. The latest comes from a collaboration between the
Imperial 
Cancer Research Fund, a London-based charity, and two UK companies:
Linear D
rives of Rayleigh, Essex, and Genetix of Christchurch, Dorset.
The three par
tners have developed a robotic system to help scientists
produce the huge nu
mbers of cloned cells required for genetics research.
The system locates clo
ne colonies growing on culture plates with a CCD
camera. It then 'picks' hea
lthy-looking colonies with a block of 96
spring-loaded pins and moves the ce
lls to dishes for further growth and
analysis.
Linear Drives: UK, 0268 77049
6.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
In
dustries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
    P8731 Comm
ercial Physical Research.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Prod
uct use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 12 </PAGE>

</DOC>

============= Transaction # 51 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-769</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DF0AKAD0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>93062
6
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  26 JUN 93 / Calling Dr Dalek - your patient is wait
ing: A revolution in surgery where robots are taking an increased role in th
e operating theatre </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CLIVE COOKSON </BYLINE>
<TEXT
>
YOU ARE about to have the anaesthetic before an operation to remove a brai
n
tumour. Would you feel happier knowing that the most delicate part of the

procedure was to be carried out by the gently trembling hand of the world's

most skilful surgeon - or by a rock-steady robot? That question will soon be

more than a fantasy because surgery is in the early stages of a technical
r
evolution. The first step has been the spread of 'keyhole' operations over
t
he past five years. Instead of cutting open the patient, the surgeon uses
in
struments guided by telescope through tiny incisions. Soon, it will be
possi
ble to work by remote control on patients thousands of miles away,
using a c
ombination of telecommunications and virtual reality.
The most striking sign
 of change, though, is the way surgeons are starting
to welcome robotic assi
stants into their operating theatres. Within the past
few months, robots hav
e helped to carry out hip replacements in California,
prostate operations in
 London and brain surgery in Grenoble, France. Later
this year, gall bladder
 removal, hernia repair and a variety of other
abdominal operations will be 
added to the list of robotic accomplishments.
Despite this, even the most en
thusiastic surgeons say it is likely to be
several years before they would c
onsider leaving a robot to operate on its
own.
The late Hap Paul, chief inve
ntor of California's Robodoc, cautioned: 'We
have to move very slowly and ca
refully because one false move by a surgical
robot - and this whole technolo
gy is set back by many years.' Robodoc is the
world's largest and best-finan
ced project in medical robotics. Since
November, 10 patients at Sutter gener
al hospital in Sacramento have had hip
replacements with the aid of Robodoc,
 a 250 lb automaton programmed to carve
the cavity for an implant in the thi
gh bone.
Although Paul died two months ago (at only 44), Integrated Surgical
 Systems,
the company he founded with financial and scientific backing from 
IBM, is
forging ahead. It is waiting for approval from the Food and Drug
Adm
inistration to carry out a clinical trial of Robodoc with 300 patients in
th
ree US hospitals.
Why should a patient trust a robotic tool rather than the 
skilled hands of a
human specialist? The most important reason is that an el
ectronic arm is
capable of precision well beyond that of the steadiest and b
est-trained
surgeon. ISS hopes to prove this through its trial, in which pat
ients will
be allocated at random into one group treated by Robodoc and anot
her
receiving conventional hip replacements.
Surgical robots promise more th
an improvements in existing procedures, says
Patrick Finlay, managing direct
or of Armstrong Projects, a fledgling UK
medical robotics company based at B
eaconsfield near London. 'The reduced
collateral damage and greater precisio
n of the robot will make it possible
to do operations that would otherwise b
e too risky to contemplate. For
example, a tumour very close to the optic ne
rve can be tackled without
making the patient blind.'
Several different type
s of surgical robot are under development around the
world. Robodoc is an 'a
ctive' robot that actually cuts human tissue.
'Orthopaedic work is an attrac
tive application because the robot is working
on hard tissue that doesn't mo
ve if you prod it,' notes Brian Davies, an
engineer specialising in medical 
robotics at Imperial College, London.
Most operations, however, involve cutt
ing soft tissues - a task that is more
delicate than carving bone. So far, o
nly 'passive' robots have been used for
this type of surgery. They may move 
instruments inside the patient, under
the surgeon's direction, but they do n
ot yet wield a scalpel or laser beam.
An example is Laparobot, which Armstro
ng Projects is developing with Mark
Ornstein, a surgeon at the London Clinic
. Laparobot will give someone
carrying out keyhole surgery the impression of
 'walking around' inside the
patient's body, using tele-presence techniques.
 A keyhole surgeon views the
operating site with a miniature video camera at
 the end of a thin optical
tube, inserted into the body through a puncture h
ole (typically, in the
tummy button). This instrument, called a laparoscope,
 projects the scene on
to a TV screen above the patient.
Normally, an assist
ant has to hold the laparoscope and move it when the
surgeon needs a differe
nt view. But Laparobot itself senses the position of
the surgeon's head and 
moves the image accordingly. If the surgeon pushes a
foot button and moves h
is head to the left, the robot will change the view
inside the patient's bod
y. For this year's initial trials at the London
Clinic, Laparobot will work 
with an existing TV monitor - but the next stage
will be for the surgeon to 
wear a helmet-mounted display which will give the
impression of being immers
ed in the operating environment. As he looks
around, the scene will change a
s though he were actually inside the
abdominal cavity.
Further in the future
 lies the prospect of linking the surgeon's finger
movements to the control 
of micro-instruments within the body. 'Laparobot
will make the surgery more 
efficient - less stressful for the surgeon,
faster and more accurate, and wi
th less risk of damage to the patient,' says
Ornstein.
Armstrong is also wor
king with Professor David Thomas, of London's National
Hospital for Neurolog
y, to develop Neurobot, a system for carrying out brain
surgery. By the end 
of this year, they hope to have demonstrated an
'image-guided robot' that wi
ll help the surgeon position his instruments at
the correct point in the bra
in to perform the operation. The next stage will
be for Neurobot itself to i
nsert the instruments.
A surgical robot is given as much prior information a
s possible about
relevant parts of the patient's body - usually, from a CT o
r MRI scan. Its
computer converts this into a digital model of the patient. 
Although the
surgeon works out in advance the path of the operation, based o
n the
computer model, the system must be flexible enough to respond to unexp
ected
events.
Neurobot, for example, will have a sensor inside the patient's
 head. If it
detects the presence of an unexpected blood vessel, it will pro
mpt the
surgeon for advice. Its software might propose a modified route, tak
ing the
new information into account, but the robot will not go ahead until 
the
surgeon has signalled his approval.
Finlay says a good indicator of prog
ress in surgical robotics will be the
increasing amount of freedom given to 
the robot. 'Although the surgeon will
never cease to participate, it is real
istic to envisage a situation similar
to the relationship between an airline
r captain and his autopilot, in which
the human provides a supervisory and m
onitoring role and is available to
take over the critical manoeuvres,' he sa
ys.
The consultant need not be in the operating theatre with the patient. In

tele-surgery projects under way in the US and France, an experienced surgeo
n
uses a video link to supervise a junior doctor in a hospital hundreds of
m
iles away. The surgeon could equally well supervise a distant robot,
althoug
h local medical and nursing staff would still have to be present in
case the
 system crashed.
Everyone involved in medical robotics is obsessed with safe
ty. Yet, as
Davies points out, there are no agreed safety standards for robo
ts operating
on people, whereas regulations require industrial robots to wor
k in metal
cages. (The fact that two workers in Japan have been killed by fa
ctory
robots going out of control shows the need for such rules).
'There are
 two views on safety,' says Davies. 'One is that it's acceptable
to start ou
t with an industrial robot provided you put in a top-level
software system t
o bring the thing to a halt in the event of some failure.
But, in my view, t
hat's not safe enough. I think you need to re-develop the
robot from the bas
ic servo level upwards, building in safety at every
level.'
That means givin
g the surgical robot the equivalent of a metal cage, with
duplicated softwar
e and hardware constraints to prevent it moving beyond
pre-defined limits. A
nd it must move slowly enough for the supervising
surgeon's hand to hit the 
stop button in time to avoid damage if all the
safety systems fail. Demonstr
ating safety is not enough, though. Growing
concerns about the financial cos
ts of medical care are forcing both public
health authorities and private ho
spitals to demand evidence that new
technology will deliver benefits that ou
tweigh its expense.
Drugs have long had to justify their effectiveness in la
rge-scale clinical
trials but, until now, new surgical procedures and medica
l equipment have
been introduced with remarkably little systematic assessmen
t. A report on
medical research earlier this year by the UK government's Adv
isory Council
on Science and Technology (Acost) pointed out: 'With the excep
tion of
pharmaceuticals, demands for evaluation have been questioned because
 it
'stands to reason' that the new techniques will be 'better'.'
Peter Doyl
e, research director of ICI and chairman of Acost's medical
research committ
ee, gives keyhole surgery as an example of a procedure that
has been introdu
ced 'haphazardly' without proper evaluation. The report says
the National He
alth Service should require all new medical devices to be
assessed under con
trolled conditions, and their cost effectiveness measured.
Miles Irving, pro
fessor of surgery at Manchester University's Hope Hospital,
says that such a
ssessment is all the more necessary 'because surgeons face
strong consumer p
ressure to introduce new procedures before they have been
properly evaluated
.'
Hap Paul felt that pressure when he was looking for sites to test Robodoc
.
'Tertiary care centres in the US - the big university hospitals - see this

as an advance that will help them attract patients,' he said. 'So, we have

to be very careful in choosing our sites, to make sure it's not just a
publi
city stunt for them.'
Indeed, says John Hutton, a health economist at York U
niversity, US
experience shows that patients regard hi-tech equipment in its
elf as an
indicator of quality, whether or not there is any clinical evidenc
e to prove
its superiority. Therefore, hospitals compete by buying more and 
more flashy
machines - and their charges shoot up far faster than inflation.
 The
introduction of an internal market in the NHS is likely to lead to simi
lar
competitive pressures in the UK.
ISS believes its clinical trial will en
able orthopaedic hospitals to justify
buying a Dollars 750,000 Robodoc, doin
g 400 hip replacements a year, on the
basis that implants from robotic opera
tions last longer than those inserted
manually and so save money in the long
 run. But the recent history of
medical research and technology, from antibi
otics to diagnostic scanners,
shows that while each development can be justi
fied in isolation as being
cost-effective, the overall result is to add subs
tantially to the financial
burden of health care by creating new demand from
 patients and adding to the
number of elderly people in the population.
Two 
decades from now, only second-class patients will choose to have a
purely ma
nual operation. But, in contrast to labour-saving robots in a car
factory, s
urgical robots can only make the process more expensive.
Enthusiastic medica
l technologists can answer any question except one: how
will we pay for it?

</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Armstrong Projects.
    Imperial Chemical
 Industries.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>

<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3841 Surgical and Medical Instruments.
    P38
42 Surgical Appliances and Supplies.
    P8099 Health and Allied Services, N
EC.
    P2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH
  Products & Product use.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Finan
cial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page I </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 52 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-12266</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DJ0CNAFMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>931
027
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 OCT 93 / International Company News: First-hal
f profits at Fanuc plunge 28% </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EMIKO TERAZONO </BY
LINE>
<DATELINE>    TOKYO </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
SLACK sales of industrial robot
s to the motor industry were blamed for a
plunge in half-year profits at Fan
uc, the world's largest machine tool
manufacturing equipment maker.
Unconsol
idated pre-tax profits for the first six months to September fell
28.2 per c
ent to Y11.6bn (Dollars 109.4m) on a 9.7 per cent decline in sales
to Y56.2b
n.
After-tax profits fell 29.5 per cent to Y6.5bn.
Sales at the robot divisi
on tumbled by 23 per cent to Y14bn. Industrial
robots for the auto industry 
accounted for 50 per cent of total robot sales,
down from the previous 70 pe
r cent.
Factory automation equipment declined 11.7 per cent to Y33.9bn. Howe
ver,
exports to Taiwan and South Korea were brisk, pushing Fanuc's export ra
tio
above 40 per cent for the first time.
During the second half of the year
, the company will focus on sales of
plastic injection molding machines, the
 only item to produce firm profits.
Plant and equipment investments for the 
second half will fall by 50 per cent
from the previou year, the company said
.
For the full year to March, Fanuc expects non-consolidated pre-tax profits

to fall 27.3 per cent to Y21.2bn on a 10.1 per cent decline in sales to
Y10
5.7bn.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Fanuc.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX
>
<CN>JPZ  Japan, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3541 Machine Tool
s, Metal Cutting Types.
    P3542 Machine Tools, Metal Forming Types.
</IN>

<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>FIN  Interim results.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times 
</PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 27 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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============= Transaction # 54 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-10652</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBHBUAERFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
206
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  06 FEB 93 / How To Spend It: Designer blends </HE
ADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By LUCIA VAN DER POST </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
AFTER the Dualit 
toaster, the Philippe Starcke lemon squeezer and the Alessi
kettle - welcome
 to the Waring blender, latest must-have kitchen appliance
for the design-co
nscious foodie set.
And lest that sounds too frivolous or dismissive, let me
 hasten to add that
almost any half-way enthusiastic cook might like to own 
it, too.
The Waring Professional Blender, to give its full name, saw the lig
ht of day
in the US in 1935. Before long it became a kitchen classic. Sturdy
,
long-lasting and powerful, it was just what the eager cook needed.
Cooks l
ove it because it has a two-speed switch and a strong and powerful
commercia
l motor which enables it to cope with tougher foods, such as meats
and pates
.
It is also generously sized, holding 40oz, and it is simple and easy to
cl
ean - the top fits straight on to the motor base.
The design-set love it bec
ause with its heavy metal base, its thick glass
and 'Deco' styling it is red
olent of the heyday of American soda-bar
culture, the golden pre-war period 
when the US truly seemed the land of
opportunity.
I like it best in its orig
inal chrome but it is also available in three new
colours - red, blue or gre
en.
It costs Pounds 129 from Harrods of Knightsbridge, London SW1, Divertime
nti
of 139/141 Fulham Road, London SW3 and Wigmore Street. For other stockis
ts
contact the importers, Robot Coupe, 62 Westbourne Grove, London W2 5SH.
<
/TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>UnZited Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries
:-
</XX>
<IN>P3634 Electric Housewares & Fans.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>
TECH  Products.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page XVI
I </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 55 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-7188</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EKYELAFTFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9411
25
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 NOV 94 / International Company News: ABB merges
 robotics and paint units </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>

<TEXT>
ABB, Europe's largest electrical engineering group, is merging its r
obotics
and paint finishing businesses into a single company with 3,700 empl
oyees
worldwide and expected sales this year of Dollars 1.1bn.
The new compa
ny, ABB Flexible Automation, will account for about 10 per cent
of ABB's ind
ustrial systems and products segment.
It represents another step by Zurich-b
ased ABB to simplify its structure,
save on administrative costs and boost i
ts market presence.
The former ABB Robotics claimed to be the world's larges
t supplier of robots
and the paint finishing business was a leading supplier
 in the automotive
paint systems market, worth about Dollars 2.5bn a year.
B
oth have been expanding through organic growth and acquisitions of
companies
 such as Trallfa and Ransburg.
Mr Stelio Demark, president of the new compan
y, said yesterday that, by
merging the two businesses and exploiting their s
ynergies, 'we are in a good
position to improve the overall profitability of
 our businesses'.
The merger will not lead to any job cuts, said Mr Roland N
ordstrom, chief
executive of the UK arm of ABB Flexible Automation.
But savi
ngs could be made by merging administrative and other functions, and
co-oper
ating in research and development, he said.
The new name is seen by ABB as b
etter reflecting the real capabilities of
the business.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Compani
es:-
</XX>
<CO>ABB Asea Brown Boveri.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CHZ  
Switzerland, West Europe.
    SEZ  Sweden, West Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industrie
s:-
</XX>
<IN>P3563 Air and Gas Compressors.
    P3569 General Industrial Ma
chinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Company News.
</TP>
<PUB>Th
e Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 26 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 56 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-15299</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CDBBKAA5FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
402
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 APR 92 / Technology: Seizing virtual reality <
/HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PAUL TAYLOR </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Few subjects in the c
omputing world have generated more hyperbole than
virtual reality.
Most of t
he excitement has revolved around so-called immersive VR in which
the human 
subject interacts with a computer-generated imaginary world via a
special he
adset with an internal display screen and a 'dataglove'.
In this form VR is 
rather like an exotic arcade game played on a
personalised simulator which '
tricks' the brain into thinking it is in the
'virtual world'.
But immersive 
VR has serious drawbacks, not least the fact that using the
equipment for mo
re than a very short time generates a type of nausea dubbed
'simulator sickn
ess'.
Of more immediate practical interest is the appearance of desktop VR s
ystems
which will run on ordinary PCs equipped with standard high-resolution

screens. These systems have many potential applications in design work,
med
icine, remote handling, and training - as well as for entertainment.
One ind
ication that VR is moving out of the laboratory and into the world of
real a
pplications is that public conferences and exhibitions are beginning
to be h
eld on the subject. The latest, organised by Meckler, a conference
and exhib
ition organiser on information technology, began in London
yesterday.
The tw
o-day meeting, designed to examine the impact and applications of VR,
is cov
ering a wide range of topics including the use of VR in mental
therapy, in t
he treatment of phobias for example. This subject is being
explored by Peter
 Ward, director of the information modelling programme at
Leeds University's
 School of Medicine.
Other speakers include Myron Krueger, one of VR's found
ing fathers, and
Robert Stone of the UK National Advanced Robotics Research 
Centre.
Among the exhibitors at the conference is a UK company called Dimens
ion
which offers a desktop VR system for Pounds 12,057.
The Berkshire-based 
company supplied one to West Denton School in Newcastle
where the children a
re experimenting with it as part of a project funded by
the Department of Ed
ucation.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 15 </PAG
E>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-12341</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CGTAYAAJFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
720
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 JUL 92 / Rover's new plant dispels speculation
 over Cowley </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN GRIFFITHS </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROVE
R GROUP, the carmaking subsidiary of British Aerospace, today opens a
Pounds
 200m manufacturing centre at its Cowley complex in Oxfordshire  - the
compa
ny's biggest single production investment since its privatisation in
1988.
C
onstruction of the centre, which includes a large assembly hall and new
robo
tic systems to make car bodies, dispels years of speculation that
Rover's lo
ng-term intention was to close the sprawling Cowley operation with
the loss 
of its remaining jobs. The 220-acre site employs more than 3,000
people.
The
 investment, which provides Rover, formerly BL, with what it claims is
one o
f Europe's most advanced and flexible car plants, underlines the
company's '
total commitment' to manufacturing at Cowley, according to Mr
John Towers, R
over managing director.
The plant, capable of producing 110,000 cars a year 
on two shifts, has begun
producing the latest versions of Rover's 800-series
 executive car range in
the last few weeks, but is being opened today by Mr 
Michael Heseltine, trade
and industry secretary.
Later this year the 360,000
 sq ft assembly hall will also start producing
the Synchro, a medium-sized s
aloon developed jointly with Honda.
Assembly of the ageing Maestro and Monte
go models is being moved from the
nearby Cowley South Works to a 'lower-volu
me' assembly facility within the
new complex, which will also produce a limi
ted edition MG - the RV 8 - to be
launched in September.
Cowley North Works,
 where the Rover 800 has been built for the past six
years, is ceasing car a
ssembly and the South Works is to close by the end of
the year. The only job
 losses will be through natural wastage.
The new facility is not expected to
 add significantly to Rover's output. Mr
Towers said the company expected co
mbined production from Cowley and its
Birmingham plants not to exceed 550,00
0 a year for the foreseeable future.
Rover had no intention of seeking to re
gain its former status as a volume
manufacturer.
Rover said that planning pe
rmission had just been received for the two old
Cowley sites to be turned in
to a business park expected to create 5,000 jobs
for a variety of companies.

Less bark and more bite, Page 5
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PA
GE> London Page 1 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-12341</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CGTAYAAJFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
720
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 JUL 92 / Rover's new plant dispels speculation
 over Cowley </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN GRIFFITHS </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROVE
R GROUP, the carmaking subsidiary of British Aerospace, today opens a
Pounds
 200m manufacturing centre at its Cowley complex in Oxfordshire  - the
compa
ny's biggest single production investment since its privatisation in
1988.
C
onstruction of the centre, which includes a large assembly hall and new
robo
tic systems to make car bodies, dispels years of speculation that
Rover's lo
ng-term intention was to close the sprawling Cowley operation with
the loss 
of its remaining jobs. The 220-acre site employs more than 3,000
people.
The
 investment, which provides Rover, formerly BL, with what it claims is
one o
f Europe's most advanced and flexible car plants, underlines the
company's '
total commitment' to manufacturing at Cowley, according to Mr
John Towers, R
over managing director.
The plant, capable of producing 110,000 cars a year 
on two shifts, has begun
producing the latest versions of Rover's 800-series
 executive car range in
the last few weeks, but is being opened today by Mr 
Michael Heseltine, trade
and industry secretary.
Later this year the 360,000
 sq ft assembly hall will also start producing
the Synchro, a medium-sized s
aloon developed jointly with Honda.
Assembly of the ageing Maestro and Monte
go models is being moved from the
nearby Cowley South Works to a 'lower-volu
me' assembly facility within the
new complex, which will also produce a limi
ted edition MG - the RV 8 - to be
launched in September.
Cowley North Works,
 where the Rover 800 has been built for the past six
years, is ceasing car a
ssembly and the South Works is to close by the end of
the year. The only job
 losses will be through natural wastage.
The new facility is not expected to
 add significantly to Rover's output. Mr
Towers said the company expected co
mbined production from Cowley and its
Birmingham plants not to exceed 550,00
0 a year for the foreseeable future.
Rover had no intention of seeking to re
gain its former status as a volume
manufacturer.
Rover said that planning pe
rmission had just been received for the two old
Cowley sites to be turned in
to a business park expected to create 5,000 jobs
for a variety of companies.

Less bark and more bite, Page 5
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PA
GE> London Page 1 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-12341</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CGTAYAAJFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
720
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 JUL 92 / Rover's new plant dispels speculation
 over Cowley </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN GRIFFITHS </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROVE
R GROUP, the carmaking subsidiary of British Aerospace, today opens a
Pounds
 200m manufacturing centre at its Cowley complex in Oxfordshire  - the
compa
ny's biggest single production investment since its privatisation in
1988.
C
onstruction of the centre, which includes a large assembly hall and new
robo
tic systems to make car bodies, dispels years of speculation that
Rover's lo
ng-term intention was to close the sprawling Cowley operation with
the loss 
of its remaining jobs. The 220-acre site employs more than 3,000
people.
The
 investment, which provides Rover, formerly BL, with what it claims is
one o
f Europe's most advanced and flexible car plants, underlines the
company's '
total commitment' to manufacturing at Cowley, according to Mr
John Towers, R
over managing director.
The plant, capable of producing 110,000 cars a year 
on two shifts, has begun
producing the latest versions of Rover's 800-series
 executive car range in
the last few weeks, but is being opened today by Mr 
Michael Heseltine, trade
and industry secretary.
Later this year the 360,000
 sq ft assembly hall will also start producing
the Synchro, a medium-sized s
aloon developed jointly with Honda.
Assembly of the ageing Maestro and Monte
go models is being moved from the
nearby Cowley South Works to a 'lower-volu
me' assembly facility within the
new complex, which will also produce a limi
ted edition MG - the RV 8 - to be
launched in September.
Cowley North Works,
 where the Rover 800 has been built for the past six
years, is ceasing car a
ssembly and the South Works is to close by the end of
the year. The only job
 losses will be through natural wastage.
The new facility is not expected to
 add significantly to Rover's output. Mr
Towers said the company expected co
mbined production from Cowley and its
Birmingham plants not to exceed 550,00
0 a year for the foreseeable future.
Rover had no intention of seeking to re
gain its former status as a volume
manufacturer.
Rover said that planning pe
rmission had just been received for the two old
Cowley sites to be turned in
to a business park expected to create 5,000 jobs
for a variety of companies.

Less bark and more bite, Page 5
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PA
GE> London Page 1 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-15299</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CDBBKAA5FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
402
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 APR 92 / Technology: Seizing virtual reality <
/HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PAUL TAYLOR </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Few subjects in the c
omputing world have generated more hyperbole than
virtual reality.
Most of t
he excitement has revolved around so-called immersive VR in which
the human 
subject interacts with a computer-generated imaginary world via a
special he
adset with an internal display screen and a 'dataglove'.
In this form VR is 
rather like an exotic arcade game played on a
personalised simulator which '
tricks' the brain into thinking it is in the
'virtual world'.
But immersive 
VR has serious drawbacks, not least the fact that using the
equipment for mo
re than a very short time generates a type of nausea dubbed
'simulator sickn
ess'.
Of more immediate practical interest is the appearance of desktop VR s
ystems
which will run on ordinary PCs equipped with standard high-resolution

screens. These systems have many potential applications in design work,
med
icine, remote handling, and training - as well as for entertainment.
One ind
ication that VR is moving out of the laboratory and into the world of
real a
pplications is that public conferences and exhibitions are beginning
to be h
eld on the subject. The latest, organised by Meckler, a conference
and exhib
ition organiser on information technology, began in London
yesterday.
The tw
o-day meeting, designed to examine the impact and applications of VR,
is cov
ering a wide range of topics including the use of VR in mental
therapy, in t
he treatment of phobias for example. This subject is being
explored by Peter
 Ward, director of the information modelling programme at
Leeds University's
 School of Medicine.
Other speakers include Myron Krueger, one of VR's found
ing fathers, and
Robert Stone of the UK National Advanced Robotics Research 
Centre.
Among the exhibitors at the conference is a UK company called Dimens
ion
which offers a desktop VR system for Pounds 12,057.
The Berkshire-based 
company supplied one to West Denton School in Newcastle
where the children a
re experimenting with it as part of a project funded by
the Department of Ed
ucation.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 15 </PAG
E>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-7188</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EKYELAFTFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9411
25
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 NOV 94 / International Company News: ABB merges
 robotics and paint units </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>

<TEXT>
ABB, Europe's largest electrical engineering group, is merging its r
obotics
and paint finishing businesses into a single company with 3,700 empl
oyees
worldwide and expected sales this year of Dollars 1.1bn.
The new compa
ny, ABB Flexible Automation, will account for about 10 per cent
of ABB's ind
ustrial systems and products segment.
It represents another step by Zurich-b
ased ABB to simplify its structure,
save on administrative costs and boost i
ts market presence.
The former ABB Robotics claimed to be the world's larges
t supplier of robots
and the paint finishing business was a leading supplier
 in the automotive
paint systems market, worth about Dollars 2.5bn a year.
B
oth have been expanding through organic growth and acquisitions of
companies
 such as Trallfa and Ransburg.
Mr Stelio Demark, president of the new compan
y, said yesterday that, by
merging the two businesses and exploiting their s
ynergies, 'we are in a good
position to improve the overall profitability of
 our businesses'.
The merger will not lead to any job cuts, said Mr Roland N
ordstrom, chief
executive of the UK arm of ABB Flexible Automation.
But savi
ngs could be made by merging administrative and other functions, and
co-oper
ating in research and development, he said.
The new name is seen by ABB as b
etter reflecting the real capabilities of
the business.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Compani
es:-
</XX>
<CO>ABB Asea Brown Boveri.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CHZ  
Switzerland, West Europe.
    SEZ  Sweden, West Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industrie
s:-
</XX>
<IN>P3563 Air and Gas Compressors.
    P3569 General Industrial Ma
chinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Company News.
</TP>
<PUB>Th
e Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 26 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-10652</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBHBUAERFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
206
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  06 FEB 93 / How To Spend It: Designer blends </HE
ADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By LUCIA VAN DER POST </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
AFTER the Dualit 
toaster, the Philippe Starcke lemon squeezer and the Alessi
kettle - welcome
 to the Waring blender, latest must-have kitchen appliance
for the design-co
nscious foodie set.
And lest that sounds too frivolous or dismissive, let me
 hasten to add that
almost any half-way enthusiastic cook might like to own 
it, too.
The Waring Professional Blender, to give its full name, saw the lig
ht of day
in the US in 1935. Before long it became a kitchen classic. Sturdy
,
long-lasting and powerful, it was just what the eager cook needed.
Cooks l
ove it because it has a two-speed switch and a strong and powerful
commercia
l motor which enables it to cope with tougher foods, such as meats
and pates
.
It is also generously sized, holding 40oz, and it is simple and easy to
cl
ean - the top fits straight on to the motor base.
The design-set love it bec
ause with its heavy metal base, its thick glass
and 'Deco' styling it is red
olent of the heyday of American soda-bar
culture, the golden pre-war period 
when the US truly seemed the land of
opportunity.
I like it best in its orig
inal chrome but it is also available in three new
colours - red, blue or gre
en.
It costs Pounds 129 from Harrods of Knightsbridge, London SW1, Divertime
nti
of 139/141 Fulham Road, London SW3 and Wigmore Street. For other stockis
ts
contact the importers, Robot Coupe, 62 Westbourne Grove, London W2 5SH.
<
/TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>UnZited Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries
:-
</XX>
<IN>P3634 Electric Housewares & Fans.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>
TECH  Products.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page XVI
I </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-12266</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DJ0CNAFMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>931
027
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 OCT 93 / International Company News: First-hal
f profits at Fanuc plunge 28% </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EMIKO TERAZONO </BY
LINE>
<DATELINE>    TOKYO </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
SLACK sales of industrial robot
s to the motor industry were blamed for a
plunge in half-year profits at Fan
uc, the world's largest machine tool
manufacturing equipment maker.
Unconsol
idated pre-tax profits for the first six months to September fell
28.2 per c
ent to Y11.6bn (Dollars 109.4m) on a 9.7 per cent decline in sales
to Y56.2b
n.
After-tax profits fell 29.5 per cent to Y6.5bn.
Sales at the robot divisi
on tumbled by 23 per cent to Y14bn. Industrial
robots for the auto industry 
accounted for 50 per cent of total robot sales,
down from the previous 70 pe
r cent.
Factory automation equipment declined 11.7 per cent to Y33.9bn. Howe
ver,
exports to Taiwan and South Korea were brisk, pushing Fanuc's export ra
tio
above 40 per cent for the first time.
During the second half of the year
, the company will focus on sales of
plastic injection molding machines, the
 only item to produce firm profits.
Plant and equipment investments for the 
second half will fall by 50 per cent
from the previou year, the company said
.
For the full year to March, Fanuc expects non-consolidated pre-tax profits

to fall 27.3 per cent to Y21.2bn on a 10.1 per cent decline in sales to
Y10
5.7bn.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Fanuc.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX
>
<CN>JPZ  Japan, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3541 Machine Tool
s, Metal Cutting Types.
    P3542 Machine Tools, Metal Forming Types.
</IN>

<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>FIN  Interim results.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times 
</PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 27 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-769</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DF0AKAD0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>93062
6
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  26 JUN 93 / Calling Dr Dalek - your patient is wait
ing: A revolution in surgery where robots are taking an increased role in th
e operating theatre </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CLIVE COOKSON </BYLINE>
<TEXT
>
YOU ARE about to have the anaesthetic before an operation to remove a brai
n
tumour. Would you feel happier knowing that the most delicate part of the

procedure was to be carried out by the gently trembling hand of the world's

most skilful surgeon - or by a rock-steady robot? That question will soon be

more than a fantasy because surgery is in the early stages of a technical
r
evolution. The first step has been the spread of 'keyhole' operations over
t
he past five years. Instead of cutting open the patient, the surgeon uses
in
struments guided by telescope through tiny incisions. Soon, it will be
possi
ble to work by remote control on patients thousands of miles away,
using a c
ombination of telecommunications and virtual reality.
The most striking sign
 of change, though, is the way surgeons are starting
to welcome robotic assi
stants into their operating theatres. Within the past
few months, robots hav
e helped to carry out hip replacements in California,
prostate operations in
 London and brain surgery in Grenoble, France. Later
this year, gall bladder
 removal, hernia repair and a variety of other
abdominal operations will be 
added to the list of robotic accomplishments.
Despite this, even the most en
thusiastic surgeons say it is likely to be
several years before they would c
onsider leaving a robot to operate on its
own.
The late Hap Paul, chief inve
ntor of California's Robodoc, cautioned: 'We
have to move very slowly and ca
refully because one false move by a surgical
robot - and this whole technolo
gy is set back by many years.' Robodoc is the
world's largest and best-finan
ced project in medical robotics. Since
November, 10 patients at Sutter gener
al hospital in Sacramento have had hip
replacements with the aid of Robodoc,
 a 250 lb automaton programmed to carve
the cavity for an implant in the thi
gh bone.
Although Paul died two months ago (at only 44), Integrated Surgical
 Systems,
the company he founded with financial and scientific backing from 
IBM, is
forging ahead. It is waiting for approval from the Food and Drug
Adm
inistration to carry out a clinical trial of Robodoc with 300 patients in
th
ree US hospitals.
Why should a patient trust a robotic tool rather than the 
skilled hands of a
human specialist? The most important reason is that an el
ectronic arm is
capable of precision well beyond that of the steadiest and b
est-trained
surgeon. ISS hopes to prove this through its trial, in which pat
ients will
be allocated at random into one group treated by Robodoc and anot
her
receiving conventional hip replacements.
Surgical robots promise more th
an improvements in existing procedures, says
Patrick Finlay, managing direct
or of Armstrong Projects, a fledgling UK
medical robotics company based at B
eaconsfield near London. 'The reduced
collateral damage and greater precisio
n of the robot will make it possible
to do operations that would otherwise b
e too risky to contemplate. For
example, a tumour very close to the optic ne
rve can be tackled without
making the patient blind.'
Several different type
s of surgical robot are under development around the
world. Robodoc is an 'a
ctive' robot that actually cuts human tissue.
'Orthopaedic work is an attrac
tive application because the robot is working
on hard tissue that doesn't mo
ve if you prod it,' notes Brian Davies, an
engineer specialising in medical 
robotics at Imperial College, London.
Most operations, however, involve cutt
ing soft tissues - a task that is more
delicate than carving bone. So far, o
nly 'passive' robots have been used for
this type of surgery. They may move 
instruments inside the patient, under
the surgeon's direction, but they do n
ot yet wield a scalpel or laser beam.
An example is Laparobot, which Armstro
ng Projects is developing with Mark
Ornstein, a surgeon at the London Clinic
. Laparobot will give someone
carrying out keyhole surgery the impression of
 'walking around' inside the
patient's body, using tele-presence techniques.
 A keyhole surgeon views the
operating site with a miniature video camera at
 the end of a thin optical
tube, inserted into the body through a puncture h
ole (typically, in the
tummy button). This instrument, called a laparoscope,
 projects the scene on
to a TV screen above the patient.
Normally, an assist
ant has to hold the laparoscope and move it when the
surgeon needs a differe
nt view. But Laparobot itself senses the position of
the surgeon's head and 
moves the image accordingly. If the surgeon pushes a
foot button and moves h
is head to the left, the robot will change the view
inside the patient's bod
y. For this year's initial trials at the London
Clinic, Laparobot will work 
with an existing TV monitor - but the next stage
will be for the surgeon to 
wear a helmet-mounted display which will give the
impression of being immers
ed in the operating environment. As he looks
around, the scene will change a
s though he were actually inside the
abdominal cavity.
Further in the future
 lies the prospect of linking the surgeon's finger
movements to the control 
of micro-instruments within the body. 'Laparobot
will make the surgery more 
efficient - less stressful for the surgeon,
faster and more accurate, and wi
th less risk of damage to the patient,' says
Ornstein.
Armstrong is also wor
king with Professor David Thomas, of London's National
Hospital for Neurolog
y, to develop Neurobot, a system for carrying out brain
surgery. By the end 
of this year, they hope to have demonstrated an
'image-guided robot' that wi
ll help the surgeon position his instruments at
the correct point in the bra
in to perform the operation. The next stage will
be for Neurobot itself to i
nsert the instruments.
A surgical robot is given as much prior information a
s possible about
relevant parts of the patient's body - usually, from a CT o
r MRI scan. Its
computer converts this into a digital model of the patient. 
Although the
surgeon works out in advance the path of the operation, based o
n the
computer model, the system must be flexible enough to respond to unexp
ected
events.
Neurobot, for example, will have a sensor inside the patient's
 head. If it
detects the presence of an unexpected blood vessel, it will pro
mpt the
surgeon for advice. Its software might propose a modified route, tak
ing the
new information into account, but the robot will not go ahead until 
the
surgeon has signalled his approval.
Finlay says a good indicator of prog
ress in surgical robotics will be the
increasing amount of freedom given to 
the robot. 'Although the surgeon will
never cease to participate, it is real
istic to envisage a situation similar
to the relationship between an airline
r captain and his autopilot, in which
the human provides a supervisory and m
onitoring role and is available to
take over the critical manoeuvres,' he sa
ys.
The consultant need not be in the operating theatre with the patient. In

tele-surgery projects under way in the US and France, an experienced surgeo
n
uses a video link to supervise a junior doctor in a hospital hundreds of
m
iles away. The surgeon could equally well supervise a distant robot,
althoug
h local medical and nursing staff would still have to be present in
case the
 system crashed.
Everyone involved in medical robotics is obsessed with safe
ty. Yet, as
Davies points out, there are no agreed safety standards for robo
ts operating
on people, whereas regulations require industrial robots to wor
k in metal
cages. (The fact that two workers in Japan have been killed by fa
ctory
robots going out of control shows the need for such rules).
'There are
 two views on safety,' says Davies. 'One is that it's acceptable
to start ou
t with an industrial robot provided you put in a top-level
software system t
o bring the thing to a halt in the event of some failure.
But, in my view, t
hat's not safe enough. I think you need to re-develop the
robot from the bas
ic servo level upwards, building in safety at every
level.'
That means givin
g the surgical robot the equivalent of a metal cage, with
duplicated softwar
e and hardware constraints to prevent it moving beyond
pre-defined limits. A
nd it must move slowly enough for the supervising
surgeon's hand to hit the 
stop button in time to avoid damage if all the
safety systems fail. Demonstr
ating safety is not enough, though. Growing
concerns about the financial cos
ts of medical care are forcing both public
health authorities and private ho
spitals to demand evidence that new
technology will deliver benefits that ou
tweigh its expense.
Drugs have long had to justify their effectiveness in la
rge-scale clinical
trials but, until now, new surgical procedures and medica
l equipment have
been introduced with remarkably little systematic assessmen
t. A report on
medical research earlier this year by the UK government's Adv
isory Council
on Science and Technology (Acost) pointed out: 'With the excep
tion of
pharmaceuticals, demands for evaluation have been questioned because
 it
'stands to reason' that the new techniques will be 'better'.'
Peter Doyl
e, research director of ICI and chairman of Acost's medical
research committ
ee, gives keyhole surgery as an example of a procedure that
has been introdu
ced 'haphazardly' without proper evaluation. The report says
the National He
alth Service should require all new medical devices to be
assessed under con
trolled conditions, and their cost effectiveness measured.
Miles Irving, pro
fessor of surgery at Manchester University's Hope Hospital,
says that such a
ssessment is all the more necessary 'because surgeons face
strong consumer p
ressure to introduce new procedures before they have been
properly evaluated
.'
Hap Paul felt that pressure when he was looking for sites to test Robodoc
.
'Tertiary care centres in the US - the big university hospitals - see this

as an advance that will help them attract patients,' he said. 'So, we have

to be very careful in choosing our sites, to make sure it's not just a
publi
city stunt for them.'
Indeed, says John Hutton, a health economist at York U
niversity, US
experience shows that patients regard hi-tech equipment in its
elf as an
indicator of quality, whether or not there is any clinical evidenc
e to prove
its superiority. Therefore, hospitals compete by buying more and 
more flashy
machines - and their charges shoot up far faster than inflation.
 The
introduction of an internal market in the NHS is likely to lead to simi
lar
competitive pressures in the UK.
ISS believes its clinical trial will en
able orthopaedic hospitals to justify
buying a Dollars 750,000 Robodoc, doin
g 400 hip replacements a year, on the
basis that implants from robotic opera
tions last longer than those inserted
manually and so save money in the long
 run. But the recent history of
medical research and technology, from antibi
otics to diagnostic scanners,
shows that while each development can be justi
fied in isolation as being
cost-effective, the overall result is to add subs
tantially to the financial
burden of health care by creating new demand from
 patients and adding to the
number of elderly people in the population.
Two 
decades from now, only second-class patients will choose to have a
purely ma
nual operation. But, in contrast to labour-saving robots in a car
factory, s
urgical robots can only make the process more expensive.
Enthusiastic medica
l technologists can answer any question except one: how
will we pay for it?

</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Armstrong Projects.
    Imperial Chemical
 Industries.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>

<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3841 Surgical and Medical Instruments.
    P38
42 Surgical Appliances and Supplies.
    P8099 Health and Allied Services, N
EC.
    P2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH
  Products & Product use.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Finan
cial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page I </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 65 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-13969</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EDVCVACMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
422
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 APR 94 / Technology (Worth Watching): Robot-se
lected gene colonies </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CLIVE COOKSON </BYLINE>
<TEX
T>
The international Human Genome Project - aimed at mapping and identifying

the estimated 100,000 human genes - is stimulating rapid advances in
labora
tory automation. The latest comes from a collaboration between the
Imperial 
Cancer Research Fund, a London-based charity, and two UK companies:
Linear D
rives of Rayleigh, Essex, and Genetix of Christchurch, Dorset.
The three par
tners have developed a robotic system to help scientists
produce the huge nu
mbers of cloned cells required for genetics research.
The system locates clo
ne colonies growing on culture plates with a CCD
camera. It then 'picks' hea
lthy-looking colonies with a block of 96
spring-loaded pins and moves the ce
lls to dishes for further growth and
analysis.
Linear Drives: UK, 0268 77049
6.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
In
dustries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
    P8731 Comm
ercial Physical Research.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Prod
uct use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 12 </PAGE>

</DOC>

============= Transaction # 66 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-13969</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EDVCVACMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
422
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 APR 94 / Technology (Worth Watching): Robot-se
lected gene colonies </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CLIVE COOKSON </BYLINE>
<TEX
T>
The international Human Genome Project - aimed at mapping and identifying

the estimated 100,000 human genes - is stimulating rapid advances in
labora
tory automation. The latest comes from a collaboration between the
Imperial 
Cancer Research Fund, a London-based charity, and two UK companies:
Linear D
rives of Rayleigh, Essex, and Genetix of Christchurch, Dorset.
The three par
tners have developed a robotic system to help scientists
produce the huge nu
mbers of cloned cells required for genetics research.
The system locates clo
ne colonies growing on culture plates with a CCD
camera. It then 'picks' hea
lthy-looking colonies with a block of 96
spring-loaded pins and moves the ce
lls to dishes for further growth and
analysis.
Linear Drives: UK, 0268 77049
6.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
In
dustries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
    P8731 Comm
ercial Physical Research.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Prod
uct use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 12 </PAGE>

</DOC>

============= Transaction # 67 ==============================================
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<DOCNO>FT942-13969</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EDVCVACMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
422
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 APR 94 / Technology (Worth Watching): Robot-se
lected gene colonies </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CLIVE COOKSON </BYLINE>
<TEX
T>
The international Human Genome Project - aimed at mapping and identifying

the estimated 100,000 human genes - is stimulating rapid advances in
labora
tory automation. The latest comes from a collaboration between the
Imperial 
Cancer Research Fund, a London-based charity, and two UK companies:
Linear D
rives of Rayleigh, Essex, and Genetix of Christchurch, Dorset.
The three par
tners have developed a robotic system to help scientists
produce the huge nu
mbers of cloned cells required for genetics research.
The system locates clo
ne colonies growing on culture plates with a CCD
camera. It then 'picks' hea
lthy-looking colonies with a block of 96
spring-loaded pins and moves the ce
lls to dishes for further growth and
analysis.
Linear Drives: UK, 0268 77049
6.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
In
dustries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
    P8731 Comm
ercial Physical Research.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Prod
uct use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 12 </PAGE>

</DOC>

============= Transaction # 68 ==============================================
Transaction #:     68       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-13625</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EAYDAACEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
125
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 JAN 94 / Technology: Robots ration costs </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANNA KOCHAN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A new robot installation 
for packing military rations is helping the French
army cut costs and could 
even earn it some money. The FFr60m (Pounds 6.8m)
facility is automated and 
can respond quickly to sharp increases in demand
at times of crisis.
This co
uld make it attractive to other armies and aid organisations, says
Colonel H
ugues Keller, head of the facility at Angers, south-west France.
With an out
put of 24 rations per minute, the plant easily satisfies the
army's regular 
annual requirement for 2m rations and could produce two or
three times as mu
ch.
Developed as part of the army's cost-cutting programme, the facility
con
centrates the production of military rations on one site. Before, there
were
 two. Also, says Keller, 'we have seized the opportunity and installed
state
-of-the-art technology which will satisfy the needs not only of today's
army
 but also that of the next century'.
The robots fill cardboard cartons with 
the 18 constituents of a soldier's
daily food allowance. The 14 possible men
us include tinned cooked meals,
chocolate bars, chewing gum, packet soup, wa
ter purification tablets, dry
crackers and paper tissues.
Each package must 
be put in the right position in the box so it can be
closed, sealed and cove
red in plastic film, ready to be packed for shipment.
At the centre of the s
ystem is a line of nine small robots from Californian
manufacturer Adept, ea
ch responsible for loading two different components
into the cartons from a 
conveyor.
The larger, more robust items such as the tins are put into the ra
tion
carton first. These are removed from their boxes and fed directly to th
e
Adept line, one layer at a time, by three large robots from ABB Robotique

France, part of the Swiss-Swedish group. The smaller items are then fed to
t
he Adept robots.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>FRZ  France, EC.
</CN>
<
XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
    P356
5 Packaging Machinery.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product
 use.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<P
AGE> London Page 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 69 ==============================================
Transaction #:     69       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-11363</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CJ0BMAC4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>921
027
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 OCT 92 / People: Electronic switches </HEADLIN
E>
<TEXT>
Arthur Collie, a leading robotics expert, has been appointed as an

industrial professor by the University of Portsmouth. Scottish-born Collie,

63, is technical director of Portech, the Portsmouth engineering company
wi
th whom the university has a co-operative agreement on robotic design.
Under
 his leadership, the university's robotics group within the Faculty of
Engin
eering has developed a series of wall-climbing robots which has aroused
worl
dwide interest.
*****
Andy Etherington, formerly marketing and development d
irector with Mecca
Leisure, has been appointed md of GRUNDIG BUSINESS SYSTEM
S in the UK in
succession to Richard Hargrave.
*****
Clive Ainsworth, former
ly commercial director of Frontline, has been
appointed md of Databit CCSL, 
a SIEMENS company.
*****
Brandon Barnwell, formerly European president of Sq
uare D, has been
appointed divisional director of drives & standard products
 group of Siemens
in the UK.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> 
London Page 20 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 70 ==============================================
Transaction #:     70       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-9376</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DHJCNAEOFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9308
10
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  10 AUG 93 / Observer: Leg pull </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>

Ted Dexter, finally bowled out as chairman of England's cricket selectors,
s
hould have known his innings was up when the latest Information Technology
R
eview added its weight to the growing criticism of English cricket.
It was u
p to London University computing professor John Campbell,
stone-walling agai
nst unrealistic claims about the possibilities of
artificial intelligence, t
o state the obvious.
'It may be possible to build a cricket-playing robot, b
ut we don't think
that we can equip it with the knowledge and batting skills
 of Don Bradman,'
Campbell says, before adding: 'though building something w
ith just the
competence of an average member of the present English national
 cricket team
may be another matter.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ
  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P7941 Sports Clubs, 
Managers, and Promoters.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</
TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 13 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 71 ==============================================
Transaction #:     71       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-129</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BENBQAC6FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>91051
4
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 MAY 91 / Survey of Computers in Manufacturing (1
1): Search for new applications - Robotics, still on the fringe of the indus
trial sector </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FOR a
ll the hype over the past 20 years about how robots would transform
manufact
uring industry, they still remain on the fringes of the industrial
scene - w
ith the notable exception of manufacturing in Japan.
According to the United
 Nations Economic Commission for Europe, the world
industrial robot populati
on stood at 388,000 units at the end of 1989, of
which 220,000 were in Japan
, 56,000 in western Europe, 37,000 in the US and
 -very roughly - 75,000 els
ewhere.
There are a number of interconnected reasons for this situation. In 
the
past, there has been considerable hostility from trade unions to their
i
ntroduction and managements have taken a lot of convincing about the cost
be
nefits.
Dr Kevin Clarke, manager of manufacturing engineering at PA Consulti
ng
Group, says that, in many instances, robots have not delivered the cost
e
ffectiveness they have promised. Robot manufacturers, he says, have not
deve
loped their products technologically as fast as they might have.
'There's ve
ry little innovation, because the market isn't there,' he says.
However, the
 evidence of the past two years suggests that things may be
changing. Those 
388,000 units represented an increase of 20 per cent from
the end of 1988, a
nd in 1990 US-based robotics companies won record new
orders of Dollars 517.
4m.
The robotics industry was in deep gloom during 1986 and 1987, and especi
ally
in the US where it had become far too dependent on the motor industry -

which took about 40 to 50 per cent of sales.
Mr Donald Vincent, executive v
ice-president of the US Robotic Industries
Association, recalls that 'when t
he automotive industry quit buying in 1986
and 1987, it sent robotics into a
 deep spin.'
This decline had two results. First, it encouraged a much-neede
d
concentration among robot producers. In the middle of the 1980s there were

some 300, according to the International Federation of Robotics (IFR). Now,

it says, there are probably fewer than 100 true producers, led by ABB
Robot
ics, part of the Swiss-Swedish Asea Brown Boveri, GMF Robotics, a joint
vent
ure between Fanuc of Japan and General Motors of the US, and Yaskawa of
Japa
n.
Secondly, the downturn prompted an urgent search for new applications for

robots away from the motor industry and its inherent cyclicality. Dr Clarke

singles out 'clean room' applications for robots in health care and
precisi
on engineering, while Mr Vincent is hopeful of new applications in
the food 
industry, materials handling and packaging.
The wellspring for this diversif
ication into new markets, which has already
begun, is computer power. In mec
hanical terms, robots are relatively simple
beasts, and robotic technology h
as always been based on the use of computers
to overcome mechanical limitati
ons.
Mr Kenneth Waldron, a robotics expert at Ohio State University, says 't
he
major theme which will direct commercial applications of new research in

robotics will be that of taking advantage of the huge increases in computing

power which have become available as a result of the development of advance
d
microprocessors.'
Mr Waldron notes that most current industrial robot syst
ems offer only
incremental improvements over what was possible with the firs
t generation of
microcomputer controllers.
Current research is looking at ar
eas such as greater use of sensing - of the
robot's environment and internal
 state - more sophisticated control
techniques offering greater speed and ac
curacy, robotic mobility and
improved control of the interface between the r
obot and the workpiece.
Given these trends, there has inevitably been consid
erable interest in
industrial vision systems for robots, which could radical
ly change many
applications, particularly in assembly where robots have so f
ar failed to
make their mark.
Previous forecasts for the population of visio
n-equipped robots have not
been realised, but it is reasonable to predict, a
s the IFR has, that the
continuous reduction in prices of computers and sens
ors, and their greater
speed and reliability, will gradually remove the tech
nological and economic
barriers.
Many of the business trends in robotics ove
r the past few years are
illustrated by developments at ABB Robotics, which 
claims to be the world's
biggest supplier - a title which the Japanese manuf
acturers might dispute.
ABB's purchase last year of Cincinnati Milacron's ro
botics business was an
important step in the consolidation of the industry a
round leading European
and Japanese suppliers. Mr Stelio Demark, head of ABB
 Robotics, says the
Cincinnati business brought with it a tremendous US cust
omer base and
undoubted expertise in spot-welding robotics.
The nature of AB
B's customer base has also been changing, and over the past
five years it ha
s reduced its dependence on the automotive industry from
70-75 per cent of s
ales to 50 per cent. ABB is attracting new business from
small and medium-si
zed companies which had previously not bought robots. 'We
may be supplying o
nes and twos, but it's growing very quickly,' says Mr
Demark.
New markets in
clude glass making, different kinds of process applications,
and palletising
. This effort is backed up by spending on research and
development - 10 per 
cent of revenues - that is almost on a par with that of
the pharmaceutical i
ndustry.
Meanwhile the falling cost of electronics is allowing ABB to build 
more
capability and flexibility into its robots. ABB's latest product, the I
RB
6000, was officially launched last month with claims of much greater
flex
ibility and capability than rival products.
Because of these developments, M
r Demark is optimistic about future growth
prospects for ABB and the industr
y. The view is shared by independent
observers.
In a report about to be publ
ished by Frost & Sullivan, the international
market research publishers, tot
al world robot sales are forecast to rise
from Dollars 2.15bn in 1990 to Dol
lars 3.41bn in 1996. The relatively small
size of the industry at the end of
 the 1980s is a reflection of many of the
factors mentioned above.
F & S see
s the Japanese market's share of world robot sales falling from 65
per cent 
last year to 45 per cent in 1996, while Europe's share will rise
from 15 to 
20 per cent, the US will mark time at about 6 per cent and the
rest of the w
orld will jump from 14 per cent to just under 30 per cent.
The biggest growt
h area is Asia, which is good news for the Japanese
producers, but Europe, s
ays Mr Demark, is also 'very interesting,' and the
company's home base. F & 
S sees the European market rising from Dollars 330m
in 1990 to Dollars 687m 
in 1996, with Germany leading the way.
Looking specifically at the European 
market, F & S comments that the
'supplier capable of marketing a complete pa
ckage including sensors,
user-friendly software and simple training and inst
allation will achieve the
best sales penetration.'
ABB is probably justified
 in claiming that it offers more service and
support to European buyers than
 the more product-based approach of the
Japanese, but Dr Clarke wonders whet
her this will still be true in two
years' time. On the other hand Europe, he
 says, is probably not one of the
Japanese producers' priorities, given the 
better growth prospects in the
Asia Pacific region.
As for the balance of po
wer in the industry, both ABB and the Japanese are
growing stronger, the big
 producers are getting bigger, and the smaller
robotics companies, particula
rly in the US and UK, are concentrating on
niches and ancillary services.
If
 the big producers can keep up with development in computing, the 1990s
coul
d well bring the rewards that proved so elusive for much fo the 1980s.
</TEX
T>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page VI Photograph (Omitted
). Photograph ABB robot IRB6000 in a spot welding application (left). Demark
 (right): important consolidations (Omitted). </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 72 ==============================================
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  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-4779</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIEASADRFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
04
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 SEP 92 / Technology: IGM expands its horizons <
/HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
IGM was founded in 1967 by Gunther Kloimuller and Franz Vo
kurka, two former
Siemens engineers who are now managing board chairman and 
supervisory board
chairman respectively at the Austrian company.
It claims a
bout 15 per cent of the world arc welding robot market in money
terms, but r
ather less in unit terms, as it sells smaller numbers of
relatively expensiv
e equipment. About 50 per cent of the market is in
European hands, with the 
rest held by big Japanese robot suppliers such as
Yaskawa and GMFanuc.
But w
ith consolidated turnover of Sch524m (Pounds 27m) in the year ended
August 1
991, IGM is a minnow in comparison to the Japanese and European
robot giants
, and has to exploit every global opportunity to support
research and develo
pment spending of about 10 per cent of sales.
To bolster its financial stren
gth, the company went public in 1989, raising
Sch275m from an issue of prefe
rence shares, and last year issued ordinary
shares publicly. Just over 50 pe
r cent of the company is retained by the two
founders and their families.
Th
e decision was a timely move. With the worldwide recession in capital
equipm
ent purchases, IGM's sales fell 10-12 per cent in 1990-91, and a
further dec
line of 4 to 5 per cent is expected for the financial year just
ended.
But I
GM has also been particularly effected by the upheaval in the former
Soviet 
Union and eastern Europe, whose share of turnover has dropped from
25.3 per 
cent in 1989-90 to an expected 14 per cent in the year just ended.
This has 
prompted an aggressive policy of Far Eastern expansion. A
collaboration agre
ement last year with India's Bharat Earth Movers was
followed this spring wi
th the establishment of a Korean subsidiary, and IGM
also wants much stronge
r representation in China.
But the eastern countries are also regarded as ve
ry promising long-term  -
the Russians, says Langner, have always been keen 
on the latest developments
in robotics. Along with its subsidiary in Russia,
 IGM is negotiating to
establish a Ukrainian subsidiary, and is also manufac
turing components at an
86 per cent owned Hungarian subsidiary, Roper Robott
echnika.
Although the European Community and Far East are the main export ar
eas, IGM
is also keen to exploit opportunities in the US, where it will open
 new
offices and production facilities at Milwaukee at the end of this year.

</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 15 </PAGE>
</DOC
>

============= Transaction # 73 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-129</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BENBQAC6FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>91051
4
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 MAY 91 / Survey of Computers in Manufacturing (1
1): Search for new applications - Robotics, still on the fringe of the indus
trial sector </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FOR a
ll the hype over the past 20 years about how robots would transform
manufact
uring industry, they still remain on the fringes of the industrial
scene - w
ith the notable exception of manufacturing in Japan.
According to the United
 Nations Economic Commission for Europe, the world
industrial robot populati
on stood at 388,000 units at the end of 1989, of
which 220,000 were in Japan
, 56,000 in western Europe, 37,000 in the US and
 -very roughly - 75,000 els
ewhere.
There are a number of interconnected reasons for this situation. In 
the
past, there has been considerable hostility from trade unions to their
i
ntroduction and managements have taken a lot of convincing about the cost
be
nefits.
Dr Kevin Clarke, manager of manufacturing engineering at PA Consulti
ng
Group, says that, in many instances, robots have not delivered the cost
e
ffectiveness they have promised. Robot manufacturers, he says, have not
deve
loped their products technologically as fast as they might have.
'There's ve
ry little innovation, because the market isn't there,' he says.
However, the
 evidence of the past two years suggests that things may be
changing. Those 
388,000 units represented an increase of 20 per cent from
the end of 1988, a
nd in 1990 US-based robotics companies won record new
orders of Dollars 517.
4m.
The robotics industry was in deep gloom during 1986 and 1987, and especi
ally
in the US where it had become far too dependent on the motor industry -

which took about 40 to 50 per cent of sales.
Mr Donald Vincent, executive v
ice-president of the US Robotic Industries
Association, recalls that 'when t
he automotive industry quit buying in 1986
and 1987, it sent robotics into a
 deep spin.'
This decline had two results. First, it encouraged a much-neede
d
concentration among robot producers. In the middle of the 1980s there were

some 300, according to the International Federation of Robotics (IFR). Now,

it says, there are probably fewer than 100 true producers, led by ABB
Robot
ics, part of the Swiss-Swedish Asea Brown Boveri, GMF Robotics, a joint
vent
ure between Fanuc of Japan and General Motors of the US, and Yaskawa of
Japa
n.
Secondly, the downturn prompted an urgent search for new applications for

robots away from the motor industry and its inherent cyclicality. Dr Clarke

singles out 'clean room' applications for robots in health care and
precisi
on engineering, while Mr Vincent is hopeful of new applications in
the food 
industry, materials handling and packaging.
The wellspring for this diversif
ication into new markets, which has already
begun, is computer power. In mec
hanical terms, robots are relatively simple
beasts, and robotic technology h
as always been based on the use of computers
to overcome mechanical limitati
ons.
Mr Kenneth Waldron, a robotics expert at Ohio State University, says 't
he
major theme which will direct commercial applications of new research in

robotics will be that of taking advantage of the huge increases in computing

power which have become available as a result of the development of advance
d
microprocessors.'
Mr Waldron notes that most current industrial robot syst
ems offer only
incremental improvements over what was possible with the firs
t generation of
microcomputer controllers.
Current research is looking at ar
eas such as greater use of sensing - of the
robot's environment and internal
 state - more sophisticated control
techniques offering greater speed and ac
curacy, robotic mobility and
improved control of the interface between the r
obot and the workpiece.
Given these trends, there has inevitably been consid
erable interest in
industrial vision systems for robots, which could radical
ly change many
applications, particularly in assembly where robots have so f
ar failed to
make their mark.
Previous forecasts for the population of visio
n-equipped robots have not
been realised, but it is reasonable to predict, a
s the IFR has, that the
continuous reduction in prices of computers and sens
ors, and their greater
speed and reliability, will gradually remove the tech
nological and economic
barriers.
Many of the business trends in robotics ove
r the past few years are
illustrated by developments at ABB Robotics, which 
claims to be the world's
biggest supplier - a title which the Japanese manuf
acturers might dispute.
ABB's purchase last year of Cincinnati Milacron's ro
botics business was an
important step in the consolidation of the industry a
round leading European
and Japanese suppliers. Mr Stelio Demark, head of ABB
 Robotics, says the
Cincinnati business brought with it a tremendous US cust
omer base and
undoubted expertise in spot-welding robotics.
The nature of AB
B's customer base has also been changing, and over the past
five years it ha
s reduced its dependence on the automotive industry from
70-75 per cent of s
ales to 50 per cent. ABB is attracting new business from
small and medium-si
zed companies which had previously not bought robots. 'We
may be supplying o
nes and twos, but it's growing very quickly,' says Mr
Demark.
New markets in
clude glass making, different kinds of process applications,
and palletising
. This effort is backed up by spending on research and
development - 10 per 
cent of revenues - that is almost on a par with that of
the pharmaceutical i
ndustry.
Meanwhile the falling cost of electronics is allowing ABB to build 
more
capability and flexibility into its robots. ABB's latest product, the I
RB
6000, was officially launched last month with claims of much greater
flex
ibility and capability than rival products.
Because of these developments, M
r Demark is optimistic about future growth
prospects for ABB and the industr
y. The view is shared by independent
observers.
In a report about to be publ
ished by Frost & Sullivan, the international
market research publishers, tot
al world robot sales are forecast to rise
from Dollars 2.15bn in 1990 to Dol
lars 3.41bn in 1996. The relatively small
size of the industry at the end of
 the 1980s is a reflection of many of the
factors mentioned above.
F & S see
s the Japanese market's share of world robot sales falling from 65
per cent 
last year to 45 per cent in 1996, while Europe's share will rise
from 15 to 
20 per cent, the US will mark time at about 6 per cent and the
rest of the w
orld will jump from 14 per cent to just under 30 per cent.
The biggest growt
h area is Asia, which is good news for the Japanese
producers, but Europe, s
ays Mr Demark, is also 'very interesting,' and the
company's home base. F & 
S sees the European market rising from Dollars 330m
in 1990 to Dollars 687m 
in 1996, with Germany leading the way.
Looking specifically at the European 
market, F & S comments that the
'supplier capable of marketing a complete pa
ckage including sensors,
user-friendly software and simple training and inst
allation will achieve the
best sales penetration.'
ABB is probably justified
 in claiming that it offers more service and
support to European buyers than
 the more product-based approach of the
Japanese, but Dr Clarke wonders whet
her this will still be true in two
years' time. On the other hand Europe, he
 says, is probably not one of the
Japanese producers' priorities, given the 
better growth prospects in the
Asia Pacific region.
As for the balance of po
wer in the industry, both ABB and the Japanese are
growing stronger, the big
 producers are getting bigger, and the smaller
robotics companies, particula
rly in the US and UK, are concentrating on
niches and ancillary services.
If
 the big producers can keep up with development in computing, the 1990s
coul
d well bring the rewards that proved so elusive for much fo the 1980s.
</TEX
T>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page VI Photograph (Omitted
). Photograph ABB robot IRB6000 in a spot welding application (left). Demark
 (right): important consolidations (Omitted). </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 74 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-9376</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DHJCNAEOFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9308
10
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  10 AUG 93 / Observer: Leg pull </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>

Ted Dexter, finally bowled out as chairman of England's cricket selectors,
s
hould have known his innings was up when the latest Information Technology
R
eview added its weight to the growing criticism of English cricket.
It was u
p to London University computing professor John Campbell,
stone-walling agai
nst unrealistic claims about the possibilities of
artificial intelligence, t
o state the obvious.
'It may be possible to build a cricket-playing robot, b
ut we don't think
that we can equip it with the knowledge and batting skills
 of Don Bradman,'
Campbell says, before adding: 'though building something w
ith just the
competence of an average member of the present English national
 cricket team
may be another matter.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ
  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P7941 Sports Clubs, 
Managers, and Promoters.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</
TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 13 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 75 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-11363</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CJ0BMAC4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>921
027
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 OCT 92 / People: Electronic switches </HEADLIN
E>
<TEXT>
Arthur Collie, a leading robotics expert, has been appointed as an

industrial professor by the University of Portsmouth. Scottish-born Collie,

63, is technical director of Portech, the Portsmouth engineering company
wi
th whom the university has a co-operative agreement on robotic design.
Under
 his leadership, the university's robotics group within the Faculty of
Engin
eering has developed a series of wall-climbing robots which has aroused
worl
dwide interest.
*****
Andy Etherington, formerly marketing and development d
irector with Mecca
Leisure, has been appointed md of GRUNDIG BUSINESS SYSTEM
S in the UK in
succession to Richard Hargrave.
*****
Clive Ainsworth, former
ly commercial director of Frontline, has been
appointed md of Databit CCSL, 
a SIEMENS company.
*****
Brandon Barnwell, formerly European president of Sq
uare D, has been
appointed divisional director of drives & standard products
 group of Siemens
in the UK.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> 
London Page 20 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 76 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-13625</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EAYDAACEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
125
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 JAN 94 / Technology: Robots ration costs </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANNA KOCHAN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A new robot installation 
for packing military rations is helping the French
army cut costs and could 
even earn it some money. The FFr60m (Pounds 6.8m)
facility is automated and 
can respond quickly to sharp increases in demand
at times of crisis.
This co
uld make it attractive to other armies and aid organisations, says
Colonel H
ugues Keller, head of the facility at Angers, south-west France.
With an out
put of 24 rations per minute, the plant easily satisfies the
army's regular 
annual requirement for 2m rations and could produce two or
three times as mu
ch.
Developed as part of the army's cost-cutting programme, the facility
con
centrates the production of military rations on one site. Before, there
were
 two. Also, says Keller, 'we have seized the opportunity and installed
state
-of-the-art technology which will satisfy the needs not only of today's
army
 but also that of the next century'.
The robots fill cardboard cartons with 
the 18 constituents of a soldier's
daily food allowance. The 14 possible men
us include tinned cooked meals,
chocolate bars, chewing gum, packet soup, wa
ter purification tablets, dry
crackers and paper tissues.
Each package must 
be put in the right position in the box so it can be
closed, sealed and cove
red in plastic film, ready to be packed for shipment.
At the centre of the s
ystem is a line of nine small robots from Californian
manufacturer Adept, ea
ch responsible for loading two different components
into the cartons from a 
conveyor.
The larger, more robust items such as the tins are put into the ra
tion
carton first. These are removed from their boxes and fed directly to th
e
Adept line, one layer at a time, by three large robots from ABB Robotique

France, part of the Swiss-Swedish group. The smaller items are then fed to
t
he Adept robots.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>FRZ  France, EC.
</CN>
<
XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
    P356
5 Packaging Machinery.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product
 use.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<P
AGE> London Page 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 77 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-13969</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EDVCVACMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
422
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 APR 94 / Technology (Worth Watching): Robot-se
lected gene colonies </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CLIVE COOKSON </BYLINE>
<TEX
T>
The international Human Genome Project - aimed at mapping and identifying

the estimated 100,000 human genes - is stimulating rapid advances in
labora
tory automation. The latest comes from a collaboration between the
Imperial 
Cancer Research Fund, a London-based charity, and two UK companies:
Linear D
rives of Rayleigh, Essex, and Genetix of Christchurch, Dorset.
The three par
tners have developed a robotic system to help scientists
produce the huge nu
mbers of cloned cells required for genetics research.
The system locates clo
ne colonies growing on culture plates with a CCD
camera. It then 'picks' hea
lthy-looking colonies with a block of 96
spring-loaded pins and moves the ce
lls to dishes for further growth and
analysis.
Linear Drives: UK, 0268 77049
6.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
In
dustries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
    P8731 Comm
ercial Physical Research.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Prod
uct use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 12 </PAGE>

</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-769</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DF0AKAD0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>93062
6
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  26 JUN 93 / Calling Dr Dalek - your patient is wait
ing: A revolution in surgery where robots are taking an increased role in th
e operating theatre </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CLIVE COOKSON </BYLINE>
<TEXT
>
YOU ARE about to have the anaesthetic before an operation to remove a brai
n
tumour. Would you feel happier knowing that the most delicate part of the

procedure was to be carried out by the gently trembling hand of the world's

most skilful surgeon - or by a rock-steady robot? That question will soon be

more than a fantasy because surgery is in the early stages of a technical
r
evolution. The first step has been the spread of 'keyhole' operations over
t
he past five years. Instead of cutting open the patient, the surgeon uses
in
struments guided by telescope through tiny incisions. Soon, it will be
possi
ble to work by remote control on patients thousands of miles away,
using a c
ombination of telecommunications and virtual reality.
The most striking sign
 of change, though, is the way surgeons are starting
to welcome robotic assi
stants into their operating theatres. Within the past
few months, robots hav
e helped to carry out hip replacements in California,
prostate operations in
 London and brain surgery in Grenoble, France. Later
this year, gall bladder
 removal, hernia repair and a variety of other
abdominal operations will be 
added to the list of robotic accomplishments.
Despite this, even the most en
thusiastic surgeons say it is likely to be
several years before they would c
onsider leaving a robot to operate on its
own.
The late Hap Paul, chief inve
ntor of California's Robodoc, cautioned: 'We
have to move very slowly and ca
refully because one false move by a surgical
robot - and this whole technolo
gy is set back by many years.' Robodoc is the
world's largest and best-finan
ced project in medical robotics. Since
November, 10 patients at Sutter gener
al hospital in Sacramento have had hip
replacements with the aid of Robodoc,
 a 250 lb automaton programmed to carve
the cavity for an implant in the thi
gh bone.
Although Paul died two months ago (at only 44), Integrated Surgical
 Systems,
the company he founded with financial and scientific backing from 
IBM, is
forging ahead. It is waiting for approval from the Food and Drug
Adm
inistration to carry out a clinical trial of Robodoc with 300 patients in
th
ree US hospitals.
Why should a patient trust a robotic tool rather than the 
skilled hands of a
human specialist? The most important reason is that an el
ectronic arm is
capable of precision well beyond that of the steadiest and b
est-trained
surgeon. ISS hopes to prove this through its trial, in which pat
ients will
be allocated at random into one group treated by Robodoc and anot
her
receiving conventional hip replacements.
Surgical robots promise more th
an improvements in existing procedures, says
Patrick Finlay, managing direct
or of Armstrong Projects, a fledgling UK
medical robotics company based at B
eaconsfield near London. 'The reduced
collateral damage and greater precisio
n of the robot will make it possible
to do operations that would otherwise b
e too risky to contemplate. For
example, a tumour very close to the optic ne
rve can be tackled without
making the patient blind.'
Several different type
s of surgical robot are under development around the
world. Robodoc is an 'a
ctive' robot that actually cuts human tissue.
'Orthopaedic work is an attrac
tive application because the robot is working
on hard tissue that doesn't mo
ve if you prod it,' notes Brian Davies, an
engineer specialising in medical 
robotics at Imperial College, London.
Most operations, however, involve cutt
ing soft tissues - a task that is more
delicate than carving bone. So far, o
nly 'passive' robots have been used for
this type of surgery. They may move 
instruments inside the patient, under
the surgeon's direction, but they do n
ot yet wield a scalpel or laser beam.
An example is Laparobot, which Armstro
ng Projects is developing with Mark
Ornstein, a surgeon at the London Clinic
. Laparobot will give someone
carrying out keyhole surgery the impression of
 'walking around' inside the
patient's body, using tele-presence techniques.
 A keyhole surgeon views the
operating site with a miniature video camera at
 the end of a thin optical
tube, inserted into the body through a puncture h
ole (typically, in the
tummy button). This instrument, called a laparoscope,
 projects the scene on
to a TV screen above the patient.
Normally, an assist
ant has to hold the laparoscope and move it when the
surgeon needs a differe
nt view. But Laparobot itself senses the position of
the surgeon's head and 
moves the image accordingly. If the surgeon pushes a
foot button and moves h
is head to the left, the robot will change the view
inside the patient's bod
y. For this year's initial trials at the London
Clinic, Laparobot will work 
with an existing TV monitor - but the next stage
will be for the surgeon to 
wear a helmet-mounted display which will give the
impression of being immers
ed in the operating environment. As he looks
around, the scene will change a
s though he were actually inside the
abdominal cavity.
Further in the future
 lies the prospect of linking the surgeon's finger
movements to the control 
of micro-instruments within the body. 'Laparobot
will make the surgery more 
efficient - less stressful for the surgeon,
faster and more accurate, and wi
th less risk of damage to the patient,' says
Ornstein.
Armstrong is also wor
king with Professor David Thomas, of London's National
Hospital for Neurolog
y, to develop Neurobot, a system for carrying out brain
surgery. By the end 
of this year, they hope to have demonstrated an
'image-guided robot' that wi
ll help the surgeon position his instruments at
the correct point in the bra
in to perform the operation. The next stage will
be for Neurobot itself to i
nsert the instruments.
A surgical robot is given as much prior information a
s possible about
relevant parts of the patient's body - usually, from a CT o
r MRI scan. Its
computer converts this into a digital model of the patient. 
Although the
surgeon works out in advance the path of the operation, based o
n the
computer model, the system must be flexible enough to respond to unexp
ected
events.
Neurobot, for example, will have a sensor inside the patient's
 head. If it
detects the presence of an unexpected blood vessel, it will pro
mpt the
surgeon for advice. Its software might propose a modified route, tak
ing the
new information into account, but the robot will not go ahead until 
the
surgeon has signalled his approval.
Finlay says a good indicator of prog
ress in surgical robotics will be the
increasing amount of freedom given to 
the robot. 'Although the surgeon will
never cease to participate, it is real
istic to envisage a situation similar
to the relationship between an airline
r captain and his autopilot, in which
the human provides a supervisory and m
onitoring role and is available to
take over the critical manoeuvres,' he sa
ys.
The consultant need not be in the operating theatre with the patient. In

tele-surgery projects under way in the US and France, an experienced surgeo
n
uses a video link to supervise a junior doctor in a hospital hundreds of
m
iles away. The surgeon could equally well supervise a distant robot,
althoug
h local medical and nursing staff would still have to be present in
case the
 system crashed.
Everyone involved in medical robotics is obsessed with safe
ty. Yet, as
Davies points out, there are no agreed safety standards for robo
ts operating
on people, whereas regulations require industrial robots to wor
k in metal
cages. (The fact that two workers in Japan have been killed by fa
ctory
robots going out of control shows the need for such rules).
'There are
 two views on safety,' says Davies. 'One is that it's acceptable
to start ou
t with an industrial robot provided you put in a top-level
software system t
o bring the thing to a halt in the event of some failure.
But, in my view, t
hat's not safe enough. I think you need to re-develop the
robot from the bas
ic servo level upwards, building in safety at every
level.'
That means givin
g the surgical robot the equivalent of a metal cage, with
duplicated softwar
e and hardware constraints to prevent it moving beyond
pre-defined limits. A
nd it must move slowly enough for the supervising
surgeon's hand to hit the 
stop button in time to avoid damage if all the
safety systems fail. Demonstr
ating safety is not enough, though. Growing
concerns about the financial cos
ts of medical care are forcing both public
health authorities and private ho
spitals to demand evidence that new
technology will deliver benefits that ou
tweigh its expense.
Drugs have long had to justify their effectiveness in la
rge-scale clinical
trials but, until now, new surgical procedures and medica
l equipment have
been introduced with remarkably little systematic assessmen
t. A report on
medical research earlier this year by the UK government's Adv
isory Council
on Science and Technology (Acost) pointed out: 'With the excep
tion of
pharmaceuticals, demands for evaluation have been questioned because
 it
'stands to reason' that the new techniques will be 'better'.'
Peter Doyl
e, research director of ICI and chairman of Acost's medical
research committ
ee, gives keyhole surgery as an example of a procedure that
has been introdu
ced 'haphazardly' without proper evaluation. The report says
the National He
alth Service should require all new medical devices to be
assessed under con
trolled conditions, and their cost effectiveness measured.
Miles Irving, pro
fessor of surgery at Manchester University's Hope Hospital,
says that such a
ssessment is all the more necessary 'because surgeons face
strong consumer p
ressure to introduce new procedures before they have been
properly evaluated
.'
Hap Paul felt that pressure when he was looking for sites to test Robodoc
.
'Tertiary care centres in the US - the big university hospitals - see this

as an advance that will help them attract patients,' he said. 'So, we have

to be very careful in choosing our sites, to make sure it's not just a
publi
city stunt for them.'
Indeed, says John Hutton, a health economist at York U
niversity, US
experience shows that patients regard hi-tech equipment in its
elf as an
indicator of quality, whether or not there is any clinical evidenc
e to prove
its superiority. Therefore, hospitals compete by buying more and 
more flashy
machines - and their charges shoot up far faster than inflation.
 The
introduction of an internal market in the NHS is likely to lead to simi
lar
competitive pressures in the UK.
ISS believes its clinical trial will en
able orthopaedic hospitals to justify
buying a Dollars 750,000 Robodoc, doin
g 400 hip replacements a year, on the
basis that implants from robotic opera
tions last longer than those inserted
manually and so save money in the long
 run. But the recent history of
medical research and technology, from antibi
otics to diagnostic scanners,
shows that while each development can be justi
fied in isolation as being
cost-effective, the overall result is to add subs
tantially to the financial
burden of health care by creating new demand from
 patients and adding to the
number of elderly people in the population.
Two 
decades from now, only second-class patients will choose to have a
purely ma
nual operation. But, in contrast to labour-saving robots in a car
factory, s
urgical robots can only make the process more expensive.
Enthusiastic medica
l technologists can answer any question except one: how
will we pay for it?

</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Armstrong Projects.
    Imperial Chemical
 Industries.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>

<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3841 Surgical and Medical Instruments.
    P38
42 Surgical Appliances and Supplies.
    P8099 Health and Allied Services, N
EC.
    P2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH
  Products & Product use.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Finan
cial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page I </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 79 ==============================================
Transaction #:     79       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-12266</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DJ0CNAFMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>931
027
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 OCT 93 / International Company News: First-hal
f profits at Fanuc plunge 28% </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EMIKO TERAZONO </BY
LINE>
<DATELINE>    TOKYO </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
SLACK sales of industrial robot
s to the motor industry were blamed for a
plunge in half-year profits at Fan
uc, the world's largest machine tool
manufacturing equipment maker.
Unconsol
idated pre-tax profits for the first six months to September fell
28.2 per c
ent to Y11.6bn (Dollars 109.4m) on a 9.7 per cent decline in sales
to Y56.2b
n.
After-tax profits fell 29.5 per cent to Y6.5bn.
Sales at the robot divisi
on tumbled by 23 per cent to Y14bn. Industrial
robots for the auto industry 
accounted for 50 per cent of total robot sales,
down from the previous 70 pe
r cent.
Factory automation equipment declined 11.7 per cent to Y33.9bn. Howe
ver,
exports to Taiwan and South Korea were brisk, pushing Fanuc's export ra
tio
above 40 per cent for the first time.
During the second half of the year
, the company will focus on sales of
plastic injection molding machines, the
 only item to produce firm profits.
Plant and equipment investments for the 
second half will fall by 50 per cent
from the previou year, the company said
.
For the full year to March, Fanuc expects non-consolidated pre-tax profits

to fall 27.3 per cent to Y21.2bn on a 10.1 per cent decline in sales to
Y10
5.7bn.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Fanuc.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX
>
<CN>JPZ  Japan, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3541 Machine Tool
s, Metal Cutting Types.
    P3542 Machine Tools, Metal Forming Types.
</IN>

<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>FIN  Interim results.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times 
</PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 27 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 80 ==============================================
Transaction #:     80       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-10652</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBHBUAERFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
206
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  06 FEB 93 / How To Spend It: Designer blends </HE
ADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By LUCIA VAN DER POST </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
AFTER the Dualit 
toaster, the Philippe Starcke lemon squeezer and the Alessi
kettle - welcome
 to the Waring blender, latest must-have kitchen appliance
for the design-co
nscious foodie set.
And lest that sounds too frivolous or dismissive, let me
 hasten to add that
almost any half-way enthusiastic cook might like to own 
it, too.
The Waring Professional Blender, to give its full name, saw the lig
ht of day
in the US in 1935. Before long it became a kitchen classic. Sturdy
,
long-lasting and powerful, it was just what the eager cook needed.
Cooks l
ove it because it has a two-speed switch and a strong and powerful
commercia
l motor which enables it to cope with tougher foods, such as meats
and pates
.
It is also generously sized, holding 40oz, and it is simple and easy to
cl
ean - the top fits straight on to the motor base.
The design-set love it bec
ause with its heavy metal base, its thick glass
and 'Deco' styling it is red
olent of the heyday of American soda-bar
culture, the golden pre-war period 
when the US truly seemed the land of
opportunity.
I like it best in its orig
inal chrome but it is also available in three new
colours - red, blue or gre
en.
It costs Pounds 129 from Harrods of Knightsbridge, London SW1, Divertime
nti
of 139/141 Fulham Road, London SW3 and Wigmore Street. For other stockis
ts
contact the importers, Robot Coupe, 62 Westbourne Grove, London W2 5SH.
<
/TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>UnZited Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries
:-
</XX>
<IN>P3634 Electric Housewares & Fans.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>
TECH  Products.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page XVI
I </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 81 ==============================================
Transaction #:     81       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-7188</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EKYELAFTFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9411
25
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 NOV 94 / International Company News: ABB merges
 robotics and paint units </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>

<TEXT>
ABB, Europe's largest electrical engineering group, is merging its r
obotics
and paint finishing businesses into a single company with 3,700 empl
oyees
worldwide and expected sales this year of Dollars 1.1bn.
The new compa
ny, ABB Flexible Automation, will account for about 10 per cent
of ABB's ind
ustrial systems and products segment.
It represents another step by Zurich-b
ased ABB to simplify its structure,
save on administrative costs and boost i
ts market presence.
The former ABB Robotics claimed to be the world's larges
t supplier of robots
and the paint finishing business was a leading supplier
 in the automotive
paint systems market, worth about Dollars 2.5bn a year.
B
oth have been expanding through organic growth and acquisitions of
companies
 such as Trallfa and Ransburg.
Mr Stelio Demark, president of the new compan
y, said yesterday that, by
merging the two businesses and exploiting their s
ynergies, 'we are in a good
position to improve the overall profitability of
 our businesses'.
The merger will not lead to any job cuts, said Mr Roland N
ordstrom, chief
executive of the UK arm of ABB Flexible Automation.
But savi
ngs could be made by merging administrative and other functions, and
co-oper
ating in research and development, he said.
The new name is seen by ABB as b
etter reflecting the real capabilities of
the business.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Compani
es:-
</XX>
<CO>ABB Asea Brown Boveri.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CHZ  
Switzerland, West Europe.
    SEZ  Sweden, West Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industrie
s:-
</XX>
<IN>P3563 Air and Gas Compressors.
    P3569 General Industrial Ma
chinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Company News.
</TP>
<PUB>Th
e Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 26 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 82 ==============================================
Transaction #:     82       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-15299</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CDBBKAA5FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
402
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 APR 92 / Technology: Seizing virtual reality <
/HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PAUL TAYLOR </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Few subjects in the c
omputing world have generated more hyperbole than
virtual reality.
Most of t
he excitement has revolved around so-called immersive VR in which
the human 
subject interacts with a computer-generated imaginary world via a
special he
adset with an internal display screen and a 'dataglove'.
In this form VR is 
rather like an exotic arcade game played on a
personalised simulator which '
tricks' the brain into thinking it is in the
'virtual world'.
But immersive 
VR has serious drawbacks, not least the fact that using the
equipment for mo
re than a very short time generates a type of nausea dubbed
'simulator sickn
ess'.
Of more immediate practical interest is the appearance of desktop VR s
ystems
which will run on ordinary PCs equipped with standard high-resolution

screens. These systems have many potential applications in design work,
med
icine, remote handling, and training - as well as for entertainment.
One ind
ication that VR is moving out of the laboratory and into the world of
real a
pplications is that public conferences and exhibitions are beginning
to be h
eld on the subject. The latest, organised by Meckler, a conference
and exhib
ition organiser on information technology, began in London
yesterday.
The tw
o-day meeting, designed to examine the impact and applications of VR,
is cov
ering a wide range of topics including the use of VR in mental
therapy, in t
he treatment of phobias for example. This subject is being
explored by Peter
 Ward, director of the information modelling programme at
Leeds University's
 School of Medicine.
Other speakers include Myron Krueger, one of VR's found
ing fathers, and
Robert Stone of the UK National Advanced Robotics Research 
Centre.
Among the exhibitors at the conference is a UK company called Dimens
ion
which offers a desktop VR system for Pounds 12,057.
The Berkshire-based 
company supplied one to West Denton School in Newcastle
where the children a
re experimenting with it as part of a project funded by
the Department of Ed
ucation.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 15 </PAG
E>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-12341</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CGTAYAAJFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
720
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 JUL 92 / Rover's new plant dispels speculation
 over Cowley </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN GRIFFITHS </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROVE
R GROUP, the carmaking subsidiary of British Aerospace, today opens a
Pounds
 200m manufacturing centre at its Cowley complex in Oxfordshire  - the
compa
ny's biggest single production investment since its privatisation in
1988.
C
onstruction of the centre, which includes a large assembly hall and new
robo
tic systems to make car bodies, dispels years of speculation that
Rover's lo
ng-term intention was to close the sprawling Cowley operation with
the loss 
of its remaining jobs. The 220-acre site employs more than 3,000
people.
The
 investment, which provides Rover, formerly BL, with what it claims is
one o
f Europe's most advanced and flexible car plants, underlines the
company's '
total commitment' to manufacturing at Cowley, according to Mr
John Towers, R
over managing director.
The plant, capable of producing 110,000 cars a year 
on two shifts, has begun
producing the latest versions of Rover's 800-series
 executive car range in
the last few weeks, but is being opened today by Mr 
Michael Heseltine, trade
and industry secretary.
Later this year the 360,000
 sq ft assembly hall will also start producing
the Synchro, a medium-sized s
aloon developed jointly with Honda.
Assembly of the ageing Maestro and Monte
go models is being moved from the
nearby Cowley South Works to a 'lower-volu
me' assembly facility within the
new complex, which will also produce a limi
ted edition MG - the RV 8 - to be
launched in September.
Cowley North Works,
 where the Rover 800 has been built for the past six
years, is ceasing car a
ssembly and the South Works is to close by the end of
the year. The only job
 losses will be through natural wastage.
The new facility is not expected to
 add significantly to Rover's output. Mr
Towers said the company expected co
mbined production from Cowley and its
Birmingham plants not to exceed 550,00
0 a year for the foreseeable future.
Rover had no intention of seeking to re
gain its former status as a volume
manufacturer.
Rover said that planning pe
rmission had just been received for the two old
Cowley sites to be turned in
to a business park expected to create 5,000 jobs
for a variety of companies.

Less bark and more bite, Page 5
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PA
GE> London Page 1 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-12904</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DA0B8AA7FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
127
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 JAN 93 / JCB launches Robot loader </HEADLINE>

<TEXT>
J. C. Bamford Excavators (JCB), the largest UK-owned earthmoving equ
ipment
maker, yesterday entered the European market for skid-steer loaders w
ith the
launch of the JCB Robot.
The Staffordshire company has spent three y
ears and Pounds 4m developing the
multi-purpose machine.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Compan
ies:-
</XX>
<CO>JC Bamford Excavators.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ 
 United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P353  Construction an
d Related Machinery.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>RES  Capital expenditures.

    TECH  Products.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pag
e 8 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 85 ==============================================
Transaction #:     85       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-14419</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CDGBIABRFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
407
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 APR 92 / Arts: Isaac Asimov - Obituary </HEADL
INE>
<BYLINE>    By GAY FIRTH </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Isaac Asimov, the Russian-bor
n US writer who died yesterday at the age of
72, was probably the best-known
 20th century author of science fiction,
writes Gay Firth.
Born in 1920, he 
received a PhD in biochemistry from Columbia University,
New York, but at 38
 left teaching to write full-time. 'Sci-fi' formed only
part of his output. 
As prolific as he was popular, about 400 books for lay
readers cover a varie
ty of scientific topics, such as The Human Brain (1964)
and The Collapsing U
niverse (1977).
Of about 100 sci-fi novels and stories - many made into film
s - his short
story Nightfall (1941) is possibly the best. The most interest
ing may prove
to be a landmark trilogy, Foundation (1951-1953), built round 
a version of
social determinism transplanted to a trans-galactic community.

Asimov's unshaken faith in the potential of technology to bring order to
soc
iety placed him among the most well-meaning of writers. He developed his
sci
-fi subjects and his style (readable, but somewhat stolid) while
contributin
g to the magazine Astounding, and stuck to them for 50 years.
The I, Robot s
eries of novels (which introduced Asimov's Three Laws of
Robotics, the first
 of which states that 'A robot may not injure a human
being or, through inac
tion, allow a human being to come to harm') brought
critical mockery, even n
otoriety, for their degree of mechanical dialogue
from their all-too-robotic
 human characters.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pag
e 17 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 86 ==============================================
Transaction #:     86       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-9840</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHIE8ACKFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
09
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  09 AUG 94 / Technology: Helping to ease the daily 
grind - Toyota is using automation to aid its workers, rather than replace t
hem </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By MICHIYO NAKAMOTO </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Ever since 
Henry Ford devised a system to mass produce cars, manufacturers
worldwide ha
ve struggled with the problem of how to make the grind of the
factory-line b
oth efficient and worker-friendly.
Toyota, the world's second largest car ma
ker, believes it has found
something close to the ideal in a system it has d
evised which aims to
combine the optimum level of human labour and automatio
n.
First crystallised at Toyota's factory in Kyushu, which began operating l
ast
year, the company's latest thinking on the production process also forme
d
the basis for a recent revamping of the Motomachi factory where it
manufac
tures its popular recreational vehicle, RAV4.
The philosophy behind the prod
uction process adopted at Kyushu and Motomachi
stems from the conviction tha
t human labour is best suited to fulfilling the
demanding task of assembly, 
the last stage of the manufacturing process
where the manufacturer has its c
losest contact point with the customer.
'In manufacturing, there needs to be
 a kind of communication between the
maker of the product and those who use 
it,' explains Mikio Kitano, a Toyota
director in charge of production engine
ering. This communication is
important for car makers to ascertain whether t
heir cars are made to meet
the needs of their customers, Kitano believes. He
nce the importance of
having workers, who can represent customers, in contro
l of the assembly
process. Only human employees can really tell if a door fi
ts perfectly or if
the steering wheel feels right, Kitano says.
At Motomachi
, although assembly is the most labour-intensive part of the
production proc
ess, there are no large, sophisticated robots visible in the
assembly area. 
Instead, workers appear to be doing most of the work with the
help of simple
 machines.
'It is sad to leave everything up to automation and not be fully 
involved in
the work,' notes Kitano. 'People have to be the centre of the wo
rk.'
At Motomachi, the assembly line where the car's wiring is installed emp
loys
about 20 people, each with assigned tasks, involving very little automa
tion.
This apparently greater reliance on human labour, however, does not me
an
that machines are shunned altogether. Automation is used as liberally at

Motomachi as at Toyota's most highly automated factory in Tahara, in central

Japan.
The 30 processes that are automated at Tahara are also mostly automa
ted at
Motomachi, Kitano points out. 'Overall, the level of automation is ab
out the
same, but the kind of automation that is used is different.'
Instead
 of the vast, supposedly intelligent robots found in highly automated
factor
ies, the machines used at Motomachi are designed to perform specific
and rel
atively limited functions to help the workers.
'My belief is that where peop
le find it uncomfortable to do the work, it
should be left up to machines,' 
Kitano says. 'The main purpose of automation
is to relieve the burden on the
 workers.'
In a further attempt to make assembly work more satisfying, Toyot
a has
divided the work into groups, with a team in charge of each group of t
asks.
At Motomachi, assembly does not take place on a long assembly line fro
m
start to finish, with each worker doing several, unrelated tasks. Instead,

the process has been divided into five lines according to different
functio
ns or sections of the car. The intention is to give workers a
stronger feeli
ng that they have made an important contribution to the
manufacturing of the
 car.
A conveyor belt now carries the workers along the line with the car th
ey are
working on, instead of trotting to keep up with the car as it moves d
own the
line.
This latest approach to the manufacturing process that Toyota 
has adopted is
in striking contrast to the dominant thinking of a few years 
ago that
propelled many car makers into sophisticated and costly automation.

Toyota was not an exception to the trend. In 1991, it, too, built a highly

automated factory in Tahara at great cost and installed robots and
sophistic
ated machines.
However, it soon discovered that placing too much importance 
on machines was
a mistake. Not only did the need for specialists to run and 
maintain the
high-tech machines mean that automation did not achieve its mai
n goal of
cutting labour costs, but those workers who had always worked at t
he factory
felt intimidated by sophisticated machines they could not operate
.
Automation also led to many mechanical problems as Toyota discovered that

'machines break down easily', Kitano says. By restricting machines to those

that make work easier for the workers, Toyota was also able to revamp
Motoma
chi at considerably less cost than at Tahara. Automation at Motomachi
cost t
he company a third of what it cost at Tahara, Kitano notes.
Another simple i
dea has enabled Toyota to realise the same effect as a
highly automated line
 at a fraction of the cost. At Tahara, the lines raise
and lower the cars at
 different stages of the manufacturing process, so that
the workers no longe
r have to bend or stretch.
Introducing that system wholesale into Motomachi 
would have been expensive.
But rather than give up the idea, Toyota raised t
he floors with planks to
elevate workers at certain points and trenches were
 built to lower them at
others.
'Personnel costs are not that different at t
he three plants, so the
difference in the costs of the machines is the diffe
rence in the overall
costs,' Kitano explains.
So far, Motomachi has been a g
reat success, Kitano believes. A doubling of
production from an initial 2,00
0 a month to more than 4,000, due to the
popularity of the RAV4, has been ac
hieved smoothly.
The number of workers overall has increased as a result of 
the production
increase, but the number of workers per car has not. 'Althoug
h such an
increase usually results in workers demanding more automation, my 
workers
are not complaining,' Kitano says cheerfully.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies
:-
</XX>
<CO>Toyota Motor Corp.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>JPZ  Japan,
 Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery,
 NEC.
    P3711 Motor Vehicles and Car Bodies.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>
MKTS  Production.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Tim
es </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 87 ==============================================
Transaction #:     87       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-12263</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CGTAYACPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
720
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 JUL 92 / Rover aims for less bark and more bit
e: The group's new car plant at Cowley </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN GRIFF
ITHS </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROVER is not noted these days for shouting about thing
s, 'at least not until
they've been completed,' says Mr John Towers, group m
anaging director,
employing understatement with calm deliberation.
Today the
 production line at the Rover Group's old-established North Works
at Cowley 
will fall silent. On the other side of Oxford's ring road, Mr
Michael Heselt
ine, trade and industry secretary, will formally open a new,
highly flexible
 Pounds 200m manufacturing facility.
Although it is Rover's biggest single p
roduction investment since
privatisation in 1988, the investment programme h
as been undertaken with a
marked absence of the self-congratulatory fanfares
 that marked so many of
the activities of what, before privatisation, was BL
.
At an informal tour of the new plant last week, long-serving executives wi
th
experience of both regimes recalled with embarrassment the old BL
trumpet
ings such as 'A Miracle is Born' at the launch of the Maestro, or
customers 
of the early Montego Turbo being told the problem was not the
model's waywar
d handling but their inability to drive properly.
Construction of the centre
, which includes a large assembly hall and new
robotic systems to make car b
odies, dispels years of speculation that
Rover's long-term intention was to 
close the sprawling Cowley operation with
the loss of its remaining jobs. Th
e 220-acre site employs more than 3,000
people.
As part of the rationalisati
on of the four sites, the North and South Works
are to be redeveloped as a c
ommercial and industrial park by Arlington
Securities, the property subsidia
ry of Rover Group's 80 per cent owner,
British Aerospace - the other 20 per 
cent is held by Honda.
The new plant, capable of producing 110,000 cars a ye
ar on two shifts, is
already producing the latest versions of Rover's 800-se
ries executive car
range.
The new facility is not expected to add significan
tly to Rover's output. Mr
Towers said the company expected combined producti
on from Cowley and its
Birmingham plants not to exceed 550,000 a year for th
e foreseeable future.
Rover had no intention of seeking to regain its former
 status as a volume
manufacturer.
The entire facility is within the 112-acre
 Cowley Body Plant, which will
also continue to manufacture bodies for Rolls
-Royce, among other pressings.
The overall effect is to maintain all Cowley'
s previously existing
activities but within a site less than half the origin
al size.
The flexibility of the 360,000 sq ft assembly hall which is the cor
e of the
investment is designed to match the new-found flexibility of the
3,
000-strong Cowley workforce. The employees have accepted Japanese-style
work
ing practices, under what Rover describes as its 'new deal' which
elevates a
ll of them to staff status.
Mr Towers says the most significant aspect was g
iving people the space to
realise their full potential. He adds: 'Eastern su
ccess is not so much
processes as letting people contribute.'
While more sop
histicated robotics have been introduced where felt to be
necessary in the b
ody welding and pressing plants, 'this has been done only
in areas where the
y have been felt critical for flow and quality'.
Western manufacturers which
 have tried to automate themselves into
competitiveness with the Japanese ca
r industry have been misguided, he
insists.
'Seeking a one-off improvement o
f 1,000 per cent is the wrong approach. What
you need, and what we are pursu
ing, is 1,000 improvements each of 1 per
cent', the approach embodied in Jap
anese 'lean' production.
Mr Towers claims that the plant's flexibility and t
he adoption of other
Japanese-inspired techniques such as simultaneous engin
eering will take
Rover to 'world-class' levels of efficiency within the next
 two years.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 5 </P
AGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 88 ==============================================
Transaction #:     88       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-135</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BENBQAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>91051
4
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 MAY 91 / Survey of Computers in Manufacturing (6
): Fuzzy logic and robots spell technological advantage - Japan, modifying p
roduction philosophies as emphasis shifts back to the human workforce </HEAD
LINE>
<BYLINE>    By LORI VALIGRA </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    TOKYO </DATELINE>

<TEXT>
IT seemed laughable at the time: a couple years ago a Japanese manufa
cturer
replaced some factory line workers with automation machinery, then se
t up
full-sized cardboard human dummies to keep the remaining workers from
g
etting lonely.
The completely workerless factory is a decade away, but there
 are a few
showcase examples including Fanuc, the machine tool manufacturer'
s factory
near Mount Fuji, where robots make robots. But until no-human fact
ories are
realised on a broad scale, factory automation system makers will f
ocus their
research on bridging the awkward interaction between humans and t
he ever
increasing number of machines working by their side.
In past years m
anufacturers put the emphasis on installing labour-saving
machines to raise 
production. They focused on maximising the use of people,
money, time and ma
terials, and humans had to find a way to fit in with the
complex machinery b
eginning to surround them.
'Until now humans have had to adapt to use machin
es, so the man-machine
interface was not well matched,' says Mr Hiroshi Mats
uyama, a manager at
Omron the programmable controller maker in Tokyo.
'Japan
ese industry is now modifying its philosophy. The centre of production
has s
hifted to human workers, and computers should be matched with humans,'
he sa
ys. That means designing new software that allows production machinery
to be
 more easily used and changed quickly for different jobs. For example,
weldi
ng or insertion and using artificial intelligence techniques such as
fuzzy l
ogic to help robots and computers make better decisions, such as
finding an 
operational failure, through inferences, as humans do.
The escalating skille
d labour shortage, brought about by a declining birth
rate and a more afflue
nt and highly educated society, makes robots an
important component of facto
ry automation, a do-or-die decision for some
companies.
Strong competition i
n industries such as shipping has resulted in waves of
investment in labour-
saving technology such as steel and aluminium cutting
tools, processing mach
ines and welding robots. The rise in the labour force
is expected to be 0.8 
per cent a year until 1993, then it is likely to fall
off by half to 0.4 per
 cent until 2000, according to Japanese government
statistics. During that t
ime Japan expects to keep about a 4 per cent annual
economic growth rate.
'T
o achieve this it is necessary to introduce automation technology,' says
Mr 
Kanji Yonemoto, vice-chairman of the Japan Industrial Robot Association
(Jir
a) in Tokyo. An even more remarkable shift in Japan's economy is the
switch 
from a manufacturing to a service economy.
Jobs in services pay better. Mr Y
onemoto says there will be 1.5m fewer
blue-collar workers in manufacturing b
y 2000 than in 1989, when there was a
shortage of 715,800 people. Today's yo
ung people are a different breed of
worker from those who laboured long hour
s for little pay to build Japan's
industrial miracle.
They want to avoid so-
called '3K' work: 'kiken' (dangerous), 'kitanai'
(dirty) and 'kitsui' (hard)
. 'Older men were very patient and had the
Bushido (warrior) morale, but it 
is hard to find these people today,' says
Mr Matsuyama.
Replacing them with 
machinery takes time and money. Omron, which produces
programmable controlle
rs and other electronics products, sees the
improvements that can be made in
 factory automation as almost limitless and
including diagnosing system fail
ures and other management tasks.
The improvements span a broad factory autom
ation market valued at almost
Y2,000bn and covering every aspect of making a
 product from design through
production and inspection. The important compon
ents of automating a factory
are numerical controllers, the largest chunk of
 the market, as well as
computer-aided design and manufacturing software and
 equipment, industrial
robots, programmable controllers, automated warehouse
s, computers and
automatic guided vehicles that transport products throughou
t a plant site.
Japan leads the world in both producing and using these prod
uction
components. It has replaced Germany as the biggest exporter of machin
e
tools, an important indicator of industrial development and economic power
.
Japan has an estimated 23 per cent of the world market compared to the 16

per cent held by Germany.
Five Japanese companies are making machine tools i
n Europe. Mazak Yamazaki,
for example, has a Dollars 50m factory in Worceste
r, in the UK which
produces some 100 computer-controlled machines a month, a
ccording to
industry estimates. Japan's worldwide share of the fast-growing 
robot market
is even more impressive: it has 57.5 per cent of the robot inst
allations
worldwide, with western Europe having 14.5 per cent and the US 9.5
 per cent.
Japan's main advantages are that workers in automotive, electroni
cs and
other factories are accustomed to and readily accept automation techn
ology,
product demand is still strong in the home market, and Japanese
manuf
acturers make most of the machines they use for automation, so there is
litt
le competition from imports.
The electronics industry is the biggest user of
 automation technology. At
its Ome design and manufacturing works west of To
kyo, Toshiba uses its own
laptop computers for design, development and assem
bly of new Toshiba
laptops.
The laptops are used to compute how easily a new
 computer model can be
assembled by a line of 12 workers, who can slap toget
her one notebook-size
Dynabook computer in a few minutes. That's important, 
because the company is
making about 1m laptops a year at Ome, and the life s
pan of each new product
is getting increasingly shorter amid hot competition
.
'Often it's the case with some products that the effective life span is
al
ready over by the time it goes to the market place,' says Mr Masao Suga,
who
 heads the personal computer research and development department at Ome.
How
ever, the shortening product life spans, which run from six months for a
Jap
anese word processor to about three years for laptops, made it
increasingly 
difficult for Toshiba to continue using robots. Toshiba
replicates about 70 
per cent of design work from current models in new ones.
While it took Toshi
ba three years to develop the T3100 and J3100 laptops
from scratch, it took 
only nine months to design the smaller-size Dynabook.
Though its factory is 
about 70-80 per cent automated, visitors to the
company often comment about 
the number of people still present on the
manufacturing lines, but Mr Suga s
ays that with the fast-paced product life
cycles, humans are needed. 'There 
are problems with automated systems. They
can't catch up with new technology
, so humans are acting as universal super
robots,' he adds.
Fuzzy logic may 
help close the gap. Mr Yonemoto of Jira says fuzzy logic,
software that can 
help make a decision from unclear information, will help
increase the versat
ility of robots in the future by affording better control
of their movements
. Omron, a leader in using fuzzy technology, has developed
a test robot that
 can grasp soft or fragile items, such as tofu (bean curd).
In a New Year's 
address to employees, Mr Yoshio Tateisi, company president,
identified fuzzy
 logic as an important research area for the 1990s. By 1994,
more than 20 pe
r cent of Omron's product line will include some type of
fuzzy logic. Accord
ing to Mr Matsuyama, fuzzy logic has many benefits. As
part of a computer-in
tegrated manufacturing (Cim) system it can be used in
production and in mana
ging the company.
'Another merit of fuzzy technology is to replace a person 
where computers
are hard to use, for example, controlling a nuclear power ge
neration plant's
circulation control system to clean water and to make decis
ions. Perhaps the
Chernobyl or Mihama plant accidents could have been avoide
d with these
systems,' he says.
Fuzzy logic, along with more flexible robots
 and other components, spell
another technological advantage for Japan in th
e future: being able to
change small-scale production quickly, so that multi
ple products can be
produced on the same factory line in one day. Mr Matsuya
ma predicts Japanese
manufacturers will become very good at this small-scale
 production, which is
a difficult technology demanding ultimate flexibility.

Computerisation would be all the more necessary in production in the sense

that market information should be more effectively connected with the
produc
tion process or with the factory itself. But large-scale flexible
production
 without man will take 8-10 years says Matsushita Electric in
Osaka.
The com
pany believes fuzzy logic, along with neurocomputing technology which
more c
losely mimics the human brain, will be the main technologies once they
are r
efined.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page IV </PAGE
>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 89 ==============================================
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  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-12263</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CGTAYACPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
720
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 JUL 92 / Rover aims for less bark and more bit
e: The group's new car plant at Cowley </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN GRIFF
ITHS </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROVER is not noted these days for shouting about thing
s, 'at least not until
they've been completed,' says Mr John Towers, group m
anaging director,
employing understatement with calm deliberation.
Today the
 production line at the Rover Group's old-established North Works
at Cowley 
will fall silent. On the other side of Oxford's ring road, Mr
Michael Heselt
ine, trade and industry secretary, will formally open a new,
highly flexible
 Pounds 200m manufacturing facility.
Although it is Rover's biggest single p
roduction investment since
privatisation in 1988, the investment programme h
as been undertaken with a
marked absence of the self-congratulatory fanfares
 that marked so many of
the activities of what, before privatisation, was BL
.
At an informal tour of the new plant last week, long-serving executives wi
th
experience of both regimes recalled with embarrassment the old BL
trumpet
ings such as 'A Miracle is Born' at the launch of the Maestro, or
customers 
of the early Montego Turbo being told the problem was not the
model's waywar
d handling but their inability to drive properly.
Construction of the centre
, which includes a large assembly hall and new
robotic systems to make car b
odies, dispels years of speculation that
Rover's long-term intention was to 
close the sprawling Cowley operation with
the loss of its remaining jobs. Th
e 220-acre site employs more than 3,000
people.
As part of the rationalisati
on of the four sites, the North and South Works
are to be redeveloped as a c
ommercial and industrial park by Arlington
Securities, the property subsidia
ry of Rover Group's 80 per cent owner,
British Aerospace - the other 20 per 
cent is held by Honda.
The new plant, capable of producing 110,000 cars a ye
ar on two shifts, is
already producing the latest versions of Rover's 800-se
ries executive car
range.
The new facility is not expected to add significan
tly to Rover's output. Mr
Towers said the company expected combined producti
on from Cowley and its
Birmingham plants not to exceed 550,000 a year for th
e foreseeable future.
Rover had no intention of seeking to regain its former
 status as a volume
manufacturer.
The entire facility is within the 112-acre
 Cowley Body Plant, which will
also continue to manufacture bodies for Rolls
-Royce, among other pressings.
The overall effect is to maintain all Cowley'
s previously existing
activities but within a site less than half the origin
al size.
The flexibility of the 360,000 sq ft assembly hall which is the cor
e of the
investment is designed to match the new-found flexibility of the
3,
000-strong Cowley workforce. The employees have accepted Japanese-style
work
ing practices, under what Rover describes as its 'new deal' which
elevates a
ll of them to staff status.
Mr Towers says the most significant aspect was g
iving people the space to
realise their full potential. He adds: 'Eastern su
ccess is not so much
processes as letting people contribute.'
While more sop
histicated robotics have been introduced where felt to be
necessary in the b
ody welding and pressing plants, 'this has been done only
in areas where the
y have been felt critical for flow and quality'.
Western manufacturers which
 have tried to automate themselves into
competitiveness with the Japanese ca
r industry have been misguided, he
insists.
'Seeking a one-off improvement o
f 1,000 per cent is the wrong approach. What
you need, and what we are pursu
ing, is 1,000 improvements each of 1 per
cent', the approach embodied in Jap
anese 'lean' production.
Mr Towers claims that the plant's flexibility and t
he adoption of other
Japanese-inspired techniques such as simultaneous engin
eering will take
Rover to 'world-class' levels of efficiency within the next
 two years.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 5 </P
AGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 90 ==============================================
Transaction #:     90       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-12263</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CGTAYACPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
720
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 JUL 92 / Rover aims for less bark and more bit
e: The group's new car plant at Cowley </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN GRIFF
ITHS </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROVER is not noted these days for shouting about thing
s, 'at least not until
they've been completed,' says Mr John Towers, group m
anaging director,
employing understatement with calm deliberation.
Today the
 production line at the Rover Group's old-established North Works
at Cowley 
will fall silent. On the other side of Oxford's ring road, Mr
Michael Heselt
ine, trade and industry secretary, will formally open a new,
highly flexible
 Pounds 200m manufacturing facility.
Although it is Rover's biggest single p
roduction investment since
privatisation in 1988, the investment programme h
as been undertaken with a
marked absence of the self-congratulatory fanfares
 that marked so many of
the activities of what, before privatisation, was BL
.
At an informal tour of the new plant last week, long-serving executives wi
th
experience of both regimes recalled with embarrassment the old BL
trumpet
ings such as 'A Miracle is Born' at the launch of the Maestro, or
customers 
of the early Montego Turbo being told the problem was not the
model's waywar
d handling but their inability to drive properly.
Construction of the centre
, which includes a large assembly hall and new
robotic systems to make car b
odies, dispels years of speculation that
Rover's long-term intention was to 
close the sprawling Cowley operation with
the loss of its remaining jobs. Th
e 220-acre site employs more than 3,000
people.
As part of the rationalisati
on of the four sites, the North and South Works
are to be redeveloped as a c
ommercial and industrial park by Arlington
Securities, the property subsidia
ry of Rover Group's 80 per cent owner,
British Aerospace - the other 20 per 
cent is held by Honda.
The new plant, capable of producing 110,000 cars a ye
ar on two shifts, is
already producing the latest versions of Rover's 800-se
ries executive car
range.
The new facility is not expected to add significan
tly to Rover's output. Mr
Towers said the company expected combined producti
on from Cowley and its
Birmingham plants not to exceed 550,000 a year for th
e foreseeable future.
Rover had no intention of seeking to regain its former
 status as a volume
manufacturer.
The entire facility is within the 112-acre
 Cowley Body Plant, which will
also continue to manufacture bodies for Rolls
-Royce, among other pressings.
The overall effect is to maintain all Cowley'
s previously existing
activities but within a site less than half the origin
al size.
The flexibility of the 360,000 sq ft assembly hall which is the cor
e of the
investment is designed to match the new-found flexibility of the
3,
000-strong Cowley workforce. The employees have accepted Japanese-style
work
ing practices, under what Rover describes as its 'new deal' which
elevates a
ll of them to staff status.
Mr Towers says the most significant aspect was g
iving people the space to
realise their full potential. He adds: 'Eastern su
ccess is not so much
processes as letting people contribute.'
While more sop
histicated robotics have been introduced where felt to be
necessary in the b
ody welding and pressing plants, 'this has been done only
in areas where the
y have been felt critical for flow and quality'.
Western manufacturers which
 have tried to automate themselves into
competitiveness with the Japanese ca
r industry have been misguided, he
insists.
'Seeking a one-off improvement o
f 1,000 per cent is the wrong approach. What
you need, and what we are pursu
ing, is 1,000 improvements each of 1 per
cent', the approach embodied in Jap
anese 'lean' production.
Mr Towers claims that the plant's flexibility and t
he adoption of other
Japanese-inspired techniques such as simultaneous engin
eering will take
Rover to 'world-class' levels of efficiency within the next
 two years.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 5 </P
AGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 91 ==============================================
Transaction #:     91       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-12263</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CGTAYACPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
720
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 JUL 92 / Rover aims for less bark and more bit
e: The group's new car plant at Cowley </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN GRIFF
ITHS </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROVER is not noted these days for shouting about thing
s, 'at least not until
they've been completed,' says Mr John Towers, group m
anaging director,
employing understatement with calm deliberation.
Today the
 production line at the Rover Group's old-established North Works
at Cowley 
will fall silent. On the other side of Oxford's ring road, Mr
Michael Heselt
ine, trade and industry secretary, will formally open a new,
highly flexible
 Pounds 200m manufacturing facility.
Although it is Rover's biggest single p
roduction investment since
privatisation in 1988, the investment programme h
as been undertaken with a
marked absence of the self-congratulatory fanfares
 that marked so many of
the activities of what, before privatisation, was BL
.
At an informal tour of the new plant last week, long-serving executives wi
th
experience of both regimes recalled with embarrassment the old BL
trumpet
ings such as 'A Miracle is Born' at the launch of the Maestro, or
customers 
of the early Montego Turbo being told the problem was not the
model's waywar
d handling but their inability to drive properly.
Construction of the centre
, which includes a large assembly hall and new
robotic systems to make car b
odies, dispels years of speculation that
Rover's long-term intention was to 
close the sprawling Cowley operation with
the loss of its remaining jobs. Th
e 220-acre site employs more than 3,000
people.
As part of the rationalisati
on of the four sites, the North and South Works
are to be redeveloped as a c
ommercial and industrial park by Arlington
Securities, the property subsidia
ry of Rover Group's 80 per cent owner,
British Aerospace - the other 20 per 
cent is held by Honda.
The new plant, capable of producing 110,000 cars a ye
ar on two shifts, is
already producing the latest versions of Rover's 800-se
ries executive car
range.
The new facility is not expected to add significan
tly to Rover's output. Mr
Towers said the company expected combined producti
on from Cowley and its
Birmingham plants not to exceed 550,000 a year for th
e foreseeable future.
Rover had no intention of seeking to regain its former
 status as a volume
manufacturer.
The entire facility is within the 112-acre
 Cowley Body Plant, which will
also continue to manufacture bodies for Rolls
-Royce, among other pressings.
The overall effect is to maintain all Cowley'
s previously existing
activities but within a site less than half the origin
al size.
The flexibility of the 360,000 sq ft assembly hall which is the cor
e of the
investment is designed to match the new-found flexibility of the
3,
000-strong Cowley workforce. The employees have accepted Japanese-style
work
ing practices, under what Rover describes as its 'new deal' which
elevates a
ll of them to staff status.
Mr Towers says the most significant aspect was g
iving people the space to
realise their full potential. He adds: 'Eastern su
ccess is not so much
processes as letting people contribute.'
While more sop
histicated robotics have been introduced where felt to be
necessary in the b
ody welding and pressing plants, 'this has been done only
in areas where the
y have been felt critical for flow and quality'.
Western manufacturers which
 have tried to automate themselves into
competitiveness with the Japanese ca
r industry have been misguided, he
insists.
'Seeking a one-off improvement o
f 1,000 per cent is the wrong approach. What
you need, and what we are pursu
ing, is 1,000 improvements each of 1 per
cent', the approach embodied in Jap
anese 'lean' production.
Mr Towers claims that the plant's flexibility and t
he adoption of other
Japanese-inspired techniques such as simultaneous engin
eering will take
Rover to 'world-class' levels of efficiency within the next
 two years.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 5 </P
AGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 92 ==============================================
Transaction #:     92       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-135</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BENBQAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>91051
4
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 MAY 91 / Survey of Computers in Manufacturing (6
): Fuzzy logic and robots spell technological advantage - Japan, modifying p
roduction philosophies as emphasis shifts back to the human workforce </HEAD
LINE>
<BYLINE>    By LORI VALIGRA </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    TOKYO </DATELINE>

<TEXT>
IT seemed laughable at the time: a couple years ago a Japanese manufa
cturer
replaced some factory line workers with automation machinery, then se
t up
full-sized cardboard human dummies to keep the remaining workers from
g
etting lonely.
The completely workerless factory is a decade away, but there
 are a few
showcase examples including Fanuc, the machine tool manufacturer'
s factory
near Mount Fuji, where robots make robots. But until no-human fact
ories are
realised on a broad scale, factory automation system makers will f
ocus their
research on bridging the awkward interaction between humans and t
he ever
increasing number of machines working by their side.
In past years m
anufacturers put the emphasis on installing labour-saving
machines to raise 
production. They focused on maximising the use of people,
money, time and ma
terials, and humans had to find a way to fit in with the
complex machinery b
eginning to surround them.
'Until now humans have had to adapt to use machin
es, so the man-machine
interface was not well matched,' says Mr Hiroshi Mats
uyama, a manager at
Omron the programmable controller maker in Tokyo.
'Japan
ese industry is now modifying its philosophy. The centre of production
has s
hifted to human workers, and computers should be matched with humans,'
he sa
ys. That means designing new software that allows production machinery
to be
 more easily used and changed quickly for different jobs. For example,
weldi
ng or insertion and using artificial intelligence techniques such as
fuzzy l
ogic to help robots and computers make better decisions, such as
finding an 
operational failure, through inferences, as humans do.
The escalating skille
d labour shortage, brought about by a declining birth
rate and a more afflue
nt and highly educated society, makes robots an
important component of facto
ry automation, a do-or-die decision for some
companies.
Strong competition i
n industries such as shipping has resulted in waves of
investment in labour-
saving technology such as steel and aluminium cutting
tools, processing mach
ines and welding robots. The rise in the labour force
is expected to be 0.8 
per cent a year until 1993, then it is likely to fall
off by half to 0.4 per
 cent until 2000, according to Japanese government
statistics. During that t
ime Japan expects to keep about a 4 per cent annual
economic growth rate.
'T
o achieve this it is necessary to introduce automation technology,' says
Mr 
Kanji Yonemoto, vice-chairman of the Japan Industrial Robot Association
(Jir
a) in Tokyo. An even more remarkable shift in Japan's economy is the
switch 
from a manufacturing to a service economy.
Jobs in services pay better. Mr Y
onemoto says there will be 1.5m fewer
blue-collar workers in manufacturing b
y 2000 than in 1989, when there was a
shortage of 715,800 people. Today's yo
ung people are a different breed of
worker from those who laboured long hour
s for little pay to build Japan's
industrial miracle.
They want to avoid so-
called '3K' work: 'kiken' (dangerous), 'kitanai'
(dirty) and 'kitsui' (hard)
. 'Older men were very patient and had the
Bushido (warrior) morale, but it 
is hard to find these people today,' says
Mr Matsuyama.
Replacing them with 
machinery takes time and money. Omron, which produces
programmable controlle
rs and other electronics products, sees the
improvements that can be made in
 factory automation as almost limitless and
including diagnosing system fail
ures and other management tasks.
The improvements span a broad factory autom
ation market valued at almost
Y2,000bn and covering every aspect of making a
 product from design through
production and inspection. The important compon
ents of automating a factory
are numerical controllers, the largest chunk of
 the market, as well as
computer-aided design and manufacturing software and
 equipment, industrial
robots, programmable controllers, automated warehouse
s, computers and
automatic guided vehicles that transport products throughou
t a plant site.
Japan leads the world in both producing and using these prod
uction
components. It has replaced Germany as the biggest exporter of machin
e
tools, an important indicator of industrial development and economic power
.
Japan has an estimated 23 per cent of the world market compared to the 16

per cent held by Germany.
Five Japanese companies are making machine tools i
n Europe. Mazak Yamazaki,
for example, has a Dollars 50m factory in Worceste
r, in the UK which
produces some 100 computer-controlled machines a month, a
ccording to
industry estimates. Japan's worldwide share of the fast-growing 
robot market
is even more impressive: it has 57.5 per cent of the robot inst
allations
worldwide, with western Europe having 14.5 per cent and the US 9.5
 per cent.
Japan's main advantages are that workers in automotive, electroni
cs and
other factories are accustomed to and readily accept automation techn
ology,
product demand is still strong in the home market, and Japanese
manuf
acturers make most of the machines they use for automation, so there is
litt
le competition from imports.
The electronics industry is the biggest user of
 automation technology. At
its Ome design and manufacturing works west of To
kyo, Toshiba uses its own
laptop computers for design, development and assem
bly of new Toshiba
laptops.
The laptops are used to compute how easily a new
 computer model can be
assembled by a line of 12 workers, who can slap toget
her one notebook-size
Dynabook computer in a few minutes. That's important, 
because the company is
making about 1m laptops a year at Ome, and the life s
pan of each new product
is getting increasingly shorter amid hot competition
.
'Often it's the case with some products that the effective life span is
al
ready over by the time it goes to the market place,' says Mr Masao Suga,
who
 heads the personal computer research and development department at Ome.
How
ever, the shortening product life spans, which run from six months for a
Jap
anese word processor to about three years for laptops, made it
increasingly 
difficult for Toshiba to continue using robots. Toshiba
replicates about 70 
per cent of design work from current models in new ones.
While it took Toshi
ba three years to develop the T3100 and J3100 laptops
from scratch, it took 
only nine months to design the smaller-size Dynabook.
Though its factory is 
about 70-80 per cent automated, visitors to the
company often comment about 
the number of people still present on the
manufacturing lines, but Mr Suga s
ays that with the fast-paced product life
cycles, humans are needed. 'There 
are problems with automated systems. They
can't catch up with new technology
, so humans are acting as universal super
robots,' he adds.
Fuzzy logic may 
help close the gap. Mr Yonemoto of Jira says fuzzy logic,
software that can 
help make a decision from unclear information, will help
increase the versat
ility of robots in the future by affording better control
of their movements
. Omron, a leader in using fuzzy technology, has developed
a test robot that
 can grasp soft or fragile items, such as tofu (bean curd).
In a New Year's 
address to employees, Mr Yoshio Tateisi, company president,
identified fuzzy
 logic as an important research area for the 1990s. By 1994,
more than 20 pe
r cent of Omron's product line will include some type of
fuzzy logic. Accord
ing to Mr Matsuyama, fuzzy logic has many benefits. As
part of a computer-in
tegrated manufacturing (Cim) system it can be used in
production and in mana
ging the company.
'Another merit of fuzzy technology is to replace a person 
where computers
are hard to use, for example, controlling a nuclear power ge
neration plant's
circulation control system to clean water and to make decis
ions. Perhaps the
Chernobyl or Mihama plant accidents could have been avoide
d with these
systems,' he says.
Fuzzy logic, along with more flexible robots
 and other components, spell
another technological advantage for Japan in th
e future: being able to
change small-scale production quickly, so that multi
ple products can be
produced on the same factory line in one day. Mr Matsuya
ma predicts Japanese
manufacturers will become very good at this small-scale
 production, which is
a difficult technology demanding ultimate flexibility.

Computerisation would be all the more necessary in production in the sense

that market information should be more effectively connected with the
produc
tion process or with the factory itself. But large-scale flexible
production
 without man will take 8-10 years says Matsushita Electric in
Osaka.
The com
pany believes fuzzy logic, along with neurocomputing technology which
more c
losely mimics the human brain, will be the main technologies once they
are r
efined.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page IV </PAGE
>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 93 ==============================================
Transaction #:     93       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-8032</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CEOAZAA9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
15
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 MAY 92 / Technology (Worth Watching): Helping h
and at the dinner table </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<
TEXT>
Help is at hand for many thousands of disabled people who are unable t
o feed
themselves, writes Andrew Baxter.
Handy 1, designed by Mike Topping, 
development manager at the University of
Keele's rehabilitation robotics pro
ject, enables severely disabled people to
eat unaided.
The product, a roboti
c arm with contoured spoon attached to an electronic
control unit on an adju
stable stand, allows users to eat at their own pace.
A stalk switch mounted 
on a flexible gooseneck can be operated by hand or
head movements, giving th
e user control.
Earlier this month, Handy 1 won the Pounds 7,000 Institution
 of Electrical
Engineers Prize for Helping Disabled People. University of Ke
ele, Case Unit:
UK, 0782 712774.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PA
GE> London Page 14 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 94 ==============================================
Transaction #:     94       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-4378</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DLCDFAG1FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9312
03
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  03 DEC 93 / Survey of Japanese Industry (12): Fres
h approach to automation - Construction Industry </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By 
DENNIS NORMILE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Japan's general contractors have earned a lo
t of recognition in recent years
with the development of construction site r
obots. These mechanical wonders
can roam construction sites spraying firepro
ofing and finishing concrete
floors. There is only one problem.
'They have n
ot proven very cost effective,' says Mr Yasuo Fujinami, deputy
general manag
er for technology at Taisei Corporation.
Undaunted by a false start, the ind
ustry is taking a new approach to
mechanising construction sites. Rather tha
n automate individual tasks, the
focus is now on systems that attempt to tur
n construction sites into
factories for the assembly of prefabricated compon
ents. Rather than showcase
the latest in robots, the systems are designed to
 optimise the mix of
computer control, automation, mechanical innovations an
d plain old manual
labour.
Shimizu's Smart System, for example, is now in us
e for the first time on a
20-story, 20,665 sq m office building in Nagoya. A
fter completing the
foundations, what will become the top floor and roof of 
the building were
erected on top of four jacking towers. Suspended from this
 structure is a
network of rail cranes and trolley hoists that can deliver a
 load to any
point on the floor below. The hoists also travel on a vertical 
lift erected
alongside the building to bring material from ground level.
A c
omputer housed on the top floor controls all these hoists and cranes and
can
 place steel beams and columns, precast floor sections, wall panels and
othe
r building components following programmed instructions. As the building
is 
erected, the four jacking towers push up the top floor and then lift
their o
wn bases from floor to floor.
Rather than rely on sensors for precise positi
oning, joints have ingeniously
detailed slots and plates that mechanically g
uide beams and columns into
final position. Once in place, clamps on the hoi
st cables release
automatically. This all means that once a human rigger att
aches the cables
to a steel member at ground level, the system can erect it 
without further
human help. In actual practice, however, a control room oper
ator using video
monitors and a spotter on the working level watch the hoist
s as they
position their loads.
The closest thing to an actual robot is a we
lding machine, but even this is
not fully automated. An operator must set it
 in place and start it manually.
But then it uses sensors and programmed ins
tructions to make the correct
weld. Shimizu figures that one operator can te
nd two machines.
Yasuyoshi Miyatake, who led the development of the system f
or Shimizu, says
the system allowed them to cut their erection crew from 20 
to 13. With
additional labour savings from prefabrication, they figure a 30 
per cent
reduction in the man hours needed to complete the building. 'Eventu
ally, we
think we can make that 50 per cent,' Mr Miyatake says.
Virtually al
l of Japan's leading contractors have their own systems, either
in their fir
st use or under development. They all follow the same theme but
have individ
ual variations. In Taisei's T-Up system, the staging platform
surrounds and 
hangs from the steel for the central core of the building. Two
cranes on top
 of the platform erect the core steel while two cranes
suspended beneath the
 platform erect the surrounding steel. Taisei figures
running four cranes si
multaneously will allow them to cut the construction
period of a 33-story 11
1,000 sq m office tower it is building in Yokohama
from 30 to 24 months.
The
 increased productivity and shorter construction periods have not shown
up o
n the bottom line. Shimizu and Taisei both say use of the systems did
not re
sult in lower contract prices for owners. For one thing they have to
recover
 their development costs. Shimizu figures the hardware alone,
developed in c
o-operation with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, cost Y1,000m.
More importantly
, the focus of the industry's automation efforts is not
reducing costs but c
utting labour requirements. Although less of a crisis
with the current reces
sion, the industry still faces a labour shortage, with
young workers, especi
ally, avoiding the construction trades.
The industry first attempted to coun
ter this by automating hard or dangerous
tasks. Mr Yukio Hasegawa, who heads
 a construction robot research programme
at Waseda University, says the indu
stry was naive, dreaming up robots far
more sophisticated than anything deve
loped for manufacturing. He says
contractors and equipment makers have devel
oped more than 100 types of
construction robots. 'But very few of them are a
ctually used,' he says. They
have proven difficult to adapt to the variety o
f conditions on construction
sites.
A similar challenge faces the new system
s. So far, the systems have only
been applied to buildings that are tall and
 relatively square in plan. To be
practical, the gains from the increased pr
oductivity and speed have to
offset the time and effort required to set the 
systems in place.
Mr Takanobu Kumano, a manager in Taisei's technology divis
ion, says the
lower limit for their system is probably about 30 stories. Thi
s means that
out of the hundreds of buildings the company takes on each year
, there are
only seven or eight that could use their system.
Despite present
 limitations, Roozbeh Kangari, associate professor of civil
engineering at G
eorgia Institute of Technology, believes the industry is now
taking the righ
t approach: looking at the overall process to see where
mechanisation makes 
sense and where it doesn't. Mr Kangari spent a year in
Japan studying Shimiz
u's mechanisation efforts.
Mr Takayoshi Sato, a general manager for Tokyo-ba
sed Futaba Quantity
Surveying, says that rather than concentrating high-tech
 systems on a few
projects, greater gains could come from spreading the use 
of standardised
and prefabricated components throughout the industry. Mr Sat
o says the
widespread use of such components in the US and Europe makes site
 labour
there more productive, despite generally higher wage rates.
The cont
ractors recognise the need to extend the systems to a wider range of
buildin
gs. Shimizu's Mr Miyatake says their next challenge is to apply the
concept 
to low-rise offices. And in typical Japanese fashion, they are
already impro
ving system performance. After erecting a couple of floors of
steel, they mo
dified the control software, cutting from 400 seconds to 200
seconds the tim
e it takes for a hoist to traverse the rail crane network.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Coun
tries:-
</XX>
<CN>JPZ  Japan, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P16   
Heavy Construction, Ex Building.
    P15   General Building Contractors.
   
 P17   Special Trade Contractors.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment
 & Analysis.
    MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PA
GE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 95 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-1031</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CLUB4ADKFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9212
21
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  21 DEC 92 / Survey of Japanese Industrial Review (
11): Re-think on robots - Factory automation </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEV
EN BUTLER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Consider the following coincidence: the two Japan
ese car companies boasting
the newest, most-highly-automated assembly plants
 in Japan are also facing
the most severe financial difficulties.
Nissan Mot
or is losing money this year and Mazda Motor will be lucky to
break even. Ea
rlier this year both opened sparkling clean,
highly-sophisticated car assemb
ly plants - Nissan in Kyushu and Mazda in
Hofu - that are packed full of the
 very latest computer-controlled equipment
for stamping out metal sheets and
 assembling cars.
Both companies are having trouble in part because they are
 now paying for
the new facilities by taking a depreciation charge on the pr
ofit and loss
account, at a time when car sales are slumping. Yet, more fund
amentally,
questions are now being asked about whether the companies may hav
e
over-automated and thereby unnecessarily jacked up the cost of producing a

car.
It is an open question and when car markets eventually recover the
pro
duction engineers from both companies may be fully vindicated. Even so,
it i
s plain that Japan's biggest and most profitable car company, Toyota,
has ad
opted a considerably more conservative attitude to factory automation.
Japan
's car makers have over the years focused more and more on automation
both b
ecause of the rising cost of labour, and because of Japan's long-term
struct
ural shortage of labour. This has been eased only temporarily by the
recessi
on.
Yet Toyota, by some measures, may actually be moving backwards in produc
tion
engineering at its newest plant in Kyushu, which is scheduled to open e
arly
next year.
'My basic policy is to make it simple,' says Mr Mikio Kitano
, a Toyota
director until recently in charge of production engineering. 'The
 more you
make it simple, the more you need a lot of knowledge.'
Take, for e
xample, the auto-guided vehicles (AGVs) originally designed by
Honda Motor a
nd installed by Nissan and Mazda in their new plants.
The vehicles replace t
he traditional line in final assembly. In the
traditional line, vehicle chas
sis ride on platforms linked together by a
chain, so that all cars in a line
 move at the same speed and stop and start
together. By contrast, the AGVs a
llow cars under assembly to move at
different speeds, to go up and down so w
orkers do not have to bend, and to
stop precisely to allow robot installatio
n of everything from seats to
windscreens.
Yet they also raise the cost of i
nstalling the line by two to three times
without directly contributing to an
y increase in productivity. Higher
productivity only comes after spending mo
re money on robots to replace line
workers.
Toyota experimented with AGVs at
 its Tahara plant which opened last year.
But it has decided against using t
he apparently more sophisticated
technology in its Kyushu plant and has gone
 back to the traditional
chain-linked line.
Honda was one of the first compa
nies to achieve fully-automated mating of
the car body and chassis by robot,
 allowing for simultaneous, precise
bolting together of the car.
The higher 
precision led to improved ride and handling, yet exact
positioning of the ca
r on an AGV was a key part of this critical assembly
process.
In the traditi
onal line, workers put the car together one bolt at a time as
the vehicle mo
ved slowly down the line, inevitably introducing small
positioning errors. T
oyota has, however, decided to use fully-automated
mating while retaining th
e chain-linked line.
It does this by using two sets of lines, one for the bo
dy and one for the
chassis, moving in parallel at precisely the same speed, 
so that stopping
precisely is not an issue because these two key parts of th
e car are
attached to each other.
The benefit? A saving in capital cost of a
bout 75 per cent. The machinery
for body-chassis mating in Tahara cost about
 Y1.5bn; in Kyushu Toyota is
spending only Y400m.
Mr Kitano has a straight-f
orward philosophy. He says: 'The real intention is
how to make work easy for
 people. We have not been successful replacing
people with machines.'
Mr Kit
ano believes that people, who are much more flexible than machines,
are the 
key to success in the final assembly process. Toyota, unlike some
other make
rs, is not trying to get rid of people on the final assembly line.
Rather, t
rue to his word, Mr Kitano has focused on how to make final
assembly easier 
and more satisfying. And Mr Kitano is not overly worried
about the impact of
 the labour shortage.
He says: 'If we do not make the work easy, we will los
e people. If we make
work more comfortable for people, people will stay at t
he plant.'
He scoffs, for example, at the complex and costly robots installe
d by
companies such as Mazda and Nissan to attach seats or windscreens witho
ut
human intervention. In part, Mr Kitano worries that such complex machiner
y
is unlikely to save labour because the machines must be maintained and
acc
uracy checked. Instead, he favours simpler, cheaper machines to help
workers
 install these parts of the car with a minimum of physical effort.
His engin
eers have, for example, designed a seat for line workers that
carries them i
n and out of car bodies to attach dashboard equipment.
He is also sceptical 
about some radical reorganisations of the production
line. Mazda, for exampl
e, has shortened the line by moving assembly of
modules, such as complete da
shboards or nose pieces, elsewhere in the plant.
Final assembly-line workers
 then have only large pieces to install.
Mr Kitano warns, however, that the 
gains are elusive because: 'This only
transfers the burden to other places (
than the final assembly line).'
Mr Kitano has supported one important change
 on the final line in Kyushu in
an effort to improve worker satisfaction. In
 the traditional line, bits and
pieces are attached all over the car, one-by
-one as it moves along - a bolt
here, a knob there. In Kyushu, Toyota has di
vided the line into six distinct
sub-sections where a team of workers is res
ponsible for putting together,
for example, a complete dashboard. Mr Kitano 
hopes this will give workers
more satisfaction, a feeling they are actually 
creating something.
The final test of Mr Kitano's ideas will not come until 
the Kyushu plant is
up and running for a considerable period. Given Toyota's
 enviable record of
innovative engineering, and its profitability, the odds 
must be that he is
onto something.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<
PAGE> London Page 25 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 96 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 97 ==============================================
Transaction #:     97       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-11550</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CGXAXABIFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
724
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  24 JUL 92 / People: Stevenson takes on Takeovers 
</HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
Dennis Stevenson, the violin-playing chairman of consulta
nts SRU, continues
to climb the establishment ladder. The Governor of the Ba
nk of England has
appointed him to be an independent member of the City Pane
l on Takeovers and
Mergers.
Stevenson, 47, who founded the Specialist Resear
ch Unit in 1972, is perhaps
less well known than one of SRU's other co-found
ers, Peter Wallis, the
sociologist who invented the Sloane Ranger tag. Howev
er, of SRU's three
founding partners - the other is Colin Fisher - Stevenson
 is credited with
having the best access to the boardrooms of SRU's blue chi
p clients. SRU, a
market research-based strategic consultancy, employs 45 st
aff.
Apart from being chairman of the Trustees of the Tate Gallery, Stevenso
n
sits on several boards, including Pearson (owner of the FT), Manpower Inc,

Thames Television and J Rothschild Assurance. As a non-executive director h
e
is probably best remembered for standing up to Tony Berry, the founder of

Blue Arrow, during the infamous Blue Arrow affair.
Stevenson, who was just 2
6 when he was given his first public job - the
chairmanship of The Peterlee 
and Aycliffe New Town Development Corporation -
replaces Sir Austin Pearce o
n the Takeover Panel. Sir Adrian Cadbury and
Professor Robert Jack are the t
wo other lay members of the Panel and the
Bank of England says that his appo
intment will reinforce the industrial
representation on the Panel.
*****
Wal
ter Lamb, one of the best known names in the UK robotics industry, is
steppi
ng down as managing director of ABB Robotics, and will be succeeded by
Rolan
d Nordstrom (above). Lamb has held a number of senior posts at ABB
Robotics 
since he joined the company in 1979, and will continue in an
advisory role b
efore taking early retirement in March.
Nordstrom, a Swede, also has extensi
ve experience, and was most recently
responsible for business development at
 ABB Robotics International. ABB
Robotics is part of the Swiss-Swedish engin
eering group Asea Brown Boveri.
*****
Hamish Donaldson, the former Hill Samu
el chief executive who quit a year ago
after the bank made heavy losses, has
 been appointed a non-executive
director of London Bridge Finance, a former 
Hill Samuel subsidiary
specialising in credit insurance coverage. The appoin
tment is the first
Donaldson has taken since he left Hill Samuel.
London Bri
dge Finance, which was bought from Hill Samuel by COBAC of Belgium
earlier t
his year, says that Donaldson will play a more proactive role than
is usuall
y expected of non-executives. William Fulton, former chief
executive of Lesn
ey Corporation and managing director of Avesco, is also
joining the London B
ridge Finance board, along with Campbell Dunform,
chairman of Trade Aide Fin
ancial Services, both as non-executives.
Peter Handley, previously a directo
r of Trade Indemnity, has been appointed
general manager.
*****
Penny Hughes
 (above left) has been appointed president of COCA-COLA Great
Britain and Ir
eland and a vice-president of Coca-Cola International. She was
previously co
mmercial director of Coca-Cola & Schweppes Beverages.
*****
Doreen Boulding 
(below right), who has been general manager of Belgravia
Sheraton and the Ha
lkin Hotel, has been appointed general manager of the
Conrad Hotel in Chelse
a Harbour, part of the international subsidiary of
HILTON HOTELS.
*****
Grah
am Dunn, finance director, has been appointed md of the OLIVER GROUP and
Joh
n Chapman, services director, becomes retail operations director.
*****
Kenn
eth Wilson, formerly president and ceo of Cardis Corporation, has been
appoi
nted president and ceo of GKN PARTS INDUSTRIES Corporation, based in
Memphis
, Tennessee.
*****
Gerald Hammond, a former works director with GKN, has bee
n appointed md of
BAUER & SCHAURTE.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>

<PAGE> London Page 16 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 98 ==============================================
Transaction #:     98       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-8893</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBNB3AE8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 FEB 92 / Technology: Machine replaces milkmaid 
</HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEVEN SONSINO </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
For the last thre
e years Professor Jim Hewit's team in the Department of
Mechanical Engineeri
ng at the Loughborough University of Technology has been
looking at cows' ud
ders with more than a passing interest.
Talking to colleagues at the Agricul
tural and Food Research Council they
discovered that if cows could be milked
 as often as the cows themselves
wanted, milk production would increase.
The
 stress on the cows of being rounded up for milking would also be
reduced, w
hich could improve milk quality. And farmers would need less
equipment, as m
ilking would be spread throughout the day, not compressed
into the tradition
al early and late shifts.
The Loughborough team has developed a robotic mach
ine to milk the cows
automatically. The system incorporates a thermal imagin
g system attached to
a contraption of booms and telescopic tubing.
The solut
ion appeared by accident. Hewit discovered a thermal imaging system
in the l
ab from a previous project. Wondering whether this might distinguish
cold te
ats from hot udders, the team tested it on cows on an Oxfordshire
farm.
Not 
only did it pick out the teats on the cow when the animal entered the
milkin
g stall, without the need for human guidance, it also picked out a
teat dise
ased with mastitis, which appeared black to the imaging system. The
cow's ow
ner was shocked, but grateful, and so were the Loughborough
engineers: in a 
surprise spin-off the robot had become a dual milking and
diagnostic imaging
 system.
Work will begin in May on the remaining hurdle: making the imaging 
systems
rugged enough and cheap enough for life on the farm. At present an e
ffective
imaging system costs around Pounds 30,000, says Hewit, and he is wo
rried
that a roaring trade in robot rustling might develop.
Eventually he be
lieves unattended milking stalls will appear on the farm.
Cows will wander i
n as they please or be called in by the tape-recorded
lowings of suckling ca
lves.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 10 </PAGE>

</DOC>

============= Transaction # 99 ==============================================
Transaction #:     99       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-3682</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCMBUABBFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAR 92 / Technology (Worth Watching): Robotic e
yes see the light </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
'ROBOTIC eyes' can now be made from a p
hotosensitive protein called
bacteriorhodopsin (BR) found in salt-saturated 
water such as the Dead Sea.
A team from Fuji Photo Film in Japan has develop
ed a retina-like light
sensor which rivals the most sophisticated silicon de
vices. It mimics some
of the functions of the eye in a simpler, less costly 
and more compact
package.
The sensor is constructed by wedging a thin film o
f the protein between two
oxide electrodes in an electrically conductive gel
. When light hits the
sensor the BR molecules react by changing shape, gener
ating a quick electric
pulse that travels through the electrode. But if the 
light remains constant
the protein returns to its original shape. No charge 
is generated until the
light level changes again.
Potential applications inc
lude recognition systems for security purposes and
factory automation.
Fuji 
Photo Film: Japan, 04 6573 7070.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PA
GE> London Page 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 100 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-8893</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBNB3AE8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 FEB 92 / Technology: Machine replaces milkmaid 
</HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEVEN SONSINO </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
For the last thre
e years Professor Jim Hewit's team in the Department of
Mechanical Engineeri
ng at the Loughborough University of Technology has been
looking at cows' ud
ders with more than a passing interest.
Talking to colleagues at the Agricul
tural and Food Research Council they
discovered that if cows could be milked
 as often as the cows themselves
wanted, milk production would increase.
The
 stress on the cows of being rounded up for milking would also be
reduced, w
hich could improve milk quality. And farmers would need less
equipment, as m
ilking would be spread throughout the day, not compressed
into the tradition
al early and late shifts.
The Loughborough team has developed a robotic mach
ine to milk the cows
automatically. The system incorporates a thermal imagin
g system attached to
a contraption of booms and telescopic tubing.
The solut
ion appeared by accident. Hewit discovered a thermal imaging system
in the l
ab from a previous project. Wondering whether this might distinguish
cold te
ats from hot udders, the team tested it on cows on an Oxfordshire
farm.
Not 
only did it pick out the teats on the cow when the animal entered the
milkin
g stall, without the need for human guidance, it also picked out a
teat dise
ased with mastitis, which appeared black to the imaging system. The
cow's ow
ner was shocked, but grateful, and so were the Loughborough
engineers: in a 
surprise spin-off the robot had become a dual milking and
diagnostic imaging
 system.
Work will begin in May on the remaining hurdle: making the imaging 
systems
rugged enough and cheap enough for life on the farm. At present an e
ffective
imaging system costs around Pounds 30,000, says Hewit, and he is wo
rried
that a roaring trade in robot rustling might develop.
Eventually he be
lieves unattended milking stalls will appear on the farm.
Cows will wander i
n as they please or be called in by the tape-recorded
lowings of suckling ca
lves.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 10 </PAGE>

</DOC>

============= Transaction # 101 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-8893</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBNB3AE8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 FEB 92 / Technology: Machine replaces milkmaid 
</HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEVEN SONSINO </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
For the last thre
e years Professor Jim Hewit's team in the Department of
Mechanical Engineeri
ng at the Loughborough University of Technology has been
looking at cows' ud
ders with more than a passing interest.
Talking to colleagues at the Agricul
tural and Food Research Council they
discovered that if cows could be milked
 as often as the cows themselves
wanted, milk production would increase.
The
 stress on the cows of being rounded up for milking would also be
reduced, w
hich could improve milk quality. And farmers would need less
equipment, as m
ilking would be spread throughout the day, not compressed
into the tradition
al early and late shifts.
The Loughborough team has developed a robotic mach
ine to milk the cows
automatically. The system incorporates a thermal imagin
g system attached to
a contraption of booms and telescopic tubing.
The solut
ion appeared by accident. Hewit discovered a thermal imaging system
in the l
ab from a previous project. Wondering whether this might distinguish
cold te
ats from hot udders, the team tested it on cows on an Oxfordshire
farm.
Not 
only did it pick out the teats on the cow when the animal entered the
milkin
g stall, without the need for human guidance, it also picked out a
teat dise
ased with mastitis, which appeared black to the imaging system. The
cow's ow
ner was shocked, but grateful, and so were the Loughborough
engineers: in a 
surprise spin-off the robot had become a dual milking and
diagnostic imaging
 system.
Work will begin in May on the remaining hurdle: making the imaging 
systems
rugged enough and cheap enough for life on the farm. At present an e
ffective
imaging system costs around Pounds 30,000, says Hewit, and he is wo
rried
that a roaring trade in robot rustling might develop.
Eventually he be
lieves unattended milking stalls will appear on the farm.
Cows will wander i
n as they please or be called in by the tape-recorded
lowings of suckling ca
lves.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 10 </PAGE>

</DOC>

============= Transaction # 102 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-8893</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBNB3AE8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 FEB 92 / Technology: Machine replaces milkmaid 
</HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEVEN SONSINO </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
For the last thre
e years Professor Jim Hewit's team in the Department of
Mechanical Engineeri
ng at the Loughborough University of Technology has been
looking at cows' ud
ders with more than a passing interest.
Talking to colleagues at the Agricul
tural and Food Research Council they
discovered that if cows could be milked
 as often as the cows themselves
wanted, milk production would increase.
The
 stress on the cows of being rounded up for milking would also be
reduced, w
hich could improve milk quality. And farmers would need less
equipment, as m
ilking would be spread throughout the day, not compressed
into the tradition
al early and late shifts.
The Loughborough team has developed a robotic mach
ine to milk the cows
automatically. The system incorporates a thermal imagin
g system attached to
a contraption of booms and telescopic tubing.
The solut
ion appeared by accident. Hewit discovered a thermal imaging system
in the l
ab from a previous project. Wondering whether this might distinguish
cold te
ats from hot udders, the team tested it on cows on an Oxfordshire
farm.
Not 
only did it pick out the teats on the cow when the animal entered the
milkin
g stall, without the need for human guidance, it also picked out a
teat dise
ased with mastitis, which appeared black to the imaging system. The
cow's ow
ner was shocked, but grateful, and so were the Loughborough
engineers: in a 
surprise spin-off the robot had become a dual milking and
diagnostic imaging
 system.
Work will begin in May on the remaining hurdle: making the imaging 
systems
rugged enough and cheap enough for life on the farm. At present an e
ffective
imaging system costs around Pounds 30,000, says Hewit, and he is wo
rried
that a roaring trade in robot rustling might develop.
Eventually he be
lieves unattended milking stalls will appear on the farm.
Cows will wander i
n as they please or be called in by the tape-recorded
lowings of suckling ca
lves.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 10 </PAGE>

</DOC>

============= Transaction # 103 ==============================================
Transaction #:    103       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-3682</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCMBUABBFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAR 92 / Technology (Worth Watching): Robotic e
yes see the light </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
'ROBOTIC eyes' can now be made from a p
hotosensitive protein called
bacteriorhodopsin (BR) found in salt-saturated 
water such as the Dead Sea.
A team from Fuji Photo Film in Japan has develop
ed a retina-like light
sensor which rivals the most sophisticated silicon de
vices. It mimics some
of the functions of the eye in a simpler, less costly 
and more compact
package.
The sensor is constructed by wedging a thin film o
f the protein between two
oxide electrodes in an electrically conductive gel
. When light hits the
sensor the BR molecules react by changing shape, gener
ating a quick electric
pulse that travels through the electrode. But if the 
light remains constant
the protein returns to its original shape. No charge 
is generated until the
light level changes again.
Potential applications inc
lude recognition systems for security purposes and
factory automation.
Fuji 
Photo Film: Japan, 04 6573 7070.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PA
GE> London Page 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 104 ==============================================
Transaction #:    104       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-2542</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-ECTARAFBFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9403
19
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  19 MAR 94 / Hawks & Handsaws: Back to save us </HE
ADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By MICHAEL THOMPSON-NOEL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Dead Hollywood
 stars will return from the grave if developments in
re-animation technology
 bear fruit. According to a recent news story: 'Using
raw data culled from o
ld films and the latest digital computer animation,
Hollywood scientists are
 perfecting (techniques) to create synthetic actors
who look, sound and move
 just like the real thing.'
Quite soon, celluloid legends such as Vivien Lei
gh and James Dean could be
starring in new films, alongside living actors. '
The era may be approaching
when old actors neither fade away nor die,' said 
the news story, 'but star
time and time again, long after their mortal remai
ns have turned to dust.
Instead of appearing in person at the Oscar ceremoni
es, they could send
along computer images to weep and thank and celebrate. N
o one would know the
difference.'
One of the names by which the new techniqu
e is known is Live-Synchro.
Live-Synchro featured in Hawks & Handsaws two ye
ars ago, in a column which
also anticipated the debut of 'animatronic actors
 - humanoids, robots - who
will play any role, from buffoon to sex siren, at
 a millifraction of the
(normal) fee.'
Anticipated is a bit cheeky; all I wa
s really doing was showing that I
possessed a much-thumbed copy of July 20, 
2019: Life in the 21st Century, by
Arthur C. Clarke, the famous science fict
ion writer.
What no one yet knows is that these techniques, Live-Synchro and

animatronics, work in reverse.
I discovered this on Wednesday when summoned
 to 10 Downing Street for a
late-night interview with John Major, the prime 
minister of Britain. I
hurried there speedily. Soon I was enjoying, together
 with the prime
minister, a splendid supper of bacon, eggs, sausages, tomato
es, mushrooms
and baked beans.
An aide had explained that I am now the only 
journalist Major will see, so I
started off politely, biding my time.
'Econo
my recovering nicely, John, give or take a sixmonth?'
'Indeed it is, Michael
. It is recovering really nicely, given that my
administration has worked jo
lly hard to achieve the conditions requisite to
sustainable long-term growth
 free of the harrowing bug-bear of rampant
inflation.'
'Trade rows under con
trol?'
'Trade rows under control.'
'Ditto Tory sex scandals?'
'Ditto Tory se
x scandals.'
It was time to raise the tempo.
'I am surprised, John,' I said,
 'that you haven't gone screaming mad, or
tried to harm yourself, given the 
ferocity of the criticism heaped upon you.
Not this century has the leader o
f a democracy been vilified as you have.
Yet you just keep smiling. The late
st organisation to demonise you is
Amnesty International, which excoriates y
ou for selling 40 Hawk military
jets to Indonesia.
''For God's sake,' says A
mnesty, 'what kind of morality is it where sleeping
with an actress can get 
a minister hounded from office, but it's OK to sell
lethal weapons without l
egal guarantees that they won't be used to kill
innocent people.'
'How do yo
u handle that, John? How do you keep your sanity? It is almost as
though' - 
I speared a reluctant sausage - 'you were programmed, somehow . .
. as thoug
h you were an image from the middle of the next century sent to
serve as a l
ightning conductor for all our troubles and pain.'
'Later,' said Major.
'Par
don?'
'2082. It's called Reverse Live-Synchro, or RL-S. I am indeed a projec
tion.
In real life, I am a low-ranking official in the fisheries ministry of
 the
government of Eurasia from 2082. I am Norwegian, as it happens. Married
, two
children. Rather good at golf. Thanks to RL-S, I have been projected
b
ackwards in time to act, as you put it, like a lightning conductor: to head

off the catastrophe facing Britain - invasion by Malaysia.
'That is schedule
d to happen in four years' time. I am here to stop it. The
downfall of Marga
ret Thatcher was a technological feat engineered by our
scientists. I was se
nt as replacement. My supreme incompetence is a clever
Eurasian smokescreen.
 I am so incompetent that the Malaysians will take pity
on us and cancel the
 invasion. At least, that's the hope.'
'I am flabbergasted,' I said. 'Why ha
ve you never told us that you are a
synchroton sent to save us?'
'Because,' 
beamed the image, 'no one's ever asked.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>
USZ  United States of America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P7372 Prepa
ckaged Software.
    P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Typ
es:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PA
GE> London Page XXII </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 105 ==============================================
Transaction #:    105       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-5401</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CICBJACZFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
01
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  01 SEP 92 / Survey of Saxony (3): VW takes economi
c lead - Andrew Fisher looks at the region's largest corporate investment </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW FISHER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
VOLKSWAGEN is the mo
st obvious symbol of Saxony's economic regeneration,
hesitant though that ma
y yet be. At Mosel, near the town of Zwickau, VW
already employs 2,300 peopl
e and will have twice that number in two years'
time.
Visitors to the Mosel 
site, where a big plant is being constructed, are
guided along the country r
oads by the VW emblem which the local authorities
have allowed to be painted
 on to their signs. VW did not have trouble
persuading them. It is investing
 nearly DM5bn in east Germany, most of that
in Saxony, at the Mosel car plan
t and the Chemnitz engine facility.
The presence in Saxony of the largest co
rporate investment in east Germany
is proof enough, if proof were needed, th
at this is the region with the best
chance of economic success. 'Every inves
tment has a symbolic character,'
says Mr Gerd Heuss, general manager at VW S
achsen. 'But this is also an
investment with new standards of technology and
 equipment.'
From the mid-1990s VW will produce up to 250,000 cars a year fr
om the new
plant being erected beside the building where the choking little 
Trabants -
the butt of numerous jokes - were made.
VW is already assembling 
cars in the existing building - completely
revamped; the products and manufa
cturing methods are light years away from
those of the Trabi days. In July, 
in Mosel, VW started production of its
latest Golf model. It aims to turn ou
t a daily average of 380 cars next
year, having reached 250 a day in 1992 wi
th the old model. The new plant
will be capable of 1,200 a day from 1994.
VW
 is already trying out some new techniques which will be used in the new
fac
ility. Whole 'front-end' assemblies of bumpers, lights, grilles and
radiator
s are delivered by a local supplier and inserted straight on to the
car. The
 same is true of instrument panels, wheel and tyre units, seats and
other un
its.
Components makers such as Siemens, VDO, Alibert of France and Britain's
 GKN
have already set up local operations. VW works with nine components sys
tem
suppliers and plans to raise this to 15. Mr Heuss says VW hopes to save 
up
to 15 per cent of component costs - parts and materials account for some 
60
per cent of total manufacturing costs - by having assembly systems delive
red
as they are needed.
The benefits for the area are already considerable, 
though Saxony as a whole
is afflicted with the same economic upheaval as the
 rest of east Germany.
Zwickau, an historic town which once drew its prosper
ity from the silver
mining in the nearby hills, is undergoing a revival as t
he result of VW's
nearby presence.
Apart from jobs at VW, at least 20,000 mo
re will be generated at supplier
companies by its investment in east Germany
, also including a cylinder head
plant in Eisenach, Thuringia. Most of these
 supplier jobs will be in Saxony.
VW now buys DM1bn worth of east German-mad
e parts a year.
One part of the new Mosel plant is already operating. With t
he help of 123
orange robots, body panels are made for the Golfs being assem
bled next door.
All that remains of the old days is the sight of a few Trabi
s in the VW car
park.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London 
Page 42 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 106 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-12541</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DA1B9AEAFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
128
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  28 JAN 93 / JCB intent on putting the skids under
 its rivals: The engineering group's hope for its new product </HEADLINE>
<B
YLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
IN AN industry which loves gossi
ping about rivals' product plans, it was an
open secret that JC Bamford Exca
vators (JCB), the largest UK-owned
earthmoving equipment maker, was about to
 enter a new product sector.
The company, whose initials are a generic name 
for backhoe loaders - the big
yellow machines with a loader bucket at the fr
ont and a small excavator in
the rear - this week made its long-awaited entr
y into the fast-growing
European market for skid-steer loaders.
The launch o
f the innovatively-designed JCB Robot is an important step for
Staffordshire
-based JCB, one of the UK's most successful privately-held
engineering group
s.
It is also a rare piece of good news in an industry which has yet to see 
any
hard evidence of the recession lifting in the UK, and may face worsening

conditions on the Continent.
JCB said recently it was producing constructio
n equipment at about one third
of the rate of four years ago, when the UK ma
rket was booming.
Skid-steer loaders are compact machines which can be used 
for anything from
light civil engineering work to clearing out chicken coops
. Their
versatility, with the trend towards use of smaller machines, such as

mini-excavators, in jobs where picks and shovels would have been used until

recently, makes them relatively recession-proof.
According to Mr David Phil
lips of the London-based Corporate Intelligence
Group, sales in Europe have 
surged from 3,600 units in 1985 to about 10,000
last year and could rise to 
between 12,000 and 14,000 in five years.
JCB is known to have been looking a
t the skid-steer market for a decade.
Launching a new volume product in a re
latively fast-growing sector, says Mr
Phillips, is a much more realistic way
 for JCB to build sales than to
attempt a 5 per cent increase in backhoe loa
ders, where it is European
leader with a 40 per cent market share.
JCB has s
pent three years and Pounds 4m developing the Robot, which will
enter a mark
et dominated by the Melroe Bobcat, produced by Clark Equipment
of the US.
JC
B has set itself characteristically tough targets for the Robot. Mr John
Bra
dley, JCB's marketing director, says the company aims to become the
second-b
iggest supplier in the European skid-steer market in about three
years, givi
ng it about 10 per cent of the market.
That could involve taking market shar
e from Melroe, which has about 50 per
cent of the market, and smaller suppli
ers such as Gehl of Germany and FAI of
Italy. Mr Phillips says the entry of 
another internationally-known company
alongside Melroe may expand the market
.
Additionally, JCB is pinning its hopes on winning customers by redrawing t
he
conventional skid-steer design. The Robot's single boom allows the operat
or
access through a side door, cutting out the risk of injury when clamberin
g
over or under the bucket to reach the driving seat.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies
:-
</XX>
<CO>JC Bamford Excavators.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  Un
ited Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P353  Construction and R
elated Machinery.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products.
    CMMT  Com
ment and Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 
5 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 107 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-6741</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DE0B8ACHFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9305
27
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 MAY 93 / Britain makes global impact </HEADLINE
>
<BYLINE>    By CLIVE COOKSON </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
WHEN the government last car
ried out a thorough review of science policy 21
years ago, no-one knew how t
o transfer a gene from one organism to another
and Clive Sinclair's first el
ectronic calculators were beginning to replace
slide-rules.
Now genetic engi
neering is the basis of the multi-billion-dollar
biotechnology industry and 
today's laptop computers outperform a 1972
supercomputer. UK science has pla
yed an impressive role in the technical
revolutions of the past two decades 
- a part far outweighing the country's 5
per cent share of global research s
pending.
That contribution is most evident in fields such as biomedical and 
chemical
research. Pharmaceuticals are an outstanding example; one third of 
the most
successful drugs were discovered in the UK.
But even in areas such 
as electronics, where the country's industrial
performance has been weaker, 
researchers continue to contribute. For
example, a breakthrough at Southampt
on University in 1987 enables light
pulses to travel thousands of miles alon
g fibre-optics without the need for
expensive amplifiers.
One way of compari
ng the impact of researchers in different countries is
'citation analysis', 
which shows the frequency with which work is cited by
researchers in publica
tions worldwide.
On this basis, UK science has a disproportionate impact, th
ough there was a
decline from the 1981-85 period, when British researchers e
arned 23 per cent
more citations than the world average, to 1987-91, when th
ey were 16 per
cent above average.
There is no doubt that UK research create
s a vast amount of wealth and
knowledge for the world. The question after th
e white paper is whether the
'technology foresight' process can harness it m
ore effectively for the UK.
The proposals in the white paper target research
 funding as the core of the
nation's problems in science. How that will caus
e British companies to
invest in scientific advance is yet to be demonstrate
d.
The speed of change over the 21 years is shown by the following advances:

BIOTECHNOLOGY
1972: Genetic engineering not yet invented. Biotechnology con
sists of
traditional fermentation to produce antibiotics, vaccines - and bee
r.
1993: Biotec is one of the world's great growth industries.
MEMORY CHIPS

1972: Integrated circuits with a few hundred components on one silicon chip

are beginning to replace circuit boards.
1993: Standard 16 Mbit memory chips
 contain 30m components and store as much
information as 1,000 printed pages
.
SPACE
1972: Enthusiasm for space flights is running high after the success
ful US
Apollo programme. Men on Mars predicted within 20 years.
1993. Astron
auts restricted to low orbit, 300 miles above earth. Emphasis is
on utilitar
ian space technology: satellites for communication and earth
observation.
RO
BOTICS
1972: First crude industrial robots are causing excitement.
1993: Hun
dreds of thousands of robots are working routinely in factories
worldwide. T
he novelty now is the medical robot helping to carry out human
surgery.
</TE
XT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industrie
s:-
</XX>
<IN>P3571 Electronic Computers.
    P8731 Commercial Physical Rese
arch.
    P9661 Space Research and Technology.
    P3674 Semiconductors and 
Related Devices.
    P3679 Electronic Components, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</
XX>
<TP>RES  R&D spending.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Lond
on Page 10 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 108 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-11806</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CDWA1AEFFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
423
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 APR 92 / Technology: Making tracks - Andrew Ba
xter explains how ancient and modern techniques are used in the construction
 of tanks </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
In the p
ast few weeks, workers at the Vickers Defence Systems tank factory
at Newcas
tle upon Tyne have had to walk round a large hole that has opened
up in the 
middle of the shopfloor.
The hole might suggest that Vickers has started tes
t firing its tank guns
indoors, but there is a more innocent explanation. It
 is to provide
foundations for a new Pounds 500,000 computer-controlled mach
ining centre
being supplied by Halifax-based Butler Newall.
The machine will
 replace three 30-year-old Giddings & Lewis horizontal
boring machines, and 
will do all their machining work on the tank hulls in
one setting.
For Bill 
McGawley, divisional operations director, the new machine is an
investment i
n new technology that is worth making because of the time saved
and the cont
ribution to increased competitiveness.
A walk through the 543m-long plant - 
armoured plate in at one end, completed
tank out from the other end - is a h
istory lesson in the machine tool
industry. Names long gone, such as Kendall
 & Gent of the UK, rub shoulders
with the Mori Seikis of the modern era.
In 
between are venerable machines that have been given a new lease of life.
Vic
kers spent Pounds 90,000 last year restoring a 600-ton press, made in
Birmin
gham in 1936 and used for straightening thick plate after welding.
McGawley 
is keen to dispel the impression that the British Army's 140 new
Challenger 
tanks, to be built at Newcastle and its sister plant in Leeds,
will be the p
roducts of old-fashioned manufacturing technology.
But the mixture of old an
d new is deliberate, and intended to answer the
challenge of manufacturing t
anks competitively, and profitably, in the
modern era. Vickers is the only c
ompany in the world to have been
continuously producing tanks since they wer
e introduced in 1916, and wants
to remain so.
The critical manufacturing iss
ue, for a low-volume product in a market where
margins have fallen and compe
tition is now more open and international, is
reducing break-even to a minim
um.
Expenditure on new machine tools is an important part of the equation.
B
uying elegant machinery that shaves a few seconds or minutes off machining
t
imes may make sense for a high-volume manufacturer, says McGawley, as the
co
st of the machine can be spread over thousands of products.
In tank producti
on, with many large pieces requiring long set-up times for
machining, a few 
minutes saved while the metal is cut may not be that
critical. And highly sp
ecialised machinery could reduce flexibility when the
production line switch
es to a new model.
For McGawley, therefore, the key question is not 'How muc
h time can we
save?' but 'How much money can we make over time by making tha
t part?'
This approach to manufacturing lies behind the transformation in Vi
ckers'
tank production business over the past decade. Ancient, sprawling
man
ufacturing plants with long chains of command and five different levels
of d
ining room have been swept away, first at Newcastle in 1983 and then in
Leed
s three years later.
The company now has two identical plants, each of which
 can produce a
complete tank - allowing for the fact that 60 per cent of eac
h tank's
content is sourced externally.
The strategy, masterminded by Gerry 
Boxall, Vickers Defence Systems chairman
and chief executive, flies in the f
ace of modern manufacturing convention,
which calls for the elimination of d
uplication and concentration of
different stages of manufacturing in separat
e plants. But Vickers does not
want to go down this route, says McGawley. St
rategically, it would make the
company vulnerable to the consequences of 'up
sizing and downsizing' of order
flows, and competition between the two plant
s can be constructive and
beneficial if properly controlled.
The result of t
he upheavals at the company, and its innovative approach to
manufacturing te
chnology, is that each factory can break even on two to
three tanks a month,
 yet can expand to ten a month simply by adding shifts.
The wisdom of McGawl
ey's approach to manufacturing options is illustrated by
some of its recent 
experiences with new equipment.
On the one hand, it has had no trouble assim
ilating some of the new
techniques in manufacturing developed for high-volum
e production such as car
manufacturing. It has bought CNC lathes and a CAD s
ystem virtually off the
shelf.
But a recent episode with robotics was anothe
r story. With financial backing
from the UK government, McGawley bought a ro
bot to weld turrets which
Vickers makes for armoured fighting vehicles.
The 
robot had no trouble welding armoured plate, despite certain
metallurgical c
hallenges, in half the time that a human welder would
require. The problem w
as integrating the robot and its software to ensure
that the welding torch m
oved to the right place. Along with difficulties
setting up large castings f
or the robot to work on, this made it difficult
to achieve the repeatability
 which is normally one of the main benefits of
robotics.
Three years after p
urchasing the robot, and after spending about Pounds 1m,
McGawley says it is
 now performing well and he looks forward to extending
the use of robots. Bu
t manual craft skills will still be required for
welding in difficult positi
ons and, as with other parts of the manufacturing
process, old and new will 
complement each other.
Much of the Pounds 1m investment in manufacturing equ
ipment at Newcastle
over the past year is linked to preparation for fulfilli
ng the Pounds 500m
Challenger 2 order.
Building tanks is a lengthy affair, b
ut the philosophy at Vickers, which has
brought design and manufacturing tea
ms closer together physically and
metaphorically, has had a profound impact 
on product development times.
The first CRARVV (Challenger armoured repair a
nd recovery vehicle) rolled
off the production line in autumn 1990, five yea
rs after Vickers began
concept work, and went straight to the Gulf. Formerly
, says McGawley, the
project would have taken eight to nine years.
Managemen
t schools would no doubt applaud Vickers' new co-ordinated approach
to tank 
manufacture as a classic example of the teamwork element in
simultaneous or 
concurrent engineering. McGawley will have none of that,
preferring instead 
to call it 'sheer bloody common sense'.
'My wife in the kitchen doesn't have
 the kettle on one table, the tea on
another and the sugar in a different ro
om. They are all in reach,' he says.
'Why should that have a special title i
n engineering?'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 1
8 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 109 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-10484</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CJ3B8AFFFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>921
030
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  30 OCT 92 / Shuttle tests robotic vision system <
/HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By AP </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    HOUSTON </DATELINE>
<TE
XT>
COLUMBIA'S astronauts yesterday hoisted a domino-like aluminium panel on
 the
US space shuttle's mechanical arm, then rolled and waved the panel to t
est
an experimental robotic vision system, AP reports from Houston.
Crew mem
ber Charles Lacy Veach grabbed the 4ft-by-8ft (1.2metre-by 2.4metre)
target 
panel with Columbia's 50ft (15-metre) crane and lifted it above the
payload 
bay. He slowly manipulated the target, turning it, pulling it from
side to s
ide and moving it up and down, relying on the Canadian space vision
system o
f computers and TV cameras to operate the crane.
Canadian astronaut Steven M
acLean aligned the system by targeting sets of
white dots on the black panel
. The vision device seemed to work well, but it
took the astronauts two hour
s longer than planned to latch the panel back in
the cargo bay because of a 
minor problem with the jointed mechanical arm.
Ms Barbara Schwartz, spokeswo
man for the US space agency Nasa, said the
delay was not expected to affect 
further tests planned with the machine
vision system over the next two days.

Researchers hope the computerised eye will give them more precise control o
f
the shuttle arm, which may someday be used to build the space station.
</T
EXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 8 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-10484</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CJ3B8AFFFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>921
030
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  30 OCT 92 / Shuttle tests robotic vision system <
/HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By AP </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    HOUSTON </DATELINE>
<TE
XT>
COLUMBIA'S astronauts yesterday hoisted a domino-like aluminium panel on
 the
US space shuttle's mechanical arm, then rolled and waved the panel to t
est
an experimental robotic vision system, AP reports from Houston.
Crew mem
ber Charles Lacy Veach grabbed the 4ft-by-8ft (1.2metre-by 2.4metre)
target 
panel with Columbia's 50ft (15-metre) crane and lifted it above the
payload 
bay. He slowly manipulated the target, turning it, pulling it from
side to s
ide and moving it up and down, relying on the Canadian space vision
system o
f computers and TV cameras to operate the crane.
Canadian astronaut Steven M
acLean aligned the system by targeting sets of
white dots on the black panel
. The vision device seemed to work well, but it
took the astronauts two hour
s longer than planned to latch the panel back in
the cargo bay because of a 
minor problem with the jointed mechanical arm.
Ms Barbara Schwartz, spokeswo
man for the US space agency Nasa, said the
delay was not expected to affect 
further tests planned with the machine
vision system over the next two days.

Researchers hope the computerised eye will give them more precise control o
f
the shuttle arm, which may someday be used to build the space station.
</T
EXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 8 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 111 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-10484</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CJ3B8AFFFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>921
030
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  30 OCT 92 / Shuttle tests robotic vision system <
/HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By AP </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    HOUSTON </DATELINE>
<TE
XT>
COLUMBIA'S astronauts yesterday hoisted a domino-like aluminium panel on
 the
US space shuttle's mechanical arm, then rolled and waved the panel to t
est
an experimental robotic vision system, AP reports from Houston.
Crew mem
ber Charles Lacy Veach grabbed the 4ft-by-8ft (1.2metre-by 2.4metre)
target 
panel with Columbia's 50ft (15-metre) crane and lifted it above the
payload 
bay. He slowly manipulated the target, turning it, pulling it from
side to s
ide and moving it up and down, relying on the Canadian space vision
system o
f computers and TV cameras to operate the crane.
Canadian astronaut Steven M
acLean aligned the system by targeting sets of
white dots on the black panel
. The vision device seemed to work well, but it
took the astronauts two hour
s longer than planned to latch the panel back in
the cargo bay because of a 
minor problem with the jointed mechanical arm.
Ms Barbara Schwartz, spokeswo
man for the US space agency Nasa, said the
delay was not expected to affect 
further tests planned with the machine
vision system over the next two days.

Researchers hope the computerised eye will give them more precise control o
f
the shuttle arm, which may someday be used to build the space station.
</T
EXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 8 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 112 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-12990</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CGPA3ABBFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
716
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 JUL 92 / Technology: Driven back to basics - A
s Japanese car makers strive to cut costs, priorities on the production line
 have changed </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEVEN BUTLER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Yosh
ifumi Tsuji, Nissan Motor's new president, has a straightforward message
to 
his staff: build it simple.
Tsuji wants to cut down by half the multiple var
ieties of parts - such as
optional steering wheels - that can go into a Niss
an car. He wants to use
more common parts among different car models, and is
 even looking to bring
down costs by sourcing major components jointly with 
rival car makers.
If the 1980s was the decade when the Japanese automobile c
ompanies dazzled
the world with rapid expansion and a seemingly endless prol
iferation of new
models, the 1990s is forcing the industry back to its engin
eering basics in
an effort to improve profits.
Following last year's dismal 
financial performance, the industry has come
under real pressure for the fir
st time since 1986, when the rapid
appreciation of the yen forced the compan
ies into a round of severe cost
cutting. Operating margins at Nissan Motor's
 parent company in Japan last
year fell to 0.8 per cent, while Mazda was at 
0.9 per cent and Honda at 1.8
per cent. Toyota has yet to report for the yea
r ending in June, but is
unlikely to match Honda.
The cause of poor profitab
ility is not inefficient manufacturing per se.
Indeed Japan's car makers are
 probably the most efficient in the world. Yet
the weak state of automobile 
markets leaves the companies with little choice
but to cut costs, and some c
ompanies believe that considerable scope for
improvement remains.
'Efficienc
y was number two or three in our priorities, after reducing lead
times and i
mproving quality,' says Ryuichi Tsukamoto, executive vice
president at Honda
 Engineering, Honda's production engineering subsidiary.
'Now we cannot deny
 the importance of efficiency, because the business is
facing tough times.'

An engineering solution to the car makers' problems, however, is a tall
orde
r because the companies face conflicting pressures that suggest opposite
sol
utions. The Japanese industry must cope, for example, with a severe
labour s
hortage, which suggests automation may be the answer. Yet automation
is expe
nsive. And increased use of industrial robots reduces flexibility on
product
ion lines at a time when rapidly changing consumer tastes require
increased 
flexibility.
In an attempt to resolve these conflicting pressures, the compa
nies are
focusing on two related areas of the manufacturing process: final a
ssembly
and design.
The most recent trend in final assembly technology dates
 to a small-scale,
experimental factory that Honda ran for two years at its 
1980s. At the plant
Honda introduced what it called General Assembly Trucks 
(Gat) to replace the
traditional assembly line.
In the traditional conveyor 
line, pioneered by Henry Ford, vehicle chassis
rode on a platform of fixed h
eight. The platforms were spaced evenly and
were linked together and pulled 
along by a chain. The line moved at a
uniform speed, ideally never stopping,
 while workers installed parts and
components as the vehicle moved slowly by
.
Yet the old-fashioned conveyor has proved too inflexible. Cars move along 
at
the same speed, spaced evenly regardless of how difficult they are to
ass
emble. If one car has to be stopped because of a problem, they all stop,
bri
nging work to a halt on the whole line. Because planned stops for the
cars a
re impractical, automation using stationery robots is impossible.
Honda's in
novation was to dispense with the link between the platforms.
Instead of bei
ng pulled along by a noisy chain, Honda put the chassis on a
dolly which mov
es under the power of its own electric motor. The motor draws
power by induc
tion from a cable beneath the floor and can also raise and
lower the vehicle
 chassis so that workers never have to bend to install
parts.
Honda's Gat al
so supplies a key that opens the door automation: the dollies
can move at di
fferent speeds, stop precisely to allow robot installation of
components, an
d accelerate and decelerate quickly to keep an expensive robot
used to the m
aximum. And the entire process can be controlled by central
computer, which 
monitors progress of each vehicle by means of an electronic
sensor system on
 the dolly and tells the robots what is coming.
The result is a production l
ine much more pleasant to work on and one which
is much more amenable to aut
omation. Honda concluded it was technically
possible to raise the automation
 rate on final assembly to 30 per cent,
compared with 5 per cent standard in
 the industry.
Honda installed the technology on one line at the Suzuka plan
t, on lines at
East Liberty in Ohio, and will open a plant later this year i
n Swindon using
an advanced version of the system. Honda Engineering also li
censed the basic
technology to Daifuku, the Japanese specialist in factory e
quipment. Daifuku
has sold the system to both Toyota and Nissan, which have 
opened separate
plants in the past year.
The lines are beautiful to watch, w
hen compared with the traditional noisy
and disorderly line. Nissan believes
 it will result in smoother operation on
the final assembly line, since cars
 that are complex to assemble can be
spaced further apart. And if a problem 
arises, only one car need be stopped,
allowing it to catch up later.
Yet whe
ther the technology offers a true solution for the industry's
problems is an
other question. For one, the line costs between two and three
times as much 
to install as a traditional conveyor system, yet by itself
does not contribu
te anything to raising productivity.
The improvement in productivity only co
mes after additional spending on
robots. When Honda installed its Suzuka lin
e in 1989, it lifted the level of
automation to 18 per cent. Tsukamoto says 
this raised labour productivity on
the line by between 15 to 17 per cent. Bu
t Honda has shelved a plan to
install more robots on the line to raise the a
utomation ratio to 30 per
cent. It is too expensive.
Tsukamoto says that to 
replace one worker with machinery can cost between
Y10m (Pounds 42,000) and 
Y80m, depending on the process. Honda is willing to
spend the money when it 
relieves a particularly onerous manual task, or when
the investment results 
in a large improvement in quality.
One area where Honda has not skimped is o
n machinery for automated,
simultaneous installation of car suspension and e
ngines. By mounting and
fastening all bolts simultaneously, Tsukamoto says, 
a more precise fit is
obtained, allowing for improved handling and ride. Sim
ultaneous bolt
fastening prevents the accumulation of minor alignment errors
.
The robots also provide rapid feedback. If a single bolt hole is misaligne
d,
the machines quit. On a traditional line, a slightly misaligned bolt hole

will rarely slow down a worker, who will put the thing together anyway. The

worker will still have to intervene on Honda's automated line when holes do

not match, but because the robots detect quality problems instantly, the
so
urce can be traced immediately and corrected.
Honda's Gat system offers the 
potential to save labour, improve quality and
increase flexibility. Whether 
this potential can be exploited to the
financial benefit of the car makers, 
however, depends very much on other
links in the engineering chain.
A furthe
r article on engineering for flexibility will appear shortly.
</TEXT>
<PUB>T
he Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 16 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 113 ==============================================
Transaction #:    113       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-9870</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EKNDLABKFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9411
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 NOV 94 / BNFL plans to sell off precision work 
business </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By IAN HAMILTON FAZEY, Northern Corresponde
nt </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
British Nuclear Fuels is planning to sell off some of it
s specialised
high-precision manufacturing expertise within the next three y
ears.
It is currently exploiting this expertise to build new markets in the

pharmaceutical, chemical and aerospace industries. However, it plans to sell

this new business to its management once commercial viability is
establishe
d.
The new business will use techniques developed at Capenhurst, BNFL's
engi
neering factory in the Wirral, to make components and vessels for its
reproc
essing plant at Sellafield.
The techniques enable drums and containers to be
 mass-produced out of
inch-thick stainless steel to an accuracy of three mic
rons or three
millionths of a metre - smaller than a particle of dust. Such 
accuracy is
needed for nuclear safety.
In an effort to secure non-nuclear sp
in-offs by transferring the
manufacturing technology to products for other i
ndustries, state-owned BNFL
has formed a wholly owned subsidiary called Deva
 Manufacturing Services and
equipped it with Pounds 5m of computer-controlle
d and robotic machine tools
on an industrial estate near Chester.
Its first 
30 employees are skilled Capenhurst workers who would have been
made redunda
nt following BNFL's rundown of activities now that Thorp, its
thermal oxide 
reprocessing plant at Sellafield, has been completed.
Deva's first contract 
is worth Pounds 50m over 10 years, making steel drums
for storing intermedia
te-level nuclear waste. It plans to double turnover by
selling high-precisio
n steel products to the chemical and pharmaceutical
industries.
The company 
believes it will be able to exploit its ability to manufacture
to tight tole
rances. Industries moving to robotic production methods require
vessels to f
it exactly between robotic arms or automatic handling machinery.
The nuclear
 storage drums cost about Pounds 1,800 each. Deva will also
develop its own 
brand of a cheaper, re-useable stainless steel drum in the
Pounds 250-Pounds
 400 price range for the pharmaceutical industry.
Mr Neville Chamberlain, BN
FL's chief executive, said Deva's management would
be encouraged to bid to b
uy the business out once it was established.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>

<CO>British Nuclear Fuels.
    Deva Manufacturing Services.
</CO>
<XX>
Count
ries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>
P8711 Engineering Services.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Disposals.
  
  RES  Facilities.
    COMP  Buy-in & Buy-out.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Time
s </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 8 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 114 ==============================================
Transaction #:    114       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-5504</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EIDAYABYFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9409
03
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  03 SEP 94 / Chips can't (yet) do everything: The w
orld chess champion lost to a computer, but man still has the upper hand </H
EADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CLIVE COOKSON </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
When a chip chopped a
 chess champ this week, commentators were quick to
proclaim another famous v
ictory for computers in their long struggle for
mental superiority over the 
human brain.
By knocking Garry Kasparov, the world champion, out of the Inte
l Grand Prix
in London, the Pentium micro-processor certainly shocked the ch
ess world -
and saddened some people who thought its triumph would remove th
e game's
intellectual mystique.
Although computers have been beating good pl
ayers for several years, few
people expected their first serious victory at 
the highest level to come so
soon.
'A lot of people thought there was a qual
itative difference between most
grandmasters and the elite handful of potent
ial world champions,' says Manny
Rainer, formerly an international chess pla
yer and now an artificial
intelligence specialist with SRI, the Cambridge re
search consultancy.
'I'm beginning to think now that there might not be such
 a gap after all.'
But Kasparov's defeat will have less psychological impact
 on artificial
intelligence research than on the world of chess. In computin
g's pioneering
era in the 1950s and 1960s, researchers learned a lot of impo
rtant
programming techniques by teaching computers to play chess. Things are
 very
different today.
Chess computers have become a minor sideshow with lit
tle relevance to
mainstream research. Scientists trying to mimic human intel
ligence in
machines now prefer to work on problems related to the everyday w
orld, such
as translating between languages, enabling a robot to steer aroun
d obstacles
or assessing the creditworthiness of bank customers.
For all its
 reputation as the queen of intellectual pursuits, chess is a
self-contained
 small world with little scope for surprises - in other words,
ideally suite
d to computing.
The personal computer that beat Kasparov - containing Intel'
s latest Pentium
processor and running a Genius 2 chess program - costs only
 Pounds 2,000 but
it can carry out 166m calculations and analyse 100,000 pos
sible moves every
second. And that is fast enough to out-think a human playe
r.
'Kasparov has relied on his experience and his strategic thinking, and
th
at's no longer enough,' says Professor Bill O'Riordan, head of advanced
rese
arch for ICL, the UK-based computer company. 'It comes to all of us - he
is 
just too slow.'
'Watching the human being becoming more and more distraught,
 while the
computer remained as impassive as ever, was strangely unsettling,
' says
Andrew Finan, a tournament official. 'Kasparov is feeling very very s
ore -
he has gone underground and is not giving any interviews.'
The Intel G
rand Prix is admittedly 'speed chess'; each player has 25 minutes
to make al
l his moves. Fast calculating is at less of a premium in a normal
tournament
, when 40 moves have to be completed every two hours.
However no one doubts 
that, with the processing power of silicon chips
doubling every two years, c
heap computers will soon be able to beat the best
human players under those 
conditions too.
O'Riordan does not agree, however, that chess will be dimini
shed as a game.
'On the contrary,' he says, 'once we realise that men will n
ever again beat
the machine, we should feel liberated and treat chess as a p
ure sport
again.'
In draughts (or checkers, as it is known in the US) the ch
ampions have also
succumbed to the power of computers. But there are other i
ntellectual games
in which the human brain still reigns supreme. One is Go, 
which originated
in east Asia 4,000 years ago, making it more than twice as 
old as chess.
The rules of Go are simpler than those of chess but it has a l
arger board
and more potential moves at every stage. As a result, the balanc
e between
long-term strategic thinking, which is the forte of the human play
er, and
short-term tactics, at which the computer excels, is tilted in favou
r of the
former. Good Go players need not fear defeat by a computer for many
 years.
Chess and Go are 'games of perfect information'; nothing is hidden f
rom the
players. Computers are less successful at card games such as bridge,
 where
the course of play is less predictable and psychological factors are 
more
important.
'The best bridge computers today are not even up to good ama
teur standard,'
Rainer says.
'The kind of skills you need for chess are not 
very useful for anything else
 -developing a good bridge program would be mu
ch more useful for good
artificial intelligence research.
'Bridge is a trick
ier game all round for the computer, because you have to
reason about probab
ilities rather than certainties and you have to think
about what your partne
r is thinking the whole time.'
If machines are ever to become bridge champio
ns, they may not be created by
programmers dedicated to producing a bridge-p
laying equivalent of the Genius
2 chess computer. Instead, they may emerge f
rom more general research into
intelligent machines capable of learning huma
n behaviour.
The most ambitious research of this sort is in progress at Mass
achusetts
Institute of Technology's artificial intelligence laboratory. Scie
ntists
there are creating Cog, a humanoid robot which Daniel Dennett, one of
 the
team, says will be able to 'interact with human beings in a robust and

versatile manner in real time, take care of itself and tell its designers
th
ings about its condition that would otherwise be extremely difficult if
not 
impossible to determine by examination'.
If Cog can play bridge, this will b
e a by-product of its general learning
skills, not its main raison d'etre. A
nd unlike today's chess computers, it
will be physically capable of making i
ts own moves. Cog will have eyes to
see the cards, arms to play them, ears t
o hear the bidding and a voice to
speak itself.
Although a primitive first-g
eneration Cog exists, it will probably be
several decades before the robot d
evelops sufficient understanding and
adaptability to play bridge with people
.
By then the thought of a human chess champion playing a computer will seem

as ridiculous as it would be today for a sprinter to race against a Formula

1 car.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<X
X>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3571 Electronic Computers.
    P7999 Amusement an
d Recreation, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<P
UB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 115 ==============================================
Transaction #:    115       Transaction Code:  14 (Search Results Displayed)

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-15597</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EJRCWABWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>941
018
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 OCT 94 / World Trade News: Mitsubishi to launc
h Dutch-made hatchback </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By KEVIN DONE, Motor Industry
 Correspondent </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Mitsubishi Motors is to begin its first car 
production in Europe in the
first half of next year at its joint venture pla
nt in the Netherlands, Mr
Hiroshi Ninomiya, president of Mitsubishi Motor Sa
les Europe, said last
night.
The company aims to achieve production of up to
 100,000 Mitsubishi cars a
year by 1997 at the Nedcar plant, which it owns j
ointly with Volvo, the
Swedish carmaker, and the Dutch government, each hold
ing a one-third stake.
The partners are investing Fl 3.4bn (Dollars 1.9bn) i
n the project to
modernise the former Volvo Car BV plant at Born in the Neth
erlands in order
to create a total capacity to produce 200,000 cars a year, 
which will be
shared equally by Mitsubishi and Volvo.
Mr Ninomiya disclosed 
in a speech at the Birmingham motor show that
Mitsubishi would initially lau
nch from the Dutch plant a five-door hatchback
car, code-named MX, between i
ts existing Mitsubishi Lancer and Galant ranges
in size. It is expected to b
e followed later by a four-door saloon version,
and possibly an estate car.

It will compete directly with rivals such as the Ford Mondeo and the Opel
Ve
ctra/Vauxhall Cavalier, as well as the European-built products of other
Japa
nese carmakers such as the Nissan Primera and the Toyota Carina, both
assemb
led in the UK.
The new car will be unveiled at the Amsterdam motor show in J
anuary and will
go on sale in continental European markets from mid-1995 and
 in the UK from
November next year. The Volvo version of the new range, whic
h is expected
eventually to replace the current Dutch-built Volvo 400, will 
have a
different exterior and interior styling and is expected to be unveile
d in
the autumn next year.
Mitsubishi is following the same strategy as its 
Japanese competitors by
choosing the large family car sector of the European
 car market for its
first locally-built products in Europe. Mr Ninomiya said
 the local European
content of the new Mitsubishi range would exceed 85 per 
cent.
Purchases from components suppliers in Europe for the Mitsubishi car a
lone
are expected to total more than Fl 1bn a year by the time output reache
s
100,000 cars a year, the company said yesterday. More than 150 suppliers
h
ave already been selected in Europe, including some local European
subsidiar
ies of Japanese components groups, such as Calsonic in the UK,
which will su
pply radiators and cooling systems.
Mitsubishi plans to import all its petro
l engines (in 1.6 and 1.8 litre) and
automatic gearboxes from Japan, but it 
is understood that it will buy a 1.9
litre diesel engine and all its manual 
gearboxes from Renault, the French
carmaker.
Mr Ninomiya said that Mitsubish
i had drawn heavily on the latest Japanese
production technology to modernis
e the Dutch plant, organised along the
lines of its Mizushima plant in Japan
.
Mitsubishi said it planned initially to achieve around 20 hours per car
as
sembly time at the Born plant, but this would be reduced later to 17 hours
p
er car when full capacity was reached. It would take around 7 minutes to
cha
nge the tools on the heavy stamping presses. The plant will include 305
robo
ts.
Around half of the Fl 3.4bn earmarked for the Nedcar project had been
in
vested to date. Mr Ninomiya said Mitsubishi Motors, the third largest
Japane
se vehicle producer, was seeking a 5 per cent share of the global
vehicle ma
rket by 2000.
To achieve this goal it was aiming to raise its share of the d
omestic
Japanese market from 12 to 15 per cent, to increase its share of the
 Asian
and Asean market from 20 to 25 per cent and to gain a 2 per cent shar
e of
the combined European and US markets.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<C
O>Mitsubishi Motors Corp.
    Mitsubishi Motor Sales Europe.
    Nedcar.
   
 Volvo.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>NLZ  Netherlands, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
In
dustries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3711 Motor Vehicles and Car Bodies.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-

</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Production.
    RES  Capital expenditures.
    TECH  Produc
ts & Product use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 8
 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 117 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-8849</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBQDKAFLFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 FEB 94 / International Company News: BNL finds 
itself back under the spotlight - Haig Simonian reports on the surprise deci
sion by the Italian bank's chief to step down </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HAI
G SIMONIAN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Italy's treasury-owned Banca Nazionale del Lavor
o shot back into the
headlines this month after its chairman, Mr Giampiero C
antoni, decided to
step down temporarily.
Mr Cantoni was brought in to remov
e the bank from the limelight in 1989 when
revelations about Dollars 4bn in 
unauthorised loans to Iraq from its Atlanta
branch triggered an internationa
l outcry.
BNL has maintained a fairly low profile since then. Apart from a f
lurry
during the 1991 collapse of the Federconsorzi farm services group, the
 new
management, under Mr Cantoni, has steered a reasonable recovery at the 
once
scandal-ridden bank.
Parent company figures for 1993, revealed yesterda
y, showed a 68 per cent
surge in gross operating profits to L1,527bn (Dollar
s 911m), confirming the
bank's continuing recovery since the Atlanta affair.

However, Mr Cantoni's decision last week to step down temporarily has
catap
ulted the bank back on to the front pages. Although he stressed the
move was
 for personal reasons - Mr Cantoni is being investigated about
alleged bribe
s to accelerate planning procedures in a Milan suburb where his
family engag
ed in property speculation - matters have become more
complicated.
BNL has a
lso attracted the attention of Bank of Italy inspectors looking
into loans m
ade to the now-bankrupt Mandelli robotics group.
Among the companies Mandell
i bought in the rapid expansion which largely
accounts for its plight, is a 
concern in which Mr Cantoni had a substantial
interest. Although the Bank of
 Italy has not yet reached formal conclusions,
the fact that BNL's chairman 
potentially faced a conflict of interest in
approving big credits to Mandell
i has not helped the bank's reputation.
Matters worsened this week after lea
ks about other potentially questionable
lending by Efibanca, the bank's long
-term industrial lending subsidiary. to
entrepreneurs, some now in financial
 difficulties and closely associated
with the now-discredited Socialist part
y.
Although Efibanca has rejected most of the claims, politically-influenced

lending is nothing new in Italian banking, where the majority of banks are

state-owned.
BNL is a Socialist stronghold, while Mr Cantoni is close to the
 party's
former leaders. Whatever the facts, the mere suggestion the bank ma
y be
heavily exposed to entrepreneurs linked to the Socialists is highly
unw
elcome now attention in Italy's mushrooming political corruption scandal
has
 shifted to the banking world.
The latest mishaps have led to calls for a ma
nagement shake-up. BNL's unions
this week demanded a 'clarification' of the 
bank's policies.
The upsets have also refocused attention on its deeper stru
ctural problems.
BNL has for some years been under-capitalised. A November 1
992 treasury
paper outlining the government's privatisation plans estimated 
it needed at
least L2,000bn to improve its capital ratios.
The treasury has 
done little to resolve the problem. Last week, Mr Mario
Draghi, the treasury
's director general, acknowledged money had to be pumped
into BNL but he wou
ld not say when that might happen.
One solution would have been to merge wit
h a better-capitalised state bank.
The two candidates frequently cited were 
Istituto Mobiliare Italiano, the
profitable financial services group, and Ar
tigiancassa, a well-capitalised
specialised lender.
However, neither option 
is now on the cards. IMI has been privatised this
month, while a marriage wi
th Artigiancassa appears to have been eliminated.
Even the idea of merging w
ith Milan's Banca Commerciale Italiana - always
less likely - is no longer a
vailable because BCI is next on the
privatisation list.
BNL's latest problem
s means it will have to repolish its image and further
improve earnings befo
re the treasury can think seriously of such options -
let alone privatisatio
n.
Yet the need to find a solution is pressing given the bank's size and sta
tus
as the the primary bank for the Italian state and public administration.

Another management shake-up seems virtually certain. However, matters are
c
omplicated by the fact that Mr Cantoni has not resigned, although he will
no
t seek a further term after his contract expires later this year.
That may b
e too late for the treasury, which seems determined to impose new
management
. The changes may also involve Mr Davide Croff and Mr Umberto
d'Addosio, BNL
's two managing directors, who are under fire for not
controlling the bank m
ore stringent-ly.
But any changes will not take place quickly. Finding repla
cements for Mr
Cantoni and the two managing directors could be difficult giv
en the need for
executives combining both proven integrity with strong exper
ience in Italian
finance and a willingness to take on the challenge of runni
ng BNL.
Any management changes will probably be accompanied by a slimming do
wn of
its bloated 19-member board to reflect similar changes at other big
tr
easury-controlled companies.
BNL has to observe a 45-day notice period befor
e it can call the
extraordinary general meeting necessary to approve a cut i
n its board of
directors. That means the move will only come after Italy's g
eneral
elections next month, which may confuse matters further.
</TEXT>
<XX>

Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Banca Nazionale del Lavoro.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</
XX>
<CN>ITZ  Italy, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P6081 Foreign Bank
ing and Branches and Agencies.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & 
Analysis.
    PEOP  People.
    MGMT  Management & Marketing.
</TP>
<PUB>The
 Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 26 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 118 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4411</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEHFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (9): Scope for more machinery - Final Assembly </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    
By CHRIS BARRIE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ASK A CAR buyer which bit of his car was mo
st difficult to build and the
chances are that he or she will name the engin
e or the car body.
In fact, the most time-consuming, and therefore expensive
, task is when
engine, gearbox, suspension and interior trim are placed and 
fixed in the
painted car body - a process known as final assembly.
To please
 the customer the car company must offer many different options on
each basi
c car.
Apart from different engine sizes and gearboxes, the production line 
has to
cater for a myriad of differences in interior trim: colours, fabrics,

equipment, and tinted glass.
Take Ford's latest Escort, built at the Halewo
od plant on Merseyside. There
are more than 100 variations in the bumper fit
ted to this car depending on
colour and specification.
Similarly there are u
p to 90 variations in the body side moulding, 60
variations in the door mirr
ors, and between 140 and 260 variations in the
door trim panels according to
 the model mix being built at the plant.
The complexity of choosing the righ
t component and fitting it into the right
model has left these areas of the 
factory dominated by men and women, not
machines. It has also made this part
 of car construction the area where, on
the surface, greatest efficiency gai
ns should be possible.
The International Motor Vehicle Programme (IVMP) - an
 international study
carried out by the Massachusetts Institute of Technolog
y - found that final
assembly accounts for about 15 per cent of the final va
lue of the car, a
significant proportion.
Typically in Europe it takes 15 ho
urs of assembly time per car to carry out
final assembly, compared with four
 hours to paint the car and five to weld
it together (direct labour only).
B
y contrast, according to the IMVP, a typical Japanese plant needs six hours

of final assembly per car, two hours for paint and three hours for body
cons
truction - a clear competitive advantage to the Japanese.
There is no escape
 from the complexity of the tasks to be carried out on
final assembly. Custo
mers will continue wanting more, not fewer, options.
And in any case it is n
ot the complexity itself which makes a factory
efficient. The IMVP study sug
gested that the factories coping with the most
complex cars were also the mo
st productive, and they were Japanese.
So what are the solutions to making f
inal assembly more efficient? Needless
to say, companies are choosing differ
ent ways ahead.
The most obvious answer is to do to final assembly what has 
already been
done elsewhere in the car factory: use machines instead of men.
 Machines
will work flat out all day every day to uniformly high quality sta
ndards.
The rising cost of labour makes automation more attractive. And as f
ewer
people want to work in car factories these days, especially in Japan,
m
achines are having to be used, whether cost effective or not.
There is certa
inly scope for more machinery. The proportion of direct steps
carried out by
 automation in Europe is, on average, just 3 per cent. In
Japan the equivale
nt is 7 per cent. The typical European bodyshop has 77 per
cent of its actio
n automated, compared with 86 per cent in Japan.
Automation suppliers are co
nfident that they can provide the answers. Mr Kai
Warn, Brussels-based manag
er of automotive sales support for ABB Robotics,
says automation is just bec
oming cost-effective in final assembly.
He estimates that the cost of robots
 has fallen by 30 per cent in the past
five years while their performance ha
s risen by the same amount over the
same period.
Mr Warn estimates that the 
real advance in automation will come in the next
two to three years as new c
ars come on stream having been designed with
automation in mind.
But it is w
orth adding a caveat: design a car for easier automation, and you
make it ea
sier for a man to assemble, too. Ford looked long and hard at
automating fin
al assembly of the Sierra replacement, the CDW27, and appears
to have ruled 
it out as still not cost effective.
But there are companies that have automa
ted already. Fiat builds its Tipo
car on highly automated lines at Cassino i
n Italy. The factory has more than
100 computers, 400 robots, 24 lasers, mor
e than 1200 wire guided trollies
and 480 automatic guided vehicles. It is th
e most highly automated factory
in the world.
Similarly, Volkswagen builds t
he Golf on highly-automated lines, while
Citroen uses automation to carry ou
t large numbers of final assembly tasks
on the XM executive car at Rennes in
 France.
But there are constraints in such an approach. The high cost of
sop
histicated automation systems makes high production volume a must. Yet
the c
omplexity of the systems can mean frequent break-downs, adding to
indirect c
osts, as systems engineers wrestle with the problems.
Professor Dan Jones of
 Cardiff Business School says the Cassino plant will
only be cost-effective 
if it runs at full capacity. And that in turn means
Fiat will need another l
ess efficient car plant elsewhere capable of turning
Tipo production on and 
off according to fluctuating demand.
Similarly, automation can inhibit new m
odel design by forcing engineers to
cut costs by using tooling installed for
 the old model. The Volkswagen Golf
is often cited as a case in point.
Inste
ad of trying to replace the workforce, some companies are turning to
automat
ion as a means of using people more effectively. Citroen automates
tasks tha
t are ergonomically awkward. And Jones suggests that automation
should be us
ed to tackle the simple repetitive tasks, not the
labour-intensive pinchpoin
ts on a production line where workforce numbers
may be reduced but the autom
ation left with an impossibly complicated job -
and the people with an impos
sibly boring set of simple jobs.
Instead of being concerned with machines, s
ome managers are turning to two
sets of people for help: the workforce and t
he supplier.
Unlocking the skill in the workforce can be extremely effective
. Rover
achieved huge improvements to productivity and quality by asking its

workforce to examine prototypes of the new Rover 800 executive car before i
t
went into production. Similarly, Nissan's car factory in Sunderland is one

of the least automated but most efficient in Europe because of the
manageme
nt skill in running the factory efficiently.
All car companies will simplify
 their own tasks by asking suppliers to do
more. Instead of assembling cars 
under one roof, car companies will receive
built-up modules such as dashboar
ds, seats or mouldings ready for
installation into the car.
But whichever ro
ute a company chooses it must get the cost analysis right.
Automation can be
 hugely expensive. But so is failure to use the workforce.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The 
Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page IV </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 119 ==============================================
Transaction #:    119       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-8385</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EKTAWAF7FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9411
19
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  19 NOV 94 / Confessions of a Bovril fondler </HEAD
LINE>
<BYLINE>    By PETER ASPDEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
I believe everything I re
ad about supermarkets. The way they polish their
fruit to make it sparkle, t
he effort they put into wafting wholesome smells
down the aisles to make us 
feel good, the cunning ploy of moving their most
popular items to keep us gu
essing (and spending); the stories of their wiles
are legion, and I swallow 
uncritically every single one.
But unlike most of my fellow shoppers, who si
mmer in outrage at the thought
of being constantly manipulated, I love super
markets. There is nothing I
prefer to spending a couple of hours in one of t
hese temples of consumer
irrationality, watching the new brands come and go,
 noting the latest trends
in packaging design and watching punters whirl the
ir trolleys around in a
haze of clashing subliminal signals.
Occasionally I 
like to pick up and fondle a supermarket design classic as a
kind of tribute
, like flashing your lights when you come across an Aston
Martin DB5; there 
is nothing quite like enjoying the sleek sensuality of a
bottle of Perrier, 
the brash self-confidence of a Coca-Cola can, tempered by
the sinuous curve 
which represents the original bottle design, even the
beefy splendour of a j
ar of Bovril. It must look pretty weird on the store
video, but I can get lo
st in any of these innocent pleasures.
But my favourite game is trying to gu
ess the motivation behind changes in
product packaging which seem, to my ine
xperienced eyes, to have no logic at
all. For instance, some years ago, my f
avourite cereal, Coco Krispies,
changed its name to Coco Pops. Presumably, i
t was a decision taken at a
high-ish level, for carefully-considered reasons
; there must have been a
mountain of market research urging Mr Coco and his 
pals that while
'Krispies' contained a dangerously ambiguous message, the un
ique essence of
the product was rather better conveyed by 'Pops'.
Well, I, f
or one, was unhappy. As an act of protest, I never gave the new
product a ch
ance. I felt we had grown too far apart. The years slipped by, I
grew up, an
d turned, as one does, to muesli, only to find that there was no
escape from
 the packaging gurus: now they were competing for my attention
with pictures
 of mountains. Everywhere I looked, Swiss landscapes beckoned;
in fact, I am
 sure the air got ever-so-slightly thinner as I approached the
breakfast cou
nter. Nothing would have surprised me any more.
So now I no longer worry abo
ut these things. I can confidently stride up to
a counter of disinfectants a
nd decide whether I prefer a pine toilet duck to
a pot pourri one, or vice v
ersa. I have learned to enjoy the brain-curdling
dizziness of the ride, for 
now I know that none of it really matters. Only
one thing continues to bug m
e about supermarkets - their misguided belief
that we all crave the personal
 touch.
I could just about put up with assistants wearing name badges, but l
ast week
I came across a truly horrific development - the personalised sandw
ich.
Stilton and apple on walnut bread, it said, with one of those manufactu
rer's
names which sound like a character from Brideshead Revisited, a list o
f
ingredients and a sell-by date - and then, underneath all these, the
dread
ful words: 'Prepared by Frank'.
Now I have got nothing against Frank; in fac
t it was a lovely sandwich. But
escaping into a supermarket for an hour or t
wo every week is one of the
great soulless joys of late 20th century urban l
ife, and the last thing I
want to know is that there are real human beings a
t the other end of my
consumer transactions. I want my food devised in test 
tubes, prepared by
robots, delivered to the shelves by 40-ton trucks and che
cked out by
electronic wizardry. I do not want to talk to anyone, and if any
one wishes
me a nice day (a habit to which the British, thank goodness, seem
 immune) I
just growl.
I do not mind being hoodwinked, bamboozled, defrauded
 or ripped off, but
give me a break, Frank. If I wanted human contact I woul
d go to the corner
shop. Except that it is not there anymore.
</TEXT>
<XX>
C
ountries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>

<IN>P5411 Grocery Stores.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
<
/TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page XX </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 120 ==============================================
Transaction #:    120       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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Selec. Rec. #:     51

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4411</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEHFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (9): Scope for more machinery - Final Assembly </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    
By CHRIS BARRIE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ASK A CAR buyer which bit of his car was mo
st difficult to build and the
chances are that he or she will name the engin
e or the car body.
In fact, the most time-consuming, and therefore expensive
, task is when
engine, gearbox, suspension and interior trim are placed and 
fixed in the
painted car body - a process known as final assembly.
To please
 the customer the car company must offer many different options on
each basi
c car.
Apart from different engine sizes and gearboxes, the production line 
has to
cater for a myriad of differences in interior trim: colours, fabrics,

equipment, and tinted glass.
Take Ford's latest Escort, built at the Halewo
od plant on Merseyside. There
are more than 100 variations in the bumper fit
ted to this car depending on
colour and specification.
Similarly there are u
p to 90 variations in the body side moulding, 60
variations in the door mirr
ors, and between 140 and 260 variations in the
door trim panels according to
 the model mix being built at the plant.
The complexity of choosing the righ
t component and fitting it into the right
model has left these areas of the 
factory dominated by men and women, not
machines. It has also made this part
 of car construction the area where, on
the surface, greatest efficiency gai
ns should be possible.
The International Motor Vehicle Programme (IVMP) - an
 international study
carried out by the Massachusetts Institute of Technolog
y - found that final
assembly accounts for about 15 per cent of the final va
lue of the car, a
significant proportion.
Typically in Europe it takes 15 ho
urs of assembly time per car to carry out
final assembly, compared with four
 hours to paint the car and five to weld
it together (direct labour only).
B
y contrast, according to the IMVP, a typical Japanese plant needs six hours

of final assembly per car, two hours for paint and three hours for body
cons
truction - a clear competitive advantage to the Japanese.
There is no escape
 from the complexity of the tasks to be carried out on
final assembly. Custo
mers will continue wanting more, not fewer, options.
And in any case it is n
ot the complexity itself which makes a factory
efficient. The IMVP study sug
gested that the factories coping with the most
complex cars were also the mo
st productive, and they were Japanese.
So what are the solutions to making f
inal assembly more efficient? Needless
to say, companies are choosing differ
ent ways ahead.
The most obvious answer is to do to final assembly what has 
already been
done elsewhere in the car factory: use machines instead of men.
 Machines
will work flat out all day every day to uniformly high quality sta
ndards.
The rising cost of labour makes automation more attractive. And as f
ewer
people want to work in car factories these days, especially in Japan,
m
achines are having to be used, whether cost effective or not.
There is certa
inly scope for more machinery. The proportion of direct steps
carried out by
 automation in Europe is, on average, just 3 per cent. In
Japan the equivale
nt is 7 per cent. The typical European bodyshop has 77 per
cent of its actio
n automated, compared with 86 per cent in Japan.
Automation suppliers are co
nfident that they can provide the answers. Mr Kai
Warn, Brussels-based manag
er of automotive sales support for ABB Robotics,
says automation is just bec
oming cost-effective in final assembly.
He estimates that the cost of robots
 has fallen by 30 per cent in the past
five years while their performance ha
s risen by the same amount over the
same period.
Mr Warn estimates that the 
real advance in automation will come in the next
two to three years as new c
ars come on stream having been designed with
automation in mind.
But it is w
orth adding a caveat: design a car for easier automation, and you
make it ea
sier for a man to assemble, too. Ford looked long and hard at
automating fin
al assembly of the Sierra replacement, the CDW27, and appears
to have ruled 
it out as still not cost effective.
But there are companies that have automa
ted already. Fiat builds its Tipo
car on highly automated lines at Cassino i
n Italy. The factory has more than
100 computers, 400 robots, 24 lasers, mor
e than 1200 wire guided trollies
and 480 automatic guided vehicles. It is th
e most highly automated factory
in the world.
Similarly, Volkswagen builds t
he Golf on highly-automated lines, while
Citroen uses automation to carry ou
t large numbers of final assembly tasks
on the XM executive car at Rennes in
 France.
But there are constraints in such an approach. The high cost of
sop
histicated automation systems makes high production volume a must. Yet
the c
omplexity of the systems can mean frequent break-downs, adding to
indirect c
osts, as systems engineers wrestle with the problems.
Professor Dan Jones of
 Cardiff Business School says the Cassino plant will
only be cost-effective 
if it runs at full capacity. And that in turn means
Fiat will need another l
ess efficient car plant elsewhere capable of turning
Tipo production on and 
off according to fluctuating demand.
Similarly, automation can inhibit new m
odel design by forcing engineers to
cut costs by using tooling installed for
 the old model. The Volkswagen Golf
is often cited as a case in point.
Inste
ad of trying to replace the workforce, some companies are turning to
automat
ion as a means of using people more effectively. Citroen automates
tasks tha
t are ergonomically awkward. And Jones suggests that automation
should be us
ed to tackle the simple repetitive tasks, not the
labour-intensive pinchpoin
ts on a production line where workforce numbers
may be reduced but the autom
ation left with an impossibly complicated job -
and the people with an impos
sibly boring set of simple jobs.
Instead of being concerned with machines, s
ome managers are turning to two
sets of people for help: the workforce and t
he supplier.
Unlocking the skill in the workforce can be extremely effective
. Rover
achieved huge improvements to productivity and quality by asking its

workforce to examine prototypes of the new Rover 800 executive car before i
t
went into production. Similarly, Nissan's car factory in Sunderland is one

of the least automated but most efficient in Europe because of the
manageme
nt skill in running the factory efficiently.
All car companies will simplify
 their own tasks by asking suppliers to do
more. Instead of assembling cars 
under one roof, car companies will receive
built-up modules such as dashboar
ds, seats or mouldings ready for
installation into the car.
But whichever ro
ute a company chooses it must get the cost analysis right.
Automation can be
 hugely expensive. But so is failure to use the workforce.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The 
Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page IV </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 121 ==============================================
Transaction #:    121       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4411</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEHFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (9): Scope for more machinery - Final Assembly </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    
By CHRIS BARRIE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ASK A CAR buyer which bit of his car was mo
st difficult to build and the
chances are that he or she will name the engin
e or the car body.
In fact, the most time-consuming, and therefore expensive
, task is when
engine, gearbox, suspension and interior trim are placed and 
fixed in the
painted car body - a process known as final assembly.
To please
 the customer the car company must offer many different options on
each basi
c car.
Apart from different engine sizes and gearboxes, the production line 
has to
cater for a myriad of differences in interior trim: colours, fabrics,

equipment, and tinted glass.
Take Ford's latest Escort, built at the Halewo
od plant on Merseyside. There
are more than 100 variations in the bumper fit
ted to this car depending on
colour and specification.
Similarly there are u
p to 90 variations in the body side moulding, 60
variations in the door mirr
ors, and between 140 and 260 variations in the
door trim panels according to
 the model mix being built at the plant.
The complexity of choosing the righ
t component and fitting it into the right
model has left these areas of the 
factory dominated by men and women, not
machines. It has also made this part
 of car construction the area where, on
the surface, greatest efficiency gai
ns should be possible.
The International Motor Vehicle Programme (IVMP) - an
 international study
carried out by the Massachusetts Institute of Technolog
y - found that final
assembly accounts for about 15 per cent of the final va
lue of the car, a
significant proportion.
Typically in Europe it takes 15 ho
urs of assembly time per car to carry out
final assembly, compared with four
 hours to paint the car and five to weld
it together (direct labour only).
B
y contrast, according to the IMVP, a typical Japanese plant needs six hours

of final assembly per car, two hours for paint and three hours for body
cons
truction - a clear competitive advantage to the Japanese.
There is no escape
 from the complexity of the tasks to be carried out on
final assembly. Custo
mers will continue wanting more, not fewer, options.
And in any case it is n
ot the complexity itself which makes a factory
efficient. The IMVP study sug
gested that the factories coping with the most
complex cars were also the mo
st productive, and they were Japanese.
So what are the solutions to making f
inal assembly more efficient? Needless
to say, companies are choosing differ
ent ways ahead.
The most obvious answer is to do to final assembly what has 
already been
done elsewhere in the car factory: use machines instead of men.
 Machines
will work flat out all day every day to uniformly high quality sta
ndards.
The rising cost of labour makes automation more attractive. And as f
ewer
people want to work in car factories these days, especially in Japan,
m
achines are having to be used, whether cost effective or not.
There is certa
inly scope for more machinery. The proportion of direct steps
carried out by
 automation in Europe is, on average, just 3 per cent. In
Japan the equivale
nt is 7 per cent. The typical European bodyshop has 77 per
cent of its actio
n automated, compared with 86 per cent in Japan.
Automation suppliers are co
nfident that they can provide the answers. Mr Kai
Warn, Brussels-based manag
er of automotive sales support for ABB Robotics,
says automation is just bec
oming cost-effective in final assembly.
He estimates that the cost of robots
 has fallen by 30 per cent in the past
five years while their performance ha
s risen by the same amount over the
same period.
Mr Warn estimates that the 
real advance in automation will come in the next
two to three years as new c
ars come on stream having been designed with
automation in mind.
But it is w
orth adding a caveat: design a car for easier automation, and you
make it ea
sier for a man to assemble, too. Ford looked long and hard at
automating fin
al assembly of the Sierra replacement, the CDW27, and appears
to have ruled 
it out as still not cost effective.
But there are companies that have automa
ted already. Fiat builds its Tipo
car on highly automated lines at Cassino i
n Italy. The factory has more than
100 computers, 400 robots, 24 lasers, mor
e than 1200 wire guided trollies
and 480 automatic guided vehicles. It is th
e most highly automated factory
in the world.
Similarly, Volkswagen builds t
he Golf on highly-automated lines, while
Citroen uses automation to carry ou
t large numbers of final assembly tasks
on the XM executive car at Rennes in
 France.
But there are constraints in such an approach. The high cost of
sop
histicated automation systems makes high production volume a must. Yet
the c
omplexity of the systems can mean frequent break-downs, adding to
indirect c
osts, as systems engineers wrestle with the problems.
Professor Dan Jones of
 Cardiff Business School says the Cassino plant will
only be cost-effective 
if it runs at full capacity. And that in turn means
Fiat will need another l
ess efficient car plant elsewhere capable of turning
Tipo production on and 
off according to fluctuating demand.
Similarly, automation can inhibit new m
odel design by forcing engineers to
cut costs by using tooling installed for
 the old model. The Volkswagen Golf
is often cited as a case in point.
Inste
ad of trying to replace the workforce, some companies are turning to
automat
ion as a means of using people more effectively. Citroen automates
tasks tha
t are ergonomically awkward. And Jones suggests that automation
should be us
ed to tackle the simple repetitive tasks, not the
labour-intensive pinchpoin
ts on a production line where workforce numbers
may be reduced but the autom
ation left with an impossibly complicated job -
and the people with an impos
sibly boring set of simple jobs.
Instead of being concerned with machines, s
ome managers are turning to two
sets of people for help: the workforce and t
he supplier.
Unlocking the skill in the workforce can be extremely effective
. Rover
achieved huge improvements to productivity and quality by asking its

workforce to examine prototypes of the new Rover 800 executive car before i
t
went into production. Similarly, Nissan's car factory in Sunderland is one

of the least automated but most efficient in Europe because of the
manageme
nt skill in running the factory efficiently.
All car companies will simplify
 their own tasks by asking suppliers to do
more. Instead of assembling cars 
under one roof, car companies will receive
built-up modules such as dashboar
ds, seats or mouldings ready for
installation into the car.
But whichever ro
ute a company chooses it must get the cost analysis right.
Automation can be
 hugely expensive. But so is failure to use the workforce.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The 
Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page IV </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 122 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4411</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEHFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (9): Scope for more machinery - Final Assembly </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    
By CHRIS BARRIE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ASK A CAR buyer which bit of his car was mo
st difficult to build and the
chances are that he or she will name the engin
e or the car body.
In fact, the most time-consuming, and therefore expensive
, task is when
engine, gearbox, suspension and interior trim are placed and 
fixed in the
painted car body - a process known as final assembly.
To please
 the customer the car company must offer many different options on
each basi
c car.
Apart from different engine sizes and gearboxes, the production line 
has to
cater for a myriad of differences in interior trim: colours, fabrics,

equipment, and tinted glass.
Take Ford's latest Escort, built at the Halewo
od plant on Merseyside. There
are more than 100 variations in the bumper fit
ted to this car depending on
colour and specification.
Similarly there are u
p to 90 variations in the body side moulding, 60
variations in the door mirr
ors, and between 140 and 260 variations in the
door trim panels according to
 the model mix being built at the plant.
The complexity of choosing the righ
t component and fitting it into the right
model has left these areas of the 
factory dominated by men and women, not
machines. It has also made this part
 of car construction the area where, on
the surface, greatest efficiency gai
ns should be possible.
The International Motor Vehicle Programme (IVMP) - an
 international study
carried out by the Massachusetts Institute of Technolog
y - found that final
assembly accounts for about 15 per cent of the final va
lue of the car, a
significant proportion.
Typically in Europe it takes 15 ho
urs of assembly time per car to carry out
final assembly, compared with four
 hours to paint the car and five to weld
it together (direct labour only).
B
y contrast, according to the IMVP, a typical Japanese plant needs six hours

of final assembly per car, two hours for paint and three hours for body
cons
truction - a clear competitive advantage to the Japanese.
There is no escape
 from the complexity of the tasks to be carried out on
final assembly. Custo
mers will continue wanting more, not fewer, options.
And in any case it is n
ot the complexity itself which makes a factory
efficient. The IMVP study sug
gested that the factories coping with the most
complex cars were also the mo
st productive, and they were Japanese.
So what are the solutions to making f
inal assembly more efficient? Needless
to say, companies are choosing differ
ent ways ahead.
The most obvious answer is to do to final assembly what has 
already been
done elsewhere in the car factory: use machines instead of men.
 Machines
will work flat out all day every day to uniformly high quality sta
ndards.
The rising cost of labour makes automation more attractive. And as f
ewer
people want to work in car factories these days, especially in Japan,
m
achines are having to be used, whether cost effective or not.
There is certa
inly scope for more machinery. The proportion of direct steps
carried out by
 automation in Europe is, on average, just 3 per cent. In
Japan the equivale
nt is 7 per cent. The typical European bodyshop has 77 per
cent of its actio
n automated, compared with 86 per cent in Japan.
Automation suppliers are co
nfident that they can provide the answers. Mr Kai
Warn, Brussels-based manag
er of automotive sales support for ABB Robotics,
says automation is just bec
oming cost-effective in final assembly.
He estimates that the cost of robots
 has fallen by 30 per cent in the past
five years while their performance ha
s risen by the same amount over the
same period.
Mr Warn estimates that the 
real advance in automation will come in the next
two to three years as new c
ars come on stream having been designed with
automation in mind.
But it is w
orth adding a caveat: design a car for easier automation, and you
make it ea
sier for a man to assemble, too. Ford looked long and hard at
automating fin
al assembly of the Sierra replacement, the CDW27, and appears
to have ruled 
it out as still not cost effective.
But there are companies that have automa
ted already. Fiat builds its Tipo
car on highly automated lines at Cassino i
n Italy. The factory has more than
100 computers, 400 robots, 24 lasers, mor
e than 1200 wire guided trollies
and 480 automatic guided vehicles. It is th
e most highly automated factory
in the world.
Similarly, Volkswagen builds t
he Golf on highly-automated lines, while
Citroen uses automation to carry ou
t large numbers of final assembly tasks
on the XM executive car at Rennes in
 France.
But there are constraints in such an approach. The high cost of
sop
histicated automation systems makes high production volume a must. Yet
the c
omplexity of the systems can mean frequent break-downs, adding to
indirect c
osts, as systems engineers wrestle with the problems.
Professor Dan Jones of
 Cardiff Business School says the Cassino plant will
only be cost-effective 
if it runs at full capacity. And that in turn means
Fiat will need another l
ess efficient car plant elsewhere capable of turning
Tipo production on and 
off according to fluctuating demand.
Similarly, automation can inhibit new m
odel design by forcing engineers to
cut costs by using tooling installed for
 the old model. The Volkswagen Golf
is often cited as a case in point.
Inste
ad of trying to replace the workforce, some companies are turning to
automat
ion as a means of using people more effectively. Citroen automates
tasks tha
t are ergonomically awkward. And Jones suggests that automation
should be us
ed to tackle the simple repetitive tasks, not the
labour-intensive pinchpoin
ts on a production line where workforce numbers
may be reduced but the autom
ation left with an impossibly complicated job -
and the people with an impos
sibly boring set of simple jobs.
Instead of being concerned with machines, s
ome managers are turning to two
sets of people for help: the workforce and t
he supplier.
Unlocking the skill in the workforce can be extremely effective
. Rover
achieved huge improvements to productivity and quality by asking its

workforce to examine prototypes of the new Rover 800 executive car before i
t
went into production. Similarly, Nissan's car factory in Sunderland is one

of the least automated but most efficient in Europe because of the
manageme
nt skill in running the factory efficiently.
All car companies will simplify
 their own tasks by asking suppliers to do
more. Instead of assembling cars 
under one roof, car companies will receive
built-up modules such as dashboar
ds, seats or mouldings ready for
installation into the car.
But whichever ro
ute a company chooses it must get the cost analysis right.
Automation can be
 hugely expensive. But so is failure to use the workforce.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The 
Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page IV </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 123 ==============================================
Transaction #:    123       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-8385</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EKTAWAF7FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9411
19
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  19 NOV 94 / Confessions of a Bovril fondler </HEAD
LINE>
<BYLINE>    By PETER ASPDEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
I believe everything I re
ad about supermarkets. The way they polish their
fruit to make it sparkle, t
he effort they put into wafting wholesome smells
down the aisles to make us 
feel good, the cunning ploy of moving their most
popular items to keep us gu
essing (and spending); the stories of their wiles
are legion, and I swallow 
uncritically every single one.
But unlike most of my fellow shoppers, who si
mmer in outrage at the thought
of being constantly manipulated, I love super
markets. There is nothing I
prefer to spending a couple of hours in one of t
hese temples of consumer
irrationality, watching the new brands come and go,
 noting the latest trends
in packaging design and watching punters whirl the
ir trolleys around in a
haze of clashing subliminal signals.
Occasionally I 
like to pick up and fondle a supermarket design classic as a
kind of tribute
, like flashing your lights when you come across an Aston
Martin DB5; there 
is nothing quite like enjoying the sleek sensuality of a
bottle of Perrier, 
the brash self-confidence of a Coca-Cola can, tempered by
the sinuous curve 
which represents the original bottle design, even the
beefy splendour of a j
ar of Bovril. It must look pretty weird on the store
video, but I can get lo
st in any of these innocent pleasures.
But my favourite game is trying to gu
ess the motivation behind changes in
product packaging which seem, to my ine
xperienced eyes, to have no logic at
all. For instance, some years ago, my f
avourite cereal, Coco Krispies,
changed its name to Coco Pops. Presumably, i
t was a decision taken at a
high-ish level, for carefully-considered reasons
; there must have been a
mountain of market research urging Mr Coco and his 
pals that while
'Krispies' contained a dangerously ambiguous message, the un
ique essence of
the product was rather better conveyed by 'Pops'.
Well, I, f
or one, was unhappy. As an act of protest, I never gave the new
product a ch
ance. I felt we had grown too far apart. The years slipped by, I
grew up, an
d turned, as one does, to muesli, only to find that there was no
escape from
 the packaging gurus: now they were competing for my attention
with pictures
 of mountains. Everywhere I looked, Swiss landscapes beckoned;
in fact, I am
 sure the air got ever-so-slightly thinner as I approached the
breakfast cou
nter. Nothing would have surprised me any more.
So now I no longer worry abo
ut these things. I can confidently stride up to
a counter of disinfectants a
nd decide whether I prefer a pine toilet duck to
a pot pourri one, or vice v
ersa. I have learned to enjoy the brain-curdling
dizziness of the ride, for 
now I know that none of it really matters. Only
one thing continues to bug m
e about supermarkets - their misguided belief
that we all crave the personal
 touch.
I could just about put up with assistants wearing name badges, but l
ast week
I came across a truly horrific development - the personalised sandw
ich.
Stilton and apple on walnut bread, it said, with one of those manufactu
rer's
names which sound like a character from Brideshead Revisited, a list o
f
ingredients and a sell-by date - and then, underneath all these, the
dread
ful words: 'Prepared by Frank'.
Now I have got nothing against Frank; in fac
t it was a lovely sandwich. But
escaping into a supermarket for an hour or t
wo every week is one of the
great soulless joys of late 20th century urban l
ife, and the last thing I
want to know is that there are real human beings a
t the other end of my
consumer transactions. I want my food devised in test 
tubes, prepared by
robots, delivered to the shelves by 40-ton trucks and che
cked out by
electronic wizardry. I do not want to talk to anyone, and if any
one wishes
me a nice day (a habit to which the British, thank goodness, seem
 immune) I
just growl.
I do not mind being hoodwinked, bamboozled, defrauded
 or ripped off, but
give me a break, Frank. If I wanted human contact I woul
d go to the corner
shop. Except that it is not there anymore.
</TEXT>
<XX>
C
ountries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>

<IN>P5411 Grocery Stores.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
<
/TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page XX </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 124 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-2921</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIOBXAD4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
15
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 SEP 92 / Survey of Kyushu (3): Washlet creator 
tries new tricks / Profile of Toto </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By GORDON CRAMB <
/BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE CLAY soil of Kyushu has for centuries yielded the raw ma
terial used to
produce ceramics and to this day it is turned by the craftsme
n of Arita into
exquisitely fashioned bowls and ornaments.
More recently, Ky
ushu's status as 'silicon island' derived in part from the
availability of t
he ceramics which went into semiconductors.
But in between high art and high
-tech, for the past 75 years one Kyushu
company has been supplying the natio
n with a more prosaic form of ceramic
and its products are used almost every
 day by almost every Japanese.
Toto, based in Kita-Kyushu, is the country's 
biggest manufacturer of
toilets, with annual sales of Y417.5bn and a domesti
c market share of more
than 60 per cent. It was the creator 12 years ago of 
the Washlet, a
microcomputer-controlled combination toilet-bidet which has b
een featured on
numerous western television shows.
Tied closely to the domes
tic economy, its profits dipped last year, amid the
downturn in construction
 activity, to Y30.2bn before tax, down 13 per cent.
But it has been expandin
g in Asia, Europe and this year the US, and analysts
argue that its dominant
 position at home means it can set the industry's
pricing terms and will be 
well placed for a revival in housing starts.
Japanese take their bathrooms a
nd kitchens (units for which the company also
supplies) seriously. And Toto 
takes its products seriously - the executive
washroom next to the office of 
Mr Shigeru Ezoe, who took over as president
in June, is ripped out every yea
r to accommodate its latest models.
He says that Japan's ageing society, put
ting a greater emphasis on living
standards, is prompting new demand. Busine
ss comes two thirds from new homes
and the rest from renovations. 'In the US
 the reverse is true, and we
foresee the same happening here,' he adds.
Toto
 has just opened a Y17bn factory near its head office which came fully
on st
ream in June. It employs just 380 of Toto's nearly 11,000 staff. A
fleet of 
unmanned vehicles whisks units from the end of the production line,
while ro
bots methodically lift and lower toilet seats while they put the
final touch
es in place.
In spite of the less than glamorous nature of the work, Mr Ezoe
 says the
company did not suffer from Japan's labour shortage of the early 1
990s,
'thanks to our Kyushu base' where good quality labour has remained in 
ready
supply.
While Toto has plants elsewhere in Japan, the island remains i
ts main
production centre. Abroad, meanwhile, it has stakes in sanitary ware

producers in South Korea, Thailand, Taiwan and Indonesia as well as in Alli
a
of France and Keramag in Germany.
Overseas sales account for over 10 per c
ent of total revenues, of which
direct exports form barely 2 per cent. After
 opening a California sales
outlet, US manufacturing will begin this autumn 
from a plant in Atlanta.
American sanitary ware makers may baulk at the arri
val of a competitor from
a country where the sector's three biggest producer
s together account for
more than 90 per cent of the market.
But Mr Ezoe stre
sses that Toto does not intend to take US makers of
conventional toilets hea
d-on: rather, the Atlanta facility, which will
initially employ just 65, wil
l make only those using water-saving flushing
systems.
Toto has some 1,200 e
mployees engaged in research and development and is
seeking to expand into r
elated areas. 'Our business is to do with water,'
says Mr Ezoe, who rose thr
ough the company's technological division and now
has several dozen people w
orking in purely biological research. The number
of technical staff overall 
has trebled in the last seven years.
This has enabled it to put into product
ion, for example, ceramic parts for
optical fibre connectors. But the produc
t for which it is best known is not
being neglected.
Next year's low-noise W
ashlet will have an ozone-friendly deodorant
dispenser built in, while the c
ompany has been working with Omron and NTT,
the electronics and telecommunic
ations groups, to produce a 'health
management toilet system' which measures
 glucose and protein levels and can
take the user's pulse and blood pressure
 too.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 58 </PAGE>

</DOC>

============= Transaction # 125 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-3674</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFMAUAEAFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
12
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  12 JUN 93 / Motoring: Small but perfectly formed <
/HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STUART MARSHALL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
MOTORING correspo
ndents do not, as rumour would sometimes have it, spend all
their working li
ves driving supercars at high speed from one luxury watering
hole to another
. At least, I do not.
The reason is simple. For every potential buyer of a F
errari or V12 Jaguar,
there are thousands of motorists to whom small - in si
ze and price - has to
be beautiful. So, as a wine writer might put it, one h
as to go to Tesco's
tastings as well as those in the first-growth Bordeaux c
hateaux. And it is
not a bad experience. Recently, I spent two mainly wet an
d windswept weeks
in a Daihatsu Mira. Next, I drove its bigger brother, the 
new Daihatsu
Charade, followed by the Mazda 121. My mini-tour ended with the
 latest
European baby car, the Fiat Cinquecento.
The Mira, a tiny five-door 
hatchback, only an inch or two longer than a
Mini, is a microcar. These are 
the only kind Japanese in congested cities
can buy without first proving the
y have somewhere to park.
The Mira is tall and thin. Though I am well over 6
ft, my head did not touch
its roof. I could reach the back seat without cont
ortion and sit there
uncramped. Hip room was limited and with four people on
 board, luggage space
minimal. But two-up, with the back seat folded, the Mi
ra passed my 'two sets
of golf clubs in their trollies' test easily.
The 847
cc engine was so smooth I forgot it had only three cylinders. Using
the slic
k five-speed gearbox freely, the Mira was quick off the mark in town
and nim
ble across country. A gentle driver should average at least 50 mpg
(5.65 l/1
00 km), with 65 mpg (4.34 l/100 km) possible on a long, unhurried
journey.
B
ecause all Charades - they are the Pounds 6,395 Mira's bigger brothers -
hav
e power steering as standard they are even lighter to park. There are six
mo
dels: a starter GSe at Pounds 7,995, four more 1.3 litre versions with
manua
l or automatic transmission at between Pounds 8,795 and Pounds 10,200,
and a
 warmed-up, 1.6-litre GSXi at Pounds 10,850.
For town use the best Charades 
are the GXi and GLXi automatics (Pounds 9,645
and Pounds 10,200 respectively
) because there is nothing like a small,
lively two-pedal car for taking the
 stress out of urban motoring. The
transmission is a three-speed plus overdr
ive which makes motorway driving as
relaxed, but not quite so economical, as
 in the five-speed manual.
These felt livelier on Scottish moorland roads, t
he sporty GSXi even more
so, but I would go for the two-pedal versions every
 time. The multi-valve
engines are so refined the main noise source is tyre 
roar, and this is a
problem only on really coarse surfaces.
When Mazda intro
duced the new-shape 121 it was an automatic without the
option and could not
 be had with power steering. Now it comes with power
steering but two-pedal 
control is not available. Instead, buyers get a huge,
power-operated fabric 
sunroof which makes it feel almost as open as a
cabriolet with the side wind
ows up.
The dumpy yet attractively curvy 121 could never be mistaken for any
thing
else. It is easy to enter and leave through four doors and has a good 
boot.
Mazda is pitching the Pounds 9,800 121 at young drivers. They probably
 will
not mind that it has not a single flat surface inside, so that one's
s
hopping list or letters for the post end up on the floor.
Finally, Fiat's Ci
nquecento. This carries the banner first raised by the
Fiat 500 in 1936 when
 it was the first really small car to offer the
sophistication of much large
r ones.
The new Cinquecento looks not unlike a scaled down Fiat Uno. Though 
very
small - only 10ft 7in/317cm long - it has lots of headroom and really d
oes
seat four full-sized people in fair comfort.
It rides better than one ha
s any right to expect of such a small car. There
are no power steering or au
tomatic transmission options and the standard
five-speed gearbox has a rubbe
ry sort of change. But the good news is that
it feels as if the robots in Fi
at's Polish factory have screwed it together
properly and the price starts f
rom Pounds 4,995.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC
.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3711 Motor Vehicles and Car Bodies.
</I
N>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Finan
cial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page IX </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 126 ==============================================
Transaction #:    126       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-2797</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFQCFAC4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 JUN 93 / Technology: A little camera with big i
deas - The latest smart vision system </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RICHARD WIL
SON </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Motorists around the world may soon no longer be blinde
d by headlight glare
in their rear-view mirrors thanks to a microchip camera
 and image processing
system invented by a Scottish start-up company.
That i
s only the first commercial application of what has the potential to
be worl
d-beating semiconductor technology developed by a group of scientists
at Edi
nburgh University three years ago.
Last month, VLSI Vision Ltd (VVL), the co
mpany set up to develop this
technology, introduced the world's first image-
processing system on a single
microchip.
Donnelly, the big Massachusetts-bas
ed manufacturer of rear-view mirrors, has
snapped up the combined camera and
 computer on a chip, known as the imputer,
to control a new self-adjusting a
nti-glare mirror. Using electrochromic
technology, the mirror's surface (con
taining the imputer) darkens to cope
with outside glare. The deal is a valua
ble one for VVL, one of a new
generation of small design houses which have l
imited resources but must
survive on the uniqueness of their ideas.
'Without
 VVL, Donnelly would not have thought about putting a camera into a
rear-vie
w mirror,' says Stewart Smith, VVL's marketing manager. Peter
Denyer, the Ed
inburgh University professor who invented the technology and
is now managing
 director of VVL, believes it can grow into a Pounds 20m
company within five
 years. 'I have learnt to speak cautiously,' said Denyer,
'but that's possib
le if one of our products takes off and I believe any of
them is capable of 
it.'
Denyer and his team have created a smart vision system which can be mad
e
small enough and cheaply enough to introduce image-processing technology
i
nto new applications from production-line monitoring to supermarket
checkout
 scanners. 'Nowhere in the world can you find a camera at such a
size and pr
ice. It will be unique for a while,' says Denyer.
Japanese companies such as
 Sony lead the world in miniature optical sensors
called charge coupled devi
ces (CCDs) which are used in camcorders. US
companies specialise in fast mic
roprocessors which can turn optical data
into usable information. VVL, which
 has Pounds 2m of development capital,
combined the CCD sensor with a microp
rocessor which can process digital
picture information at 1bn bits per secon
d on a single integrated circuit
costing less than Dollars 10 (Pounds 6.40).
 But the first production order
from Donnelly, the world's largest company i
n its sector, is likely to be
priced at less than Dollars 5 per circuit.
Den
yer and his team have none of the financial resources usually thought
necess
ary in the semiconductor industry. The VVL microchip is made in France
by cu
stom chip-maker ES2. Their asset is the ability to innovate in
semiconductor
 chip design and software development.
To help find commercial applications 
for the imputer - such as inspection,
traffic control, navigation, and robot
ics - VVL has produced a development
system, with special software, costing 
Pounds 500. It can be used as an
image processor in its own right, but Denye
r says its real aim is to enable
customers to develop applications.
Once the
 application is found, VVL will compress the system into an
integrated circu
it the size of a postage stamp. Denyer believes this will
give VVL atechnolo
gical edge over Japan and the US.
VVL is typical of the small, high-tech sta
rt-up companies scattered across
California which have done so much to give 
the US its world lead in
computer, semiconductor and software design.
It has
 long been suggested that the reluctance of British investors to back
new te
chnology companies has stifled the start-up culture in the UK. Denyer
believ
es this is a myth. He had no trouble in raising the necessary capital
from p
rivate investors.
He believes inventing something is not enough for universi
ty scientists if
they want a successful product. The ideas must have a comme
rcial
application.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>VLSI Vision.
</CO>
<XX
>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</X
X>
<IN>P3674 Semiconductors and Related Devices.
    P3861 Photographic Equi
pment and Supplies.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product us
e.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC
>

============= Transaction # 127 ==============================================
Transaction #:    127       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-2797</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFQCFAC4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 JUN 93 / Technology: A little camera with big i
deas - The latest smart vision system </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RICHARD WIL
SON </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Motorists around the world may soon no longer be blinde
d by headlight glare
in their rear-view mirrors thanks to a microchip camera
 and image processing
system invented by a Scottish start-up company.
That i
s only the first commercial application of what has the potential to
be worl
d-beating semiconductor technology developed by a group of scientists
at Edi
nburgh University three years ago.
Last month, VLSI Vision Ltd (VVL), the co
mpany set up to develop this
technology, introduced the world's first image-
processing system on a single
microchip.
Donnelly, the big Massachusetts-bas
ed manufacturer of rear-view mirrors, has
snapped up the combined camera and
 computer on a chip, known as the imputer,
to control a new self-adjusting a
nti-glare mirror. Using electrochromic
technology, the mirror's surface (con
taining the imputer) darkens to cope
with outside glare. The deal is a valua
ble one for VVL, one of a new
generation of small design houses which have l
imited resources but must
survive on the uniqueness of their ideas.
'Without
 VVL, Donnelly would not have thought about putting a camera into a
rear-vie
w mirror,' says Stewart Smith, VVL's marketing manager. Peter
Denyer, the Ed
inburgh University professor who invented the technology and
is now managing
 director of VVL, believes it can grow into a Pounds 20m
company within five
 years. 'I have learnt to speak cautiously,' said Denyer,
'but that's possib
le if one of our products takes off and I believe any of
them is capable of 
it.'
Denyer and his team have created a smart vision system which can be mad
e
small enough and cheaply enough to introduce image-processing technology
i
nto new applications from production-line monitoring to supermarket
checkout
 scanners. 'Nowhere in the world can you find a camera at such a
size and pr
ice. It will be unique for a while,' says Denyer.
Japanese companies such as
 Sony lead the world in miniature optical sensors
called charge coupled devi
ces (CCDs) which are used in camcorders. US
companies specialise in fast mic
roprocessors which can turn optical data
into usable information. VVL, which
 has Pounds 2m of development capital,
combined the CCD sensor with a microp
rocessor which can process digital
picture information at 1bn bits per secon
d on a single integrated circuit
costing less than Dollars 10 (Pounds 6.40).
 But the first production order
from Donnelly, the world's largest company i
n its sector, is likely to be
priced at less than Dollars 5 per circuit.
Den
yer and his team have none of the financial resources usually thought
necess
ary in the semiconductor industry. The VVL microchip is made in France
by cu
stom chip-maker ES2. Their asset is the ability to innovate in
semiconductor
 chip design and software development.
To help find commercial applications 
for the imputer - such as inspection,
traffic control, navigation, and robot
ics - VVL has produced a development
system, with special software, costing 
Pounds 500. It can be used as an
image processor in its own right, but Denye
r says its real aim is to enable
customers to develop applications.
Once the
 application is found, VVL will compress the system into an
integrated circu
it the size of a postage stamp. Denyer believes this will
give VVL atechnolo
gical edge over Japan and the US.
VVL is typical of the small, high-tech sta
rt-up companies scattered across
California which have done so much to give 
the US its world lead in
computer, semiconductor and software design.
It has
 long been suggested that the reluctance of British investors to back
new te
chnology companies has stifled the start-up culture in the UK. Denyer
believ
es this is a myth. He had no trouble in raising the necessary capital
from p
rivate investors.
He believes inventing something is not enough for universi
ty scientists if
they want a successful product. The ideas must have a comme
rcial
application.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>VLSI Vision.
</CO>
<XX
>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</X
X>
<IN>P3674 Semiconductors and Related Devices.
    P3861 Photographic Equi
pment and Supplies.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product us
e.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC
>

============= Transaction # 128 ==============================================
Transaction #:    128       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-2797</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFQCFAC4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 JUN 93 / Technology: A little camera with big i
deas - The latest smart vision system </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RICHARD WIL
SON </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Motorists around the world may soon no longer be blinde
d by headlight glare
in their rear-view mirrors thanks to a microchip camera
 and image processing
system invented by a Scottish start-up company.
That i
s only the first commercial application of what has the potential to
be worl
d-beating semiconductor technology developed by a group of scientists
at Edi
nburgh University three years ago.
Last month, VLSI Vision Ltd (VVL), the co
mpany set up to develop this
technology, introduced the world's first image-
processing system on a single
microchip.
Donnelly, the big Massachusetts-bas
ed manufacturer of rear-view mirrors, has
snapped up the combined camera and
 computer on a chip, known as the imputer,
to control a new self-adjusting a
nti-glare mirror. Using electrochromic
technology, the mirror's surface (con
taining the imputer) darkens to cope
with outside glare. The deal is a valua
ble one for VVL, one of a new
generation of small design houses which have l
imited resources but must
survive on the uniqueness of their ideas.
'Without
 VVL, Donnelly would not have thought about putting a camera into a
rear-vie
w mirror,' says Stewart Smith, VVL's marketing manager. Peter
Denyer, the Ed
inburgh University professor who invented the technology and
is now managing
 director of VVL, believes it can grow into a Pounds 20m
company within five
 years. 'I have learnt to speak cautiously,' said Denyer,
'but that's possib
le if one of our products takes off and I believe any of
them is capable of 
it.'
Denyer and his team have created a smart vision system which can be mad
e
small enough and cheaply enough to introduce image-processing technology
i
nto new applications from production-line monitoring to supermarket
checkout
 scanners. 'Nowhere in the world can you find a camera at such a
size and pr
ice. It will be unique for a while,' says Denyer.
Japanese companies such as
 Sony lead the world in miniature optical sensors
called charge coupled devi
ces (CCDs) which are used in camcorders. US
companies specialise in fast mic
roprocessors which can turn optical data
into usable information. VVL, which
 has Pounds 2m of development capital,
combined the CCD sensor with a microp
rocessor which can process digital
picture information at 1bn bits per secon
d on a single integrated circuit
costing less than Dollars 10 (Pounds 6.40).
 But the first production order
from Donnelly, the world's largest company i
n its sector, is likely to be
priced at less than Dollars 5 per circuit.
Den
yer and his team have none of the financial resources usually thought
necess
ary in the semiconductor industry. The VVL microchip is made in France
by cu
stom chip-maker ES2. Their asset is the ability to innovate in
semiconductor
 chip design and software development.
To help find commercial applications 
for the imputer - such as inspection,
traffic control, navigation, and robot
ics - VVL has produced a development
system, with special software, costing 
Pounds 500. It can be used as an
image processor in its own right, but Denye
r says its real aim is to enable
customers to develop applications.
Once the
 application is found, VVL will compress the system into an
integrated circu
it the size of a postage stamp. Denyer believes this will
give VVL atechnolo
gical edge over Japan and the US.
VVL is typical of the small, high-tech sta
rt-up companies scattered across
California which have done so much to give 
the US its world lead in
computer, semiconductor and software design.
It has
 long been suggested that the reluctance of British investors to back
new te
chnology companies has stifled the start-up culture in the UK. Denyer
believ
es this is a myth. He had no trouble in raising the necessary capital
from p
rivate investors.
He believes inventing something is not enough for universi
ty scientists if
they want a successful product. The ideas must have a comme
rcial
application.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>VLSI Vision.
</CO>
<XX
>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</X
X>
<IN>P3674 Semiconductors and Related Devices.
    P3861 Photographic Equi
pment and Supplies.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product us
e.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC
>

============= Transaction # 129 ==============================================
Transaction #:    129       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-961</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIYB1AB2FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>92092
5
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 SEP 92 / Technology: Hammer and icicle - Andrew 
Baxter explains how Finland's rock bashers are sharpening up their skills </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Hard rock is a favou
rite subject among the employees of Scandinavia's
construction and mining eq
uipment companies, but they are unlikely to be
discussing the latest heavy-m
etal band to hit the nightspots of the Nordic
region.
For Europe's most nort
herly engineering companies hard rock is the ground
under their feet. Produc
ing equipment to drill, hammer or crush it is a
challenge which, once overco
me, can provide a passport to success in world
markets.
Nowhere is that more
 important than in Finland, where the frozen terrain has
bred a number of eq
uipment producers which have benefited in export markets
from the expertise 
necessary for their equipment to survive the battering it
takes at home.
For
 Finnish companies such as Rammer, which makes hydraulic hammers, Lokomo,
wh
ich produces crushing equipment, and the rock-drill and underground loader
p
roducer Tamrock, exporting is now more important than ever.
The local market
 - down by 70 per cent or more over the past two years,
depending on the sec
tor - makes the UK equipment sector look like a beacon
of prosperity. But ev
en in good times Finland has been too small a market to
support engineering 
companies' product development spending, and forced
companies to look overse
as.
Not everywhere outside Scandinavia has such hard rock, however, and the

Finnish suppliers have had to spend heavily to manufacture a range of
produc
ts suitable for all environments or to convince prospective purchasers
of ne
w uses for their hard rock equipment.
The Finnish engineering sector has bee
n through considerable upheaval over
the past decade, but manufacturing is e
merging as a key weapon in equipment
producers' attempts to build on their h
ard rock foundations and remain
competitive internationally despite being tu
cked away in a corner of Europe.
In Lahti, the provincial Finnish town best 
known as a ski-jumping centre,
production of small hydraulic hammers has und
ergone a quiet revolution since
1990 when Rammer's new automated factory was
 opened. The factory is one of
around 40 flexible manufacturing systems in F
inland, with three
manufacturing and assembly cells grouped around an automa
ted warehouse
system into which raw materials are fed. The critical hammer p
arts are
produced by computer-controlled machining centres and robots and ma
tched
with subcontracted parts, with final assembly mainly by hand.
Accordin
g to Olli Vartiainen, a production expert at the Rammer
manufacturing compan
y Bretec, production times have been reduced from four
weeks to one week, an
d Rammer's new 20-series hammers have been 'designed
for manufacture' from t
he start. But other important advantages of the new
system have been increas
ed flexibility and technical quality. The factory
was planned to handle six 
hammer variations, but is now producing more than
40, he says.
The new syste
m is timely for two reasons. Following a reorganisation this
year, Bretec (s
hort for breaking technology) has become a manufacturing unit
within Rammer 
Detec, a holding company ultimately owned by Outokumpu, the
big Finnish mini
ng and engineering group.
The Rammer sales company has become a Bretec custo
mer, a system which keeps
everybody on their toes. But the new factory has a
lso allowed the group to
exploit what Pekka Heikkonen, Detec president, sees
 as an important change
over the past two to three years in the relationship
 between hammer
manufacturers and producers of the excavator to which hammer
s are normally
attached. 'Excavator manufacturers never used to be intereste
d in the
attachment business, but now they are,' he says. 'If they sell an e
xcavator
with attachments as a package, they can get more added value per un
it.'
But each excavator company has different design priorities, and none wa
nts
to become involved in manufacturing hammers, so companies such as Bretec
,
which is making hammers for Caterpillar, have an opportunity so long as th
ey
can respond to several different customers at the same time.
In the past 
two months Tamrock, based in Finland's third city of Tampere,
has also opene
d a new factory producing rock-drills. For Tamrock, Finland
represents only 
2 per cent of sales, and the company has expanded from its
base in hard rock
 drilling into all grades of rock and earth-drilling where
different methods
 apply. That requires investment in the latest flexible
manufacturing techno
logy to maintain the company's competitiveness, says
Markku Varjoranta, mark
eting communications manager.
But perhaps the biggest transformation in manu
facturing methods and culture
has occurred at Lokomo, also based in Tampere,
 which was founded in 1915. On
a site which over the years has produced a hu
ge range of mechanical
equipment, production has been concentrated on Lokomo
's crushers and
manufacturing cells installed over the past decade.
Overall,
 says Kauko Hinkkanen, workshop manager, manufacturing lead times
have been 
reduced from six-12 months to just eight weeks. 'That's very
important for u
s, because with so many variations and options, forecasting
is very difficul
t,' says Pekka Pohjoismaki, area manager.
As at Rammer, Lokomo machines the 
critical parts of its crushers itself, but
has taken the unusual decision to
 retain its own foundry. Keeping Lokomo
Steels, the biggest steel foundry in
 Scandinavia, is not just a question of
ensuring access to large, high-quali
ty castings. Since 1982, the foundry has
built its future around 'vacuum ste
el' which has low levels of impurities.
The extra-tough vacuum steel allows 
Lokomo to use lighter castings for its
rock crushers, but also gives the fou
ndry a strong position making castings
for water-turbines, diving bells and 
other equipment where steel strength is
crucial. 'Vacuum steel is the reason
 why we are still alive,' says Tapio
Saari, Lokomo Steels project manager.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 130 ==============================================
Transaction #:    130       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

Usr Interface:   Prob          Time Cmd Sent: 16:00:00
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-15396</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DAMCCAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
113
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 JAN 93 / Minister warns of 'electronic polluti
on' </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CLIVE COOKSON, Science Editor </BYLINE>
<TEXT
>
'ELECTROMAGNETIC pollution' can kill, a UK industry minister warned
yester
day.
Mr Edward Leigh, trade and technology minister, has not been converted 
to
the controversial theory that electric fields, for example from power lin
es,
directly damage human health. But spelled out a catalogue of accidents
c
aused by radiation leaking from electrical and communications equipment and

interfering with sensitive electronic components.
The minister was launching
 a campaign to help companies satisfy a new
European Community directive on 
'electromagnetic compatibility'. Among the
disasters he listed were: A UK wo
rker died when a computer-controlled crane
dropped its load prematurely.
In 
Japan, robots went out of control and killed two human operators in a
roboti
cs factory. In Germany, anti-lock braking mechanisms suddenly came
into oper
ation on cars speeding along an autobahn as a result of
interference from a 
powerful radio transmitter five miles away.
Mr Leigh said the EC directive w
as intended both to remove technical trade
barriers and as an environmental 
measure to combat 'electronic smog'. Every
electrical and electronics manufa
cturer will have to ensure that its
products meet strict limits on electroma
gnetic interference.
The complex rules become mandatory in January 1996. For
 the next three
years, as the electronics and communications industries cont
inue to grow,
European governments are hoping that voluntary compliance will
 prevent the
electronic smog becoming any more dense.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries
:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P367  Electronic 
Components and Accessories.
    P35  Industrial Machinery and Equipment.
   
 P366  Communications Equipment.
</IN>
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Types:-
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<TP>GOVT  Regulati
ons.
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<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</D
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-2950</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DIPCOAC9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9309
16
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 SEP 93 / Technology: A robot that makes the cof
fee </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By VICTORIA GRIFFITH </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Science fi
ction often features machines which respond obediently to orders
barked out 
by humans. In the imaginary world, robots fetch slippers, cook
dinner and pe
rform the role of high-technology 'slaves'.
A robot which can perform comple
x tasks still exists only in the realm of
dreams, but scientists say we may 
not be far from the day when we can wake
up, shout out 'Temperature 72`F] Co
ffee-maker on] Toaster on]' and get up 15
minutes later to a warm house, fre
sh coffee and breakfast.
What might make this dream reality is the developme
nt of 'voice-recognition'
technology, which enables machines to understand s
poken commands. Bringing
voice-activated devices to the mass market is the m
ission of Voice Powered
Technology. The group already produces a VCR program
mer which operates by
voice command, and will launch another speech-activate
d device, a
'date-reminder', in the autumn.
Just how many people will prefer
 to use their voice instead of their fingers
in operating home appliances is
 not yet certain, but the new VCR programmer
has caught the attention of Phi
lips Consumer Electronics.
The US subsidiary of the Dutch electronics giant 
has contracted with Voice
Powered Technology to use the voice-activated prog
ramming device in two of
its Magnavox VCR models, and as a stand-alone remot
e control accessory.
'An overwhelming number of consumers still have trouble
 programming their
VCRs,' says Jim Newbrough, vice-president of marketing at
 Philips, 'and the
use of voice enables us to differentiate our products.' T
he VCR programmer
prompts the user by flashing questions on the television s
creen. In response
to the question 'Which?', for instance, the user would sa
y a number. The
user can also make the programmer skip over commercials in a
 recording by
saying 'Zap it]'
The 'date-reminder' device, which will come o
ut this autumn, works in the
following manner: the user says a phrase such a
s 'Don't forget to call John
Doe, Monday at 9.00 am'. The date-reminder reco
gnises the words Monday and
9.00 am, and records the rest of the message. On
 Monday at nine, the machine
will beep and spit out the recording.
The techn
ology used in these devices is relatively simple.
The video programmer, for 
instance, has a vocabulary of just 31 words.
Both are operated by an eight-b
it microprocessor, instead of the heavy
digital signal processor that most v
oice-recognition technology relies on.
'This enabled us to offer the product
 as a battery-operated device,' says
Jerry Gutterman, of Voice Powered Techn
ology. The group hopes the simplicity
of its technology will allow it to be 
applied to a number of domestic
appliances.
'We are taking voice-recognition
 to the masses,' says Gutterman, 'and this
technology can be applied to a nu
mber of products, including CD players,
coffee machines and microwaves.'
The
 day a machine can be commanded to cook a meal may not be so far off,
after 
all.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
</CN>

<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>

<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product use.
    CMMT  Comment & Ana
lysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 24 </PAGE>
<
/DOC>

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<DOCNO>FT941-4404</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-ECKD9ACVFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9403
11
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  11 MAR 94 / People: Electronic switches </HEADLINE
>
<TEXT>
Clive Hudson has been promoted to md of US ROBOTICS' UK operations 
on the
departure of Jens Montanana.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>US Ro
botics Inc.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>

<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3661 Telephone and Telegraph Apparatus.
</IN>
<
XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>PEOP  Appointments.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </P
UB>
<PAGE> London Page 14 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-3903</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-ELLBEAEFFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9412
10
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  10 DEC 94 / Perspectives: Internet's surf city, he
re we come - Computing / First get a modem writes Paul Taylor, in the first 
of a series on how to get connected to online databases </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>
    By PAUL TAYLOR </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Judging from the rash of newspaper and m
agazine articles about the Internet
recently, it seems as if almost everyone
 with a personal computer is
dialling up, logging on and 'surfing the net'.

In the UK alone, three new magazines dealing with the Internet - the
informa
l system of computer networks which connects databases and computers
across 
the globe - have been launched in the past two months.
Subscriptions to orga
nisations which provide Internet access are rising by
more than 10 per cent 
a month and sales of modems, the electronic devices
that enable personal com
puters to communicate over a telephone line, are
soaring. But, for many owne
rs of personal computers, the online world
remains a mysterious and intimida
ting environment of technobabble and
acronyms. The first step to entering th
is world is selecting a modem.
There are two forms of modem - internal and e
xternal. Internal modems plug
into one of the spare card slots found inside 
most PCs, while external
modems are connected to the PC's communications or 
serial port by a cable.
Both need to be plugged into a spare telephone socke
t.
For anyone buying a new computer and intending to explore the online worl
d
it makes sense to buy a machine with an internal modem already installed.

If you are planning to add a modem to an existing PC set-up the conventional

wisdom is that external modems are easier to install and monitor because
th
ey are more accessible. Installing an internal modem means opening up the
PC
 and plugging in the card.
But the advantages of an internal modem are that 
it does not take up extra
desk space and it will include the high-speed chip
s that handle
communications between the latest high-speed modems and the mi
croprocessor
'brain' of the PC. Some fast external modems may still need a s
pecial
high-speed serial card installed inside the PC.
The other crucial dec
ision for would-be PC communicators is how fast a modem
to buy. One simple a
nswer is the fastest one you can afford.
Modems are rated according to how q
uickly they can exchange data over a
telephone line. A modem's speed is expr
essed either in terms of its baud
rate - which, at lower speeds, is roughly 
equivalent to bits (of data) per
second - or by reference to the V series st
andards which have been set by
the international telecommunications authorit
ies.
The most common modem speeds are: V22 or 1,200 baud, V22bis or 2,400 ba
ud,
V32 or 9,600 baud, V32bis or 14,400 baud and the latest standard, V34 or

28,800 baud. Each step up effectively doubles the modem speed and therefore

halves the amount of time it takes to send a particular message across a
te
lephone wire.
Faster speed means less waiting for files to be transfered and
, in most
places, other than the US where local telephone calls are free, ch
eaper
telephone bills.
Until recently, many modems - and most online databas
es - only operated at a
speed of 1,200 baud or 2,400 baud. However the curre
nt business standard is
for data transmission at 14,400bps and the modem pur
chaser today should aim
to buy a modem capable of this speed.
Modems used to
 be expensive, partly because telecommunications authorities
in many countri
es insisted on their own testing procedures before they would
allow equipmen
t to be connected to their networks.
In the UK, modem designs must be tested
. Approved modems carry a green
British Approvals Board for Telecommunicatio
ns (Babt) sticker. In the past,
many modem manufacturers used this requireme
nt as an excuse to charge
premium prices.
However a flood of 'illegal' impor
ts from overseas which did not carry the
Babt sticker but nevertheless worke
d perfectly well, forced modem
manufacturers to reasses their pricing polici
es.
As a result, Babt-approved modem prices in Britain have fallen sharply o
ver
the past year and a fast 14,400 baud modem from a mainstream manufacture
r
such as US Robotics, Zoom, Dataflex, MultiTech or Pace can now be bought
t
hrough a magazine advertisement for Pounds 150 or less.
Once you have bought
 a modem, the next task is to connect it to your PC.
Most modems are factory
 pre-set to respond to signals sent by the
microprocessor to the Coms 2 port
 of the PC - on many PCs the mouse is
connected to the Coms 1 port.
If, howe
ver, the modem is pre-set for a different port, or the Coms 2 port
is alread
y occupied by another device, it may be necessary to reset tiny
switches on 
the modem called 'jumpers'. The documentation that comes with
the modem you 
buy will explain how to do this.
The communications software - which determi
nes how the two modems talk to
each other - will also need to be set up for 
the correct communications
port.
Any PC owner running Microsoft Windows alre
ady owns a basic PC
communications software package called Terminal which en
ables a modem
connection to be established and governs the communications 'p
rotocol'
between two computers.
For the more ambitious, software suites such
 as Microsoft Works also include
communications software. Even more sophisti
cated software packages such as
Mirror III, Procomm Plus or Hayes Smartcom a
re also available, at a cost of
about Pounds 50. Many modems are now sold wi
th communications software, and
sometimes with introductory membership to an
 online service such as
Compuserve or Delphi.
Compuserve, one of the largest
 online services, like most of the other
US-based online service providers, 
supplies its own dedicated Windows
communications software. Compuserve's is 
called WinCim.
However a standard communications package is all that is need
ed to log on to
many of the hundreds of private or commercial bulletin board
 systems. For
full access to the Internet, additional communications softwar
e, available
from most Internet service providers, may also be needed.
Next 
week: Signing up with online services.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GB
Z  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P7375 Information R
etrieval Services.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<P
UB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page II </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-9234</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EEQDYADWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9405
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 MAY 94 / Leading Article: IT's not a knockout <
/HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
Reports that General Motors plans to sell its majority sta
ke in Electronic
Data Systems, its large computer services affiliate, sugges
t the world's
biggest vehicle maker is not just seeking to raise badly neede
d cash, but
may be abandoning what was once a mainstay of corporate strategy
. As well as
promising relief to its hard-pressed shareholders, GM's apparen
t rethink
holds salutary lessons for managers of other businesses who are te
mpted to
view information technology as their competitive salvation.
Purchas
ed for Dollars 2.5bn a decade ago when GM was flush with funds, EDS
has prov
ed a spectacularly profitable investment. However, it has not met
GM's origi
nal goals. One was to match Japanese car manufacturers' crushing
productivit
y advantage by using EDS's computer wizardry to revolutionise
GM's antiquate
d production facilities. Another was to provide a path for
diversifying into
 fast-growing IT markets.
These hopes have been disappointed because the ind
ustrial logic was flawed.
With hindsight, the acquisition seems to have been
 motivated by a desire
among GM's top managers to escape from, rather than t
ackle head-on, a legacy
of industrial decay. Dazzled by IT, a market they di
d not understand, they
failed to see EDS for what it was. In reality, the co
mpany's factory
automation experience is minimal. Its success is based on pr
ocessing large
volumes of data efficiently for outside clients - notably the
 US government
 -and aggressive salesmanship. It is a business closer to the
 economics of
the laundry than to rocket science.
Magic bullet
GM's recent g
ains in productivity and market share have been largely due to
the pursuit o
f down-to-earth objectives. These include renewed emphasis on
flexible worki
ng practices, quality, sourcing, product design and marketing.
Such steps ar
e indispensable to the company's recovery. The idea that
massive investment 
in computers and robotics could avoid them was always
suspect.
Yet faith in 
IT as a magic bullet lives on, in governments as well as
businesses. The lat
est convert is the Clinton administration, which is
backing a range of comme
rcial high-technology projects in the belief that
they will yield above-aver
age economic and competitive benefits. But the
belief is based on shaky evid
ence. An exhaustive recent study of
manufacturing productivity by McKinsey, 
the management consultants, failed
to unearth any company which had succeede
d mainly because of superior
high-technology.
Short-lived gain
That is not t
o belittle IT's importance to business. By rendering obsolete
many middle-ma
nagement functions, powerful electronic information systems
have provided mu
ch impetus for the recent trend towards corporate
'down-sizing'. By linking 
the world's main financial centres, they have
vastly accelerated capital mob
ility. And by tearing down barriers between
computing, entertainment and tel
ecommunications, they are revolutionising
the delivery of media to homes and
 workplaces.
However, for individual companies, IT alone procures only short
-lived
competitive gain. That is true even in service industries, such as ba
nking
and retailing, which are its most intensive users. While IT has encour
aged
product innovations, notably in retail banking, these are usually easil
y
copied by competitors. As a consequence, it has ceased to guarantee enduri
ng
advantage in financial markets and become simply a prerequisite of surviv
al.
In retailing, reliance on IT to generate market research data has helped

some retailers challenge branded manufacturers' franchises. These gains,
ho
wever, depended crucially on sustained investment in efficient
distribution,
 supplier networks and just-in-time delivery systems.
To view IT as a means 
of erecting competitive barriers is erroneous. Its
real impact is to level t
hem and make it easier for new competitors to enter
markets. Though it can e
nable the fleet-footed to draw maximum advantage
from shrewd judgment, entre
preneurship, innovation and sound organisation,
it cannot substitute for the
se qualities. Still less can it exonerate
managers from the consequences of 
their past neglect.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>General Motors Corp.

    Electronic Data Systems Corp.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  Unit
ed States of America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3711 Motor Vehicles
 and Car Bodies.
    P7374 Data Processing and Preparation.
    P7371 Comput
er Programming Services.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Demerger.
    CM
MT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London 
Page 19 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-2180</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DIUCIAG0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9309
20
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 SEP 93 / World News in Brief: Telescope retriev
ed </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
Astronauts used the space shuttle Discovery's robot ar
m to retrieve a German
ultraviolet telescope deployed to study the life cycl
es of stars. It will be
returned to earth.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<C
N>DEZ  Germany, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9661 Space Research a
nd Technology.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>T
he Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> International Page 1 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 137 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-3991</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFHAXADIFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
08
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 JUN 92 / UK Company News: Cross Border M&A Deal
s </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
 ------------------------------------------------------
-----------------
BIDDER/INVESTOR        TARGET           SECTOR    VALUE   
 COMMENT
 ------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
Hongkong and Shanghai  Midland Bank     Banking   $3.9bn   Improved
Ba
nking Corp (HK)                                          bid in KO?
Blue Cir
cle (UK)       Celsius (France) Heating   $206.1m  European
                
                        Products           consolidation
                   
                                        continues
KTU (Germany)          Tho
mas Cook (UK) Travel    $200m    Non-core
                                  
      agency             Midland sale
Corning (US)           J S Pathology  
  Clinical  $23.2m   Agreed cash
                       (UK)             pat
hology          bid
Dunhill (UK)           Karl Lagerfield  Fashion   $16m  
   Dunhill
                       (France)         design             target
s
                                                           luxury
        
                                                   fashion
Avonmore Foods   
      Harzland Fleisch Food      $5.5m    European
(Ireland)              (G
ermany)        production         platform
                                 
                          for future
Kinergetics            Kef Audio       
 Hi-Fi     n/a      Buy from
(HK/US/UK)                                     
            receiver
Rolls-Royce (UK)/      Strategic        Power     n/a  
    Creates No
Westinghouse (US)      alliance         generation         2 
in field
Fanuc (Japan)          GM Fanuc         Robotic   n/a      GM sells
 its
                       Robotics         systems            half
       
                (US/Japan)
 ------------------------------------------------
-----------------------
Source: FT Mergers + Acquisitions International
 ---
--------------------------------------------------------------------
</TEXT>

<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-8694</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBRCXADOFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 FEB 94 / Technology: Sugar cubes to virtual blo
od - A three-dimensional simulator could soon be used to train British surge
ons </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID TRAHERNE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The technique
 of inserting a tiny camera and surgical instruments down tubes
into the hum
an abdominal cavity - keyhole or laparoscopic surgery -
revolutionised opera
tions in the mid-1980s when it was first used in the US.
Since then, the tec
hnique, which in most cases reduces scarring and cuts
post-operative recover
y time, has swept through Europe. Today, some 75 per
cent of gall-bladder op
erations in the UK use laparoscopic techniques.
But this technology has requ
ired surgeons to develop new skills. They have
to perform a three-dimensiona
l operation while watching a two-dimensional
television screen. Also, becaus
e the instruments pivot on the abdominal
wall, when the surgeon moves his ha
nd to the right the instrument inside the
body moves to the left.
In some Eu
ropean countries, surgeons can practise these techniques on
anaesthetised an
imals. But in the UK, Home Office regulations prevent the
use of livestock. 
In the early days of laparoscopic surgery, British
surgeons travelled abroad
 to develop their skills. But to train in the UK,
in most cases, they have h
ad to use laparoscopic trainers (surgical
instruments inserted into boxes) a
nd practise on foodstuffs - for instance,
by stacking sugar cubes and stitch
ing chicken legs.
But this could change under a joint initiative from the De
partment of Health
and the Wolfson Foundation to establish research centres 
in England and
Scotland.
One will be based at Manchester Royal Infirmary; pa
rt of its role will be to
develop a virtual reality simulator to help train 
surgeons in laparoscopic
techniques. The centre is part of a broader, nation
wide initiative by the
foundation and the department.
'We plan to collaborat
e closely with industry because there have been a
number of developments in 
this field. Eventually, we hope to come up with
our own practical simulator 
into which we can put several three-dimensional
operations,' explains Rory M
cCloy, a consultant surgeon at Manchester Royal
Infirmary and clinical direc
tor of the project.
To gauge the suitability of technology in this field, th
e Manchester centre
has linked up with Advanced Robotics Research, a small c
ompany at Salford
University. Together they plan to develop a 3-D anatomical
 simulator which
will enable junior surgeons to practise minimally invasive 
surgery in a
virtual world.
Advanced Robotics, which also runs a number of v
irtual reality research
programmes in the engineering sector, will work with
 McCloy. During the
three-year project, Advanced Robotics plans to draw on b
oth its own and
outside expertise, says Robert Stone, the company's technica
l manager and
virtual reality director for the simulator project.
Stone says
 part of his job will be to form an advisory group. The aim is to
bring toge
ther 'what have until recently been quite diverse and unfocused
technologies
 into a single centre to develop cost-effective virtual
trainers'.
He says t
he US is much more involved than the UK in virtual reality and
medicine. He 
has invited James Coleman, a surgeon and European medical
director for Davis
 & Geck, the surgical division of Cyanamid, the US drugs
company, to join th
e advisory committee. Stone is also in touch with Marconi
Simulation, part o
f GEC, and the engineering department at Cambridge
University.
Coleman, base
d at Cyanamid's London research centre, is also a consultant to
Cine-Med, a 
US company which makes medical education films. Cine-Med has
developed an ad
vanced prototype simulator called Virtual Clinic. It
comprises a graphics wo
rkstation which houses a 'reality engine', software
and a simulator comprisi
ng six-dimensional tracking devices, surgical
instruments and a patient shel
l.
On a screen, surgeons can see virtual organs reacting to stimuli as they

would in the real world. If an organ is cut, virtual blood flows from the
wo
und and if dissected it becomes two separate objects. Cine-Med plans to
rele
ase the Virtual Clinic on to the world market next year, says Coleman,
and t
he company hopes to set up a European research centre, possibly in the
UK or
 Germany.
The joint research project between Manchester Royal Infirmary and 
Advanced
Robotics is not about simply adopting a system, says Stone, but usi
ng all
the resources it can to develop a virtual simulator which best suits 
the
needs of UK surgeons. Coleman agrees that co-ordinated research will ben
efit
the industry as a whole.
Advanced Robotics, for example, plans to devel
op special gloves which give
the surgeon the feeling of touch and 'force fee
dback'.
'When you wear one of these gloves and hold, move or cut a virtual o
rgan,
the surgeon will be able to feel it,' says McCloy. Stone describes the
 glove
as an 'exoskeleton (skin) in reverse'. It applies force with a series
 of
pressure pads to the hand inside it, and by linking the exoskeleton's mo
tors
to the virtual graphics a surgeon can 'feel' forces as virtual tissue i
s
pulled.
Another of the team's goals is to send virtual imagery down teleph
one lines,
a move which one day may enable junior surgeons at different hosp
itals to
practise operations on simulators linked to desktop computers.
'Vir
tual reality has been dismissed as arcade game surgery by some surgeons,
but
 its importance is limited only by our imagination,' says McCloy. 'It's
no s
ubstitute for operating on real people - but l think it could fill a
very im
portant gap between operating on sugar cubes and doing the real
thing.'
</TE
XT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industrie
s:-
</XX>
<IN>P7372 Prepackaged Software.
    P3841 Surgical and Medical Ins
truments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product use.
    CMM
T  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 14 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 139 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4415</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEDFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (7): New trends and challenges - Developments in paints and coatings </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ENVIRONMENTAL pressu
res may be increasing on industry as a whole, but few
processes are closer t
o the sharp end of the debate than the motor
industry's paint shops.
Based o
n annual production of 10m cars, European manufacturers are using an
estimat
ed 70,000 tons of solvent during the painting processes, the majority
of whi
ch is released into the atmosphere.
Emission controls are being tightened up
, and common EC-wide legislation is
expected. But the environmental factor i
s only one of several trends which
makes the paint shop one of the most comp
lex, and rapidly changing, areas of
modern vehicle manufacturing.
The need f
or better-looking and longer-lasting finishes, for a higher level
of automat
ion to increase productivity, and more sophisticated control
systems to enab
le greater production flexibility are all increasing the
challenges for equi
pment suppliers.
The major suppliers - Durr of Germany with its sister compa
ny Behr, the Asea
Brown Boveri subsidiaries Flakt and Ransburg, and Taikisha
 of Japan - are
adapting to the growing demand for turnkey packages while ke
eping abreast of
a multi-disciplinary process involving everything from comp
uters to sludge
removal systems.
Recent installations in the UK motor indust
ry illustrate the trends clearly.
Vauxhall's newly-commissioned Pounds 60m p
aint unit at its Ellesmere Port
Astra manufacturing plant has Europe's first
 operational MAP (Manufacturing
and Automation Protocol) 3.0 network. MAP is
 a means of maintaining
efficient, reliable high-speed communications betwee
n factory-floor
computers.
The plant also has an innovative 'flocculation' s
ystem, designed to recover
paint overspray, developed as an experiment by Ai
r Industrie, a subsidiary
of GEC Alsthom, and GM's European Technical Develo
pment Centre. Work is
continuing on ways to use the recovered paint, perhaps
 as a filler material
in compounded sound deadener pads.
Further south, at I
veco Ford Truck's Langley plant, the Iveco New Cargo line
has a fully automa
ted Behr paint spraying system, equipped with four robots
and claimed to be 
the first in Europe to spray a complete cab automatically
in a single pass.

The system, designed for frequent colour changes, can handle 16 body styles

and 24 colours. Bodies are fed to the spray booth at random and the required

style and colour programme called up by an operator on a simple keypad at
t
he entrance to the spray booth. Thereafter, the complete spraying operation

is fully automatic and computer controlled.
Pre-treatment ahead of painting 
is also the target of investment. At Rover's
Cowley factory, a new body pre-
treatment plant installed by Durr has
replaced the old spray dip system with
 a new full immersion pre-treatment
process, producing better corrosion prot
ection.
Meanwhile, at the luxury end of the industry, Rolls-Royce has instal
led the
latest Behr two-component paint system. Known as 2K, the system mixe
s
precise quantities of paint and hardener immediately before they are appli
ed
to the car body.
All these systems offer environmental benefits - the 2K 
process, for
example, requires a lower stoving temperature than typical sing
le component
materials and thus consumes less energy.
According to Durr, the
 cost of new automotive paint plants will need to
increase by 20 per cent, o
r Pounds 1m-Pounds 2m, to accommodate new UK
emission regulations - operator
s have until September to submit approved
plans to local authorities for com
plying with the 1990 Environmental
Protection Act.
The response to the regul
ations takes a number of forms, according to Mr
John Barlow, Durr's UK manag
ing director. On the materials side, there is a
move away from solvent-based
 paints to water-based paints - water-based
primers have been used for some 
years. Solvents are used to get the paint
airborne, and their replacement by
 water-based systems requires new sprayers
and a completely new stainless st
eel plant.
Where solvents are used, paints with higher solid contents have b
een
developed to reduce emissions. This is a further advantage of the 2K
pro
cess, which has a high solids content of up to 70 per cent.
New paint techno
logies, such as powder-coating are also being tried, but in
this case implem
entation in car plants is a long way off, says Mr Barlow.
The emission probl
em is solved but the spraying equipment is too wasteful.
Controlling and tre
ating emissions, whether of air-borne solvents, or
paint-polluted water, is 
the other main area where technology is being
driven by the emission regulat
ions and tougher rules. This has led to demand
for more sophisticated scrubb
ing and incineration systems, such as catalytic
incinerators, and water recy
cling equipment.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 
III </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 140 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-2514</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIQC8ABFFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 SEP 92 / Management (Marketing and Advertising)
: Putting new life into the business of death - Kate Button lifts the lid on
 American funerals </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By KATE BUTTON </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A
s the streamers unfurl, balloons pop and the calypso band clatters
castanets
, you could be forgiven for thinking you were attending a birthday
party. Ho
wever, in California it is quite likely to be the celebration of a
loved one
's death.
A new-found enthusiasm for the macabre on the west coast of Americ
a has led
to the transformation of the traditional funeral into a more perso
nalised
event; an innovative and lucrative market has developed to cater for
 the
eccentricities of the deceased and the bereaved.
In the US, the Federal
 Trade Commission calculates the cost of a funeral -
on average Dollars 4,00
0-5,000 excluding a headstone and cemetery plot - is
the third largest singl
e expenditure an individual is likely to make, after
a home and a car. Caske
t mark-up can be 15 times cost and traditional
funeral administration fees h
ave risen sharply in recent years.
The high cost of dying has encouraged ent
erprising individuals to arrange
their farewell celebrations before they dep
art, thus ensuring that the
ceremony reflects their personality and they rec
eive value for money.
Memorial celebrations range from fancy dress parties, 
pre-taped video
performances by the deceased and champagne cruises to scatte
r ashes at sea.
With increasing awareness of environmental issues, cremation
 is fast
becoming a popular alternative to customary funeral burials. In an 
effort to
meet the increased demand for unconventional requests, start-up fu
neral
service businesses are appearing all over the west coast offering a va
riety
of options which the traditional funeral directors fail to supply.
For
 Dollars 1,500, the deceased can be cremated and have their ashes
scattered 
at sea or laid to rest in a flower garden designed specifically
for that pur
pose. The more adventurous can have remains encased in a
mini-rocket and cat
apulted into outer space to orbit the earth for eternity.
Dale Suess, histor
ian and consultant to the industry says: 'The traditional
funeral industry d
oesn't offer options and if you want cremation you are
considered cheap. The
 businesses that succeed in this industry will be those
that provide what th
e people want.'
In San Francisco, a 'death boutique' called the Ghia Gallery
 opened in 1990
offering custom-made urns which can double up as table lamps
 or high-tech
robots. More bizarre is jewellery designed to carry the ashes 
of the dearly
departed. For those who still prefer burial, the Gallery has a
n
Egyptian-style sarcophagus at Dollars 7,995 or, specifically for female
cu
stomers, a coffin lined with mirrors, which doubles as a vanity mirror
prior
 to 'departure'.
'The lid has been taken off the last taboo', says Alex Ghia
, the gallery's
founder. 'The institutionalised way of dealing with death sh
owed us a
glaring lack of individuality and personal meaning. We offer the p
ublic
choices for dealing with death.'
Funeral venues are also benefiting fr
om the less traditional west coast
approach to death, as it becomes increasi
ngly acceptable for mausoleums and
cemeteries to be used for events other th
an funerals.
The Neptune Society Columbarium (NSC), a mausoleum in Richmond,
 California,
regularly stages ballet performances, Himalayan bells concerts,

Shakespearean plays and recitals for the San Francisco Saxophone Quartet,
w
hich recently recorded its latest album there. The giant rotunda, with its
s
tained glass windows and tiered balconies, houses the cremated remains of
mo
re than 15,000 people and promises any performing artist a capacity crowd.
F
or a percentage of the ticket sales, the venue can be used for almost any
pe
rformance 'within the realms of good taste', says Ron Cox, the Neptune
Socie
ty manager. In May, it hosted its first wedding.
While the cost of staging a
 performance at the NSC is considered reasonable,
the cost of buying a niche
 in which to store the deceased's ashes is less
economical. A niche shared b
y 10 or 12 unrelated individuals starts at
Dollars 1,500, and a personal nic
he ranges from Dollars 3,500 to Dollars
30,000. This does not include cremat
ion, a service or an urn.
Such expenses are encouraging innovative Californi
ans to reject the
traditional brass or marble urns for anything from milk ch
urns and tobacco
jars to cookie tins. And for the purposes of cremation, chi
pboard caskets
are used, draped in satins and velvet.
As the US begins to dr
aw back the shroud which envelopes the funeral
industry in macabre and sombr
e tradition, individuals are able to choose
from options never before consid
ered tasteful or acceptable. And while the
environment benefits, a new marke
t is born to cater for the demand of civil
choice. In California at least, w
here there is death, there is a livelihood.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times
 </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 19 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-9653</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DEMB5AAZFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9305
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAY 93 / Researchers develop artificial eye </H
EADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ALAN CANE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
AN ARTIFICIAL eye capable
 of recognising shapes and patterns in a way which
mimics human sight has be
en developed by researchers in Dublin.
Teams from Hitachi of Japan and Trini
ty College, Dublin, have combined two
of the most advanced information proce
ssing technologies - optical computing
and neural networking - to create an 
optical device which can 'learn' to
recognise objects in a fashion far in ad
vance of the comparatively crude
robot vision systems available today. The D
ublin eye can, for example,
recognise and distinguish between two patterns i
rrespective of their
position or movement.
Applications for the new technolo
gy could include automated assembly systems
in factories, robots able to tac
kle a wide range of services and
self-steering vehicles. Among the work bein
g carried out at Hitachi is the
interpretation of human facial expressions, 
which could have important
consequences for human-machine interaction.
Curre
nt automatic vision systems use television cameras to scan an image or
an ob
ject, the shape of which is analysed by special software. While
impressive r
esults have been obtained with such systems they are at best an
approximatio
n to true machine vision.
The Dublin researchers realised that computers usi
ng light beams instead of
electrons would have the necessary speed to analys
e more complex shapes or
objects in motion. The Dublin eye is one of the fir
st devices which combine
light based computing with a neural network, an att
empt to create a
brain-like system using microprocessor chips.
It is the sec
ond breakthrough this year for Hitachi's European laboratories.
In February,
 the Cambridge laboratory developed the prototype of a powerful
computer mem
ory. Hitachi has been collaborating with Trinity College for
five years and 
the arrangement has led to establishment of the Hitachi
Dublin Laboratory in
 1989.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Hitachi.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</
XX>
<CN>IEZ  Ireland, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3851 Ophthalmic
 Goods.
    P8731 Commercial Physical Research.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP
>TECH  Products & Product use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> 
London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-7950</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBTB0ABCFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
20
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 FEB 92 / Technology: Robots set sail for Thames
port </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PAUL TAYLOR </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Two hundred ton
s of steel come to a precise halt, a hoist is lowered, the
spreader locks on
 to a 40-foot container and winches it more than 100 feet
into the air.
At f
irst sight there is nothing particularly unusual about the towering
cranes g
oing about their business at the Pounds 140m Thamesport deep water
container
 terminal on the Isle of Grain, the first purpose-built container
port in Br
itain.
But these are 'robot' cranes and they are being controlled and monito
red not
by a chunky mainframe, but by a desktop PC sitting several hundred y
ards
away in the port's office block.
What is more, the computer knows the p
osition of every container in the
seven quarter-mile long 110-foot high 'sta
cks'. It uses magnetic swipe cards
and radio modems to direct a truck driver
 to the right position to collect,
or to deliver, a load.
Thamesport, which 
began operations in May 1990 and will have a capacity of
400,000 con-tainers
 when the last of its three development phases is
completed, is probably the
 world's most automated port.
Three years ago, when Thamesport was still in 
the planning stages, Keith
Archer, Thamesport's business systems manager, wa
s charged with developing
an automated container port system which would pro
vide a quick and efficient
service with the minimum manning levels and cost.
 And, unlike conventional
ports, it would permit the servicing of ships and 
haulage independently.
'I had to get it up and running fast,' Archer recalls
. Initially he looked
for a packaged software system to control the port's c
omplex administration,
communications and cargo handling needs. He settled o
n a customised solution
based on the Global 3000 Development Suite from TIS 
Software, a subsidiary
of the Misys computer services group.
Working with Fa
rnborough-based software house Advanced PC Products, Archer
designed the mai
n elements involved in the automation of the port, the back
office administr
ation system and port control system.
One of the most innovative features of
 the Thamesport's system is the
control of remote peripherals. Using customi
sed communications software,
radio modems and swipe cards the system supervi
ses the movement of all
machinery within the port, including the five monste
r ship-to-shore 'robot'
cranes and the 14 gantry cranes, which unload the co
ntainers from the ships
and then organise them into the storage stacks befor
e loading them on to
trucks. At the moment the cranes are still manned, but 
are expected to go
fully automatic shortly.
Truck drivers entering the port 
to load or unload cargo are guided and
monitored remotely by the system. Sys
tem peripherals verify customs'
clearance, photograph the container, direct 
the lorry to the appropriate
gantry slot and print an itinerary of the drive
r's stay at the port. A swipe
card identifies the truck and its load. On ave
rage 350 trucks enter the port
each day and 85 per cent of them are inside t
he Thamesport gates for less
than two hours.
The system also provides the co
mmunications facilities. Electronic data
interchange, fax and telex message 
functions connect Thamesport with data
processing systems at its customers, 
HM Customs and Excise, government
departments, overseas ports, banks and ins
urers.
Despite the complexity of the port's operations Archer was able to ge
t the
system up and running within 15 months, and incorporate additional har
dware
as the port's facilities have expanded. The core hardware cost Pounds

200,000 and Archer says the port could be run on three PCs, one for
accounti
ng and office systems, one for control and one as a back-up.
</TEXT>
<PUB>Th
e Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 14 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-2017</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DCXAWABGFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9303
23
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 MAR 93 / Survey of Information and Communicatio
ns Technology (23): Boost for productivity - Manufacturing industry </HEADLI
NE>
<BYLINE>    By PEGGY SALZ-TRAUTMAN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
AS manufacturing ind
ustry has sought in recent years to boost production and
cut costs, it has o
ften turned to the technocrats for solutions. Managers
have believed that in
vestment in information systems (IS) and manufacturing
technologies alone wo
uld improve the production process - the rest would
take care of itself.
Thi
s limited view, according to the Frankfurt-based consultancy Diebold
Germany
, has led to further problems for industry - 'technology has changed
the man
ufacturing process forever, but manufacturers have failed to change
with it,
' comments the managing director of Diebold Germany, Mr Wolfgang
Dernbach.
M
anagement has insisted on 'putting the spotlight on automation,' he adds,
'b
ut has often forgotten where human resources can and must fit in.'
Computeri
sed information offers tantalising benefits in the automated
processes used 
in manufacturing. Plant managers have been increasingly
excited by innovatio
ns such as MRP (materials resource planning); JIT
('just-in-time' updating o
f stock levels); OPT (optimised production
technology); EDI (electronic data
 interchange - the exchange of data between
manufacturers, suppliers and cus
tomers); CAD, CAM and CAE (computer-aided
design, manufacturing and engineer
ing); and PIM (product information
management), plus other buzzwords describ
ed below.
Wolfgang Dernbach argues that if manufacturing technology is to pr
ovide a
company with really productive solutions, 'then it had better be ins
talled
in such a way as to actively include - and not exclude - the workforc
e.'
In short, man and not the machine must be at the centre.
At the Regensbu
rg plant of BMW, Germany's leading motor manufacturer, Johann
Schrafl, the h
ead of product engineering, has a policy of 'targeted
automation' which make
s good business sense. In the late 1980s, Schrafl and
his colleagues began t
o look for ways to make the assembly line more
'intelligent' and, at the sam
e time, relieve workers of tedious tasks.
Rather than automate the entire pr
oduction process, Schrafl chose to
'selectively' install manufacturing techn
ologies without bypassing the
individual.
'Machines will always make mistake
s,' he stresses. 'And people will always
be necessary to correct them.
To he
lp accomplish the company goal, BMW purchased a system from Robert
Bosch, on
e of Germany's leading electronics companies. The system relies on
an electr
onic spindle mechanism to attach and tighten all five screws on
each vehicle
 wheel at one time - and 'feel' if the screws are tight enough.
This improve
ment cuts production time per vehicle by 1.4 minutes which
translates into c
ash-savings for the factory of DM200,000 a year.
In addition, workers are sp
ared having to lift a machine weighing 50lbs to
tighten screws. And the Bosc
h system has built-in quality controls. Whereas
an earlier system at Regensb
urg only indicated problems with warning lights,
leaving the worker to figur
e out which wheels had to be corrected, the Bosch
system records mistakes in
 a production protocol and prints a sticker which
is attached to a quality-c
ontrol folder that accompanies each car start to
finish on the assembly line
.
However, Schrafl sees little reason to be 'euphoric' about the advantages 
of
automation. New manufacturing technologies, he emphasises, also have thei
r
'drawbacks.' In short, they break down and make mistakes - 'but improvemen
ts
in the interface are serving to make intelligent solutions more attractiv
e
to implement.'
For complex industrial projects, analysts argue that the em
phasis should be
more product information management (PIM) than just aspects
 of factory
automation.
Especially in the area of electronics and telecoms, 
the final version of a
product depends on the priorities of managers, purcha
sing departments,
logistics supervisors, quality-control groups and inventor
y directors, as
well as designers and engineers. Because of the spread of PC
s and
workstations, more than 50 per cent of product information is in elect
ronic
form - data which can be easily accessed and amended via data transfer

networks.
But the more accessible the data, the greater the risk that the w
rong data
can find its way into the product development and manufacturing pr
ocesses,
bypassing formal release procedures. When this happens, engineering
 changes
and re-working is then needed, research budgets over-run and qualit
y
declines. In the end, the product fails to reach its market on time - and

the manufacturer pays the price.
Rather than merely introduce more automatio
n into its production processes,
GPT, a leading maker of telecom equipment i
n the UK, decided to rethink its
entire design and manufacturing routine. As
 a result, the company in 1990
developed its own engineering manufacturing d
ata system, (EMDS).
This set of computer-integrated applications was designe
d to provide the
company with a common framework and a single access to all 
kinds of
information, regardless of platform. In short, EMDS manages all des
ign
files, product configurations, engineering changes and component databas
es
throughout the product life-cycle.
For GPT, engineering efficiency execut
ive Mr Les Brooks, the EMDS allows the
company to 'successfully manage chang
e.'
Indeed, he adds, 'we are able to make sure we design and build products

right the first time and can properly manage the data generated by both
proc
esses.' Moreover, EMDS plays a significant role in company strategy, he
says
. The pay-off for GPT so far is a 'marked improvement' in the
time-to-market
 and increased capacity to realise concurrent engineering - a
practice where
 all functions involved in delivering a product to the
customer (from R&D to
 field service) participate in the development process.
Indeed, analysts agr
ee, GPT is a market leader and well advanced in a
ten-year development proje
ct, in collaboration with Siemens, to produce the
next generation of telecom
 switching systems.
Sherpa, a leading software and services supplier, based 
in San Jose,
California, is also the world's leading PIM supplier and the co
mpany which
provided GPT with the software for its EMDS. Sherpa believes tha
t PIM is the
'next logical step' to CAD, CAM and CAE. According to Sherpa's 
European
marketing manager, Doug Macdonald, PIM underlines the concept of 'a
gile
manufacturing' - the flexibility which companies seek.
'Many large comp
anies have invested 'up to the hilt' in computer-aided
design and similar to
ols, but are stuck struggling to manage this
information manually,' he says.

Not all manufacturers can manage their information electronically, therefor
e
'a lot of serious, costly mistakes are developing,' he adds. For example, 
a
large electronics company lost much time and money after engineers sent
ou
tdated product information to the factory floor, resulting in the
manufactur
e of several hundred useless printed circuit boards - 'problems
like this ca
n happen in even the best-managed companies,' he notes.
For this reason, Mac
donald stresses, Sherpa concentrates only on supplying
systems which integra
te fully with a company's design and manufacturing
systems.
ACCORDING to the
 US-based consultancy CIMdata, a company specialising in
product data manage
ment (PDM), which is similar to PIN, and CAD/CAM
technology and market issue
s, Europe has the world's highest growth
potential for PDM systems and servi
ces. By 1995, European PDM revenues could
exceed Dollars 250m, similar to th
e figure for suppliers in North America.
Sherpa will benefit considerably fr
om the trend to more 'intelligent' data
management, says the consultancy.
Lo
oking ahead, business process re-engineering, with the help of new,
integrat
ed production technologies, plus improved information systems, is a
trend th
at will spread rapidly to manufacturing processes, suggests Michael
Bruce, a
 director of the London-based Moore Stephens Business Technology
Group.
Mean
while, Japan's approach to automation generally seeks to avoid
imbalances be
tween new production technologies and manufacturing processes.
Fanuc of Japa
n, a leader in the automation of machine tools, supports its
internal produc
tion process with highly efficient management. Company
engineers, clad in br
ight yellow uniforms, carry out research in highly
automated laboratories wh
ile product managers oversee operations in high
tech factories.
In the elect
ronics plant, for example, robots and computers are assigned
tasks such as p
arts' inspection, plus assembly and testing of printed
circuit boards. In ot
her futuristic plants, unmanned vehicles and robots
assist each other in the
 production of machinery. Indeed, robots are at work
 -making robots.
The co
mpany, according to one analyst, offers a glimpse 'of where technology
is ta
king us in the years to come . . . the prime example of the truly
automated 
factory and the outcome of a fully rational manufacturing
process.'
For Bruc
e Potts, Fanuc's robotics Europe executive vice-president, based in
Dusseldo
rf, the 'revolution' in factory automation is in full swing because
the robo
t control system is becoming more user-friendly.
According to the Internatio
nal Federation of Robotics, the world industrial
robot population in 1991 st
ood at around 530,000 units.
To date, Fanuc Robotics serve more than 2,000 c
ustomers, including leading
players in the automobile, machinery, food and p
harmaceutical industries.
But, says Mr Potts, computer-controlled robots and
 factory automation alone
are not the answer if a manufacturer's problems if
 the basic production
process is inefficient.
'We have to look at the entire
 process,' he adds. 'Then we can look for a
solution.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countrie
s:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassif
iable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Processes.
    CMMT
  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pa
ge XI </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 144 ==============================================
Transaction #:    144       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-15013</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EJTEUADQFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>941
020
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 OCT 94 / Book Review: Let gnat-size robots do 
the dusting </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CLIVE COOKSON </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>   
 OUT OF CONTROL </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
The New Biology of Machines By Kevin Kell
y Fourth Estate, Pounds 16.99, 520
pages
Readers who are intrigued by the pl
ethora of articles and programmes about
'information superhighways' and want
 to know more about what they really
mean will find Out of Control an excell
ent introduction that captures the
genuine spirit behind the publicity.
This
 book by Kevin Kelly, California's leading new wave techno-journalist,
lives
 up to its title as it weaves wildly between 1,001 subjects: from
electronic
 banking to the art of beekeeping, from the Gulf war to
post-Darwinian evolu
tion. But in the process it conveys brilliantly the
end-of-millennium excite
ment felt by many techies about the coming
convergence of computing, communi
cations and biology.
The first primitive manifestation of this convergence i
s the information
superhighway or I-way. It may lead to the creation of arti
ficial life some
time in the next century, Kelly argues.
In Kellyspeak, out-
of-control is the ultimate accolade for a complex system,
whether it is a co
mmunications network, a robot or an artificial organism.
It means that the s
ystem is evolving beyond the original specifications of
its (human) designer
s, developing of its own accord into something more
capable and powerful tha
n they could have devised by themselves.
Kelly concludes the book with 'Nine
 Laws of God' which should be followed by
anyone aiming to create an out-of-
control system. The first two laws give
the essence of his message:
1. 'Dist
ribute being'. The spirit of a beehive, the behaviour of an economy
and the 
thinking of a supercomputer are distributed over a multitude of
smaller unit
s, whose interactions give the whole system a life that is far
more than the
 sum of its parts.
2. 'Control from the bottom up'. The collapse of centrall
y planned,
Soviet-style economies shows that no system can run for long on c
ommands
passed down from the top, Kelly says. 'A mob can steer itself, and i
n the
territory of rapid, massive and heterogeneous change, only a mob can s
teer.'
Imagine that you are given a million units of intelligence - call the
m
neurones - to start a system of artificial life. You will achieve more in

the long run if you distribute the intelligence equally among 10,000
creatur
es, giving 100 neurones to each, than if you create 100 super-beings
with 10
,000 neurones each. The reason is that a myriad of different
creatures can w
ork together and evolve in a way that is impossible for a
small number of be
ings, however intelligent each may be.
Robots to help around the house are a
 good illustration of Kelly's
many-is-beautiful philosophy. He is not keen o
n the idea of a few humanoid
robots trundling around like R2D2 in Star Wars,
 serving us beers or
vacuuming our carpets.
Instead, Kelly enthuses about th
e prospect of filling our homes with vast
numbers of unobtrusive insect-like
 'microbots' - an idea pioneered by
Professor Rodney Brookes at the Massachu
setts Institute of Technology. For
example a tiny 'gnatbot' (Kelly loves coi
ning words) will live in the corner
of the television screen and come out to
 eat the dust off the glass when the
TV is switched off. Slightly larger cle
aning robots will hide under every
piece of furniture, programmed to emerge 
when they detect that the humans
are away.
Out of Control is far from perfec
t. It contains inaccuracies, unsupported
generalisations and non-sequiturs g
alore. Some passages are maddeningly
short; others (such as the chapter on '
Post-Darwinism') ramble on far too
long. And Kelly, who is executive editor 
of Wired, the Californian magazine
for network surfers, is not critical enou
gh about the futuristic
speculations of his friends and contacts.
Indeed the
 harshest criticism in the book is aimed at the late George
Orwell. 'No one 
has been more wrong about computerisation than Orwell in
1984,' Kelly writes
. 'So far nearly everything about (computers) indicates
that they are the en
d of authority and not its beginning.'
Yet, for all its faults, Out of Contr
ol is a joy to read, both for its
detail and for the enlivening impression i
t provides. One reason the book
works so well is that Kelly obviously had fu
n writing it. His joie d'ecrire
carries the reader happily through all 520 p
ages.
There is a striking contrast between Out of Control and The Quark and 
the
Jaguar, another important science book published this summer. Both are
w
ide-ranging books with complexity theory and the emergence of order from
cha
os as central themes.
But Murray Gell-Mann, the Nobel prize-winning author o
f The Quark and the
Jaguar (Little, Brown, Pounds 18.99), laboured long and 
hard on his book,
repeatedly rewriting passages to make them as clear as pos
sible. After all
the effort, much of Gell-Mann's prose is indeed reasonably 
readable but it
does not bubble like Kelly's. As a famous physicist, Gell-Ma
nn is concerned
to maintain his scientific reputation, and so resists the ki
nd of bold but
plausible speculation that makes Out of Control so fascinatin
g.
In terms of content rather than style, however, Kelly could have borrowed
 a
few thoughts from Gell-Mann, particularly the latter's emphasis on the
al
l-important role of chance in the evolution of every system in the
universe.

Kelly is too optimistic to consider the risk that sheer bad luck could wrec
k
his rosy scenarios. If the out-of-control biocomputer systems of the futur
e
do take on a life of their own, will they necessarily develop in the benig
n
human-friendly way that he predicts?
In the end, Kelly's infectious optimi
sm suppresses such doubts. Out of
Control leaves the reader with a sense of 
heightened anticipation, looking
forward to riding on the information superh
ighway to a symbiosis of people
and machines some time in the next century.

</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Indus
tries:-
</XX>
<IN>P2731 Book Publishing.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  
Products & Product use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London 
Page 24 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 145 ==============================================
Transaction #:    145       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-5377</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DLACFAEQFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9311
30
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  30 NOV 93 / UK Company News In Brief Adwest Group 
</HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
ADWEST GROUP has acquired Rousseau, a French maker of jac
ks for the
automotive industry, for Pounds 1.1m in cash. ALVIS is paying an 
initial
Pounds 600,000 cash for Morfax's worldwide business in Wheelbarrow e
xplosive
ordnance disposal robots. A further consideration, to a maximum Pou
nds 1.4m,
is sales-related.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Adwest Group.

    Rousseau.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
   
 FRZ  France, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3714 Motor Vehicle Part
s and Accessories.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Mergers & acquisitions
.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 24 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 146 ==============================================
Transaction #:    146       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-11546</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DJ4AOAEEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>931
030
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  30 OCT 93 / Finance and the Family: The Japanese 
fund that takes its cue from Edinburgh - Unit trusts </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>   
 By BETHAN HUTTON </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
IT IS A LONG way from Scotland to Japan, 
but the physical and cultural
distance has not hampered the performance of t
he Dunedin Japanese Smaller
Companies trust - which is managed by a team bas
ed in Edinburgh and
separated by nine hours and several thousand miles from 
the market it
studies.
The Pounds 42m fund is top of 86 in the Japanese unit
 trust sector over the
year to October 1, with growth of 84 per cent (offer 
to bid, with net income
reinvested, source: Micropal); second over five year
s, with growth of 161
per cent; and eighth over three years.
Nigel Barry too
k over management of the fund in 1987, a year after its
launch. He also mana
ges Dunedin's Japan Growth unit trust, and the recently
launched Dunedin Jap
an investment trust. He has a team of co-managers in
Edinburgh, assisted by 
a researcher in Tokyo since 1990. The UK team members
regularly visit Japan,
 seeing about 200 companies a year between them.
The investment approach is 
based on stock-picking, searching for good value
among the smaller companies
 - mostly from the second section of the stock
market and the over-the-count
er market. 'Smaller' is a relative term: the
largest stock in Dunedin's port
folio has a market capitalisation of about
Pounds 3bn; the smallest, about P
ounds 50m. The fund generally aims to buy
reasonably large stakes, expecting
 holdings to form at least 1 per cent of
the fund, so very small companies a
re not always suitable targets.
Share turnover is on the low side, at 30-40 
per cent a year. 'I wouldn't say
the portfolio has changed a great deal in t
he past year,' says Barry. 'We
tend to sell a stock when we think its earnin
gs outlook has changed, or it
becomes too expensive.'
The strength of the ye
n has contributed to the fund's strong performance
over the past year, but d
oes not explain it entirely. Over the year from
October 1 1992 to October 1 
1993, the fund grew by 96 per cent (offer to
offer) in sterling terms; but e
ven in yen terms it put on a good show, with
growth of 46 per cent.
Since th
e fund was launched, the Japanese stock market has had something of
a roller
-coaster ride, ranging from the late 1980s' boom to the early 1990s'
burstin
g of the bubble and on to the latest tentative signs of recovery.
Barry's st
rategy has had to adapt to carry the fund successfully through the
ups and d
owns.
Between 1988 and 1990, favoured areas included machinery and robotics

companies, as large manufacturers were increasing capacity. But in 1990,
whe
n the market began to fall quite sharply, Barry adopted a more defensive
pos
ture, moving into public works and housing related stocks: utilities,
road r
epair companies, and a few food stocks and manufacturing companies.
'We were
 not exactly looking for great growth, just safety,' he says.
Now that the m
arket is starting to improve, Barry is picking a few more
economically sensi
tive stocks. One successful find recently was Kansai
Sekiwa, a real estate c
ompany dealing in low-price condominiums, where sales
volume is starting to 
increase.
The fund holds about 60 stocks. The top 10, which account for just
 over a
quarter of the fund, are: Sansei Yusoki (leisure and storage equipme
nt),
Rinnai (kitchen and heating equipment), Katokichi (frozen food), Senshu
kai
(catalogue sales), Nissho Corp (medical equipment), Eidensha (electrical

retailer), Chofu Seisakusho (kitchen and heating equipment), Shimachu (DIY

and furniture retailer), Max (house building equipment), and Mabuchi
(electr
ical micromotor manufacturer).
'Dunedin are basically value investors. We do
n't tend to get wrapped up in
the theme of the day,' says Barry. But economi
c and market trends are among
the factors involved in the decision-making pr
ocess. Japanese consumers, for
example, have long had the reputation of bein
g less price-sensitive, and
more likely to buy expensive brand-name goods, t
han their counterparts
elsewhere in the world.
The recession appears to be c
hanging that. Growing consumer awareness of
prices has been illustrated by t
he success of companies such as Aoyama, the
discount suit retailer, and othe
r well-positioned or adaptable companies
could also benefit.
In the medium t
erm, Barry is enthusiastic about the prospect of
deregulation, in the constr
uction industry as well as international trade.
He is interested in companie
s which could benefit from trade deregulation,
such as specialist discount a
lcohol retailers which could import
lower-priced stock.
Other companies such
 as dairy product companies and bakers could do well
from buying cheaper raw
 materials on the international market, where prices
can be several times lo
wer than for domestic products.
Charges. The trust has an initial charge of 
5 per cent and an annual charge
of 1.5; the bid-offer spread is around 6 per
 cent. The minimum investment is
Pounds 1,000, or Pounds 30 a month with a s
avings plan. There is no Pep
attached to the trust.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-

</XX>
<CO>Dunedin Japanese Smaller Companies Trust.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-

</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P6726 I
nvestment Offices, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysi
s.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page V </PAGE>
</DOC>

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============= Transaction # 148 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-7461</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CHTAOAB4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9208
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 AUG 92 / Technology: Robots in bulk - Andrew Ba
xter describes how the humble warehouse is opening its doors to automation <
/HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Looming over Britis
h Steel's tinplate works in a steep valley at Ebbw Vale
is a somewhat forbid
ding structure. It may not win any architectural awards
but its contents hol
d the key to a problem that British manufacturers
frequently ignore.
Over th
e past decade, industrialists have modernised their production
processes to 
survive in increasingly competitive markets, but updating the
warehouse next
 door tends to get overlooked.
'Companies worry about the introduction of au
tomation that does not come
within the sphere of their experience,' says Jac
k Haggett, managing director
of Haden Technology, the UK warehouse technolog
y and logistics company.
'There's a little bit of technofear.'
At Ebbw Vale,
 British Steel decided some six years ago to bring its
warehouse up to the s
ame technological standard as its production plant by
introducing a modern s
torage and handling system.
The aim, says British Steel, was to achieve a mu
ch-improved delivery
performance, better stock control, save energy - automa
ted systems can work
in the dark - and reduce damage by cutting manual inter
vention to a minimum.
The solution was commissioned in 1990 - a 32-metre-tal
l automated highbay
warehouse with 14,748 rack locations for tinplate coils 
and bulks, packed
with automatic guided vehicles (AGVs), stacker cranes and 
conveyers and
controlled by a computerised management system linked to the B
ritish Steel
tinplate computer.
With the warehouse fully operational, all th
e expected savings have been
achieved, says British Steel.
Highbay warehouse
s sit like giant shoe-boxes on their long sides throughout
continental Europ
e, but are rather thinner on the ground in the UK. Haggett,
whose Letchworth
-based company designed the Ebbw Vale system, says Germany
is investing 10 t
imes as much in automated warehousing as the UK.
There are a number of reaso
ns for this, he says. Planning problems are a
genuine concern in the UK - hi
ghbay warehouses may not be rejected outright
by planning authorities but of
ten have to be enhanced externally, thus
raising the cost.
UK industry also 
demands a 20-25 per cent return on its capital, which does
not seem to be th
e case in Germany, says Haggett. 'There they look at the
whole-life cost of 
whether, for example, it is cheaper to use wheelbarrows
or conveyers.'
Then 
again, a cheaper low-rise warehouse may lose some of the efficiency
gains of
 its highbay counterparts, but is easier to convert to other uses.
'That's a
 perceived problem with highbay warehouses in the UK,' says
Haggett.
Joachim
 Miebach, founder of Frankfurt-based Miebach Logistic Systems, offers
anothe
r reason for the different approach in the UK, where the company has
recentl
y undertaken a number of big automated warehousing and logistics
projects vi
a its office in Oxford.
'I have a feeling that in the UK there is some reluc
tance to use machinery
to solve a warehousing problem, and a preference to u
se IT only - barcoding,
checking systems and sophisticated inventory control
.
'In Switzerland, and especially in Germany, the tendency is to start with

the machinery - highbay warehouses and stacker cranes. These have to be
auto
mated, so IT is a necessary consequence.'
The recession has also had a damag
ing effect on UK automated warehousing
investments, reducing the market to a
bout a quarter of its level at the end
of the 1980s. However, UK inquiry lev
els have recently risen just as
continental European business begins to slow
.
Redressing the balance in the UK will depend partly on companies such as
H
aden and Miebach raising their profile. 'All our work shows there are
tremen
dous cost savings from high-tech automated warehousing,' says Haggett.
'But 
it is hard to break through the barriers.'
One way to achieve it is to have 
allies among the customers. Assuming a
company has a fairly high level of ac
tivity with fast movement of goods,
there then needs to be what Haggett call
s a 'crazy man' pushing through
fundamental change that is 'off the process'
 or separate from the main
effort to update production technology.
For the l
ayman, a look inside a highbay warehouse at work might easily bring
on an at
tack of 'technofear'. Deciding the right combination of the
available techno
logies, organising equipment purchases from a big range of
mainly continenta
l suppliers, and taking turnkey responsibility for the
warehouse and its int
egration with production is a challenging task.
Over the past five years, on
e of the most important developments in European
warehousing has been in att
itudes to computer control. Centralised systems
controlling all the details 
have been found to be too costly and
time-consuming, leading to a trend towa
rds decentralisation with
self-contained computer systems for separate wareh
ouse functions passing up
only the necessary data to the main computer.
AGVs
, the driverless warhorses of modern warehouses, are also changing, with
the
 traditional wire guidance system being replaced by more sophisticated
contr
ols. These could either be a robot-style teaching method, where the AGV
repe
ats a movement automatically after being taken through it manually; or
throu
gh vision systems which enable the AGV to recognise a pre-programmed
route.

But prospects for further applications of robots in warehouses are limited.

While well-established, and increasingly reliable, at picking and placing
la
yers of goods, they still have difficulty adapting to the huge variety of
go
ods found at an average warehouse.
Consequently, the trend in warehousing to
wards fast delivery of small
quantities of goods at high frequencies can be 
hard for a robot to handle,
although they are making a mark in niche markets
 such as in pharmaceutical
warehouses, where packages are more uniform.
Comp
anies like Haden and Miebach spend a lot of time talking to robotics
supplie
rs in the hope of pushing for improvements, but the real problem,
says Mieba
ch, is that 'we have not come across the warehouse robot that can
imitate th
e movement of the human hand'.
Sometimes, though, there are occasions when n
o mechanical solutions are
necessary. 'There have been times when we've told
 a client to paint a few
lines on the floor, buy a PC with a warehouse manag
ement program, and the
problem will be solved,' says Haggett.
</TEXT>
<PUB>T
he Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 10 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-7839</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DHSCEACGFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9308
19
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  19 AUG 93 / Management (Marketing and Advertising)
: Sing Singapore - Courtesy, punctuality and fecundity have all been the sub
ject of state campaigns </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By VICTOR MALLET </BYLINE>
<
TEXT>
Singapore's 2.8m inhabitants are living proof that patriotism, politen
ess
and punctuality - even fecundity - can be marketed and advertised by
gov
ernments in much the same way that washing powder is sold by soap
manufactur
ers.
For more than a decade advertising agencies on the island have done bri
sk
business for a famously dirigiste government, bombarding citizens with
ca
mpaigns urging them to love their country, turn up at wedding parties on
tim
e and flush the lavatory.
The campaign to persuade people to have fewer babi
es was so successful that
the anxious authorities have made a U-turn and are
 now pleading with them to
have more.
One of the pioneers in selling feeling
s rather than products in Singapore
was the British-educated Richard Tan Kok
 Tong, a former defence official and
head of the information ministry's psyc
hological defence unit - wisely
renamed the publicity department - who is no
w responsible for corporate
advertising at Singapore Press Holdings.
In 1981
 on a visit to the UK, Tan was so impressed by the patriotic mood in
London'
s Albert Hall on the last night of the Proms he decided to use songs
to crea
te what he calls a 'Ra] Ra] Rule Britannia kind of spirit' in
multi-racial S
ingapore.
The early hit song 'Stand up for Singapore' became the basis for a

continuing campaign called 'Sing, Singapore'. And, since then neither the
g
overnment nor the advertising industry has looked back.
Ten years ago the de
fence ministry took the revolutionary step of using
advertising to sell the 
idea of 'total defence' - involving civilians as
well as troops. The SDollar
s 1m (Pounds 435,000) budget was at that time the
largest in the history of 
Singapore, says Tan. 'I was given a special award
by the industry before I l
eft the government]'
Last year the government bought advertising space worth
 SDollars 9.7m for
its various campaigns, according to Survey Research Singa
pore, the island's
main advertising research group. In the first half of 199
3, the Family Life
Education Programme, which features sugary, televised sce
nes of happy
families in an attempt to encourage Singaporeans to have more c
hildren, was
the fourth biggest brand campaign in the country and spent SDol
lars 1.93m -
slightly less than Kentucky Fried Chicken.
'Government campaign
s are quite sought after by advertising agencies,' says
Rosalind Chan, group
 account director of J. Walter Thompson in Singapore.
'They do have pretty b
ig budgets.'
The Courtesy Campaign, for example, dates back more than 10 yea
rs and is
still going strong with an annual budget of SDollars 600,000, in a
ddition to
corporate sponsorship.
Among the government's latest targets are 
Singaporeans who are too greedy at
buffet lunches; a poster bearing the slog
an 'If we could only see ourselves
sometimes' shows a man putting a whole lo
bster on a plate already groaning
with noodles, meat, vegetables and prawns.

Measuring the results and effectiveness of campaigns about such ambiguous
n
otions as patriotism and politeness is inevitably a subjective affair.
Non-S
ingaporeans, when questioned on the value of government campaigns are
apt to
 laugh or groan. 'These gooey adverts on TV really are horrible if you
come 
from a different cultural background,' says one westerner after
watching a '
family life' spot.
The consensus among Singaporeans, however, is that the ca
mpaigns do work in
Singapore because the inhabitants are accustomed to offic
ial exhortations
and even the young are accustomed to obeying them.
Ivan Cho
ng, president of the Association of Accredited Advertising Agents
says: 'The
y grew up in a campaign society.'
The main concern of agencies is that Singa
poreans will suffer from 'campaign
fatigue' - already the government assigns
 most of the dozen or so current
campaigns to specific months to avoid overl
aps.
Some observers say that cosmopolitan, well-travelled young Singaporeans
 are
less receptive to official browbeating than their elders and have even 
been
known to mock government campaigns. 'They are not all robots here,' say
s one
foreign businessman.
Tan, however, could be viewed as a walking advert
isement for the Singaporean
campaigns. Not only did he meet his wife through
 the official match-making
service of the social development unit, but he al
so launched the National
Punctuality Drive at his wedding. A few late-comers
 to the wedding were
shown the extent of their misdemeanour the next morning
 when they discovered
themselves pictured with superimposed clocks in the ne
wspaper. 'I was so
worried that my relatives would scold me,' he says.
Tan s
ays the willingness of Singaporeans to respond to government campaigns
is ro
oted in the belief that they inhabit a vulnerable, disparate nation of
recen
t migrants surrounded by the large Moslem populations of Indonesia and
Malay
sia.
'We have a background where the people are told you're here as migrants
 and
we either pull together or we get hanged together,' he says. 'It's agai
nst
this sort of precondition that people can accept this sort of propaganda
.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>SGZ  Singapore, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Indus
tries:-
</XX>
<IN>P7311 Advertising Agencies.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>M
GMT  Management & Marketing.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Lo
ndon Page 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-406</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CC3A2AAKFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>92033
0
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  30 MAR 92 / Survey of Lloyd's of London in World In
surance (11): From Pavarotti to Nessie / A look at unusual risks </HEADLINE>

<BYLINE>    By LYNN MACRITCHIE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
LLOYD'S has long prided its
elf on being the market where anything can be
insured. Appropriate parts of 
actors and sports personalities, voices of
rock legends, quest for monsters 
in Loch Ness, cancellation of the Olympic
games, and raindrops falling on Pa
varotti in the park can all be
underwritten at Lloyd's.
The attraction of su
ch risks for Lloyd's underwriters is simple - they
provide welcome publicity
 and usually make money. Professional stuntmen, for
example, no matter how d
aring their exploits, make careful plans and take
adequate precautions.
Even
 a more amateurish piece of daredevilry - a voyage from Dover to Cap
Gris Ne
z by a merchant navy officer in a bath tub - was covered, on
condition that 
the bath plug remained in position at all times . . .
In some ways, the writ
ing of such eccentric one offs best defines the hard
to define skills of und
erwriting - having the feel and flair to take a punt
on the unknown, and get
ting the rating right to make it worthwhile.
The first question an underwrit
er must ask, said one expert in the cover of
unusual risks, is 'Who is the c
lient, who is the client, who is the client?'
An honest client means that a 
risk, no matter how extraordinary, has a good
chance of being rateable. Lloy
d's prides itself on asserting that a good
underwriter can put a price on an
ything and do it in about three minutes, as
the broker waits at the box for 
the underwriter's verdict. The chances are
that a rate will be given, for af
ter all, as an underwriter commented,
'there's lots of money to be made out 
of the unusual'.
One of the market sectors in which the unusual and the high
 value come
together is the insurance of fine art risks. Some of these are n
ecessarily
one offs, such as the huge Van Gogh celebration in Amsterdam in 1
990, which
was covered for around Dollars 3bn, or the latest selection from 
the Saatchi
collection now on show in London which includes a real (dead) sh
ark in a
tank of formaldehyde.
There is also a growing market in covering we
althy households whose home
contents may include collections of art and anti
ques. Hiscox Insurance
Agencies (HlA), for example, was formed in June, 1990
, to underwrite
high-value household business for Syndicate 33 at Lloyd's.
P
ersonal insurance is considered to be a major growth area for the Lloyd's
ma
rket, and those individuals likely to own or occupy high-value property
are 
especially sought after as clients. The 606 High Value House and
Contents In
surance available from HlA includes a specialised all risks
section for fine
 arts, covering art, antiques or collectible items. The
cover is underwritte
n by Syndicate 33, which has a capacity this year of
Pounds 129m.
The syndic
ate writes the UK's biggest thatched house and fine art accounts
and is the 
leader in Lloyd's fine art risks 'from Rembrandts to classic
Ferrari cars' w
ith an underwriting team 'particularly trained to underwrite
all the persona
l lines of the rich ..'
The syndicate's expertise has been built up under th
e supervision of HIA
chairman Robert Hiscox, and illustrates how a personal 
interest - Mr
Hiscox's is in fine art - can lead to a business opportunity.

ln recent years, however, as the values of fine art and antiques have risen,

so has the incidence of theft. In financial terms, art theft is now second

only to the drugs 'trade', with an annual turnover reputed to be Pounds
500m
.
The Art Loss Register, established in October, 1990, with offices in Londo
n
and New York, provides a centralised computer register of stolen items. A

commercial enterprise which works closely with international police forces,

its shareholders include representatives of the art trade such as the
Intern
ational Foundation for Art Research, Sotheby's and Christie's.
Insurance sha
reholders include Lloyd's (Lloyd's of London Press), Hogg Group
and Nordster
n Insurance.
The register aims to deter art theft, aid in recoveries and hel
p the fine
art trade avoid selling stolen property by entering stolen items 
on the
database. Auction catalogues and sales can be checked against the dat
abase
and stolen items located, making it more difficult for thieves to rese
ll
them. The register will also reveal individuals who may have insured with

more than one company in the hope of collecting on multiple claims.
The hop
e is that by improving recoveries, deterring theft and preventing
fraud, pre
miums for fine art cover can be held at acceptable levels. The
existence of 
such a service is thus a useful marketing tool for fine art
insurers. And it
 works - since January 1991, the register has assisted in
the recovery of pa
intings by Rubens, Bonnard, Picasso, Basquiat and Twombly,
among others.
So 
with the Ferrari and the Rembrandt safely covered, the chance of a
relaxing 
round of golf being ruined by the cost of celebrations for a hole
in one tak
en care of, and even the likelihood of being hit by space debris
while on th
e fairway covered, what else could go wrong?
Well, something always can. Nic
holas Thomson, underwriter of Syndicate 33
tells of the talking robot develo
ped to teach delinquent pupils in a school
in Harlem, which had been program
med to scream 'Help, I'm being stolen.' But
when the theft eventually happen
ed, it 'just didn't scream loud enough.'
Lynn MacRitchie is editorial manage
r, FTBI insurance group
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Londo
n Page VII </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-9163</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CHJB0AFQFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9208
06
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  06 AUG 92 / International Company News: General Re
 reports weaker results in second quarter </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
GENERAL RE, the
 biggest US reinsurance group, reported slightly weaker
results, with second
-quarter net earnings slipping to Dollars 158.5m, or
Dollars 1.80 a share, a
gainst Dollars 160.5m, or Dollars 1.82, in the same
period last year, agenci
es report.
Second-quarter revenue was Dollars 829.2m against Dollars 780.9m.

For the six months, net earnings were Dollars 366.3m, or Dollars 4.18 a
sha
re, against Dollars 310.9m, or Dollars 3.52. Revenue rose to Dollars
1.679bn
 from Dollars 1.574bn.
General Re said its underwriting results for the late
st quarter were weaker
than the year-ago period, but better than the first q
uarter.
The group said that given the magnitude of the insurance industry's

catastrophic losses in the latest quarter its losses were lower than
anticip
ated.
General Re said its realised capital gains in the latest quarter total
led 29
cents a share compared with 28 cents a share a year ago.
The company'
s 1991 second-quarter earnings also included a gain of 3 cents a
share on 'f
resh start' tax benefits.
For the latest six-month period, realised capital 
gains were 64 cents a
share against 45 cents a share a year ago. Also includ
ed in net income for
the latest six months is a gain of 70 cents a share fro
m the company's
adoption of SFAS 109, which changes the method of accounting
 for income
taxes.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pag
e 22 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-12567</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DGWCHAD5FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
723
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 JUL 93 / Technology: Sniffing out the poorly c
ows - Worth Watching </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
Bad breath is not just something tha
t affects humans. Scientists at
Southampton and Warwick Universities are dev
eloping an 'electronic nose' to
sniff out cows with bad breath, in an attemp
t to detect early signs of
disease and so improve the health of dairy herds.

The robot nose uses an array of sensors linked to a computer to sniff out
s
pecific smelly molecules. The molecules interact with the sensors to
produce
 a pattern of responses that the computer can recognise. University
of South
ampton: UK, 0703 592373.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United King
dom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3826 Analytical Instruments.
</I
N>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Finan
cial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 16 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 153 ==============================================
Transaction #:    153       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4420</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AD8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (1): Competition gets fiercer - Car manufacturers, in the struggle for 
advantage or survival, in one of the most harshly competitive activities, ar
e using virtually every technology. This includes the development of materia
ls, applied robotics and new energy applications </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By 
JOHN GRIFFITHS </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE world automotive industry of the 1990s i
s unique in the demands it
places on the processes of industrial design, dev
elopment and production and
the technologies which make them possible.
This 
uniqueness stems not so much from the technological sophistication of
the pr
oduct - the latest Mercedes 500 is hi-tech but hardly stands
comparison with
 an Airbus - as its combination with the problems and
complexities of manufa
cturing in large volumes.
Car plants this year will produce nearly 40m vehic
les. Each vehicle
contains, on average, nearly 10,000 individual parts. In a
ddition, the
industry will produce more than 4m commercial vehicles. It is t
he world's
largest manufacturing activity, and its most multi-faceted.
As pa
rt of the manufacturers' struggle for advantage, or survival, in one of
the 
most harshly competitive activities, the industry subsumes virtually
every t
echnology. This includes the development of materials, applied
robotics and 
new energy applications.
In the past few years, competition has been added t
o other environmental and
legislative pressures. Cars and trucks - and there
 are expected to be more
than 500m on the world's roads by the early 21st ce
ntury - have become an
enormous environmental problem.
In endeavouring to mi
nimise their environmental impact, the motor industry
is exploring a broad a
rray of actions, for example, vehicle weight-saving in
order to improve fuel
 economy and alternative energy sources and recycling.
Many of these will br
ing, or are bringing, change in the processes and
technologies to what has b
een mainly a steel-based metal-bashing industry.
In the area of vehicle bodi
es, for example, aluminium and plastic composites
are challenging traditiona
l steels. Both are much lighter than steel.
Neither suffers from steel's pro
pensity to rust.
Audi, Volkswagen's executive car arm, is sufficiently convi
nced of
aluminium's benefits to have committed its next V8 saloon to be buil
t in
aluminium, using a spaceframe concept in which unstressed aluminium pan
els
are to be attached, possibly through bonding rather than welding.
If suc
h construction were to be adopted on a wide scale - by no means a
foregone c
onclusion because of aluminium's high cost - there are
implications right th
rough the manufacturing supply line, heavily impacting
foundries and the dem
and for traditional dies and stamping and pressing
systems.
The advent of pl
astic composites for body parts, similarly, is drawing in
new processes and 
players. Large chemical groups such as Dow and Du Pont are
anxious not to lo
se the impetus they have gained from projects such as
General Motors' Saturn
 with its 240,000 cars a year capacity, in which car
bodies are made of ther
moplastics hung on a steel skeleton.
The past three or four years has seen a
 spurt in the manufacturing
technology for such materials. The industry has 
learned how to make plastics
stampable into body panels and is making rapid 
strides in reducing the
lengthy cycle times needed to make injection-moulded
 components - one of the
material's biggest drawbacks.
Such developments are
 stimulating those engaged in processing more
traditional materials to fight
 back. Fritz Winter Eisengeiberie, the German
foundries group and one of the
 world's biggest independent iron castings
suppliers, has introduced a proce
ss for casting iron. It was developed by
Professor Lennart Backerud and it i
s claimed that it reduces the weight of a
casting by 30 per cent and costs b
y 10 per cent, with no loss of strength.
Pressures are mounting not only to 
make vehicles lighter and cleaner but
also the manufacturing processes. Nowh
ere has this been more apparent than
in vehicle paint plants which use tens 
of millions of gallons annually.
The industry is switching to water-based pa
ints rather than the aromatic
solvent-based materials which have contributed
 to atmospheric pollution. The
latest generations of car plants endeavour to
 capture, clean or even recycle
their manufacturing emissions.
Opel's Russel
sheim plant captures such emissions and turns them into energy
for the plant
. Volkswagen's symbol of manufacturing cleanliness has become
famous: shoals
 of goldfish swimming in pools of recycled water. Specific
manufacturing tec
hnology improvements such as these are being introduced
within a much broade
r scenario of change, brought about mainly by heightened
competition from th
e Japanese.
The Japanese industry can bring a model into production in three
 years or
less, compared with a typical five years or longer for most Wester
n
producers. Even the Japanese have begun to conclude that this might be
ove
rkill and that four years is a more sensible norm.
However, while reaching t
his conclusion, the Japanese industry has acted to
use the design and engine
ering abilities it has acquired to broaden its
product spread and probe into
 an increasing number of specialist niches.
The US industry, first in the fi
ring line of Japanese market share
ambitions, has been enthusiastic in its a
doption of simultaneous engineering
techniques to help it fight back.
Genera
l Motors, in particular, appears to be reaping significant benefit
from a sy
stem which has its origins in Japan. The concept is deceptively
simple. All 
operating elements of the manufacturer are involved
simultaneously with a ne
w car from first concept through to the first
vehicle coming off the product
ion line.
That might appear to be self-evidently the proper course - but it 
is not one
that has been followed by Western producers. Instead, the typical
 procedure
has been to undergo the sequential process of a team designing a 
vehicle,
then forwarding the concept to the engineering division, where comp
romises
are made to make driveline equipment fit.
Subsequently, the finance 
division usually puts pressure on for cheaper
components to be used in some 
areas, introducing more compromises. As the
finale, the manufacturing divisi
on is then likely to point out that the
vehicle is too difficult to make, or
 that additional investment will be
needed in adapting production lines.
How
ever, none of it would be possible without the wealth of computer-driven
tec
hnology. This has allowed the creation of master databases for all a
company
's divisions and even outside suppliers to work off simultaneously,
together
 with the computer-aided design, manufacturing and logistics systems
which l
ie at the heart of the industry.
As Europe braces for its own era of much-in
creased competition with Japanese
cars, the simultaneous engineering concept
 has taken swift root. Indeed, BMW
has created perhaps the largest single re
search engineering centre in the
European industry in pursuit of simultaneou
s engineering principles.
Its Fiz centre in Munich, a futuristic maze of tow
ers and multiple
connecting walkways, houses nearly 6,000 engineers, none of
 whom has to walk
more than 150 metres to talk to a colleague. It allows a f
irst-concept
designer easily to discuss with a production line engineer (the
 building
houses prototype production lines) the manufacturing practicalitie
s of even
an outline design idea.
Such are the Fiz's advantages, according t
o Dr Wolfgang Reitzle, head of
research and development at BMW, that it is c
utting two years from BMW's
development cycles. The design of the building i
s based on the concept that,
if physical distances between two designers or 
engineers are greater than
150 metres, the easy interchange of ideas or disc
ussion of problems is
discouraged.
It represents a recognition by BMW that c
ompetitiveness is as much a
function of the proper organisation of human res
ources as of technology.
Similar thinking lies at the heart of the lean prod
uction concept which,
started by Toyota several decades ago, is seen by virt
ually every large car
maker as the only way of securing the long-term future
.
Lean production, identified by a five-year study of the world car industry

by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology team, involves using teams of
mu
lti-skilled workers at all levels of a company's organisation, in concert
wi
th highly flexible, increasingly automated machines to produce lower
volumes
 of products in greater variety.
The study concluded that with this process 
Western producers are hoping to
close the production gap with Japan. For exa
mple, a US plant takes 25 hours
to assemble a car compared with an average o
f 13 hours in Japan.
It is not clear what is meant by lean production. Only 
last month
Mercedes-Benz, for the first time facing real pressure from Japan
ese
manufacturers, opened a new plant at Rastatt with the claim by Mr Werner

Niefer, chief executive, that it was the most advanced car-making facility

in the world.
He asserts that production and management at Rastatt are lean 
and capable of
cutting production costs by at least 25 per cent while ensuri
ng quality and
the near-abolition of traditional post-build rectification pr
ocedures. The
lean procedures, he insists, are Mercedes' own and owe nothing
 to Japan.
Rastatt will be watched closely by the industry.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The
 Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page I </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 154 ==============================================
Transaction #:    154       Transaction Code:   6 (Direct Rank Search)     

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zfind "(topic @ {declining birth rate country})"

============= Transaction # 155 ==============================================
Transaction #:    155       Transaction Code:  14 (Search Results Displayed)

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============= Transaction # 156 ==============================================
Transaction #:    156       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-11076</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHBDUAAYFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
802
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 AUG 94 / Italian birth rate shrinks </HEADLINE
>
<BYLINE>    By ROBERT GRAHAM </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    ROME </DATELINE>
<TEX
T>
Italians risk becoming a vanishing race if current demographic trends
con
tinue. In 1993 Italy registered a 'birth deficit', with deaths
outnumbering 
the newly born for the first time this century outside the
first world war. 
According to Istat, the national statistics institute, the
number of births 
fell to 538,168 - the lowest level since the unification of
Italy. In contra
st, the number of deaths rose to 543,433. Compared to 1992,
the birth rate f
ell from 9.9 to 9.4 per 1,000. If the present trend
continues, one recent re
search paper suggests Italy's population could fall
from 57m to 12m by the y
ear 2100. However, the south continues to be
prolific and its baby 'surplus'
 almost compensates for the 'deficit' in the
centre and north. Increased wea
lth is the main explanation for the decline.
But unlike northern European co
untries, Italy does not possess an immigrant
population with a high birth ra
te.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>ITZ  Italy, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries
:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>

<TP>STATS  Statistics.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 157 ==============================================
Transaction #:    157       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-11076</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHBDUAAYFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
802
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 AUG 94 / Italian birth rate shrinks </HEADLINE
>
<BYLINE>    By ROBERT GRAHAM </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    ROME </DATELINE>
<TEX
T>
Italians risk becoming a vanishing race if current demographic trends
con
tinue. In 1993 Italy registered a 'birth deficit', with deaths
outnumbering 
the newly born for the first time this century outside the
first world war. 
According to Istat, the national statistics institute, the
number of births 
fell to 538,168 - the lowest level since the unification of
Italy. In contra
st, the number of deaths rose to 543,433. Compared to 1992,
the birth rate f
ell from 9.9 to 9.4 per 1,000. If the present trend
continues, one recent re
search paper suggests Italy's population could fall
from 57m to 12m by the y
ear 2100. However, the south continues to be
prolific and its baby 'surplus'
 almost compensates for the 'deficit' in the
centre and north. Increased wea
lth is the main explanation for the decline.
But unlike northern European co
untries, Italy does not possess an immigrant
population with a high birth ra
te.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>ITZ  Italy, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries
:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>

<TP>STATS  Statistics.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 158 ==============================================
Transaction #:    158       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-11076</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHBDUAAYFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
802
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 AUG 94 / Italian birth rate shrinks </HEADLINE
>
<BYLINE>    By ROBERT GRAHAM </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    ROME </DATELINE>
<TEX
T>
Italians risk becoming a vanishing race if current demographic trends
con
tinue. In 1993 Italy registered a 'birth deficit', with deaths
outnumbering 
the newly born for the first time this century outside the
first world war. 
According to Istat, the national statistics institute, the
number of births 
fell to 538,168 - the lowest level since the unification of
Italy. In contra
st, the number of deaths rose to 543,433. Compared to 1992,
the birth rate f
ell from 9.9 to 9.4 per 1,000. If the present trend
continues, one recent re
search paper suggests Italy's population could fall
from 57m to 12m by the y
ear 2100. However, the south continues to be
prolific and its baby 'surplus'
 almost compensates for the 'deficit' in the
centre and north. Increased wea
lth is the main explanation for the decline.
But unlike northern European co
untries, Italy does not possess an immigrant
population with a high birth ra
te.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>ITZ  Italy, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries
:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>

<TP>STATS  Statistics.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 159 ==============================================
Transaction #:    159       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-8321</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHRD3AAZFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 AUG 94 / Fertility rates are down but not enoug
h </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By BRONWEN MADDOX </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The UN's popula
tion report tells of a dramatic drop in fertility rates in
the past 40 years
, even in some of the world's poorest countries, Bronwen
Maddox reports.
In 
Asia and Latin America the fertility rate has nearly halved from 5.9 to
abou
t 3 children per woman in that period, although Africa (including
northern A
frican states) has showed a smaller decline from 6.6 to 5.8. Even
in develop
ed countries, rates have fallen from 2.8 to 1.7 over that period.
These patt
erns have forced demographers to modify the old assumption of a
link between
 low birth rates and economic wealth in favour of a more complex
picture. So
me countries, such as Bangladesh, have achieved steep falls in
fertility rat
es despite relative lack of economic growth. Others, notably
Pakistan and Mi
ddle Eastern countries, continue to have large average family
sizes despite 
relatively high levels of economic prosperity.
The UNFPA draws a close conne
ction between low fertility rates and the
availability of contraception, eve
n where gross domestic product per head
has not risen greatly. It attributes
 roughly half of the fall in worldwide
fertility rates to improved distribut
ion of contraceptives.
The other half, it says, is due simply to the determi
nation of parents to
have fewer children, even when contraception is not ava
ilable. Even the
poorest families, UNFPA officials say, work out that they c
an spend more on
each child if they have fewer children.
Demographers have l
ong agreed that improving women's education plays an
important part in reduc
ing family sizes. But the UN report suggests that
newer pressures are also p
roviding powerful motivation. When workers move to
towns from the countrysid
e they tend to delay having children and to have
fewer. Anecdotal evidence f
rom west African countries also suggests that
looming land shortages are cur
bing the size of rural families.
These new factors may be helping to push do
wn fertility rates even in Africa
and central America, the regions which hav
e persistently had the highest
rates, Mr Alex Marshall of UNFPA suggests. Si
nce the first half of the
1980s, Tanzania has seen fertility rates drop from
 6.7 to 5.9 children per
woman, Namibia from 5.8 to 5.3 and South Africa fro
m 4.8 to 4.1.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XOZ  Asia.
    XCZ  Latin A
merica.
    XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administrati
on of Public Health Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>STATS  Statistics
.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 160 ==============================================
Transaction #:    160       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-5357</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EIECYAA8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9409
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 SEP 94 / Youthful Brazil faces problems of old 
age: Life expectancy is rising while the birth rate is continuing to fall </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANGUS FOSTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Brazil looks set to e
nter the next century with 40m people 'missing'.
According to projections ma
de in the 1970s, its population would reach 212m
by the year 2000. But accor
ding to latest predictions, the total will be far
less, probably 172m.
The r
easons for the sharp slowdown in population growth are also seen in
other La
tin American countries. They include a drastic fall in female
fertility rate
s, mainly due to increased use of contraceptives and rapid
urbanisation. The
 consequences, which include an ageing society and serious
strains on social
 and employment needs, have not yet been addressed.
'It is the population ab
ove 65 which will grow the most in the next decades.
Brazil will have to liv
e with this phenomenon, which is well known in
developed countries, without 
having overcome typical problems related to
under-development,' says demogra
phics professor Jose de Carvalho.
Brazil's population change started in the 
1940s. Improved medical and basic
services led to falling mortality rates. F
ertility rates remained high until
the end of the 1960s, leading to rapid po
pulation growth and a society with
more than half its members under 20 years
 old.
It also encouraged a belief, still held by many today, that Brazil was

blessed with an eternally young and fast growing population. At the first
i
nternational population conference in Bucharest in 1974, Brazil's
population
 was 100m and expected to double rapidly.
But the female fertility rate - th
e average number of births per
child-bearing woman - began a startling fall 
from 5.8 in 1970 to 4.3 in 1975
and 3.6 by 1984. In a recent study of Sao Pa
ulo state, Brazil's richest, the
fertility rate was 2.3, in line with some d
eveloped countries.
The fall was partly due to rising education and urbanisa
tion, as families
moved from agricultural to industrial jobs. But the main r
eason was
increased access to, and demand for, contraception. By 1986, 66 pe
r cent of
women of child-bearing age said they were using some form of contr
aceptive.
Of these, about 40 per cent had been sterilised and a further 40 p
er cent
used the pill. By 1990, contraception use had risen to 69 per cent.

These rates are high, considering Brazil is the world's largest Catholic
cou
ntry with a still conservative church hierachy. Abortion is illegal
unless t
he woman has been raped or is in medical danger.
Officially, the church prom
otes the Billings method, which teaches couples
to avoid sex during ovulatio
n. But very few couples obey, suggesting the
church is, unofficially, more l
iberal than it appears or losing its sway.
Padre Antonio Carlos Frizzo, whos
e parish is in the poor suburbs of Sao
Paulo, says couples must choose. 'If 
a couple asked advice on sterilisation,
which is rare, I would take into acc
ount their economic situation and number
of children, the love between them 
and whether another method is possible.
'But the couple must decide, and tha
t's something we should not and cannot
try to stop. And their decision has t
o be supported, too. This might be
criticised in the Vatican, but we are dea
ling with people in real
situations,' he says.
The increasing demand for ste
rilisation has a startling side-effect - it has
helped make Brazil the world
 leader for caesarian births. These account for
roughly one in three deliver
ies, about twice the rate for England and Wales.
The reasons are complex. So
me women think caesarian section a 'modern' way
to give birth, a view hospit
als encourage, while others fear the pain
involved in vaginal deliveries. An
other reason is that when giving birth by
caesarian, a woman can request to 
be sterilised at the same time and the
government pays. Outside pregnancy, w
omen have to pay to be sterilised,
usually at semi-legal clinics.
The declin
ing birth rate will transform Brazil over the coming decades.
Population gro
wth, which in the 1970s was 2.4 per cent, has fallen to 1.9
per cent and is 
still declining.
Today, 35 per cent of the country's 157m population is unde
r 15 years old.
By 2020, the percentage will have fallen to 24 per cent. By 
about 2040, with
a rapidly aging society, the population will reach about 22
0m and stabilise
or even fall.
This prompts the church and other anti-aborti
on groups to argue that
population control is now obsolete in Brazil, especi
ally given the country's
undeveloped agricultural land. A more stable popula
tion will also allow
better government planning. In the past, rapid populati
on growth in cities,
for example, has prevented governments developing long-
term urban plans.
But the changes will also provide some sobering challenges
. The number of
people of working age is set to grow 2.4 per cent a year for
 the next
decade, adding to pressures on the economy to create jobs.
The soc
ial security system, established when the average age at death was
45, must 
be reformed to cope with life expectancies of 64 and 69 for men and
women re
spectively.
The country's under-funded public health system must emphasise p
reventative
medicine if it is to cope with the increasing demands of an agei
ng
population. Finally, the growing number of elderly from smaller families

will need extra services.
Unfortunately, Brazil does not seem greatly aware 
of these challenges.
Because of the government's economic problems, the 1990
 census was postponed
to 1991. After further spending cuts, only basic findi
ngs are available.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>BRZ  Brazil, South Ame
rica.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Public Healt
h Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PU
B>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 5 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 161 ==============================================
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<DOCNO>FT943-5357</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EIECYAA8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9409
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 SEP 94 / Youthful Brazil faces problems of old 
age: Life expectancy is rising while the birth rate is continuing to fall </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANGUS FOSTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Brazil looks set to e
nter the next century with 40m people 'missing'.
According to projections ma
de in the 1970s, its population would reach 212m
by the year 2000. But accor
ding to latest predictions, the total will be far
less, probably 172m.
The r
easons for the sharp slowdown in population growth are also seen in
other La
tin American countries. They include a drastic fall in female
fertility rate
s, mainly due to increased use of contraceptives and rapid
urbanisation. The
 consequences, which include an ageing society and serious
strains on social
 and employment needs, have not yet been addressed.
'It is the population ab
ove 65 which will grow the most in the next decades.
Brazil will have to liv
e with this phenomenon, which is well known in
developed countries, without 
having overcome typical problems related to
under-development,' says demogra
phics professor Jose de Carvalho.
Brazil's population change started in the 
1940s. Improved medical and basic
services led to falling mortality rates. F
ertility rates remained high until
the end of the 1960s, leading to rapid po
pulation growth and a society with
more than half its members under 20 years
 old.
It also encouraged a belief, still held by many today, that Brazil was

blessed with an eternally young and fast growing population. At the first
i
nternational population conference in Bucharest in 1974, Brazil's
population
 was 100m and expected to double rapidly.
But the female fertility rate - th
e average number of births per
child-bearing woman - began a startling fall 
from 5.8 in 1970 to 4.3 in 1975
and 3.6 by 1984. In a recent study of Sao Pa
ulo state, Brazil's richest, the
fertility rate was 2.3, in line with some d
eveloped countries.
The fall was partly due to rising education and urbanisa
tion, as families
moved from agricultural to industrial jobs. But the main r
eason was
increased access to, and demand for, contraception. By 1986, 66 pe
r cent of
women of child-bearing age said they were using some form of contr
aceptive.
Of these, about 40 per cent had been sterilised and a further 40 p
er cent
used the pill. By 1990, contraception use had risen to 69 per cent.

These rates are high, considering Brazil is the world's largest Catholic
cou
ntry with a still conservative church hierachy. Abortion is illegal
unless t
he woman has been raped or is in medical danger.
Officially, the church prom
otes the Billings method, which teaches couples
to avoid sex during ovulatio
n. But very few couples obey, suggesting the
church is, unofficially, more l
iberal than it appears or losing its sway.
Padre Antonio Carlos Frizzo, whos
e parish is in the poor suburbs of Sao
Paulo, says couples must choose. 'If 
a couple asked advice on sterilisation,
which is rare, I would take into acc
ount their economic situation and number
of children, the love between them 
and whether another method is possible.
'But the couple must decide, and tha
t's something we should not and cannot
try to stop. And their decision has t
o be supported, too. This might be
criticised in the Vatican, but we are dea
ling with people in real
situations,' he says.
The increasing demand for ste
rilisation has a startling side-effect - it has
helped make Brazil the world
 leader for caesarian births. These account for
roughly one in three deliver
ies, about twice the rate for England and Wales.
The reasons are complex. So
me women think caesarian section a 'modern' way
to give birth, a view hospit
als encourage, while others fear the pain
involved in vaginal deliveries. An
other reason is that when giving birth by
caesarian, a woman can request to 
be sterilised at the same time and the
government pays. Outside pregnancy, w
omen have to pay to be sterilised,
usually at semi-legal clinics.
The declin
ing birth rate will transform Brazil over the coming decades.
Population gro
wth, which in the 1970s was 2.4 per cent, has fallen to 1.9
per cent and is 
still declining.
Today, 35 per cent of the country's 157m population is unde
r 15 years old.
By 2020, the percentage will have fallen to 24 per cent. By 
about 2040, with
a rapidly aging society, the population will reach about 22
0m and stabilise
or even fall.
This prompts the church and other anti-aborti
on groups to argue that
population control is now obsolete in Brazil, especi
ally given the country's
undeveloped agricultural land. A more stable popula
tion will also allow
better government planning. In the past, rapid populati
on growth in cities,
for example, has prevented governments developing long-
term urban plans.
But the changes will also provide some sobering challenges
. The number of
people of working age is set to grow 2.4 per cent a year for
 the next
decade, adding to pressures on the economy to create jobs.
The soc
ial security system, established when the average age at death was
45, must 
be reformed to cope with life expectancies of 64 and 69 for men and
women re
spectively.
The country's under-funded public health system must emphasise p
reventative
medicine if it is to cope with the increasing demands of an agei
ng
population. Finally, the growing number of elderly from smaller families

will need extra services.
Unfortunately, Brazil does not seem greatly aware 
of these challenges.
Because of the government's economic problems, the 1990
 census was postponed
to 1991. After further spending cuts, only basic findi
ngs are available.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>BRZ  Brazil, South Ame
rica.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Public Healt
h Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PU
B>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 5 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 162 ==============================================
Transaction #:    162       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

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<PROFILE>_AN-EIECYAA8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9409
05
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<HEADLINE> FT  05 SEP 94 / Youthful Brazil faces problems of old 
age: Life expectancy is rising while the birth rate is continuing to fall </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANGUS FOSTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Brazil looks set to e
nter the next century with 40m people 'missing'.
According to projections ma
de in the 1970s, its population would reach 212m
by the year 2000. But accor
ding to latest predictions, the total will be far
less, probably 172m.
The r
easons for the sharp slowdown in population growth are also seen in
other La
tin American countries. They include a drastic fall in female
fertility rate
s, mainly due to increased use of contraceptives and rapid
urbanisation. The
 consequences, which include an ageing society and serious
strains on social
 and employment needs, have not yet been addressed.
'It is the population ab
ove 65 which will grow the most in the next decades.
Brazil will have to liv
e with this phenomenon, which is well known in
developed countries, without 
having overcome typical problems related to
under-development,' says demogra
phics professor Jose de Carvalho.
Brazil's population change started in the 
1940s. Improved medical and basic
services led to falling mortality rates. F
ertility rates remained high until
the end of the 1960s, leading to rapid po
pulation growth and a society with
more than half its members under 20 years
 old.
It also encouraged a belief, still held by many today, that Brazil was

blessed with an eternally young and fast growing population. At the first
i
nternational population conference in Bucharest in 1974, Brazil's
population
 was 100m and expected to double rapidly.
But the female fertility rate - th
e average number of births per
child-bearing woman - began a startling fall 
from 5.8 in 1970 to 4.3 in 1975
and 3.6 by 1984. In a recent study of Sao Pa
ulo state, Brazil's richest, the
fertility rate was 2.3, in line with some d
eveloped countries.
The fall was partly due to rising education and urbanisa
tion, as families
moved from agricultural to industrial jobs. But the main r
eason was
increased access to, and demand for, contraception. By 1986, 66 pe
r cent of
women of child-bearing age said they were using some form of contr
aceptive.
Of these, about 40 per cent had been sterilised and a further 40 p
er cent
used the pill. By 1990, contraception use had risen to 69 per cent.

These rates are high, considering Brazil is the world's largest Catholic
cou
ntry with a still conservative church hierachy. Abortion is illegal
unless t
he woman has been raped or is in medical danger.
Officially, the church prom
otes the Billings method, which teaches couples
to avoid sex during ovulatio
n. But very few couples obey, suggesting the
church is, unofficially, more l
iberal than it appears or losing its sway.
Padre Antonio Carlos Frizzo, whos
e parish is in the poor suburbs of Sao
Paulo, says couples must choose. 'If 
a couple asked advice on sterilisation,
which is rare, I would take into acc
ount their economic situation and number
of children, the love between them 
and whether another method is possible.
'But the couple must decide, and tha
t's something we should not and cannot
try to stop. And their decision has t
o be supported, too. This might be
criticised in the Vatican, but we are dea
ling with people in real
situations,' he says.
The increasing demand for ste
rilisation has a startling side-effect - it has
helped make Brazil the world
 leader for caesarian births. These account for
roughly one in three deliver
ies, about twice the rate for England and Wales.
The reasons are complex. So
me women think caesarian section a 'modern' way
to give birth, a view hospit
als encourage, while others fear the pain
involved in vaginal deliveries. An
other reason is that when giving birth by
caesarian, a woman can request to 
be sterilised at the same time and the
government pays. Outside pregnancy, w
omen have to pay to be sterilised,
usually at semi-legal clinics.
The declin
ing birth rate will transform Brazil over the coming decades.
Population gro
wth, which in the 1970s was 2.4 per cent, has fallen to 1.9
per cent and is 
still declining.
Today, 35 per cent of the country's 157m population is unde
r 15 years old.
By 2020, the percentage will have fallen to 24 per cent. By 
about 2040, with
a rapidly aging society, the population will reach about 22
0m and stabilise
or even fall.
This prompts the church and other anti-aborti
on groups to argue that
population control is now obsolete in Brazil, especi
ally given the country's
undeveloped agricultural land. A more stable popula
tion will also allow
better government planning. In the past, rapid populati
on growth in cities,
for example, has prevented governments developing long-
term urban plans.
But the changes will also provide some sobering challenges
. The number of
people of working age is set to grow 2.4 per cent a year for
 the next
decade, adding to pressures on the economy to create jobs.
The soc
ial security system, established when the average age at death was
45, must 
be reformed to cope with life expectancies of 64 and 69 for men and
women re
spectively.
The country's under-funded public health system must emphasise p
reventative
medicine if it is to cope with the increasing demands of an agei
ng
population. Finally, the growing number of elderly from smaller families

will need extra services.
Unfortunately, Brazil does not seem greatly aware 
of these challenges.
Because of the government's economic problems, the 1990
 census was postponed
to 1991. After further spending cuts, only basic findi
ngs are available.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>BRZ  Brazil, South Ame
rica.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Public Healt
h Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PU
B>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 5 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 163 ==============================================
Transaction #:    163       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DATE>930
122
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 JAN 93 / N African birth rate falls steeply </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EDWARD MORTIMER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE population exp
losion in North Africa is over, according to a leading
French demographer, P
rof Youssef Courbage, writes Edward Mortimer.
Birth rates in the region are 
falling rapidly, and European fears of a flood
of Arab immigrants are wildly
 exaggerated, Mr Courbage told a conference in
Brussels yesterday.
In fact, 
he added, the working-age population in Algeria, Morocco and
Tunisia will le
vel off in about 2005, when the number of job applicants will
begin to decre
ase.
'Just as Europe's bulging baby-boom generation leaves working life for

retirement, and will need to rely on a sufficient labour force - foreign
wor
kers in particular - to finance it, the Maghreb labour markets, where
labour
 will be in short supply, will be hard-pressed to meet export
demands.'
Mr C
ourbage, a senior researcher at the Institut National d'Etudes
Demographique
s in Paris, was speaking at a workshop on Europe and the
Mediterranean at th
e Centre for European Policy Studies.
The decrease in fertility in the Maghr
eb countries is acknowledged by the UN
and the World Bank, he said, but thos
e organisations had not yet taken the
full measure of the decline.
The UN ha
d significantly overestimated fertility in all three countries.
</TEXT>
<XX>

Countries:-
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<CN>XMZ  Africa.
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<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 3 </PAGE>
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============= Transaction # 164 ==============================================
Transaction #:    164       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

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<DATE>930
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</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 JAN 93 / N African birth rate falls steeply </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EDWARD MORTIMER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE population exp
losion in North Africa is over, according to a leading
French demographer, P
rof Youssef Courbage, writes Edward Mortimer.
Birth rates in the region are 
falling rapidly, and European fears of a flood
of Arab immigrants are wildly
 exaggerated, Mr Courbage told a conference in
Brussels yesterday.
In fact, 
he added, the working-age population in Algeria, Morocco and
Tunisia will le
vel off in about 2005, when the number of job applicants will
begin to decre
ase.
'Just as Europe's bulging baby-boom generation leaves working life for

retirement, and will need to rely on a sufficient labour force - foreign
wor
kers in particular - to finance it, the Maghreb labour markets, where
labour
 will be in short supply, will be hard-pressed to meet export
demands.'
Mr C
ourbage, a senior researcher at the Institut National d'Etudes
Demographique
s in Paris, was speaking at a workshop on Europe and the
Mediterranean at th
e Centre for European Policy Studies.
The decrease in fertility in the Maghr
eb countries is acknowledged by the UN
and the World Bank, he said, but thos
e organisations had not yet taken the
full measure of the decline.
The UN ha
d significantly overestimated fertility in all three countries.
</TEXT>
<XX>

Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XMZ  Africa.
</CN>
<XX>
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</XX>
<IN>P99  N
onclassifiable Establishments.
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<XX>
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<TP>PEOP  Personnel 
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<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 3 </PAGE>
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============= Transaction # 165 ==============================================
Transaction #:    165       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

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</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 JAN 93 / N African birth rate falls steeply </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EDWARD MORTIMER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE population exp
losion in North Africa is over, according to a leading
French demographer, P
rof Youssef Courbage, writes Edward Mortimer.
Birth rates in the region are 
falling rapidly, and European fears of a flood
of Arab immigrants are wildly
 exaggerated, Mr Courbage told a conference in
Brussels yesterday.
In fact, 
he added, the working-age population in Algeria, Morocco and
Tunisia will le
vel off in about 2005, when the number of job applicants will
begin to decre
ase.
'Just as Europe's bulging baby-boom generation leaves working life for

retirement, and will need to rely on a sufficient labour force - foreign
wor
kers in particular - to finance it, the Maghreb labour markets, where
labour
 will be in short supply, will be hard-pressed to meet export
demands.'
Mr C
ourbage, a senior researcher at the Institut National d'Etudes
Demographique
s in Paris, was speaking at a workshop on Europe and the
Mediterranean at th
e Centre for European Policy Studies.
The decrease in fertility in the Maghr
eb countries is acknowledged by the UN
and the World Bank, he said, but thos
e organisations had not yet taken the
full measure of the decline.
The UN ha
d significantly overestimated fertility in all three countries.
</TEXT>
<XX>

Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XMZ  Africa.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P99  N
onclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
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Types:-
</XX>
<TP>PEOP  Personnel 
News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 3 </PAGE>
</D
OC>

============= Transaction # 166 ==============================================
Transaction #:    166       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-9226</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHLDRAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
12
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  12 AUG 94 / Children neither seen nor heard: A ste
ep fall in the birth rate means demographic worries for east Germany </HEADL
INE>
<BYLINE>    By JUDY DEMPSEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The British author, PD Jam
es, recently wrote a novel called The Children of
Men. It is set in England 
in 2021 and describes how infertility has spread
like a plague. The human ra
ce faces extinction as scientists try to reverse
the trend. At the end of th
e book, a woman gives birth, but whether this is
enough to save the human ra
ce is left open.
German demographers and doctors could identity with this wo
rk of fiction:
five years since the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the birth r
ate in east
Germany continues to plummet.
Mr Horst Halle, head of the matern
ity department at the Charite, east
Berlin's largest hospital, first noticed
 the trend in early 1990. 'You just
had to look at the statistics,' he expla
ined. 'Before 1989, there were about
16,000 babies born each year in east Be
rlin. Today, that figure has slumped
to 6,800, a decline of about 60 per cen
t.
'In the Charite itself, we used to record about 2,200 births a year. Toda
y,
we have fewer than 1,800, and we are doing better than most maternity
hos
pitals in east Berlin.'
Such an unprecedented fall in the birth rate would h
ave shocked the former
communist regime in East Germany. It prided itself on
 its wide range of
social services aimed at providing women with excellent c
hildcare facilities
to encourage them to have children.
Then, day-care centr
es were free. Women could take a year's paid maternity
leave and return to a
 guaranteed job, or take off three years with generous
state support and sti
ll have the same job to go back to. Indeed, more than
90 per cent of the fem
ale working population were employed, compared with 49
per cent in west Germ
any. By the age of 21, east German women started having
children, unlike the
ir west German counterparts, who generally started a
family in their mid-to-
late 20s.
Despite these incentives, however, the birth rate in east Germany 
was
relatively low compared with most other east European countries under th
e
communists. Mr Jurgen Dorbritz, a demographer at the Federal Statistics
Of
fice, says: 'What we are now seeing in eastern Germany is a birth rate
which
 is falling from a low base. That is the worrying aspect. That's what
makes 
the statistics so extraordinary.'
In 1989, there were 198,922 live births in
 east Germany, the equivalent of
12 births per 1,000, or about 1.6 children 
per family. This was the same as
in west Germany. By 1993, the number of eas
t German births had fallen to
79,926 - or about 60 per cent of the 1989 rate
 - the equivalent of 0.8
children per family, or only half the west German l
evel.
'We just don't know how long this trend will continue. One thing is ce
rtain.
There will be very few children born between the years 2015 and 2020 
because
of the lack of women of child-bearing age. Can you imagine how diffi
cult it
is going to be to pay for the number of old people in our country?' 
said Mr
Dorbritz.
According to the latest statistics from the German Associa
tion for Pension
Insurance, the number of people under the age of 20 in east
 Germany will
fall from 3.84m in 1993 to 2.6m in 2020; the number of people 
aged between
20 and 60 will fall from 8.7m to 7.6m; and those over 60 will r
ise from 3m
to 4.13m. The percentage of pensioners per 100 contributors to t
he state
pension insurance system will rise from 26 per cent in 1993 to more
 than 50
per cent by 2020.
Mr Halle, who has worked in the Charite for 28 ye
ars, believes there are
several reasons why east German women are remaining 
childless. 'Demographers
tend to ignore the fact that we had been expecting 
a sharp fall in the birth
rate in the year 1995, regardless of unification. 
This is because the east
German abortion law of 1972 made abortion available
 on demand. We knew we
were not going to have many child-bearing women in th
e mid-1990s,' he
explained. In 1972, the birth rate fell to about 6 per 1,00
0, climbing back
to about 12 births per 1,000. Today it is fewer than 5.1.
B
ut Mr Halle also believes that the process of German unification itself has

had a profound social effect on east German women. 'A young east German
woma
n knows that if she becomes pregnant, the chances she will find a job
are no
w far less, especially given the high level of unemployment,' he said.
East 
German women have borne the brunt of unemployment, which is officially
16 pe
r cent of the working population, excluding those on short-time work,
early 
retirement schemes, or job creation programmes.
By the end of the first quar
ter of this year, more than 790,000 east German
women had lost their jobs, r
epresenting a female unemployment rate of 23 per
cent. In west Germany, 1.1m
 women, or 9.3 per cent, are out of work. 'East
German women today have free
dom of choice, but they have lost their status
in society,' said Mr Dorbritz
.
The other pressure arising from unification is that many east German women

have had to seek new qualifications, retrain, or change jobs more often,
un
like the former days when a job was for life. 'There is no more security.
Th
e widespread sense of uncertainty has played a major role in the decline
of 
the birth rate,' said Mr Dorbritz.
The freedom to travel has played its part
 in the decline of the birth rate
as well: young east German women have an u
nprecedented chance to go abroad
before they settle and start a family.
'The
re was hardly anything else to do before 1989,' said Mr Dorbritz. 'East
Germ
an society was geared towards encouraging young women to procreate. All
thos
e social planks of free kindergartens, both parents in a job, heavily
subsid
ised or free children's clothes and shoes, have now disappeared.'
Greater mo
bility and open borders have led to a sharp rise in migration from
east Germ
any to west Germany. More than 1.2m from a population of 17m east
Germans we
nt to live in west Germany between late 1989 and early 1991.
'Many of these 
people were young and skilled,' said Mr Nicholas Eberstadt, a
demographer at
 the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
'Of the overa
ll drop in the birth rate, roughly one-ninth can be attributed
to the sheer 
decline of east Germany's population during those two years.'
Staff at the C
harite hospital know that, unless the birth rate increases,
the obstetrician
s, doctors and nurses could be without a job. 'We have 2,000
beds here,' sai
d Mr Halle. 'Before unification, we were dealing with more
than 2,200 women 
a year. If we cannot account for all the beds, we will be
under pressure to 
make savings. That means cutting jobs.'
But his main concern is the kind of 
society which will evolve in east
Germany in the next century. 'The prognosi
s is very bad,' said Mr Halle. 'I
do not know how we are going to fend for t
he elderly. Who is going to pay
for them?' One answer might be to allow immi
grants into the country under a
quota system to replenish the population - a
 solution advanced by some
liberals.
One thing is clear. Mr Eberstadt believ
es that, if the present trends in
east Germany continue, it will be virtuall
y impossible for what he calls
'generational replacement' to occur.
'For gen
erational replacement, eastern Germany's women of child-bearing age
today wo
uld have to give birth to an average of about 2.07 infants over the
course o
f their lives. They are now having 0.8 children, less than one birth
per wom
an per lifetime. This is not enough for a net population
replacement.'
</TEX
T>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  Germany, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX
>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMM
T  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 167 ==============================================
Transaction #:    167       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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Boolean Conjunctions:

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Associated Variable Length Text:

<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-9226</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHLDRAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
12
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  12 AUG 94 / Children neither seen nor heard: A ste
ep fall in the birth rate means demographic worries for east Germany </HEADL
INE>
<BYLINE>    By JUDY DEMPSEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The British author, PD Jam
es, recently wrote a novel called The Children of
Men. It is set in England 
in 2021 and describes how infertility has spread
like a plague. The human ra
ce faces extinction as scientists try to reverse
the trend. At the end of th
e book, a woman gives birth, but whether this is
enough to save the human ra
ce is left open.
German demographers and doctors could identity with this wo
rk of fiction:
five years since the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the birth r
ate in east
Germany continues to plummet.
Mr Horst Halle, head of the matern
ity department at the Charite, east
Berlin's largest hospital, first noticed
 the trend in early 1990. 'You just
had to look at the statistics,' he expla
ined. 'Before 1989, there were about
16,000 babies born each year in east Be
rlin. Today, that figure has slumped
to 6,800, a decline of about 60 per cen
t.
'In the Charite itself, we used to record about 2,200 births a year. Toda
y,
we have fewer than 1,800, and we are doing better than most maternity
hos
pitals in east Berlin.'
Such an unprecedented fall in the birth rate would h
ave shocked the former
communist regime in East Germany. It prided itself on
 its wide range of
social services aimed at providing women with excellent c
hildcare facilities
to encourage them to have children.
Then, day-care centr
es were free. Women could take a year's paid maternity
leave and return to a
 guaranteed job, or take off three years with generous
state support and sti
ll have the same job to go back to. Indeed, more than
90 per cent of the fem
ale working population were employed, compared with 49
per cent in west Germ
any. By the age of 21, east German women started having
children, unlike the
ir west German counterparts, who generally started a
family in their mid-to-
late 20s.
Despite these incentives, however, the birth rate in east Germany 
was
relatively low compared with most other east European countries under th
e
communists. Mr Jurgen Dorbritz, a demographer at the Federal Statistics
Of
fice, says: 'What we are now seeing in eastern Germany is a birth rate
which
 is falling from a low base. That is the worrying aspect. That's what
makes 
the statistics so extraordinary.'
In 1989, there were 198,922 live births in
 east Germany, the equivalent of
12 births per 1,000, or about 1.6 children 
per family. This was the same as
in west Germany. By 1993, the number of eas
t German births had fallen to
79,926 - or about 60 per cent of the 1989 rate
 - the equivalent of 0.8
children per family, or only half the west German l
evel.
'We just don't know how long this trend will continue. One thing is ce
rtain.
There will be very few children born between the years 2015 and 2020 
because
of the lack of women of child-bearing age. Can you imagine how diffi
cult it
is going to be to pay for the number of old people in our country?' 
said Mr
Dorbritz.
According to the latest statistics from the German Associa
tion for Pension
Insurance, the number of people under the age of 20 in east
 Germany will
fall from 3.84m in 1993 to 2.6m in 2020; the number of people 
aged between
20 and 60 will fall from 8.7m to 7.6m; and those over 60 will r
ise from 3m
to 4.13m. The percentage of pensioners per 100 contributors to t
he state
pension insurance system will rise from 26 per cent in 1993 to more
 than 50
per cent by 2020.
Mr Halle, who has worked in the Charite for 28 ye
ars, believes there are
several reasons why east German women are remaining 
childless. 'Demographers
tend to ignore the fact that we had been expecting 
a sharp fall in the birth
rate in the year 1995, regardless of unification. 
This is because the east
German abortion law of 1972 made abortion available
 on demand. We knew we
were not going to have many child-bearing women in th
e mid-1990s,' he
explained. In 1972, the birth rate fell to about 6 per 1,00
0, climbing back
to about 12 births per 1,000. Today it is fewer than 5.1.
B
ut Mr Halle also believes that the process of German unification itself has

had a profound social effect on east German women. 'A young east German
woma
n knows that if she becomes pregnant, the chances she will find a job
are no
w far less, especially given the high level of unemployment,' he said.
East 
German women have borne the brunt of unemployment, which is officially
16 pe
r cent of the working population, excluding those on short-time work,
early 
retirement schemes, or job creation programmes.
By the end of the first quar
ter of this year, more than 790,000 east German
women had lost their jobs, r
epresenting a female unemployment rate of 23 per
cent. In west Germany, 1.1m
 women, or 9.3 per cent, are out of work. 'East
German women today have free
dom of choice, but they have lost their status
in society,' said Mr Dorbritz
.
The other pressure arising from unification is that many east German women

have had to seek new qualifications, retrain, or change jobs more often,
un
like the former days when a job was for life. 'There is no more security.
Th
e widespread sense of uncertainty has played a major role in the decline
of 
the birth rate,' said Mr Dorbritz.
The freedom to travel has played its part
 in the decline of the birth rate
as well: young east German women have an u
nprecedented chance to go abroad
before they settle and start a family.
'The
re was hardly anything else to do before 1989,' said Mr Dorbritz. 'East
Germ
an society was geared towards encouraging young women to procreate. All
thos
e social planks of free kindergartens, both parents in a job, heavily
subsid
ised or free children's clothes and shoes, have now disappeared.'
Greater mo
bility and open borders have led to a sharp rise in migration from
east Germ
any to west Germany. More than 1.2m from a population of 17m east
Germans we
nt to live in west Germany between late 1989 and early 1991.
'Many of these 
people were young and skilled,' said Mr Nicholas Eberstadt, a
demographer at
 the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
'Of the overa
ll drop in the birth rate, roughly one-ninth can be attributed
to the sheer 
decline of east Germany's population during those two years.'
Staff at the C
harite hospital know that, unless the birth rate increases,
the obstetrician
s, doctors and nurses could be without a job. 'We have 2,000
beds here,' sai
d Mr Halle. 'Before unification, we were dealing with more
than 2,200 women 
a year. If we cannot account for all the beds, we will be
under pressure to 
make savings. That means cutting jobs.'
But his main concern is the kind of 
society which will evolve in east
Germany in the next century. 'The prognosi
s is very bad,' said Mr Halle. 'I
do not know how we are going to fend for t
he elderly. Who is going to pay
for them?' One answer might be to allow immi
grants into the country under a
quota system to replenish the population - a
 solution advanced by some
liberals.
One thing is clear. Mr Eberstadt believ
es that, if the present trends in
east Germany continue, it will be virtuall
y impossible for what he calls
'generational replacement' to occur.
'For gen
erational replacement, eastern Germany's women of child-bearing age
today wo
uld have to give birth to an average of about 2.07 infants over the
course o
f their lives. They are now having 0.8 children, less than one birth
per wom
an per lifetime. This is not enough for a net population
replacement.'
</TEX
T>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  Germany, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX
>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMM
T  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 168 ==============================================
Transaction #:    168       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

Usr Interface:   Prob          Time Cmd Sent: 16:00:00
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Selec. Rec. #:      5

Boolean Indexes Used:

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Boolean Conjunctions:

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Associated Variable Length Text:

<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-9226</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHLDRAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
12
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  12 AUG 94 / Children neither seen nor heard: A ste
ep fall in the birth rate means demographic worries for east Germany </HEADL
INE>
<BYLINE>    By JUDY DEMPSEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The British author, PD Jam
es, recently wrote a novel called The Children of
Men. It is set in England 
in 2021 and describes how infertility has spread
like a plague. The human ra
ce faces extinction as scientists try to reverse
the trend. At the end of th
e book, a woman gives birth, but whether this is
enough to save the human ra
ce is left open.
German demographers and doctors could identity with this wo
rk of fiction:
five years since the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the birth r
ate in east
Germany continues to plummet.
Mr Horst Halle, head of the matern
ity department at the Charite, east
Berlin's largest hospital, first noticed
 the trend in early 1990. 'You just
had to look at the statistics,' he expla
ined. 'Before 1989, there were about
16,000 babies born each year in east Be
rlin. Today, that figure has slumped
to 6,800, a decline of about 60 per cen
t.
'In the Charite itself, we used to record about 2,200 births a year. Toda
y,
we have fewer than 1,800, and we are doing better than most maternity
hos
pitals in east Berlin.'
Such an unprecedented fall in the birth rate would h
ave shocked the former
communist regime in East Germany. It prided itself on
 its wide range of
social services aimed at providing women with excellent c
hildcare facilities
to encourage them to have children.
Then, day-care centr
es were free. Women could take a year's paid maternity
leave and return to a
 guaranteed job, or take off three years with generous
state support and sti
ll have the same job to go back to. Indeed, more than
90 per cent of the fem
ale working population were employed, compared with 49
per cent in west Germ
any. By the age of 21, east German women started having
children, unlike the
ir west German counterparts, who generally started a
family in their mid-to-
late 20s.
Despite these incentives, however, the birth rate in east Germany 
was
relatively low compared with most other east European countries under th
e
communists. Mr Jurgen Dorbritz, a demographer at the Federal Statistics
Of
fice, says: 'What we are now seeing in eastern Germany is a birth rate
which
 is falling from a low base. That is the worrying aspect. That's what
makes 
the statistics so extraordinary.'
In 1989, there were 198,922 live births in
 east Germany, the equivalent of
12 births per 1,000, or about 1.6 children 
per family. This was the same as
in west Germany. By 1993, the number of eas
t German births had fallen to
79,926 - or about 60 per cent of the 1989 rate
 - the equivalent of 0.8
children per family, or only half the west German l
evel.
'We just don't know how long this trend will continue. One thing is ce
rtain.
There will be very few children born between the years 2015 and 2020 
because
of the lack of women of child-bearing age. Can you imagine how diffi
cult it
is going to be to pay for the number of old people in our country?' 
said Mr
Dorbritz.
According to the latest statistics from the German Associa
tion for Pension
Insurance, the number of people under the age of 20 in east
 Germany will
fall from 3.84m in 1993 to 2.6m in 2020; the number of people 
aged between
20 and 60 will fall from 8.7m to 7.6m; and those over 60 will r
ise from 3m
to 4.13m. The percentage of pensioners per 100 contributors to t
he state
pension insurance system will rise from 26 per cent in 1993 to more
 than 50
per cent by 2020.
Mr Halle, who has worked in the Charite for 28 ye
ars, believes there are
several reasons why east German women are remaining 
childless. 'Demographers
tend to ignore the fact that we had been expecting 
a sharp fall in the birth
rate in the year 1995, regardless of unification. 
This is because the east
German abortion law of 1972 made abortion available
 on demand. We knew we
were not going to have many child-bearing women in th
e mid-1990s,' he
explained. In 1972, the birth rate fell to about 6 per 1,00
0, climbing back
to about 12 births per 1,000. Today it is fewer than 5.1.
B
ut Mr Halle also believes that the process of German unification itself has

had a profound social effect on east German women. 'A young east German
woma
n knows that if she becomes pregnant, the chances she will find a job
are no
w far less, especially given the high level of unemployment,' he said.
East 
German women have borne the brunt of unemployment, which is officially
16 pe
r cent of the working population, excluding those on short-time work,
early 
retirement schemes, or job creation programmes.
By the end of the first quar
ter of this year, more than 790,000 east German
women had lost their jobs, r
epresenting a female unemployment rate of 23 per
cent. In west Germany, 1.1m
 women, or 9.3 per cent, are out of work. 'East
German women today have free
dom of choice, but they have lost their status
in society,' said Mr Dorbritz
.
The other pressure arising from unification is that many east German women

have had to seek new qualifications, retrain, or change jobs more often,
un
like the former days when a job was for life. 'There is no more security.
Th
e widespread sense of uncertainty has played a major role in the decline
of 
the birth rate,' said Mr Dorbritz.
The freedom to travel has played its part
 in the decline of the birth rate
as well: young east German women have an u
nprecedented chance to go abroad
before they settle and start a family.
'The
re was hardly anything else to do before 1989,' said Mr Dorbritz. 'East
Germ
an society was geared towards encouraging young women to procreate. All
thos
e social planks of free kindergartens, both parents in a job, heavily
subsid
ised or free children's clothes and shoes, have now disappeared.'
Greater mo
bility and open borders have led to a sharp rise in migration from
east Germ
any to west Germany. More than 1.2m from a population of 17m east
Germans we
nt to live in west Germany between late 1989 and early 1991.
'Many of these 
people were young and skilled,' said Mr Nicholas Eberstadt, a
demographer at
 the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
'Of the overa
ll drop in the birth rate, roughly one-ninth can be attributed
to the sheer 
decline of east Germany's population during those two years.'
Staff at the C
harite hospital know that, unless the birth rate increases,
the obstetrician
s, doctors and nurses could be without a job. 'We have 2,000
beds here,' sai
d Mr Halle. 'Before unification, we were dealing with more
than 2,200 women 
a year. If we cannot account for all the beds, we will be
under pressure to 
make savings. That means cutting jobs.'
But his main concern is the kind of 
society which will evolve in east
Germany in the next century. 'The prognosi
s is very bad,' said Mr Halle. 'I
do not know how we are going to fend for t
he elderly. Who is going to pay
for them?' One answer might be to allow immi
grants into the country under a
quota system to replenish the population - a
 solution advanced by some
liberals.
One thing is clear. Mr Eberstadt believ
es that, if the present trends in
east Germany continue, it will be virtuall
y impossible for what he calls
'generational replacement' to occur.
'For gen
erational replacement, eastern Germany's women of child-bearing age
today wo
uld have to give birth to an average of about 2.07 infants over the
course o
f their lives. They are now having 0.8 children, less than one birth
per wom
an per lifetime. This is not enough for a net population
replacement.'
</TEX
T>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  Germany, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX
>
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Types:-
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<TP>CMM
T  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 169 ==============================================
Transaction #:    169       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-5103</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFBA3ADDFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
02
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 JUN 92 / Survey of The Earth Summit (8): Popula
tion surge is a crucial issue - There may well be 10bn people on the earth b
y the year 2050 </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HILARY DE BOERR </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

THE WORLD'S population is growing at an unprecedented rate, consuming more
r
esources than ever - nearly a billion people will be added to the planet
dur
ing the 1990s, according to the Worldwatch Institute. As the number of
poor 
people is increasing, human migration is growing and renewable
resources, su
ch as water and land are increasingly under threat.
Such realities make the 
population issue a crucial one for sustainable
development. There are about 
5.5bn people in the world, with an average
annual increase of 97m projected 
for the coming decade. International
experts agree that population growth ra
tes will have to be reduced, and the
pattern of human activities changed, if
 ecological catastrophe is to be
averted.
The two go hand-in-hand because it
 is not simply high population growth
rates that are threatening the environ
ment. Developed countries, with
relatively low birth rates, consume most of 
the world's resources. A
Bangladeshi, for example, consumes energy equivalen
t to three barrels of oil
a year, a US citizen 55 barrels.
As Oxfam puts it:
 'Industrialised countries generate significantly more
damage per person to 
the global environment than do people in developing
countries.'
Sustainable 
development therefore calls for a fairer distribution of the
benefits of dev
elopment among the world's people.
High population growth rates in developin
g countries - where 80 per cent of
the world's population lives - will, neve
rtheless, put even greater pressure
on the world's resources.
The higher the
 population in developing countries, the higher their energy
use and polluti
on, especially as economies develop. More water is needed,
more forests are 
cleared, inappropriate agricultural practices increase and
wildlife species 
disappear. Population growth in developing countries is
responsible for abou
t 79 per cent of deforestation, 72 per cent of arable
land expansion and 69 
per cent of the growth in livestock numbers.
Such problems are further compo
unded by the increasing migration of people -
to urban areas and to environm
entally sensitive inland areas - in search of
productive land and jobs.
Addr
essing high birth rates means addressing poverty in such countries, say
inte
rnational agencies. More than 1bn people live in absolute poverty
without ad
equate food, clothing or housing.
North-South relationships regarding debt, 
trade, aid and technology transfer
are seen as longer-term means of tackling
 poverty. Programmes to tackle high
birth rates focus on improving third wor
ld health and education, and
providing readily available and affordable fami
ly planning.
Practice shows that birth rates can be reduced voluntarily by r
aising the
status of women through education and providing them with opportu
nities
other than the traditional child bearing role. It is thought that mor
e than
one in five births in developing countries may be unwanted.
The worst
 case scenario for the population explosion is that there could be
12.5bn pe
ople in the world by 2050 if immediate action is not taken. The
most likely 
scenario is a figure of 10bn people.
Fertility patterns can change in just o
ne decade. Development and
consumption patterns will have to follow suit, sa
ys the United Nations
Population Fund.
'World resources are adequate for the
 sustained development of the planet -
if they are carefully used,' it warns
.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page V </PAGE>
</DOC
>

============= Transaction # 170 ==============================================
Transaction #:    170       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-9226</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHLDRAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
12
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  12 AUG 94 / Children neither seen nor heard: A ste
ep fall in the birth rate means demographic worries for east Germany </HEADL
INE>
<BYLINE>    By JUDY DEMPSEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The British author, PD Jam
es, recently wrote a novel called The Children of
Men. It is set in England 
in 2021 and describes how infertility has spread
like a plague. The human ra
ce faces extinction as scientists try to reverse
the trend. At the end of th
e book, a woman gives birth, but whether this is
enough to save the human ra
ce is left open.
German demographers and doctors could identity with this wo
rk of fiction:
five years since the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the birth r
ate in east
Germany continues to plummet.
Mr Horst Halle, head of the matern
ity department at the Charite, east
Berlin's largest hospital, first noticed
 the trend in early 1990. 'You just
had to look at the statistics,' he expla
ined. 'Before 1989, there were about
16,000 babies born each year in east Be
rlin. Today, that figure has slumped
to 6,800, a decline of about 60 per cen
t.
'In the Charite itself, we used to record about 2,200 births a year. Toda
y,
we have fewer than 1,800, and we are doing better than most maternity
hos
pitals in east Berlin.'
Such an unprecedented fall in the birth rate would h
ave shocked the former
communist regime in East Germany. It prided itself on
 its wide range of
social services aimed at providing women with excellent c
hildcare facilities
to encourage them to have children.
Then, day-care centr
es were free. Women could take a year's paid maternity
leave and return to a
 guaranteed job, or take off three years with generous
state support and sti
ll have the same job to go back to. Indeed, more than
90 per cent of the fem
ale working population were employed, compared with 49
per cent in west Germ
any. By the age of 21, east German women started having
children, unlike the
ir west German counterparts, who generally started a
family in their mid-to-
late 20s.
Despite these incentives, however, the birth rate in east Germany 
was
relatively low compared with most other east European countries under th
e
communists. Mr Jurgen Dorbritz, a demographer at the Federal Statistics
Of
fice, says: 'What we are now seeing in eastern Germany is a birth rate
which
 is falling from a low base. That is the worrying aspect. That's what
makes 
the statistics so extraordinary.'
In 1989, there were 198,922 live births in
 east Germany, the equivalent of
12 births per 1,000, or about 1.6 children 
per family. This was the same as
in west Germany. By 1993, the number of eas
t German births had fallen to
79,926 - or about 60 per cent of the 1989 rate
 - the equivalent of 0.8
children per family, or only half the west German l
evel.
'We just don't know how long this trend will continue. One thing is ce
rtain.
There will be very few children born between the years 2015 and 2020 
because
of the lack of women of child-bearing age. Can you imagine how diffi
cult it
is going to be to pay for the number of old people in our country?' 
said Mr
Dorbritz.
According to the latest statistics from the German Associa
tion for Pension
Insurance, the number of people under the age of 20 in east
 Germany will
fall from 3.84m in 1993 to 2.6m in 2020; the number of people 
aged between
20 and 60 will fall from 8.7m to 7.6m; and those over 60 will r
ise from 3m
to 4.13m. The percentage of pensioners per 100 contributors to t
he state
pension insurance system will rise from 26 per cent in 1993 to more
 than 50
per cent by 2020.
Mr Halle, who has worked in the Charite for 28 ye
ars, believes there are
several reasons why east German women are remaining 
childless. 'Demographers
tend to ignore the fact that we had been expecting 
a sharp fall in the birth
rate in the year 1995, regardless of unification. 
This is because the east
German abortion law of 1972 made abortion available
 on demand. We knew we
were not going to have many child-bearing women in th
e mid-1990s,' he
explained. In 1972, the birth rate fell to about 6 per 1,00
0, climbing back
to about 12 births per 1,000. Today it is fewer than 5.1.
B
ut Mr Halle also believes that the process of German unification itself has

had a profound social effect on east German women. 'A young east German
woma
n knows that if she becomes pregnant, the chances she will find a job
are no
w far less, especially given the high level of unemployment,' he said.
East 
German women have borne the brunt of unemployment, which is officially
16 pe
r cent of the working population, excluding those on short-time work,
early 
retirement schemes, or job creation programmes.
By the end of the first quar
ter of this year, more than 790,000 east German
women had lost their jobs, r
epresenting a female unemployment rate of 23 per
cent. In west Germany, 1.1m
 women, or 9.3 per cent, are out of work. 'East
German women today have free
dom of choice, but they have lost their status
in society,' said Mr Dorbritz
.
The other pressure arising from unification is that many east German women

have had to seek new qualifications, retrain, or change jobs more often,
un
like the former days when a job was for life. 'There is no more security.
Th
e widespread sense of uncertainty has played a major role in the decline
of 
the birth rate,' said Mr Dorbritz.
The freedom to travel has played its part
 in the decline of the birth rate
as well: young east German women have an u
nprecedented chance to go abroad
before they settle and start a family.
'The
re was hardly anything else to do before 1989,' said Mr Dorbritz. 'East
Germ
an society was geared towards encouraging young women to procreate. All
thos
e social planks of free kindergartens, both parents in a job, heavily
subsid
ised or free children's clothes and shoes, have now disappeared.'
Greater mo
bility and open borders have led to a sharp rise in migration from
east Germ
any to west Germany. More than 1.2m from a population of 17m east
Germans we
nt to live in west Germany between late 1989 and early 1991.
'Many of these 
people were young and skilled,' said Mr Nicholas Eberstadt, a
demographer at
 the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
'Of the overa
ll drop in the birth rate, roughly one-ninth can be attributed
to the sheer 
decline of east Germany's population during those two years.'
Staff at the C
harite hospital know that, unless the birth rate increases,
the obstetrician
s, doctors and nurses could be without a job. 'We have 2,000
beds here,' sai
d Mr Halle. 'Before unification, we were dealing with more
than 2,200 women 
a year. If we cannot account for all the beds, we will be
under pressure to 
make savings. That means cutting jobs.'
But his main concern is the kind of 
society which will evolve in east
Germany in the next century. 'The prognosi
s is very bad,' said Mr Halle. 'I
do not know how we are going to fend for t
he elderly. Who is going to pay
for them?' One answer might be to allow immi
grants into the country under a
quota system to replenish the population - a
 solution advanced by some
liberals.
One thing is clear. Mr Eberstadt believ
es that, if the present trends in
east Germany continue, it will be virtuall
y impossible for what he calls
'generational replacement' to occur.
'For gen
erational replacement, eastern Germany's women of child-bearing age
today wo
uld have to give birth to an average of about 2.07 infants over the
course o
f their lives. They are now having 0.8 children, less than one birth
per wom
an per lifetime. This is not enough for a net population
replacement.'
</TEX
T>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  Germany, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX
>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMM
T  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 171 ==============================================
Transaction #:    171       Transaction Code:  38 (Record Deselected)      

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-9226</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHLDRAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
12
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  12 AUG 94 / Children neither seen nor heard: A ste
ep fall in the birth rate means demographic worries for east Germany </HEADL
INE>
<BYLINE>    By JUDY DEMPSEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The British author, PD Jam
es, recently wrote a novel called The Children of
Men. It is set in England 
in 2021 and describes how infertility has spread
like a plague. The human ra
ce faces extinction as scientists try to reverse
the trend. At the end of th
e book, a woman gives birth, but whether this is
enough to save the human ra
ce is left open.
German demographers and doctors could identity with this wo
rk of fiction:
five years since the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the birth r
ate in east
Germany continues to plummet.
Mr Horst Halle, head of the matern
ity department at the Charite, east
Berlin's largest hospital, first noticed
 the trend in early 1990. 'You just
had to look at the statistics,' he expla
ined. 'Before 1989, there were about
16,000 babies born each year in east Be
rlin. Today, that figure has slumped
to 6,800, a decline of about 60 per cen
t.
'In the Charite itself, we used to record about 2,200 births a year. Toda
y,
we have fewer than 1,800, and we are doing better than most maternity
hos
pitals in east Berlin.'
Such an unprecedented fall in the birth rate would h
ave shocked the former
communist regime in East Germany. It prided itself on
 its wide range of
social services aimed at providing women with excellent c
hildcare facilities
to encourage them to have children.
Then, day-care centr
es were free. Women could take a year's paid maternity
leave and return to a
 guaranteed job, or take off three years with generous
state support and sti
ll have the same job to go back to. Indeed, more than
90 per cent of the fem
ale working population were employed, compared with 49
per cent in west Germ
any. By the age of 21, east German women started having
children, unlike the
ir west German counterparts, who generally started a
family in their mid-to-
late 20s.
Despite these incentives, however, the birth rate in east Germany 
was
relatively low compared with most other east European countries under th
e
communists. Mr Jurgen Dorbritz, a demographer at the Federal Statistics
Of
fice, says: 'What we are now seeing in eastern Germany is a birth rate
which
 is falling from a low base. That is the worrying aspect. That's what
makes 
the statistics so extraordinary.'
In 1989, there were 198,922 live births in
 east Germany, the equivalent of
12 births per 1,000, or about 1.6 children 
per family. This was the same as
in west Germany. By 1993, the number of eas
t German births had fallen to
79,926 - or about 60 per cent of the 1989 rate
 - the equivalent of 0.8
children per family, or only half the west German l
evel.
'We just don't know how long this trend will continue. One thing is ce
rtain.
There will be very few children born between the years 2015 and 2020 
because
of the lack of women of child-bearing age. Can you imagine how diffi
cult it
is going to be to pay for the number of old people in our country?' 
said Mr
Dorbritz.
According to the latest statistics from the German Associa
tion for Pension
Insurance, the number of people under the age of 20 in east
 Germany will
fall from 3.84m in 1993 to 2.6m in 2020; the number of people 
aged between
20 and 60 will fall from 8.7m to 7.6m; and those over 60 will r
ise from 3m
to 4.13m. The percentage of pensioners per 100 contributors to t
he state
pension insurance system will rise from 26 per cent in 1993 to more
 than 50
per cent by 2020.
Mr Halle, who has worked in the Charite for 28 ye
ars, believes there are
several reasons why east German women are remaining 
childless. 'Demographers
tend to ignore the fact that we had been expecting 
a sharp fall in the birth
rate in the year 1995, regardless of unification. 
This is because the east
German abortion law of 1972 made abortion available
 on demand. We knew we
were not going to have many child-bearing women in th
e mid-1990s,' he
explained. In 1972, the birth rate fell to about 6 per 1,00
0, climbing back
to about 12 births per 1,000. Today it is fewer than 5.1.
B
ut Mr Halle also believes that the process of German unification itself has

had a profound social effect on east German women. 'A young east German
woma
n knows that if she becomes pregnant, the chances she will find a job
are no
w far less, especially given the high level of unemployment,' he said.
East 
German women have borne the brunt of unemployment, which is officially
16 pe
r cent of the working population, excluding those on short-time work,
early 
retirement schemes, or job creation programmes.
By the end of the first quar
ter of this year, more than 790,000 east German
women had lost their jobs, r
epresenting a female unemployment rate of 23 per
cent. In west Germany, 1.1m
 women, or 9.3 per cent, are out of work. 'East
German women today have free
dom of choice, but they have lost their status
in society,' said Mr Dorbritz
.
The other pressure arising from unification is that many east German women

have had to seek new qualifications, retrain, or change jobs more often,
un
like the former days when a job was for life. 'There is no more security.
Th
e widespread sense of uncertainty has played a major role in the decline
of 
the birth rate,' said Mr Dorbritz.
The freedom to travel has played its part
 in the decline of the birth rate
as well: young east German women have an u
nprecedented chance to go abroad
before they settle and start a family.
'The
re was hardly anything else to do before 1989,' said Mr Dorbritz. 'East
Germ
an society was geared towards encouraging young women to procreate. All
thos
e social planks of free kindergartens, both parents in a job, heavily
subsid
ised or free children's clothes and shoes, have now disappeared.'
Greater mo
bility and open borders have led to a sharp rise in migration from
east Germ
any to west Germany. More than 1.2m from a population of 17m east
Germans we
nt to live in west Germany between late 1989 and early 1991.
'Many of these 
people were young and skilled,' said Mr Nicholas Eberstadt, a
demographer at
 the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
'Of the overa
ll drop in the birth rate, roughly one-ninth can be attributed
to the sheer 
decline of east Germany's population during those two years.'
Staff at the C
harite hospital know that, unless the birth rate increases,
the obstetrician
s, doctors and nurses could be without a job. 'We have 2,000
beds here,' sai
d Mr Halle. 'Before unification, we were dealing with more
than 2,200 women 
a year. If we cannot account for all the beds, we will be
under pressure to 
make savings. That means cutting jobs.'
But his main concern is the kind of 
society which will evolve in east
Germany in the next century. 'The prognosi
s is very bad,' said Mr Halle. 'I
do not know how we are going to fend for t
he elderly. Who is going to pay
for them?' One answer might be to allow immi
grants into the country under a
quota system to replenish the population - a
 solution advanced by some
liberals.
One thing is clear. Mr Eberstadt believ
es that, if the present trends in
east Germany continue, it will be virtuall
y impossible for what he calls
'generational replacement' to occur.
'For gen
erational replacement, eastern Germany's women of child-bearing age
today wo
uld have to give birth to an average of about 2.07 infants over the
course o
f their lives. They are now having 0.8 children, less than one birth
per wom
an per lifetime. This is not enough for a net population
replacement.'
</TEX
T>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  Germany, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX
>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMM
T  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 172 ==============================================
Transaction #:    172       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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Associated Variable Length Text:

<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-9226</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHLDRAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
12
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  12 AUG 94 / Children neither seen nor heard: A ste
ep fall in the birth rate means demographic worries for east Germany </HEADL
INE>
<BYLINE>    By JUDY DEMPSEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The British author, PD Jam
es, recently wrote a novel called The Children of
Men. It is set in England 
in 2021 and describes how infertility has spread
like a plague. The human ra
ce faces extinction as scientists try to reverse
the trend. At the end of th
e book, a woman gives birth, but whether this is
enough to save the human ra
ce is left open.
German demographers and doctors could identity with this wo
rk of fiction:
five years since the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the birth r
ate in east
Germany continues to plummet.
Mr Horst Halle, head of the matern
ity department at the Charite, east
Berlin's largest hospital, first noticed
 the trend in early 1990. 'You just
had to look at the statistics,' he expla
ined. 'Before 1989, there were about
16,000 babies born each year in east Be
rlin. Today, that figure has slumped
to 6,800, a decline of about 60 per cen
t.
'In the Charite itself, we used to record about 2,200 births a year. Toda
y,
we have fewer than 1,800, and we are doing better than most maternity
hos
pitals in east Berlin.'
Such an unprecedented fall in the birth rate would h
ave shocked the former
communist regime in East Germany. It prided itself on
 its wide range of
social services aimed at providing women with excellent c
hildcare facilities
to encourage them to have children.
Then, day-care centr
es were free. Women could take a year's paid maternity
leave and return to a
 guaranteed job, or take off three years with generous
state support and sti
ll have the same job to go back to. Indeed, more than
90 per cent of the fem
ale working population were employed, compared with 49
per cent in west Germ
any. By the age of 21, east German women started having
children, unlike the
ir west German counterparts, who generally started a
family in their mid-to-
late 20s.
Despite these incentives, however, the birth rate in east Germany 
was
relatively low compared with most other east European countries under th
e
communists. Mr Jurgen Dorbritz, a demographer at the Federal Statistics
Of
fice, says: 'What we are now seeing in eastern Germany is a birth rate
which
 is falling from a low base. That is the worrying aspect. That's what
makes 
the statistics so extraordinary.'
In 1989, there were 198,922 live births in
 east Germany, the equivalent of
12 births per 1,000, or about 1.6 children 
per family. This was the same as
in west Germany. By 1993, the number of eas
t German births had fallen to
79,926 - or about 60 per cent of the 1989 rate
 - the equivalent of 0.8
children per family, or only half the west German l
evel.
'We just don't know how long this trend will continue. One thing is ce
rtain.
There will be very few children born between the years 2015 and 2020 
because
of the lack of women of child-bearing age. Can you imagine how diffi
cult it
is going to be to pay for the number of old people in our country?' 
said Mr
Dorbritz.
According to the latest statistics from the German Associa
tion for Pension
Insurance, the number of people under the age of 20 in east
 Germany will
fall from 3.84m in 1993 to 2.6m in 2020; the number of people 
aged between
20 and 60 will fall from 8.7m to 7.6m; and those over 60 will r
ise from 3m
to 4.13m. The percentage of pensioners per 100 contributors to t
he state
pension insurance system will rise from 26 per cent in 1993 to more
 than 50
per cent by 2020.
Mr Halle, who has worked in the Charite for 28 ye
ars, believes there are
several reasons why east German women are remaining 
childless. 'Demographers
tend to ignore the fact that we had been expecting 
a sharp fall in the birth
rate in the year 1995, regardless of unification. 
This is because the east
German abortion law of 1972 made abortion available
 on demand. We knew we
were not going to have many child-bearing women in th
e mid-1990s,' he
explained. In 1972, the birth rate fell to about 6 per 1,00
0, climbing back
to about 12 births per 1,000. Today it is fewer than 5.1.
B
ut Mr Halle also believes that the process of German unification itself has

had a profound social effect on east German women. 'A young east German
woma
n knows that if she becomes pregnant, the chances she will find a job
are no
w far less, especially given the high level of unemployment,' he said.
East 
German women have borne the brunt of unemployment, which is officially
16 pe
r cent of the working population, excluding those on short-time work,
early 
retirement schemes, or job creation programmes.
By the end of the first quar
ter of this year, more than 790,000 east German
women had lost their jobs, r
epresenting a female unemployment rate of 23 per
cent. In west Germany, 1.1m
 women, or 9.3 per cent, are out of work. 'East
German women today have free
dom of choice, but they have lost their status
in society,' said Mr Dorbritz
.
The other pressure arising from unification is that many east German women

have had to seek new qualifications, retrain, or change jobs more often,
un
like the former days when a job was for life. 'There is no more security.
Th
e widespread sense of uncertainty has played a major role in the decline
of 
the birth rate,' said Mr Dorbritz.
The freedom to travel has played its part
 in the decline of the birth rate
as well: young east German women have an u
nprecedented chance to go abroad
before they settle and start a family.
'The
re was hardly anything else to do before 1989,' said Mr Dorbritz. 'East
Germ
an society was geared towards encouraging young women to procreate. All
thos
e social planks of free kindergartens, both parents in a job, heavily
subsid
ised or free children's clothes and shoes, have now disappeared.'
Greater mo
bility and open borders have led to a sharp rise in migration from
east Germ
any to west Germany. More than 1.2m from a population of 17m east
Germans we
nt to live in west Germany between late 1989 and early 1991.
'Many of these 
people were young and skilled,' said Mr Nicholas Eberstadt, a
demographer at
 the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
'Of the overa
ll drop in the birth rate, roughly one-ninth can be attributed
to the sheer 
decline of east Germany's population during those two years.'
Staff at the C
harite hospital know that, unless the birth rate increases,
the obstetrician
s, doctors and nurses could be without a job. 'We have 2,000
beds here,' sai
d Mr Halle. 'Before unification, we were dealing with more
than 2,200 women 
a year. If we cannot account for all the beds, we will be
under pressure to 
make savings. That means cutting jobs.'
But his main concern is the kind of 
society which will evolve in east
Germany in the next century. 'The prognosi
s is very bad,' said Mr Halle. 'I
do not know how we are going to fend for t
he elderly. Who is going to pay
for them?' One answer might be to allow immi
grants into the country under a
quota system to replenish the population - a
 solution advanced by some
liberals.
One thing is clear. Mr Eberstadt believ
es that, if the present trends in
east Germany continue, it will be virtuall
y impossible for what he calls
'generational replacement' to occur.
'For gen
erational replacement, eastern Germany's women of child-bearing age
today wo
uld have to give birth to an average of about 2.07 infants over the
course o
f their lives. They are now having 0.8 children, less than one birth
per wom
an per lifetime. This is not enough for a net population
replacement.'
</TEX
T>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  Germany, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX
>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMM
T  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 173 ==============================================
Transaction #:    173       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-5103</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFBA3ADDFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
02
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 JUN 92 / Survey of The Earth Summit (8): Popula
tion surge is a crucial issue - There may well be 10bn people on the earth b
y the year 2050 </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HILARY DE BOERR </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

THE WORLD'S population is growing at an unprecedented rate, consuming more
r
esources than ever - nearly a billion people will be added to the planet
dur
ing the 1990s, according to the Worldwatch Institute. As the number of
poor 
people is increasing, human migration is growing and renewable
resources, su
ch as water and land are increasingly under threat.
Such realities make the 
population issue a crucial one for sustainable
development. There are about 
5.5bn people in the world, with an average
annual increase of 97m projected 
for the coming decade. International
experts agree that population growth ra
tes will have to be reduced, and the
pattern of human activities changed, if
 ecological catastrophe is to be
averted.
The two go hand-in-hand because it
 is not simply high population growth
rates that are threatening the environ
ment. Developed countries, with
relatively low birth rates, consume most of 
the world's resources. A
Bangladeshi, for example, consumes energy equivalen
t to three barrels of oil
a year, a US citizen 55 barrels.
As Oxfam puts it:
 'Industrialised countries generate significantly more
damage per person to 
the global environment than do people in developing
countries.'
Sustainable 
development therefore calls for a fairer distribution of the
benefits of dev
elopment among the world's people.
High population growth rates in developin
g countries - where 80 per cent of
the world's population lives - will, neve
rtheless, put even greater pressure
on the world's resources.
The higher the
 population in developing countries, the higher their energy
use and polluti
on, especially as economies develop. More water is needed,
more forests are 
cleared, inappropriate agricultural practices increase and
wildlife species 
disappear. Population growth in developing countries is
responsible for abou
t 79 per cent of deforestation, 72 per cent of arable
land expansion and 69 
per cent of the growth in livestock numbers.
Such problems are further compo
unded by the increasing migration of people -
to urban areas and to environm
entally sensitive inland areas - in search of
productive land and jobs.
Addr
essing high birth rates means addressing poverty in such countries, say
inte
rnational agencies. More than 1bn people live in absolute poverty
without ad
equate food, clothing or housing.
North-South relationships regarding debt, 
trade, aid and technology transfer
are seen as longer-term means of tackling
 poverty. Programmes to tackle high
birth rates focus on improving third wor
ld health and education, and
providing readily available and affordable fami
ly planning.
Practice shows that birth rates can be reduced voluntarily by r
aising the
status of women through education and providing them with opportu
nities
other than the traditional child bearing role. It is thought that mor
e than
one in five births in developing countries may be unwanted.
The worst
 case scenario for the population explosion is that there could be
12.5bn pe
ople in the world by 2050 if immediate action is not taken. The
most likely 
scenario is a figure of 10bn people.
Fertility patterns can change in just o
ne decade. Development and
consumption patterns will have to follow suit, sa
ys the United Nations
Population Fund.
'World resources are adequate for the
 sustained development of the planet -
if they are carefully used,' it warns
.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page V </PAGE>
</DOC
>

============= Transaction # 174 ==============================================
Transaction #:    174       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-9415</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBODHADOFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
15
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 FEB 94 / Personal View: Positive aspects of Ire
land's economy </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By GARRET FITZGERALD </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

European Union statistics shows that there is one member state whose growth

over the past five years is spectacularly ahead of all the others - almost

three times faster than the rest of the EU - and which has by far the best
E
U record in relation to the expansion of manufacturing employment. It also
h
as the lowest rate of inflation during this period. Moreover, it has for
som
e years had the lowest level of public borrowing and by far the fastest
expo
rt growth and biggest external payments surplus in the European Union.
This 
state is also unusual in that the increase in the purchasing power of
its av
erage wage since 1988 has been matched only by one other EU country -
Portug
al. Other striking features are that it has the lowest death rate in
the wor
ld for mothers and for children under five, the highest level of food
consum
ption and the second-highest rate of home ownership. Its rate of
female part
icipation in parliament and government is a third higher than in
Britain and
 the EU respectively.
The state in question is Ireland.
Of course, this is n
ot the whole story. There are two other aspects of the
Irish state which are
 equally notable and less positive: its average level
of living standards, m
easured in terms of its disposable income per head of
population, is 22 per 
cent below that of the EU as a whole, and its
unemployment rate is higher th
an in any other EU country except Spain.
Both of these features are, however
, largely time-lagged consequences of a
very high birth rate, which as recen
tly as the late 1970s was as much as
four-fifths higher than in many other E
uropean countries. However, this
exceptionally high rate is now a thing of t
he past. For, despite the
increase of more than half in the number of young 
people in its population
during the past two decades, a virtual halving of t
he fertility rate has
reduced the Irish birth rate by more than a third. Thi
s was brought about by
the almost universal adoption of contraceptive practi
ces, in disregard of
the attitude of the Roman Catholic authorities. It is q
uite possible that
within a few years the rate will have fallen to the kind 
of very low level
that prevails in countries in southern Europe.
Why has the
 Irish birth rate been such a crucial factor influencing
ultimately a countr
y's living standards as internationally measured? For the
simple reason that
 a country whose birth rate has been very high in the
recent past is bound t
o have a much higher ratio of dependants to workers:
not only children and s
tudents, but also, eventually, unemployed. This is
because there is a limit 
to any modern industrial state's ability to absorb
very large flows of young
 people emerging annually from the education
system. This is why the Irish s
tate's dependency ratio is 215 per 100
workers as against about 130 dependen
ts per 100 workers in the UK and 157
per 100 in the EU as a whole.
Vis a vis
 the UK, this factor helps explain the Irish state's lower level of
output p
er capita. For after a five-year period in which Irish gross
domestic produc
t has risen by 26 per cent, against a net 2 per cent in the
UK, the level of
 disposable income per worker in Ireland measured at
purchasing power pariti
es is now the same as that of Britain and higher than
that of Scandinavia.
T
he level of Irish unemployment is also largely a function of the past high
b
irth rate. Because Ireland's population was a fifth smaller up to 30 years
a
go, the number of annual retirements is currently relatively low. At the
sam
e time, the high birth rate up to the 1980s has been yielding - and will
con
tinue to yield until after 1998 - a high rate of entry into the Irish
labour
 force. The result: a need for a net annual increase of more than 3
per cent
 in jobs - whereas in the EU as a whole the rate has been only a
fifth of 1 
per cent. With annual births down from 74,000 in 1980 to fewer
than 52,000 i
n 1989, and now dropping below 50,000, it is clear that this
problem will ha
ve largely solved itself within about 15 years.
Meanwhile, the short-term gr
owth prospects of the Irish economy are probably
better even than forecast b
y the European Commission. There are now marked
signs of a recovery in consu
mer demand, which will generate increased
employment later this year.
This i
s the background to the recent Irish budget, which should have a
moderately 
stimulating effect on the economy, mainly through income tax
reliefs.
The au
thor is the former taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland
 ------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
CHANGES 1988-1993 %
 -
----------------------------------------------------------------------
     
                                Ireland           UK
 ----------------------
-------------------------------------------------
GDP                       
             +26           +2
GDP per worker                         +23    
       +6.5
Total employment manufacturing          +3           -4.5
Employ
ment                              +5          -18
Real wages                
             +16           +9
Consumer prices                        +13    
      +30.5
Investment                             +11.5         -7.5
Person
al consumption                   +16           +3.5
 -----------------------
------------------------------------------------
Percentage of GDP 1993
 ---
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Public 
borrowing                         2.5          7.2
Current external balance 
               +6.5         -2.3
 ------------------------------------------
-----------------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>IEZ  Irelan
d, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance, Taxation, and Moneta
ry Policy.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>STATS  Statistics.
    ECON  Gross d
omestic product.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Time
s </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 17 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 175 ==============================================
Transaction #:    175       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-9415</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBODHADOFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
15
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 FEB 94 / Personal View: Positive aspects of Ire
land's economy </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By GARRET FITZGERALD </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

European Union statistics shows that there is one member state whose growth

over the past five years is spectacularly ahead of all the others - almost

three times faster than the rest of the EU - and which has by far the best
E
U record in relation to the expansion of manufacturing employment. It also
h
as the lowest rate of inflation during this period. Moreover, it has for
som
e years had the lowest level of public borrowing and by far the fastest
expo
rt growth and biggest external payments surplus in the European Union.
This 
state is also unusual in that the increase in the purchasing power of
its av
erage wage since 1988 has been matched only by one other EU country -
Portug
al. Other striking features are that it has the lowest death rate in
the wor
ld for mothers and for children under five, the highest level of food
consum
ption and the second-highest rate of home ownership. Its rate of
female part
icipation in parliament and government is a third higher than in
Britain and
 the EU respectively.
The state in question is Ireland.
Of course, this is n
ot the whole story. There are two other aspects of the
Irish state which are
 equally notable and less positive: its average level
of living standards, m
easured in terms of its disposable income per head of
population, is 22 per 
cent below that of the EU as a whole, and its
unemployment rate is higher th
an in any other EU country except Spain.
Both of these features are, however
, largely time-lagged consequences of a
very high birth rate, which as recen
tly as the late 1970s was as much as
four-fifths higher than in many other E
uropean countries. However, this
exceptionally high rate is now a thing of t
he past. For, despite the
increase of more than half in the number of young 
people in its population
during the past two decades, a virtual halving of t
he fertility rate has
reduced the Irish birth rate by more than a third. Thi
s was brought about by
the almost universal adoption of contraceptive practi
ces, in disregard of
the attitude of the Roman Catholic authorities. It is q
uite possible that
within a few years the rate will have fallen to the kind 
of very low level
that prevails in countries in southern Europe.
Why has the
 Irish birth rate been such a crucial factor influencing
ultimately a countr
y's living standards as internationally measured? For the
simple reason that
 a country whose birth rate has been very high in the
recent past is bound t
o have a much higher ratio of dependants to workers:
not only children and s
tudents, but also, eventually, unemployed. This is
because there is a limit 
to any modern industrial state's ability to absorb
very large flows of young
 people emerging annually from the education
system. This is why the Irish s
tate's dependency ratio is 215 per 100
workers as against about 130 dependen
ts per 100 workers in the UK and 157
per 100 in the EU as a whole.
Vis a vis
 the UK, this factor helps explain the Irish state's lower level of
output p
er capita. For after a five-year period in which Irish gross
domestic produc
t has risen by 26 per cent, against a net 2 per cent in the
UK, the level of
 disposable income per worker in Ireland measured at
purchasing power pariti
es is now the same as that of Britain and higher than
that of Scandinavia.
T
he level of Irish unemployment is also largely a function of the past high
b
irth rate. Because Ireland's population was a fifth smaller up to 30 years
a
go, the number of annual retirements is currently relatively low. At the
sam
e time, the high birth rate up to the 1980s has been yielding - and will
con
tinue to yield until after 1998 - a high rate of entry into the Irish
labour
 force. The result: a need for a net annual increase of more than 3
per cent
 in jobs - whereas in the EU as a whole the rate has been only a
fifth of 1 
per cent. With annual births down from 74,000 in 1980 to fewer
than 52,000 i
n 1989, and now dropping below 50,000, it is clear that this
problem will ha
ve largely solved itself within about 15 years.
Meanwhile, the short-term gr
owth prospects of the Irish economy are probably
better even than forecast b
y the European Commission. There are now marked
signs of a recovery in consu
mer demand, which will generate increased
employment later this year.
This i
s the background to the recent Irish budget, which should have a
moderately 
stimulating effect on the economy, mainly through income tax
reliefs.
The au
thor is the former taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland
 ------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
CHANGES 1988-1993 %
 -
----------------------------------------------------------------------
     
                                Ireland           UK
 ----------------------
-------------------------------------------------
GDP                       
             +26           +2
GDP per worker                         +23    
       +6.5
Total employment manufacturing          +3           -4.5
Employ
ment                              +5          -18
Real wages                
             +16           +9
Consumer prices                        +13    
      +30.5
Investment                             +11.5         -7.5
Person
al consumption                   +16           +3.5
 -----------------------
------------------------------------------------
Percentage of GDP 1993
 ---
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Public 
borrowing                         2.5          7.2
Current external balance 
               +6.5         -2.3
 ------------------------------------------
-----------------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>IEZ  Irelan
d, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance, Taxation, and Moneta
ry Policy.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>STATS  Statistics.
    ECON  Gross d
omestic product.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Time
s </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 17 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 176 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-9415</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBODHADOFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
15
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 FEB 94 / Personal View: Positive aspects of Ire
land's economy </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By GARRET FITZGERALD </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

European Union statistics shows that there is one member state whose growth

over the past five years is spectacularly ahead of all the others - almost

three times faster than the rest of the EU - and which has by far the best
E
U record in relation to the expansion of manufacturing employment. It also
h
as the lowest rate of inflation during this period. Moreover, it has for
som
e years had the lowest level of public borrowing and by far the fastest
expo
rt growth and biggest external payments surplus in the European Union.
This 
state is also unusual in that the increase in the purchasing power of
its av
erage wage since 1988 has been matched only by one other EU country -
Portug
al. Other striking features are that it has the lowest death rate in
the wor
ld for mothers and for children under five, the highest level of food
consum
ption and the second-highest rate of home ownership. Its rate of
female part
icipation in parliament and government is a third higher than in
Britain and
 the EU respectively.
The state in question is Ireland.
Of course, this is n
ot the whole story. There are two other aspects of the
Irish state which are
 equally notable and less positive: its average level
of living standards, m
easured in terms of its disposable income per head of
population, is 22 per 
cent below that of the EU as a whole, and its
unemployment rate is higher th
an in any other EU country except Spain.
Both of these features are, however
, largely time-lagged consequences of a
very high birth rate, which as recen
tly as the late 1970s was as much as
four-fifths higher than in many other E
uropean countries. However, this
exceptionally high rate is now a thing of t
he past. For, despite the
increase of more than half in the number of young 
people in its population
during the past two decades, a virtual halving of t
he fertility rate has
reduced the Irish birth rate by more than a third. Thi
s was brought about by
the almost universal adoption of contraceptive practi
ces, in disregard of
the attitude of the Roman Catholic authorities. It is q
uite possible that
within a few years the rate will have fallen to the kind 
of very low level
that prevails in countries in southern Europe.
Why has the
 Irish birth rate been such a crucial factor influencing
ultimately a countr
y's living standards as internationally measured? For the
simple reason that
 a country whose birth rate has been very high in the
recent past is bound t
o have a much higher ratio of dependants to workers:
not only children and s
tudents, but also, eventually, unemployed. This is
because there is a limit 
to any modern industrial state's ability to absorb
very large flows of young
 people emerging annually from the education
system. This is why the Irish s
tate's dependency ratio is 215 per 100
workers as against about 130 dependen
ts per 100 workers in the UK and 157
per 100 in the EU as a whole.
Vis a vis
 the UK, this factor helps explain the Irish state's lower level of
output p
er capita. For after a five-year period in which Irish gross
domestic produc
t has risen by 26 per cent, against a net 2 per cent in the
UK, the level of
 disposable income per worker in Ireland measured at
purchasing power pariti
es is now the same as that of Britain and higher than
that of Scandinavia.
T
he level of Irish unemployment is also largely a function of the past high
b
irth rate. Because Ireland's population was a fifth smaller up to 30 years
a
go, the number of annual retirements is currently relatively low. At the
sam
e time, the high birth rate up to the 1980s has been yielding - and will
con
tinue to yield until after 1998 - a high rate of entry into the Irish
labour
 force. The result: a need for a net annual increase of more than 3
per cent
 in jobs - whereas in the EU as a whole the rate has been only a
fifth of 1 
per cent. With annual births down from 74,000 in 1980 to fewer
than 52,000 i
n 1989, and now dropping below 50,000, it is clear that this
problem will ha
ve largely solved itself within about 15 years.
Meanwhile, the short-term gr
owth prospects of the Irish economy are probably
better even than forecast b
y the European Commission. There are now marked
signs of a recovery in consu
mer demand, which will generate increased
employment later this year.
This i
s the background to the recent Irish budget, which should have a
moderately 
stimulating effect on the economy, mainly through income tax
reliefs.
The au
thor is the former taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland
 ------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
CHANGES 1988-1993 %
 -
----------------------------------------------------------------------
     
                                Ireland           UK
 ----------------------
-------------------------------------------------
GDP                       
             +26           +2
GDP per worker                         +23    
       +6.5
Total employment manufacturing          +3           -4.5
Employ
ment                              +5          -18
Real wages                
             +16           +9
Consumer prices                        +13    
      +30.5
Investment                             +11.5         -7.5
Person
al consumption                   +16           +3.5
 -----------------------
------------------------------------------------
Percentage of GDP 1993
 ---
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Public 
borrowing                         2.5          7.2
Current external balance 
               +6.5         -2.3
 ------------------------------------------
-----------------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>IEZ  Irelan
d, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance, Taxation, and Moneta
ry Policy.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>STATS  Statistics.
    ECON  Gross d
omestic product.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Time
s </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 17 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 177 ==============================================
Transaction #:    177       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-12411</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EA4DIAAPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
131
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  31 JAN 94 / Survey of the World's Young People (2
): Reality remains taboo / A look at world population projections </HEADLINE
>
<BYLINE>    By BRONWEN MADDOX </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
According to United Nations
 forecasts, the population of the world is likely
to double - to more than 1
0bn people - by the middle of the next century.
This will be one of the bigg
est forces shaping living standards of future
generations. Although growth w
ill take place almost entirely in developing
countries, few countries will b
e able to insulate themselves from the
effects.
However, population growth w
as a taboo topic at the Rio Earth Summit in
1992, although it is the source 
of increasing pressure on natural resources
and the environment in many regi
ons. Governments felt that the sensitivity
of the issue was so great - provo
king debates about differing cultural and
religious values - that it would f
rustrate attempts to reach agreement on
other fronts.
Even at the time of th
e summit the omission appeared a serious weakness, as
Prince Charles pointed
 out. In retrospect, that is clearly true. Although
countries put their name
s to Rio's two treaties on climate change and
bio-diversity (the variety of 
the world's wildlife), many have found
difficulty in drawing up realistic pl
ans for curbing environmental damage.
The omission has also allowed the noti
on of 'sustainable development' to
remain confused. That principle, which go
vernments attending Rio pledged to
observe, does not define whether resource
s are to be preserved at a certain
level for each person or simply for each 
country. Countries with rapidly
growing populations will find it almost impo
ssible to preserve resources -
however defined - on a per capita basis.
But 
although the projected increase in the world's population is formidably
larg
e, it is much less than many people feared two decades ago.
Prominent among 
1970s doomsters, the Club of Rome (an international group of
industrialists,
 scientists, economists and statesmen) predicted that food,
energy and raw m
aterials would run out. Since then, food production has
increased while popu
lation has slowed. The drop in the birth rate in many
countries now looks li
ke one of the development successes of the past two
decades. Many Asian and 
Latin American countries have had particular success
in bringing down the ra
te of population growth.
India, for example, now has a fertility rate - the 
average number of
children per woman implied by the current birth rate - of 
about four. That
figure shows a fall of about one third over the past two de
cades - although
still higher than the figure of just over two children per 
woman which would
maintain a static population.
However, across much of sub-
Saharan Africa, fertility rates have been
running at more than six children 
per woman. Demographers studying why some
countries have had more success th
an others point out that there is no
straightforward formula to apply. Longs
tanding assumptions that as a country
develops, its birth rate falls, fail t
o explain some of the patterns now
observed.
Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bulgaria a
nd Kerala in India have all shown sharp falls
in family size despite relativ
ely low prosperity, while the Gulf states have
maintained fertility rates of
 more than three children per woman during a
period of fast economic growth.
 Instead, demographers are having to put
together a more complex picture, in
 which access to contraception, the level
of female education and the availa
bility of jobs for women all play a part.
There has also been international 
concern about the measures sometimes
employed to restrain birth rates, parti
cularly in China, which has fiercely
applied limits on family size. The scal
e of China's problem is undeniable:
China now has nearly a quarter of the wo
rld's population on about 7 per cent
of the world's arable land.
According t
o government figures this year, the fertility rate has fallen to
about 1.9 f
rom 2.25 children per woman in 1990. That is nearly as low as
western Europe
an and US rates, and less than half that of India. But the
measures used by 
the Chinese government - including limiting urban families
to one child - ha
ve provoked criticism that the Chinese government is
infringing human rights
.
Despite those qualifications, the falls in many countries' birth rates hav
e
outstripped expectations. But demographers and environmentalists warn
agai
nst complacency, even if the doom-mongers have not been proved right.
They p
oint out that even at current rates, population growth will still put
severe
 pressures on natural resources and on the quality of the environment.
They 
also argue that the ageing of the populations in industrialised
countries an
d the steady fall in the average age of the population in
developing countri
es will bring further pressures. Children under 15 years
old currently outnu
mber the elderly by one third in Europe and North
America. But pensioners wi
ll soon outnumber children in Europe and North
America for the first time, t
he United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) has
said.
Mr David Coleman, a demo
grapher at Oxford University, says that
environmental degradation, pressure 
on resources and the search for jobs
will cause industrialised countries to 
be confronted with an unprecedented
influx of immigrants from poorer countri
es. Mrs Nafis Sadik, director of
UNFPA, has also warned of these pressures -
 even taking account only those
who have already been born. More than 2m imm
igrants are believed to have
entered both Europe and North America over the 
past two years alone. So far,
Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia have taken 
the brunt of Russians, gypsies
and Romanians from the east, but political ch
aos in Russia could intensify
westward migration.
Governments and internatio
nal agencies for aid, development and the
environment may still be coy about
 addressing issues of curbing population
growth. But they will increasingly 
find the subject unavoidable. Worries
about consumption of resources and deg
radation of the environment are
well-established. But migration may be the f
actor which finally makes
countries worldwide - industrialised as well as de
veloping - face these
questions.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>QOZ  Dev
eloped Countries.
    XMZ  Africa.
    INZ  India, Asia.
    CNZ  China, Asi
a.
    XOZ  Asia.
    XCZ  Latin America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>
P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Com
ment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Survey YOU Pag
e 2 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 178 ==============================================
Transaction #:    178       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-12411</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EA4DIAAPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
131
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  31 JAN 94 / Survey of the World's Young People (2
): Reality remains taboo / A look at world population projections </HEADLINE
>
<BYLINE>    By BRONWEN MADDOX </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
According to United Nations
 forecasts, the population of the world is likely
to double - to more than 1
0bn people - by the middle of the next century.
This will be one of the bigg
est forces shaping living standards of future
generations. Although growth w
ill take place almost entirely in developing
countries, few countries will b
e able to insulate themselves from the
effects.
However, population growth w
as a taboo topic at the Rio Earth Summit in
1992, although it is the source 
of increasing pressure on natural resources
and the environment in many regi
ons. Governments felt that the sensitivity
of the issue was so great - provo
king debates about differing cultural and
religious values - that it would f
rustrate attempts to reach agreement on
other fronts.
Even at the time of th
e summit the omission appeared a serious weakness, as
Prince Charles pointed
 out. In retrospect, that is clearly true. Although
countries put their name
s to Rio's two treaties on climate change and
bio-diversity (the variety of 
the world's wildlife), many have found
difficulty in drawing up realistic pl
ans for curbing environmental damage.
The omission has also allowed the noti
on of 'sustainable development' to
remain confused. That principle, which go
vernments attending Rio pledged to
observe, does not define whether resource
s are to be preserved at a certain
level for each person or simply for each 
country. Countries with rapidly
growing populations will find it almost impo
ssible to preserve resources -
however defined - on a per capita basis.
But 
although the projected increase in the world's population is formidably
larg
e, it is much less than many people feared two decades ago.
Prominent among 
1970s doomsters, the Club of Rome (an international group of
industrialists,
 scientists, economists and statesmen) predicted that food,
energy and raw m
aterials would run out. Since then, food production has
increased while popu
lation has slowed. The drop in the birth rate in many
countries now looks li
ke one of the development successes of the past two
decades. Many Asian and 
Latin American countries have had particular success
in bringing down the ra
te of population growth.
India, for example, now has a fertility rate - the 
average number of
children per woman implied by the current birth rate - of 
about four. That
figure shows a fall of about one third over the past two de
cades - although
still higher than the figure of just over two children per 
woman which would
maintain a static population.
However, across much of sub-
Saharan Africa, fertility rates have been
running at more than six children 
per woman. Demographers studying why some
countries have had more success th
an others point out that there is no
straightforward formula to apply. Longs
tanding assumptions that as a country
develops, its birth rate falls, fail t
o explain some of the patterns now
observed.
Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bulgaria a
nd Kerala in India have all shown sharp falls
in family size despite relativ
ely low prosperity, while the Gulf states have
maintained fertility rates of
 more than three children per woman during a
period of fast economic growth.
 Instead, demographers are having to put
together a more complex picture, in
 which access to contraception, the level
of female education and the availa
bility of jobs for women all play a part.
There has also been international 
concern about the measures sometimes
employed to restrain birth rates, parti
cularly in China, which has fiercely
applied limits on family size. The scal
e of China's problem is undeniable:
China now has nearly a quarter of the wo
rld's population on about 7 per cent
of the world's arable land.
According t
o government figures this year, the fertility rate has fallen to
about 1.9 f
rom 2.25 children per woman in 1990. That is nearly as low as
western Europe
an and US rates, and less than half that of India. But the
measures used by 
the Chinese government - including limiting urban families
to one child - ha
ve provoked criticism that the Chinese government is
infringing human rights
.
Despite those qualifications, the falls in many countries' birth rates hav
e
outstripped expectations. But demographers and environmentalists warn
agai
nst complacency, even if the doom-mongers have not been proved right.
They p
oint out that even at current rates, population growth will still put
severe
 pressures on natural resources and on the quality of the environment.
They 
also argue that the ageing of the populations in industrialised
countries an
d the steady fall in the average age of the population in
developing countri
es will bring further pressures. Children under 15 years
old currently outnu
mber the elderly by one third in Europe and North
America. But pensioners wi
ll soon outnumber children in Europe and North
America for the first time, t
he United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) has
said.
Mr David Coleman, a demo
grapher at Oxford University, says that
environmental degradation, pressure 
on resources and the search for jobs
will cause industrialised countries to 
be confronted with an unprecedented
influx of immigrants from poorer countri
es. Mrs Nafis Sadik, director of
UNFPA, has also warned of these pressures -
 even taking account only those
who have already been born. More than 2m imm
igrants are believed to have
entered both Europe and North America over the 
past two years alone. So far,
Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia have taken 
the brunt of Russians, gypsies
and Romanians from the east, but political ch
aos in Russia could intensify
westward migration.
Governments and internatio
nal agencies for aid, development and the
environment may still be coy about
 addressing issues of curbing population
growth. But they will increasingly 
find the subject unavoidable. Worries
about consumption of resources and deg
radation of the environment are
well-established. But migration may be the f
actor which finally makes
countries worldwide - industrialised as well as de
veloping - face these
questions.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>QOZ  Dev
eloped Countries.
    XMZ  Africa.
    INZ  India, Asia.
    CNZ  China, Asi
a.
    XOZ  Asia.
    XCZ  Latin America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>
P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Com
ment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Survey YOU Pag
e 2 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 179 ==============================================
Transaction #:    179       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-12411</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EA4DIAAPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
131
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  31 JAN 94 / Survey of the World's Young People (2
): Reality remains taboo / A look at world population projections </HEADLINE
>
<BYLINE>    By BRONWEN MADDOX </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
According to United Nations
 forecasts, the population of the world is likely
to double - to more than 1
0bn people - by the middle of the next century.
This will be one of the bigg
est forces shaping living standards of future
generations. Although growth w
ill take place almost entirely in developing
countries, few countries will b
e able to insulate themselves from the
effects.
However, population growth w
as a taboo topic at the Rio Earth Summit in
1992, although it is the source 
of increasing pressure on natural resources
and the environment in many regi
ons. Governments felt that the sensitivity
of the issue was so great - provo
king debates about differing cultural and
religious values - that it would f
rustrate attempts to reach agreement on
other fronts.
Even at the time of th
e summit the omission appeared a serious weakness, as
Prince Charles pointed
 out. In retrospect, that is clearly true. Although
countries put their name
s to Rio's two treaties on climate change and
bio-diversity (the variety of 
the world's wildlife), many have found
difficulty in drawing up realistic pl
ans for curbing environmental damage.
The omission has also allowed the noti
on of 'sustainable development' to
remain confused. That principle, which go
vernments attending Rio pledged to
observe, does not define whether resource
s are to be preserved at a certain
level for each person or simply for each 
country. Countries with rapidly
growing populations will find it almost impo
ssible to preserve resources -
however defined - on a per capita basis.
But 
although the projected increase in the world's population is formidably
larg
e, it is much less than many people feared two decades ago.
Prominent among 
1970s doomsters, the Club of Rome (an international group of
industrialists,
 scientists, economists and statesmen) predicted that food,
energy and raw m
aterials would run out. Since then, food production has
increased while popu
lation has slowed. The drop in the birth rate in many
countries now looks li
ke one of the development successes of the past two
decades. Many Asian and 
Latin American countries have had particular success
in bringing down the ra
te of population growth.
India, for example, now has a fertility rate - the 
average number of
children per woman implied by the current birth rate - of 
about four. That
figure shows a fall of about one third over the past two de
cades - although
still higher than the figure of just over two children per 
woman which would
maintain a static population.
However, across much of sub-
Saharan Africa, fertility rates have been
running at more than six children 
per woman. Demographers studying why some
countries have had more success th
an others point out that there is no
straightforward formula to apply. Longs
tanding assumptions that as a country
develops, its birth rate falls, fail t
o explain some of the patterns now
observed.
Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bulgaria a
nd Kerala in India have all shown sharp falls
in family size despite relativ
ely low prosperity, while the Gulf states have
maintained fertility rates of
 more than three children per woman during a
period of fast economic growth.
 Instead, demographers are having to put
together a more complex picture, in
 which access to contraception, the level
of female education and the availa
bility of jobs for women all play a part.
There has also been international 
concern about the measures sometimes
employed to restrain birth rates, parti
cularly in China, which has fiercely
applied limits on family size. The scal
e of China's problem is undeniable:
China now has nearly a quarter of the wo
rld's population on about 7 per cent
of the world's arable land.
According t
o government figures this year, the fertility rate has fallen to
about 1.9 f
rom 2.25 children per woman in 1990. That is nearly as low as
western Europe
an and US rates, and less than half that of India. But the
measures used by 
the Chinese government - including limiting urban families
to one child - ha
ve provoked criticism that the Chinese government is
infringing human rights
.
Despite those qualifications, the falls in many countries' birth rates hav
e
outstripped expectations. But demographers and environmentalists warn
agai
nst complacency, even if the doom-mongers have not been proved right.
They p
oint out that even at current rates, population growth will still put
severe
 pressures on natural resources and on the quality of the environment.
They 
also argue that the ageing of the populations in industrialised
countries an
d the steady fall in the average age of the population in
developing countri
es will bring further pressures. Children under 15 years
old currently outnu
mber the elderly by one third in Europe and North
America. But pensioners wi
ll soon outnumber children in Europe and North
America for the first time, t
he United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) has
said.
Mr David Coleman, a demo
grapher at Oxford University, says that
environmental degradation, pressure 
on resources and the search for jobs
will cause industrialised countries to 
be confronted with an unprecedented
influx of immigrants from poorer countri
es. Mrs Nafis Sadik, director of
UNFPA, has also warned of these pressures -
 even taking account only those
who have already been born. More than 2m imm
igrants are believed to have
entered both Europe and North America over the 
past two years alone. So far,
Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia have taken 
the brunt of Russians, gypsies
and Romanians from the east, but political ch
aos in Russia could intensify
westward migration.
Governments and internatio
nal agencies for aid, development and the
environment may still be coy about
 addressing issues of curbing population
growth. But they will increasingly 
find the subject unavoidable. Worries
about consumption of resources and deg
radation of the environment are
well-established. But migration may be the f
actor which finally makes
countries worldwide - industrialised as well as de
veloping - face these
questions.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>QOZ  Dev
eloped Countries.
    XMZ  Africa.
    INZ  India, Asia.
    CNZ  China, Asi
a.
    XOZ  Asia.
    XCZ  Latin America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>
P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Com
ment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Survey YOU Pag
e 2 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 180 ==============================================
Transaction #:    180       Transaction Code:  38 (Record Deselected)      

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-12411</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EA4DIAAPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
131
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  31 JAN 94 / Survey of the World's Young People (2
): Reality remains taboo / A look at world population projections </HEADLINE
>
<BYLINE>    By BRONWEN MADDOX </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
According to United Nations
 forecasts, the population of the world is likely
to double - to more than 1
0bn people - by the middle of the next century.
This will be one of the bigg
est forces shaping living standards of future
generations. Although growth w
ill take place almost entirely in developing
countries, few countries will b
e able to insulate themselves from the
effects.
However, population growth w
as a taboo topic at the Rio Earth Summit in
1992, although it is the source 
of increasing pressure on natural resources
and the environment in many regi
ons. Governments felt that the sensitivity
of the issue was so great - provo
king debates about differing cultural and
religious values - that it would f
rustrate attempts to reach agreement on
other fronts.
Even at the time of th
e summit the omission appeared a serious weakness, as
Prince Charles pointed
 out. In retrospect, that is clearly true. Although
countries put their name
s to Rio's two treaties on climate change and
bio-diversity (the variety of 
the world's wildlife), many have found
difficulty in drawing up realistic pl
ans for curbing environmental damage.
The omission has also allowed the noti
on of 'sustainable development' to
remain confused. That principle, which go
vernments attending Rio pledged to
observe, does not define whether resource
s are to be preserved at a certain
level for each person or simply for each 
country. Countries with rapidly
growing populations will find it almost impo
ssible to preserve resources -
however defined - on a per capita basis.
But 
although the projected increase in the world's population is formidably
larg
e, it is much less than many people feared two decades ago.
Prominent among 
1970s doomsters, the Club of Rome (an international group of
industrialists,
 scientists, economists and statesmen) predicted that food,
energy and raw m
aterials would run out. Since then, food production has
increased while popu
lation has slowed. The drop in the birth rate in many
countries now looks li
ke one of the development successes of the past two
decades. Many Asian and 
Latin American countries have had particular success
in bringing down the ra
te of population growth.
India, for example, now has a fertility rate - the 
average number of
children per woman implied by the current birth rate - of 
about four. That
figure shows a fall of about one third over the past two de
cades - although
still higher than the figure of just over two children per 
woman which would
maintain a static population.
However, across much of sub-
Saharan Africa, fertility rates have been
running at more than six children 
per woman. Demographers studying why some
countries have had more success th
an others point out that there is no
straightforward formula to apply. Longs
tanding assumptions that as a country
develops, its birth rate falls, fail t
o explain some of the patterns now
observed.
Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bulgaria a
nd Kerala in India have all shown sharp falls
in family size despite relativ
ely low prosperity, while the Gulf states have
maintained fertility rates of
 more than three children per woman during a
period of fast economic growth.
 Instead, demographers are having to put
together a more complex picture, in
 which access to contraception, the level
of female education and the availa
bility of jobs for women all play a part.
There has also been international 
concern about the measures sometimes
employed to restrain birth rates, parti
cularly in China, which has fiercely
applied limits on family size. The scal
e of China's problem is undeniable:
China now has nearly a quarter of the wo
rld's population on about 7 per cent
of the world's arable land.
According t
o government figures this year, the fertility rate has fallen to
about 1.9 f
rom 2.25 children per woman in 1990. That is nearly as low as
western Europe
an and US rates, and less than half that of India. But the
measures used by 
the Chinese government - including limiting urban families
to one child - ha
ve provoked criticism that the Chinese government is
infringing human rights
.
Despite those qualifications, the falls in many countries' birth rates hav
e
outstripped expectations. But demographers and environmentalists warn
agai
nst complacency, even if the doom-mongers have not been proved right.
They p
oint out that even at current rates, population growth will still put
severe
 pressures on natural resources and on the quality of the environment.
They 
also argue that the ageing of the populations in industrialised
countries an
d the steady fall in the average age of the population in
developing countri
es will bring further pressures. Children under 15 years
old currently outnu
mber the elderly by one third in Europe and North
America. But pensioners wi
ll soon outnumber children in Europe and North
America for the first time, t
he United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) has
said.
Mr David Coleman, a demo
grapher at Oxford University, says that
environmental degradation, pressure 
on resources and the search for jobs
will cause industrialised countries to 
be confronted with an unprecedented
influx of immigrants from poorer countri
es. Mrs Nafis Sadik, director of
UNFPA, has also warned of these pressures -
 even taking account only those
who have already been born. More than 2m imm
igrants are believed to have
entered both Europe and North America over the 
past two years alone. So far,
Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia have taken 
the brunt of Russians, gypsies
and Romanians from the east, but political ch
aos in Russia could intensify
westward migration.
Governments and internatio
nal agencies for aid, development and the
environment may still be coy about
 addressing issues of curbing population
growth. But they will increasingly 
find the subject unavoidable. Worries
about consumption of resources and deg
radation of the environment are
well-established. But migration may be the f
actor which finally makes
countries worldwide - industrialised as well as de
veloping - face these
questions.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>QOZ  Dev
eloped Countries.
    XMZ  Africa.
    INZ  India, Asia.
    CNZ  China, Asi
a.
    XOZ  Asia.
    XCZ  Latin America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>
P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Com
ment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Survey YOU Pag
e 2 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 181 ==============================================
Transaction #:    181       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-5793</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EICAFABGFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9409
02
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 SEP 94 / Falling prosperity hurts family planni
ng </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PAUL ADAMS </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    LAGOS </DAT
ELINE>
<TEXT>
In a continent where population growth outstrips economic grow
th, Nigeria at
90m people is by far the biggest nation in Africa.
Until 1988
, when Prof Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, then health minister, launched a
national 
population policy, Nigerians had been so proud of their self-styled
tag as t
he 'giant of Africa' that, as long as the oil money rolled in, they
regarded
 high population growth as healthy and saw little point in
controlling the r
ate of growth.
Nigeria was then believed to have at least 110m people, putti
ng it among the
10 largest populations in the world. The 1991 census caused 
a surprise:
Nigeria had only 88.5m. The over-estimate was a result of inflat
ed numbers
by tribal chiefs and regional governors hoping to boost their pol
itical
clout and revenue allocation.
The United Nations Population Fund has 
projected the average population
growth rate between 1990 and 1995 as 3.1 pe
r cent (which would double the
population in about 30 years) with the birth 
rate at 45 per 1,000 persons
and death rate at 14 per 1,000 (including an in
fant mortality rate of 96).
The UN estimates the fertility rate at 6.1 child
ren per woman, while the
national policy set a target of only four. Since th
e 1970s the urban
population has risen from 30 per cent to nearly half and t
he rate of growth
in the towns is higher at 5.5 per cent.
Generalising about
 Nigeria, a country of over 200 ethnic groups and very
diverse cultures, is 
often deceptive and never more so than in attitudes to
education and the rol
e of women.
In the mainly Christian south, female education and literacy are
 far higher
than in the predominantly Moslem north, where even the discussio
n of birth
control is not widely accepted.
In the south-east there is a high
 percentage of Catholics especially among
the Ibo tribe. The alarming declin
e in social services during the 1990s has
halted the progress towards family
 planning clinics and universal primary
education, especially in the north, 
bolstering the influence of the Koranic
schools.
Even nationally, the UN pai
nts a bleak picture. 'The status of women in
Nigeria has improved little ove
r the last decade. In general, they are
considered second-class citizens not
 by law but because of the social and
cultural climate', says the UNFPA's 19
93 review of the national programme.
The literacy rate for women was 31 per 
cent (54 per cent for men) and more
than half of all Nigerian women were mar
ried at the age of 15.
The problem of education lies not just with women. As
 a prominent women's
group in Nigeria points out, there may be a target of f
our children per
woman, but in a polygamous society many men far exceed that
 figure.
If the prospect of curtailing population growth is limited, the out
look for
economic growth has become bleak. Despite the massive oil boom in t
he 1970s,
the GDP income per capita is down to around Dollars 290, about the
 level of
1963. In the period, Indonesia has risen from a lower per capita i
ncome to a
level three times that of Nigeria.
In January's budget speech the
 finance minister, Mr Kalu I Kalu, commented
on three years of political unc
ertainty, capital flight government
over-spending, which 'resulted in a furt
her decline in GDP growth rate from
4.8 per cent in 1991 to 2.9 per cent in 
1993. A comparison with the average
growth rate of 5 per cent from 1988-91 d
emonstrates the enormity of the task
involved in resuscitating the economy i
n 1994 and beyond,' concluded Mr
Kalu.
Since then strikes, shortages and a d
earth of foreign exchange have taken
the economy further down hill. Nigeria 
accounts for about half of West
Africa's population and whereas Ghanaians on
ce poured into Nigeria for a
better life, the chances of reverse migration l
ook more likely.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>NGZ  Nigeria, Africa.
</
CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Public Health Progra
ms.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financia
l Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 182 ==============================================
Transaction #:    182       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-1806</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DCXCKAG8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9303
23
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 MAR 93 / Wave of immigration at new peak: Weste
rn Europe and North America each take over 1m a year in 1991 and 1992 </HEAD
LINE>
<BYLINE>    By BRONWEN MADDOX </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    GENEVA </DATELIN
E>
<TEXT>
WESTERN Europe and North America each received more than 1m immigr
ants in
1991 and 1992, a United Nations Conference on European population, w
hich
opens today in Geneva, is to be told.
The total, mainly relatives joini
ng earlier immigrants and a new wave of
asylum seekers, is higher than the p
revious peak in the early 1960s,
according to Mr David Coleman, a demographe
r at Oxford University.
Immigrants are not generally economically beneficial
 to their host
countries, he argues, although they may solve short-term labo
ur problems.
'Only around 60 per cent of the potential workforce in western 
Europe is
actually working and there is plenty of slack to cope with future 
labour
demand,' he says. The past availability of cheap labour may be one fa
ctor
behind Europe's relative lack of investment in high technology industri
es,
he adds.
The immigration numbers include 250,000 leaving Yugoslavia last
 year.
Germany last year took 438,000 asylum seekers, two thirds of the Euro
pean
total.
But so far 'it is Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia which are t
aking the
brunt of Russians, gipsies and Romanians from the east,' Mr Colema
n says.
An outbreak of fighting in Russia could intensify the pressure for w
estward
migration, and pressure will come too from the projected rise of nea
rly 2bn
in the populations of the south Mediterranean, tropical Africa and s
outh
Asia in the next 12 years.
The conference, one of five regional debates
 before next year's UN World
Population Conference in Cairo, is expected to 
call for more money to be
spent on family planning to curb high rates of pop
ulation growth in
developing countries.
The UN Population Fund wants the tot
al amount of money spent each year to
double from the present level of Dolla
rs 4.5bn by the year 2000. Developed
countries contribute only Dollars 800m 
of the total, and the Population Fund
the main UN family planning agency, ha
s seen its budget frozen at Dollars
238m.
The conference will also hear warn
ings that current projections of the
world's population could need considera
ble revision.
By the year 2050, the world's stable population could be anywh
ere between
5bn and 20bn, according to Mr Miroslav Macura, of the UN Economi
c Commission
for Europe. Present estimates of a doubling in population from 
the present
5.5bn by that date could be altered by small changes in fertilit
y rates, he
said.
Scientists are also arguing that traditional assumptions b
etween economic
development and falling birth rates - captured in the phrase
 'Development is
the best contraception' - no longer appear true. Gulf state
s have seen
fertility rates - the average family size if the current birth r
ate were
maintained - of around three, compared to a European average of aro
und 1.7,
despite a huge increase in wealth. Mr Macura also points out that T
hailand,
Sri Lanka, and Bulgaria have seen sharp falls in birth rate despite
 low
prosperity levels.
Social changes in Europe are causing sharp fluctuati
ons in birth rate. East
German fertility rates, which were 1.6 before German
 unification compared to
West Germany's 1.4, have now fallen to 0.8 because 
of uncertainty. However
the increasing prosperity of Italy and Spain is thou
ght to be responsible
for the fall in fertility rates to about 1.2, below We
st German levels.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XGZ  Europe.
    CAZ  C
anada.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9721 International Affairs.
</IN>

<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>GOVT  Government News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times
 </PUB>
<PAGE> International Page 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 183 ==============================================
Transaction #:    183       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-12742</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DJYCQAE3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>931
025
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 OCT 93 / Survey of Germany (10): A story of bi
rths, deaths and marriages - The population is getting steadily older. The i
mplications must be faced now </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW GOWERS </BYL
INE>
<TEXT>
'THE Germans are dying out'. Back in the early 1980s, the slogan
 was
popularised by novelist Gunter Grass in the subtitle of his short story

Kopfgeburten. Ten years on, the prospect of a shrinking and ageing
populati
on is moving closer to reality - and is beginning to become a
central preocc
upation for Germany's chattering classes.
All over the land, people are marr
ying later, having fewer children and
living longer, with the result that th
e number of Germans has already been
declining for some time, to a current 7
2m out of a total population of 80m.
Within another decade, however, it is c
ertain that Germany's overall
population will embark on a steepening decline
.
Suddenly, the experts fear, Germany will face a structural crisis with whi
ch
it is ill- equipped to cope, as a shrinking working population bears the

burden of an increasing number of old-age pensioners and as Germans
themselv
es come to terms with the proportional increase of foreigners in
their midst
. The far-reaching consequences could affect every aspect of the
way the cou
ntry organises its political, economic, social and external
affairs.
'It is 
like having termites in your house,' says Meinhard Miegel, co-author
with St
efanie Wahl of a study of the demographic problem just published by
the Bonn
-based Institut fur Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft*. 'On the surface
everything
 looks fine, but all of a sudden it collapses. This house looks
sound at the
 moment and will continue to do so for some time to come. Then,
in the early
 part of the 21st century we will face a crisis.'
Mr Miegel uses colourful m
etaphors for effect. In a sense, the challenge
confronting Germany is the sa
me as that faced by most of the developed
world. In all the leading industri
al countries, pressures on the welfare
state are growing as a result of fall
ing birth rates, longer life- spans and
increasing immigration.
But Germany'
s problem is still more acute than that of its European
neighbours and its A
merican and Japanese trading partners, for several
reasons. First, it is fur
ther ahead in the population cycle: the number of
Germans started to decline
 20 years ago, while most European nations were
still in a phase of gentle g
rowth; as a result, Germany already has a
proportionately higher elderly pop
ulation.
Second, although the problem has been disguised up to now by waves 
of
immigration in the 1960s and late 1980s, that in itself has created
diffi
culties thanks to Germany's failure to integrate most of the new
inhabitants
 into its society. Such difficulties can only proliferate in the
years ahead
.
Third, Germany's history in this century has seen to it that population
de
cline in the early decades of the next will seem especially acute. In the
Na
zi years, there was a sudden surge in the birth rate as Germans were told
it
 was part of their patriotic duty to procreate. The offspring of that baby
b
oom are now getting on in years and in another decade will be starting to
di
e off in significant numbers.
The numbers can be stated with almost predesti
ned precision, for they
reflect a secular trend of falling birth rates and d
iminishing family sizes
dating back (with the notable exception of the Hitle
r years) to the early
1900s (see chart).
By the early 1970s, the generation 
of German children was less numerous than
that of their grandparents and the
 number of deaths overtook that of births.
Since then the margin has widened
: at the turn of the century, Mr Miegel
estimates, deaths will exceed births
 by 300,000 a year, rising by 2030 to a
staggering 600,000 - equivalent to e
liminating the city of Frankfurt every
year. Between now and 2030, the numbe
r of Germans will decline by about 15m
 -not far short of the current popula
tion of eastern Germany.
This is not a trend, say Mr Miegel and Ms Wahl, tha
t can be reversed through
some governmental magic wand. The individualistic 
Germans of today are not
going to be persuaded to breed either through dikta
t or economic incentive.
Even in eastern Germany - whose apparently more you
thful population results
mainly from a higher death rate under communism tha
nks to poor health care
and difficult working and living conditions - the bi
rth rate has plunged
since unification.
Nor does increasing immigration repr
esent much of a solution. True, the
arrival over the last three years of som
e 3.2m new inhabitants - including
asylum seekers and 1.4m 'Aussiedler' of G
erman origin, mainly from the
former Soviet empire - has served to compensat
e for the declining number of
Germans. But that is unlikely to continue. Ger
many has now tightened up its
asylum laws, and in any case is having severe 
difficulties integrating the
newcomers, many of whom end up on the unemploym
ent registers or outside the
formal labour market.
Simply to make up for the
 continuing fall in the German population, the
country would have to take 1.
5m immigrants in the 1990s and 13.8m more
between 2001 and 2030. It is incon
ceivable that German society, or the
country's political system, could handl
e an influx of this magnitude.
One consequence of all this is an already per
ceptible 'greying' of Germany.
Today, one fifth of the population is 20 or y
ounger and another fifth 60 or
over. In 2000, the under-20s will still repre
sent a fifth but the over-60s
will have reached a quarter of the total; by 2
030, only 16 per cent will be
under 20, 46 per cent will be between 20 and 6
0, and 38 per cent over 60. In
short, within less than 30 years, a diminishi
ng population of working age
will have to carry a roughly equal, and rising,
 number of people either too
young or too old to work  - at least under curr
ent laws.
The effects will be felt in every corner of society. School and un
iversity
rolls will fall; the shrinkage in the population between 20 and 60 
will
dictate changes in government policies towards the labour market; the
c
ountry's infrastructure needs will alter. Above all, the shifting shape of
t
he population will entail significant structural changes in the economy,
and
 in particular in the role of the state.
The most obvious burden will be on 
Germany's social welfare system. A rising
number of over-60s - and indeed, t
hanks to medical science, of over-80s -
spells increased spending on health 
care, pensions and old people's care.
Nobody seriously believes that Germany
 will be able to afford this without a
substantial restructuring of the welf
are state, involving some increase in
private-sector provision.
The economy 
will undergo other - subtler but no less significant - changes.
Property val
ues could fall as elderly people sell off assets to fund their
service needs
; the manufacturing sector will diminish in relation to
services; capital fo
r infrastructure projects will tend be raised on a
shorter term basis.
Mr Mi
egel and Ms Wahl even suggest that Germany's population shrinkage will
over 
time serve to reduce its economic might: 'In two generations, Germany
might 
under realistic assumptions only be a medium-sized European power. Its
popul
ation may not be, as today, the second largest in Europe after
Russia's, but
 perhaps the fourth or fifth largest after Russia, Ukraine and
possibly also
 France and Britain ..And its population will be among the
oldest in Europe 
and the world.'
What, then, is to be done? There are no easy answers. Ideall
y, says the
study, Germany would - while coming to terms with a some measure
 of
shrinkage in its population - seek to offset it by adopting sensible
pol
icies on immigration and on the integration of foreigners, for example by
al
lowing a greater number to become German citizens.
Unfortunately, nothing li
ke this is remotely on the cards. The word
Bevolkerungspolitik (population p
olicy) acquired an ugly ring in German
politics as a result of its abuse dur
ing the Nazi period, and the current
generation of politicians tends to rega
rd these issues as too hot to handle.
Nevertheless, they will not simply go 
away. If Germany does not start
sensibly to debate the structural questions 
raised by its shrinking
population soon, then it will find itself grappling 
with them in a much more
polarised political climate 10 years from now.
*Das
 Ende des Individualismus: die Kultur des Westens zerstort sich selbst;
Verl
ag Bonn Aktuell; September 1993
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  Germ
any, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Public He
alth Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>

<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page V </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 184 ==============================================
Transaction #:    184       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-10566</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CD3BPAD5FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
430
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  30 APR 92 / UN body calls for cut in population g
rowth </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HILARY DE BOERR </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
WORLD popu
lation growth rates will have to be reduced over the next decade
if economic
 development is to be sustained and the environment protected,
according to 
the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).
Human numbers are growing at rec
ord rates, with an annual increase of about
97m projected for the next 10 ye
ars, says the organisation's State of the
World Population 1992 report.
That
 would mean 6bn people in 1998, and 10bn in 2050, compared with 5.48bn
this 
summer. Without 'immediate and determined action' to reduce future
family si
zes, world population could reach 12.5bn in 2050, it warns.
UNFPA found that
, since 1975, population growth rates have been linked to
per capita income 
in developing countries - before then, no such connection
had been establish
ed.
Countries with slower population growth rates saw annual incomes rise by
 an
average 1.23 per cent a year in the 1980s compared with a fall of 1.25 p
er
cent in countries where population grew faster. Lower birth rates also me
ant
higher savings and investment ratios.
Eliminating extreme poverty, impro
ving health and education, and raising the
status of women are seen as essen
tial steps to encouraging reduced family
sizes.
Such policies should give sp
ecial attention to Africa and south Asia, which
are responsible for more tha
n half the population increases and which
contain most of the world's very p
oor, says UNFPA.
The issue of sustainable development is also tackled in the
 report, which
says record population growth rates are being accompanied by 
record human
consumption of resources.
State of World Population 1992, UN Po
pulation Fund, 220 East 42nd Street,
New York, NY10017, US.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The
 Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 185 ==============================================
Transaction #:    185       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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Selec. Rec. #:     11

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Boolean Conjunctions:

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-12742</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DJYCQAE3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>931
025
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 OCT 93 / Survey of Germany (10): A story of bi
rths, deaths and marriages - The population is getting steadily older. The i
mplications must be faced now </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW GOWERS </BYL
INE>
<TEXT>
'THE Germans are dying out'. Back in the early 1980s, the slogan
 was
popularised by novelist Gunter Grass in the subtitle of his short story

Kopfgeburten. Ten years on, the prospect of a shrinking and ageing
populati
on is moving closer to reality - and is beginning to become a
central preocc
upation for Germany's chattering classes.
All over the land, people are marr
ying later, having fewer children and
living longer, with the result that th
e number of Germans has already been
declining for some time, to a current 7
2m out of a total population of 80m.
Within another decade, however, it is c
ertain that Germany's overall
population will embark on a steepening decline
.
Suddenly, the experts fear, Germany will face a structural crisis with whi
ch
it is ill- equipped to cope, as a shrinking working population bears the

burden of an increasing number of old-age pensioners and as Germans
themselv
es come to terms with the proportional increase of foreigners in
their midst
. The far-reaching consequences could affect every aspect of the
way the cou
ntry organises its political, economic, social and external
affairs.
'It is 
like having termites in your house,' says Meinhard Miegel, co-author
with St
efanie Wahl of a study of the demographic problem just published by
the Bonn
-based Institut fur Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft*. 'On the surface
everything
 looks fine, but all of a sudden it collapses. This house looks
sound at the
 moment and will continue to do so for some time to come. Then,
in the early
 part of the 21st century we will face a crisis.'
Mr Miegel uses colourful m
etaphors for effect. In a sense, the challenge
confronting Germany is the sa
me as that faced by most of the developed
world. In all the leading industri
al countries, pressures on the welfare
state are growing as a result of fall
ing birth rates, longer life- spans and
increasing immigration.
But Germany'
s problem is still more acute than that of its European
neighbours and its A
merican and Japanese trading partners, for several
reasons. First, it is fur
ther ahead in the population cycle: the number of
Germans started to decline
 20 years ago, while most European nations were
still in a phase of gentle g
rowth; as a result, Germany already has a
proportionately higher elderly pop
ulation.
Second, although the problem has been disguised up to now by waves 
of
immigration in the 1960s and late 1980s, that in itself has created
diffi
culties thanks to Germany's failure to integrate most of the new
inhabitants
 into its society. Such difficulties can only proliferate in the
years ahead
.
Third, Germany's history in this century has seen to it that population
de
cline in the early decades of the next will seem especially acute. In the
Na
zi years, there was a sudden surge in the birth rate as Germans were told
it
 was part of their patriotic duty to procreate. The offspring of that baby
b
oom are now getting on in years and in another decade will be starting to
di
e off in significant numbers.
The numbers can be stated with almost predesti
ned precision, for they
reflect a secular trend of falling birth rates and d
iminishing family sizes
dating back (with the notable exception of the Hitle
r years) to the early
1900s (see chart).
By the early 1970s, the generation 
of German children was less numerous than
that of their grandparents and the
 number of deaths overtook that of births.
Since then the margin has widened
: at the turn of the century, Mr Miegel
estimates, deaths will exceed births
 by 300,000 a year, rising by 2030 to a
staggering 600,000 - equivalent to e
liminating the city of Frankfurt every
year. Between now and 2030, the numbe
r of Germans will decline by about 15m
 -not far short of the current popula
tion of eastern Germany.
This is not a trend, say Mr Miegel and Ms Wahl, tha
t can be reversed through
some governmental magic wand. The individualistic 
Germans of today are not
going to be persuaded to breed either through dikta
t or economic incentive.
Even in eastern Germany - whose apparently more you
thful population results
mainly from a higher death rate under communism tha
nks to poor health care
and difficult working and living conditions - the bi
rth rate has plunged
since unification.
Nor does increasing immigration repr
esent much of a solution. True, the
arrival over the last three years of som
e 3.2m new inhabitants - including
asylum seekers and 1.4m 'Aussiedler' of G
erman origin, mainly from the
former Soviet empire - has served to compensat
e for the declining number of
Germans. But that is unlikely to continue. Ger
many has now tightened up its
asylum laws, and in any case is having severe 
difficulties integrating the
newcomers, many of whom end up on the unemploym
ent registers or outside the
formal labour market.
Simply to make up for the
 continuing fall in the German population, the
country would have to take 1.
5m immigrants in the 1990s and 13.8m more
between 2001 and 2030. It is incon
ceivable that German society, or the
country's political system, could handl
e an influx of this magnitude.
One consequence of all this is an already per
ceptible 'greying' of Germany.
Today, one fifth of the population is 20 or y
ounger and another fifth 60 or
over. In 2000, the under-20s will still repre
sent a fifth but the over-60s
will have reached a quarter of the total; by 2
030, only 16 per cent will be
under 20, 46 per cent will be between 20 and 6
0, and 38 per cent over 60. In
short, within less than 30 years, a diminishi
ng population of working age
will have to carry a roughly equal, and rising,
 number of people either too
young or too old to work  - at least under curr
ent laws.
The effects will be felt in every corner of society. School and un
iversity
rolls will fall; the shrinkage in the population between 20 and 60 
will
dictate changes in government policies towards the labour market; the
c
ountry's infrastructure needs will alter. Above all, the shifting shape of
t
he population will entail significant structural changes in the economy,
and
 in particular in the role of the state.
The most obvious burden will be on 
Germany's social welfare system. A rising
number of over-60s - and indeed, t
hanks to medical science, of over-80s -
spells increased spending on health 
care, pensions and old people's care.
Nobody seriously believes that Germany
 will be able to afford this without a
substantial restructuring of the welf
are state, involving some increase in
private-sector provision.
The economy 
will undergo other - subtler but no less significant - changes.
Property val
ues could fall as elderly people sell off assets to fund their
service needs
; the manufacturing sector will diminish in relation to
services; capital fo
r infrastructure projects will tend be raised on a
shorter term basis.
Mr Mi
egel and Ms Wahl even suggest that Germany's population shrinkage will
over 
time serve to reduce its economic might: 'In two generations, Germany
might 
under realistic assumptions only be a medium-sized European power. Its
popul
ation may not be, as today, the second largest in Europe after
Russia's, but
 perhaps the fourth or fifth largest after Russia, Ukraine and
possibly also
 France and Britain ..And its population will be among the
oldest in Europe 
and the world.'
What, then, is to be done? There are no easy answers. Ideall
y, says the
study, Germany would - while coming to terms with a some measure
 of
shrinkage in its population - seek to offset it by adopting sensible
pol
icies on immigration and on the integration of foreigners, for example by
al
lowing a greater number to become German citizens.
Unfortunately, nothing li
ke this is remotely on the cards. The word
Bevolkerungspolitik (population p
olicy) acquired an ugly ring in German
politics as a result of its abuse dur
ing the Nazi period, and the current
generation of politicians tends to rega
rd these issues as too hot to handle.
Nevertheless, they will not simply go 
away. If Germany does not start
sensibly to debate the structural questions 
raised by its shrinking
population soon, then it will find itself grappling 
with them in a much more
polarised political climate 10 years from now.
*Das
 Ende des Individualismus: die Kultur des Westens zerstort sich selbst;
Verl
ag Bonn Aktuell; September 1993
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  Germ
any, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Public He
alth Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>

<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page V </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 186 ==============================================
Transaction #:    186       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

Usr Interface:   Prob          Time Cmd Sent: 16:00:00
  Rec. Format:  Short      Time Cmd Complete: 14:36:42
Selec. Rec. #:     11

Boolean Indexes Used:

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Boolean Conjunctions:

   Button 1: and   Button 2: OR    Button 3: or 
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Associated Variable Length Text:

<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-12742</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DJYCQAE3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>931
025
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 OCT 93 / Survey of Germany (10): A story of bi
rths, deaths and marriages - The population is getting steadily older. The i
mplications must be faced now </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW GOWERS </BYL
INE>
<TEXT>
'THE Germans are dying out'. Back in the early 1980s, the slogan
 was
popularised by novelist Gunter Grass in the subtitle of his short story

Kopfgeburten. Ten years on, the prospect of a shrinking and ageing
populati
on is moving closer to reality - and is beginning to become a
central preocc
upation for Germany's chattering classes.
All over the land, people are marr
ying later, having fewer children and
living longer, with the result that th
e number of Germans has already been
declining for some time, to a current 7
2m out of a total population of 80m.
Within another decade, however, it is c
ertain that Germany's overall
population will embark on a steepening decline
.
Suddenly, the experts fear, Germany will face a structural crisis with whi
ch
it is ill- equipped to cope, as a shrinking working population bears the

burden of an increasing number of old-age pensioners and as Germans
themselv
es come to terms with the proportional increase of foreigners in
their midst
. The far-reaching consequences could affect every aspect of the
way the cou
ntry organises its political, economic, social and external
affairs.
'It is 
like having termites in your house,' says Meinhard Miegel, co-author
with St
efanie Wahl of a study of the demographic problem just published by
the Bonn
-based Institut fur Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft*. 'On the surface
everything
 looks fine, but all of a sudden it collapses. This house looks
sound at the
 moment and will continue to do so for some time to come. Then,
in the early
 part of the 21st century we will face a crisis.'
Mr Miegel uses colourful m
etaphors for effect. In a sense, the challenge
confronting Germany is the sa
me as that faced by most of the developed
world. In all the leading industri
al countries, pressures on the welfare
state are growing as a result of fall
ing birth rates, longer life- spans and
increasing immigration.
But Germany'
s problem is still more acute than that of its European
neighbours and its A
merican and Japanese trading partners, for several
reasons. First, it is fur
ther ahead in the population cycle: the number of
Germans started to decline
 20 years ago, while most European nations were
still in a phase of gentle g
rowth; as a result, Germany already has a
proportionately higher elderly pop
ulation.
Second, although the problem has been disguised up to now by waves 
of
immigration in the 1960s and late 1980s, that in itself has created
diffi
culties thanks to Germany's failure to integrate most of the new
inhabitants
 into its society. Such difficulties can only proliferate in the
years ahead
.
Third, Germany's history in this century has seen to it that population
de
cline in the early decades of the next will seem especially acute. In the
Na
zi years, there was a sudden surge in the birth rate as Germans were told
it
 was part of their patriotic duty to procreate. The offspring of that baby
b
oom are now getting on in years and in another decade will be starting to
di
e off in significant numbers.
The numbers can be stated with almost predesti
ned precision, for they
reflect a secular trend of falling birth rates and d
iminishing family sizes
dating back (with the notable exception of the Hitle
r years) to the early
1900s (see chart).
By the early 1970s, the generation 
of German children was less numerous than
that of their grandparents and the
 number of deaths overtook that of births.
Since then the margin has widened
: at the turn of the century, Mr Miegel
estimates, deaths will exceed births
 by 300,000 a year, rising by 2030 to a
staggering 600,000 - equivalent to e
liminating the city of Frankfurt every
year. Between now and 2030, the numbe
r of Germans will decline by about 15m
 -not far short of the current popula
tion of eastern Germany.
This is not a trend, say Mr Miegel and Ms Wahl, tha
t can be reversed through
some governmental magic wand. The individualistic 
Germans of today are not
going to be persuaded to breed either through dikta
t or economic incentive.
Even in eastern Germany - whose apparently more you
thful population results
mainly from a higher death rate under communism tha
nks to poor health care
and difficult working and living conditions - the bi
rth rate has plunged
since unification.
Nor does increasing immigration repr
esent much of a solution. True, the
arrival over the last three years of som
e 3.2m new inhabitants - including
asylum seekers and 1.4m 'Aussiedler' of G
erman origin, mainly from the
former Soviet empire - has served to compensat
e for the declining number of
Germans. But that is unlikely to continue. Ger
many has now tightened up its
asylum laws, and in any case is having severe 
difficulties integrating the
newcomers, many of whom end up on the unemploym
ent registers or outside the
formal labour market.
Simply to make up for the
 continuing fall in the German population, the
country would have to take 1.
5m immigrants in the 1990s and 13.8m more
between 2001 and 2030. It is incon
ceivable that German society, or the
country's political system, could handl
e an influx of this magnitude.
One consequence of all this is an already per
ceptible 'greying' of Germany.
Today, one fifth of the population is 20 or y
ounger and another fifth 60 or
over. In 2000, the under-20s will still repre
sent a fifth but the over-60s
will have reached a quarter of the total; by 2
030, only 16 per cent will be
under 20, 46 per cent will be between 20 and 6
0, and 38 per cent over 60. In
short, within less than 30 years, a diminishi
ng population of working age
will have to carry a roughly equal, and rising,
 number of people either too
young or too old to work  - at least under curr
ent laws.
The effects will be felt in every corner of society. School and un
iversity
rolls will fall; the shrinkage in the population between 20 and 60 
will
dictate changes in government policies towards the labour market; the
c
ountry's infrastructure needs will alter. Above all, the shifting shape of
t
he population will entail significant structural changes in the economy,
and
 in particular in the role of the state.
The most obvious burden will be on 
Germany's social welfare system. A rising
number of over-60s - and indeed, t
hanks to medical science, of over-80s -
spells increased spending on health 
care, pensions and old people's care.
Nobody seriously believes that Germany
 will be able to afford this without a
substantial restructuring of the welf
are state, involving some increase in
private-sector provision.
The economy 
will undergo other - subtler but no less significant - changes.
Property val
ues could fall as elderly people sell off assets to fund their
service needs
; the manufacturing sector will diminish in relation to
services; capital fo
r infrastructure projects will tend be raised on a
shorter term basis.
Mr Mi
egel and Ms Wahl even suggest that Germany's population shrinkage will
over 
time serve to reduce its economic might: 'In two generations, Germany
might 
under realistic assumptions only be a medium-sized European power. Its
popul
ation may not be, as today, the second largest in Europe after
Russia's, but
 perhaps the fourth or fifth largest after Russia, Ukraine and
possibly also
 France and Britain ..And its population will be among the
oldest in Europe 
and the world.'
What, then, is to be done? There are no easy answers. Ideall
y, says the
study, Germany would - while coming to terms with a some measure
 of
shrinkage in its population - seek to offset it by adopting sensible
pol
icies on immigration and on the integration of foreigners, for example by
al
lowing a greater number to become German citizens.
Unfortunately, nothing li
ke this is remotely on the cards. The word
Bevolkerungspolitik (population p
olicy) acquired an ugly ring in German
politics as a result of its abuse dur
ing the Nazi period, and the current
generation of politicians tends to rega
rd these issues as too hot to handle.
Nevertheless, they will not simply go 
away. If Germany does not start
sensibly to debate the structural questions 
raised by its shrinking
population soon, then it will find itself grappling 
with them in a much more
polarised political climate 10 years from now.
*Das
 Ende des Individualismus: die Kultur des Westens zerstort sich selbst;
Verl
ag Bonn Aktuell; September 1993
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  Germ
any, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Public He
alth Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>

<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page V </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 187 ==============================================
Transaction #:    187       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

Usr Interface:   Prob          Time Cmd Sent: 16:00:00
  Rec. Format:  Short      Time Cmd Complete: 14:36:43
Selec. Rec. #:     11

Boolean Indexes Used:

   0 Author         0 Date       0 Rectype    0 X_Corp Author    0 Call #
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   0 Organization   0 LCCN       0 Topic      0 Host Item
   0 Series         0 ISSN       0 Keyword    0 Conf

Boolean Conjunctions:

   Button 1: and   Button 2: OR    Button 3: or 
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Associated Variable Length Text:

<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-12742</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DJYCQAE3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>931
025
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 OCT 93 / Survey of Germany (10): A story of bi
rths, deaths and marriages - The population is getting steadily older. The i
mplications must be faced now </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW GOWERS </BYL
INE>
<TEXT>
'THE Germans are dying out'. Back in the early 1980s, the slogan
 was
popularised by novelist Gunter Grass in the subtitle of his short story

Kopfgeburten. Ten years on, the prospect of a shrinking and ageing
populati
on is moving closer to reality - and is beginning to become a
central preocc
upation for Germany's chattering classes.
All over the land, people are marr
ying later, having fewer children and
living longer, with the result that th
e number of Germans has already been
declining for some time, to a current 7
2m out of a total population of 80m.
Within another decade, however, it is c
ertain that Germany's overall
population will embark on a steepening decline
.
Suddenly, the experts fear, Germany will face a structural crisis with whi
ch
it is ill- equipped to cope, as a shrinking working population bears the

burden of an increasing number of old-age pensioners and as Germans
themselv
es come to terms with the proportional increase of foreigners in
their midst
. The far-reaching consequences could affect every aspect of the
way the cou
ntry organises its political, economic, social and external
affairs.
'It is 
like having termites in your house,' says Meinhard Miegel, co-author
with St
efanie Wahl of a study of the demographic problem just published by
the Bonn
-based Institut fur Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft*. 'On the surface
everything
 looks fine, but all of a sudden it collapses. This house looks
sound at the
 moment and will continue to do so for some time to come. Then,
in the early
 part of the 21st century we will face a crisis.'
Mr Miegel uses colourful m
etaphors for effect. In a sense, the challenge
confronting Germany is the sa
me as that faced by most of the developed
world. In all the leading industri
al countries, pressures on the welfare
state are growing as a result of fall
ing birth rates, longer life- spans and
increasing immigration.
But Germany'
s problem is still more acute than that of its European
neighbours and its A
merican and Japanese trading partners, for several
reasons. First, it is fur
ther ahead in the population cycle: the number of
Germans started to decline
 20 years ago, while most European nations were
still in a phase of gentle g
rowth; as a result, Germany already has a
proportionately higher elderly pop
ulation.
Second, although the problem has been disguised up to now by waves 
of
immigration in the 1960s and late 1980s, that in itself has created
diffi
culties thanks to Germany's failure to integrate most of the new
inhabitants
 into its society. Such difficulties can only proliferate in the
years ahead
.
Third, Germany's history in this century has seen to it that population
de
cline in the early decades of the next will seem especially acute. In the
Na
zi years, there was a sudden surge in the birth rate as Germans were told
it
 was part of their patriotic duty to procreate. The offspring of that baby
b
oom are now getting on in years and in another decade will be starting to
di
e off in significant numbers.
The numbers can be stated with almost predesti
ned precision, for they
reflect a secular trend of falling birth rates and d
iminishing family sizes
dating back (with the notable exception of the Hitle
r years) to the early
1900s (see chart).
By the early 1970s, the generation 
of German children was less numerous than
that of their grandparents and the
 number of deaths overtook that of births.
Since then the margin has widened
: at the turn of the century, Mr Miegel
estimates, deaths will exceed births
 by 300,000 a year, rising by 2030 to a
staggering 600,000 - equivalent to e
liminating the city of Frankfurt every
year. Between now and 2030, the numbe
r of Germans will decline by about 15m
 -not far short of the current popula
tion of eastern Germany.
This is not a trend, say Mr Miegel and Ms Wahl, tha
t can be reversed through
some governmental magic wand. The individualistic 
Germans of today are not
going to be persuaded to breed either through dikta
t or economic incentive.
Even in eastern Germany - whose apparently more you
thful population results
mainly from a higher death rate under communism tha
nks to poor health care
and difficult working and living conditions - the bi
rth rate has plunged
since unification.
Nor does increasing immigration repr
esent much of a solution. True, the
arrival over the last three years of som
e 3.2m new inhabitants - including
asylum seekers and 1.4m 'Aussiedler' of G
erman origin, mainly from the
former Soviet empire - has served to compensat
e for the declining number of
Germans. But that is unlikely to continue. Ger
many has now tightened up its
asylum laws, and in any case is having severe 
difficulties integrating the
newcomers, many of whom end up on the unemploym
ent registers or outside the
formal labour market.
Simply to make up for the
 continuing fall in the German population, the
country would have to take 1.
5m immigrants in the 1990s and 13.8m more
between 2001 and 2030. It is incon
ceivable that German society, or the
country's political system, could handl
e an influx of this magnitude.
One consequence of all this is an already per
ceptible 'greying' of Germany.
Today, one fifth of the population is 20 or y
ounger and another fifth 60 or
over. In 2000, the under-20s will still repre
sent a fifth but the over-60s
will have reached a quarter of the total; by 2
030, only 16 per cent will be
under 20, 46 per cent will be between 20 and 6
0, and 38 per cent over 60. In
short, within less than 30 years, a diminishi
ng population of working age
will have to carry a roughly equal, and rising,
 number of people either too
young or too old to work  - at least under curr
ent laws.
The effects will be felt in every corner of society. School and un
iversity
rolls will fall; the shrinkage in the population between 20 and 60 
will
dictate changes in government policies towards the labour market; the
c
ountry's infrastructure needs will alter. Above all, the shifting shape of
t
he population will entail significant structural changes in the economy,
and
 in particular in the role of the state.
The most obvious burden will be on 
Germany's social welfare system. A rising
number of over-60s - and indeed, t
hanks to medical science, of over-80s -
spells increased spending on health 
care, pensions and old people's care.
Nobody seriously believes that Germany
 will be able to afford this without a
substantial restructuring of the welf
are state, involving some increase in
private-sector provision.
The economy 
will undergo other - subtler but no less significant - changes.
Property val
ues could fall as elderly people sell off assets to fund their
service needs
; the manufacturing sector will diminish in relation to
services; capital fo
r infrastructure projects will tend be raised on a
shorter term basis.
Mr Mi
egel and Ms Wahl even suggest that Germany's population shrinkage will
over 
time serve to reduce its economic might: 'In two generations, Germany
might 
under realistic assumptions only be a medium-sized European power. Its
popul
ation may not be, as today, the second largest in Europe after
Russia's, but
 perhaps the fourth or fifth largest after Russia, Ukraine and
possibly also
 France and Britain ..And its population will be among the
oldest in Europe 
and the world.'
What, then, is to be done? There are no easy answers. Ideall
y, says the
study, Germany would - while coming to terms with a some measure
 of
shrinkage in its population - seek to offset it by adopting sensible
pol
icies on immigration and on the integration of foreigners, for example by
al
lowing a greater number to become German citizens.
Unfortunately, nothing li
ke this is remotely on the cards. The word
Bevolkerungspolitik (population p
olicy) acquired an ugly ring in German
politics as a result of its abuse dur
ing the Nazi period, and the current
generation of politicians tends to rega
rd these issues as too hot to handle.
Nevertheless, they will not simply go 
away. If Germany does not start
sensibly to debate the structural questions 
raised by its shrinking
population soon, then it will find itself grappling 
with them in a much more
polarised political climate 10 years from now.
*Das
 Ende des Individualismus: die Kultur des Westens zerstort sich selbst;
Verl
ag Bonn Aktuell; September 1993
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  Germ
any, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Public He
alth Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>

<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page V </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 188 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-10566</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CD3BPAD5FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
430
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  30 APR 92 / UN body calls for cut in population g
rowth </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HILARY DE BOERR </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
WORLD popu
lation growth rates will have to be reduced over the next decade
if economic
 development is to be sustained and the environment protected,
according to 
the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).
Human numbers are growing at rec
ord rates, with an annual increase of about
97m projected for the next 10 ye
ars, says the organisation's State of the
World Population 1992 report.
That
 would mean 6bn people in 1998, and 10bn in 2050, compared with 5.48bn
this 
summer. Without 'immediate and determined action' to reduce future
family si
zes, world population could reach 12.5bn in 2050, it warns.
UNFPA found that
, since 1975, population growth rates have been linked to
per capita income 
in developing countries - before then, no such connection
had been establish
ed.
Countries with slower population growth rates saw annual incomes rise by
 an
average 1.23 per cent a year in the 1980s compared with a fall of 1.25 p
er
cent in countries where population grew faster. Lower birth rates also me
ant
higher savings and investment ratios.
Eliminating extreme poverty, impro
ving health and education, and raising the
status of women are seen as essen
tial steps to encouraging reduced family
sizes.
Such policies should give sp
ecial attention to Africa and south Asia, which
are responsible for more tha
n half the population increases and which
contain most of the world's very p
oor, says UNFPA.
The issue of sustainable development is also tackled in the
 report, which
says record population growth rates are being accompanied by 
record human
consumption of resources.
State of World Population 1992, UN Po
pulation Fund, 220 East 42nd Street,
New York, NY10017, US.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The
 Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 189 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 190 ==============================================
Transaction #:    190       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-6209</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CH0BVAAYFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9208
26
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  26 AUG 92 / South Africa's economy goes into furth
er decline </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PHILIP GAWITH </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    
JOHANNESBURG </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE fragile economic background to South Afr
ica's political transition
process was yesterday underlined by Dr Chris Stal
s, governor of the Reserve
Bank, the country's central bank.
Speaking at the
 bank's annual general meeting in Pretoria, Dr Stals
described the past year
 as one of 'frustration and disappointment'. The
country had experienced a d
eepening of the longest recession since 1945  -
real gross domestic product 
fell at annualised rates of 2 and 2.5 per cent
in the first and second quart
ers of 1992.
Despite the weak state of the economy Dr Stals resisted calls t
o relax
monetary policy in order to boost the economy. He also rejected plea
s to
devalue the rand, as endorsed last week by the Old Mutual, the country'
s
largest insurer.
Dr Stals also said the country could only enjoy lower nom
inal interest rates
when inflation had been brought down. Inflation, which h
as exceeded 10 per
cent a year for 20 years, is now running at 15.1 per cent
, according to the
June consumer price index.
'The reduction of the inflatio
n rate must remain a policy priority, even in
the present subdued economy,' 
he said.
Acknowledging that serious problems of poverty, unemployment and a 
declining
standard of living would be exacerbated by another year of contrac
tion -
1992 will be the sixth year of decline since 1982 - Dr Stals commente
d:
'Neither the cause of, nor the solution to this dilemma, should be looked

for in monetary policy.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Lon
don Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 191 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-388</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CI2B1AAKFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>92092
9
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  29 SEP 92 / The ERM and Maastricht: Swedish bank cu
ts overnight lending rate </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ROBERT TAYLOR </BYLINE>

<DATELINE>    STOCKHOLM </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
SWEDEN'S central bank cut its ma
rginal overnight lending rate to commercial
banks from 50 per cent to 40 per
 cent yesterday in a cautious adjustment
towards a 'more normal interest rat
e level'.
It said the reduction had been made possible by declining turbulen
ce on the
international foreign exchange markets and a drop in Sweden's mone
y market
interest rates.
But Svenska Handelsbanken, a leading commercial ban
k, warned yesterday in
its latest economic forecast that for at least the ne
xt six months interest
rates would remain above the levels existing before t
he financial crisis
began.
However, it suggested a Swedish export recovery w
ould strengthen overseas
market confidence in the country's fixed exchange r
ate policy and the
interest rate differential rate between Sweden and German
y would narrow.
It predicts a further drop of 0.4 per cent in GNP next year 
after an
estimated decline of 1.7 per cent this year. The forecast shows onl
y a
modest 1.5 per cent recovery in 1994.
It also predicts a sizeable declin
e in property investment of 46.5 per cent,
but a strong recovery in the trad
e balance and the balance of payments.
Swedes, however, will see real income
s fall next year by 1.9 per cent, with
only a 0.7 per cent improvement in 19
94.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 2 </PAGE>
</D
OC>

============= Transaction # 192 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-2114</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCTBGAEFFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
20
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 MAR 92 / Decline in Japanese output increases r
ate cut pressure </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEFAN WAGSTYL </BYLINE>
<DATELI
NE>    TOKYO </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
JAPAN'S economy declined in the last three m
onths of 1991, indicating that
the country may soon slip into recession.
How
ever, economists believe that any decline in output would be modest in
compa
rison with Britain or the US.
Output fell compared with the previous quarter
, resulting in the first
quarterly fall in economic activity in more than tw
o years. The decline
reflects weak consumption and will increase the pressur
e on the Bank of
Japan to cut interest rates, possibly next week.
The stock 
market, buoyed by the speculation of a cut in the official
discount rate, re
bounded sharply. It sent the Nikkei index back above the
20,000 level. Inves
tors also took heart from speculation that the government
was planning to bo
ost the economy by concentrating public works spending in
the first part of 
the new financial year. The index closed 420 higher on the
day at 20,185.09.

The economy contracted by 0.2 per cent on an annualised basis in the last
q
uarter of 1991 compared with the previous quarter, according to the
governme
nt's Economic Planning Agency. A sharp decline in domestic demand of
2.1 per
 cent was partly offset by an increase in external demand, composed
of a dec
line in imports and a rise in exports.
The agency admitted that the governme
nt's target of 3.7 per cent economic
growth in the year to the end of March 
looked unattainable. The outturn is
likely to be closer to 3.3 per cent - we
ll down on the 5.5 per cent recorded
for 1990-91 but still well ahead of mos
t other industrialised countries.
A decline in the Japanese economy in the f
irst quarter of this year, making
two successive quarters, would by most yar
dsticks mean Japan was in
recession. Japan last suffered a recession in 1974
-75.
EPA officials said the economy was much stronger now than in 1974, poin
ting
out that the 0.2 per cent quarter-on-quarter decline was modest.
Howeve
r, bankers and industrialists, who have been calling for further
interest ra
te cuts, will seize on yesterday's figures. Mr Yoh Kurosawa,
president of th
e Industrial Bank of Japan, said that although businessmen's
gloom was exagg
erated, Japan needed a rate cut to boost confidence and
revive the stock mar
ket.
According to the EPA, consumption was weak, held back by lower year-end

bonuses and a decline in confidence. It grew just 0.4 per cent. Private
inv
estment (excluding housing) declined but only by 2.5 per cent - less than
ex
pected and a sign of continuing resilience in the economy.
On a year-on-year
 basis, the economy grew 3.2 per cent. For 1991 as a whole,
the economy grew
 by a robust 4.5 per cent, due to strong growth early in the
year.
Car expor
ts cut, Page 3
Editorial Comment, Page 16
World stock markets, Page 37
</TEX
T>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 1 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 193 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-16768</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DGBCVAA0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
702
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 JUL 93 / OECD Economic Outlook: Savings shorta
ge feared </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EMMA TUCKER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE persis
tance of relatively high real interest rates in most
industrialised countrie
s for the past decade suggests a savings shortage,
according to the Economic
 Outlook.
The report, which says that real interest rates are too high in ma
ny member
states for the current point in the business cycle, warns that the
 shortage
of savings could result in lower investment, slower growth and dif
ficulties
in providing adequate finance for developing countries.
It points 
out that while real short-term rates in the US and Japan have
declined sharp
ly, reflecting the need to boost demand, rates have moved
counter cyclically
 in Europe. Last year European rates generally firmed, in
spite of weakening
 activity.
The OECD also reports that France companies benefit greatly from 
lower
short-term interest rates while German corporations, which rely on
lon
ger-term financing, benefit relatively little.
A study shows the impact of l
ower interest rates varies according to the
speed with which a country's deb
t-servicing obligations change as a result
of a market rate fall.
In the UK,
 for example, short-term interest rates are particularly important
and debt 
servicing obligations respond quickly to changes in market rates.
However, i
n Germany more than 80 per cent of bank lending to the private
sector is lon
g-term.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ   United States of America.
 
   JPZ  Japan, Asia.
    FRZ  France, EC.
    DEZ  Germany, EC.
    GBZ  Uni
ted Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance, Taxation, 
and Monetary Policy.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>ECON  Economic Indicators.

</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-11796</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CJWBWAF2FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>921
023
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 OCT 92 / Letter: Prosperity must be earned, an
d interest rates used realistically </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    From Mr S CARSE 
</BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Sir, In an otherwise commendable editorial 'A New policy fr
amework' (October
22) there is evidence of a continuing reluctance to view t
he efficacy of
interest rate changes with consistency or realism.
What the e
xperience of the period from late-1988 to mid-1990 illustrated
clearly was t
hat interest rate changes have a very slow impact upon
inflation. Yet you sp
eak of raising interest rates should wage inflation
cease its decline.
Again
, it is stated that rate increases could be needed within the new
strategy s
hould sterling collapse. But would not an absence of credibility,
initially 
at least, in the new strategy neutralise the effectiveness of such
manoeuvre
s?
I do not believe in any case that under the general strategy as espoused 
the
problem would necessarily be one of need to raise interest rates. Rather

that the resultant improvement in the British economy would lead to a stron
g
appreciation of sterling against the currencies of the (declining) Europea
n
countries by 1993, bringing with it the conflict of whether to use base
ra
tes to control domestic inflationary pressures, or to prevent any further
in
crease in the exchange rate, the former requiring (arguably) higher
interest
 rates, the latter rate reductions.
S Carse,
75 Cronk Coar,
Douglas, Isle of
 Man
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 21 </PAGE>
<
/DOC>

============= Transaction # 195 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-892</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DC1AGAB2FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>93032
7
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 MAR 93 / Pressure of people to test the west: Mi
gration has focused attention on soaring world population </HEADLINE>
<BYLIN
E>    By BRONWEN MADDOX </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Industrialised countries will be co
nfronted with an unprecedented influx of
would-be immigrants in the next few
 decades, putting their economies under
enormous pressure. That is the messa
ge delivered by Mrs Nafis Sadik,
director of the United Nations Population F
und (UNFPA), to the UN conference
on European population this week in Geneva
.
More than 2m immigrants are believed to have entered both Europe and North

America over the past two years alone. While Poland, Hungary and
Czechoslov
akia have so far taken the brunt of Russians, gypsies and
Romanians from the
 east, political chaos in Russia could intensify westward
migration. This is
 quite apart from the pressures from the south, Mrs Sadik
warned.
Migration,
 many UN officials and economists in Geneva argued, would be the
factor spur
ring industrialised countries to pay more attention to the
world's soaring p
opulation. Prince Charles pointed out that at last June's
Earth Summit in Ri
o, the link between numbers of people and destruction of
the natural environ
ment was conspicuous by its absence from the agenda.
The Vatican's resistanc
e to including population in the talks was
unsurprising, but the Philippines
 and some Middle Eastern countries with
high birth rates also proved obstruc
tive. Environmental pressure groups,
wary of telling developing countries ho
w to manage their affairs, were also
quiet.
Such reticence is difficult to u
nderstand in the light of UN population
projections - one puts the world's p
opulation at 11bn in 2050, double its
present 5.5bn, before it stabilises. M
r Miroslav Macura, demographer with
the UN Economic Commission for Europe, r
eminded the conference that the
total 'could be anywhere from 5bn to 20bn' i
f fertility rates turned out to
differ even marginally from the model's assu
mptions.
Nearly 95 per cent of the projected rise will come from developing

countries, despite the considerable success of many Asian and Latin American

countries in bringing down the rate of population growth in the past two
de
cades.
India now has a fertility rate of about 4 - the average number of chi
ldren
per woman implied by the current birth rate - a fall of about a third 
in the
last two decades. China, after its ferocious policy of curbing family
 size,
has a rate of about 2.4, though that is still above the two children 
per
woman which maintains a static population.
But across much of sub-Sahara
n Africa, fertility rates have been running at
more than 6. Recent studies, 
although based on less than perfect data,
suggest the Aids epidemic is cutti
ng only 1 percentage point off population
growth. Ethiopia, despite recurren
t famine, still has a fertility rate of
about 3.
According to Mr Fred Sai, p
resident of the International Planned Parenthood
Federation and chairman of 
Ghana's population council, African countries now
recognise that family plan
ning is a tool for health improvement. But the
answers to restraining a high
 growth rate of population are not clear-cut.
Recent evidence shows that the
 traditional assumption that family size falls
with economic progress does n
ot always hold true. Sri Lanka, Thailand,
Bulgaria and Kerala in India have 
all shown sharp falls in family size
despite relatively low prosperity, whil
e the Gulf states have maintained
fertility rates of more than 3 during a pe
riod of sharply rising wealth.
'For every level of prosperity, you can find 
an enormous range of fertility
rates,' said Mr David Coleman from Oxford Uni
versity. 'The things that
really bring down family size are more complex, to
 do with culture and
education'.
Contraceptive programmes do help though, th
e UNFPA, maintains: it called
last week for the present total of Dollars 4.5
bn spent worldwide on family
planning programmes to double by 2000.
But even
 if such measures are successful, the population of developing
countries wil
l continue to surge ahead that of industralised countries.
Fertility rates i
n western Europe now average only about 1.7 children per
woman - the UK rate
 is 1.8. Italy and Spain have rates of only 1.2, below
West German levels of
 1.4, according to Ms Charlotte Hohn director of the
Federal Population Inst
itute of Germany.
The result is that pensioners will soon outnumber children
 in Europe and
North America for the first time, the UNFPA said. Under-15s c
urrently
outnumber the elderly by a third in Europe and North America. But t
he number
of people older than 60 has risen from 90m in 1950 to 185m today, 
and could
reach 310m in 2025.
The idea that any resulting labour gap could b
e filled by immigration is
disputed. Mr Coleman argued that 'only about 60 p
er cent of the potential
workforce in western Europe is actually working, an
d there is plenty of
slack.'
Past immigration can adversely affect the host 
country, he added. The
availability of cheap labour may be one factor behind
 Europe's relative lack
of investment in high-technology industries, he said
.
It is clear from west European delegates that the increasing pressures of

migration are likely to prompt a tightening of frontiers to try to preserve

standards of living for their own citizens. But if the arguments that Europe

does not need immigrants to maintain prosperity are right, its cultural urg
e
to shut the doors may not have adverse economic consequences.
 -----------
-------------------------------------
Immigration pressure on developed coun
tries
from growth in developing countries' population
 ---------------------
---------------------------
                     Pop in   Increase
(million)
              1991   by 2005
 ----------------------------------------------
--
Western Europe          379       4
Eastern Europe          124      11
E
x-Soviet Union         209      10
US                      253      81
Medit
erranean*          186     158
Latin America           451     289
Tropical 
Africa         531     826
South Asia            1,206     920
 ------------
------------------------------------
Source: D Coleman, Oxford University
*s
outh-east Mediterranean
 ------------------------------------------------
</
TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>QOZ  Developed Countries.
</CN>
<XX>
Indust
ries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9721 International Affairs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>G
OVT  Government News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pa
ge 9 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 196 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-8239</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHRD3ADAFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 AUG 94 / Leading Article: Controlling populatio
n </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
Two stories are told in the annual report from the Unit
ed Nations population
fund, published yesterday. The first is one of success
: in the past 40 years
the rate of growth of the world's population has slow
ed sharply. The second
 -about prospects for the future - is less cheerful. 
Nevertheless, the
evidence shows neither that population growth is the overw
helming problem it
is so often alleged to be, nor that policy is helpless to
 lower it, even in
poor countries. What is required is no more - but also no
 less - than to
help people, particularly women, achieve the families they t
hemselves
desire.
The most encouraging feature of past experience is that, c
ontrary to the
once cherished theories of demographers, declines in the rate
 of population
growth have occurred even in countries that have seen little 
economic
growth. Education of women has helped. But much of the fall can be

attributed to better distribution of contraception, argues the UN. One of
th
e clearest messages of the report is that people will willingly use
contrace
ption, if it is made available.
The UN's story about the prospects for comin
g decades is somewhat more
disturbing. The number of people on the planet is
 likely almost to double,
from the present 5.7bn to some 10bn, by the middle
 of next century. This
assumes that birth rates continue to fall; other assu
mptions suggest figures
between 8bn and 12.5bn.
Food supplies
Yet such incre
ases need be no disaster. The UN report rightly rebuts fears
of a global foo
d shortage, of the kind voiced by the Club of Rome two
decades ago. But unev
en distribution of the world's food supplies leaves
people in many regions f
acing starvation. More even than food, water may
become a cause of conflict.
 It also warns that pressure on other natural
resources - forests, seas and 
the atmosphere - will increase.
Yet it is important to recognise that popula
tion growth is not the sole
cause of pressure on resources. Nor would even a
 stable global population
halt it. Economic growth is still more important. 
That is why the 15 per
cent of the world's population in rich countries cons
umes so
disproportionate a share of global resources. It is also why calls f
rom this
minority for limits on the numbers of the poor majority look morall
y
disreputable.
Neither prophecies of doom nor hypocritical bombast are just
ified. What is
needed, instead, is for developing countries themselves to re
cognise that
unchecked population growth imposes, at best, a heavy burden of
 additional
investment upon them. At worst, it threatens their social stabil
ity, as
people flood from the countryside to the cities, in search of jobs.

Family planning
These pressing social and economic issues underline the impo
rtance of next
month's conference in Cairo, the first UN meeting on populati
on for a
decade. The UN's draft agenda calls for co-ordination of measures t
o
stabilise the world's population, including a trebling of spending on fami
ly
planning programmes, and better education for women.
This is the right po
licy agenda, because it emphasises helping people help
themselves. This is n
ot just the most ethical, but also the most practical
way to address the iss
ue, since what people want for themselves is also what
their societies need.

Despite the convergence of support for such measures among governments, the

agenda faces opposition. This month the Vatican, which has called on
govern
ments to boycott the conference, accused the UN of promoting abortion.
That 
charge is ill-founded, given that the United Nations Population Fund
(UNFPA)
 is barred from portraying abortion as a way to control family size.
It woul
d be both inhumane and imprudent for governments to reject the UN's
draft ag
enda. That is not to make light of the social and cultural
implications of t
he policies recommended by the UNFPA. But it is surely
right for women to be
 given control over the number of children they bear.
Western countries shou
ld assist countries that wish to make contraception
available, though not th
ose that resort to coercion. They should also remind
recalcitrant government
s that the alternative to contraception is both lower
growth in incomes per 
head and serious social disruption.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  
World.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Public Heal
th Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<P
UB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 13 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 197 ==============================================
Transaction #:    197       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-13122</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EA0DIACDFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
127
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 JAN 94 / Family loses out in social changes: M
ore people live alone - Sharp increase in divorce rate </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE> 
   By ALAN PIKE, Social Affairs Correspondent </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
An apparently
 unequal struggle between the conventional family and social
and demographic
 change is shown today in Social Trends, the Central
Statistical Office's an
nual compendium of British life.
Political controversies over the future of 
the welfare state and the causes
of crime have brought the role of tradition
al family values into sharp
focus. But Social Trends shows that, while the d
ebate continues, so does the
decline of the traditional family.
Couples with
 dependent children formed the majority of households as
recently as the ear
ly 1970s. By 1992 they constituted less than 40 per cent,
and it is now incr
easingly likely that such couples will not be married.
One significant reaso
n for the change is a growing proportion of people
living alone. Single peop
le now account for more than a quarter of all
households - there has been a 
threefold increase in the proportion of people
living alone during the past 
30 years.
The biggest recent growth has been among men of working age, but t
he ageing
of the population is another factor that will fuel a continuing in
crease in
single-person households. By the year 2031 there will be more than
 16m
people of pensionable age in Britain's population - more than double th
e
1961 number.
Recent years have seen an even more striking rise in the prop
ortion of
lone-parent families - these have quadrupled since the early 1960s
. The
government's General Household Survey, also published this week, shows
 that
21 per cent of families were headed by lone parents in 1992. The main

increase in single-parent households occurred during the 1970s and 1980s,
an
d there has been little further change in the proportion since 1990, the
gov
ernment's household survey adds.
Allied to this change is Social Trends' now
-familiar soaring graph showing
the remarkable rise in births outside marria
ge. Unmarried mothers now
account for almost one-in-three births - an increa
se from the one-in-20
level that, apart from the two world wars, had persist
ed throughout the
century until the 1960s. In Scotland and the north-east of
 England, 90 per
cent of mothers under 20 were unmarried in 1992.
The propor
tion of births outside marriage more than doubled during the 1980s
alone. Bu
t the children do not all grow up in single-parent families - in
1992, 75 pe
r cent of babies born outside marriage were registered by both
parents.
Divo
rce, as well as births outside marriage, is contributing to the growth
in si
ngle-parent households. Marriages have declined by nearly 16 per cent
during
 the past 20 years, while divorces have more than doubled.
Some politicians 
hope that a renewed appreciation of the importance of
community involvement 
will fill the gaps created by fragmenting family
relationships. However, evi
dence in Social Trends suggests that this may be
wishful thinking.
Surveys s
how that only 4 per cent of the population has taken an active part
in a pol
itical campaign. The proportion of churchgoers is, at 15 per cent,
lower tha
n in many other European countries.
Almost 75 per cent of the population has
 done no recent voluntary work. Some
of the active minority who do volunteer
 put in more than 10 hours a month -
but this compares with nearly 27 hours 
a week spent by the average citizen
watching television.
Social Trends 24. H
MSO. Pounds 27.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.

</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P8732 Commercial Nonphysical Research.
</I
N>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>STATS  Statistics.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times 
</PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 8 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 198 ==============================================
Transaction #:    198       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-4189</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-ELIDCADZFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9412
09
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  09 DEC 94 / Leading Article: A new Japan </HEADLIN
E>
<TEXT>
Japan has changed a good deal in the year since the Organisation f
or
Economic Cooperation and Development's last assessment of the country's
e
conomic prospects. The economy has finally begun to emerge out of
recession.
 And the political turmoil of recent years - though far from over
 -has give
n birth to a clear challenge to the one-party rule of old.
The Japanese elec
torate will tomorrow gain a credible alternative to the
ruling Liberal Democ
ratic party, with the inauguration of the New Frontier
Party, to be led by M
r Toshiki Kaifu. A few days later, the country will
also gain a new central 
bank president, Mr Yasuo Matsushita, who takes over
from Mr Yasushi Mieno on
 December 16th. The OECD survey, published
yesterday, gives reasons for both
 new arrivals to be optimistic about the
future, but little cause for compla
cency.
The report confirms that the economy entered a 'phase of gradual reco
very in
the second half of this year'. The organisation now predicts real GD
P growth
of 1 per cent in 1994, a little more than it forecast in June. GDP 
growth is
expected to pick up further in 1995, to 2.5 per cent, though this 
will
depend heavily on the strength of the yen and Mr Matsushita's approach 
to
his new job.
His predecessor's overriding objective was to foster economi
c growth without
the barest hint of inflation. Consumer price inflation has 
indeed fallen
steadily since the middle of 1993. The domestic deflator for G
DP - a less
distorted measure of domestic prices - fell in the third quarter
 of this
year, for the first time in seven years. Most believe that official

measurements significantly under-state the extent of the decline in prices,

which shows little sign of being reversed.
Signs of economic recovery recen
tly appeared to be pointing Mr Mieno in the
direction of tightening monetary
 policy. While the discount rate - at 1.75
per cent - has been unchanged for
 over a year, he has made sporadic attempts
to push up overnight money marke
t rates. Each has been foiled by further
strengthening of the yen, and weake
ning of the stock market. Both should
serve as a reminder of the other tasks
 which Mr Matsushita will inherit,
none of which is as close to being achiev
ed as the first.
As the OECD point out, the feeble state of domestic demand 
argues for a
further lowering of interest rates, if anything, since real rat
es remain
relatively high. Mr Matsushita should also give a higher priority 
to
speeding up the recovery of the financial sector, still burdened by
misgu
ided lending of the bubble era. He must lend weight to the government's
stil
l disappointingly tentative deregulation efforts.
Another wave of such refor
ms is due to begin in the spring of next year. As
the OECD admits, important
 steps have been taken in recent years to ensure
that the fragile, consumer-
led recovery of the past few months will lead to
a longer-term re-balancing 
of the Japanese economy. In the medium term, the
development of a new source
 of political authority in the Diet ought to
facilitate more rapid reforms o
f the regulatory and fiscal systems.
Japan is unlikely ever to repeat the he
ady export-led growth of the past few
decades. Some of the seeds of a new ki
nd of growth have been laid in recent
years. They will need active nurturing
, however. Japan's new, and not so
new, leaders ought to convince themselves
 that it is a welcome task - and
press on with it.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-

</XX>
<CN>JPZ  Japan, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance,
 Taxation, and Monetary Policy.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment &
 Analysis.
    ECON  Gross domestic product.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times 
</PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 17 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 199 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-11419</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CJZBOADGFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>921
026
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  26 OCT 92 / International Bonds: Borrowing surge 
hits fortunes of sovereign issues </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By TRACY CORRIGAN 
</BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE SURGE in borrowing needs of many European countries has
 caused a sharp
reversal of fortune for many sovereign Eurobonds in the seco
ndary market.
But the widening of sovereign yield spreads in the secondary m
arket may well
reflect a change in sentiment engendered by fears of supply, 
rather than any
fundamental changes in creditworthiness.
Some European count
ries face a sharp increase in immediate borrowing needs
in order to repay sh
ort-term debts incurred in the foreign exchange market.
Heavy intervention i
n the foreign exchange market in September, in an effort
to support their cu
rrencies, has also left some countries with severely
weakened foreign exchan
ge reserves to be replenished.
The UK, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Spa
in and Italy are among the
European sovereign borrowers with increased fundi
ng needs. Some of these are
also struggling to cope with growing budget defi
cits caused by shrinking
receipts due to economic recession.
But these facto
rs may not be enough to jeopardise the current credit ratings
of European so
vereign borrowers.
'There is a tendency to view exchange rate pressure and d
omestic economic
problems as synonymous with declining credit quality,' says
 Mr Philip Bates,
head of Standard & Poor's sovereign risk group. 'In many c
ases, these
problems do not directly affect countries' external indebtedness
.'
The general view that European sovereigns are declining credits is not bo
rne
out by a closer look at their creditworthiness, he argues.
Mr Bates poin
ts out that for foreign currency debt ratings, the emphasis is
on a country'
s external financial position. Credit analysts must consider to
what extent 
imbalances in the domestic economy are translating into
increases in the cur
rent account deficit.
In the case of the UK, for example, rumours of a possi
ble downgrade of the
country's triple-A rated debt circulated widely last we
ek, ahead of the UK's
record DM5bn Eurobond. In fact, there was never any qu
estion of downgrade,
says Mr Bates. 'The UK credit rating is not under any k
ind of threat.'
In addition, the UK's public finances are 'very strong' and 
although the
budget position has deteriorated, the UK still has 'a lot of fi
nancial
flexibility.'
Other countries seeking funds in the international cap
ital markets are
actually improving credits. Denmark, after having its debt 
rating lowered
twice in the 1980s, has moved up to a AA+ credit with a stabl
e outlook.
Ireland is another improving credit, having stepped up from A+ to
 AA-, after
reducing its budget deficit. Portugal has improved from A to A+,
 and Spain
is rated AA with a positive outlook, despite worries about the ef
fect on
foreign investment of recently-imposed capital controls. Sweden, des
pite its
current financial crisis, still has a triple-A rating and has a dec
lining
net external debt trend.
The two cases which are of more serious conc
ern are Italy, currently rated
AA+ by S&P, where the effectiveness of attemp
ts to control the budget
deficit remains questionable, and Finland, which ha
s experienced a surge in
net external debt to 150 per cent of exports.
Altho
ugh spreads of sovereign debt have started to recover slightly, some
debt is
 still trading at very wide spreads, making further financing more
difficult
.
For example, the yield spread of Finland's FFr4bn issue due 2003 has widen
ed
from 41 basis points over the curve in July to 100 basis points. For
Finl
and, and also for Sweden, both considering tapping the French market,
this i
s likely to boost the cost of new issues.
Apart from the D-Mark bond market,
 the focus of sovereign borrowers'
attentions, the French market is consider
ed one of few accessible markets,
and sovereign borrowers such as the UK and
 Denmark are also keeping an eye
on the sector.
In the dollar market, Italy'
s 8 3/4 per cent issue due 2001 has widened from
57 basis points over the yi
eld curve in mid-September to 116 basis points,
while, Norway's 7 1/4 per ce
nt issue due 1997 has widened from 44 to 54
basis points over the curve.
Fro
m a trader's point of view, steady credit ratings are only part of the
equat
ion. Trading performance is affected by investors' perceptions of
economic a
nd political risk, even where they have no specific impact on
ratings.
</TEX
T>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 15 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 200 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-808</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EI0DNAGMFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>94092
7
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 SEP 94 / Survey of Business Locations in Europe 
(3): Later retirement with smaller pensions - Eva Kaluzynska examines the im
plications of an ageing population </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EVA KALUZYNSKA
 </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Europe's workforce is ageing - 15 per cent of the populati
on is already aged
65 or over, compared with an average of 6 per cent in the
 rest of the world.
'We're moving towards the low 20s (%) at the turn of the
 century,' said Dr
David Coleman, a demographer at Oxford University, specia
lising in trends
affecting Europe.
There are relatively minor variations in 
birth and death rates among the 17
countries in the European Economic Area (
EEA), but the picture is very
clear. Any company considering relocation will
 obviously factor in current
levels of social costs, lowest in Portugal, Gre
ece, Spain and the UK;
highest in Germany, Denmark and Belgium. But employer
s must tune into
demographic trends now if they want to get a sustainable, l
ong-term
personnel policy off the ground.
'Companies may be thinking of movi
ng now to a country where costs are low,
but they must plan now to keep them
 low,' said employee-benefits specialist
David Formosa, of Sedgwick Noble Lo
wndes.
The baby boom after the war was followed by what demographers at Euro
stat,
in Luxembourg, call a 'baby bust' in the 1970s. A marked decline in na
tural
population growth throughout the EEA is continuing, while the death ra
te
remains stable. In 1993, the birth rate was 11.2 per thousand, down from

11.5 per thousand in 1992; while the death rate stayed at 10.1 per thousand.

Women, currently 51.2 per cent of the population in the European Union (EU)
,
are having fewer children, and they are having them later if at all. Only 
in
Ireland (and Poland, in central Europe) are women still having two or mor
e
children each. In 1993, there were 4.19m births in the 17 countries of the

EEA - 110,000 fewer than the previous year.
Demographers are ringing alarm 
bells about the need to adjust policies now,
both at company and government 
level. 'Germany is the forerunner,' said
Harri Cruijsen, team leader at Euro
stat's project on demography. 'In the
next five to 10 years it is going to h
ave the most acute problems in
adjusting to an ageing workforce.'
Italy and 
Spain lag by about five to 10 years. The situation is less serious
in France
, which has had a policy of financial incentives for would-be
mothers. The U
K could also buck the trend up to a point, due to what
Cruijsen calls an abn
ormally high rate of teenage pregnancies not seen
elsewhere in Europe.
The o
verall implications are stark. Employers who stay on the continent,
rather t
han move nearer to markets in Asia, must make the most of the
existing pool 
of potential labour, given the lack of youngsters. Experts
agree on the need
 for two significant shifts in policy and attitude:
postponing the age of re
tirement, and recruiting more women into the labour
force. 'Seniors will sta
y on, females will come on,' as Cruijsen puts it.
Many employees able to do 
so have retired early over the past decade, and
many still expect to do so. 
'This will stop,' said Cruijsen bluntly. Italy
and Japan are already plannin
g to raise the statutory age of retirement, and
other countries will follow 
suit, experts say.
'The notion of early retirement has overshot its usefulne
ss,' said Coleman.
'Active, employable life is getting longer. The notion th
at a person is old
and past it at 65 is increasingly obsolete.'
The idea of 
older people giving up their places in the workforce to
youngsters gathered 
favour during the recession, though without any
significant effect in reduci
ng unemployment. Employers encouraged the trend,
rejuvenating their workforc
es in the belief that younger people adapted
better to new technologies.
But
 Formosa urges managers to be innovative in adapting to new realities:
'Empl
oyers will have to start thinking differently.' Replacing key staff who
have
 specialised knowledge and experience will become far more difficult,
and fl
exible solutions, such as part-time schemes for key older employees
could be
 part of the answer. He would recommend phased retirement: 'Maybe
people wil
l still be doing one or two days a week when they're aged 70.'
Employers cas
ting round for reserves in the labour force will have to make
better use of 
women, experts say. Women currently make up about 40 per cent
of the labour 
force in the EU. Denmark has the highest rate of female
participation, at 46
.6 per cent, followed by France (44.3), Portugal (43.2)
and the UK(43.2). Ir
eland has the lowest rate, at 34.1 per cent. 'All
projections for modest gro
wth in the labour force at the turn of the century
come from increased level
s of female participation,' says Coleman.
Formosa thinks employers will come
 round to offering women with caring
responsibilities for children or older 
people more flexible working
arrangements, as they realise the value of doin
g so. 'I believe employers
will make more of an effort to keep women, as the
re is more difficulty in
finding replacements.'
Coleman estimates that, if a
ll EU countries matched Denmark's rate of female
participation in the labour
 force, the recruits would more than make up for
any shortfall. 'There is a 
hidden labour force of at least 30m, which will
be mobilised as married wome
n increasingly take up work or return to work.'
Europe's ageing workforce ca
n expect lower statutory pensions, with higher
retirement ages as the ratio 
of taxpayers to recipients descends from the
current 2.4:1 to under two. Inc
entives to retire early will go, and the
prospect of lower incomes will obli
ge seniors to work on.
Employers are likely to become involved in improving 
pension provisions,
partly through helping employees to set up appropriate s
chemes to which they
are the main contributors, partly through incentives fo
r later retirement.
Formosa says there is still time to avoid scenarios in w
hich pensions
systems collapse under the burden of payments due. Later retir
ement will cut
the cost of pensions by reducing the duration of payments.
So
me experts have suggested migration as a potential solution to the
imbalance
 in western Europe's age structure. Coleman is adamant that this is
no quick
 fix. The EEA countries cannot absorb significant numbers of legal
migrants,
 other than those with specific skills for specific periods, he
says: 'It se
ems eccentric to propose immigration for low-grade labour,
especially since 
future demand emphasises high skills.'
Importing cheap young labour would ex
acerbate one of Europe's biggest
problems, its low productivity. Coleman arg
ues that western Europe must deal
with the impending crisis through making t
he best use of its own resources.
It should, he says, retrain to reduce unem
ployment and invest in more
capital-intensive processes to improve productiv
ity. And it should mobilise
more of its potential working population by maki
ng it easier for women to
work, as well as by recruiting those beyond curren
t retirement age. Canny
employers can start planning now.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Count
ries:-
</XX>
<CN>XGZ  Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9441 Admini
stration of Social and Manpower Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT 
 Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pag
e II </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 201 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-1646</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIVBVACJFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
22
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 SEP 92 / Maastricht - After the French Vote: 'R
ecovery is under way but sluggish and uneven' </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
Extracts fo
llow from the communique of the interim committee of the board of
governors 
of the International Monetary Fund:
'IN industrial countries, recovery is un
der way, but it remains sluggish and
uneven, unemployment is unacceptably hi
gh, and recent exchange market
tensions have increased uncertainty. Inflatio
n and interest rates have
declined significantly in a number of countries. .
 . the recent currency
turmoil forcefully illustrates the importance of rein
forced policy
co-ordination, a firm implementation of the medium-term strate
gy, and
continuing efforts toward economic convergence in Europe.
The commit
tee welcomed the actions recently taken to reduce market tensions
and noted 
the resolve of major industrial countries to co-operate closely
and to take 
appropriate additional actions as needed to strengthen growth
without rekind
ling inflation and to foster greater currency stability. . .
key countries n
eed to co-operate closely. . . to bolster confidence and
improve the balance
 between their fiscal and monetary policies, thereby
facilitating a narrowin
g of interest rate differentials.
Monetary and fiscal policies should aim at
 a lasting decline in long-term
interest rates through a reduction in public
 sector borrowing and a further
lowering of inflation expectations. Vigorous
 action must be taken to
eliminate structural rigidities that impede employm
ent and productivity
growth. An early, successful conclusion of the Uruguay 
Round (of trade
reform) would be an invaluable contribution.
The committee w
elcomed the steady and successful implementation in many
developing countrie
s of sound economic policies and structural reforms.
The committee praised t
he progress being made by the countries of central
and eastern Europe in ref
orming their economies under Fund-supported
programmes. There has been progr
ess against inflation and there is some
evidence that the sharp contraction 
of output may be coming to an end.
However, the prolonged weakness of activi
ty in some countries underlines the
need to carry through further reforms qu
ickly.
The committee welcomed the evidence of further gains under the debt
s
trategy. A number of developing countries, however, have yet to secure
decis
ive solutions to their debt problems. The committee commended the Paris
Club
's provision of greater debt relief for low-income countries in the
framewor
k of strong adjustment programmes, and its readiness to consider a
reduction
 of the stock of debt after a suitable period of adjustment.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>T
he Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 202 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 203 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-2562</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIQC8AGKFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 SEP 92 / IMF World Economic Outlook: Prospects 
bleak for Britain </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PETER NORMAN </BYLINE>
<DATELIN
E>    WASHINGTON </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
EVEN before yesterday's events in Britai
n, the UK economic outlook was
bleak, according to the International Monetar
y Fund.
Alone of the Group of Seven leading industrial countries, Britain fa
ced a
year of declining output in 1992. The World Economic Outlook forecasts
 a 0.8
per cent drop in real gross domestic product for 1992 - in line with 
the
latest London consensus forecast - after a 2.2 per cent decline in GDP l
ast
year.
For 1993, the IMF has forecast 2.1 per cent growth for Britain. Th
is is well
below the 2.9 per cent increase forecast for the industrialised c
ountries as
a whole. It also takes no account of the effects of the latest s
terling
crisis on business and consumer confidence.
Writing before the big i
nterest rate increases yesterday, the IMF warned
that the UK had 'not yet em
erged from recession' and that its short-term
interest rates were 'relativel
y high in real terms'.
The fund expects UK employment will drop this year by
 1.8 per cent, after a
3.1 per cent decline in 1991. Britain's unemployment 
rate is expected to
rise to 10.1 per cent next year from 10 per cent in 1992
 and 9.3 per cent
last year.
About the only encouraging news is the forecast
 that consumer price
inflation will drop to 3 per cent this year from 3.8 pe
r cent in 1992. But
the IMF warned that earnings increases in Britain contin
ue to outpace
productivity gains.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<P
AGE> London Page 6 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 204 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-16604</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EDJAAAAQFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
409
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  09 APR 94 / Economic worries hit Venezuela debt r
atings </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANTONIA SHARPE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Moody's, t
he international credit rating agency, has lowered the rating for
Venezuela'
s long-term foreign currency bearer bonds to Ba2 from Ba1 and the
rating for
 non-bearer bonds to Ba3 from Ba2. About Dollars 21bn (Pounds
14.3bn) worth 
of rated debt is affected.
The agency said Venezuela faced a period of diffi
cult policy choices
regarding its weak domestic economy, the deterioration i
n public sector
finances and rising social pressures. 'The imbalances can on
ly be corrected
gradually, which may hurt the long-term creditworthiness of 
the country.'
It added that the decline in oil prices since 1992 had accentu
ated many of
the underlying structural problems of the economy and had highl
ighted the
weaknesses in the composition of fiscal revenues.
The country is 
also still experiencing problems in the banking sector
following the failure
 in January of Banco Latino, the country's second
largest bank.
Six private 
banks are believed to be dependent on government financial
assistance follow
ing heavy withdrawals in the wake of the Latino crisis.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countri
es:-
</XX>
<CN>VEZ  Venezuela, South America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>

<IN>P9311 Finance, Taxation, and Monetary Policy.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<
TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Lo
ndon Page 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 205 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-5667</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCCA8ACRFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
03
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  03 MAR 92 / International Capital Markets: Moody's
 downgrades Woolwich ratings </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By SIMON LONDON and REU
TER </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    PARIS </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
NATIONWIDE and Woolwich
, the UK's second and third largest building
societies, have had their credi
t ratings called into question by Moody's,
the US credit rating agency.
Wool
wich's long-term senior debt rating has been cut by one notch from AA3
to A1
, and subordinated debt rating from A2 to A3. Moody's has also placed
under 
review for possible downgrade the credit ratings of Nationwide.
The move und
erlines the pressure on building societies caused by the poor
state of the U
K housing market.
Moody's said that its decision to cut the Woolwich credit 
ratings reflected
a decline in the building society's asset quality.
At the 
end of last year, Woolwich merged with the smaller Town & Country
Building S
ociety, the 15th largest mutual saving's institution in the UK,
which had ru
n into problems following a sharp increase in mortgage defaults
and reposses
sions. The merger bought Town & Country's Pounds 2.2bn loan
assets, includin
g a high proportion of problem loans, on to the Woolwich
balance sheet.
Howe
ver, Moody's noted: 'The Town & Country's past lending practices have
been d
iscontinued and replaced by more conservative under-writing.'
The decision t
o place Nationwide's AA3 long-term credit rating and A2
subordinated debt ra
tings under review was based on similar concerns about
asset quality.
The ra
ting agency said that its review will 'focus on the loss associated
with hig
h levels of residential loan arrears'.
Renault, the French motor group, has 
issued a FFr1.2bn domestic bond due
March 30, 2001, paying 9.00 per cent and
 priced at 99.86 per cent, Reuter
reports from Paris.
The deal, which may be
 increased to FFr1.5bn before March 16, is being
re-offered at 98.51 per cen
t, giving a spread of 78 basis points over the
equivalent French government 
bond. The lead manager is Banque Nationale de
Paris.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 31 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-9688</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBNCXAAEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 FEB 94 / Russia faces population crisis as deat
h rate soars </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN LLOYD </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    M
OSCOW </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Russia is facing a double population crisis - a dra
matic rise in death rates
and a sharp fall in the birth rate, according to o
fficial figures which have
largely been kept hidden from public debate.
In t
he past year alone, the death rate jumped 20 per cent, or 360,000 deaths
mor
e than in 1992. Researchers now believe that the average age for male
mortal
ity in Russia has sunk to 59 - far below the average in the
industrialised w
orld and the lowest in Russia since the early 1960s.
The results, which have
 been a matter of close concern at the level of
Russia's National Security C
ouncil, are only now trickling out. Some were
given at a conference last wee
k at the New York Harriman Institute by Ms
Natalia Rimashevskaya, head of th
e Institute for Socio-Economic Studies of
the Population, while further rese
arch into the figures has been done by Ms
Judith Shapiro, a British academic
 working with the macroeconomic and
finance unit which was attached to the R
ussian finance ministry until last
month.
Ms Rimashevskaya's findings showed
, she said, an 'unprecedented' rise in the
death rate, with much of the incr
ease due to 'killings, suicides and
conflicts'. However, infant mortality ha
d also gone up sharply, from 17.4 in
1,000 in 1990 to 19.1 in 1,000 last yea
r.
The average age of death (for men and women) was now, she said, 'at 66 or

lower' - the same level as in the early to mid-1960s and four or five years

below the figure that had been achieved more recently. In 1993, 1.4m people

were born and 2.2m died - although inward migration of Russians from former

Soviet republics compensated to some extent, bringing the net fall in
popul
ation to 500,000 last year.
Ms Shapiro's findings, based like Ms Rimashevska
ya's on figures from the
state statistical committee Goskomstat, which have 
had very limited
availability, show men to be the main victims of earlier de
aths. The average
death rate has been brought down to 59, she says, largely 
through two causes
 -a higher rate of coronary disease and strokes, and more
 violent deaths.
Of the total of 360,000 extra deaths in 1993, nearly 50 per
 cent were from
heart and circulatory failure and more than 25 per cent were
 from violent
causes.
Ms Shapiro says that simple poverty, and the state of 
the post-Soviet health
service, are probably minor causes of the phenomenon.
 More significant is
what she calls a 'psycho-social crisis' with greatly ri
sing insecurity.
Ms Rimashevskaya says the decline of births is partly due t
o a simple
shortage of women - but more because women of child-bearing age p
ostpone
having children or decide not to give birth 'because of the poor sit
uation
in the society'.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>RUZ  Russia, East
 Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishme
nts.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financi
al Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 1 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-9688</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBNCXAAEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 FEB 94 / Russia faces population crisis as deat
h rate soars </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN LLOYD </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    M
OSCOW </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Russia is facing a double population crisis - a dra
matic rise in death rates
and a sharp fall in the birth rate, according to o
fficial figures which have
largely been kept hidden from public debate.
In t
he past year alone, the death rate jumped 20 per cent, or 360,000 deaths
mor
e than in 1992. Researchers now believe that the average age for male
mortal
ity in Russia has sunk to 59 - far below the average in the
industrialised w
orld and the lowest in Russia since the early 1960s.
The results, which have
 been a matter of close concern at the level of
Russia's National Security C
ouncil, are only now trickling out. Some were
given at a conference last wee
k at the New York Harriman Institute by Ms
Natalia Rimashevskaya, head of th
e Institute for Socio-Economic Studies of
the Population, while further rese
arch into the figures has been done by Ms
Judith Shapiro, a British academic
 working with the macroeconomic and
finance unit which was attached to the R
ussian finance ministry until last
month.
Ms Rimashevskaya's findings showed
, she said, an 'unprecedented' rise in the
death rate, with much of the incr
ease due to 'killings, suicides and
conflicts'. However, infant mortality ha
d also gone up sharply, from 17.4 in
1,000 in 1990 to 19.1 in 1,000 last yea
r.
The average age of death (for men and women) was now, she said, 'at 66 or

lower' - the same level as in the early to mid-1960s and four or five years

below the figure that had been achieved more recently. In 1993, 1.4m people

were born and 2.2m died - although inward migration of Russians from former

Soviet republics compensated to some extent, bringing the net fall in
popul
ation to 500,000 last year.
Ms Shapiro's findings, based like Ms Rimashevska
ya's on figures from the
state statistical committee Goskomstat, which have 
had very limited
availability, show men to be the main victims of earlier de
aths. The average
death rate has been brought down to 59, she says, largely 
through two causes
 -a higher rate of coronary disease and strokes, and more
 violent deaths.
Of the total of 360,000 extra deaths in 1993, nearly 50 per
 cent were from
heart and circulatory failure and more than 25 per cent were
 from violent
causes.
Ms Shapiro says that simple poverty, and the state of 
the post-Soviet health
service, are probably minor causes of the phenomenon.
 More significant is
what she calls a 'psycho-social crisis' with greatly ri
sing insecurity.
Ms Rimashevskaya says the decline of births is partly due t
o a simple
shortage of women - but more because women of child-bearing age p
ostpone
having children or decide not to give birth 'because of the poor sit
uation
in the society'.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>RUZ  Russia, East
 Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishme
nts.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financi
al Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 1 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 208 ==============================================
Transaction #:    208       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-9688</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBNCXAAEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 FEB 94 / Russia faces population crisis as deat
h rate soars </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN LLOYD </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    M
OSCOW </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Russia is facing a double population crisis - a dra
matic rise in death rates
and a sharp fall in the birth rate, according to o
fficial figures which have
largely been kept hidden from public debate.
In t
he past year alone, the death rate jumped 20 per cent, or 360,000 deaths
mor
e than in 1992. Researchers now believe that the average age for male
mortal
ity in Russia has sunk to 59 - far below the average in the
industrialised w
orld and the lowest in Russia since the early 1960s.
The results, which have
 been a matter of close concern at the level of
Russia's National Security C
ouncil, are only now trickling out. Some were
given at a conference last wee
k at the New York Harriman Institute by Ms
Natalia Rimashevskaya, head of th
e Institute for Socio-Economic Studies of
the Population, while further rese
arch into the figures has been done by Ms
Judith Shapiro, a British academic
 working with the macroeconomic and
finance unit which was attached to the R
ussian finance ministry until last
month.
Ms Rimashevskaya's findings showed
, she said, an 'unprecedented' rise in the
death rate, with much of the incr
ease due to 'killings, suicides and
conflicts'. However, infant mortality ha
d also gone up sharply, from 17.4 in
1,000 in 1990 to 19.1 in 1,000 last yea
r.
The average age of death (for men and women) was now, she said, 'at 66 or

lower' - the same level as in the early to mid-1960s and four or five years

below the figure that had been achieved more recently. In 1993, 1.4m people

were born and 2.2m died - although inward migration of Russians from former

Soviet republics compensated to some extent, bringing the net fall in
popul
ation to 500,000 last year.
Ms Shapiro's findings, based like Ms Rimashevska
ya's on figures from the
state statistical committee Goskomstat, which have 
had very limited
availability, show men to be the main victims of earlier de
aths. The average
death rate has been brought down to 59, she says, largely 
through two causes
 -a higher rate of coronary disease and strokes, and more
 violent deaths.
Of the total of 360,000 extra deaths in 1993, nearly 50 per
 cent were from
heart and circulatory failure and more than 25 per cent were
 from violent
causes.
Ms Shapiro says that simple poverty, and the state of 
the post-Soviet health
service, are probably minor causes of the phenomenon.
 More significant is
what she calls a 'psycho-social crisis' with greatly ri
sing insecurity.
Ms Rimashevskaya says the decline of births is partly due t
o a simple
shortage of women - but more because women of child-bearing age p
ostpone
having children or decide not to give birth 'because of the poor sit
uation
in the society'.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>RUZ  Russia, East
 Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishme
nts.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financi
al Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 1 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 209 ==============================================
Transaction #:    209       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-6096</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CH0BVAD3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9208
26
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  26 AUG 92 / S African economy in further decline <
/HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PHILIP GAWITH </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    JOHANNESBURG
 </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE fragile economic background to South Africa's politi
cal transition
process was yesterday underlined by Dr Chris Stals, governor 
of the Reserve
Bank, the country's central bank.
Speaking at the bank's annu
al general meeting in Pretoria, Dr Stals
described the past year as one of '
frustration and disappointment'. The
country had experienced a deepening of 
the longest recession since 1945  -
real gross domestic product fell at annu
alised rates of 2 and 2.5 per cent
in the first and second quarters of 1992.

Despite the weak state of the economy Dr Stals resisted calls to relax
mone
tary policy in order to boost the economy. He also rejected pleas to
devalue
 the rand, as endorsed last week by the Old Mutual, the country's
largest in
surer.
Dr Stals also said the country could only enjoy lower nominal interes
t rates
when inflation had been brought down. Inflation, which has exceeded 
10 per
cent a year for 20 years, is now running at 15.1 per cent, according 
to the
June consumer price index.
'The reduction of the inflation rate must 
remain a policy priority, even in
the present subdued economy,' he said.
</T
EXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 210 ==============================================
Transaction #:    210       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-16778</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EAJCTAENFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
107
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 JAN 94 / World News in Brief: Eastern German p
opulation to fall </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
The population of eastern Germany will 
fall by 20 per cent by 2010 because
of migration to the prosperous west and 
a declining birth rate, researchers
at Humboldt University, Berlin, said.
</
TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  Germany, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
<
/XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>
NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Internation
al Page 1 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 211 ==============================================
Transaction #:    211       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-6050</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EIAD1AAVFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9409
01
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  01 SEP 94 / Birth-rate successes moderate Iran's s
tance: A look at attempts to rein in alarming fertility rates as population 
hits 60m </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By SCHEHERAZADE DANESHKHU </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

The Iranian government's opposition to next week's United Nations population

conference is not so great that it will join Saudi Arabia and Sudan in
boyc
otting it.
Iran is sending a delegation which it hopes will 'adapt the final
 document
to incorporate religious ethics'.
Criticism of the Cairo conferenc
e centres on the pragmatic approach taken
towards issues such as extramarita
l and adolescent sex.
Mr Ali Reza Marandi, Iran's health minister, said earl
ier this week, that
the draft document 'seemed to have disregarded the relig
ious views of the
Islamic world and formulated the text with a sense of sexu
al liberty'.
Iran's own religious ethics underwent revision toward populatio
n control in
1988, when the government recognised the severity of the countr
y's high
population growth rate.
The average population growth rate of 3.9 p
er cent a year in the early 1980s
was among the highest in the world. The Is
lamic government, which took over
after the 1979 revolution, laid greater em
phasis than before on early
marriage and the woman's role as wife and mother
 and saw no reason to
encourage birth control.
It welcomed the growth in pop
ulation, seeing it in terms of increased
resources to build the country into
 an Islamic model. By the mid-80s,
however, concerns about the economy led t
o fears that the high population
growth was a threat rather than an aid to e
conomic development.
Iran's population grew from just over 37m at the beginn
ing of the revolution
in 1979 to 57m by 1986, an increase attributed to the 
lack of a family
planning programme combined with improved health care since
 the 1960s.
Today, Iran's population is believed to stand at more than 60m.

Implementation of a family planning programme in 1988 has witnessed a drop
i
n the annual average growth rate from the 3.9 per cent peak to 2.3 per cent

last year and down further to 1.8 per cent in July, according to government

figures. Demographic experts, while acknowledging that Iran has been
success
ful in controlling its population growth, are sceptical of these
figures. Th
ey argue that such a rapid population decrease is impossible in
such a short
 period of time and cite the need for strengthened data
collection and stati
stical analysis.
The most reliable figures are those of the country's census
, taken every
five years. This showed an annual average growth rate of 2.9 p
er cent in
1991, well above the current 2 per cent growth rate for developin
g
countries. Subsequent figures have been based on less reliable samples.
Mr
 Shu Yun Xu, Iran country director at the United Nations Population Fund
(UN
FPA), says that despite the controversial figures, Iran's family planning
pr
ogramme has been 'a great achievement', partly because of the strength of
th
e government's commitment. 'It has been supportive of all contraceptive
meth
ods, including male sterilisation. Only abortion is not allowed.'
In June, t
he UNFPA approved a Dollars 10m five-year country programme for
Iran and par
t of the funds are allocated to improving Iran's demographic
data collection
.
The main thrust of the government's population control programme has been

based on an increased supply of contraceptives, the training of rural
midwiv
es and counselling in family planning techniques. The Ministry of
Health, wh
ich established a Fertility Regulation Council in 1988 to
implement the prog
ramme, reports a decline in total fertility from 6.4
children per woman in 1
988 to 4.25 in 1993.
Increase use of contraceptives has been partly fuelled 
by the lack of family
planning services for almost a decade. An active famil
y planning programme
was launched under the Shah's regime, so the implementa
tion of the current
programme has been relatively easy given the public's ex
isting awareness.
Another reason for the success of the family planning prog
ramme has been a
relatively good health infrastructure which, according to U
NFPA reaches 60
per cent of those living in the countryside and 90 per cent 
of the majority
urban population.
Mr Xu said: 'The primary healthcare networ
k is very good especially in rural
areas and the infrastructure is much bett
er than for many Asian countries.'
A women's health volunteer programme in t
he poor suburbs of southern Tehran
has so far produced good results and is t
o be extended. Under the programme,
women volunteers act as family planning 
counsellors in areas which are not
served by the primary healthcare network.

Iran has a relatively high literacy rate of 74 per cent and girls' enrolmen
t
in primary school is nearly as high as that of boys. The spread of educati
on
and literacy has increased a widespread desire for smaller families.
Desp
ite the success of the programme to date, the UNFPA says the tasks ahead
are
 still 'formidable'. A relatively large number of Iranians, born in the
baby
-boom of 1976-1986 will be of child-bearing age from 1996 onwards, so
fertil
ity rates will increase.
Since 65 per cent of the population is under the ag
e of 25, there is a need
for even more emphasis to be placed on education.
 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
POPUL
ATION IN IRAN
 -------------------------------------------------------------
---------
Population:                           1994                     63.
2m
                                      2025                    144.6m
Aver
age growth 1990-95                                          2.7%
Urban popul
ation 1992                                            58%
Fertility rate/wom
an   1990-95                                   6.0
Adult literacy 1990:     
             male                       65%
                                
      female                     43%
Family planning users   1975-93        
                          65%
GNP per capita 1991                           
         Dollars 2,170
Share of central govt spending 1991 on:
         educ
ation                                             20.9%
            health  
                                            7.9%
 --------------------------
--------------------------------------------
Source: UNFPA
 ----------------
------------------------------------------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countrie
s:-
</XX>
<CN>EGZ  Egypt, Africa.
    IRZ  Iran, Middle East.
</CN>
<XX>
Ind
ustries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Public Health Programs.
</IN>
<X
X>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 212 ==============================================
Transaction #:    212       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-17678</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EJGDBAATFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>941
007
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 OCT 94 / Reforms led to rise in deaths </HEADL
INE>
<BYLINE>    By FRANCES WILLIAMS </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    GENEVA </DATELI
NE>
<TEXT>
Soaring death rates and worsening health in eastern and central E
urope
threaten social stability and the entire reform process, according to 
the
United Nations Childrens' Fund (Unicef) in a report published yesterday.
 The
fund estimates that, since the fall of communism in 1989, 800,000 more

people in the region have died than if 1989 death rates had prevailed. 'Such

a death toll, mainly among males aged 30-55 and across so many countries, i
s
without precedent in peacetime,' it says.
It attributes the mortality cris
is to the stress of changing to a market
economy which has brought in its wa
ke increased poverty, crime and breakdown
of the social and institutional fa
bric. Of the nine countries surveyed in
detail, Russia, Ukraine and south-ea
stern Europe were worst affected. In
Russia, male life expectancy at birth h
as plunged 5.2 years since 1989 to
just 59 years in 1993. However, the Czech
 Republic and Slovakia were largely
untouched, while Poland by 1993 showed s
igns of returning to pre-transition
mortality rates, the report notes. Unice
f says most of the extra deaths were
caused by heart problems, alcohol and f
ood poisoning, accidents, homicides
and suicides.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
<
/XX>
<CN>RUZ  Russia, East Europe.
    UAZ  Ukraine, East Europe.
    CZZ  C
zech Republic, East Europe.
    PLZ  Poland, East Europe.
    SKZ  Slovakia,
 East Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Publ
ic Health Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<
PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 2 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 213 ==============================================
Transaction #:    213       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-14148</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EJYD1ABLFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>941
025
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 OCT 94 / Asia 'may need to rely on foreign cap
ital' </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PETER MONTAGNON, Asia Editor </BYLINE>
<TEX
T>
Asia's high savings rates may be insufficient to finance the region's
amb
itious infrastructure spending plans in the medium term, forcing
governments
 gradually to increase their reliance on foreign capital,
according to a stu
dy by American Express Bank.
'The share of population living in the cities w
ill have doubled between 1985
and 2010. This creates a huge demand for infra
structure,' says Mr Tapan
Datta, the economist who compiled the study.
Thoug
h savings rates are likely to remain high in line with economic growth,
the 
region is unlikely to generate enough resources domestically to finance
this
 development.
The need to import capital will weaken countries' current-acco
unt balance of
payments, though the deficits should be manageable, the repor
t says.
Some countries may also re-spond by policy moves to damp consumption
 in an
effort to pro-mote still higher savings rates.
The need to finance in
frastructure will also stimulate further
liberalisation of financial markets
 so that savings can be deployed more
efficiently, Mr Datta said. This would
 include the development of domestic
bond markets.
Singapore had the highest
 savings rate in the region last year at 48.3 per
cent, the study adds. But 
China, Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea and
Thailand all enjoyed rates of ab
out 35 per cent or more. The savings rate is
personal, corporate and governm
ent savings measured as a proportion of gross
domestic product.
The greatest
 need for foreign capital will face those countries such as
Pakistan and the
 Philippines where savings rates, at 13.5 and 14.6 per cent
respectively, an
d living standards are low. Such countries may need to
maintain high real in
terest rates that curb economic growth.
Outside Japan, the Asian demographic
 cycle will continue to support high
savings rates as population growth slow
s and the proportion of people
dependent on savings declines.
The bank says 
that Japan's high savings rate, of 32.8 per cent last year, in
part reflects
 the recent fall in land prices. The savings rate slowed when
land prices ro
se sharply in the late 1980s and may be expected to do so
again when land pr
ices stop falling.
Saving rates may fall in Japan as the proportion of retir
ed people in the
population increases, though the effect is likely to remain
 small until the
turn of the century.
After that, the number of retired peop
le in the population will rise
sharply.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>X
OZ  Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance, Taxation, and Mon
etary Policy.
    P9611 Administration of General Economic Programs.
</IN>
<
XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Tim
es </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 214 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-10784</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EEIC5AC6FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
509
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  09 MAY 94 / Observer: Green surprise </HEADLINE>

<TEXT>
Europe's 'green' parties come in all sorts of political shades, but n
one
comes near to matching the performance of the Hungarian 'greens'. Instea
d of
campaigning for population control, the Hungarian greens' TV broadcasts
 call
on Hungarian men to do the 'daily triple' with their wives.
The party 
does not spell out in detail what it is Hungarian men should do
three times 
a day. But party officials believe it would 'increase the birth
rate and lea
d to a decline in homosexuality, prostitution and the divorce
rate'.
However
, this brave rallying cry has yet to capture the imagination of the
Hungaria
n electorate. Early returns suggest that the party has as much
chance of cap
turing a seat as Britain's Screaming Lord Sutch.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</
XX>
<CN>HUZ  Hungary, East Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P8651 P
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Types:-
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<TP>NEWS  General News.
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P>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 17 </PAGE>
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<DATE>940
509
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<HEADLINE> FT  09 MAY 94 / Observer: Green surprise </HEADLINE>

<TEXT>
Europe's 'green' parties come in all sorts of political shades, but n
one
comes near to matching the performance of the Hungarian 'greens'. Instea
d of
campaigning for population control, the Hungarian greens' TV broadcasts
 call
on Hungarian men to do the 'daily triple' with their wives.
The party 
does not spell out in detail what it is Hungarian men should do
three times 
a day. But party officials believe it would 'increase the birth
rate and lea
d to a decline in homosexuality, prostitution and the divorce
rate'.
However
, this brave rallying cry has yet to capture the imagination of the
Hungaria
n electorate. Early returns suggest that the party has as much
chance of cap
turing a seat as Britain's Screaming Lord Sutch.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</
XX>
<CN>HUZ  Hungary, East Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
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<IN>P8651 P
olitical Organizations.
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<XX>
Types:-
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<TP>NEWS  General News.
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<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 17 </PAGE>
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============= Transaction # 216 ==============================================
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<HEADLINE> FT  09 MAY 94 / Observer: Green surprise </HEADLINE>

<TEXT>
Europe's 'green' parties come in all sorts of political shades, but n
one
comes near to matching the performance of the Hungarian 'greens'. Instea
d of
campaigning for population control, the Hungarian greens' TV broadcasts
 call
on Hungarian men to do the 'daily triple' with their wives.
The party 
does not spell out in detail what it is Hungarian men should do
three times 
a day. But party officials believe it would 'increase the birth
rate and lea
d to a decline in homosexuality, prostitution and the divorce
rate'.
However
, this brave rallying cry has yet to capture the imagination of the
Hungaria
n electorate. Early returns suggest that the party has as much
chance of cap
turing a seat as Britain's Screaming Lord Sutch.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</
XX>
<CN>HUZ  Hungary, East Europe.
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<XX>
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<IN>P8651 P
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<XX>
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<TP>NEWS  General News.
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<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 17 </PAGE>
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============= Transaction # 217 ==============================================
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<DATE>940
720
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 JUL 94 / OECD Employment Outlook: Scepticism o
n jobs role of small business </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID GOODHART </BY
LINE>
<TEXT>
Job turnover in the OECD countries is higher than expected, wit
h an average
of one in five jobs being newly created or destroyed each year,
 according to
a special chapter in the OECD employment outlook on job gains 
and job
losses.
The study finds little variation across countries and no cor
relation between
job turnover levels and degree of labour market regulation.

Indeed, the figures suggest that the highly regulated Nordic countries have

some of the highest job turnover levels and the deregulated UK and US some

of the lowest.
The study suggests high job turnover cuts employer-employee c
ommitment and
skill training. It also expresses scepticism about the assumpt
ion that small
enterprises will be the motor of job creation, pointing out t
hat, in the
late-1980s, employment growth was mainly due to expansion of exi
sting
enterprises.
Across the OECD, job gains from new starts and the expans
ion of existing
enterprises now average 10 per cent of total employment each
 year, while job
losses from closures and contractions also average about 10
 per cent.
The UK and Germany, despite wide differences in the degree of lab
our market
and business regulation, show similarly low job turnover between 
the
mid-1980s and early-1990s.
The spectrum on job gains ranged from 9 per c
ent of total employment in the
UK and Germany to 16 per cent in Denmark, whi
le the rate of job losses
ranged from 7 per cent in the UK and Germany to 15
 per cent in Sweden.
Combining the percentage of jobs created and those dest
royed yearly, the US
turnover rate is 23.4 per cent, Canada 26.3 and the UK 
15.3. The highest
figure is New Zealand (35.5 per cent) followed by Denmark 
(29.8), Sweden
(29.1) and France (27.1). In most countries about 80 per cent
 of job
turnover is not related to the economic cycle, and most turnover is 
due to
labour displacement within industries rather than across industries.

There is quite a large variation within Europe in the extent to which job
ga
ins come from new enterprises or expanding existing ones.
There is, however,
 relatively little difference between patterns of turnover
in North America 
and Europe, particularly in manufacturing. The report says
'the manufacturin
g sector in North America is no more dynamic in terms of
openings and closur
es of establishments than a sample of Nordic countries.'
Looking at the over
all birth and death rate of enterprises, the UK has the
lowest 'birth rate' 
of the countries studied despite the increase in small
companies and self-em
ployment associated with the 'enterprise culture' of
the Thatcher years.
New
 enterprise creation as a proportion of all enterprises - between the
mid-19
80s and early 1990s - was highest in Canada (19.1 per cent), Sweden
(16.8) a
nd France (14.3).
Of the nine countries studied the UK was last (9.2 per cen
t). But the UK
also has the lowest rate of establishment closure at 8.5 per 
cent. The US is
also at the bottom end for both openings (13.6 per cent) and
 closures (9.2
per cent).
Only 10 per cent of those companies surviving at l
east six years created
jobs in the first two years and only 11 per cent crea
ted jobs during the
first four years. However, after six years, 34 per cent 
of the survivors had
created jobs.
On the reasons for enterprise survival, t
he report quotes a study which
stresses the availability of advice from priv
ate or public experts and
having partners such as an important and regular c
ustomer, supplier or
banker.
'Other processes related to unemployment, perso
nal wealth, a liberal
political climate, or local spending or programmes of 
assistance had weak or
mixed effects,' says the report. Large claims made fo
r the job creation
ability of small enterprises are often based on faulty st
atistics.
'A more correct statement is that small establishments are
disprop
ortionately responsible for both gross job gains and losses. The
latter is p
artly due to the relatively high mortality rate of new, small
establishments
,' the report states.
It also points out that it is not surprising that smal
l enterprises
(employing up to 100 people) should play an important role in 
job creation
as they account for between 40 and 70 per cent of all jobs.
Eve
n so, the share of employment in small enterprises did rise in several
OECD 
countries from the early-1970s.
The employment share of small enterprises va
ries widely from a high of 71
per cent in Italy to a low of 43 per cent in t
he US. Britain is at the lower
end with 49.1 per cent.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countrie
s:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
    USZ  United States of America.
  
  DEZ  Germany, EC.
    DKZ  Denmark, EC.
    SEZ  Sweden, West Europe.
    
CAZ  Canada.
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    FRZ  France, EC.
    QMZ  Organisatio
n for Economic Cooperation and Development.
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<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<I
N>P9441 Administration of Social and Manpower Programs.
    P9611 Administra
tion of General Economic Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>ECON  Employ
ment & unemployment.
    STATS  Statistics.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times <
/PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 218 ==============================================
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<HEADLINE> FT  20 JUL 94 / OECD Employment Outlook: Scepticism o
n jobs role of small business </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID GOODHART </BY
LINE>
<TEXT>
Job turnover in the OECD countries is higher than expected, wit
h an average
of one in five jobs being newly created or destroyed each year,
 according to
a special chapter in the OECD employment outlook on job gains 
and job
losses.
The study finds little variation across countries and no cor
relation between
job turnover levels and degree of labour market regulation.

Indeed, the figures suggest that the highly regulated Nordic countries have

some of the highest job turnover levels and the deregulated UK and US some

of the lowest.
The study suggests high job turnover cuts employer-employee c
ommitment and
skill training. It also expresses scepticism about the assumpt
ion that small
enterprises will be the motor of job creation, pointing out t
hat, in the
late-1980s, employment growth was mainly due to expansion of exi
sting
enterprises.
Across the OECD, job gains from new starts and the expans
ion of existing
enterprises now average 10 per cent of total employment each
 year, while job
losses from closures and contractions also average about 10
 per cent.
The UK and Germany, despite wide differences in the degree of lab
our market
and business regulation, show similarly low job turnover between 
the
mid-1980s and early-1990s.
The spectrum on job gains ranged from 9 per c
ent of total employment in the
UK and Germany to 16 per cent in Denmark, whi
le the rate of job losses
ranged from 7 per cent in the UK and Germany to 15
 per cent in Sweden.
Combining the percentage of jobs created and those dest
royed yearly, the US
turnover rate is 23.4 per cent, Canada 26.3 and the UK 
15.3. The highest
figure is New Zealand (35.5 per cent) followed by Denmark 
(29.8), Sweden
(29.1) and France (27.1). In most countries about 80 per cent
 of job
turnover is not related to the economic cycle, and most turnover is 
due to
labour displacement within industries rather than across industries.

There is quite a large variation within Europe in the extent to which job
ga
ins come from new enterprises or expanding existing ones.
There is, however,
 relatively little difference between patterns of turnover
in North America 
and Europe, particularly in manufacturing. The report says
'the manufacturin
g sector in North America is no more dynamic in terms of
openings and closur
es of establishments than a sample of Nordic countries.'
Looking at the over
all birth and death rate of enterprises, the UK has the
lowest 'birth rate' 
of the countries studied despite the increase in small
companies and self-em
ployment associated with the 'enterprise culture' of
the Thatcher years.
New
 enterprise creation as a proportion of all enterprises - between the
mid-19
80s and early 1990s - was highest in Canada (19.1 per cent), Sweden
(16.8) a
nd France (14.3).
Of the nine countries studied the UK was last (9.2 per cen
t). But the UK
also has the lowest rate of establishment closure at 8.5 per 
cent. The US is
also at the bottom end for both openings (13.6 per cent) and
 closures (9.2
per cent).
Only 10 per cent of those companies surviving at l
east six years created
jobs in the first two years and only 11 per cent crea
ted jobs during the
first four years. However, after six years, 34 per cent 
of the survivors had
created jobs.
On the reasons for enterprise survival, t
he report quotes a study which
stresses the availability of advice from priv
ate or public experts and
having partners such as an important and regular c
ustomer, supplier or
banker.
'Other processes related to unemployment, perso
nal wealth, a liberal
political climate, or local spending or programmes of 
assistance had weak or
mixed effects,' says the report. Large claims made fo
r the job creation
ability of small enterprises are often based on faulty st
atistics.
'A more correct statement is that small establishments are
disprop
ortionately responsible for both gross job gains and losses. The
latter is p
artly due to the relatively high mortality rate of new, small
establishments
,' the report states.
It also points out that it is not surprising that smal
l enterprises
(employing up to 100 people) should play an important role in 
job creation
as they account for between 40 and 70 per cent of all jobs.
Eve
n so, the share of employment in small enterprises did rise in several
OECD 
countries from the early-1970s.
The employment share of small enterprises va
ries widely from a high of 71
per cent in Italy to a low of 43 per cent in t
he US. Britain is at the lower
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</TEXT>
<XX>
Countrie
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</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
    USZ  United States of America.
  
  DEZ  Germany, EC.
    DKZ  Denmark, EC.
    SEZ  Sweden, West Europe.
    
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<PUB>The Financial Times <
/PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 219 ==============================================
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<HEADLINE> FT  20 JUL 94 / OECD Employment Outlook: Scepticism o
n jobs role of small business </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID GOODHART </BY
LINE>
<TEXT>
Job turnover in the OECD countries is higher than expected, wit
h an average
of one in five jobs being newly created or destroyed each year,
 according to
a special chapter in the OECD employment outlook on job gains 
and job
losses.
The study finds little variation across countries and no cor
relation between
job turnover levels and degree of labour market regulation.

Indeed, the figures suggest that the highly regulated Nordic countries have

some of the highest job turnover levels and the deregulated UK and US some

of the lowest.
The study suggests high job turnover cuts employer-employee c
ommitment and
skill training. It also expresses scepticism about the assumpt
ion that small
enterprises will be the motor of job creation, pointing out t
hat, in the
late-1980s, employment growth was mainly due to expansion of exi
sting
enterprises.
Across the OECD, job gains from new starts and the expans
ion of existing
enterprises now average 10 per cent of total employment each
 year, while job
losses from closures and contractions also average about 10
 per cent.
The UK and Germany, despite wide differences in the degree of lab
our market
and business regulation, show similarly low job turnover between 
the
mid-1980s and early-1990s.
The spectrum on job gains ranged from 9 per c
ent of total employment in the
UK and Germany to 16 per cent in Denmark, whi
le the rate of job losses
ranged from 7 per cent in the UK and Germany to 15
 per cent in Sweden.
Combining the percentage of jobs created and those dest
royed yearly, the US
turnover rate is 23.4 per cent, Canada 26.3 and the UK 
15.3. The highest
figure is New Zealand (35.5 per cent) followed by Denmark 
(29.8), Sweden
(29.1) and France (27.1). In most countries about 80 per cent
 of job
turnover is not related to the economic cycle, and most turnover is 
due to
labour displacement within industries rather than across industries.

There is quite a large variation within Europe in the extent to which job
ga
ins come from new enterprises or expanding existing ones.
There is, however,
 relatively little difference between patterns of turnover
in North America 
and Europe, particularly in manufacturing. The report says
'the manufacturin
g sector in North America is no more dynamic in terms of
openings and closur
es of establishments than a sample of Nordic countries.'
Looking at the over
all birth and death rate of enterprises, the UK has the
lowest 'birth rate' 
of the countries studied despite the increase in small
companies and self-em
ployment associated with the 'enterprise culture' of
the Thatcher years.
New
 enterprise creation as a proportion of all enterprises - between the
mid-19
80s and early 1990s - was highest in Canada (19.1 per cent), Sweden
(16.8) a
nd France (14.3).
Of the nine countries studied the UK was last (9.2 per cen
t). But the UK
also has the lowest rate of establishment closure at 8.5 per 
cent. The US is
also at the bottom end for both openings (13.6 per cent) and
 closures (9.2
per cent).
Only 10 per cent of those companies surviving at l
east six years created
jobs in the first two years and only 11 per cent crea
ted jobs during the
first four years. However, after six years, 34 per cent 
of the survivors had
created jobs.
On the reasons for enterprise survival, t
he report quotes a study which
stresses the availability of advice from priv
ate or public experts and
having partners such as an important and regular c
ustomer, supplier or
banker.
'Other processes related to unemployment, perso
nal wealth, a liberal
political climate, or local spending or programmes of 
assistance had weak or
mixed effects,' says the report. Large claims made fo
r the job creation
ability of small enterprises are often based on faulty st
atistics.
'A more correct statement is that small establishments are
disprop
ortionately responsible for both gross job gains and losses. The
latter is p
artly due to the relatively high mortality rate of new, small
establishments
,' the report states.
It also points out that it is not surprising that smal
l enterprises
(employing up to 100 people) should play an important role in 
job creation
as they account for between 40 and 70 per cent of all jobs.
Eve
n so, the share of employment in small enterprises did rise in several
OECD 
countries from the early-1970s.
The employment share of small enterprises va
ries widely from a high of 71
per cent in Italy to a low of 43 per cent in t
he US. Britain is at the lower
end with 49.1 per cent.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countrie
s:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
    USZ  United States of America.
  
  DEZ  Germany, EC.
    DKZ  Denmark, EC.
    SEZ  Sweden, West Europe.
    
CAZ  Canada.
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    QMZ  Organisatio
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<XX>
Industries:-
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<I
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<XX>
Types:-
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<TP>ECON  Employ
ment & unemployment.
    STATS  Statistics.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times <
/PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 220 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-7112</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHYDMACFFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
25
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 AUG 94 / Management (Marketing and Advertising)
: Europe's uncommon markets - Motoko Rich on the diversity of consumption am
ong individual countries </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By MOTOKO RICH </BYLINE>
<T
EXT>
Marketing executives aiming their products at the European consumer sho
uld
consider their prime audience as single 30-something homeowners who are

health-conscious, employed in the community, social or personal services
sec
tor, and own at least one television.
That appears the conclusion to draw fr
om the latest survey* of European
consumer lifestyles by Euromonitor, the Lo
ndon-based market analyst.
In its survey of 23 countries on a range of facto
rs from employment patterns
to birth rates since its last poll in 1989, Euro
monitor reported increasing
homeownership - now accounting for 55 per cent o
f households in Europe - and
particularly strong growth in single-person hou
seholds. In western Germany
and Scandinavia, for example, single people occu
py a third of all homes.
Birth rate trends mean the youth market in western 
Europe will fade during
the 1990s and the early years of the next century, w
hile the population aged
between 30 and 45 will represent the largest sector
 of consumers.
An increasingly health-conscious population, says the report,
 has resulted
in an overall rise of two years in European life expectancy si
nce the
mid-1980s, and of 10 years since 1970.
The community, social and per
sonal services sector represents by far the
largest employment of Europe's c
itizens. On average, 26 per cent of the
workforce in western Europe is emplo
yed in social and personal services.
This figure represents a move from the 
traditional large employers in the
manufacturing sector, which now employs a
bout 21 per cent of the workforce.
However, 23.5 per cent of employees in Gr
eece still work in agriculture,
while in the UK 57.5 per cent are employed b
y wholesalers, retailers,
restaurants or hotels.
While European unemployment
 rates have been rising by a rate of at least 2
to 3 per cent since 1988, jo
bless levels have been rising at much higher
rates in some countries. In Swe
den, unemployment rose from 1.4 per cent to
5.3 per cent between 1989 and 19
92, and jumped in Switzerland from 0.6 per
cent in 1990 to 3 per cent in 199
2. In Finland, joblessness rose from 3.5
per cent to 13.1 per cent from 1988
 to 1992.
However, some consumer goods appear to be essential, job or no job
. In every
country surveyed, televisions are owned by 95 per cent of househo
lds.
Consumption trends have been affected by stagnancy in west European spe
nding
power, while levels in eastern Europe have plummeted as state subsidie
s have
been withdrawn. Although real incomes are beginning to rise, the surv
ey gave
a 'poor prognosis' for large spending on consumer items.
The survey 
noted, however, that general wealth was increasing in western
Europe, where 
average per capita production in 1992 was Dollars 21,000,
(Pounds 13,550) wi
th two-thirds of that figure devoted to personal
disposable income. In south
ern Europe, per capita gross domestic product
ranges from Dollars 7,800 in G
reece to Dollars 21,500 in Italy. In eastern
Europe it dropped as low as Dol
lars 600 in Russia and Dollars 3,400 in
Hungary, the highest in the region.

Spending habits in certain sectors varied widely between markets. Food, for

example, accounts for twice as much of the household budget in Greece or
Por
tugal - 27 to 32 per cent - as in Germany or the UK. In eastern Europe,
cons
umers spend 30 to 40 per cent of their budgets on food, although in
Hungary 
the proportion is 17 per cent.
As a proportion of total consumption, spendin
g on housing is rising - at the
time of the previous survey the rate was fal
ling.
The report warns that the current mood in Europe is towards national
p
erspectives in consumption as much as anything else.
*European Consumer Life
styles, available from Euromonitor, 87-88 Turnmill
Street, London EC1M 5QU, 
071 251 8024. Pounds 495.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XGZ  Europe.
</
CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P873  Research and Testing Services.
</IN>
<
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</XX>
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</TP>
<PUB>The Financial
 Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 9 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-13983</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CGJA7ABLFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
710
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  10 JUL 92 / Arts: Today's Television </HEADLINE>

<BYLINE>    By CHRISTOPHER DUNKLEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Soap fans need to be on 
sucrose tablets and benzedrine inhalers on Fridays:
5.10 Home And Away on IT
V, 5.35 Neighbours on BBC1, 7.00 Eldorado on BBC1,
7.30 Coronation Street on
 ITV, 8.00 Brookside on C4. And only a short time
ago the more intelligent f
oreign tourists were marvelling at the sort of
material you could find on pe
ak time television in Britain.
Look at the schedule on C4, the 'minority' ch
annel, the 'be-different'
channel. From 6.00 the list goes: American comedy,
 sport, news, five minutes
of opinion, soap, game show, sport, American come
dy, British comedy, satire,
old American movie, old American sci-fi TV.
That
 last offering, The Twilight Zone, is one of the three programmes I want
to 
watch, and luckily it is at 1.10 in the morning. The other two clash. I
shal
l watch the Athletics from Crystal Palace (8.00 ITV) in the hope of
seeing S
teve Backley regain his world javelin record so impressively smashed
by Zele
zny last week, and tape The Crescent And The Star (8.00 BBC2), an
engrossing
 series about the rapid re-establishment of Islam as the dominant
social cod
e of central Asia, now that communism has collapsed.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 17 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-464</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DLXCEADQFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>93122
4
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  24 DEC 93 / Television and Radio Review: Critics' C
hoice </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By NIGEL ANDREWS and CHRISTOPHER DUNKLEY </BYL
INE>
<TEXT>
Nigel Andrews selects his top five films for Christmas:
A hundre
d movies crowd into the TV networks over the festive season and the
message 
from the media pulpit must be: Keep Those Video-Recorders On Power.
Most of 
the best films each day are on after midnight - and most of the
second best 
are on in the afternoon, when you and the family may be walking
off the late
st Trimalchean feast.
Here are the five treats most worth staying up for or 
worth getting a genius
to set the VCR timer:
The Philadelphia Story
(BBC1, C
hristmas Eve)
Manhattan and Crimes And Misdemeanors
(C4 and BBC2, Sunday)
A 
Fish Called Wanda
(BBC1, Monday)
Marx Brothers season
(C4, throughout the we
ekend)
Christopher Dunkley picks his top five television programmes:
Swan So
ng
(C4, Christmas Day)
Bookmark: Selected Exits
(BBC2, Christmas Day)
Belle 
de Jour
(BBC2, Christmas Day)
Wings
(C4, Sunday)
The Wrong Trousers
(BBC2, S
unday)
The Queen's Christmas Message can be heard at the following times:
9a
m Radio 4, Radio 5, World Service
10am Radio 2
11am Radio 1
1pm Radio 4
2pm 
Classic FM
3pm BBC1, ITV, Sky 1, World Service
4.15pm Channel 4 (with signin
g for the deaf)
7.50pm Family Channel (satellite)
9.05pm BBC2 (signing for t
he deaf)
11pm World Service
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United K
ingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P4833 Television Broadcasting 
Stations.
    P4832 Radio Broadcasting Stations.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<T
P>TECH  Services & Services use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE
> London Page I </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
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<PROFILE>_AN-DLXCEAD1FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>93122
4
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  24 DEC 93 / Television and Radio Review: Begin and 
end with films - Sunday </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CHRISTOPHER DUNKLEY </BYL
INE>
<TEXT>
For me the day will begin with one old movie and end with anothe
r, both on
Channel 4. Wings (1.25pm) is a 1927 silent, famous for its aerial

photography. Richard Arlen and Charles Rogers play young men who join the U
S
Army Air Corps during the first world war, and there is the added attracti
on
of Clara Bow as an ambulance driver. This was the first winner of an Osca
r
for Best Picture.
Animal Crackers, part of C4's Marx Brothers season, thei
r second film, was
made only three years later, yet it seems to inhabit a di
fferent world. This
is the one where Groucho plays Captain Spaulding and tel
ls Margaret Dumont
'You're the most beautiful woman I've ever seen, which do
esn't say much for
you.' (12.45 am).
Conductor Claudio Abbado told televisio
n director Christopher Swann: 'I
would like you to make a film of my Peter A
nd The Wolf recording using those
Spitting Image puppets.' So Swann did. Thi
rty puppets, many life size, were
created by Roger Law, and the voices are p
rovided by Roy Hudd, who plays
Prokofiev, and the members of Theatre de Comp
licite (4.25pm BBC2).
That is followed by the new plasticene animation film 
The Wrong Trousers,
'starring' Wallace and Gromit, the creations of animator
 Nick Park (5.20pm).
That in turn is followed by Porgy And Bess (5.50pm), a 
three-hour recording
of Trevor Nunn's highly-praised 1986 Glyndebourne produ
ction.
The Harmfulness Of Tobacco is a dramatisation of a Chekhov short stor
y.
Edward Fox plays a harassed husband who, while giving a boring speech,
be
gins to reveal his inner feelings about his home life (8.30pm C4).
</TEXT>
<
XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
<
/XX>
<IN>P4832 Radio Broadcasting Stations.
    P4833 Television Broadcastin
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</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
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<TP>TECH  Services & Services use.
</TP
>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page III </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-1588</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EIWEEADKFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9409
23
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 SEP 94 / Arts: Today's Television </HEADLINE>
<
BYLINE>    By CHRISTOPHER DUNKLEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Surely we all know people
 who have gone to amazing lengths to get their
children into the state schoo
ls of their choice? I know a magistrate who has
lied repeatedly about her ad
dress and spent years collecting school letters
from friends' houses, and ot
hers who have actually moved house for the sake
of being in the 'right' area
. So Class Action will have to dig up something
truly extraordinary if the f
irst programme in its new series is going to
surprise us on that subject (8.
00 C4). Radio 3 has a couple of promising
programmes. At 9.20 the Endellion 
Quartet play three Haydn pieces (Op 33 No
3, Op 20 No 5 and Op 76 No 2) and 
Webern's Langsammer Satz. That is followed
by the 'Friday Feature' Born Unde
r The Star Of Comedy in which Joe Farrell
tells the story of Carlo Goldoni, 
an 18th-century Venetian who churned out
no fewer than 250 plays (10.45). I 
found the opening episode of Knowing Me,
Knowing You embarrassing rather tha
n funny, but perhaps Alan Partridge's
spoof chat show will improve (10.00 BB
C2). The opening programme in a new
run of Clive Anderson Talks Back was, by
 contrast, very funny indeed (10.30
C4).
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>
GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P4832 Radio Broad
casting Stations.
    P4833 Television Broadcasting Stations.
    P4841 Cabl
e and Other Pay Television Services.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Serv
ices & Services use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pag
e 19 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOCNO>FT942-17492</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EDECPAE1FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
402
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 APR 94 / Television (Sunday): An in-depth look
 at the Channel tunnel </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CHRISTOPHER DUNKLEY </BYLI
NE>
<TEXT>
Serious Money presents a discussion about the future of the Chann
el tunnel:
will it revolutionise trade and travel or (given that everyone yo
u speak to
says the same thing: 'I wouldn't dream of using it unless it was 
much
cheaper than the alternatives') is it doomed to economic failure? Among
 the
participants are Alistair Morton, Chairman of Eurotunnel, and Bob Reid,

Chairman of British Rail (5.15 C4).
Though Pie In The Sky is not the most z
ippy or compelling detective series
it has quickly become a regular fixture 
in our household. Mrs D. (caterer)
approves of Henry Crabbe's approach to ca
tering and Mr D. (greedy pig)
imagines he would like Crabbe's cooking. Both 
enjoy the foodie jokes, and
the police element is proficient enough yet sati
sfactorily secondary. Merely
watching Richard Griffiths move about is rather
 wonderful (7.30 BBC1).
Did presenter Pete McCarthy dream up Travelog In Fra
nce? Visiting four
contrasting regions, we are told, he starts his search fo
r 'the real France'
in the local bar in each instance. 'I've got this idea f
or a series: I nip
across the Channel and lounge about in the boozers soakin
g up the
atmosphere. What do you think?' Brilliant Pete (8.10 C4).
Today's d
rama in the Arena Relics series is based upon the bizarre case of
Charlie Ch
aplin's disappearing coffin: in 1978 it was stolen from his grave
in Switzer
land and a ransom was demanded from his widow (8.35 BBC2). Best
movie of the
 day is The Maltese Falcon, John Huston's 1941 thriller with
Bogart as gumsh
oe Sam Spade and the villains played by Peter Lorre and
Sydney Greenstreet (
11.00 BBC1).
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</C
N>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P4833 Television Broadcasting Stations.
</IN>

<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Services & Services use.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page XIX </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-14007</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CDHA7AGHFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
408
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 APR 92 / Election 1992: Beeb on top - Ballot B
ox </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
One early election winner is likely to be the BBC, whi
ch is holding its lead
over ITN in the news-programme ratings.
The average B
arb figures for the first two full weeks of the campaign put
the audience fo
r the Nine O'Clock News at 6.2m, against 5.7m for News at
Ten. In the second
 week, however, News at Ten closed the gap and took a
whisker of a lead  - 6
.1m against the BBC's 6m  - although that would
probably have to be called a
 dead heat under BBC rules for dealing with
relatively small samples.
The BB
C's One O'Clock News and Six O'Clock News maintained their large lead
over I
TN equivalents: 4.2m against 2.7m at lunch and 7.5m to 6.4m in the
early eve
ning in the second week. Newsnight and Channel 4 News continue to
slug it ou
t with Newsnight on 1m to C4's 900,000.
Overall audiences for news programme
s were up on the same period last year,
but if you want a sense of perspecti
ve Coronation Street and EastEnders are
still pulling in 19.63m and 15.69m r
espectively.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </
PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-11972</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CGVAPAA7FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
722
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 JUL 92 / Arts: Today's Television </HEADLINE>

<BYLINE>    By PATRICIA MORISON </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Bitter Harvest, tonight's S
creenplay (BBC2 at 9.00pm) is a tale of murder,
exploitation, and British We
st Indians in search of their 'roots', filmed in
the sugar cane fields of Do
minica.
This week's Fighting Back could be riveting. TV producer Desmond Wil
cox
describes his heart-bypass and peers at someone else on the slab undergo
ing
the same op. (Do the people cut up nightly on screen for our delectation

receive appearance fees?)
The World in a Garden (C4 at 8.30pm) begins a fou
r-part series describing
the restoration of a Victorian garden at Biddulph G
range, Staffordshire.
E. Nesbit's Edwardian classic, Five Children and It is
 being repeated (BBC 1
at 5.05pm). In case you were wondering, It is a furry
 creature, the
Psammead. Worth capturing on video, in case the summer hols a
re rained off.
The comedy film Gung Ho (BBC 1 at 10.25pm), made in 1986, cen
tres on the
clash between American and Japanese values in the work-place. It
 stars
Michael Keaton (alias Batman) as foreman of a car-plant who acts as c
ultural
go-between.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pa
ge 15 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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zfind "(topic @ {import cuban sugar buy})"

============= Transaction # 232 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 233 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-9644</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBKBQACWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
11
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  11 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Low Cuban
 sugar crop forecast </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAMIAN FRASER </BYLINE>
<DAT
ELINE>    MEXICO CITY </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA'S SUGAR crop is at best likely
 to be 6.5m tonnes in 1991-92, about 1.1m
tonnes less than in 1990-91, accor
ding to a group of sugar experts who
gathered together in the Dominican repu
blic under the auspices of the
(moderate) Cuban exile group, Sociedad Econom
ica de los Amigos del Pais.
The experts - who included a senior official fro
m the US Department of
Agriculture, analysts from FO Licht, the German sugar
 statistics agency,
Scudder Group, Czarnikow, the London trade house, and as
sorted academics -
believed that Cuba failed to harvest any sugar in the las
t two months of
1991. This would reduce the seasonal (November-June) harvest
 by between
300,000 and 1m tonnes.
In January harvesting appears to have bee
n very slow. Even if the weather
holds up, the experts agreed that Cuba woul
d be lucky to produce 6.5m tonnes
this year, given the shortages of spare pa
rts, poor maintenance of
equipment, and problems in the field. The onset of 
rain would push the
forecast even lower, said Mr Gerry Hagelberg, of FO Lich
t.
In November the USDA estimated that Cuba's production would reach 7.3m
to
nnes. Mr Peter Buzzanell, the official responsible for estimates,
suggested 
that the department would formally revise its estimate downwards
as early as
 this week.
The drop of production, if it materialises, will hit Cuba's batt
ered economy
hard - for the first time it is having to sell sugar (usually 7
5 per cent of
exports) at world, rather than preferential prices. But it wil
l come as
welcome news to the world sugar market, which has been bracing its
elf for a
flood of sugar after the collapse of Cuba's barter trade with the

former-Soviet Union.
In the nine months to last September, Cuba exported 6.1
5m tonnes of sugar,
of which 3.7m tonnes went to the Soviet Union, 740,000 t
onnes to China,
about 500,000 tonnes to Japan and Canada and the remainder t
o assorted
countries. In the full year Cuba promised to send the Soviet Unio
n 4m tonnes
of sugar in return for 10m tonnes of oil and other products. (An
 exchange
that valued Cuban sugar at about 24 cents a lb, compared with a wo
rld price
of 8 cents a lb).
This year, however, Cuba has had to renegotiate 
with ex-Soviet Union states.
So far Russia has agreed to buy (with oil) 500,
000 tonnes of Cuban sugar,
with an option to buy another 500,000 tonnes; Kaz
akhstan will take another
200,000 tonnes, with an option for 200,000 tonnes;
 and Latvia 50,000 tonnes.
Cuba will thus have to find a home for about 1.5m
 tonnes of sugar that in
the past went to the Soviet Union, assuming product
ion at the lower 6.5m
tonnes (and exports at around 5.4m tonnes), and the op
tions fully taken up.
Some of this excess sugar will go to other ex-Soviet s
tates that have yet to
sign trade agreements with Cuba, and, says Mr Hagelbe
rg, perhaps as much as
400,000 tonnes to Iran and South Korea.
Nevertheless 
the world markets could still be expected to absorb about 1m
tonnes of extra
 Cuban sugar this year - unless Cuba's crop deteriorates
still further.
</TE
XT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 234 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-2679</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFQCFAGLFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 JUN 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: 'End of a
n era' in sugar market </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>

<TEXT>
THE DEMISE of central buying agencies for raw sugar in the former Sov
iet
Union and China has ended the era of large-scale bulk raw sugar prices,

according to the June sugar market report from ED & F. Man, the London
tradi
ng house.
This change in the nature of the market goes some way towards expl
aining why
news of the smallest Cuban sugar harvest for 30 years - 4.2m tonn
es - failed
to boost world prices. 'In both China and Russia imports have, b
y and large,
been decentralised. The resulting trend towards disparate purch
ases is not
conducive to speculative hype,' says the report.
In addition, ch
anging trade policies and depreciating currencies in eastern
Europe had left
 the market guessing about import quantities. Consumption was
also difficult
 to estimate for a large majority of the developing countries
with sensitive
 incomes.
Man described the fall in the Cuban harvest from 7m tonnes last ye
ar as 'a
major blow' to the country's sugar industry. While the extent of an
y
recovery next year was difficult to gauge, the certainty of continuing
eco
nomic problems and a potentially lower cane yield did not bode well.
</TEXT>

<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CNZ  China, Asia.
    RUZ  Russia, East Europe.

</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX
>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times 
</PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOCNO>FT932-2679</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFQCFAGLFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 JUN 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: 'End of a
n era' in sugar market </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>

<TEXT>
THE DEMISE of central buying agencies for raw sugar in the former Sov
iet
Union and China has ended the era of large-scale bulk raw sugar prices,

according to the June sugar market report from ED & F. Man, the London
tradi
ng house.
This change in the nature of the market goes some way towards expl
aining why
news of the smallest Cuban sugar harvest for 30 years - 4.2m tonn
es - failed
to boost world prices. 'In both China and Russia imports have, b
y and large,
been decentralised. The resulting trend towards disparate purch
ases is not
conducive to speculative hype,' says the report.
In addition, ch
anging trade policies and depreciating currencies in eastern
Europe had left
 the market guessing about import quantities. Consumption was
also difficult
 to estimate for a large majority of the developing countries
with sensitive
 incomes.
Man described the fall in the Cuban harvest from 7m tonnes last ye
ar as 'a
major blow' to the country's sugar industry. While the extent of an
y
recovery next year was difficult to gauge, the certainty of continuing
eco
nomic problems and a potentially lower cane yield did not bode well.
</TEXT>

<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CNZ  China, Asia.
    RUZ  Russia, East Europe.

</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX
>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times 
</PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 236 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-2679</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFQCFAGLFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 JUN 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: 'End of a
n era' in sugar market </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>

<TEXT>
THE DEMISE of central buying agencies for raw sugar in the former Sov
iet
Union and China has ended the era of large-scale bulk raw sugar prices,

according to the June sugar market report from ED & F. Man, the London
tradi
ng house.
This change in the nature of the market goes some way towards expl
aining why
news of the smallest Cuban sugar harvest for 30 years - 4.2m tonn
es - failed
to boost world prices. 'In both China and Russia imports have, b
y and large,
been decentralised. The resulting trend towards disparate purch
ases is not
conducive to speculative hype,' says the report.
In addition, ch
anging trade policies and depreciating currencies in eastern
Europe had left
 the market guessing about import quantities. Consumption was
also difficult
 to estimate for a large majority of the developing countries
with sensitive
 incomes.
Man described the fall in the Cuban harvest from 7m tonnes last ye
ar as 'a
major blow' to the country's sugar industry. While the extent of an
y
recovery next year was difficult to gauge, the certainty of continuing
eco
nomic problems and a potentially lower cane yield did not bode well.
</TEXT>

<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CNZ  China, Asia.
    RUZ  Russia, East Europe.

</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX
>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times 
</PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 237 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-12369</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EKBD9AA5FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>941
102
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 NOV 94 / Russia cuts off Cuba's oil supplies <
/HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN LLOYD and PASCAL FLETCHER </BYLINE>
<DATELINE
>    MOSCOW, HAVANA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Russia has suspended shipments of oil
 to Cuba because the Caribbean state
has not met its promised level of sugar
 exports to Russia, Mr Oleg Davydov,
the Russian trade minister, said yester
day. The cut in supplies to a country
which once enjoyed the closest links w
ith the former Soviet Union is
expected to further damage the recession-hit 
Cuban economy.
The decision is in line with Russia's attitude to other count
ries which once
enjoyed oil imports for barter, or at prices far below the w
orld market
level - including former Soviet states which are now independent
 countries.
Mr Davydov said Russia had exported 1.5m tonnes of oil to Cuba, 
but had
received only 500,000 tonnes of sugar - 550,000 tonnes short of the 
amount
agreed. He said Russia would sell the remaining 1m tonnes of oil it h
ad
agreed to ship to Cuba on the world market, 'adding around Dollars 120m t
o
the national budget'. 'If after our own sugar harvest the need arises to
i
mport more sugar cane, then we are prepared to open negotiations again with

Cuba on this issue in 1995,' Mr Davydov said. He added, however, that the
ba
rter of sugar for oil was unprofitable.
An official of the Cuban sugar organ
isation, Cubazucar, said the deal,
agreed last December, was still active - 
although only partly fulfilled. 'It
doesn't mean the accord has stopped.' Ho
wever, Cuba would not be able to
deliver sugar until December or January, af
ter this year's harvest.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>RUZ  Russia, Eas
t Europe.
    CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9721 
International Affairs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP
>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 238 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-9212</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DHKB7ADOFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9308
11
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  11 AUG 93 / Cuba raises prices in dollar shops </H
EADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    KINGSTON </DATE
LINE>
<TEXT>
THE Cuban government has increased by half the prices charged f
or goods sold
in special shops, in its attempts to obtain more foreign curre
ncy and shore
up the economy.
The shops - where goods are sold for dollars -
 have been especially favoured
by Cubans and foreigners in the past fortnigh
t, since the government's
announcement of its intention to liberalise the fo
reign currency
regulations, removing the ban on Cubans owning and spending h
ard currency.
A range of consumer goods, including food and electronic appli
ances, is sold
in the dollar shops, but is not available in other shops whic
h deal in Cuban
pesos. Cubans who receive funds from relatives abroad have b
enefited most
from the changes.
Diplomats in Havana, who used to be the main
 customers at the dollar shops,
said yesterday they expected the price incre
ases to cause a temporary
decline in business, but that Cubans with foreign 
currency would continue to
buy there.
Cuba's foreign earnings have been hit 
by a sharp decline in the production
of sugar, the main export, because of b
ad weather and a shortage of fuel,
machinery and spare parts.
Making it lega
l for Cubans to own foreign currency and spend it in the
special stores, is 
unlikely to close the anticipated Dollars 500m (Pounds
335.5m) shortfall in 
sugar earnings.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</C
N>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P54   Food Stores.
    P5722 Household Applia
nce Stores.
    P9311 Finance, Taxation, and Monetary Policy.
</IN>
<XX>
Typ
es:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PA
GE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 239 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-1106</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIXB5AFYFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
24
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  24 SEP 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Cuban sug
ar growers face more problems </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE>
<D
ATELINE>    HAVANA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA, which in 1991-92 produced its lo
west sugar crop in a decade, faces an
even more difficult harvest in 1992-93
, according to Mr Juan Herrera, the
Cuban sugar minister, Reuter reports fro
m Havana.
The Cuban domestic news agency AIN said Mr Herrera told Cuba's off
icial
workers' trade union that 'in the coming harvest there will be even gr
eater
difficulties'.
Cuba produced 7m tonnes of sugar in the 1991-92 harvest
, which was plagued
by shortages of oil, lubricants, spare parts, herbicides
, pesticides and
fertilisers. Mr Herrera said a fall in the number of availa
ble sugar cane
harvesting machines would mean an increase in cane cutting by
 manual workers
next season.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> 
London Page 34 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 240 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-1006</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EI0DNAA4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9409
27
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 SEP 94 / Cubans urged not to forget their sugar
: Havana recognises food market reforms are not enough to rescue economy </H
EADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PASCAL FLETCHER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
In a recent broadca
st, Cuban state radio chastised some of the country's
sugar workers for spen
ding more time growing food than weeding cane fields.
More food is what the 
government would like - and has announced reforms to
encourage - but not at 
the expense of sugar production. Even if its farm
reforms, modelled on those
 that proved so successful in China and Vietnam,
do produce results, boostin
g sugar production will prove more difficult.
But Cuban officials say it is 
imperative to help haul the country out of its
four-year-old recession that 
has seen the economy's buying power (its
capacity to import using available 
export revenues) contract from USDollars
8bn in 1989 to Dollars 1.7bn in 199
3.
'Cuba is a sugar economy . . . . Economic recovery must come through
reco
very in the sugar harvests,' Mr Octavio Castilla, deputy minister for
foreig
n investment and economic co-operation, said.
From this Saturday, Cuba's far
mers will gradually start legally selling
produce directly to the public. Un
der reforms detailed last week, state
farms and individual growers, excludin
g sugar co-operatives, will be allowed
freely to set their own prices to sel
l surplus fruit and vegetables after
they have fulfilled government supply q
uotas.
The reforms, part of an on-going cautious process of economic
liberal
isation, are aimed at easing chronic food shortages and combating the
flouri
shing black market. To some extent they amount to the legalisation of
an alr
eady widespread sale of black market produce by Cuban farmers which
has resu
lted in inflationary black market prices.
'I am sure that with this legislat
ion we can stimulate food production
through the law of supply and demand,' 
Cuban defence minister Raul Castro,
brother of President Fidel Castro, said.

The strategic sugar sector appears headed for another difficult season. It

was one of the areas hardest hit by the unravelling of the comfortable
cocoo
n of preferential trade and aid ties Cuba had enjoyed with the now
defunct S
oviet bloc. The impact of this economic shock has been compounded
by a US tr
ade and financial embargo that remains firmly in place.
The 1992-93 sugar ha
rvest, hit by bad weather and shortages of fuel,
fertilisers and spares, was
 only 4.2m tonnes, a 40 per cent drop from the
previous season. The 1993-94 
crop fell lower still. Cuba put it at just
above 4m tonnes. Some internation
al traders said it was even lower.
Sugar is not just the island's biggest ex
port earner, accounting for about
40 per cent of total external revenue in 1
993. It is also a key commodity to
trade for vital oil imports and is closel
y inter-linked with other sectors
such as farming, export rum production and
 energy generation.
As Cuba prepares for the start of the next harvest in No
vember, alarm bells
are sounding about sloppy preparations. In unusually fra
nk reports, the
state media have criticised poor repairs and maintenance at 
sugar mills,
delays in new cane plantings and the failure of sugar workers t
o weed
growing cane fields.
'One of the most critical points at this time is
 the sugar harvest,' Mr
Castilla said. He said urgent reforms were needed to
 de-centralise,
re-organise and revitalise the sugar sector.
Incentives for 
sugar workers either in the form of bonuses or improved
access to necessary 
consumer goods in exchange for higher productivity,
similar to those already
 introduced in the tourism sector, are being
discussed.
If this season's har
vest is as bad, or worse, than the last, gross earnings
from tourism could o
vertake sugar as the island's leading hard currency
earner. The tourism indu
stry, one of the first to be opened to foreign
investment, had became more p
rofitable and cost effective as the number of
foreign visitors increased.
Fi
gures published by Cuba's Centre for Studies on the Cuban Economy show
that 
tourism grossed Dollars 650m in 1993 - net earnings are substantially
less b
ecause of the imports needed to service the tourist industry -
compared with
 Dollars 720m earned by sugar exports.
Besides tourism, foreign investors, e
specially Mexicans, are putting money
into textiles, cement, steel and glass
 manufacturing, cosmetics production
and citrus farming. Canadians are leadi
ng the field in the oil exploration
and mining sectors.
One additional exter
nal squeeze will come from the US government's decision
on August 20 to rest
rict dollar remittances sent to relatives in Cuba by
Cuban-Americans living 
in the US. Mr Jose Luis Rodrguez, the finance
minister, said this would hurt
, but described as 'exaggerated' US reports
that the remittances represented
 Dollars 500m of income for Cuba each year.
Over the last 18 months, the gov
ernment has lifted a ban on Cubans using
hard currency, legalised limited pr
ivate initiative in some trades and
crafts and moved to balance the country'
s lopsided internal finances through
cutting subsidies, starting a tax syste
m and raising prices of utilities and
consumer goods such as alcohol and cig
arettes.
'We're moving, we're not standing about with our arms crossed. Ther
e is a
process of reform in progress,' Osvaldo Martnez, president of the Cub
an
parliament's Economy Commission, said.
But it is clear the reform process
 will be cautious and controlled and
limited by the government's expressed i
ntention to preserve its one-party
socialist system. 'We can't let the proce
ss run away from us,' Mr Martnez
said.
The government's dilemma is that it m
ust move quickly enough to respond to
popular pressure in demands for improv
ed economic conditions while not
letting the momentum of economic reform wre
st centralised control of the
economy completely from it hands.
</TEXT>
<XX>

Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<
IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
    P9611 Administration of General Econ
omic Programs.
    P9311 Finance, Taxation, and Monetary Policy.
</IN>
<XX>

Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Production.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
    ECON  
Economic Indicators.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pag
e 5 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 241 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-3603</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCMBUADIFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Problems 
piling up for Caribbean sugar sector - A wave of labour unrest is adding to 
the woes of a struggling industry, writes Canute James </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE> 
   By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A WAVE of industrial unrest in the Carib
bean sugar industry has compounded
earlier problems caused by falling produc
tion and changes in important
markets.
Exporters are having difficulty in re
taining traditional markets and no new
ones are available; some export quota
s have been reduced while some export
commitments are not being fulfilled.
T
he pain is most evident in Barbados, for which the sugar industry is a
relat
ively small but important pillar of the troubled economy. An eight-week
stri
ke that delayed the start of this year's harvest has reduced production
at a
 time when the financially strapped industry has been trying to catch
its br
eath.
The industry was shut down late last year because it ran out of money.
 The
privately-owned Barbados Sugar Industry Ltd, which operates the island'
s
mills, owes a state-owned bank about USDollars 87m. New money has not been

available because the government is under pressure to reduce state spending
.
It took a loan of Pounds 5m from Barclays Bank of the UK to get the indust
ry
up on its feet again, but preparations by millers to start processing can
e
in January were frustrated by a strike. Unions demanded an increase in wag
es
but the millers said they were unable to pay because of their weak financ
es.
It took the intervention of the country's prime minister to break the
im
passe.
The industry is forecasting production of 50,000 tonnes for this year
, which
will not be enough to meet its quotas to the European Community and 
the US
while satisfying domestic demand, for which about 73,000 tonnes would
 be
needed.
Failure to fill export quotas has also been a major worry for th
e Guyanese
sugar industry. In each of the past three years the country has p
leaded
force majeure on scheduled shipments to the European Community as pro
duction
has faltered because of strikes and poor weather.
The industry expec
ts to meet its EC quota of 167,000 tonnes this year
although production was 
only 155,000 tonnes last year, 25,000 tonnes more
than in 1990. Like other c
ountries that fear a loss of their quotas if they
do not meet the supply sch
edules, Guyana and Barbados may be forced to
import sugar for the domestic m
arket.
'The logic here is quite simple,' explains a Jamaican trade official.
 'The
preferential markets such as the EC pay more than the exporters would 
get on
the world market. So they ensure they meet their quotas and then buy 
cheaply
on the world market for domestic consumption. The EC and the US do n
ot like
this practice, but it is done fairly often.'
In Guyana and Barbados 
efforts are being made to improve the management of
the sugar industry and r
aise productivity. Booker Tate, a subsidiary of
Booker of the UK, is managin
g the state-owned industry in Guyana, and will
begin running the Barbados in
dustry later this year.
The marginal improvement in output by the Jamaican i
ndustry over the past
two years was halted by a two-week strike at the islan
d's nine mills that
ended this week. This year's target of 230,000 tonnes, i
f it is achieved,
will allow the island to meet its quota commitments.
The a
dministrators of the industry in the Caribbean complain that region's
market
ing and production plans are being adversely affected by changing
conditions
 in important markets, such as the US, where adjustments to import
quotas ar
e frequent. In the current crop year, for example, most of the
Caribbean pro
ducers have had their US quota cut by 35 per cent, and others
by 10 per cent
.
These changes, which are influenced mainly by the level of domestic US
pro
duction, are expected to reduce the Caribbean region's earnings by about
USD
ollars 70m. The reduction is hitting hardest in the Dominican Republic,
wher
e industry has been in decline for the past decade. The cut of 35 per
cent i
n its US quota to 232,500 tonnes this year might have been less
painful had 
it not been for uncertainty over another valuable market. The
Dominicans had
 been supplying between 50,000 tonnes and 225,000 tonnes a
year to the Sovie
t Union. But with the break-up of the union Dominican
industry officials and
 bankers say there is uncertainty about future of
sales to the Commonwealth 
of Independent States, as it is now called.
Like most of the other Caribbean
 producers, production costs in the
Dominican Republic, which produced 628,0
00 tonnes last year, exceed world
market prices.
Strikes and production cost
s are not likely to be among the problems facing
the sugar sector in Cuba, t
he region's largest producer. Since the break-up
of the Soviet Union, which 
was the island's major market, short term
contracts with members of the CIS 
have brought some relief. But a
significant reduction in output is likely th
is year because of a late start
to harvesting and a shortage of fuel which h
as overtaken the embattled
economy. There are indications that output this y
ear will be about 1m tonnes
less than last year's 7.6m tonnes.
The US indust
ry, however, is already weighing the consequences of the
changes in Cuba's m
arkets, with suggestions that this could leave the island
with millions of t
onnes to dispose of on the world market. Depression of
prices would be compo
unded by a likely loss of market for some of Cuba's
neighbours, particularly
 if there were political changes on the island.
'In a post-Castro Cuba, the 
US would try to assist a new government if it is
democratic,' suggests Mr Ju
lio Herrera, president of the Caribbean Basin
Sugar Producers Group. 'Cuba w
ill inevitably turn to the US as a market for
its sugar. The US will be told
 that it has a moral obligation to buy Cuban
sugar.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 242 ==============================================
Transaction #:    242       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-3603</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCMBUADIFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Problems 
piling up for Caribbean sugar sector - A wave of labour unrest is adding to 
the woes of a struggling industry, writes Canute James </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE> 
   By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A WAVE of industrial unrest in the Carib
bean sugar industry has compounded
earlier problems caused by falling produc
tion and changes in important
markets.
Exporters are having difficulty in re
taining traditional markets and no new
ones are available; some export quota
s have been reduced while some export
commitments are not being fulfilled.
T
he pain is most evident in Barbados, for which the sugar industry is a
relat
ively small but important pillar of the troubled economy. An eight-week
stri
ke that delayed the start of this year's harvest has reduced production
at a
 time when the financially strapped industry has been trying to catch
its br
eath.
The industry was shut down late last year because it ran out of money.
 The
privately-owned Barbados Sugar Industry Ltd, which operates the island'
s
mills, owes a state-owned bank about USDollars 87m. New money has not been

available because the government is under pressure to reduce state spending
.
It took a loan of Pounds 5m from Barclays Bank of the UK to get the indust
ry
up on its feet again, but preparations by millers to start processing can
e
in January were frustrated by a strike. Unions demanded an increase in wag
es
but the millers said they were unable to pay because of their weak financ
es.
It took the intervention of the country's prime minister to break the
im
passe.
The industry is forecasting production of 50,000 tonnes for this year
, which
will not be enough to meet its quotas to the European Community and 
the US
while satisfying domestic demand, for which about 73,000 tonnes would
 be
needed.
Failure to fill export quotas has also been a major worry for th
e Guyanese
sugar industry. In each of the past three years the country has p
leaded
force majeure on scheduled shipments to the European Community as pro
duction
has faltered because of strikes and poor weather.
The industry expec
ts to meet its EC quota of 167,000 tonnes this year
although production was 
only 155,000 tonnes last year, 25,000 tonnes more
than in 1990. Like other c
ountries that fear a loss of their quotas if they
do not meet the supply sch
edules, Guyana and Barbados may be forced to
import sugar for the domestic m
arket.
'The logic here is quite simple,' explains a Jamaican trade official.
 'The
preferential markets such as the EC pay more than the exporters would 
get on
the world market. So they ensure they meet their quotas and then buy 
cheaply
on the world market for domestic consumption. The EC and the US do n
ot like
this practice, but it is done fairly often.'
In Guyana and Barbados 
efforts are being made to improve the management of
the sugar industry and r
aise productivity. Booker Tate, a subsidiary of
Booker of the UK, is managin
g the state-owned industry in Guyana, and will
begin running the Barbados in
dustry later this year.
The marginal improvement in output by the Jamaican i
ndustry over the past
two years was halted by a two-week strike at the islan
d's nine mills that
ended this week. This year's target of 230,000 tonnes, i
f it is achieved,
will allow the island to meet its quota commitments.
The a
dministrators of the industry in the Caribbean complain that region's
market
ing and production plans are being adversely affected by changing
conditions
 in important markets, such as the US, where adjustments to import
quotas ar
e frequent. In the current crop year, for example, most of the
Caribbean pro
ducers have had their US quota cut by 35 per cent, and others
by 10 per cent
.
These changes, which are influenced mainly by the level of domestic US
pro
duction, are expected to reduce the Caribbean region's earnings by about
USD
ollars 70m. The reduction is hitting hardest in the Dominican Republic,
wher
e industry has been in decline for the past decade. The cut of 35 per
cent i
n its US quota to 232,500 tonnes this year might have been less
painful had 
it not been for uncertainty over another valuable market. The
Dominicans had
 been supplying between 50,000 tonnes and 225,000 tonnes a
year to the Sovie
t Union. But with the break-up of the union Dominican
industry officials and
 bankers say there is uncertainty about future of
sales to the Commonwealth 
of Independent States, as it is now called.
Like most of the other Caribbean
 producers, production costs in the
Dominican Republic, which produced 628,0
00 tonnes last year, exceed world
market prices.
Strikes and production cost
s are not likely to be among the problems facing
the sugar sector in Cuba, t
he region's largest producer. Since the break-up
of the Soviet Union, which 
was the island's major market, short term
contracts with members of the CIS 
have brought some relief. But a
significant reduction in output is likely th
is year because of a late start
to harvesting and a shortage of fuel which h
as overtaken the embattled
economy. There are indications that output this y
ear will be about 1m tonnes
less than last year's 7.6m tonnes.
The US indust
ry, however, is already weighing the consequences of the
changes in Cuba's m
arkets, with suggestions that this could leave the island
with millions of t
onnes to dispose of on the world market. Depression of
prices would be compo
unded by a likely loss of market for some of Cuba's
neighbours, particularly
 if there were political changes on the island.
'In a post-Castro Cuba, the 
US would try to assist a new government if it is
democratic,' suggests Mr Ju
lio Herrera, president of the Caribbean Basin
Sugar Producers Group. 'Cuba w
ill inevitably turn to the US as a market for
its sugar. The US will be told
 that it has a moral obligation to buy Cuban
sugar.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 243 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-3603</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCMBUADIFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Problems 
piling up for Caribbean sugar sector - A wave of labour unrest is adding to 
the woes of a struggling industry, writes Canute James </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE> 
   By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A WAVE of industrial unrest in the Carib
bean sugar industry has compounded
earlier problems caused by falling produc
tion and changes in important
markets.
Exporters are having difficulty in re
taining traditional markets and no new
ones are available; some export quota
s have been reduced while some export
commitments are not being fulfilled.
T
he pain is most evident in Barbados, for which the sugar industry is a
relat
ively small but important pillar of the troubled economy. An eight-week
stri
ke that delayed the start of this year's harvest has reduced production
at a
 time when the financially strapped industry has been trying to catch
its br
eath.
The industry was shut down late last year because it ran out of money.
 The
privately-owned Barbados Sugar Industry Ltd, which operates the island'
s
mills, owes a state-owned bank about USDollars 87m. New money has not been

available because the government is under pressure to reduce state spending
.
It took a loan of Pounds 5m from Barclays Bank of the UK to get the indust
ry
up on its feet again, but preparations by millers to start processing can
e
in January were frustrated by a strike. Unions demanded an increase in wag
es
but the millers said they were unable to pay because of their weak financ
es.
It took the intervention of the country's prime minister to break the
im
passe.
The industry is forecasting production of 50,000 tonnes for this year
, which
will not be enough to meet its quotas to the European Community and 
the US
while satisfying domestic demand, for which about 73,000 tonnes would
 be
needed.
Failure to fill export quotas has also been a major worry for th
e Guyanese
sugar industry. In each of the past three years the country has p
leaded
force majeure on scheduled shipments to the European Community as pro
duction
has faltered because of strikes and poor weather.
The industry expec
ts to meet its EC quota of 167,000 tonnes this year
although production was 
only 155,000 tonnes last year, 25,000 tonnes more
than in 1990. Like other c
ountries that fear a loss of their quotas if they
do not meet the supply sch
edules, Guyana and Barbados may be forced to
import sugar for the domestic m
arket.
'The logic here is quite simple,' explains a Jamaican trade official.
 'The
preferential markets such as the EC pay more than the exporters would 
get on
the world market. So they ensure they meet their quotas and then buy 
cheaply
on the world market for domestic consumption. The EC and the US do n
ot like
this practice, but it is done fairly often.'
In Guyana and Barbados 
efforts are being made to improve the management of
the sugar industry and r
aise productivity. Booker Tate, a subsidiary of
Booker of the UK, is managin
g the state-owned industry in Guyana, and will
begin running the Barbados in
dustry later this year.
The marginal improvement in output by the Jamaican i
ndustry over the past
two years was halted by a two-week strike at the islan
d's nine mills that
ended this week. This year's target of 230,000 tonnes, i
f it is achieved,
will allow the island to meet its quota commitments.
The a
dministrators of the industry in the Caribbean complain that region's
market
ing and production plans are being adversely affected by changing
conditions
 in important markets, such as the US, where adjustments to import
quotas ar
e frequent. In the current crop year, for example, most of the
Caribbean pro
ducers have had their US quota cut by 35 per cent, and others
by 10 per cent
.
These changes, which are influenced mainly by the level of domestic US
pro
duction, are expected to reduce the Caribbean region's earnings by about
USD
ollars 70m. The reduction is hitting hardest in the Dominican Republic,
wher
e industry has been in decline for the past decade. The cut of 35 per
cent i
n its US quota to 232,500 tonnes this year might have been less
painful had 
it not been for uncertainty over another valuable market. The
Dominicans had
 been supplying between 50,000 tonnes and 225,000 tonnes a
year to the Sovie
t Union. But with the break-up of the union Dominican
industry officials and
 bankers say there is uncertainty about future of
sales to the Commonwealth 
of Independent States, as it is now called.
Like most of the other Caribbean
 producers, production costs in the
Dominican Republic, which produced 628,0
00 tonnes last year, exceed world
market prices.
Strikes and production cost
s are not likely to be among the problems facing
the sugar sector in Cuba, t
he region's largest producer. Since the break-up
of the Soviet Union, which 
was the island's major market, short term
contracts with members of the CIS 
have brought some relief. But a
significant reduction in output is likely th
is year because of a late start
to harvesting and a shortage of fuel which h
as overtaken the embattled
economy. There are indications that output this y
ear will be about 1m tonnes
less than last year's 7.6m tonnes.
The US indust
ry, however, is already weighing the consequences of the
changes in Cuba's m
arkets, with suggestions that this could leave the island
with millions of t
onnes to dispose of on the world market. Depression of
prices would be compo
unded by a likely loss of market for some of Cuba's
neighbours, particularly
 if there were political changes on the island.
'In a post-Castro Cuba, the 
US would try to assist a new government if it is
democratic,' suggests Mr Ju
lio Herrera, president of the Caribbean Basin
Sugar Producers Group. 'Cuba w
ill inevitably turn to the US as a market for
its sugar. The US will be told
 that it has a moral obligation to buy Cuban
sugar.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 244 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-16800</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EAGC3AFAFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
107
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 JAN 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: India se
en making heavy sugar imports </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE>
<D
ATELINE>    BOMBAY </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
India will have to import up to 500,00
0 tonnes of sugar in 1993-94 to meet
its growing consumption, according to t
he Centre for Monitoring the Indian
Economy, reports Reuter from Bombay.
CMI
E, a privately-funded research body, estimated the season's opening sugar
st
ock at 3.3m tonnes and production at 11.5m tonnes, against a domestic
consum
ption of 12.2m.
'However, about 500,000 tonnes of sugar would have to be imp
orted during the
year to maintain a healthy year-end stock level,' the centr
e said.
It suggested that the government might also allow more imports of ra
w sugar
for refining and re-export. The commerce ministry had allowed an imp
ort of
50,000 tonnes of raw sugar last month for re-export after refining.
'
More imports may be allowed after evaluating the impact of the initial flow

in the domestic markets,' CMIE said.
The government had agreed to imports of
 raw sugar after the sugar industry
suggested the idea to maintain its prese
nce in the market, where prices had
been on the rise. According to the CMIE,
 domestic sugar prices in December
were 7 per cent higher than in November a
nd 37 per cent higher than in
December 1992. But sugar industry oficials sai
d the Indian Sugar Industry
Export Corporation, the private sector agency au
thorised to import raw
sugar, had not bought any because of high internation
al prices.
'At the moment we have not gone for any purchases. We have not ap
plied our
mind to the proposal,' said Mr SL Jain of the Indian Sugar Mills'

Association. 'The present international price situation of raw sugar and
whi
te sugar is not compatible with the government policy on value addition.'
</
TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>INZ  India, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
<
/XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS 
 Foreign trade.
    MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>

<PAGE> London Page 20 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 245 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-615</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DLWCTAFBFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>93122
3
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 DEC 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Broker for
ecasts tighter sugar market for 1994 </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DEBORAH HARG
REAVES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The sugar market should tighten somewhat in the new 
year as demand continues
to rise although the current ready supply to the wo
rld market and slow
import demand has kept prices steady, according to the l
atest sugar report
from ED & F. Man, the London commodities broker.
The succ
ess of this year's Australian and Philippine sugar crops is
currently satisf
ying short-term demand, but Man suggests that the situation
may change early
 next year.
Brazilian exports could be reduced if production in the north-ea
st is lower
than last year - fears of a 50 per cent drop in output have been
 circulated.
In addition, the outlook for the Thai and Cuban crops has deter
iorated in
recent weeks.
Cuban exports were 60 per cent lower than last year
 in August at 132,964
tonnes. Concern over next year's crop has increased fo
llowing heavy rains
causing possible damage and delay in harvesting.
Convers
ely, the Thai crop could be affected by dry conditions during the
growing se
ason. A hesitant start to the Thai harvest and rumours of millers
buying bac
k some of their earlier sales has added to the market's fears of a
poor outc
ome.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
    BRZ  Br
azil, South America.
    CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>

<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Com
ment & Analysis.
    COSTS  Commodity prices.
    MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<P
UB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 20 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 246 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-3729</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIJB4AFOFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
10
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  10 SEP 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Pakistan 
can halt sugar imports </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By FARHAN BOKHARI </BYLINE>
<
DATELINE>    ISLAMABAD </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
SURPLUS SUGAR stocks in Pakistan a
re set to eliminate the country's need to
import sugar, although the potenti
al for export remains unclear.
Pakistan's total production is expected to hi
t 2.6m tonnes by the end of the
1992-93 fiscal year, up from 2.3m tonnes in 
1991-92. Government officials
estimate that private traders are holding 132,
000 tonnes of stocks, and that
is expected to start rising next month as the
 new production season begins
at sugar mills.
The rise in sugar production h
as partly resulted from an increase in the
number of sugar mills as well as 
improvements in the recovery rate of sugar
cane and beet. Pakistan started w
ith 2 sugar mills with a daily sugar cane
crushing capacity of 1,500 tonnes 
at the time of its independence in 1947;
today there are 54, with an aggrega
te capacity of 175,000 tonnes.
The rise in production has allowed cuts in su
gar imports. In June this year,
imports of white refined sugar fell to just 
538 tonnes, down from 3,480
tonnes in May. Last year, 36,819 tonnes was impo
rted in June, following
48,290 tonnes in May.
However, the country's sugar e
xport potential remains unclear. With
countries such as Brazil and Cuba havi
ng lower costs of production,
Pakistani sugar might not be able to compete, 
said one senior official.
Up to 100,000 tonnes of sugar is estimated to be s
muggled annually to
neighbouring Iran and Afghanistan. That has made it diff
icult to assess if a
surplus will be left after meeting domestic consumption
, including
smuggling, in order to set aside large quantities for export. Ho
wever,
Pakistan will at least save valuable foreign exchange by meeting its 
sugar
requirements domestically. Last year Dollars 36.8m was spent on import
ing
sugar, which was down from Dollars 160.5m, a year earlier.
</TEXT>
<PUB>
The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 247 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-11808</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DG1B8ABAFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
728
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  28 JUL 93 / Castro to open up Cuba's ailing econo
my </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAMIAN FRASER </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    MEXICO C
ITY </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
PRESIDENT Fidel Castro has indicated that he will pur
sue further economic
reforms to prop up Cuba's battered economy, including a
 greater opening to
foreign investment and permitting Cubans to hold foreign
 currency.
Such proposals did not constitute 'magic formulas', he said, and 
not all
Cubans would benefit. But 'we are ready to do everything that is nec
essary
to save the fatherland, the revolution and the triumphs of socialism;
 that
is to say we will not be dogmatic nor mad'.
Mr Castro, speaking on Mon
day, the 40th anniversary of a guerrilla attack
that officially marks the be
ginning of the Cuban revolution, painted a stark
picture of the country's ec
onomic plight. He said imports this year would be
just Dollars 1.7bn, agains
t Dollars 2.2bn last year and Dollars 8.1bn in
1991, as a result of Cuba's c
ollapsing hard currency receipts. Bad weather
and fuel shortages caused the 
sugar crop to fall to 4.2m tonnes this year,
leading to a reduction of about
 Dollars 450m in sugar earnings.
While the regulation of ownership of hard c
urrency was still under study,
all Cubans would be able to use their foreign
 currency in specially
designated dollar shops.
When the new laws were passe
d, Cuba would introduce a national convertible
currency, Mr Castro indicated
. Apparently, this will not replace the Cuban
peso as the currency of everyd
ay transactions.
The Cuban government hopes that the measures will encourage
 exiles to send
dollars to relatives, who will then convert the currency, po
ssibly for
dollar vouchers. In an effort to boost such revenues, Mr Castro s
aid he
would allow more visits to Cuba from Cubans living abroad.
Under US l
aw its citizens can give up to Dollars 300 a quarter to a relative
in Cuba. 
The US State Department said Cuba's decision to legalise ownership
of dollar
s would not affect these limitations.
Mr Castro said the government would en
courage 'all productive activities and
services that generate convertible cu
rrencies', especially in tourism.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cu
ba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance, Taxation, an
d Monetary Policy.
    P9611 Administration of General Economic Programs.
</
IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Time
s </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 248 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-16799</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EAGC3AFBFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
107
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 JAN 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Washingt
on holds key to Cuba's farming future - Agricultural exports could blossom i
f the US lifted its embargo </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE
>
<TEXT>
Cuban agriculture could become a significant force on markets, incl
uding the
US, if Washington's trade embargo on the Caribbean island was lift
ed,
according to a group of experts that discussed the island's agriculture 
at a
recent conference in Miami on Central American and Caribbean trade.
It 
also concluded, however, that it would take the country many years after
the
 ending of an embargo to adjust to a global market very different from
that 
which prevailed at the time of the 1959 revolution.
It was also thought unli
kely that the island republic would be able to
regain any of the significant
 markets it lost, as these had been taken over
by other producers who would 
not easily be dislodged.
'Cuba has not been sitting still in agriculture des
pite the many setbacks,'
said Mr John Lamb, associate director for internati
onal trade of Chemonics
International of the US. 'The sector employs 19 per 
cent of the country's
workers and accounts for 75 per cent of its foreign ea
rnings.' The changes
to Cuba's agriculture that were implemented by the gove
rnment last September
were intended to deal with current problems of product
ion shortfalls, and
did not seek to lift production to find new markets, the
 experts concluded.
The Cuban government has allowed increased private parti
cipation in
agriculture with the establishment of new co-operative farms and

individually-run farms - but these still operate within the framework of th
e
state's continuing control of the economy.
The sugar industry, the main pi
llar of Cuban agriculture, would face some
difficulty in regaining markets e
ven if the embargo was lifted, Mr Lamb
said. He noted that before the 1959 r
evolution, Cuba had a half of the US
sugar market at a time when US cane sug
ar imports were about 6m tonnes a
year. But US cane sugar consumption was no
w only about 3m tonnes a year.
The experts reasoned that, if the trade embar
go ended, Cuba could be
attractive to US investors in agriculture wanting an
 offshore location. Mr
Lamb said the island had good soil and flat land, ade
quate water, a large,
trained labour force, minimal pest problems, good port
s and a sound internal
transportation infrastructure.
The Cuban citrus indus
try was supported by an extensive research system,
said Mr Gene Albrigo, a h
orticulturalist with the Citrus Research and
Education Centre of the Univers
ity of Florida. 'Over 60 per cent of the
trees are under 15 years old. There
 are adequate facilities in the packing
houses, of which there are 25, with 
two more being built.
The industry has several forms of joint agreements wit
h Chilean, British,
Spanish, Israeli and Greek companies.' Cuba's impact on 
the US or other
markets would not be immediate if the embargo was lifted, th
e experts
concluded. They expected that first efforts would be for an expans
ion of
domestic food crops for local consumption, and a rehabilitation of th
e sugar
industry because of its importance to the national economy. It would
 also
take some time for the expected disputes over land tenure and land own
ership
to be resolved.
The US government has warned prospective foreign inve
stors in Cuba not to
become involved with property that was seized by the go
vernment and could be
the subject of legal disputes if and when there is a c
hange of government in
the island.
'Salinity is also a very big and growing 
problem,' reported Mr Albrigo.
'This has reached a crisis in some parts of t
he coast and across the centre
of the island. If this continues it will be a
 disaster, particularly for
fruit and vegetables.'
In addition to expanded p
roduction of the traditional commodities (sugar,
citrus, coffee, tobacco) to
 satisfy a new market, Cuba has the potential to
become an important source 
of horticultural products for North America. Some
participants in the confer
ence concluded that this was an area of the
island's agriculture that could 
bloom in a post-embargo Cuba.
'Cuba was once a major exporter of vegetables,
 but the market has been taken
over by Mexico since the embargo,' said Mr La
mb. 'Cuban access to the US
market in the future will have an adverse impact
 on producers in the
Caribbean, Central America, Mexico and Florida, especia
lly in the production
of vegetables and horticulture.'
Mr Carlos Balerdi, a 
tropical fruit crops agent in the agricultural
extension service of Dade Cou
nty, Florida, thought that one major hurdle for
Cuban agriculture if and whe
n the embargo was lifted could be psychological.
'One problem is that agricu
ltural work has been used as a penalty for
dissidents and those trying to le
ave the island,' he said. 'This may cause a
very negative psychological reac
tion to agriculture in a future Cuba.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CU
Z  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Su
gar Beets.
    P0174 Citrus Fruits.
    P01   Agricultural Production-Crops.

</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
    MKTS  Foreign tr
ade.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 20 </PAGE>
</D
OC>

============= Transaction # 249 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 250 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-2957</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCQBDAC4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar pri
ces forecast to remain in narrow range </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLAC
KWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
WORLD SUGAR prices are set to remain locked in the 'd
esperately narrow' 1.5
cents a lb trading range of the last 12 months, accor
ding to the latest
sugar report from ED & F. Man, the London trade house.
Th
e resistance to movement in spite of a volatile trading environment is due
t
o fear of uncertainty at a time of revolutionary change in the eastern
Europ
ean and Cuban markets, Man suggests. It also coincides with 'an
unprecedente
d convergence of views about the overall supply and demand
balance'.
While u
ncertainty surrounds crop prospects in both Cuba, the biggest
exporter, and 
the CIS, the biggest importer, the convergence can be
explained by favourabl
e growing conditions in many exporting countries.
Output in Brazil, Thailand
 and India in the year to the end of last month
has exceeded the previous ye
ar by 24, 30 and 8 per cent respectively. 'The
full impact of these potentia
lly bumper crops has not as yet been felt on
the market,' says Man.
</TEXT>

<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 251 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-8550</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBRCKAF9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9302
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 FEB 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Talk of C
uban buying helps to keep sugar price surge going </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By
 DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
WORLD SUGAR prices continued to surge yest
erday as a spate of bullish news
this week pushed the market out of the narr
ow trading range of recent
months.
New York's May raw sugar contract, which 
rose by 0.5 cents on Tuesday, was a
further 0.18 ahead in early trading yest
erday at 9.69 cents a lb before
easing towards the close. At the beginning o
f the month it was trading at
8.5 cents.
Cuba has been reported buying 100,0
00 tonnes of sugar from Thailand to meet
its commitments in China and elsewh
ere in Asia. Cuba's harvest is being
delayed once again by problems with the
 country's infrastructure. Mr Juan
Herrera, the Cuban sugar minister, said e
arlier this month that a lack of
basic inputs had 'caused delays in the star
t-up of a significant number of
mills'.
Thailand, which in November forecast
 a record 1992-93 harvest of 49.15m
tonnes, now expects only 43m tonnes of c
ane, compared with 47.43m tonnes
last year.
Kenya surprised the market with 
the announcement that it would hold a tender
next Monday for 160,000 tonnes 
of white sugar. Morocco is tendering for
14,000 tonnes of raws, and there is
 talk of Cuban sales to Mexico and of a
100,000-tonne sale to Indonesia.
'Th
ere is a buoyant physical sector, and that has brought the funds back
into N
ew York,' said one US analyst yesterday. 'Fund buying spurred the
market thr
ough stubborn resistance at 8.65 to 8.70, and then took it through
9 cents.'

'Basically the market is looking a lot better,' said a London trader. 'Good

news has arrived when the market was at its weakest.' He pointed out that
e
stimates for the world sugar surplus in 1992-93 were coming down. ED &. F.
M
an, the London trade house, has reduced its forecast surplus from 3.4m
tonne
s to 1.5m tonnes.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0722 Crop Harvesting.
    P2062 Cane Sugar Refining.

</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
    MKTS  Market data
.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 252 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-8550</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBRCKAF9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9302
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 FEB 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Talk of C
uban buying helps to keep sugar price surge going </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By
 DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
WORLD SUGAR prices continued to surge yest
erday as a spate of bullish news
this week pushed the market out of the narr
ow trading range of recent
months.
New York's May raw sugar contract, which 
rose by 0.5 cents on Tuesday, was a
further 0.18 ahead in early trading yest
erday at 9.69 cents a lb before
easing towards the close. At the beginning o
f the month it was trading at
8.5 cents.
Cuba has been reported buying 100,0
00 tonnes of sugar from Thailand to meet
its commitments in China and elsewh
ere in Asia. Cuba's harvest is being
delayed once again by problems with the
 country's infrastructure. Mr Juan
Herrera, the Cuban sugar minister, said e
arlier this month that a lack of
basic inputs had 'caused delays in the star
t-up of a significant number of
mills'.
Thailand, which in November forecast
 a record 1992-93 harvest of 49.15m
tonnes, now expects only 43m tonnes of c
ane, compared with 47.43m tonnes
last year.
Kenya surprised the market with 
the announcement that it would hold a tender
next Monday for 160,000 tonnes 
of white sugar. Morocco is tendering for
14,000 tonnes of raws, and there is
 talk of Cuban sales to Mexico and of a
100,000-tonne sale to Indonesia.
'Th
ere is a buoyant physical sector, and that has brought the funds back
into N
ew York,' said one US analyst yesterday. 'Fund buying spurred the
market thr
ough stubborn resistance at 8.65 to 8.70, and then took it through
9 cents.'

'Basically the market is looking a lot better,' said a London trader. 'Good

news has arrived when the market was at its weakest.' He pointed out that
e
stimates for the world sugar surplus in 1992-93 were coming down. ED &. F.
M
an, the London trade house, has reduced its forecast surplus from 3.4m
tonne
s to 1.5m tonnes.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0722 Crop Harvesting.
    P2062 Cane Sugar Refining.

</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
    MKTS  Market data
.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 253 ==============================================
Transaction #:    253       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-8550</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBRCKAF9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9302
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 FEB 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Talk of C
uban buying helps to keep sugar price surge going </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By
 DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
WORLD SUGAR prices continued to surge yest
erday as a spate of bullish news
this week pushed the market out of the narr
ow trading range of recent
months.
New York's May raw sugar contract, which 
rose by 0.5 cents on Tuesday, was a
further 0.18 ahead in early trading yest
erday at 9.69 cents a lb before
easing towards the close. At the beginning o
f the month it was trading at
8.5 cents.
Cuba has been reported buying 100,0
00 tonnes of sugar from Thailand to meet
its commitments in China and elsewh
ere in Asia. Cuba's harvest is being
delayed once again by problems with the
 country's infrastructure. Mr Juan
Herrera, the Cuban sugar minister, said e
arlier this month that a lack of
basic inputs had 'caused delays in the star
t-up of a significant number of
mills'.
Thailand, which in November forecast
 a record 1992-93 harvest of 49.15m
tonnes, now expects only 43m tonnes of c
ane, compared with 47.43m tonnes
last year.
Kenya surprised the market with 
the announcement that it would hold a tender
next Monday for 160,000 tonnes 
of white sugar. Morocco is tendering for
14,000 tonnes of raws, and there is
 talk of Cuban sales to Mexico and of a
100,000-tonne sale to Indonesia.
'Th
ere is a buoyant physical sector, and that has brought the funds back
into N
ew York,' said one US analyst yesterday. 'Fund buying spurred the
market thr
ough stubborn resistance at 8.65 to 8.70, and then took it through
9 cents.'

'Basically the market is looking a lot better,' said a London trader. 'Good

news has arrived when the market was at its weakest.' He pointed out that
e
stimates for the world sugar surplus in 1992-93 were coming down. ED &. F.
M
an, the London trade house, has reduced its forecast surplus from 3.4m
tonne
s to 1.5m tonnes.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0722 Crop Harvesting.
    P2062 Cane Sugar Refining.

</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
    MKTS  Market data
.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 254 ==============================================
Transaction #:    254       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-8462</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CEMBDAC9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAY 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar org
anisation cuts estimate of surplus output </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER 
</BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE INTERNATIONAL Sugar Organistion's secretariat has cut i
ts estimate of
the world sugar surplus in 1991-92 (October/September) to 510
,000 tonnes,
raw value, from a previous projection of 1.4m tonnes, reports R
euter.
Production is seen totalling only 112.20m tonnes, compared with the p
revious
estimate of 112.84m tonnes while the consumption estimate has been l
ifted to
111.69m tonnes from 111.44m tonnes.
Estimates for Cuba, South Afric
a and Zimbabwe were all reduced sharply to
6.85m, 2.20m and 90,000 tonnes re
spectively, from 7.3m, 2.4m and 390,000
tonnes.
The ISO said the Cuban estim
ate reflected export indications and the
country's declared intention to har
vest 'every last tonne of sugar'.
'Although this is higher than other analys
ts we feel it is too early to
reduce it further when the crop is still in pr
ogress,' the secretariat said.
Cuban figures received by the ISO showed expo
rts between November and
January totalled 994,700 tonnes, up from 976,700 to
nnes in the same period
the previous year.
Shipments to Japan rose to 159,90
0 tonnes from 64,600 while Portugal's rose
from nothing to received 66,400 t
onnes. Cuban exports to the CIS fell to
286,200 tonnes from 464,200 tonnes.

</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 255 ==============================================
Transaction #:    255       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-1483</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DIWC2AF3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9309
23
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 SEP 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Wind of c
hange hits Cuban agriculture - This year's storms have brought tentative ref
orm in their wake </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
T
HE CUBAN government is reorganising its agriculture in an effort to lift
pro
duction of domestic crops and end chronic shortages, as well as to
strengthe
n the weakened sugar sector, on which the island's economy is
heavily depend
ent.
Cuban agriculture has been hit hard by a reduction in the availability 
of
inputs because the economy is strapped for hard currency to finance impor
ts.
This has been compounded by two bouts of bad weather earlier this year t
hat
led to flooded fields and heavy crop losses.
The government's new strate
gy is based on allowing increased private
participation in agriculture, with
 the establishment of new co-operative and
individually-run farms. But these
 will still operate within the framework of
a centrally-controlled economy.

It has also announced that the impending sugar harvest will start earlier
th
an normal, and will be shortened, to allow cane farms more time to plant
for
 future harvests, and to give the industry a chance to recover from the
lack
 of chemicals and machinery and the effects of the bad weather.
A freak stor
m in March, which brought high winds and heavy rain, flattened
and flooded t
housands of acres of canes and reduced the sugar content of the
plants that 
could be reaped. It also destroyed and blocked roads in farming
areas and da
maged several of the country's 157 sugar mills.
Cuba's citrus industry also 
suffered, as did potato and fruit growers. The
cost of the storms to the eco
nomy, including damage to roads, buildings and
agriculture, was put by inter
national aid agencies at between USDollars 1bn
and Dollars 1.5bn. In early J
une the island's agriculture was again hit by
heavy rains brought by a tropi
cal depression.
In the wake of shortages of locally-produced food caused by 
the bad weather,
the Cuban government has said it will give some degree of a
dministrative and
financial independence to the new co-operative and individ
ual farmers, who
are being given state-owned land.
The intention, said the g
overnment, was to increase the output of a range of
agricultural products, i
ncluding sugar, by giving farm workers an incentive
to produce. Their earnin
gs will be determined by the productivity of the
co-operatives.
The new co-o
perative farms will continue to be supervised by the state while
exercising 
autonomy in day-to-day management. They will work the land for an
indefinite
 period, will own and dispose of what they produce, and will have
their own 
bank accounts.
The changes, which the government says are 'innovative', are 
coming seven
years after the sudden termination of another programme to enco
urage private
farming and marketing of domestic food crops. The government s
aid then that
some private peasant farmers and distributors had become corru
pt and too
rich at the expense of consumers.
This year's bad weather compoun
ded already serious problems for the sugar
industry. Mills had been running 
about 25 per cent behind target at the end
of February, mainly because of th
e government's inability to import adequate
fuel and replacement parts. Cane
 production and milling had also been set
back by shortages of chemicals suc
h as fertilisers and pesticides, and
spares and fuel for harvesters, trucks 
and tractors.
The faltering economy has been dealt a body blow by the failur
e of this
year's harvest. Production was 4.15m tonnes, 40 per cent less than
 last year
and half the level reached in better years. The government was fo
rced to
cancel shipments to some buyers, further reducing foreign earnings.

The government is basing its plans for a recovery on growing more cane, and

is apparently expecting another poor harvest next year. Mr Nelson Torres,
th
e sugar minister, has said the next harvest will begin and end early,
making
 way for increased cultivation 'in order to have a much greater volume
of ca
ne for the next harvests'.
The minister has exhorted workers in the sugar in
dustry to be more
efficient, and said the government was hoping that the nex
t harvest would be
bigger than the last. Analysts have said that the volume 
of cane that Cuba
will produce for the next harvest, and the state of the mi
lls, indicated
higher output next year, but not more than 5.2m tonnes.
</TEX
T>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-

</XX>
<IN>P01   Agricultural Production-Crops.
    P02   Agricultural Produc
tion-Livestock.
    P9641 Regulation of Agricultural Marketing.
    P0133 Su
garcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analys
is.
    MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Londo
n Page 34 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 256 ==============================================
Transaction #:    256       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-13595</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EAYDAAC8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
125
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 JAN 94 / Letters to the Editor: Free market on
ly rhetoric in US </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    From PHILLIP OPPENHEIM MP. </BYLIN
E>
<TEXT>
Sir, Harry L Freeman falls into the trap of confusing the free-mar
ket
rhetoric of US politicians with what they do in practice (Letters, Janua
ry
21).
Mr Freeman is, for example, incorrect in saying that 'the long-stand
ing US
policy of trying to pry open' markets aims to benefit all exporters. 
In
fact, bilateral US pressure to open east Asian markets has mainly profite
d
American producers - as with the deal which increased Japan's beef import

quotas, but primarily for US beef; or the agreement by the Taiwanese to
limi
t rolling-stock and signalling equipment contracts for a new rapid
transit l
ine to American companies in order to buy off US pressure.
As for President 
Clinton's pledge to enter negotiations to ensure Caribbean
countries are not
 discriminated against as a result of the North American
Free Trade Agreemen
t, Caribbean leaders will treat this with justified
cynicism, bearing in min
d that recently the US again slashed sugar import
quotas, restricting compet
itive Caribbean sugar sales in the US to protect
large, inefficient but poli
tically powerful Florida sugar producers.
Perhaps Mr Freeman also is unaware
 of the fact that the US has just further
restricted imports of low-cost Chi
nese textiles, along with imports from
poor countries such as Nepal, Mauriti
us and El Salvador. The US also
maintains a huge array of import restriction
s on a vast range of products
extending from cars (restrictions on imports f
rom Japan) and trucks (25 per
cent tariff) to peanuts (strict import quotas 
to protect American farmers)
and steel (import restrictions covering most im
ports, including those from
Japan).
Perhaps President Clinton should begin b
y prying open his own markets.
Phillip Oppenheim,
House of Commons,
Westmins
ter SW1A 0AA
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</C
N>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9721 International Affairs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types
:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE
> London Page 20 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 257 ==============================================
Transaction #:    257       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-12676</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DGWCHAA4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
723
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 JUL 93 / Castro looks to the dollar for help: 
Legalising foreign exchange aimed at saving economy </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    
By DAMIAN FRASER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FOR 30 years no Cuban has legally possesse
d a US dollar or any other foreign
currency because of a law as much an inst
rument of economic control as
defiant symbol of Cuban nationalism.
But with 
the economy in ruins and recent measures at resuscitating it having
failed, 
President Fidel Castro is looking for salvation from the former
enemy. His g
overnment is set to legalise the possession of all foreign
currency, perhaps
 his most significant market economic reform yet.
Mr Castro first aired the 
proposal at the end of last month before the Cuban
parliament. Last week Mr 
Carlos Lage, the reform-minded minister in charge
of the economy, made it of
ficial. He told visiting foreign businessmen that
new laws legalising posses
sion and use of dollars would soon be presented to
parliament.
Currency conv
ertibility is being proposed partly in the hope that it might
encourage the 
1m Cuban-Americans to send hundreds of millions of dollars a
year to impover
ished relatives in Cuba. Under US law, an American citizen
can send a relati
ve in Cuba up to Dollars 300 (Pounds 200) a quarter.
But the political conse
quences would be far-reaching. While Cubans are
increasingly using dollars a
s the only currency of value, and buying goods
with it on the black market, 
the proposed reform would cause the government
to cede control over the dist
ribution of wealth. A Communist party
apparatchik may find himself worse off
 than a dissident with generous donors
in Miami.
The details of the law have
 still to be made public. Still, Mr Lage told
foreign journalists that they 
would have an 'undeniable social impact,
giving certain persons independence
 and access to goods, and create
divisions that have not been customary sinc
e the revolution'.
Cuban officials accompanying the visiting businessmen ear
lier sketched out a
scheme where a Cuban would swap the donated dollars for 
dollar vouchers,
with which he could buy goods in 'dollar shops', while givi
ng the government
much needed foreign currency. As long as such dollar shops
 offered fair
prices, the black market would lose much of its point.
Eventua
lly the so-called parallel market in non-rationed goods, which closed
in 199
1 because of the economic crisis, might open again with all
transactions car
ried out in dollars. The reforms, as one European diplomat
commented in Hava
na, would constitute a necessary step in creating market
prices for all non-
rationed goods.
With prices pegged to dollars in the parallel (non-rationed)
 market, it is
likely the peso would be devalued from the official rate of o
ne to one. Even
now, because of an informal 'dollarisation' of the economy, 
one dollar buys
60 pesos in the black market.
At this exchange rate, the typ
ical monthly salary now buys between Dollars 2
and Dollars 4 - or two to fou
r bottles of cooking oil on the black market.
With peso salaries worth so li
ttle, the government might come under pressure
to liberalise wages and allow
 workers, such as farmers, to sell some of
their goods freely. While Mr Lage
 said wages would not be set in dollars, he
pointedly did not exclude a retu
rn to the free market in some farm products
that existed for a while in the 
mid-1980s.
He said the latest economic opening 'was not part of a definite o
r final end
but part of an on-going process'.
The willingness to legalise th
e dollar and risk the political costs is a
measure of the dire state of the 
Cuban economy and of the failure so far of
a limited economic opening to imp
rove conditions. The overtures to foreign
capital are believed to have broug
ht in just Dollars 500m over the past
couple of years, according to Mr Andre
w Zimbalist, a Cuba expert at Smith
College, Massachusetts. This is a fracti
on of the annual aid and subsidies
Cuba used to receive from the former Sovi
et bloc.
Since the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989, the Cuban economy is
 reckoned
to have shrunk by about half, while imports have fallen from Dolla
rs 8.1bn
to Dollars 2.2bn last year. This year the economy is likely to be r
educed by
another 10 per cent, says Mr Zimbalist, in part because of this ye
ar's
wretched sugar crop, which is forecast at 4.2m tonnes, 40 per cent down
 from
last year.
While the disintegrating economy has yet to provoke signs o
f overt and
organised opposition to Mr Castro, daily life is becoming increa
singly
difficult. Electricity blackouts from anything up to eight hours are 
common,
Havana residents often wait three hours for a bus, and basic necessi
ties
such as soap and cooking oil are unavailable in shops for weeks at a ti
me.
The lack of spare parts and energy means most factories are closed, as
a
ttested by thousands of people roaming Havana streets in working hours
appar
ently with nothing to do. A recent outbreak of more than 45,000 cases
of a n
eural disease that can cause blindness has been attributed in part to
malnut
rition.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance, Taxation, and Monetary Policy.
    P96
11 Administration of General Economic Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP
>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Lond
on Page 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 258 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-9723</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DELCNAGEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9305
12
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  12 MAY 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Russia se
en importing less white sugar </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE>
<D
ATELINE>    MOSCOW </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
RUSSIAN WHITE sugar imports will fall 
to 950,000 tonnes this year from 1.25m
tonnes in 1992, a government advisory
 group said, Reuter reports from
Moscow.
The Centre for Economic Research an
d Forecasting, in a study on the economy,
put refined sugar production at 2.
5m tonnes in 1993, unchanged from the
previous year.
The study said the figu
re included output using raw sugar imports, which it
said totalled 2.6m tonn
es in 1992.
The centre, which draws on various official sources for its data
, gave no
figure for 1993 raw sugar imports.
Russia's state sugar purchasing
 company has said it expects to import up to
2m tonnes of raw sugar in 1993.

</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>RUZ  Russia, East Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Ind
ustries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX
>
<TP>MKTS  Foreign trade.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Lond
on Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 259 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-3500</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EFND1AHFFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9406
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 JUN 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Indian go
vernment red-faced over sugar crisis - A look at a supply shortage that is b
eing blamed on 'import bungling' </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By KUNAL BOSE </BYL
INE>
<TEXT>
The failure of the Indian food ministry to recognise in time the
 extent of
shortfall in sugar production in the current season and arrange s
ufficient
imports has snowballed into a major political crisis for the feder
al
government.
The opposition parties, which are putting pressure on the gov
ernment to
institute an independent enquiry into the 'sugar import bungling'
, will no
doubt take advantage of the issue during assembly elections in the
 nine
states at the end of the year.
It was known quite early in the season 
that India would for the second
consecutive year suffer a heavy setback in s
ugar production. The initial
production estimate of 11m (repeat 11m) tonnes 
for 1993-94 has been scaled
down to 9.8m tonnes. According to industry offic
ials, however, the season
may end with still lower output.
The current year'
s production, plus opening stocks of 3.2m tonnes, will
hardly leave any suga
r to be carried forward to next season after meeting
the domestic requiremen
t of over 12m tonnes. And as there is negligible
production of sugar in the 
first two months of the season, India cannot do
without large-scale imports.

The prospect of shortage has led to a sharp increase in the open market
sug
ar prices. (Under the distribution control mechanism, 60 per cent of the
ind
ustry's production is sold in the open market. The balance 40 per cent is
di
stributed through fair price shops at fixed rates.)
Even then, it was only o
n March 9 that the government allowed the duty-free
import of sugar. Earlier
, however, the government allowed the import of raw
sugar for refining by th
e local factories for re-export at a minimum value
addition of 7.5 per cent.

In the beginning, the Indian Sugar & General Industry Exim Corporation, the

industry's trading arm, and some private parties were making imports. At a

much later stage, at the intervention of Mr Narasimha Rao, the prime
ministe
r, government trading agencies like the State Trading Corporation and
Minera
ls & Metals Trading Corporation started making import contracts.
Procrastina
tion by the government about directing its trading agencies to
import sugar 
has given opposition parties a weapon to use against it. Mr
Kalpnath Rai, th
e food minister and the opposition's main target, caused a
major surprise wh
en he barred the Food Corporation of India from signing
import contracts for
 600,000 tonnes of sugar on the grounds that the agency
lacked experience in
 trading.
Import contracts made by STC and MMTC are, however, at much higher
 prices
than the offers FCI received. This is because STC and MMTC had enter
ed the
market later. According to commerce ministry sources, India had so fa
r
signed import contracts for 1.14m tonnes of sugar, including 535,000 tonne
s
by STC and MMTC.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>INZ  India, Asia.
</CN
>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9641 Regulation of Agricultural Marketing.
  
  P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Produc
tion.
    MKTS  Foreign trade.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> 
London Page 38 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 260 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-15835</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DDHB2AF2FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
408
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 APR 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Fox set 
to reform raw sugar market </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLI
NE>
<TEXT>
THE LONDON Futures and Options Exchange (Fox) is expected to anno
unce on
Tuesday major changes to its raw sugar market.
The present raw sugar
 contract might even be closed, to be replaced by one
designed to prove more
 attractive to the London sugar trade.
The Fox raw sugar market has suffered
 a dramatic slide in volumes over the
past couple of years. Fox has tackled 
the problem, including experimenting
with screen trading, but to no avail. L
ast month volume fell to just 1,399
lots compared with 4,384 lots in March l
ast year.
In January 1991, when raw sugar was switched to screen trading in 
a bid to
boost volumes, the contract traded 120,176 lots. By December of tha
t year
volume had dwindled to 24,157 lots and in January 1992 the contract w
as
taken off the screen and put back on the floor.
By then, however, London 
traders were losing interest. The relatively young
New York market, which at
tracts a lot of speculative money, has usurped
London's role as sugar's inte
rnational price setter.
Some critics have blamed London's decline on the fai
led experiment in screen
trading. Others point to a decision to make Cuban s
ugar deliverable in
London, which ruled out US market players. Yesterday Fox
 said that Cuban
sugar would no longer be deliverable.
However, the fall in 
volumes has taken place against a background of changes
in the underlying ph
ysical market over the past decade. The London raw
contract was designed wit
h British Commonwealth producers in mind. But now
much more sugar comes out 
of the Far East and Latin America. At the same
time the number of big trader
s in London has declined.
Fox will keep its screen-traded white sugar contra
ct, which is in
competition with a similar contract on France's Matif. Last 
month Fox white
sugar turnover totalled 38,395 lots, compared with 23,633 lo
ts in March
1992.
London's International Petroleum Exchange has reported a 3
7 per cent
increase in volumes for the 1992-93 financial year to 11.9m contr
acts. Mr
Peter Wildblood, chief executive, said yesterday that monthly volum
es had
exceeded 1m lots for the past six months and 'conservative commentato
rs are
confident that this trend will continue.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</
XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0722 Cro
p Harvesting.
    P1311 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-

</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
    MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<PUB>The Fina
ncial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 261 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-15835</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DDHB2AF2FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
408
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 APR 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Fox set 
to reform raw sugar market </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLI
NE>
<TEXT>
THE LONDON Futures and Options Exchange (Fox) is expected to anno
unce on
Tuesday major changes to its raw sugar market.
The present raw sugar
 contract might even be closed, to be replaced by one
designed to prove more
 attractive to the London sugar trade.
The Fox raw sugar market has suffered
 a dramatic slide in volumes over the
past couple of years. Fox has tackled 
the problem, including experimenting
with screen trading, but to no avail. L
ast month volume fell to just 1,399
lots compared with 4,384 lots in March l
ast year.
In January 1991, when raw sugar was switched to screen trading in 
a bid to
boost volumes, the contract traded 120,176 lots. By December of tha
t year
volume had dwindled to 24,157 lots and in January 1992 the contract w
as
taken off the screen and put back on the floor.
By then, however, London 
traders were losing interest. The relatively young
New York market, which at
tracts a lot of speculative money, has usurped
London's role as sugar's inte
rnational price setter.
Some critics have blamed London's decline on the fai
led experiment in screen
trading. Others point to a decision to make Cuban s
ugar deliverable in
London, which ruled out US market players. Yesterday Fox
 said that Cuban
sugar would no longer be deliverable.
However, the fall in 
volumes has taken place against a background of changes
in the underlying ph
ysical market over the past decade. The London raw
contract was designed wit
h British Commonwealth producers in mind. But now
much more sugar comes out 
of the Far East and Latin America. At the same
time the number of big trader
s in London has declined.
Fox will keep its screen-traded white sugar contra
ct, which is in
competition with a similar contract on France's Matif. Last 
month Fox white
sugar turnover totalled 38,395 lots, compared with 23,633 lo
ts in March
1992.
London's International Petroleum Exchange has reported a 3
7 per cent
increase in volumes for the 1992-93 financial year to 11.9m contr
acts. Mr
Peter Wildblood, chief executive, said yesterday that monthly volum
es had
exceeded 1m lots for the past six months and 'conservative commentato
rs are
confident that this trend will continue.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</
XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0722 Cro
p Harvesting.
    P1311 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-

</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
    MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<PUB>The Fina
ncial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 262 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-15835</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DDHB2AF2FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
408
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 APR 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Fox set 
to reform raw sugar market </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLI
NE>
<TEXT>
THE LONDON Futures and Options Exchange (Fox) is expected to anno
unce on
Tuesday major changes to its raw sugar market.
The present raw sugar
 contract might even be closed, to be replaced by one
designed to prove more
 attractive to the London sugar trade.
The Fox raw sugar market has suffered
 a dramatic slide in volumes over the
past couple of years. Fox has tackled 
the problem, including experimenting
with screen trading, but to no avail. L
ast month volume fell to just 1,399
lots compared with 4,384 lots in March l
ast year.
In January 1991, when raw sugar was switched to screen trading in 
a bid to
boost volumes, the contract traded 120,176 lots. By December of tha
t year
volume had dwindled to 24,157 lots and in January 1992 the contract w
as
taken off the screen and put back on the floor.
By then, however, London 
traders were losing interest. The relatively young
New York market, which at
tracts a lot of speculative money, has usurped
London's role as sugar's inte
rnational price setter.
Some critics have blamed London's decline on the fai
led experiment in screen
trading. Others point to a decision to make Cuban s
ugar deliverable in
London, which ruled out US market players. Yesterday Fox
 said that Cuban
sugar would no longer be deliverable.
However, the fall in 
volumes has taken place against a background of changes
in the underlying ph
ysical market over the past decade. The London raw
contract was designed wit
h British Commonwealth producers in mind. But now
much more sugar comes out 
of the Far East and Latin America. At the same
time the number of big trader
s in London has declined.
Fox will keep its screen-traded white sugar contra
ct, which is in
competition with a similar contract on France's Matif. Last 
month Fox white
sugar turnover totalled 38,395 lots, compared with 23,633 lo
ts in March
1992.
London's International Petroleum Exchange has reported a 3
7 per cent
increase in volumes for the 1992-93 financial year to 11.9m contr
acts. Mr
Peter Wildblood, chief executive, said yesterday that monthly volum
es had
exceeded 1m lots for the past six months and 'conservative commentato
rs are
confident that this trend will continue.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</
XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0722 Cro
p Harvesting.
    P1311 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-

</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
    MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<PUB>The Fina
ncial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 263 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-11481</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CGXAXADFFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
724
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  24 JUL 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Philippi
nes to allow sugar imports on raised tariff </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOSE 
GALANG </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    MANILA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE PHILIPPINES is 
lifting restrictions on the importation of sugar, even
though the country is
 a major producer of the commodity.
Mr Fidel Ramos, the Philippine president
, confirmed the move this week
despite local producers' and millers' protest
s at sugar's inclusion among 43
items listed in an import liberalisation pla
n published last month. The
protests had prompted a review by a government p
anel.
The lifting of restrictions will coincide with an increase in the impo
rt
tariff on sugar from 50 per cent to 75 per cent, which is expected to tak
e
effect in October.
Last week sugar industry leaders presented a petition t
o Mr Ramos seeking
increased import tariffs on sugar, both raw and refined, 
and on artificial
sweeteners.
Mr Ramos had declared that his government, ins
talled on June 30, would move
towards greater deregulation of domestic indus
tries and privatisation of
more state enterprises. He said last week, howeve
r: 'Some basic industries
in the Philippines need time to become more compet
itive through the
acquisition of newer equipment and the development of bett
er processes'.
Sugar Industry leaders say that prices of sugar currently bei
ng offered in
the world market are lower by up to 60 per cent than the avera
ge cost of
production in the Philippines. The 75 per cent import tariff on r
aw sugar
will be returned to 50 per cent in 1995.
The Philippines is expecte
d to produce some 2.1m tonnes of sugar in the crop
year ending this August. 
Domestic consumption is estimated at some 1.6m
tonnes and the country's quot
a in the US, its traditional market for sugar,
is now down to only 178,380 t
onnes. Industry leaders say exports to the
world market are inevitable.
</TE
XT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 264 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-15243</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DDNB2AE9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
414
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 APR 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Fox halt
s trade in raw sugar as volumes plunge </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLAC
KWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
TRADING IN London's raw sugar contract was suspended 
yesterday by the London
Futures and Options Exchange (Fox). But the search i
s on for a replacement
contract, which it is thought could be launched this 
summer.
Mr Robin Woodhead. Fox chief executive, said a report by Landell Mil
ls
Commodities Studies had suggested that no single factor had been behind t
he
sharp decline in the exchange's raw sugar volumes. But moves from sterlin
g
to dollars, from floor to screen and back again, and the addition of Cuba 
as
a country of deliverable origin had all done harm. Business switched to t
he
relatively young and very liquid New York market.
Last month London raw s
ugar volume fell to 1,399 lots compared with 4,384
lots in March last year. 
In January 1991, when trading was switched to
screens in a bid to boost volu
mes, the contract traded 120,176 lots.
Sugar trading, which began in London 
in the late 1880s, will go on in the
screen-based white contract - probably 
the world's most successful
screen-traded commodity. But Mr Woodhead reporte
d a groundswell of support
from trade and brokerage houses for the exchange 
to create a new raws
contract.
Response from the trade in London and New Yor
k yesterday was mixed. 'It is
essentially the main sugar trade in London who
 dropped the contract in the
first place. Why do they now say they want it c
ontinued?' asked one seasoned
observer. Changing any contract was always a s
ure way to lose volume, he
said, pointing out that London's virtually untouc
hed cocoa contract was
Fox's most successful market.
However, another London
 trader said reports of the death of raw sugar
trading in London were greatl
y exaggerated. He suggested that a new contract
 -possibly screen based - wo
uld attract arbitrage business with New York.
Several US traders pointed out
 that their companies had stopped using London
when it decided to accept Cub
an sugar for delivery, as dealing in Cuban
sugar was against US law. They wo
uld welcome a revived London market,
especially in the light of recent renew
ed interest in sugar.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom
, EC.
    USZ  United States of America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P
0131 Cotton.
    P6231 Security and Commodity Exchanges.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-

</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Market data.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Fi
nancial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 265 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-13478</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DDWC9ABJFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
423
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 APR 93 / World Trade News: Cuba barters its su
gar </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HAIG SIMONIAN </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    MILAN <
/DATELINE>
<TEXT>
ITALGRANI, the Italian cereals and foods group based in Na
ples, has signed a
L100bn (Pounds 42m) agreement with Cuba to supply semi-fi
nished food
products in return for sugar, writes Haig Simonian in Milan.
The
 deal is a further sign of the current revival in countertrade for
countries
 with problems obtaining hard currencies or in economic
difficulties.
The Cu
ban economy has faced a growing crisis following the gradual
withdrawal of a
id and supplies from the former Soviet Union. It has also
suffered from the 
fall in price of some raw-material exports, notably sugar.
Italgrani will su
pply cereals, vegetable oils and pasta products, worth
about L100bn, in retu
rn for Cuban sugar of a similar value.
Italgrani's deal, double the size of 
a similar one between July and November
last year, will take effect in the s
econd half of this year.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Italgrani.
</CO>

<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</
XX>
<IN>P2043 Cereal Breakfast Foods.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Buy
-in & Buy-out.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </
PAGE>
</DOC>

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============= Transaction # 267 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-8150</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBUAKACNFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9302
20
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 FEB 93 / Commodities and Agriculture (Week in t
he markets): Sugar breaks into higher ground: </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RIC
HARD MOONEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A SERIES of bullish developments this week enab
led the world sugar market to
break free of the strait-jacket that had been 
confining prices for some
time.
Having traded mostly between 8 cents and 8.5
 cents a lb since last autumn
the prompt March futures position at New York'
s Cocoa, Sugar and Coffee
Exchange leapt in mid-week to 9 cents, a level las
t seen on November 2, and
moved on to a five-month high of 9.53 cents before
 edging back yesterday
afternoon.
Market sentiment has hardened in recent we
eks as analysts' assessments of
the likely sugar supply surplus in the 1992-
93 season have been reduced.
London trader ED & F. Man now expects supply to
 exceed demand by some 1.5m
tonnes (about 1.3 per cent of annual production)
, compared with the 3.4m
tonnes it was forecasting earlier. And this week C.
 Czarnikow, another
London trade house, which in November was forecasting an
 830,000-tonnes
surplus, this week adjusted this to a 370,000-tonne deficit 
(after allowing
for 'unrecorded disappearance' of 600,000 tonnes ).
However,
 the factor that changed firmness into strength this week was talk
circulati
ng among traders that Cuba had been forced to buy 100,000 tonnes of
sugar fr
om Thailand to enable it to honour supply commitments to China and
other Asi
an countries. Cuban sugar minister Mr Juan Herrera warned earlier
this month
 that lack of basic inputs had 'caused delays in the start-up of a
significa
nt number of mills'.
Also supporting the market were: a surprise announcemen
t of a 160,000-tonne
Kenyan buying tender for next Monday; a 14,000-tonne Mo
roccan buying tender;
talk of Cuban sales to Mexico and of a 100,000-tonnes 
sale to Indonesia; and
a cut in Thailand's harvest forecast from 49.15m tonn
es of cane to 43m
tonnes.
'There have been several important changes in the 
statistical outlook for
the 1992-93 crop cycle with adjustments to the suppl
y side of the balance
predominating,' said Czarnikow in the February 17 issu
e of its Sugar Review.
'Production for the season has fallen by some 1.32m t
onnes since our world
forecasts in November and is now expected to slip belo
w last season's output
by some 1.87m tonnes.'
The trade house now estimates 
world sugar production at 114.57m tonnes,
compared with 115.89m in November,
 and consumption at 114.51m tonnes,
compared with 114.46m tonnes.
Cocoa pric
es put in another steady performance as producers and consumers
prepared for
 next week's International Cocoa Agreement (ICCA) negotiations
in Geneva. In
 late trading yesterday the New York market's May position was
quoted at Dol
lars 932 a tonne, up Dollars 7 on the week. In London, however,
that firmnes
s was obscured by the dollar's decline against sterling and the
London Futur
es and Options Exchange's May cocoa contract ended Pounds 3 down
on the week
 at Pounds 734 a tonne.
The Geneva meeting will mark the fourth and final at
tempt to agree a
price-stabilisation pact to replace the moribund one that e
xpires on
September 30. Delegates were moving towards agreement at the last 
session,
in November, that efforts to steady the market should be based on t
he
withholding of between 330,000 and 380,000 tonnes of surplus beans from t
he
market. But they remained far apart on how that was to be financed and on

what price range was to be defended.
The existing ICCA, agreed in 1986, cea
sed to operate as a market support
pact early in 1988, when its buffer stock
 reached the 250,000-tonnes
ceiling.
All but one of the London Metal Exchang
e's contracts finished down on the
week, the biggest fall being in copper, w
hich closed yesterday at Pounds
1,551.25 a tonne for three months delivery, 
down Pounds 30.50 on the week.
But, as with cocoa's fall, the culprit was th
e sterling rally, but for which
the price would have been modestly higher.
D
ealers said the copper market was supported by concern over production
stopp
ages in Mexico and Papua New Guinea and the expectation of Chinese
buying on
 any dip to Dollars 2,220 a tonne, about Dollars 7 below the dollar
equivale
nt of yesterday's close. But the market remained trapped in a narrow
range, 
they added, with overhead resistance expected at Dollars 2,231 a
tonne.
Afte
r most of an early fall had been recovered in mid-week the aluminium
market 
ended on the downbeat, with the cash position closing yesterday at
Dollars 1
,204.50 a tonne, down Dollars 4 on the day and Dollars 7.75 on the
week.
The
 market had been steady in the morning, underpinned by talk of further
produ
ction cuts following Alumax's announcement on Thursday that it was
reducing 
output by about 36,000 tonnes a year at its Mount Holly smelter.
Fears that 
the Bonneville Power Administration restrictions could increase
energy costs
 for some US smelters were also providing support. But prices
again ran into
 overhead resistance and fell away during the afternoon.
Among the precious 
metals platinum and palladium prices reversed last week's
gains as confidenc
e was rocked by nervousness about US economic policy and a
report that Japan
ese car makers were to cut imports of the metals, both of
which are used in 
exhaust catalysts.
Dollar weakness helped gold to mount another assault on t
he upper end of its
recent Dollars 327-Dollars 332 a troy ounce trading rang
e on Tuesday. Once
again it was repelled, as was a fresh attempt yesterday.

 -----------------------------------
       LME WAREHOUSE STOCKS
     (As at
 Thursday's close)
 -----------------------------------
tonnes
 ------------
-----------------------
Aluminium  +2,100 to 1,650,550
Copper     unchgd at 
  319,425
Lead         -650 to   234,425
Nickel     +1,176 to    82,164
Zinc
       +7,600 to   546,600
Tin           +15 to    17,135
 -----------------
------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0179 Fruits and Tree Nuts, NEC.
    P1021 Copper Or
es.
    P0722 Crop Harvesting.
    P1099 Metal Ores, NEC.
    P33   Primary 
Metal Industries.
    P5051 Metals Service Centers and Offices.
</IN>
<XX>
T
ypes:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Market data.
    COSTS  Commodity prices.
</TP>
<PUB>
The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 11 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 268 ==============================================
Transaction #:    268       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-8150</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBUAKACNFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9302
20
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 FEB 93 / Commodities and Agriculture (Week in t
he markets): Sugar breaks into higher ground: </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RIC
HARD MOONEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A SERIES of bullish developments this week enab
led the world sugar market to
break free of the strait-jacket that had been 
confining prices for some
time.
Having traded mostly between 8 cents and 8.5
 cents a lb since last autumn
the prompt March futures position at New York'
s Cocoa, Sugar and Coffee
Exchange leapt in mid-week to 9 cents, a level las
t seen on November 2, and
moved on to a five-month high of 9.53 cents before
 edging back yesterday
afternoon.
Market sentiment has hardened in recent we
eks as analysts' assessments of
the likely sugar supply surplus in the 1992-
93 season have been reduced.
London trader ED & F. Man now expects supply to
 exceed demand by some 1.5m
tonnes (about 1.3 per cent of annual production)
, compared with the 3.4m
tonnes it was forecasting earlier. And this week C.
 Czarnikow, another
London trade house, which in November was forecasting an
 830,000-tonnes
surplus, this week adjusted this to a 370,000-tonne deficit 
(after allowing
for 'unrecorded disappearance' of 600,000 tonnes ).
However,
 the factor that changed firmness into strength this week was talk
circulati
ng among traders that Cuba had been forced to buy 100,000 tonnes of
sugar fr
om Thailand to enable it to honour supply commitments to China and
other Asi
an countries. Cuban sugar minister Mr Juan Herrera warned earlier
this month
 that lack of basic inputs had 'caused delays in the start-up of a
significa
nt number of mills'.
Also supporting the market were: a surprise announcemen
t of a 160,000-tonne
Kenyan buying tender for next Monday; a 14,000-tonne Mo
roccan buying tender;
talk of Cuban sales to Mexico and of a 100,000-tonnes 
sale to Indonesia; and
a cut in Thailand's harvest forecast from 49.15m tonn
es of cane to 43m
tonnes.
'There have been several important changes in the 
statistical outlook for
the 1992-93 crop cycle with adjustments to the suppl
y side of the balance
predominating,' said Czarnikow in the February 17 issu
e of its Sugar Review.
'Production for the season has fallen by some 1.32m t
onnes since our world
forecasts in November and is now expected to slip belo
w last season's output
by some 1.87m tonnes.'
The trade house now estimates 
world sugar production at 114.57m tonnes,
compared with 115.89m in November,
 and consumption at 114.51m tonnes,
compared with 114.46m tonnes.
Cocoa pric
es put in another steady performance as producers and consumers
prepared for
 next week's International Cocoa Agreement (ICCA) negotiations
in Geneva. In
 late trading yesterday the New York market's May position was
quoted at Dol
lars 932 a tonne, up Dollars 7 on the week. In London, however,
that firmnes
s was obscured by the dollar's decline against sterling and the
London Futur
es and Options Exchange's May cocoa contract ended Pounds 3 down
on the week
 at Pounds 734 a tonne.
The Geneva meeting will mark the fourth and final at
tempt to agree a
price-stabilisation pact to replace the moribund one that e
xpires on
September 30. Delegates were moving towards agreement at the last 
session,
in November, that efforts to steady the market should be based on t
he
withholding of between 330,000 and 380,000 tonnes of surplus beans from t
he
market. But they remained far apart on how that was to be financed and on

what price range was to be defended.
The existing ICCA, agreed in 1986, cea
sed to operate as a market support
pact early in 1988, when its buffer stock
 reached the 250,000-tonnes
ceiling.
All but one of the London Metal Exchang
e's contracts finished down on the
week, the biggest fall being in copper, w
hich closed yesterday at Pounds
1,551.25 a tonne for three months delivery, 
down Pounds 30.50 on the week.
But, as with cocoa's fall, the culprit was th
e sterling rally, but for which
the price would have been modestly higher.
D
ealers said the copper market was supported by concern over production
stopp
ages in Mexico and Papua New Guinea and the expectation of Chinese
buying on
 any dip to Dollars 2,220 a tonne, about Dollars 7 below the dollar
equivale
nt of yesterday's close. But the market remained trapped in a narrow
range, 
they added, with overhead resistance expected at Dollars 2,231 a
tonne.
Afte
r most of an early fall had been recovered in mid-week the aluminium
market 
ended on the downbeat, with the cash position closing yesterday at
Dollars 1
,204.50 a tonne, down Dollars 4 on the day and Dollars 7.75 on the
week.
The
 market had been steady in the morning, underpinned by talk of further
produ
ction cuts following Alumax's announcement on Thursday that it was
reducing 
output by about 36,000 tonnes a year at its Mount Holly smelter.
Fears that 
the Bonneville Power Administration restrictions could increase
energy costs
 for some US smelters were also providing support. But prices
again ran into
 overhead resistance and fell away during the afternoon.
Among the precious 
metals platinum and palladium prices reversed last week's
gains as confidenc
e was rocked by nervousness about US economic policy and a
report that Japan
ese car makers were to cut imports of the metals, both of
which are used in 
exhaust catalysts.
Dollar weakness helped gold to mount another assault on t
he upper end of its
recent Dollars 327-Dollars 332 a troy ounce trading rang
e on Tuesday. Once
again it was repelled, as was a fresh attempt yesterday.

 -----------------------------------
       LME WAREHOUSE STOCKS
     (As at
 Thursday's close)
 -----------------------------------
tonnes
 ------------
-----------------------
Aluminium  +2,100 to 1,650,550
Copper     unchgd at 
  319,425
Lead         -650 to   234,425
Nickel     +1,176 to    82,164
Zinc
       +7,600 to   546,600
Tin           +15 to    17,135
 -----------------
------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0179 Fruits and Tree Nuts, NEC.
    P1021 Copper Or
es.
    P0722 Crop Harvesting.
    P1099 Metal Ores, NEC.
    P33   Primary 
Metal Industries.
    P5051 Metals Service Centers and Offices.
</IN>
<XX>
T
ypes:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Market data.
    COSTS  Commodity prices.
</TP>
<PUB>
The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 11 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 269 ==============================================
Transaction #:    269       Transaction Code:  22 (Record(s) Saved)        

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Associated Variable Length Text:

<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-8150</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBUAKACNFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9302
20
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 FEB 93 / Commodities and Agriculture (Week in t
he markets): Sugar breaks into higher ground: </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RIC
HARD MOONEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A SERIES of bullish developments this week enab
led the world sugar market to
break free of the strait-jacket that had been 
confining prices for some
time.
Having traded mostly between 8 cents and 8.5
 cents a lb since last autumn
the prompt March futures position at New York'
s Cocoa, Sugar and Coffee
Exchange leapt in mid-week to 9 cents, a level las
t seen on November 2, and
moved on to a five-month high of 9.53 cents before
 edging back yesterday
afternoon.
Market sentiment has hardened in recent we
eks as analysts' assessments of
the likely sugar supply surplus in the 1992-
93 season have been reduced.
London trader ED & F. Man now expects supply to
 exceed demand by some 1.5m
tonnes (about 1.3 per cent of annual production)
, compared with the 3.4m
tonnes it was forecasting earlier. And this week C.
 Czarnikow, another
London trade house, which in November was forecasting an
 830,000-tonnes
surplus, this week adjusted this to a 370,000-tonne deficit 
(after allowing
for 'unrecorded disappearance' of 600,000 tonnes ).
However,
 the factor that changed firmness into strength this week was talk
circulati
ng among traders that Cuba had been forced to buy 100,000 tonnes of
sugar fr
om Thailand to enable it to honour supply commitments to China and
other Asi
an countries. Cuban sugar minister Mr Juan Herrera warned earlier
this month
 that lack of basic inputs had 'caused delays in the start-up of a
significa
nt number of mills'.
Also supporting the market were: a surprise announcemen
t of a 160,000-tonne
Kenyan buying tender for next Monday; a 14,000-tonne Mo
roccan buying tender;
talk of Cuban sales to Mexico and of a 100,000-tonnes 
sale to Indonesia; and
a cut in Thailand's harvest forecast from 49.15m tonn
es of cane to 43m
tonnes.
'There have been several important changes in the 
statistical outlook for
the 1992-93 crop cycle with adjustments to the suppl
y side of the balance
predominating,' said Czarnikow in the February 17 issu
e of its Sugar Review.
'Production for the season has fallen by some 1.32m t
onnes since our world
forecasts in November and is now expected to slip belo
w last season's output
by some 1.87m tonnes.'
The trade house now estimates 
world sugar production at 114.57m tonnes,
compared with 115.89m in November,
 and consumption at 114.51m tonnes,
compared with 114.46m tonnes.
Cocoa pric
es put in another steady performance as producers and consumers
prepared for
 next week's International Cocoa Agreement (ICCA) negotiations
in Geneva. In
 late trading yesterday the New York market's May position was
quoted at Dol
lars 932 a tonne, up Dollars 7 on the week. In London, however,
that firmnes
s was obscured by the dollar's decline against sterling and the
London Futur
es and Options Exchange's May cocoa contract ended Pounds 3 down
on the week
 at Pounds 734 a tonne.
The Geneva meeting will mark the fourth and final at
tempt to agree a
price-stabilisation pact to replace the moribund one that e
xpires on
September 30. Delegates were moving towards agreement at the last 
session,
in November, that efforts to steady the market should be based on t
he
withholding of between 330,000 and 380,000 tonnes of surplus beans from t
he
market. But they remained far apart on how that was to be financed and on

what price range was to be defended.
The existing ICCA, agreed in 1986, cea
sed to operate as a market support
pact early in 1988, when its buffer stock
 reached the 250,000-tonnes
ceiling.
All but one of the London Metal Exchang
e's contracts finished down on the
week, the biggest fall being in copper, w
hich closed yesterday at Pounds
1,551.25 a tonne for three months delivery, 
down Pounds 30.50 on the week.
But, as with cocoa's fall, the culprit was th
e sterling rally, but for which
the price would have been modestly higher.
D
ealers said the copper market was supported by concern over production
stopp
ages in Mexico and Papua New Guinea and the expectation of Chinese
buying on
 any dip to Dollars 2,220 a tonne, about Dollars 7 below the dollar
equivale
nt of yesterday's close. But the market remained trapped in a narrow
range, 
they added, with overhead resistance expected at Dollars 2,231 a
tonne.
Afte
r most of an early fall had been recovered in mid-week the aluminium
market 
ended on the downbeat, with the cash position closing yesterday at
Dollars 1
,204.50 a tonne, down Dollars 4 on the day and Dollars 7.75 on the
week.
The
 market had been steady in the morning, underpinned by talk of further
produ
ction cuts following Alumax's announcement on Thursday that it was
reducing 
output by about 36,000 tonnes a year at its Mount Holly smelter.
Fears that 
the Bonneville Power Administration restrictions could increase
energy costs
 for some US smelters were also providing support. But prices
again ran into
 overhead resistance and fell away during the afternoon.
Among the precious 
metals platinum and palladium prices reversed last week's
gains as confidenc
e was rocked by nervousness about US economic policy and a
report that Japan
ese car makers were to cut imports of the metals, both of
which are used in 
exhaust catalysts.
Dollar weakness helped gold to mount another assault on t
he upper end of its
recent Dollars 327-Dollars 332 a troy ounce trading rang
e on Tuesday. Once
again it was repelled, as was a fresh attempt yesterday.

 -----------------------------------
       LME WAREHOUSE STOCKS
     (As at
 Thursday's close)
 -----------------------------------
tonnes
 ------------
-----------------------
Aluminium  +2,100 to 1,650,550
Copper     unchgd at 
  319,425
Lead         -650 to   234,425
Nickel     +1,176 to    82,164
Zinc
       +7,600 to   546,600
Tin           +15 to    17,135
 -----------------
------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0179 Fruits and Tree Nuts, NEC.
    P1021 Copper Or
es.
    P0722 Crop Harvesting.
    P1099 Metal Ores, NEC.
    P33   Primary 
Metal Industries.
    P5051 Metals Service Centers and Offices.
</IN>
<XX>
T
ypes:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Market data.
    COSTS  Commodity prices.
</TP>
<PUB>
The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 11 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 270 ==============================================
Transaction #:    270       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-5555</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DLACFAIGFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9311
29
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  29 NOV 93 / Cuba hit by floods </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE
>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Cuba's struggling economy has been hit
 by poor weather for the third time
this year, as heavy rain caused extensiv
e flooding, killing at least 16
people, writes Canute James.
Cuban officials
 said the floods coincided with the start of the sugar
harvest and could dep
ress production in the most important sector of the
island's economy. The fl
ooding disrupted communications and transport,
damaged hundreds of homes and
 forced the evacuation of almost 50,000 people.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</X
X>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9229 Public 
Order and Safety, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP
>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 271 ==============================================
Transaction #:    271       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-9395</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CEGBFAHAFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
07
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 MAY 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Pakistani
 government plans to increase sugar duty </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By FARHAN B
OKHARI </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    ISLAMABAD </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE PAKISTANI go
vernment is considering an increase in import duty on sugar,
in the country'
s annual budget to be announced next week, as a measure to
boost the domesti
c sugar market. However, the new rate of duty has still not
been decided.
A 
senior government official said yesterday that the measure was a way to
cut 
down on sugar imports at a time when a rise in domestic sugar production
had
 already created a surplus. The country's sugar mills have produced at
least
 2.3m tonnes since October last year, while another 50,000 tonnes are
expect
ed to be produced this month.
Surplus sugar stocks depress prices in the loc
al market and therefore create
economic difficulties for sugar mill owners a
nd sugar-cane farmers,
officials and traders say.
Although wheat, cotton and
 rice account for about 70 per cent of the
country's annual crop output, sug
ar-cane is right behind them as one of the
more important crops of the remai
ning 30 per cent.
The government has also been trying to promote sugar tradi
ng in the private
sector as a way to reduce the public sector's participatio
n in commodity
trading.
Pakistan's imports of sugar during the past 9 months
 have largely been
secured through operators in the private sector, official
s say.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 34 </PAGE>

</DOC>

============= Transaction # 272 ==============================================
Transaction #:    272       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-9759</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EEMC4AGHFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9405
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAY 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Crop setb
acks put Indian sugar trade into reverse - Imports are now needed so that a 
presence can be maintained in the export market </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By K
UNAL BOSE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
India's sugar crop hopes are continuing to fade. 
Having already been lowered
to 10.5m tonnes from 11m, the production estimat
e for the 1993-94 season
(October-September) has recently been cut to not mo
re than 9.8m tonnes.
Last year, the country produced 10.6m tonnes of sugar, 
down from the 1991-92
record of 13.4m.
A concerned federal government has al
lowed duty-free imports of white sugar
so that the domestic production short
fall does not lead to a runaway
inflation in sugar prices. According to indu
stry officials, between the
Indian Sugar & General Industry Exim Corporation
 and the trade, nearly
500,000 tonnes of sugar have already been contracted 
for import. And import
contracts for another 300,000 tonnes are likely to be
 signed in the next few
weeks.
The imported sugar has started arriving at In
dian ports and to facilitate
its distribution the government has told the tr
ade that it will be exempted
from the 'stock-holding limit and turnover time
 applicable to sugar produced
within the country'.
Earlier the government al
lowed the import of raw sugar for processing and
re-export at a minimum valu
e addition of 7.5 per cent. This was done in
response to the suggestion by t
he Indian Sugar Mills Association that India,
which reappeared as a sugar ex
porter in 1990-91 should maintain a presence
in the world market in spite of
 the production setback. The ISGIEC, the
industry's trading arm, has already
 imported 12,000 tonnes of raw sugar, and
the seller has the option to suppl
y the same quantity by June 1994.
Meanwhile, ISMA has told the government th
at in view of the worsening
domestic supply situation the imported raw sugar
 should be allowed to be
marketed within the country after processing withou
t attracting any levy.
And the government is expected to accept the proposal
.
Hit by a severe drought, Maharashtra, the biggest sugar producing state,
w
here crushing of cane is almost over, will end the season with production
of
 2.7m tonnes, compared with last year's 3.36m.
The setback to production in 
Uttar Pradesh to 2.66m tonnes from 2.86m is
blamed on large-scale diversion 
of cane to production of gur and khandsari,
traditional sweeteners for the l
ocal peasant market. According to ISMA, 'a
good 500,000 tonnes of sugar has 
been lost in Uttar Pradesh because of the
cane diversion'.
The production lo
ss in Bihar is because of damage caused to the standing
crop by floods and e
xcessive rains. There will also be production shortfall
in the two north Ind
ian states of Punjab and Haryana.
Gujarat, however, is expected to step up p
roduction to 970,000 tonnes from
751,000. Production will also be higher in 
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
The expected production of 9.8m tonnes will no
t meet domestic consumption,
which the government is seeking to restrict to 
about 12m tonnes through the
monthly sugar release mechanism. The total avai
lability of sugar in the
current season will be, however, around 13.8m tonne
s, including the carry
forward stocks of 3.2m tonnes and imports of 800,000 
tonnes.
Though the Indian sugar season begins in October, production gains m
omentum
only from the end of November, so the new season should ideally star
t with
stocks equal to the sugar requirement for at least two and a half mon
ths.
This is not going to happen in 1994-95.
In the meantime, new cane plant
ation has started. According to industry
official plantings will be 20 to 25
 per cent higher than last year's. But
the first crop forecast and the likel
y sugar production in the next season
will not be available till June by whe
n the monsoon has set in.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>INZ  India, Asi
a.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>

<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Production.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
    M
KTS  Foreign trade.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page
 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 273 ==============================================
Transaction #:    273       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-338</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DF2CGAFKFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>93062
9
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  29 JUN 93 / International Company News: Eastern Sug
ar buys stake in Slovakian beet refiner </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By MAGGIE UR
RY and DAVID BUCHAN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
EASTERN Sugar, a joint venture between 
Tate & Lyle, the UK-based sugar and
sweeteners group, and Generale Sucriere 
of France, has bought a 51 per cent
stake in Juhocukor, a Slovakian beet sug
ar refiner.
Eastern Sugar already holds a 34.6 per cent stake in Kabai Cukor
gyar, a
Hungarian sugar beet processor.
The joint venture will invest 441m S
lovakian crowns (Dollars 14.8m) in
Juhocukor over four years, partly in cash
 and partly through a technology
deal. This will include subscribing to an i
ncrease in share capital, taking
Eastern Sugar's stake to 66 per cent.
The r
emaining shares in Juhocukor are held by investment funds and
individuals.
J
uhocukor produces 30,000 tonnes of sugar a year, compared to consumption in

the Slovak Republic of up to 200,000 tonnes a year. The country produces
abo
ut 150,000 tonnes and imports the balance from the Czech Republic.
Generale 
Sucriere is a subsidiary of Saint-Louis, the French food and paper
group.
Se
e Lex
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Eastern Sugar.
    Juhocukor.
</CO>

<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>SKZ   Slovakia, East Europe.
    GBZ  United Kin
gdom, EC.
    FRZ  France, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P2063 Beet 
Sugar.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Mergers & acquisitions.
</TP>
<PUB
>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 25 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 274 ==============================================
Transaction #:    274       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-9064</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBPC3AGEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
16
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 FEB 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: India fav
ours sugar imports while awaiting crop revival </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By KU
NAL BOSE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The Indian food and commerce ministries have react
ed favourably to a sugar
industry call for the import of 500,000 tonnes of r
aw sugar in the current
season (October-September). According to industry of
ficials, the imports can
be matched by forward sales from the bumper sugar c
rop expected next season;
while refining the raws for local consumption will
 utilise the Indian mills'
considerable idled capacity.
Earlier, the federal
 government had allowed the import of raw sugar by the
Indian Sugar and Gene
ral Industry Export Import Corporation, the industry's
trading arm, so that 
it could maintain exports to neighbouring countries.
The government intends 
that sugar exports should become a permanent feature
of India's foreign trad
e.
The need to import sugar for domestic consumption has been highlighted by

the reduction of the current season's production estimate from 11m tonnes t
o
10.8m. Moreover, the government, in its eagerness to keep the open market

sugar prices in check, has started making liberal monthly releases of the
co
mmodity. According to the Indian Sugar Mills Association, it should be
possi
ble to import raw sugar from Thailand, though the prices will be high.
This 
is the second year in a row that India has suffered a major setback in
sugar
 production. Last year, the production declined to 10.6m tonnes from
13.4m i
n 1991-92. According to industry officials, a combination of factors,
includ
ing a 3.5 per cent decline in land under cane cultivation is
responsible for
 this season's shortfall.
'The farmers were not keen to grow cane as last ye
ar, the majority of sugar
factories were taking too long a time to clear the
 cane bills,' explains Mr
OM Dhanuka, spokesman for Isma. 'At one point the 
industry's payment backlog
on the cane account was around Rs5bn (Pounds 108m
).'
To make matters worse for the sugar factories, when the overall supply o
f
raw material is not comfortable, gur and jaggery manufacturers are reporte
d
to indulge in 'large scale poaching into cane grown in the captive fields 
of
sugar mills'. In a normal year, the gur and jaggery units use about 36 pe
r
cent of the cane production.
The industry officials are quite hopeful, how
ever, about the prospects for
next season. As cane growing states have on an
 average raised the minimum
cane price by Rs10 a quintal (100lb) for the 199
3-94 season and the sugar
mills are clearing the cane bills on time the grow
ers' interest in the crop
has revived. 'Both the autumn and spring cane plan
tations are highly
encouraging. We are expecting a 20 per cent increase in c
ane production
during 1994-95,' says Mr Dhanuka.
The 1994-95 season will ope
n with low stocks of about 2m tonnes of sugar,
against 3.22m tonnes for 1993
-94. But this should not create a supply
problem as most Indian sugar factor
ies should be able to start crushing in
October itself because of the expect
ed improvement in raw material
availability. And it is confidently expected 
that the federal government
will offer a package of incentives including exc
ise relief and the granting
of a higher percentage of sugar for open market 
sales to the mills, which
will start production early.
The industry expects 
that sugar production next year may top 1991-92's
record of 13.4m tonnes.
</
TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>INZ  India, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
<
/XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS 
 Foreign trade.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times
 </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 34 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 275 ==============================================
Transaction #:    275       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
                        Old Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-4201</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIHBQAENFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
08
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 SEP 92 / World Commodities Prices: Market Repor
t </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Lack of activity in the
 London markets reflected the US Labor Day holiday.
Some light buying was se
en in GOLD, which helped to maintain the market
above Friday's levels. Most 
BASE METALS ended a quiet day with prices below
Friday's levels but above th
e day's lows. The SUGAR market's main talking
point was the Cuban president'
s weekend assertion that the country had
produced 7m tonnes of sugar for 199
1-92. Talk of Cuban buying in March New
York has been a key supportive facto
r recently amid concern that production
may fall further in 1992-93.
Compile
d from Reuters
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32
 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 276 ==============================================
Transaction #:    276       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-2597</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-ELPB8AA4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9412
16
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 DEC 94 / Quitting lifts lid on Indian sugar ind
ustry: Probe fall-out draws attention to highly regulated and corruption-pro
ne sector </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEFAN WAGSTYL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A Cabin
et minister's resignation has cast an unwanted light into the murky
world of
 the highly regulated and corruption-prone Indian sugar industry.
The causes
 of the departure of Mr A K Antony, the civil supplies minister,
lie in the 
government's mishandling of a sugar shortage earlier this year
which forced 
the country to pay tens of millions of dollars more for
imported sugar than 
it might otherwise have done. Sugar producers and
traders, in India and abro
ad, made bumper profits at the expense of the
Indian government and of sugar
 consumers.
In June, Mr P V Narasimha Rao, the prime minister, ordered an in
quiry into
the affair by Mr Gian Prakash, a retired civil servant, who prese
nted his
findings in September. The prime minister at first refused to publi
sh the
report. But this week, after the ruling Congress (I) party's defeats 
in the
recent state elections in which corruption was an important issue, Mr

Narasimha Rao responded to opposition party pressure and allowed a junior
m
inister to present a short written summary to parliament. This vaguely
appor
tioned blame to almost everyone involved in control of the sugar
industry.
T
he low-key note, which the prime minister presumably hoped would offend
no-o
ne, outraged Mr Antony, a minister with a reputation for honesty, who
was fu
rious at being bracketed with those he believes responsible for the
debacle.

Mr Antony's resignation has intensified the pressure on those who played a

bigger role in the scandal.
India is both the world's largest producer and c
onsumer of sugar. To ensure
that even the poor can buy sugar, about half the
 output is sold through
government ration shops at artificially low prices. 
The rest is sold on a
so-called free market, although even here prices are i
nfluenced by the
government which regulates the volume of sugar reaching the
 stores. Entry
into the industry is controlled by the government which grant
s production
licences - a lucrative source of bribes.
All this intervention 
fails to eliminate periodic swings between gluts and
shortages. The first in
kling of a shortage this year emerged last winter
when Mr Antony, whose mini
stry is in charge of food distribution, and Mr A C
Sen, the chief civil serv
ant in the food ministry, warned Mr Kalpnath Rai,
the food minister, that im
ports were needed. Mr Rai rejected the advice at a
meeting in December of th
e Cabinet Committee on Prices, which controls
administered prices.
Because o
f other official business, the committee did not meet again until
March, whe
n rising sugar prices in the domestic market had set alarm bells
ringing. Mr
 Rai finally conceded that the crop would be smaller than
expected. Accordin
g to documents leaked to Indian newspapers, Mr Manmohan
Singh, the finance m
inister who chairs the committee, remarked drily that
sugar production estim
ates should be assessed independently since 'certain
parties had a vested in
terest in giving credence to unreliable estimates'.
The committee agreed to 
allow private imports of sugar and authorised the
state-owned trading corpor
ations, STC and MMTC which are run by the commerce
ministry, to import 1m to
nnes to top up the domestic output of 9.6m tonnes.
The first privately impor
ted sugar arrived in mid-April but it was not until
the end of May before th
e government agencies made their purchases.
The purchases were delayed by ar
guments between the food, commerce and
finance ministries over who should pa
y for any losses suffered from buying
sugar at world prices and selling them
 at (lower) Indian prices. The delays
were compounded by an abortive attempt
 by the Food Corporation of India, a
third government agency, to make its ow
n sugar imports - a move authorised
by Mr Sen, the food secretary, and block
ed by Mr Rai.
As word of India's purchasing plans leaked into the internatio
nal market, so
prices soared from about Dollars 290 a tonne in January to Do
llars 360 by
June. The Indian government eventually imported 1m tonnes - if 
it could have
paid Dollars 50 a tonne less through more adept trading, it wo
uld have saved
Dollars 50m. Private traders imported a further 1m: some of t
hem made a
killing by securing early contracts. Those who bought late actual
ly lost
money since by the end of the summer prices were falling once more.

Once the panic to secure supplies had passed, the attention shifted to
appor
tioning blame. Under pressure from the opposition parties, the prime
ministe
r ordered Mr Prakash's inquiry. Although it has not been published,
it seems
 to have exonerated the prime minister personally and spread blame
among oth
er ministers and officials.
All those allegedly involved have denied they we
re at fault.
If Mr Narasimha Rao hoped that the sugar affair would gradually
 fade away
amid concern over more immediate issues such as last week's state
 election
results, Mr Antony's resignation will have soured his plans.
</TEX
T>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 277 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-4579</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DLCDFABGFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9312
03
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  03 DEC 93 / World Trade News: Cruise ship lifeline
 for Cuban economy - Castro's latest attempt to attract dollars from tourism
 </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ROSIE HAYES and STEPHEN FIDLER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

When the cruise ship Santiago de Cuba sails later this month from Havana, it

will underline the extent to which revolutionary fervour is giving way to
p
ragmatism as Cuba tries to adjust to economic hardship.
On board ship, there
 will be gambling - although it will not be allowed in
Cuban ports. The gove
rnment of President Fidel Castro is now accepting an
activity it banned when
 it closed Havana's notorious gambling parlours after
the 1959 revolution.
C
ompared with the previous policy shifts forced on the Cuban government by
th
e collapse of the Soviet Union and its financial support for Cuba, this is
s
mall. Among other things, the government has been aggressively pursuing
prev
iously unwelcome foreign investors and has legalised use of the
once-banned 
US dollar.
The cruise operation - a joint venture between the state-owned Ha
vanatur and
European interests, including the Italian ship agents Fratelli C
osulich - is
the latest attempt to attract tourist dollars to the country.
M
r Castro is now laying much emphasis on the promotion of tourism. He turned

up last month on the holiday island of Cayo Coco at a ceremonial signing of

a Spanish-Cuban joint venture and mingled with tourists, even at one stage
w
atching a dance performance in a discotheque. The joint venture involves
the
 Spanish group Guitart Hotels investing Dollars 20m (Pounds 13.4m) over
10 y
ears and the local Cubanacana SA contributing the equivalent in local
curren
cy.
He spoke of fighting the country's financial problems through tourism an
d
told Cubans to prepare for an influx of foreign visitors.
The president ha
s also heaped praise on Spain, probably the most important
source of foreign
 investment in the Cuban tourist industry, and has
described Spanish skill a
nd enterprise as a great advantage to the island.
He even told an audience o
f Havana Communist party delegates this month that
sugar was 'no longer the 
country's main economic source' and that the
tourist industry had developed 
to such an extent it was now 'Cuba's main
financial lifeline'.
The number of
 visitors to Cuba has increased from 289,000 in 1987 to 460,000
last year, a
nd is forecast to grow again this year. Visitors are also
spending more. Acc
ording to the government, daily spending rose to Dollars
67 a day in 1990 to
 Dollars 89 in 1992, and is predicted to increase to
Dollars 100 in 1995.
Bu
t there are doubts among external observers whether tourism is as
important 
as the government suggests. Mr Jorge Dominguez, a Harvard
professor and visi
ting fellow at the Washington-based study group
InterAmerican Dialogue, says
 that total foreign direct investment in Cuba is
an elusive figure, but prob
ably amounts to less than Dollars 1bn. 'That
means the claim that tourism is
 significant rests on its generation of
foreign exchange.'
Yet the foreign e
xchange earnings usually quoted by Cuban sources represent
gross, rather tha
n net earnings. A report produced in March by the Cuban
Grupo de Turismo sai
d that tourism generated Dollars 530m in gross
hard-currency receipts in 199
2 - four times the 1987 level - and directly
accounted for 62,000 jobs, 1.6 
per cent of total employment.
A report published in April by La Sociedad Eco
nomica, a moderate
London-based exile group which favours the country's tran
sformation to a
market economy, also points out that the policy of keeping t
ourists in
enclaves 'limits the market for locally-produced goods and servic
es, so
reducing the beneficial effect that tourism could generate in the wid
er
economy'.
The net hard-currency benefit is thus significantly less than t
he gross
receipts. Tourists have to be serviced by imports, such as Scotch w
hisky and
video cassettes. Sales commissions, tour operating profits, and av
iation
expenses must also be paid.
This suggests, says Mr Dominguez, the net
 annual hard currency gain to Cuba
is between Dollars 100m and Dollars 300m.

While this compares with the Dollars 220m earned in 1992 from nickel
export
s, it is still significantly less than its earnings from sugar
exports, even
 though they fell to their lowest level this year since 1963.
This year's ha
rvest of 4.2m tonnes would generate Dollars 800m-Dollars 900m
in export reve
nues.
'Tourism, as at present structured, offers only very limited relief to

Cuba's economic crisis,' argues La Sociedad Economica. This could change if

Americans were allowed to go to Cuba - but the end of the US embargo still

appears a long way off.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Havanatur.
    Fr
atelli Cosulich.
    Guitart Hotels.
    Cubanacana.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-

</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
    ITZ  Italy, EC.
    ESZ  Spain, EC.
</CN
>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P7999 Amusement and Recreation, NEC.
    P7011
 Hotels and Motels.
    P4481 Deep Sea Passenger Transportation, Ex Ferry.
<
/IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Strategic links & Joint venture.
    CMMT 
 Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pag
e 6 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 278 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-13446</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EGTEBAGAFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
719
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  19 JUL 94 / Pepsi-Cola may face boycott </HEADLIN
E>
<BYLINE>    By JOSE GALANG </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    MANILA </DATELINE>
<TE
XT>
Pepsi-Cola faces a threat of a boycott from consumers in the Philippines
'
main sugar-producing island of Negros because it is using imported sugar f
or
its production of soft drinks, writes Jose Galang in Manila.
The boycott 
is being instigated by Negros-based Confederation of Sugar
Producers Associa
tions and National Federation of Sugar Planters, and has
gained support from
 Negros representatives in the Philippine Congress.
The dispute stems from t
he import of 15,000 tonnes of refined sugar worth
Dollars 1.9m made by Macon
dray, an affiliate of Pepsi. Macondray imported
the sugar due to a reported 
shortage of the commodity in the local market.
However, sugar growers in Neg
ros insisted that the 13 sugar mills on the
island were holding sugar stocks
 of some 240,000 tonnes. The local sugar
industry directly employs some 500,
000 people.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>PepsiCo Inc.
</CO>
<XX>
Count
ries:-
</XX>
<CN>PHZ  Philippines, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P
2086 Bottled and Canned Soft Drinks.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Comp
any News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> International Page 4 
</PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-6585</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DE0B8AG0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9305
27
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 MAY 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar pri
ce down further despite lower Cuban crop </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BL
ACKWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FINAL CONFIRMATION that Cuba's sugar crop will be o
nly 4.2m tonnes compared
with last year's 7m tonnes did not prevent a furthe
r decline in New York raw
sugar prices, writes David Blackwell.
In late trad
ing yesterday the July contract was down 0.63 at 11.15 cents a
lb - well off
 the high of 13.26 on May 17.
The fall came in spite of Monday night's annou
ncement from Cubazucar, which
put the outcome of the troubled harvest well b
elow all recent trade
estimates. Czarnikow, the London trade house, last wee
k estimated Cuban
production at 5.5m tonnes, a figure matched this week by E
D & F. Man, also
of London.
Production in Cuba, the world's biggest exporter
, has been hit by bad
weather and problems with the country's crumbling infr
astructure.
Falls in production in Cuba, Thailand and India have led to earl
y
predictions of a world surplus this year being changed to predictions of a

deficit, averaging around 2m tonnes below consumption.
This has been enough
 to drive prices sharply higher after a flat period
between last September a
nd February, when nearby New York traded between 8
and 9 cents a lb.
However
, the market has eased back recently as physical demand for sugar has
not be
en evident, partly because of the high prices.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX
>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcan
e and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
</T
P>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 34 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 280 ==============================================
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<DOCNO>FT932-6585</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DE0B8AG0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9305
27
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 MAY 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar pri
ce down further despite lower Cuban crop </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BL
ACKWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FINAL CONFIRMATION that Cuba's sugar crop will be o
nly 4.2m tonnes compared
with last year's 7m tonnes did not prevent a furthe
r decline in New York raw
sugar prices, writes David Blackwell.
In late trad
ing yesterday the July contract was down 0.63 at 11.15 cents a
lb - well off
 the high of 13.26 on May 17.
The fall came in spite of Monday night's annou
ncement from Cubazucar, which
put the outcome of the troubled harvest well b
elow all recent trade
estimates. Czarnikow, the London trade house, last wee
k estimated Cuban
production at 5.5m tonnes, a figure matched this week by E
D & F. Man, also
of London.
Production in Cuba, the world's biggest exporter
, has been hit by bad
weather and problems with the country's crumbling infr
astructure.
Falls in production in Cuba, Thailand and India have led to earl
y
predictions of a world surplus this year being changed to predictions of a

deficit, averaging around 2m tonnes below consumption.
This has been enough
 to drive prices sharply higher after a flat period
between last September a
nd February, when nearby New York traded between 8
and 9 cents a lb.
However
, the market has eased back recently as physical demand for sugar has
not be
en evident, partly because of the high prices.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX
>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcan
e and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
</T
P>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 34 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 281 ==============================================
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<PROFILE>_AN-DE0B8AG0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9305
27
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 MAY 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar pri
ce down further despite lower Cuban crop </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BL
ACKWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FINAL CONFIRMATION that Cuba's sugar crop will be o
nly 4.2m tonnes compared
with last year's 7m tonnes did not prevent a furthe
r decline in New York raw
sugar prices, writes David Blackwell.
In late trad
ing yesterday the July contract was down 0.63 at 11.15 cents a
lb - well off
 the high of 13.26 on May 17.
The fall came in spite of Monday night's annou
ncement from Cubazucar, which
put the outcome of the troubled harvest well b
elow all recent trade
estimates. Czarnikow, the London trade house, last wee
k estimated Cuban
production at 5.5m tonnes, a figure matched this week by E
D & F. Man, also
of London.
Production in Cuba, the world's biggest exporter
, has been hit by bad
weather and problems with the country's crumbling infr
astructure.
Falls in production in Cuba, Thailand and India have led to earl
y
predictions of a world surplus this year being changed to predictions of a

deficit, averaging around 2m tonnes below consumption.
This has been enough
 to drive prices sharply higher after a flat period
between last September a
nd February, when nearby New York traded between 8
and 9 cents a lb.
However
, the market has eased back recently as physical demand for sugar has
not be
en evident, partly because of the high prices.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX
>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcan
e and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
</T
P>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 34 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 282 ==============================================
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<DOCNO>FT933-10280</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DHECDABEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
805
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 AUG 93 / Cuban ministerial shake-up </HEADLINE
>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    HAVANA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Cu
ba's government replaced four ministers yesterday in a shake-up of key
econo
mic posts that signalled its determination to confront the island's
economic
 crisis with reforms, Reuter reports from Havana.
The ruling council of stat
e, headed by President Fidel Castro, named Mr
Alfredo Jordan Morales, Mr Nel
son Torres Perez, General Silvano Colas
Sanchez and Mr Jose Luis Rodriguez G
arca as the new ministers for
agriculture, sugar, communications and finance
 respectively.
It was the most important shake-up of economic posts on the C
aribbean island
for several years. Diplomats said the changes confirmed Pres
ident Castro's
intention to tackle the island's economic problems.
</TEXT>
<
XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX
>
<IN>P9199 General Government, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>GOVT  Gove
rnment News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PA
GE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-10100</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DHFBQAGRFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
805
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 AUG 93 / New ministers to spearhead Cuban refo
rms </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    HAVANA </DATEL
INE>
<TEXT>
CUBA'S government replaced four ministers yesterday in a shake-u
p of key
economic posts that signalled its determination to confront the isl
and's
economic crisis with reforms, Reuter reports from Havana.
The ruling c
ouncil of state, headed by President Fidel Castro, named Mr
Alfredo Jordan M
orales, Mr Nelson Torres Perez, General Silvano Colas
Sanchez and Mr Jose Lu
is Rodriguez Garca as the new ministers for
agriculture, sugar, communicatio
ns and finance respectively.
It was the most important shake-up of economic 
posts on the Caribbean island
for several years.
Foreign diplomats said the 
changes confirmed President Castro's intention to
tackle the island's econom
ic problems, aggravated this year by flagging food
production and a disastro
us sugar harvest.
Mr Rodriguez, a leading economist, was previously deputy d
irector of the
Centre for Research in the World Economy in Havana. Last week
 he told
foreign reporters he foresaw the introduction of monetary, tax and 
exchange
rate policies and limited market mechanisms to overhaul the economy
.
The state media have indicated the government intends to depart from its
a
dherence to the former Soviet-style economic policies in force when Cuba
was
 a member of the Soviet trading bloc Comecon.
Mr Torres, who is to head the 
strategic sugar ministry, has earned a
reputation for efficiency in his prev
ious post as Communist party chief in
the south-central province of Cienfueg
os. He replaced Mr Juan Herrera
Machado, another veteran who had served seve
n years as sugar minister.
During Cuba's disastrous 1992-93 sugar harvest, o
utput slumped to 4.2m
tonnes, one of the lowest levels ever. Reasons cited f
or the failure, which
cost Cuba Dollars 500m in lost sugar revenue, were uns
easonably bad weather
as well as acute shortages of fuel, spare parts and fe
rtilisers.
In the agriculture ministry, Mr Jordan also faces the challenge o
f reviving
flagging food production, a sensitive area for Cuba's nearly 11m 
people who
are suffering serious food shortages.
Mr Jordan was a provincial 
party chief in eastern Las Tunas province.
The new ministers will serve unde
r Mr Carlos Lage, vice-president of the
council of state and recognised by m
ost observers as Cuba's leading economic
strategist.
The appointment of Gen 
Colas as communications minister follows an existing
policy of putting milit
ary figures in infrastructure posts, such as
transport.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countri
es:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9199
 General Government, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>GOVT  Government News
.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> International Page 4 </PAGE>

</DOC>

============= Transaction # 285 ==============================================
Transaction #:    285       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-2494</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-ELSBNAA4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9412
16
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 DEC 94 / Quitting lifts lid on Indian sugar ind
ustry: Probe fall-out draws attention to highly regulated and corruption-pro
ne sector </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEFAN WAGSTYL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A Cabin
et minister's resignation has cast an unwanted light into the murky
world of
 the highly regulated and corruption-prone Indian sugar industry.
The causes
 of the departure of Mr A K Antony, the civil supplies minister,
lie in the 
government's mishandling of a sugar shortage earlier this year
which forced 
the country to pay tens of millions of dollars more for
imported sugar than 
it might otherwise have done. Sugar producers and
traders, in India and abro
ad, made bumper profits at the expense of the
Indian government and of sugar
 consumers.
In June, Mr P V Narasimha Rao, the prime minister, ordered an in
quiry into
the affair by Mr Gian Prakash, a retired civil servant, who prese
nted his
findings in September. The prime minister at first refused to publi
sh the
report. But this week, after the ruling Congress (I) party's defeats 
in the
recent state elections in which corruption was an important issue, Mr

Narasimha Rao responded to opposition party pressure and allowed a junior
m
inister to present a short written summary to parliament. This vaguely
appor
tioned blame to almost everyone involved in control of the sugar
industry.
T
he low-key note, which the prime minister presumably hoped would offend
no-o
ne, outraged Mr Antony, a minister with a reputation for honesty, who
was fu
rious at being bracketed with those he believes responsible for the
debacle.

Mr Antony's resignation has intensified the pressure on those who played a

bigger role in the scandal.
India is both the world's largest producer and c
onsumer of sugar. To ensure
that even the poor can buy sugar, about half the
 output is sold through
government ration shops at artificially low prices. 
The rest is sold on a
so-called free market, although even here prices are i
nfluenced by the
government which regulates the volume of sugar reaching the
 stores. Entry
into the industry is controlled by the government which grant
s production
licences - a lucrative source of bribes.
All this intervention 
fails to eliminate periodic swings between gluts and
shortages. The first in
kling of a shortage this year emerged last winter
when Mr Antony, whose mini
stry is in charge of food distribution, and Mr A C
Sen, the chief civil serv
ant in the food ministry, warned Mr Kalpnath Rai,
the food minister, that im
ports were needed. Mr Rai rejected the advice at a
meeting in December of th
e Cabinet Committee on Prices, which controls
administered prices.
Because o
f other official business, the committee did not meet again until
March, whe
n rising sugar prices in the domestic market had set alarm bells
ringing. Mr
 Rai finally conceded that the crop would be smaller than
expected. Accordin
g to documents leaked to Indian newspapers, Mr Manmohan
Singh, the finance m
inister who chairs the committee, remarked drily that
sugar production estim
ates should be assessed independently since 'certain
parties had a vested in
terest in giving credence to unreliable estimates'.
The committee agreed to 
allow private imports of sugar and authorised the
state-owned trading corpor
ations, STC and MMTC which are run by the commerce
ministry, to import 1m to
nnes to top up the domestic output of 9.6m tonnes.
The first privately impor
ted sugar arrived in mid-April but it was not until
the end of May before th
e government agencies made their purchases.
The purchases were delayed by ar
guments between the food, commerce and
finance ministries over who should pa
y for any losses suffered from buying
sugar at world prices and selling them
 at (lower) Indian prices. The delays
were compounded by an abortive attempt
 by the Food Corporation of India, a
third government agency, to make its ow
n sugar imports - a move authorised
by Mr Sen, the food secretary, and block
ed by Mr Rai.
As word of India's purchasing plans leaked into the internatio
nal market, so
prices soared from about Dollars 290 a tonne in January to Do
llars 360 by
June. The Indian government eventually imported 1m tonnes - if 
it could have
paid Dollars 50 a tonne less through more adept trading, it wo
uld have saved
Dollars 50m. Private traders imported a further 1m: some of t
hem made a
killing by securing early contracts. Those who bought late actual
ly lost
money since by the end of the summer prices were falling once more.

Once the panic to secure supplies had passed, the attention shifted to
appor
tioning blame. Under pressure from the opposition parties, the prime
ministe
r ordered Mr Prakash's inquiry. Although it has not been published,
it seems
 to have exonerated the prime minister personally and spread blame
among oth
er ministers and officials.
All those allegedly involved have denied they we
re at fault.
If Mr Narasimha Rao hoped that the sugar affair would gradually
 fade away
amid concern over more immediate issues such as last week's state
 election
results, Mr Antony's resignation will have soured his plans.
</TEX
T>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>INZ  India, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX
>
<IN>P9651 Regulation of Miscellaneous Commercial Sectors.
    P2061 Raw Ca
ne Sugar.
    P2062 Cane Sugar Refining.
    P5149 Groceries and Related Pro
ducts, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>PEOP  People.
    CMMT  Comment & A
nalysis.
    COSTS  Product costs & Product prices.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial
 Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 286 ==============================================
Transaction #:    286       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-4601</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EFIC8ABNFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9406
09
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  09 JUN 94 / World Trade News: Mexico-US sugar row 
looms - A potential trade dispute with its roots in Nafta </HEADLINE>
<BYLIN
E>    By TED BARDACKE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A planned switch by Mexico's Coca-Col
a bottlers from domestically produced
refined sugar to imported corn syrup i
s threatening to set off a trade
dispute between the US and Mexico, the worl
d's largest per capita consumer
of soft drinks.
It all began with last-minut
e changes to the sugar export provisions of the
North American Free Trade Ag
reement, which both the US and Mexico argued
were necessary to win ratificat
ion of the accord in the US Congress. The
original rules gave Mexico an annu
al sugar export quota of 250,000 tonnes,
which the US promised to lift autom
atically if Mexico proved to be a net
sugar exporter for two consecutive yea
rs.
This rule was designed to prevent Mexico from importing cheap sugar to
s
atisfy national demand while exporting domestically produced sugar to the
US
 market where tariffs keep prices high. Under the revised provisions,
Mexico
 agreed that imports of corn syrup would be included, thus preventing
soft d
rink bottlers and other industrial users from switching to imported
corn syr
up to free up sugar for export. A third of Mexico's average 4m-tonne
annual 
sugar production is consumed by industries that could switch to
cheaper corn
 syrup.
Now, as Coca-Cola bottlers study plans to switch - for a capital out
lay of
between Dollars 1m and Dollars 2m per bottling plant they can save se
veral
million dollars a year on raw materials and transportation costs - the
y and
the US Corn Refiners Association are accusing Mexican trade officials,
 sugar
producers and Pepsi bottlers of erecting an embargo against corn syru
p.
The CRA has alleged that the Mexican sugar industry with the support of D
r
Jaime Serra Puche, Mexico's minister of trade, has put pressure on Mexican

bottlers not to use high-fructose corn syrup. It also alleges that bottlers

have been threatened with a boycott by sugar suppliers - which would mean
t
hey would have to convert 100 per cent to a sugar replacement - if they do
n
ot co-operate.
The trade ministry is under political pressure to protect the
 domestic sugar
industry. Militant sugar workers hurt by the industry's priv
atisation have
taken over various mills while others are permanently camped 
in front of the
presidential palace in Mexico City.
Coca-Cola bottlers say t
hat sooner or later competition from low-cost
imported soft drinks made with
 corn syrup will force them to move away from
refined sugar.
The boycott thr
eat would be real only if domestic sugar producers can limit
the amount of s
ugar traded on Mexico's sugar futures market, which began
operations in Marc
h. So far only 38 per cent of monthly sugar purchases are
taking place on th
e market. The rest is sold directly by mills to industrial
users and by midd
lemen who still control about 30 per cent of the sugar
trade.
Coca-Cola bott
lers say that with such little volume traded on the new
market, they would b
e forced to pay even higher prices for their principal
raw material should m
ills cancel their direct contracts. The current average
price of refined sug
ar traded on the futures market - Dollars 656 a tonne -
is already about 7 p
er cent higher than industrial users pay in their direct
contracts with refi
ners.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
    
MXZ  Mexico.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9721 International Affairs.

    P2062 Cane Sugar Refining.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Foreign tr
ade.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </PAGE>
</DO
C>

============= Transaction # 287 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-2215</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BEABLAC4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9105
01
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  01 MAY 91 / Commodities and Agriculture: Three-yea
r low for raw sugar </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>
<TE
XT>
RAW SUGAR prices plunged to the lowest levels for more than three years 
in
London yesterday. The London Daily Price for raws was down Dollars 16.50 
to
Dollars 194 a tonne.
In New York raw sugar futures were also sharply down
 from the start. The May
contract, approaching expiry yesterday afternoon, h
it a new low of 7.30
cents a lb after midday.
Mr Chris Pack, analyst with Cz
arnikow, the London trade house, said the
market was again talking about rum
ours that Mexico had sold a block of
500,000 tonnes of whites to China over 
three years.
Yesterday saw the first delivery of Cuban sugar against a Londo
n Futures and
Options Exchange (Fox) contract. A total of 400 lots (24,000 t
onnes) is to
be delivered against May.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 288 ==============================================
Transaction #:    288       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-1992</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BEBBRACJFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9105
02
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 MAY 91 / Commodities and Agriculture: Big sugar
 crop unlikely to lift Brazilian exports </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By VICTORIA
 GRIFFITH </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    SAO PAULO </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
BRAZIL is exp
ecting a bumper sugar crop this year, but market sources say
excess producti
on is unlikely to result in higher exports. The Association
of Sugar and Alc
ohol Industries of Sao Paulo (AIAA) has forecast a 9 per
cent rise in sugar 
output this year compared to the harvest of 1990-91, one
of the worst years 
on record.
According to the association Brazil's next sugar harvest will pro
duce 158m
bags. The rise will occur due to improved productivity, rather tha
n any
increase in area planted. Most of the excess production will come from
 the
central-south area of the country.
Exporters believe the association's 
forecast is accurate. Mr Mauricio
Fernandes, president of the sugar exporter
 Magman Comercio Internacional,
said: 'All our preliminary analyses point to
 an increase of about 10 per
cent in sugar output this year.' Observers beli
eve, however, rising demand
for sugar-derived alcohol market will continue t
o put a lid on exports.
Those shortages might get worse, analysts say. Durin
g the Gulf war sales of
cars run on alcohol surged, and the Brazilian govern
ment has said it will be
reluctant to release sugar for export in the face o
f insufficient supply at
home.
Mr Luiz Bertelli, superintendent of the AIAA,
 said: 'A rise in sugar
production only means that the Sao Paulo area may be
come self-sufficient
this year, reducing the region's need to import sugar f
rom the north-east.'
The United States has agreed to abolish the countervail
ing duty on the
importation of frozen orange juice concentrate from Brazil. 
According to
orange producers here, the move is an important concession in t
he battle to
eradicate import barriers on orange juice from Brazil.
</TEXT>

<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 34 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 289 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-11077</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DKBDEAG7FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>931
102
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 NOV 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: India ba
cks sugar re-export plan - The country's proposals for retaining credibility
 as a supplier and, below, on moves to let coffee growers sell their crop ab
road </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By KUNAL BOSE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE INDIAN feder
al government is favourably disposed to a proposal by the
Indian Sugar and G
eneral Industry Exim Corporation to import raw sugar this
season for re-expo
rt, after processing, as white sugar.
The corporation has suggested the expo
rt-linked import of 250,000 tonnes of
raw sugar during the 1993-94 season. I
ndia, which re-entered the sugar
export market in 1990-91 after a gap of six
 years, will not have any
exportable surplus in the current season.
The init
ial sugar production forecast for 1993-94 is 11m tonnes, compared
with actua
l production of 10.6m tonnes last season and 13.4m tonnes in
1991-92. In spi
te of last year's serious setback in production, India could
export 411,000 
tonnes of sugar as the 1992-93 season opened with very
comfortable stocks of
 over 4.9m tonnes. Indian exports in 1991-92 were
562,000 tonnes, up from 22
3,000 tonnes in 1990-91.
The Exim corporation has also recommended the impor
t of another 550,000
tonnes of raw sugar in the current season to be refined
 for domestic
consumption. These import would be made on condition that the 
same amount
was exported in the following season, when production is expecte
d to
improve.
The Indian Sugar Mills Association has warned the government t
hat India will
lose 'credibility as a dependable source of supply' if it sus
pends export in
the current season. 'The now on, now off approach to export 
has not helped
us in the past,' an ISMA official said recently. 'We have mad
e a
considerable effort to develop a market for Indian sugar in the neighbou
ring
countries. This we do not want to lose.'
Moreover, importing raw sugar 
for processing into white sugar would enable
the Indian industry to use capa
city that would otherwise remain idle.
In the meantime, the mills associatio
n has taken strong exception to a
government move to liquidate the buffer st
ock of 500,000 tonnes of sugar
created six months ago. It argues that not on
ly should the buffer be
maintained but its size should be expanded whenever 
there is an opportunity
to ensure regularity of export, irrespective of vari
ations in domestic sugar
production.
According to ISMA, Indian sugar product
ion will once again be low as the
area under cane has not increased. What it
 finds most disturbing is that the
area under cane in Maharashtra, India's m
ost productive cane growing state,
has shrunk, while 'the condition of the c
rop in the drought affected
Maharashtra is far from satisfactory'. Floods ha
ve affected the standing
crop in Bihar and a few other places.
Total supply 
of sugar in the current season, which opened with stocks of
3.2m tonnes, wil
l be 14.2m tonnes at most. As domestic consumption will be
more than 12m ton
nes, compared with 11.9m tonnes last year, the next sugar
season is likely t
o open with disturbingly low stocks.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>INZ 
 India, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P2061 Raw Cane Sugar.
</IN>

<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Foreign trade.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times <
/PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 34 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 290 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-6247</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CH0BVAEVFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9208
26
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  26 AUG 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: US tariff
 deal revives Mexican sugar hopes - An effective common market should give a
 tremendous boost </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAMIAN FRASER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

MEXICO AND the US have agreed to form an effective common market in the
suga
r sector, which should be a tremendous boost to Mexico's ailing sugar
sector
 but worrying news for present exporters to the US.
The as yet undisclosed p
olicy change forms part of the completed text of the
North American Free tra
de Agreement, which negotiators have concluded but
still has to be approved 
by the US congress. The US has agreed to allow
Mexico unlimited access to it
s sugar market after 15 years; Mexico in return
has promised to set the same
 tariff on sugar imports as the US by the sixth
year.
While Mexico has made 
no explicit commitment to co-ordinate its tariff-free
quotas of sugar import
s with the US, the spirit of the agreement is that
sugar producers in Mexico
 will face same prices as in the US. Mexico will
manage quotas to ensure thi
s happens smoothly, says one official involved in
the negotiations. The only
 debate in Mexico is whether prices should be
encouraged to converge in the 
first or sixth year.
In the US raw sugar sells for 21 to 22 cents a lb, comp
ared with 17 to 18
cents in Mexico.
Under the terms of Nafta Mexico is promi
sed its current quota of 7,258
tonnes in the first six years, or 25,000 tonn
es if it is a net exporter in
two successive years. In the seventh year the 
quota is increased to 150,000
tonnes, to increase by 10 per cent annually un
til the 15th year, when all
controls are to be eliminated. If Mexico is a ne
t exporter for two
successive years after the seventh year, the quota is rem
oved. The tariff
quota of 16 cents a lb is reduced by 15 per cent over the f
irst six years,
and then to zero over the next nine.
Mr Julio Escandon of th
e consultancy Eximco, who represented the Mexican
sugar private sector in th
e negotiations, says that by raising domestic
sugar prices, Nafta will encou
rage Mexico to become a net sugar exporter
once again.
Next year he expects 
sugar production to be 3.7m tonnes, compared with
consumption in 1992 of 4.2
m tonnes. But, he says, with US prices, Mexico
could be producing 4.5m tonne
s a year within three years.
The relatively liberal - sugar producers say an
archic - import policy of the
Mexican government explains part, although not
 all, of the dire situation of
the sugar producers and the recent decline in
 production. The Mexican
government and sugar traders imported about 2.6m to
nnes in 1990 and 1991,
while the domestic sugar deficit was just 1.2m tonnes
 over the same period.
Mr Jose Pinto, who manages four sugar mills, shares M
r Escandon's optimism,
describing Nafta as 'an opportunity for Mexico to be 
a large producer of
sugar in the medium term, if domestic sugar policy is co
rrect.'
Higher sugar prices will let Mexico's sugar mill owners earn profits
 to
invest in upgrading technology, and encourage farmers to turn land over 
to
sugar cane production. The stability and security offered by Nafta will
e
ncourage long-term investment hitherto put off by uncertainty and the
gyrati
ons of government policy over past years.
Mexico relies exclusively on sugar
-cane rather than sugar beet, has a
perfect tropical climate in parts and wa
ges about a tenth of those in the US
 -all of which makes it a much more eff
icient producer of sugar than its
highly protected northern neighbour. In te
n years Mr Pinto reckons Mexico's
production could be 6m tonnes.
Mexico was 
a net sugar exporter from 1954 to 1975, and from 1985 to 1988.
But in 1989 t
he government began to privatise the sugar mills, almost all of
which it own
ed, and simultaneously to dismantle the protection offered to
the heavily-un
dercapitalised industry. On top of that, two corrupt officials
in the govern
ment sugar agency imported massive amounts of sugar and, by
fiddling the inv
oices, walked off with a small fortune. A warrant has been
issued for their 
arrest but they are still at large.
The result has been huge losses among su
gar mill owners - one reason why the
Mexican government was so quick to embr
ace the protectionist terms of the
Nafta text on sugar.
If the industry reco
vers to become a net exporter the first to suffer will
be other countries th
at export to the US. At present the US imports about
1.5m tonnes of its suga
r, but were Mexico to fill this gap the quota offered
to other countries wou
ld have to fall. For political reasons the US would
probably spare the Carib
bean from cuts, but more distant producers might
lose out.
In the longer ter
m, US sugar producers could also suffer. If Mexico becomes
a net exporter su
gar prices in the US are likely to fall as North American
production outstri
ps demand. In this case the marginal producers in the
North American market,
 that is the inefficient US mills, would have to
close.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Fin
ancial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 22 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 291 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-10166</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EKKDMAF5FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>941
111
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  11 NOV 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: India ai
ms for sugar self-suficiency </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By SHIRAZ SIDHVA </BYLI
NE>
<DATELINE>    NEW DELHI </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
India expects to increase its
 sugar production to 12.2m tonnes from 9.8m
tonnes and to be self-sufficient
 in the commodity in the season starting
October this year. This reverses a 
steady decline in sugar production over
the past three years, when the count
ry had to rely on imports to meet
domestic demand.
Mr Kalpnath Rai, the Food
 minister, said this week that the Narasimha Rao
government's policy of offe
ring remunerative prices to sugar farmers had
yielded a bumper cane crop in 
the 1994-95 season.
India imported 1.9m tonnes of sugar this year, though la
st year's production
of 9.8m tonnes was up by 24 per cent over the previous 
year. The import of
1m tonnes through government-owned trading companies led
 to a controversy
and a subsequent jump in sugar prices.
The country's sugar
 industry launched a campaign for complete deregulation
of the sugar market,
 saying that plant capacity lay idle because of the
government's system of m
onitoring the distribution of cane. The government
has yet to decide on the 
issue.
The minister said the government had cleared 74 licences for the sett
ing up
of sugar factories, which would raise sugar production by another 2.5
m
tonnes in the near future. Mr Rai said the total price payable to cane
gro
wers this season increased to Rs54.43bn, compared to Rs44.23bn in
1993-94. A
lmost 99 per cent of the amount had already been paid by sugar
mills to grow
ers as a result of the government's efforts.
The government distributes suga
r through a subsidised public distribution
system using ration cards. Sugar 
is available on the open market but at much
higher prices.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Coun
tries:-
</XX>
<CN>INZ  India, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 
Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Production.
</
TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 292 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-3560</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-ECQAKAANFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9403
16
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 MAR 94 / Russia to raise tariffs on range of im
ports </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN LLOYD </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    MOSCOW <
/DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Pressure from Russia's powerful industrial and agricultura
l lobbies, coupled
with fears of rapidly falling government income, have per
suaded the
government to bring in sweeping new import tariffs.
The tariffs, 
the subject of several decrees not yet published, are reported
by the Interf
ax news agency to raise the average tariffs from 6-7 per cent
to 15 per cent
.
All imported food will be subject to a 15 per cent tax, while white sugar

will carry a 20 per cent tariff and cigarettes a 30 per cent import tax.
Tar
iffs on cars and perfume will also go up sharply: the changes will mean
that
 foreign cars will carry a tax of between 40-60 per cent.
The move appears t
o mark a success for Mr Alexander Zaveryukha, the deputy
premier with respon
sibility for agriculture, who had argued for a 25 per
cent rise in white sug
ar prices to protect domestic producers. At the same
time, however, tariffs 
on imported spare parts needed to re-tool industry
have fallen to 5 per cent
.
The other main reason for the increase in tariffs is the rapidly decline i
n
government incomes, with the take from taxes running at little over half o
f
what was expected. The shift to tax foodstuffs which are bought largely by

the minority of wealthy Russians and the foreign community who buy at
large
ly foreign-owned shops can be put through with a minimum of political
pain.

At the same time, the choice of goods which are subject to the new tariffs
s
hows that the government has not abandoned itself to wholesale
protectionism
, leaving large sectors unprotected and imposing on only a very
few commodit
ies - weapons, caviar, matches and concentrated alcohol - a 100
per cent tar
iff increase.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>RUZ  Russia, East Europe.
<
/CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance, Taxation, and Monetary Polic
y.
    P20   Food and Kindred Products.
    P2111 Cigarettes.
    P2844 Toil
et Preparations.
    P3711 Motor Vehicles and Car Bodies.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-

</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Foreign trade.
    GOVT  Taxes.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Ti
mes </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 2 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 293 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-15800</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CAHBJAC3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
108
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 JAN 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar es
timate cut, but by less than expected </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BY
LINE>
<TEXT>
WORLD SUGAR output in the 1991-92 crop year is forecast to reac
h 113.1m
tonnes, raw value, according to FO Licht, the influential German st
atistics
agency, in its second production estimate, reports Reuter.
This com
pares with a previous forecast for 1991 - 92 of 114.06m tonnes made
last Oct
ober and a revised 1990-91 output estimate of 113.76m tonnes.
All the figure
s are based on national crop years.
The announcement pushed world sugar futu
res prices down in New York because
the production forecast was higher than 
traders had expected.
'The estimate was down by almost 1m tonnes but we were
 looking for a
downward revision of up to 2m tonnes,' one analyst said. 'The
 drop in the
Cuban output numbers (that) we expected apparently didn't come 
through.'
At the London Futures and Options Exchange, the May raw sugar posi
tion was
down Dollars 2 at Dollars 186 a tonne in late afternoon trading.
</
TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 294 ==============================================
Transaction #:    294       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-17231</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DJAC3AG6FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>931
001
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  01 OCT 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Raw suga
r futures relaunched </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DEBORAH HARGREAVES </BYLINE>

<TEXT>
THE London Commodity Exchange launches its revamped raw sugar future
s
contract today amid hopes that the new premium contract will succeed where

its previous product failed.
The exchange is taking advantage of widespread
 disaffection with the
contract traded at the Coffee, Sugar and Cocoa Exchan
ge in New York. Traders
were angered by a decision in July to allow Brazilia
n crystal sugar to be
delivered against the raw sugar contract.
The LCE has 
deliberately excluded Brazilian crystal - which many traders
doubt should be
 classed as raw sugar - and Cuban sugar from its new
contract. The contract 
will be denominated in cents a lb rather than dollars
a tonne in order to ma
ke it more similar to the New York futures contract
and thus to facilitate a
rbitraging between the two markets.
It has also changed the delivery months 
to fit in more closely with the
physical trade in raw sugar. Mr Robin Woodhe
ad, chief executive of the LCE
said: 'We're very pleased with the levels of 
support we're seeing,
particularly from the trade in the US and the Far East
.'
The new contract will be traded on-screen alongside the exchange's white

sugar futures and Mr Woodhead said the decision to trade it on screen had
re
sulted in two new requests from traders to join the system.
The previous con
tract had also been traded on screen, but, in an effort to
boost liquidity, 
the exchange moved it to open outcry trading. This failed
to increase volume
. however, and the contract was de-listed earlier this
year.
'There are stil
l a lot of pessimistic people out there because they've seen
some tough time
s in recent years trying to get London going,' said Mr John
Payne, sugar tra
der at Vitol. But he added that he had seen a lot of demand
for the new cont
ract.
'There is a requirement for a safe and secure hedging vehicle which we

believe New York is not providing right now,' he said.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countri
es:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P6
289 Security and Commodity Services, NEC.
    P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beet
s.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
    CMMT  Comment &
 Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 34 </PAG
E>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 295 ==============================================
Transaction #:    295       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-11926</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EKCEGAGJFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>941
103
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  03 NOV 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Cuba str
uggles to revive sugar sector - A look at problems dogging the mainstay of t
he country's economy </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PASCAL FLETCHER </BYLINE>
<T
EXT>
Cuba's sugar harvest, mainstay of the island's economy, could soon begi
n to
level out after its recent nosedive, but a return to cruising altitude 
looks
a long way off.
Just five years ago output was running at a comfortabl
e 8m tonnes a year.
But then it went into a tailspin. The crop fell to a his
toric low of 4m
tonnes in 1993-94 from 4.2m tonnes in 1992-93 and 7m tonnes 
the previous
year.
This represented lost export earnings over two harvests o
f Dollars 1bn, a
heavy blow for a sugar-dominated, recession-hit economy who
se total export
revenue in 1993 was an estimated Dollars 1.7 bn.
Faced with 
continuing severe input shortages and a reduced level of
harvestable cane, t
he best Cuba can hope for from the 1994-95 season is to
slow the decline in 
its leading export industry. If it can do this, the
island may be able to la
y some foundations for a future recovery. But it
will be a hard slog.
Sugar 
market analysts, such as London trade house ED & F. Man, have already
predic
ted that Cuban output will continue to fall in 1994-95. Even the Cuban
autho
rities, normally loath to make any public pre-harvest forecasts, are
signall
ing that they expect a crop as low as or lower than last year.
'This is not 
a time for spectacular results measured in large volumes of
sugar,' the offi
cial workers' daily Trabajadores said in an October 10
editorial.
'Sugar pro
duction suffers from a syndrome of cycles, either good or bad. . .
if you ha
d a bad previous harvest, recovery is difficult,' said Mr Juan
Triana Cordov
i, deputy director of Havana University's Centre for Studies on
the Cuban Ec
onomy.
It was the sudden collapse after 1990 of crucial Soviet supplies of f
uel,
fertiliser, herbicides and spares that knocked Cuban sugar production o
ff
course. Recent harvests have also been buffeted by unseasonal bad weather

and slowed by declining efficiency.
The antidote proposed by Mr Nelson Torr
es, Cuba's minister for sugar, is a
short, sharp and above all efficient 199
4-95 harvest.
This year's campaign, if it starts this month as usual, will n
ot be allowed
to extend beyond April. In another change of strategy, all of 
Cuba's more
than 150 mills will be required to join the harvest to maximise 
production.
Last season, more than a dozen below-par mills did not operate, 
with the
result that their machinery was 'cannibalised' for other uses and t
heir work
forces dispersed.
The over-extended 1993-94 harvest, which lasted 
well beyond May, cut into
growing cane reserves and delayed field cultivatio
n and mill repairs. Mill
managers, struggling to meet pre-set production tar
gets and to compensate
for industrial breakdowns and inefficiency, harvested
 cane that could have
been left for the coming season.
Granma, the official 
Communist Party newspaper, said in a September 2
article: 'There is going to
 be once again - it's no secret - a serious
shortage of cane'. That echoed a
n August, ED & F. Man report warning that
the protracted 1993-94 campaign, c
ontinuing input shortages and reports of
delays in the planting programme me
ant that 'further degradation of (Cuba's)
sugar production cannot be elimina
ted'.
As the start of the harvest approaches, sugar workers have been the ta
rget
of a blitz of official criticism. State media have accused them of duck
ing
out of eight-hour work schedules, using poor quality seed and failing to

weed growing cane. 'Why is the cane in such poor state. . . so full of
weed
s?' state-run Radio Rebelde asked back in September.
Especially targetted fo
r criticism were the cane growing co-operatives, the
so-called basic units o
f co-operative production (UBPCs), created in
September, 1993 as part of a d
ecentralising reform of Cuba's state-run
farming system. 'Why have these UBP
Cs still not been able to contain and
reverse the sharp collapse of the nati
on's greatest resource?' Mr
Trabajadores said six weeks ago.
Reasons cited f
or poor productivity in the cane co-operatives were the lack
of incentives, 
delays in obtaining promised benefits like new housing and
even shortages of
 work clothes like boots. Government officials were
studying the possibility
 of introducing greater material incentives for
sugar workers - whether in l
ocal or hard currency or in access to consumer
goods - like those already av
ailable for workers in Cuba's tourist industry.
To offset harvest manpower s
hortages, Cuba's official trade union
organisation, the CTC, is preparing to
 mobilise 61,000 cane cutters across
the island, 25,000 more than last year.
 This manual cutting force will also
help to compensate for cutbacks in mach
ine harvesting resulting from
shortages of fuel, lubricants and spare parts.

On the commercial front, Cuba has maintained a hermetic silence over the
st
ate of its strategic sugar trade contracts with Russia and China. Traders
in
 London and New York reported as early as June that the country might have
p
roblems meeting all of its export commitments because of the second
consecut
ive low harvest. The Cubans were expected to have sought to roll
over many o
f their commitments into the next crop period, a tactic widely
used even whe
n the island was producing harvests of about 8m tonnes.
The roll-over mechan
ism is considerably less drastic than the force majeure
declared by Cuba in 
June, 1993, when torrential rains devastated an already
flagging harvest.
</
TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries
:-
</XX>
<IN>P2062 Cane Sugar Refining.
    P2061 Raw Cane Sugar.
    P0133 
Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Anal
ysis.
    MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Lon
don Page 35 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 296 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 297 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-14610</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CAOBBAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
115
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 JAN 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar im
ports increased last year </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

SUGAR IMPORTS to the former Soviet Union were higher in the first 10 months

of 1991 than in the whole of 1990, according to figures published in the
De
cember monthly report of the International Sugar Organisation, reports
Reute
r.
Shipped to the former Soviet Union in January to October 1991 were 4.41m

tonnes, sugar raw value, compared with 4.08m tonnes in 1990.
January-Novembe
r 1991 imports from Cuba, at 3.69m tonnes, increased by
270,000 tonnes over 
the 1990 total but remained unchanged in relative terms,
accounting for 84 p
er cent of total shipments.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> L
ondon Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 298 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-3721</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EFND1AA9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9406
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 JUN 94 / Cuba close to telecoms sale </HEADLINE
>
<BYLINE>    By TED BARDACKE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Grupo Domos, a Mexico-based h
olding company, is close to finalising a deal
to buy 49 per cent of Emtelcub
a, Cuba's telephone monopoly, for about
Dollars 1.5bn (Pounds 1bn).
This wou
ld be Cuba's first important privatisation since the 1959 revolution
and wou
ld be in the context of rapidly growing business between Mexico and
Cuba.
Th
e deal is likely to include a concession to operate the telephone system
in 
Cuba and an ambitious modernisation plan.
The length of the concession and i
ts price are still being negotiated.
Company officials said the deal was bei
ng discussed yesterday during a
one-day visit to Havana by President Carlos 
Salinas de Gortari of Mexico.
He is being accompanied on his trip by Mr Javi
er Garza Calderon, leader of
Grupo Domos and a member of the wealthy Garza f
amily of Monterrey in Mexico,
which has interests in such industrial giants 
as Visa, Femsa and Bancomer.
Mr Garza Calderon was a bidder for Telmex when 
the Mexican government
privatised its telephone monopoly in 1990.
He did not
 win on that occasion but has maintained his group's interest in
telecommuni
cations, until recently operating cellular-phone services in
northern Mexico
.
The Cuban telephone system that Domos would purchase is even more antiquat
ed
that the Mexican network it once tried to buy. Fewer than five in every 1
00
people in Cuba have telephone lines and as many as half of those lines ar
e
not functioning at any one time.
However, Domos is betting that negotiatio
ns between Cuban and US officials
will open a lucrative long-distance calls 
market between the two countries
beyond the current limit of 300 calls per d
ay.
Even with the limit, those and other international calls generate
hard-c
urrency income of an estimated Dollars 2m per month for Cuban
Telecommunicat
ions.
Other Mexican companies are operating in Cuba, in tourism, textiles, c
ement,
cellular-phones and oil exploration, among other areas.
</TEXT>
<XX>

Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Grupo Domos International.
    Emtelcuba.
</CO>
<XX>
C
ountries:-
</XX>
<CN>MXZ  Mexico.
    CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Indus
tries:-
</XX>
<IN>P4813 Telephone Communications, Ex Radio.
    P6719 Holdin
g Companies, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Shareholding.
</TP>
<PU
B>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 5 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 299 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-15583</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DALCKAD8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
112
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  12 JAN 93 / UK Company News: British Sugar calls 
off talks to buy stake in San Francisco refiner </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By M
AGGIE URRY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
British Sugar, the beet processing and marketing
 division of Associated
British Foods, has called off talks to buy a stake i
n a San Francisco-based
cane sugar refiner.
The discussions with Californian
 and Hawaiian Sugar Refinery, which were
disclosed in March last year, appea
r to have failed over the price British
Sugar was prepared to pay.
C&H is a 
co-operative owned by the Hawaiian cane sugar growers who send
their raw can
e to the refinery for processing and distribution. It is the
leading brand o
f sugar in the west of the US.
However, C&H's co-operative status meant that
 all the growers had to agree
the deal and this seems to have proved impossi
ble.
C&H would have been British Sugar's first non-UK investment apart from 
two
factories it owns in Poland.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>British 
Sugar.
    Californian and Hawaiian Sugar Refinery.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
<
/XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
    USZ  USA.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX
>
<IN>P2063  Beet Sugar.
    P2048  Prepared Feeds, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-

</XX>
<TP>COMP  Company News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> L
ondon Page 20 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-16668</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EDHDEAF1FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
408
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 APR 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Cuba pla
ns sales to China as harvest hopes fade </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JA
MES </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    KINGSTON, JAMAICA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Cuba is to 
sell an unspecified quantity of sugar to China this year, amid
indications t
hat the yield from the shortened 1994 harvest will be less than
the governme
nt had previously expected.
The sale is part of a wider trade agreement betw
een the two countries, under
which Cuba will purchase Chinese food and medic
ine, according to Prensa
Latina, the official Cuban news agency.
Diplomats i
n Havana, the island's capital, said this week that the Cuban
government was
 now estimating sugar production this year at 'no more than 5m
tonnes', foll
owing last year's 4.2m tonnes.
They said government officials had spoken at 
the start of the harvest of a
likely yield of 1m tonnes more than last year.

The current harvest has been shortened by the government, which wants it
co
ncluded at the end of April to allow more time for planting additional
acrea
ge for future harvests, as part of efforts to rehabilitate the
industry.
Zam
bia's industry is to receive technical and industrial assistance from
Cuba, 
under an agreement in principle between both countries. Cuba will help
Zambi
a with sugar production and the development of a range of bi-products,
accor
ding to Zambia's foreign minister who visited Cuba last week.
</TEXT>
<XX>
C
ountries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
    CNZ  China, Asia.
    ZMZ  Za
mbia, Africa.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Be
ets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Foreign trade.
    NEWS  General New
s.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC
>

============= Transaction # 301 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-5543</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EFCDVAGLFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9406
03
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  03 JUN 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Tradition
al suppliers seek EU sugar supply priority </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE
 JAMES </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    KINGSTON </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
The European Unio
n's traditional raw sugar suppliers have asked to be given
first call on any
 new import quotas required and have started negotiations
to supply about 26
0,000 tonnes per year of raw sugar which will be needed by
Portugal.
The pri
ce which the EU has suggested for additional sugar imported from the
African
, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group is based on a formula which adds
four ce
nts to the going world market price, which would currently be about
nine cen
ts less than the ACP gets for its guaranteed sales of 1.3m tonnes
per year.

Officials of the Sugar Association of the Caribbean, who reported on the
tal
ks with the EU, said that the expected expansion of the Union would
create t
o the prospect of 'additional access for ACP sugar to the EU of
possibly bet
ween 330,000 to 400,000 tonnes each year at preferential
prices'.
In particu
lar, the group is targeting Portugal which has been receiving
about 75,000 t
onnes per year from four ACP states - Cote d'Ivoire, Malawi,
Swaziland, Zamb
ia.
Portugal needs 260,000 tonnes per year of raw sugar which it now gets fr
om
the world market, according to the Sugar Association. ACP members want to
 be
given first call on any quotas issued for imports by Portugal.
</TEXT>
<
XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>JMZ  Jamaica, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
<
/XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS 
 Production.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </P
AGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 302 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-14362</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CGHATAC9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
708
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 JUL 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar su
ppliers seek CAP reform compensation </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES
 </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    PORT OF SPAIN, TRINIDAD </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CARIBBEA
N countries that supply sugar to the European Community are asking
the commu
nity to consider compensation for the lower prices they expect to
result fro
m agricultural policy reform.
At their annual summit here, leaders of the Ca
ribbean Economic Community
(Caricom) said that, although proposals for the r
eform of the European
Community's sugar regime had not yet been finalised, '
the principle of
compensatory payments to EC farmers has already been agreed
'.
The Caricom leaders said the compensation should be paid to all members o
f
the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group that supply sugar to the
co
mmunity. The ACP states supply 1.3m tonnes a year under quota. The price
the
y receive has been determined traditionally by the price paid to the EC's
do
mestic producers.
'The European Community has always maintained that ACP can
e sugar should be
treated on par with community sugar,' the heads of governm
ent said. They
said the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations and the reform o
f the European
Community's common agricultural policy 'could result in a dra
matic reduction
in the price of sugar, which would reduce the income earned 
by the
industry'.
Caribbean government officials have said that, if current 
proposals on sugar
within the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade were im
plemented, the ACP
states could lose about 8 per cent of their earnings from
 the sales to the
community. ACP producers receive an average price of Pound
s 349 a tonne from
the EC.
The ACP producers are also hoping to increase the
 volume supplied to the
community through increased access to Portugal. Repr
esentatives of the Sugar
Association of the Caribbean, a federation of regio
nal producers, said there
has been 'little progress' in efforts to widen the
 Portuguese market. Since
it joined the EC in 1986 Portugal has been allowed
 to import some of its
sugar from the world market, and to buy some from som
e ACP producers, but at
world market prices.
ACP officials say the terminati
on of this transitional arrangement at the
end of this year will coincide wi
th efforts by the group to have Portugal's
purchases from the ACP at world m
arket prices and the country's additional
world market requirements both add
ed to the ACP's quota.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London
 Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 303 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-14768</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DDPB8AGBFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
416
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 APR 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Ukraine 
may export grain </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CHRYSTIA FREELAND </BYLINE>
<DAT
ELINE>    KIEV </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
UKRAINE'S MINISTER of Agriculture yesterda
y announced that he expects
Ukraine, which last year had to import grain, to
 export at least 2.2m tonnes
of grain and 500,000 tonnes of sugar this year.

Seeding is drawing to a close in Ukraine and Mr Karasyk said that the
combi
nation of good weather and the beginning of economic reforms in the
agricult
ural sector would lead to a good harvest.
'It has been a very beautiful spri
ng,' Mr Karasyk said. 'The weather is
working for our independence.'
Mr Kara
syk predicted that a harvest of between 42m and 45m tonnes of grain
would be
 gathered this year, up from last year's yield of 40m tonnes, He
forecast a 
Ukrainian sugar beet crop of 40m tonnes, compared with the 33m
tonnes harves
ted last year, when the yield was sharply reduced by drought.
The agricultur
e minister vowed to resign if Ukraine imported any grain this
year and said 
the country needed foreign investments in the agricultural
infrastructure, n
ot credits with which to buy western grain.
Mr Karasyk said that agricultura
l reforms were beginning to take root with
400,000 hectares already owned by
 private farmers. He said that 200,000 ha
were being cultivated jointly with
 western investors.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>UAZ  Ukraine, East Eu
rope.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0119 Cash Grains, NEC.
    P0133 Su
garcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Foreign trade.
<
/TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 26 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 304 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-13231</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EGTEBAFUFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
720
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 JUL 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Brazilia
n frost fails to excite sugar trade </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RICHARD MOONE
Y </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The response of the sugar market to the recent frosts in 
Brazil, a big
exporter, is described by ED F. Man, the London trade house as
 'anaemic'. It
suggests, in its latest sugar report, that damage to sugar-ca
ne from the
frosts in southern Brazil has wiped out the overall production g
ain expected
earlier from increased output in the centre/south.
'After a rec
ord production of 7.02m tonnes in 1993-94, initially a further
6-8 per cent 
increase in sugar production was expected,' says Man. 'It is
this increase i
n production that has now been eroded.'
It sees as more serious the damage t
o the young cane 'with estimates of a
potential reduction for the 1995-96 cr
op'. But it says this is too far ahead
to have a serious effect on futures m
arkets.
Nevertheless, 'worries about the Brazilian crop have set in motion a
n early
trail of concern for the 1994-95 crops in the region,' says Man. 'Th
e
Argentine sugar industry, already suffering from an unstructured approach 
to
deregulation, has been affected by drought. . . There is some concern too

for the Dominican Republic and Mexico, whilst further degradation of the
Cu
ban 199394 crop does not bode well for next season.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:
-
</XX>
<CN>BRZ  Brazil, South America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0
133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & 
Analysis.
    MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE>
 London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 305 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-3394</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DCPCCAGAFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9303
16
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 MAR 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar sto
rms to three-year highs </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>

<TEXT>
WORLD SUGAR prices, already moving ahead on successive reductions in
 the
Thai crop estimate, surged to the highest level for nearly three years

yesterday on news that the storms sweeping up the eastern seaboard of the US

had hit Cuba.
In New York the May raw sugar contract was up 0.95 at 11.50 c
ents a lb in
late trading, having touched a peak of 11.83 cents earlier. In 
London the
August white sugar contract closed at Dollars 297.50 a tonne, up 
Dollars 13
on the day.
However, analysts in London were cautious over the da
mage to Cuba's crop,
which was already expected to be well down on last year
's 7m tonnes. Some
are talking of 5m tonnes and under, but there is no hard 
evidence on which
to base a judgment.
Talk of damage to sugar mills and dock
 facilities in Cuba added further fuel
to the flames. 'The Cubans have a ves
ted interest in allowing people to
think it's terrible, ' said Mr Chris Pack
, analyst at Czarnikow. 'But it
can't have done any good to have a tremendou
s storm at the start of the
season.'
Last week the Thai government revised i
ts production estimate down to 3.51m
tonnes - the lowest level for five year
s. At the beginning of the season
production was expected to reach a record 
5m tonnes, but drought has damaged
the crop.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>

<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0722 Crop Harvesting.
</I
N>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial 
Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 38 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 306 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-13271</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CJPBWACRFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>921
016
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 OCT 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Bolivia 
allows sugar imports </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CHRIS PHILIPSBORN </BYLINE>

<DATELINE>    LA PAZ </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
BOLIVIA HAS opened its doors to suga
r imports in response to pressure from
soft drinks manufacturers hard hit by
 high domestic sugar prices.
Mr Fernando Campero, the exports minister, said
 in future the price of sugar
would be set solely by market forces. The Boli
vian sugar industry, based
mostly in the eastern region of Santa Cruz, claim
s the decision will lead to
bankruptcies. However, bottling plants are said 
to be gearing up to take
advantage of cheaper sugar.
Mr Campero said the mov
e was prompted by recent 'unjustified' price
increases by domestic producers
. In the past month alone prices increased by
some 20 per cent to about Doll
ars 17.75 a cwt in Santa Cruz and Dollars
20.38 in La Paz.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The 
Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 307 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-5363</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DICCMAEQFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9309
03
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  03 SEP 93 / UK Company News: Venables sells most o
f his Spurs stake to institutions </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PAUL TAYLOR </B
YLINE>
<TEXT>
MR TERRY Venables, Tottenham Hotspur's ousted chief executive,
 yesterday
gave up his three-month legal battle to wrest control of the comp
any, which
controls the north London football club, from Mr Alan Sugar, its 
chairman.
Mr Venables said he had sold the bulk of his 23 per cent equity st
ake to a
group of institutional investors for 91p a share, or about Pounds 3
m. He
retained only a 2.44 per cent holding.
Tottenham's shares ended the da
y 9p higher at 104p.
Mr Venables paid 75p for about 2.9m shares when he and 
Mr Sugar, described
at the time as a dream ticket, took control in mid-1991,
 mostly using
borrowed money.
He later converted a loan of Pounds 800,000 to
 the club into about 640,000
shares as part of a Pounds 7m rescue rights iss
ue, at 125p a share, which
was underwritten by Mr Sugar.
Based on these figu
res, Mr Venables paid an average price of about 85p.
The share sale appears 
to mark another important victory for Mr Sugar, who
holds a 47.8 per cent st
ake.
Mr Venables will not now be going ahead with his High Court action, due
 to
begin in 10 days time, through which he was seeking to force Mr Sugar to

sell his stake to him.
Early in the dispute Mr Sugar offered to buy Mr Vena
bles' stake at 87p a
share, an offer which the former manager and chief exec
utive described at
the time as derisory.
However, Mr Venables faced mounting
 legal costs, including demands for a
Pounds 300,000 security for future cos
ts. Yesterday Mr Venables said he was
dropping his court action because he d
id not want to risk incurring huge
costs if he lost the legal battle.
'I cou
ld not face the prospect or the risk of losing up to one million
pounds,' he
 said.
However, Mr Venables, who was originally sacked by Mr Sugar and the
T
ottenham board in mid-May, said yesterday he would still be seeking
compensa
tion for unfair dismissal.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Tottenham Hots
pur.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
In
dustries:-
</XX>
<IN>P7941 Sports Clubs, Managers, and Promoters.
</IN>
<XX>

Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Disposals.
    COMP  Shareholding.
    PEOP  People
.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 20 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 308 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-261</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CI2B1AD7FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>92092
9
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  29 SEP 92 / UK Company News: Tate & Lyle raises sta
ke in Alcantara </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
Tate & Lyle, the worlds's largest sweeten
ers group, is paying Pounds 24m for
a further 23 per cent stake in a leading
 Portuguese sugar refiner.
The deal will bring Tate & Lyle's holding in Alca
ntara Sociedade de
Empreendimentos Acucareiros to 97 per cent. Mr Neil Shaw,
 chairman, said he
intended eventually to buy the outstanding 3 per cent.
Al
cantara claims more than 40 per cent of the Portuguese market for refined
ca
ne sugar. Tate took its first stake in Alcantara in 1984. The Portuguese
ref
iner reported pre-tax profits of Pounds 10m for the year ended September
199
1, on sales of Pounds 85m.
On the question of European Community quotas for 
the import of raw cane, Mr
Nicholas Nightingale, company secretary, said Tat
e & Lyle expected a
decision 'in due course'. The temporary arrangement agre
ed when Portugal
joined the EC is due to end this year. 'We are sure we will
 end up with a
satisfactory basis,' he said.
Alcantara employs 570 people an
d has two refineries. Mr Nightingale said
there would be no management chang
es.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</
DOC>

============= Transaction # 309 ==============================================
Transaction #:    309       Transaction Code:  14 (Search Results Displayed)

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============= Transaction # 310 ==============================================
Transaction #:    310       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-4135</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFJB6AFYFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
10
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  10 JUN 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar pro
duction forecast to fall by 21% in 1992-93 </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By KUNAL 
BOSE </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    CALCUTTA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
INDIAN SUGAR produc
tion in the season ending September 1993 will be about
10.6m tonnes, compare
d with the 1991-92 record of 13.41m tonnes, according
to the latest industry
 estimate.
Except for the few factories in Tamil Nadu, the industry has comp
leted cane
crushing for 1992-93. The sharp setback in sugar production is at
tributed to
the fall in cane crop to 230m tonnes from 249m tonnes in 1991-92
. Indian
sugar factories get to crush just about half the cane crop. The bal
ance is
used to produce gur and locally-consumed sweetener.
Drought in many 
sugar growing areas and the industry's failure to clear cane
bills in time l
ed to a shrinkage in the area under cane by about 300,000
hectares (750,000 
acres) to 3.5m hectares in 1992-93. According to industry
officials the coun
try's next cane crop will be around this year's level.
Planting has been par
ticularly disappointing in drought-hit Maharashtra, the
second largest cane 
growing state in India.
As sugar production will once again be low during 19
93-94, India will not be
left with export surpluses after meeting a domestic
 requirement of more than
12m tonnes. It may actually need to import sugar.

The country resumed exporting sugar after a gap of six years in 1990-91 and

the government has released 500,000 tonnes of sugar for export in stages
dur
ing the current year.
The 1993-94 season will be opening in October with muc
h-reduced stocks of
2.7m tonnes, compared with 4.9m at the start of the curr
ent year.
Alarmed by the prospects for the next year, the federal government
 has told
sugar mills that for sugar to be produced between October 1 and No
vember 15,
they will be allowed to sell 72 per cent of production in the ope
n market,
compared with the normal 60 per cent. It has also offered a packag
e of
incentives to the industry to enable it to settle the cane bills quickl
y.
The most important incentive is decontrol of the price and distribution o
f
molasses, an important by-product of sugar mills. As a result, the
industr
y's cane debts have fallen from Rs6bn last year to Rs1.5bn.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Cou
ntries:-
</XX>
<CN>INZ  India, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133
 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Production.
<
/TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 311 ==============================================
Transaction #:    311       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-7143</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DEYCHAGBFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9305
25
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 MAY 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Small sug
ar surplus seen for 1992-3 </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLI
NE>
<TEXT>
THE GAP between world sugar production and consumption in 1992-93
 is now
widely expected to be a deficit, but one London company has bucked t
he trend
with a forecast of a surplus, albeit of only 560,000 tonnes.
ED & F
 Man puts world production at 111.8m tonnes for 1992-93, and
consumption at 
111.3m tonnes. However, production figures are calculated
according to each 
individual country's crop year, while consumption is
calculated between Octo
ber and September.
Man's latest sugar market report notes that if production
 is worked out over
a uniform October-September season, a deficit of 313,000
 tonnes emerges.
This is still much lower than last week's deficit estimates
 of 2.84m tonnes
from Czarnikow, another London trade house, and 1.61m tonne
s from the
International Sugar Organisation.
Man points out that production 
estimates appear to be falling into line, but
'there is still much discrepan
cy surrounding the consumption numbers.' It
describes the market, which has 
soared on supply factors such as the falls
in Thai and Cuban production, as 
'bereft of consumption news'. This has led
to resistance to any further upwa
rd price movement.
Nevertheless, Man believes the market in raw sugar is lik
ely to remain
tight, especially as the emerging southern hemisphere crops fo
r 1993-94 from
Australia, South Africa and Brazil have all been hit by droug
ht.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
<
/XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT 
 Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pag
e 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 312 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-153</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DL3BXADNFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>93123
0
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  30 DEC 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Cuba expec
ts improved efficiency to yield bigger sugar harvest </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>   
 By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    KINGSTON, JAMAICA </DATELINE>
<TEXT
>
The Cuban government is forecasting sugar production from the 1993-94
harv
est at 'several hundred thousand tonnes' more than the 4.15m tonnes
produced
 in the last harvest, which was 40 per cent down on 1991-92.
President Fidel
 Castro and Mr Nelson Torres, the sugar minister, told a
session of the Nati
onal Assembly in Havana that the expectations of a better
performance were b
ased on increased use of fertiliser and improved
efficiency in the industry.

The forecast is more optimistic than that made in September when Mr Torres

indicated modest government expectations for the current harvest. He said
th
en that the harvest would end in April, earlier than normal, to allow the
pl
anting of more cane for future harvests.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>
CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and 
Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<PUB>The F
inancial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 313 ==============================================
Transaction #:    313       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-13094</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CAWAWACSFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
123
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 JAN 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Broker c
uts estimate of 1991-92 sugar surplus </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACK
WELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FALLS in the sugar production of the former Soviet Uni
on and Cuba have led
ED & F. Man, the London trade house, to cut its estimat
e for the world sugar
supply surplus for 1991-92 to 1.58m tonnes from a Sept
ember estimate of
2.06m tonnes.
This compares with a surplus of 990,000 tonn
es predicted last week by FO
Licht, the German sugar statistics agency, whic
h stated categorically:
'There is no large surplus overhanging the market.'

Man, which now puts production at 113.05m tonnes and consumption at 111.47m

tonnes, points out that the revolutionary changes in the world political
are
na have plunged the sugar market into 'the greatest period of uncertainty
ov
er three decades'.
The immediate impact has been the forecast decline in imp
orts to the former
Soviet Union, coupled with a fall in its trade with Cuba.
 'A shift away from
agreements that by-passed the international free market 
is a favourable
development for the world sugar market but, coming at a time
 when the raw
sugar import demand of the ex-centrally planned economies of E
ast and
Central Europe is falling, it is depressing for prices,' Man says in
 its
latest sugar market report.
It is assuming a 15 per cent fall in sugar 
consumption in the former Soviet
Union to 10.6m tonnes of whites. Raw produc
tion is put at 7.5m tonnes. The
consumption figure is conservative 'given th
e hoarding that has apparently
taken place over the past two years and the e
stimated 2m tonnes of sugar
that is used in making home-brewed alcohol'.
</T
EXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 34 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 314 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-12623</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CDPBOADHFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
416
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 APR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Supply f
ears buoy sugar prices </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>

<TEXT>
FEARS OF a tighter sugar supply/demand balance in 1992-93 are support
ing the
world market, according to reports from two London trade houses.
Raw
 sugar prices have recently touched eight-month highs, nudging 10 cents a
lb
 in the New York market, on fears of tight nearby supplies following
damage 
to the South African crop because of drought.
The trade houses, ED & F. Man 
and Czarnikow, both point out in reports
published today that in the short t
erm the changing export potential in
several countries will keep the lid on 
prices. The increasing likelihood of
a 1m-tonne increase in Thailand's crop,
 compared with the previous season,
together with the availability of export
able surpluses from India and Cuba,
should 'keep significant advances at bay
', Man's latest sugar report says.
Man believes that reports of a catastroph
ic Cuban crop this season at 5m to
5.5m tonnes are unsupported by the eviden
ce and estimates that the crop will
come in at about 6.5m tonnes. It is fore
casting a crop of more than 5m
tonnes in Thailand and 12.6m tonnes in India.

The overall balance for the 1991-92 season remains marginally in surplus,
M
an says, but it suggests that the situation is likely to be even more
tightl
y balanced in 1992-93.
Czarnikow's sugar review points out that the extent o
f the South African
drought has raised questions about the timing and covera
ge of the El Nino
weather phenomenon.
'Already a major drought is developing
 in Thailand which, if relief does not
arrive this month, could have serious
 implications for the next crop,' the
Czarnikow review says. 'If this is par
t of a regional phenomenon there might
be problems later in the year with th
e monsoon in India and this will need
to be monitored carefully.'
</TEXT>
<P
UB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 38 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 315 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-2259</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DLOCPABYFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9312
15
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 DEC 93 / World Trade News: Cuba and Caricom in 
bid to increase trade </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<DAT
ELINE>    KINGSTON </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Cuba and the Caribbean Community have 
signed a controversial agreement
establishing a joint commission to increase
 trade and technical co-operation
between the island and its neighbours.
The
 commission, which has been attacked by the US State Department and by
sever
al US legislators, will oversee co-operation in several areas,
including tra
de and the development of the region's sugar cane industry.
The agreement, w
hich was signed on Monday, is aimed at increasing the volume
of trade betwee
n Cuba and Caricom, improvement in sugar cane yields,
co-operation in develo
ping livestock and fisheries, and will combine
research in biotechnology, pa
rticularly for agricultural and technical
applications.
The commission repre
sents several years of work by the Cuban government to
raise the level of co
ntact with its neighbours, many of which have been slow
to entertain the Cub
ans because of concern over a negative reaction from
Washington.
Mr Ricardo 
Cabrisas, Cuba's external trade minister, said on Monday that the
establishm
ent of the joint commission will allow Caribbean companies to make
use of ne
w economic opportunities in Cuba.
'Our economic and commercial space resulti
ng from the opening of our economy
is being occupied by capital and markets 
of diverse origin, and we would not
like the Caribbean to arrive too late,' 
he said.
'We invite the Caribbean not to waste this opportunity to link ours
elves
more closely and create better conditions with a view towards a future

economic integration of the Caribbean.'
The region's private sector was tol
d by Mr Edwin Carrington,
secretary-general of Caricom, to pursue investment
 opportunities in Cuba,
and in other countries with which Caricom has simila
r agreements. Jamaican
hotel companies have invested heavily in Cuban touris
m.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
    JMZ  Jamaica
, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9721 International Affairs.

</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Ti
mes </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 6 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 316 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-2196</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-ELQARAAFFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9412
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 DEC 94 / Minister blamed for sugar scandal </HE
ADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEFAN WAGSTYL </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    NEW DELHI </DA
TELINE>
<TEXT>
Mr Kalpnath Rai, the Indian food minister, yesterday came und
er renewed
pressure to resign following the publication of a government repo
rt which
found him 'fully responsible' for the costly mishandling of a sugar
 shortage
this year.
The government, which had earlier maintained the report
 blamed several
officials and ministers, yesterday bowed to opposition party
 demands to
publish the full report. The report said Mr Rai had aggravated a
 sugar
shortage by delaying imports in order to push up sugar prices to the 
benefit
of sugar producers.
Mr P V Narasimha Rao, the prime minister, wants 
Mr Rai to quit so that he
can remake his cabinet and exclude scandal-tainted
 ministers, following
recent state elections in which corruption was an impo
rtant issue.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </
PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 317 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-4091</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-ELIDCAGPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9412
09
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  09 DEC 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar mar
ket 'could go higher' </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DEBORAH HARGREAVES </BYLINE
>
<TEXT>
The sugar market could move higher in coming months after breaking 
through a
four-year high of 15 cents a pound recently, according to the late
st
analysis of the market by ED&F Man, the London commodities house.
'In thi
s situation, even routine offtake is enough to reinforce the
underlying supp
ort for prices,' the report says.
But a market report from the International
 Sugar Organisation, which
represents the world's leading producers, caution
s against expectations of
big price increases. The organisation believes tha
t price growth above 15
cents a pound will 'dry up physical demand from the 
price-sensitive
importers which account for the lion's share of the world su
gar trade'.
Purchases from China have fuelled much of the excitement in the 
sugar market
in recent months. The country is facing shortages of sugar afte
r its second
successive domestic shortfall in supply of over 1m tonnes.
Russ
ia is also likely to import sugar this season following a 40 per cent
drop i
n the beet harvest to 1.5m tonnes. ED & F. Man estimates consumption
at 4.5m
-4.8m tonnes, indicating a need for substantial imports.
The sugar organisat
ion estimates that the 1994-95 world sugar balance will
be in deficit by 1.9
m tonnes with production at 112.5m tonnes and
consumption at 114.4m tonnes. 
But it points to the fact that the current and
previous deficits must be vie
wed in the context of surplus output in the
preceding two cycles.
'Thus the 
present situation is tight but we believe still manageable in
statistical te
rms,' the organisation says.
Man agrees that global supply tightness may hav
e been exaggerated to some
extent. But in the medium term points to 'further
 upside potential' on the
back of Chinese, Russian and Middle Eastern offtak
e.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
    CNZ  Chin
a, Asia.
    RUZ  Russia, East Europe.
    XNZ  Middle East.
</CN>
<XX>
Indu
stries:-
</XX>
<IN>P6231 Security and Commodity Exchanges.
    P0133 Sugarca
ne and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
  
  CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Lon
don Page 29 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 318 ==============================================
Transaction #:    318       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-8126</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBSB3AC8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
19
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  19 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Raw sugar
 shortage hits Russian refineries </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By LEYLA BOULTON <
/BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    MOSCOW </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE RUSSIAN authorities sai
d yesterday sugar refinery output had reached a
historic low but that relief
 was on its way in the form of imports from Cuba
and France.
Mr Vasili Sever
in, head of the sugar production department at the Russian
agriculture minis
try, told Itar-Tass that only four of 95 refineries were
functioning because
 of a shortfall of raw sugar. He said refineries had last
year received only
 4m tonnes of the 7.5m tonnes of raw sugar they were
supposed to receive und
er the state plan.
His deputy, Mr Anatoly Kholudov, said that the 'situation
 with sugar was
serious' and that supplies would be worse this year than las
t. But he added
that some more plants would be opened in March to process im
ported supplies.
Mr Severin said the first shipments would arrive from Cuba 
and France in
late February.
Prodintorg, a state trading body, said it was t
alking with more potential
suppliers but declined to give details.
Mr Boris 
Orlov, head of the government's department for agricultural
products, said t
hat sugar refining was a seasonal process and that only a
few more refinerie
s would be open at this time of year any way. 'The plants
usually function f
or three to four months starting in September.' He said
Russia required 7m t
onnes of raw sugar this year, some of which would
materialise only this autu
mn.
He said the shortfall was caused by producers' refusal to sell raw sugar
 to
the state because they were waiting for prices to rise. They had sold th
eir
raw sugar to private markets instead. Mr Alexei Ulyuakev, an adviser to 
the
Russian government, said earlier this week the government was considerin
g
liberalising from next month the prices of sugar and vegetable oil, two
co
mmodities which are in particularly short supply in the shops.
</TEXT>
<PUB>
The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 319 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-9880</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHIE8ABGFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
09
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  09 AUG 94 / Income tax for Cubans next year </HEAD
LINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES and REUTER </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    KINGSTO
N, MIAMI </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Cuba will impose taxes on property and income at
 the start of next year as
part of a government effort to cut the budget def
icit, ease pressure on the
peso and shore up the troubled economy.
The taxes
, the first of their kind since the revolution 35 years ago, will
be levied 
first on the self-employed and on Cubans who earn from foreign
sources. The 
legislation, passed at the weekend by the National Assembly,
includes provis
ions for taxes on salaried workers when the economy improves.
The legislatio
n also imposes taxes on a range of property and on some
services. The rates 
will be announced in the next three months. Their
imposition of the taxes is
 the Cuban government's response to a widening
budget deficit, which reached
 4bn Cuban pesos
(Pounds 2.5bn at the official exchange rate) last year.
It 
also wants to mop up much of the 11.75bn pesos in circulation, which
officia
ls say has contributed to a depreciation of the currency on the
unofficial m
arket. The government announced a 50 per cent cut in the armed
forces' budge
t this year, saying the military should cost the country 'as
little as possi
ble'.
For the past two months Cubans have been paying higher prices for a ra
nge of
consumer goods and public transportation. Cigarette prices rose by an

average of 600 per cent while alcohol prices were doubled. The cost of air

and sea travel was also increased.
Last week police clashed with demonstrato
rs protesting over the price rises
in Havana's port area after what diplomat
s describe as a perceptible rise in
political tension in the capital. Cuban 
newspapers said 35 people, including
10 policemen, were injured.
Cuba's econ
omy has been thrown off course by the collapse of the Soviet
Union, which wa
s the Caribbean island's main trading partner, the failure of
last year's su
gar harvest and a significant cut in foreign earnings.
Fuel, food and medici
nes have been in short supply, power cuts are frequent
and lines of ration c
ard holders have been growing.
US Coast Guard ships picked up 230 Cuban refu
gees in the seas between Cuba
and Florida over the weekend, officials said y
esterday, Reuter reports from
Miami.
The people, on makeshift boats and raft
s, left Cuba amid reports of unrest
after three ferryboats were hijacked in 
nine days by Cubans hoping to reach
the US.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<
CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance, Ta
xation, and Monetary Policy.
    P9721 International Affairs.
</IN>
<XX>
Typ
es:-
</XX>
<TP>GOVT  Taxes.
    NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial
 Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 6 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 320 ==============================================
Transaction #:    320       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-11252</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBFAAAATFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
205
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 FEB 94 / Malawi controls lifted </HEADLINE>
<B
YLINE>    By NICK YOUNG </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    BLANTYRE </DATELINE>
<TEXT>

The Reserve Bank of Malawi has lifted exchange controls and authorised
comme
rcial banks to buy and sell foreign currencies at market rates, writes
Nick 
Young from Blantyre.
Asof next week businesses will no longer need to apply 
to the Reserve Bank
for foreign exchange allocations to pay for imports. Reg
ular exporters,
principally oftobacco, tea and sugar, will be encouraged to 
open hard
currency accounts with commercial banks.
This liberalisation packa
ge, intended to enhance to export competitiveness
and simulate growth, comes
 amid chronic foreign exchange shortage.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>
MLZ  Mali, Africa.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P6011 Federal Reserve B
anks.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 2 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 321 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-10558</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DKDC7AGLFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>931
104
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 NOV 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: State co
ntrol still leaves bitter taste - Ukraine's status as a top five sugar produ
cer is in danger, says Jill Barshay </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JILL BARSHAY 
</BYLINE>
<TEXT>
UKRAINE'S status as one of the world's five biggest sugar p
roducers is in
jeopardy unless the state relinquishes control of the industr
y.
Plagued with financial problems, energy shortages and a dearth of machine
ry
and spare parts, sugar growers cannot count on a repeat of this year's go
od
weather to maintain the country's largest cash crop.
Ukraine's sugar beet
 crop is up 43 per cent this year, at 40m tonnes, but it
is still unclear if
 Ukraine's farmers will be able to harvest the large crop
to produce 4.5m to
nnes of sugar before the ground freezes in the middle of
this month.
Only 60
 per cent of the harvest was gathered by the end of last week. Heavy
Septemb
er rains delayed the harvesting by two weeks.
In a country beset with hyperi
nflation and a worthless paper currency,
Ukraine must barter its resources f
or imports. With 2.5m tonnes of sugar
satisfying the sweet teeth of 52m Ukra
inians, the expected additional 2m
tonnes is primarily sold to other states 
within the Commonwealth of
Independent States.
Sugar exports are Ukraine's p
rimary means of buying desperately needed
energy supplies from Russia, to wh
ich it already owes Dollars 2.5bn for gas
and oil. Ukraine also sells its su
gar to Turkmenistan for gas, to Uzbekistan
for cotton and tobacco and to Bel
orussia for consumer goods.
Since last year's miserable harvest of 28m tonne
s of beets, Kiev's
communist-oriented government has been under pressure to 
stimulate sugar
production. Inclined toward command economy formulas, the go
vernment issued
huge amounts of credits and subsidies to growers over the su
mmer and early
autumn.
Dismayed that the credits only served to drive up inf
lation, the government
was driven last month to a desperate measure: tentati
ve market reform.
Although private farming is almost non-existent in Ukraine
, especially in
beet production, the Minister of Agriculture, Mr Yuri Karasi
k, has now given
beet growers limited rights to make their own storing, proc
essing and
selling decisions.
Co-operative and state farms may barter their 
beets for fuel to power their
tractors and harvester. Farmers may also proce
ss their beets into sugar for
sale to the state at a higher price: while the
 state still remains the
monopoly buyer, farmers are no longer required to s
ell their raw product
immediately.
However, beet growers are still hostages 
of the inefficient state.
Obligatory state orders take 96 per cent of the ex
pected harvest, leaving
farmers with a mere 4 per cent of their crop to buy 
whatever they want from
whomever they want. Farmers receive a small purchase
 price from the state
which is rendered meaningless by hyperinflation and ir
regular and obsolete
supplies from the shattered state distribution system.

Lacking fuel, farms cannot transport beets to storage houses to await
proces
sing. Instead, cut beets lie on the soil, losing sugar content. With
an init
ial 15-20 per cent sugar content, cut beets lose one-tenth of 1 per
cent of 
sugar each day they lie on the ground - sometimes more during cold
autumn ni
ghts. It is not uncommon for state farms to hire elderly women to
pick beets
 off the field.
Beyond the immediate energy shortage, there are deeper conce
rns for next
year when the current stock of harvesting machines, which are o
n their last
legs this year, will wear out. The Soviets, with their philosop
hy of
centralised production, decided that all Ukraine's harvesters should b
e
built at a Ternopl factory, which in turn received many parts from the
for
mer East Germany.
The Ternopl factory is no longer supplied by the Germans a
nd production has
come to a halt. Ukraine's sugar beet production research i
nstitute,
SakharSvyokla, has developed an alternative harvesting attachment 
for simple
tractors, but so far has not been able to find investment for mas
s
production. 'Starting next year, there will be a problem. In the 1994-95
s
eason, there will be a grave deficiency of machinery,' says a SakharSvyokla

analyst.
In addition trucks and clumsy sorting machines lead to unnecessary 
losses
from transportation and sorting, amounting to 3.5 per cent of the har
vest.
The final blow to the Ukrainian sugar industry could come from Russia,
 which
is contemplating imposing a 100 per cent customs duty on sugar import
s to
promote its own faltering sugar industry.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX
>
<CN>UAZ  Ukraine, East Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sug
arcane and Sugar Beets.
    P2062 Cane Sugar Refining.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</
XX>
<TP>RES  Pollution.
    MKTS  Foreign trade.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Ti
mes </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 322 ==============================================
Transaction #:    322       Transaction Code:  14 (Search Results Displayed)

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============= Transaction # 323 ==============================================
Transaction #:    323       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-3172</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-ELNEAAGCFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9412
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 DEC 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Caribbean
s seek extra sugar access to expanded EU </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE J
AMES </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    KINGSTON </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
The European Union'
s traditional sugar suppliers want to ship 700,000 tonnes
a year more to mee
t the higher demand they expect to result from the
expansion of the union.
E
xporters in the African, Caribbean and Pacific group, who have an overall
qu
ota of 1.3m tonnes a year, have told the EU that they can guarantee the
addi
tional 700,000 tonnes.
'With the impending expansion of the European Union a
nd changes in the
sourcing of sugar for Portugal, the ACP countries have an 
opportunity to
expand their exports,' said Mr Karl James of the Sugar Associ
ation of the
Caribbean. 'A recent study done on production in the ACP states
 indicates
that they can ship 700,000 tonnes more each year, and in the nego
tiations
with the EU we are asking that this be bought at the preferential p
rice we
now enjoy.'
The European Union is changing its sugar import regime a
nd will establish a
mechanism for the access of additional sugar under an ag
reement that will
become effective in July 1995 and run for six years, accor
ding to the Sugar
Association of the Caribbean.
'The EU's proposals are an e
ncouraging development and will provide the
basis for the ACP group to negot
iate with the EU to achieve its objective of
additional access at the guaran
teed price.'
In a move to make more of another preferential market, Caribbea
n Community
(Caricom) sugar exporters have asked the US government for chang
es in the
allocation of their import quotas to allow other producers in the 
group the
first call on meeting shortfalls of any member, said the Sugar Ass
ociation.
'The United States does not allow any member of the group to suppl
y any or
part of a quota belonging to another member,' the association said.
 The US
Department of Agriculture sets annual import quotas for Caribbean an
d other
producers.
'Some countries have frequent difficulty in meeting their
 US quotas,' said
Mr James. 'Barbados, for example, has not shipped any suga
r to the US for
several years, but none of the association's members benefit
 from this
shortfall. This is what we have asked the US Department of Agricu
lture to
change.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>JMZ  Jamaica, Caribbean
.
    QRZ  European Economic Community (EC).
    XFZ  Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
<
/XX>
<TP>MKTS  Foreign trade.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> L
ondon Page 27 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-4565</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DCJCTAGAFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9303
10
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  10 MAR 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Cuban sug
ar situation 'tense' </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE>
<DATELINE> 
   HAVANA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE SITUATION of Cuba's 1992 - 1993 sugar crop 
is 'tense' and harvesting and
milling are being carried out with less than 2
0 per cent of the resources
used in past harvests, according to official new
spaper Granma, reports
Reuter from Havana.
Granma, the mouthpiece of the rul
ing Communist Party, said there were
accumulated delays in harvesting and mi
lling more than three months after
the start of the current campaign.
'A cle
ar example of the harsh reality being faced is that there are still
some mil
ls which have not yet started milling,' the newspaper added.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Co
untries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>
P0722 Crop Harvesting.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Market data.
</TP>

<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 36 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-11563</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CGXAXAA5FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
724
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  24 JUL 92 / World Trade News: Paris court stubs o
ut Cuba cigar brands </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By FRANK GRAY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

THE future of the Cuban cigar trade in Europe has been thrown into doubt
aft
er a French court barred the import of three leading brands because of a
tra
demark violation. The three brands are Monte Cristo, H. Upmann and Por
Larra
naga. According to Seita, France's largest tobacco goods distributor,
these 
marques comprise about 50 per cent of French Cuban cigar imports of
7.7m.
Ho
wever, Cuba pledged yesterday that the court ban would not deprive
connoisse
ur French smokers of their cigars.
Cubatabaco, the state tobacco agency, sai
d it would send other prestigious
Havana brands to replace the three banned 
names.
Mr Patrick Clayeux, a senior manager for Seita, said yesterday the co
mpany
would stop distributing the three brands on August 14. All retail sale
s must
stop by September 7. Surplus stocks would be withdrawn from retail ou
tlets.
In addition, Seita is obliged to stop production of Mini-Montecristo 
'whiff'
cigars, manufactured in France with imported raw Cuban tobacco.
The 
landmark lawsuit, settled recently in a French appeals court ruling,
stems f
rom a dispute over the ownership of the three famous brands, whose
proprieto
rs fled Cuba following the 1959 revolution. Cuba, under Cubatabaco,
has cont
inued their manufacture since. In 1976, the former owners sold the
marques t
o Cuban Cigar Brands (Curacao) of the US, which launched the
orginal challen
ge in various international courts. CCB in the late 1980s
sold the non-US us
e of the brand names to Tabacalera, the Spanish
distributor, which now contr
ols them for all non-US business.
Mr Clayeux said that officials from Seita,
 Tabacalera and Cubatabaco had
held a series of meetings to enable the Frenc
h group to resume sales, but
the dispute remained unresolved.
Cuba's struggl
ing economy earns Dollars 100m a year from tobacco exports.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The
 Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-9325</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHLDRAF3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
11
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  11 AUG 94 / Cubans face questioning in US over hij
acking </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By AP </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    KEY WEST </DATE
LINE>
<TEXT>
Twenty-four Cubans accused of hijacking a Cuban government boat
 were brought
to a Florida resort city by the US Coast Guard yesterday to fa
ce questioning
about its voyage, AP reports from Key West.
The group, which 
included young men wearing shorts and at least two small
children, walked of
f the Coast Guard cutter early in the afternoon having
been detained at sea 
since they were picked up on Tuesday afternoon.
The Cuban government claimed
 a naval lieutenant was killed in the boat
hijacking on Monday night. But a 
US Coast Guard official said the refugees
insisted no-one was killed and tha
t the purported victim was among those who
arrived in Key West.
Doubt was ca
st on the initial Cuban government claim that a death was caused
by the boat
 hijacking when Mr Alfonso Fraga, head of the Cuban diplomatic
mission in Wa
shington, declined to repeat it yesterday at a news conference.
Asked repeat
edly about the incident, Mr Fraga said he had received no
instructions about
 it from Havana.
The boat hijacking on Monday was the fourth in three weeks,
 Cuban officials
said.
The growing tide of Cubans fleeing the island continu
ed, meanwhile, when a
single-engine Cuban utility aircraft carrying 14 membe
rs of the same family
landed safely in a thunderstorm at Marathon, about 75 
miles north of Key
West in the Florida Keys. A sheriff's spokeswoman said th
e pilot had worked
for a Cuban crop-dusting company and stole the aircraft f
rom his employers.
All of the Cubans were to be turned over to the US Immigr
ation and
Naturalisation Service.
US officials have not prosecuted any Cuban
s on hijack-related charges since
1980, when three Cubans who seized a fishi
ng vessel at knifepoint were
acquitted of kidnapping.
Cubans who have forcib
ly overpowered crews of boats or aircraft - usually
government-owned - are r
outinely released in south Florida.
Some Cuban exile leaders are speculating
 that the US government may be
cracking down on hijackers because of Preside
nt Fidel Castro's recent threat
to allow unlimited emigration from Cuba to t
he US, as he did for some
120,000 people in 1980.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
<
/XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
    USZ  United States of America.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9721 International Affairs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX
>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Inter
national Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-2254</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFRBNAA6FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 JUN 92 / Management (Marketing and Advertising)
: Supply chain in need of wholesale reform - The emerging consumer markets o
f central Europe have provided challenges and surprises for western companie
s </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By GUY DE JONQUIERES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Cuban cigars
 at Pounds 10 a box of 25, chocolate bars from Lesotho, imported
Marlboro ci
garettes 30 per cent more expensive than local ones . . . the
shops and crow
ded street markets of Poland often seem to obey the random
economics of an A
rab souk.
In Hungary, retailing is more orderly but still has its surprises.
 'You name
it, Indian toothpaste, obscure Brazilian brands - you can buy alm
ost
anything,' says Andre Mico of Unilever.
In both countries erratic delive
ries mean that many products - particularly
imported ones - come and go from
 the shelves without warning. Western
expatriate shoppers quickly learn to b
uy their favourite items in bulk and
store them at home.
For western compani
es seeking to do business in central Europe, the
bewildering disorganisation
 of the region's distribution trade is one of the
biggest and most frustrati
ng obstacles.
In Poland, officials say liberalisation has trebled the amount
 of retailing
space in the past three years. Ashley Summerfield of the Centr
al Europe
Trust, a London-based consultancy, reckons that 110,000 new outlet
s have
sprung up, half of them pavement kiosks.
However, the government's fa
ilure to liberalise the property market has led
to soaring shop rentals. The
se have increased more than 30-fold in central
Warsaw, pushing many small re
tailers to the brink of bankruptcy.
Marc Pol, a three-year-old Polish compan
y, has set up more than 50
supermarkets and cash-and-carry stores. However, 
Marek Mikuskiewicz, Marc
Pol's president, admits that he now faces a shortag
e of capital and growing
cash flow problems.
Though retailing reform in Hung
ary has been less sweeping, the sector was
better placed to start with, than
ks to the greater tolerance of its former
communist rulers. Department store
s and supermarkets are relatively common.
Czemene, one of the largest chains
, has been acquired by Julius Meinl, an
Austrian retailer, which is renovati
ng the stores and training staff in
western techniques.
But an executive of 
a large western consumer products company operating in
Hungary, while applau
ding Meinl's efforts, says results will take time: 'We
find we can negotiate
 with Meinl at the top, but on the ground things don't
work very well'.
Whol
esaling in both countries is also haphazard. Once dominated by
state-owned m
onopolies, it has been thrown open to private competitors. Many
are individu
als whose only asset is a truck and who cannot guarantee
delivery of product
s to their destination.
Determining trade creditworthiness is difficult for 
western suppliers, many
of whom insist on payment in cash. Many western comp
anies use their own
newly-created sales teams to deliver products to larger 
stores.
Another obstacle to controlling the supply chain is the flow of ille
gal
imports, which higher duties and tariffs have manifestly failed to check
. As
well as threatening western suppliers' efforts to establish orderly
dis
tribution, 'grey' imports play havoc with pricing policies.
Andrzej Szwarc o
f DMS reckons that at least a quarter of all Mars bars sold
in Poland are sm
uggled in. Though devaluations have increased their cost,
Mars has had to re
duce the retail price in the past year to avoid being
undercut by unauthoris
ed imports.
DMS is also trying to build retailer loyalty by working closely 
with larger
outlets to improve standards of display, stock control and custo
mer service.
Many other suppliers of western products are adopting similar t
actics. By
building such relationships, they believe they are making worthwh
ile
investments.
But even the most optimistic concede that it may be some ti
me before those
investments really pay off.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times
 </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 17 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-14052</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DDUCWABIFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
421
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  21 APR 93 / World Trade News: Cuba makes progress
 in regional trading links </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>

<DATELINE>    KINGSTON </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE Cuban government's attempts t
o broaden trade links with its neighbours
in Latin America and the Caribbean
 have been given a fillip by a series of
joint venture agreements with sever
al privately-owned Brazilian companies,
following a visit to the island by B
razilian businessmen.
The agreements coincided with a decision by the heads 
of government of the
Caribbean Community (Caricom) to establish a joint comm
ission with Cuba to
improve trade and other relations with the island, follo
wing statements by
some Caribbean leaders that it was time the US ended its 
30-year trade
embargo on Cuba.
The Brazilian businessmen ended five days of 
talks in Havana with agreements
in principle on 10 ventures which will be fu
rther studied by both parties.
The island's struggling nickel industry, trou
bled by inefficient plants and
insufficient fuel, is of particular interest 
to the Brazilians, who want to
buy the product from Cuba.
The agreements als
o cover Brazilian-funded citrus plants in Cuba, production
of sugar cane har
vesters in Brazil, and the creation of a shipping line to
operate between th
e two countries.
The decision of the Caricom heads of government to establis
h the joint
commission with Cuba follows the island's application for the st
atus of an
observer to the 13-nation community.
Several of Cuba's Caribbean 
neighbours have been upset by the implementation
of legislation six months a
go by the US to prevent foreign subsidiaries of
US companies from trading wi
th Cuba and penalising shipping companies
calling at Cuban ports.
Dame Eugen
ia Charles, the prime minister of Dominica, and traditionally
among the more
 conservative of the region's leaders, has argued in favour of
an end to the
 trade embargo.
Privately-owned Dominica Coconut Products has become a leadi
ng exporter to
Cuba, and is planning the construction of a processing plant 
in Cuba.
Cuba's attempts to develop economic ties with its neighbours have a
lso
benefited from the island's admission to the Caribbean Tourism Organisat
ion
after three years of trying.
There is, however, likely to be US objectio
n to Cuba's growing trade links
with Brazil and those it is developing with 
its neighbours in the Caribbean
archipelago. The island gained entry to the 
regional tourism body over the
objections of two members, Puerto Rico and th
e United States Virgin Islands,
both US possessions.
Caricom countries have 
been warned against closer ties with Cuba by Ms Sally
Cowal, US ambassador t
o Trinidad and Tobago.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbe
an.
    DMZ  Dominica, Caribbean.
    BRZ  Brazil, South America.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P1099 Metal Ores, NEC.
    P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar
 Beets.
    P0174 Citrus Fruits.
    P4449 Water Transportation of Freight, 
NEC.
    P4481 Deep Sea Passenger Transportation, Ex Ferry.
    P0173 Tree N
uts.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Strategic links & Joint venture.
</T
P>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 6 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 329 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-7733</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DEUB0AHDFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9305
21
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  21 MAY 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Bigger su
gar deficit forecast </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>
<T
EXT>
WORLD SUGAR production will fall 2.84m tonnes below consumption in 1992
-93,
according to Czarnikow, the London trade house.
The group's latest suga
r review puts production at 111.6m tonnes, down 3m
tonnes from the last esti
mate in February, and substantially below last
year's 116.42m tonnes.
Consum
ption is now estimated at 113.9m tonnes, and 600,000 tonnes has been
allowed
 for what Czarnikow terms 'unrecorded disappearance'. The deficit is
well ah
ead of the International Sugar Organisation's figure of 1.61m tonnes,
announ
ced earlier this week.
Mr Chris Pack, analyst at Czarnikow, said yesterday t
hat the latest figures
showed a swing from last season's surplus to this sea
son's deficit of 7m
tonnes.
'It is not surprising that the market has moved 
sharply ahead,' he said. 'It
is trying to find a new level.'
For most of the
 six months between last September and February, the New York
nearby raw sug
ar contracts were trading between 8 and 9 cents a lb. But as
perceptions inc
reased of much lower crops than expected in Cuba, Thailand
and India, the ma
rket has risen sharply. On Monday the New York July
contract reached a high 
of 13.26 cents a lb before profit taking set in.
Yesterday in late trading i
t was at 11.98 cents a lb.
Czarnikow estimates Cuban production at 5.5m tonn
es, on the high side
compared with other forecasters but still well down on 
last year's 7m
tonnes. Indian production is put at 11.5m tonnes, down 3m ton
nes from last
year, while Thailand is expected to produce 3.8m tonnes, down 
from 1991-92's
5.1m tonnes.
Mr Pack said that now a clearer picture of produ
ction was emerging, the
market was looking for signs of demand, which has be
en restricted by the
higher price levels. 'This market is fundamentally driv
en,' he said, 'but
demand is a little cool for some of the rampant bulls to 
follow.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>
Industrie
s:-
</XX>
<IN>P2061 Raw Cane Sugar.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comme
nt & Analysis.
    MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<
PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 330 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-1985</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-ELSBYAA6FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9412
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 DEC 94 / Minister blamed for sugar scandal </HE
ADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEFAN WAGSTYL </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    NEW DELHI </DA
TELINE>
<TEXT>
Mr Kalpnath Rai, the Indian food minister, yesterday came und
er renewed
pressure to resign following the publication of a government repo
rt which
found him 'fully responsible' for the costly mishandling of a sugar
 shortage
this year.
The government, which had earlier maintained the report
 blamed several
officials and ministers, yesterday bowed to opposition party
 demands to
publish the full report. The report said Mr Rai had aggravated a
 sugar
shortage by delaying imports in order to push up sugar prices to the 
benefit
of sugar producers.
Mr P V Narasimha Rao, the prime minister, wants 
Mr Rai to quit so that he
can remake his cabinet and exclude scandal-tainted
 ministers, following
recent state elections in which corruption was an impo
rtant issue.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>INZ  India, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9641 Regulation of Agricultural Marketing.
    P013
3 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>PEOP  People.
</TP
>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 331 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-2346</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DLND1AGFFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9312
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 DEC 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Russia to
 tax sugar imports </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By LEYLA BOULTON </BYLINE>
<DATEL
INE>    MOSCOW </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Russia will slap a 50 per cent tariff on i
mported sugar from next month, Mr
Alexander Zaveriukha, the Russian deputy p
rime minister responsible for
agriculture, has announced.
Interfax news agen
cy quoted him as saying that the tax will protect the
country's sugar produc
ers.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>RUZ  Russia, East Europe.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-

</XX>
<TP>GOVT  Taxes.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 332 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-3025</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFPCDADWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
16
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 JUN 93 / Venables to fight on to buy Sugar's Sp
urs stake </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RICHARD GOURLAY and PAUL TAYLOR </BYLIN
E>
<TEXT>
MR Terry Venables, Tottenham Hotspur's sacked chief executive, yes
terday
vowed to continue his attempt to buy Mr Alan Sugar's 48 per cent stak
e in
the north London soccer club.
Replying from the club's headquarters, a 
confident Mr Sugar declared the
legal 'game was over'. He said: 'The message
 to fans and players was
'business as normal and please be a bit patient'.
M
r Venables' battle cry came a day after a High Court judge declined to
exten
d an injunction preventing the Tottenham board, chaired by Mr Sugar,
sacking
 Mr Venables.
Mr Sugar said getting the right management at the publicly quo
ted company
was essential but that there was no hurry to appoint a team mana
ger. Mr Ray
Clemence and Mr Doug Livermore, the coaches, were continuing to 
manage the
club on a day-to-day basis.
Earlier Mr Sugar returned to court an
d admitted to a technical contempt of
court. Vice-chancellor Sir Donald Nich
olls accepted Mr Sugar's apology,
given the 'disgraceful' behaviour of some 
Spurs supporters outside the
court.
The Tottenham chairman also said he woul
d be returning to court to seek
assurances that any further legal costs woul
d be paid by Mr Venables and not
Spurs.
Mr Venables said he would be seeking
 to acquire Mr Sugar's stake in
Tottenham Hotspur in a court action due to b
e heard in October.
He is seeking this under section 459 of the Companies Ac
t, which is rarely
applied to publicly quoted companies.
Spurs supporters ye
sterday continued to call on fans not to renew season
tickets and to boycott
 the club. Mr Sugar said ensuring season tickets were
renewed had been a tou
gh job even before Mr Venables was sacked and launched
his High Court action
 and it would continue to be tough.
Despite predictions of mass defections b
y players only two formal requests
had been received and these had been turn
ed down.
Mr Sugar joined Mr Venables in 1991 to save heavily indebted Totten
ham
Hotspur from the unwelcome attention of the late Robert Maxwell.
Spurs' 
own goals, Page 22
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Tottenham Hotspur.
</C
O>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries
:-
</XX>
<IN>P7941 Sports Clubs, Managers, and Promoters.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-

</XX>
<TP>COMP  Shareholding.
    PEOP  People.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Ti
mes </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 20 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 333 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-1728</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EIVD2AGBFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9409
22
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 SEP 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Indian su
gar output forecast to rise by 24% </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By SHIRAZ SIDHVA 
</BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    NEW DELHI </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
India's sugar productio
n will rise by 24 per cent this year to 9.8m tonnes,
reversing the steady de
cline of the past three years, according to the food
ministry. A further spu
rt is expected to push output to 12.2m tonnes in the
next sugar season start
ing in October.
The increase in production comes as the nation's sugar indus
try launched a
campaign for complete deregulation of the sugar market.
The I
ndian Sugar Mills Association believes that production could rise to
13m ton
nes if the industry were deregulated. This could save Rs20bn (Pounds
400m) a
 year in wasted output and import bills.
Isma has been galvanising public op
inion by placing large advertisements in
India's daily newspapers urging the
 public to support the reforms they have
suggested to the government, beginn
ing with a policy of complete
deregulation for the sugar industry.
The assoc
iation estimates that half of the money lost through current
policies 'goes 
down the drain', in the form of sucrose left unrecovered by
some processors.

'Unfortunately, this happens in a scenario where the established capacity o
f
sugar manufacturers is left unutilised, due to a lack of cane,' Isma says.

Another Rs10bn goes on import costs, caused by the production shortfalls of

sugar units.
An equitable distribution of cane between all processors would
 minimise the
diversion of cane, and allow production units fully to utilise
 capacity and
expand further to take advantage of economies of scale, which 
would in turn,
bring down sugar prices.
The association has also urged the g
overnment to announce a clear-cut policy
on the creation of buffer stocks wh
en there is a bumper crop, for effective
utilisation during times of shortag
e.
An official of the food ministry said the government was examining the
pr
oposals forwarded by the association. 'But it will be some time before the
s
ugar industry can be fully decontrolled,' he said.
'The government would be 
exposing itself to rampant inflation if this
essential commodity were out of
 its control,' the official said.
The government currently distributes sugar
 through subsidised public
distribution and a system of ration cards. Though
 sugar is freely available
on the open market, the price difference is signi
ficant.
The association says decontrol will stabilise prices and decrease th
e
disparity between the price of sugar for public distribution, and free
mar
ket sugar prices.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>INZ  India, Asia.
</CN>

<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Typ
es:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Market data.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAG
E> London Page 36 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-11073</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CD1A7ACSFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
428
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  28 APR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Cuba pla
ns to raise nickel output </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE>
<DATEL
INE>    HAVANA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA PLANS to produce nearly 50,000 tonnes
 of nickel in 1992 and output is
forecast to rise to 80,000 tonnes in 1996 f
ollowing the completion of a
fourth nickel plant, according to Prensa Latina
, the Cuban news agency,
reports Reuter from Havana. Production would reach 
100,000 tonnes 'in the
near future', it said.
The agency, giving rare detail
s of the island's most strategically-important
industry after sugar, said Cu
ba possessed an estimated 37.3 per cent of all
of the world's total nickel o
re reserves. They were situated in an area on
the island's north-eastern coa
st, around the town of Moa.
'These mineral reserves will allow significant, 
stable production for more
than 200 years,' Prensa Latina said.
It said the 
Cuban government had drawn up a major development plan for the
industry invo
lving an overall investment of Dollars 1.2bn over the next
decade.
</TEXT>
<
PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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============= Transaction # 336 ==============================================
Transaction #:    336       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-8631</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EKREFAGSFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9411
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 NOV 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Scope see
n for more sugar price gains </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DEBORAH HARGREAVES <
/BYLINE>
<TEXT>
World sugar prices could break through their recent 4-year h
ighs if supply
tightness continues, in spite of recent price corrections, ac
cording to a
review of the market by Czarnikow, the London brokers.
'The mar
ket has been expecting some sort of correction so it's not
surprising that p
rices have been easier over the last couple of days. But
there is a fundamen
tally tight situation and scope for that picture to
tighten further,' said M
r Neil Meader, analyst at Czarnikow.
Key consuming countries such as China, 
India and Russia are likely to have
to source much of their supply from the 
international market next year
following shortfalls in their own production.
 Czarnikow has marked the
Chinese crop down from 6.54m tonnes to 6.3m tonnes
 this year with a further
drop expected next year.
Czarnikow believes that C
hina will be turning to the international market
for 1.4m tonnes of its raw 
supplies which will have an important influence
on market behaviour next yea
r.
'By the third quarter next year, these consuming countries will be facing
 a
gap between the new crop and the old one,' said Mr Meader. 'If they all b
uy
on a spot basis there will be a massive block of purchasing hitting the
m
arket at the same time.'
Czarnikow estimates that world production in 1994-1
995 will reach 111.9m
tonnes, which marks an increase of roughly 2m tonnes o
ver the previous
season, but is not enough to make up for a rise in consumpt
ion to 115.5m
tonnes next year. For this reason, the broker believes there w
ill be a
drawdown from world stocks of 4.2m tonnes over the coming crop cycl
e.
The European Union sugar reform was unlikely to have any effect on the wo
rld
market, Mr Meader said.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
<
/CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>

Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
    COSTS  Commodity prices.
  
  MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page
 33 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 337 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-7989</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DETCAABVFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9305
20
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 MAY 93 / Venables fights back over Spurs </HEAD
LINE>
<BYLINE>    By JANE FULLER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
MR TERRY Venables has coun
ter-attacked against the attempt to oust him from
Tottenham Hotspur football
 club by seeking to force Mr Alan Sugar, the
chairman, to sell his 48 per ce
nt stake in the company to Mr Venables or his
backers.
Mr Venables, who borr
owed most of the Pounds 3m he has invested in
Tottenham, would have to put t
ogether a consortium of backers to buy out Mr
Sugar, whose stake was valued 
at Pounds 7.73m at yesterday's closing price
of 101p.
Mr Sugar, the electron
ics millionaire, last week tried to sack Mr Venables
as chief executive. It 
emerged that Mr Sugar had offered to buy Mr Venables'
22 per cent stake at t
he price he paid for it - an average of about 85p a
share.
Mr Venables' coun
ter-attack forms part of a petition to be presented to the
High Court. On Fr
iday he obtained a court order reinstating him until a
hearing next Tuesday.

A transcript of Friday's judgment by Mrs Justice Arden refers to the two
ma
in points of Mr Venables' petition: 'that Amshold (Mr Sugar's vehicle) may
b
e ordered to sell its shares in the company to the petitioner, or as the
pet
itioner may direct, at such price as the court may determine' and that
the c
ompany should be prevented from terminating Mr Venables' contract.
The judge
 heard that Mr Venables ran the football-related activities of the
company, 
that his appointment as chief executive - he was previously manager
of the f
ootball team - was agreed with Mr Sugar, and that Mr Venables'
removal would
 damage the company, which had 'made a major financial recovery
while Mr Ven
ables has been chief executive'.
Mr Venables had expressed concern about con
trol of the company in December
1991, before a Pounds 7m rights issue underw
ritten by Mr Sugar which gave Mr
Sugar, as chairman, a much larger stake. It
 was alleged that Mr Sugar said:
'Trust me - even if I pick up all the share
s, we have a shareholders'
agreement.'
Mr Nick Hewer, Mr Sugar's public rela
tions representative, said last night
there was no comment on the transcript
. It had been impossible to present
any evidence at Friday's hearing, which 
was held at very short notice, he
said.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>T
ottenham Hotspur.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.

</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P7941 Sports Clubs, Managers, and Promoter
s.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>PEOP  People.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times
 </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 338 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-16670</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EDHDEAFZFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
408
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 APR 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar-be
et to displace grain in Portugal </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PETER WISE </BYL
INE>
<DATELINE>    LISBON </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Portugal is to make an importan
t shift away from cereals to beet sugar
cultivation following government app
roval for an Es15bn (Dollars 87.7m)
Italian-managed beet sugar refinery that
 will supply more than 20 per cent
of the country's sugar consumption.
The p
roject involves replacing wheat and maize cultivation in central and
souther
n Portugal with 10,000 hectares of sugar-beet to supply the refinery
with 60
0,000 tonnes a year, enough to produce about 60,000 tonnes of sugar.
Portuga
l at present has only 500ha of experimental beet sugar crops.
'Beet sugar ha
s already proved more profitable than cereals for Portugal and
the differenc
e will be even greater when our European Union subsidiaries for
cereals are 
withdrawn in 2001,' said Mr Diamantino Diogo, director of
Fenacam, an invest
or in the refinery.
Portugal consumes 310,000 tonnes of sugar a year, produc
ed by two refineries
from imported sugar-cane. The country will now fulfil a
 60,000-tonne beet
sugar production quota awarded when it joined the EU in 1
986. Talks are
under way in Brussels on whether this beet sugar quota will b
e added to or
subtracted from Portugal's cane sugar production quota.
Societ
a Fondiaria Industriale Romagnola (SFIR), an Italian sugar company,
owns 60 
per cent of Dai-Sociedade de Investimento Agro-Industrial, the
company inves
ting in the new refinery. RAR of Portugal and Tate and Lyle of
the UK, the t
wo existing refinery companies in Portugal, each owns 5 per
cent. Fenacam an
d the Portuguese state holding company IPE own 15 per cent
each.
The EU and 
the Portuguese government will together provide Es9.8bn in grants
for the pr
oject in Coruche, central Portugal. SFIR will invest Es3.6bn and
manage the 
plant. The refinery, due to begin production in June, 1995, will
employ 224 
people directly and create another 1,500 jobs for farm workers
and truck dri
vers.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Dai-Sociedade de Investimento Agro-
Industrial.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>PTZ  Portugal, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
I
ndustries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</
XX>
<TP>MKTS  Production.
    RES  Capital expenditures.
    RES  Facilities
.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 339 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-10333</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EKKDMABHFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>941
111
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  11 NOV 94 / Cuba and the IMF compare notes: Pasca
l Fletcher explores the significance of visits from a much pilloried institu
tion </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PASCAL FLETCHER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Cuba has lo
ng pilloried the International Monetary Fund as the torch-bearer
of neo-libe
ral capitalism. It regularly blamed IMF 'shock remedies' for
causing hunger,
 unemployment and poverty across the Third World, especially
Latin America.

The fact that a senior IMF official should have visited Cuba twice over the

last year is, then, intriguing.
The 'non-official' visits by IMF executive d
irector Mr Jacques de Groote
late last year and early this year do not mean 
that Cuba, which left the
Fund in the early 1960s, is trying to re-join, at 
least not yet.
For one thing, the US maintains a blocking objection to Cuban
 membership as
part of its economic sanctions against Cuba's one-party socia
list
government.
But the IMF contacts do reflect an important shift in Cuba'
s economic policy
since the country was left like an orphan in the world eco
nomy after the
disappearance of its protector, the former Soviet Union.
Not 
only is Cuba trying to beat its recession by implementing reforms the
IMF wo
uld not disown, but it is also signalling clearly, perhaps as much
through n
ecessity as conviction, that it wants to come out of the cold and
back into 
the mainstream of the world economic community.
'Whether we like it or not, 
(the IMF) is a leading institution in the world
economy and so it is a must 
for us to know about it,' Mr Raul Amado Blanco,
vice-president of the Nation
al Bank of Cuba, the cental bank, said in an
interview.
He said the IMF offi
cials who visited were briefed about Cuba's reform
moves. Cuba learned how t
he IMF and World Bank had helped other command
economies in eastern Europe a
nd Asia move towards market-oriented policies.
But senior Cuban officials ar
e careful to put limits on the rapprochement
with the IMF and on just how fa
r Cuba intends to go in its reforms.
Mr Amado Blanco said re-joining the Bre
tton Woods institutions was not being
actively considered. 'We would have to
 be convinced of the usefulness (of
rejoining). . . whether it would really 
signify a contribution to our
political and economic policies,' he said.
Cub
a's vice-president, Mr Carlos Lage, said Cuba was ready to discuss
economic 
options with the IMF, the World Bank and anybody else. 'That
doesn't mean we
 are ready to do what these institutions dictate.'
Nevertheless, the economi
c reforms being introduced by Cuba would not be out
of place in an IMF or Wo
rld Bank policy manual. They include cuts in
subsidies to loss-making state 
companies, selective price increases, farm
reforms, currency reform, decentr
alisation of decision-making, the
imposition of taxes, moves to control liqu
idity and an assault on the
yawning budget deficit.
Many of the changes, suc
h as the recent authorisation of public markets for
farm produce and consume
r goods, also reflect recommendations made by a team
of Spanish experts led 
by Spain's former finance minister Mr Carlos
Solchaga.
'Cuba is making a ser
ious structural adjustment effort,' Juan Triana, deputy
director of Havana U
niversity's Centre for Studies on the World Economy,
said.
The budget defici
t, which in 1993 stood at 4.2bn pesos, has already been
reduced by some 25 p
er cent this year. The glut of Cuban pesos sluicing
around the economy, esti
mated at nearly 12bn pesos in circulation at the end
of April, has already b
een cut by 1.3bn pesos, according to the central
bank.
The moves, also aimed
 at throttling the black market, have caused a
tightening of the level of pe
sos in circulation and a fall in the black
market value of one dollar to les
s than 50 pesos from past lows of more than
100. Putting buying power back i
nto the peso is one of the objectives.
Cuban officials insist the on-going r
eforms differ from IMF remedies. They
say the state is keeping a dominant, c
ontrolling economic role and social
concerns are paramount.
'We have a strat
egy. . . it's not a strategy of capitalist development. . .
it's a strategy 
of a planned, socialist economy,' said Mr Lage, who is
viewed as the main ar
chitect of Cuba's economic reforms.
He said Cuba would preserve 'the essenti
als' of its socialist system -
official shorthand for free, universal health
, education and other social
services.
At the same time, however, Mr Lage an
nounced Cuba was opening up more of its
economy to foreign investment, namel
y real estate and sugar production to
foreign investment.
Many foreign econo
mists, however, say Cuba needs to go further, faster. The
IMF's Mr de Groote
 noted after his November 1993 visit the Cuban authorities
were 'still hesit
ating over the basic issue of allowing more private
property and individual 
decision-making in the economy'.
The Spanish team led by Mr Solchaga, in a r
eport in June this year, said
Cuba 'must start to help itself' by moving fas
ter to dismantle rigid
economic structures and opening up more private busin
ess opportunities to
Cubans.
Mr Lage hinted the government was working on cu
rrency reform, expected to be
the introduction of a convertible peso, and wa
s also considering widening
the legalisation on private, self-employment for
 Cubans.
Concerns over social unrest, like the unprecedented street disturba
nces in
Havana on August 5, are undoubtedly giving impetus to the reforms. S
o too is
the prospect of another record low sugar harvest, the third in a ro
w for
Cuba's sugar-based economy.
Cuba also desperately needs fresh external
 credits, which have all but dried
up since Paris Club official creditors' r
escheduling talks on the
convertible currency debt of more than Dollars 7bn 
stalled in the second
half of the 1980s.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>
CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance, Taxat
ion, and Monetary Policy.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analy
sis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 6 </PAGE>
</DO
C>

============= Transaction # 340 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-15451</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DGHCRAGVFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
708
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 JUL 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Taiwan's
 state sugar company in Vietnam refinery plan </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DEN
NIS ENGBARTH </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    TAIPEI </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
TAIWAN SUGAR 
Company, the island's state-owned processed food maker, plans
to invest in a
 Dollars 58m sugar refinery in Vietnam. The project may help
Taisugar cope w
ith growing competitive pressure to lower sugar prices just
as declining acr
eage and higher wages are boosting production costs.
A new fair trade statut
e and Taiwan's proposed accession to the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Tr
ade are opening the market to more local and
international competitors, thus
 eroding Taisugar's domination.
Farmers are now more reluctant to grow sugar
, while local businessmen are
calling on Taisugar to turn some of its landho
lding for use by other
industries and housing. The result is a decline in la
nd devoted to sugar
cultivation.
Vietnam offers Taisugar an opportunity to e
ase the pain of transition. 'We
need to import sugar and need land to grow i
t. Vietnam needs both investment
and sugar,' said Mr Cheng Hung-tsai, deputy
 general manager.
Mr Cheng noted that Vietnam now imported all of its sugar,
 even though its
climate was favourable for sugar cultivation and wages were
 relatively low.
'If we can proceed with the project, the Vietnamese governm
ent will welcome
us,' he said.
The proposal is now under review by the the m
inistry of economic affairs'
commission of national corporations. If approve
d, the plan will be included
in Taisugar's budget for the 1995 fiscal year, 
begining July 1 1994) for
review by the legislature, Mr Cheng said.
The plan
t would initially produce 99,000 tons of raw granulated sugar
annually. Most
 of the output would be sold in Vietnam but Taisugar aims to
export a portio
n back to Taiwan for refining.
According to the present plan, the Vietnamese
 government would contribute 25
per cent of the required capital, with Taisu
gar providing 37.5 per cent and
other Taiwan-based food companies adding ano
ther 37.5 per cent.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Taiwan Sugar.
</CO>
<
XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>VNZ  Vietnam, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>

<IN>P2099 Food Preparations, NEC.
    P2061 Raw Cane Sugar.
    P0133 Sugarc
ane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>RES  Facilities.
    CMMT 
 Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Pag
e 36 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 341 ==============================================
Transaction #:    341       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-8889</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EKQEIAHEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9411
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 NOV 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: 'Small' r
eforms planned for EU sugar regime </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLIN
E>
<DATELINE>    STRASBOURG </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
The European Union's sugar ma
rketing regime is working well and needs only
minor changes to conform with 
the Uruguay Round accord in the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, agri
culture commissioner Rene Steichen said
yesterday, reports Reuters from Stra
sbourg.
'It's a reform, perhaps a small one, because at the moment we have n
o
problem with this market,' he explained after the commission adopted a
pro
posal to modify the regime.
Beet sugar production quotas would be maintained
 at existing levels for the
next six marketing years until the end of the Ga
tt accord in 2001. But
quotas, or guaranteed prices, could be changed in vie
w of market
developments, Mr Steichen added.
The EU sugar regime provided a 
stable price, in contrast to the world
market, and the only budget expenditu
re was for imports of cane sugar, the
commissioner stated. The EU imports 1.
3m tonnes of raw cane sugar at
preferential rates from members' former colon
ies in the African, Caribbean
and Pacific regions.
The regime is 'self-finan
ced' through production levies paid by farmers and
processors.
</TEXT>
<XX>

Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>FRZ  France, EC.
    QRZ  European Economic Community 
(EC).
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</I
N>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Production.
    COSTS  Commodity prices.
</T
P>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 35 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 342 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-3218</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CINBUADQFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 SEP 92 / Survey on Mauritius (11): Sugar revenu
es lose their sweetness - An important export needs a rethink </HEADLINE>
<B
YLINE>    By JULIAN OZANNE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE MAURITIAN sugar industry is 
facing up to the need for a far reaching
adjustment in the face of increasin
gly uncertain revenues for its annual
production, which averages 650,000 ton
nes.
The prospect of a reduction in the guaranteed support price - after a s
even
year freeze, paid by the European Community to African Carribbean Pacif
ic
(ACP) sugar producers under the Lome Convention - has concentrated minds 
in
the industry. Declining revenues combined with rising domestic costs of
p
roduction have forced the sector into an important rethink of its external
a
nd internal policies.
But hard policy decisions are politically sensitive, g
iven sugar's pivotal
role in the Mauritian economy. It contributes 30 per ce
nt of export
earnings, 15 per cent of employment and 11 per cent of GDP.
Lin
gering distrust between government and the powerful sugar lobby makes it
muc
h more difficult to address the main issues of productivity,
mechanisation, 
increased yields, modernisation and the role of state
intervention.
Yet the 
need for a serious overhaul of the sector is vital. A Mauritius
Chamber of A
griculture report says: 'The industry has now reached a
crossroads and impor
tant decisions have to be taken to ensure that the way
ahead is the one whic
h leads to greater competitiveness and productivity.'
Mr Jean-Claude Tyack, 
the general secretary of the chamber, says the
critical impetus for reform i
s the likelihood of stagnating or decreasing
revenue from reduced prices as 
a result of reforming the EC common
agricultural policy (CAP), and the Urugu
ay round of the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (Gatt).
Under the CAP
, the slash in the lower prices paid to farmers of cereals,
milk and beef, a
nd the pressure from the Gatt negotiations, are likely to
have a downward im
pact on sugar prices in the EC. Sugar accounts for 80 per
cent of Mauritian 
sugar exports.
'We are barely making ends meet at present and we expect ther
e will be a new
sugar regime by mid-1993,' says Mr Tyack. 'The EC can't igno
re sugar for
ever.'
Compounding the declining profitability of the Mauritian
 sugar industry has
been the erosion of foreign exchange gains as a result o
f the entry of
sterling into the European monetary system, and the slowing o
f the
depreciation of the Mauritian rupee.
Mauritius and other ACP producers
 are pushing for EC compensation in line
with what EC farmers are being paid
 to maintain revenues after the cut in
support prices for other commodities.
 Hopes are also high that the end of
Portugal's transition period of entry i
nto the EC will result in a new
agreement, favourable to ACP producers, for 
Portugal's annual requirement of
300,000 tonnes of sugar.
Mr Michel Hardy, g
eneral secretary of the Mauritius Sugar Syndicate, says
the island must also
 continue to raise the volume of high value specialty or
'natural' unrefined
 sugars it sells (75,000 tonnes last year), both in EC
and non-EC markets, a
nd hunt out new markets for value-added products.
But the deteriorating exte
rnal conditions present new challenges to the
Mauritian sugar sector. Produc
ers complain that it is overly regulated by
government, is short of labour, 
and that the sector needs important advances
in productivity and mechanisati
on.
Producers say, too, that the first challenge is to define a new domestic

environment for the private sector in order to restore profitability and
co
mpetitiveness. They say that while Mauritius is moving fast towards
liberali
sation, the sugar industry is 'kept in a fiscal and economic strait
jacket.'

A government/private sector working committee is currently considering
pres
criptions proposed by the sugar lobby. These include liberalisation of
domes
tic price controls; reduction in the rate of export duty on sugar;
rationali
sation of the tax regime to eliminate double taxation on profits;
better inc
entives for investment in capital to modernise and mechanise the
sector; eas
ing restrictions on closure of sugar factories to allow better
rationalisati
on and economic efficiency, and reductions in and reform of
'cesses' - the l
ocal agriculture tax.
With the correct enabling environment, sugar producers
 say they will feel
more comfortable undertaking the necessary investments r
equired needed to
raise production and cut costs.
The government, however, s
ays that the 'sugar class' protests too much. Mr
Madan Dulloo, the agricultu
re minister, points out that government has
consistently given performance-l
inked incentives and support to the
industry; and that already this year it 
has provided for the issue of tax
free debentures and has substantially incr
eased domestic consumer prices.
Further measures will be considered for legi
slation, he says, but 'because
of the importance to the economy of sugar the
re has to be give and take and
government has to balance the political, econ
omic and social dimensions of
any policy change.'
Apart from the critical is
sue of the role of government, there is broad
agreement that several other m
easures need to be taken. The first is to
increase yields to compensate loss
es from the decline in area planted - each
year the sugar sector loses an es
timated 500-1,000 acres of land to
development of housing, infrastructure an
d industrialisation. Producers say
the present sugar yield of 8.5 tonnes per
 hectare on estates could be
increased to 10-11 tonnes within a decade. Irri
gation (especially drip and
improved furrow techniques), a comprehensive wat
er management plan for the
island, increased research on new varieties, and 
mechanised harvesting,
loading and land preparation are also extremely impor
tant.
Many of these advances cannot now be applied to Mauritius's 33,000 sma
ll
planters - 90 per cent of whom work plots of under two hectares - who
pro
duce about 38 per cent of the cane. Sugar yields from the smallholder
sector
 are at least two tonnes per hectare lower than for the estate sector.
Inten
sifying the effort to group small planters together into larger areas
of at 
least 20 hectares (land area management units) will be vital if they
are goi
ng to be able to exploit capital-intensive yield improving
techniques.
Moder
nisation of the long-neglected milling sector, increased productivity
of lab
our, better training, and further expansion of agricultural
diversification 
are all badly needed, too, to revive sugar's flagging
fortunes.
</TEXT>
<PUB
>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page V </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-12290</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CJUB4AGCFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>921
021
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  21 OCT 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar qu
ota cut to cost Caribbeans Dollars 15m </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAM
ES </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    KINGSTON </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CARIBBEAN suppliers o
f sugar under quota to the US will earn about Dollars
15m less for deliverie
s in the current US financial year, following an 11
per cent global cut in U
S imports. Sugar industry officials in the region
say that the latest reduct
ion in US imports will reduce the region's
cumulative quota for the year, wh
ich begins this month, to 276,341 tonnes.
Several beneficiaries of the Carib
bean Basin Initiative, a US preferential
trade programme, and the Generalise
d System of Preferences, are allowed to
ship pre-determined quantities of su
gar to the US duty-free.
The Caribbean exporters to the US are the Dominican
 Republic, Belize,
Jamaica, St Kitts-Nevis, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago an
d Guyana.
It is the second consecutive cut for the Caribbean holders of US q
uotas
which were allowed to supply 471,710 in 1991.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financi
al Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 344 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-12680</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EKAEZAAVFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>941
101
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  01 NOV 94 / Cuba opens up to more investment from
 overseas </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PASCAL FLETCHER </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>   
 HAVANA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Cuba is to open up more of its recession-hit econ
omy to foreign investment,
including real estate, services and sugar product
ion.
Vice-President Carlos Lage told a news conference in Havana at the week
end
that the government was also preparing a new foreign investment law that

would give more protection to overseas investors, who are already active in

Cuba in activities ranging from oil exploration to citrus production.
Cuba 
began opening up its state-run economy to external investment after
1989 to 
offset the devastating impact of the collapse of its preferential
trade and 
aid ties with the former Soviet bloc.
'From now onwards, no productive secto
r will be excluded from investment by
foreign capital,' Mr Lage said. Up to 
now, raw sugar production,
traditionally the island's biggest export earner,
 had been explicitly closed
to foreign investment. But the sugar industry is
 in deep crisis and has
suffered two consecutive disastrously low harvests.

Mr Lage also announced that, in defiance of a continuing US economic embargo

against Cuba, representatives of more than 69 US companies had visited the

island in the first half of this year to discuss business prospects.
In some
 cases, letters of intent for future contracts had been negotiated to
take e
ffect when the US embargo was finally lifted by Washington.
Representatives 
of two British sugar companies, Tate & Lyle, and ED&F Man,
have held talks t
his year with Cuban investment officials.
Shortages of essential inputs prev
iously supplied by the former Soviet
Union, such as fuel, spare parts, ferti
lisers and herbicides, have crippled
Cuba's sugar production since 1990.
On 
Cuba's economy, Mr Lage said it was still too early to talk of recovery.
But
 he cited some positive signs, such as the growth of foreign investment,
par
ticularly in tourism and oil exploration, improvements in construction,
ceme
nt and nickel production and progress in the government's efforts to
stabili
se the country's internal finances.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  
Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9611 Administration of G
eneral Economic Programs.
    P9311 Finance, Taxation, and Monetary Policy.

    P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>GOVT  Gove
rnment News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PA
GE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 345 ==============================================
Transaction #:    345       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-8373</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHQE6AFKFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 AUG 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Cuba look
s forward to output boost </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
Cuba is expecting coffee produc
tion of 23,000 tonnes this year, the same as
in 1993, but is looking forward
 to a significant increase over the next few
years following the establishme
nt of new farms, mainly in the island's more
mountainous regions.
This year'
s exports are expected to be around 12,000 tonnes, also about the
same as la
st year's, according to one of the country's official information
agencies, 
with the main market continuing to be Japan. Cuba also sells to
Austria, Bri
tain, France, Germany, Italy and Spain.
The planned expansion of coffee prod
uction is part of a programme to broaden
the base of Cuban agriculture, foll
owing last year's dramatic fall in the
production of sugar, the main pillar 
of the island's economy.
Officials report increasing demand for Cuban coffee
 from foreign buyers
seeking new sources because of the anticipated tight si
tuation in the
international market.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ 
 Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0179 Fruits and Tree Nu
ts, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<PUB>The Finan
cial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 22 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 346 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-6604</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DHZCRAE5FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9308
26
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  26 AUG 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: US sugar 
cut to cost Caribbeans Dollars 19m </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES <
/BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    KINGSTON </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CARIBBEAN SUGAR exporters
 to the US will earn about USDollars 19m less from
deliveries made in the 19
93-1994 period, following a reduction in import
quotas by the US government.
 Industry officials in the region say its
cumulative quota for the delivery 
period, staring in October, is 16 per cent
less, in line with an overall red
uction in imports by the US government.
The region's quota will be 225,508 t
onnes, with the Dominican Republic, the
region's largest quota holder, suppl
ying about three quarters. The country
will earn about Dollars 14.5m less be
cause of the quota reduction, the
officials say. Other suppliers in the regi
on are Barbados, Belize, Guyana,
Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago.
The US pay
s quota holders about 20 cents a lb, and the quotas are
periodically reviewe
d by the US Department of Agriculture to determine what
quantity of imports 
are needed to supplement domestic production.
US import quotas have been pro
gressively reduced over the past decade,
cutting the earnings of regional pr
oducers. The Caribbean industry relies on
preferential markets such as those
 in the US and Europe, because world
market prices are lower than the cost o
f production in the region's
inefficient sugar sector.
In its latest annual 
report, the Caribbean Development Bank, based in
Barbados, said that quota r
eductions by the US meant that the region was
selling increased quantities o
f sugar on the world market 'at prices which
are substantially below the pre
ferential prices for sales to Europe and the
United States'.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Co
untries:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
    XEZ  South America.
<
/CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>

Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
    MKTS  Foreign trade.
    CMM
T  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 24 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 347 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-2621</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CLKB5AEHFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9212
11
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  11 DEC 92 / UK Company News: Amstrad vote halts ba
ttle </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By MICHYO NAKAMOTO and PAUL TAYLOR </BYLINE>
<T
EXT>
THE TRUCE after the four-week battle to take Amstrad private came yeste
rday
as shareholders voted by a clear majority to keep the computers and con
sumer
electronics company in the public domain.
Out of Amstrad's 31,000 shar
eholders, 13,366 voted in person or by proxy
with 58.7 per cent against Mr A
lan Sugar's proposal to buy back the shares
and 41.3 in favour. Mr Sugar nee
ded at least 50 per cent of those voting to
back the scheme in order for it 
to proceed.
As the votes were being counted, Mr Sugar, who had already conce
ded defeat,
and most of the 150 shareholders attending yesterday's special m
eeting, set
their sights on the future, and focused their discussion on wher
e the
company should go from here.
'Life goes on,' was Mr Sugar's response t
o a shareholder's query on what he
intends to do now that the company was no
t going to go private.
'I'll be there tomorrow in the office at 9 o'clock.' 
Any plans for the
company were the same whether it remained public or went p
rivate, he
emphasised.
Mr Sugar reiterated the need to shrink Amstrad's oper
ations but refused to
specify which particular businesses the company would 
retreat from. 'We are
only going to produce and manufacture products that ar
e going to give us a
margin,' he told one questioner.
Asked about whether th
e effort of the past four weeks had been worthwhile,
the Amstrad chairman re
sponded philosophically. 'I'm a big boy. It was just
another business ventur
e that was tried and didn't work.'
One shareholder wanted to be reassured th
at Mr Sugar would not now sell his
35 per cent stake. Mr Sugar replied that 
he had no immediate plans but that
if someone were to offer him, and other s
hareholders, 31p, he would accept
the offer.
Mr Sugar now faces a dilemma. I
f he manages to pull the company back to
profitability and the share price r
ises, he will be accused of having tried
to buy it back cheaply.
On the othe
r hand, if Amstrad's shares fall further he has much to lose as
owner of a l
arge equity stake. 'I'm stuck in a certain way,' Mr Sugar
admitted, adding t
hat he would not stand in the way of the share price
rising.
But the man who
 was defeated by a small shareholders' coup, indicated he was
not ready to m
ake many more concessions to those whom he dismissed as 'prime
karaoke candi
dates'.
He was equally dismissive of the company's institutional shareholder
s, some
of whom publicly slated Mr Sugar for the lack of independent directo
rs and
the absence of any financial forecasts for the current year.
Amstrad 
has agreed to appoint two non-executive directors, but Mr Sugar
accused the 
institutions of 'gracefully burying their heads in the sand',
when they were
 offered the chance to vet potential candidates.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial 
Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 25 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 348 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 349 ==============================================
Transaction #:    349       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-13330</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EAZDAADSFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
126
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  26 JAN 94 / Personal View: Cuba's switch from sta
te economy </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JORGE I DOMINGUEZ </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
In 
the early 1990s, half of Cuba's formal economy disappeared, according to
the
 Cuban government's own statistics. Export earnings fell by about 60 per
cen
t between 1989 and 1992, while imports fell by about 70 per cent in the
same
 period. When in the spring of 1993 Cuba's sugar harvest output fell by
a th
ird compared to the 1992 level, President Fidel Castro knew he had to
author
ise significant economic changes if he was to reactivate the economy
and sav
e his regime.
Since the summer of 1993, a series of economic reforms has bee
n promulgated.
Their effects are still difficult to gauge, but their design 
and preliminary
results shed light on Cuba's near-term prospects.
On July 26
, Castro announced his decision to legalise the holding of dollars
and other
 foreign currencies by ordinary Cubans, and their use in retail
trade. The a
im was to stimulate dollar remittances from Cuban-Americans to
friends and r
elatives in Cuba. Foreign currencies may not be used, though,
to pay wages o
r to stimulate domestic output directly. Under those
limitations, the short-
term economic and political effects have been
problematic for the government
.
Who had dollars? The answer is those who had obtained them illegally; thos
e
who had been perhaps less politically loyal and had retained contacts with

their relatives in the US; and those who had enjoyed the privilege of going

overseas with Cuban government authorisation.
Opening up the use of foreign
 currencies for purposes other than stimulation
of production led to a rush 
on existing dollar retail stores established to
serve tourists and diplomats
. To curtail demand in these stores, the
government decreed a 50 per cent pr
ice increase. The partial currency
liberalisation also provided a strong inc
entive to ordinary Cubans to move
out of the formal peso-denominated economy
 into the illegal economy or into
the foreign currency segments of the forma
l economy. In effect, the
government's decision expanded the money supply wi
thout increasing output.
This created economic and political distress.
In Au
gust, the government allowed individuals in more than 100 occupations
to go 
into business for themselves (a modification in October excluded
medical doc
tors and teachers). Until then, the only lawful way to contract a
plumber or
 to get a hair-cut was to go to the state enterprise in charge of
providing 
such services. The effects of freeing the market are modest,
however, becaus
e most services had been freely, though illegally, available.
The potential 
dynamism this measure could impart to the economy is also
limited: no one is
 authorised to hire non-relatives.
In September, the partial privatisation o
f state farms was authorised.
Agricultural workers on state farms can now fo
rm private co-operatives.
There are, though, three limitations. No one but t
he state can have property
title to the land. No one can work by himself or 
herself; workers must join
co-operatives. Moreover, all commercial output mu
st still be sold to the
ministry of agriculture.
Because of these limitation
s, the economic results of the measures are
modest and are likely to remain 
so unless additional steps are taken. Some
are already in the pipeline. The 
central bank is considering changing the
rigid exchange rate policy, a move 
which, with the decision to permit
circulation of foreign currencies for ret
ail trade, might enable Cuba to
qualify to apply for membership in the Inter
national Monetary Fund and the
World Bank some time in 1994.
These modest ec
onomic reforms have more far-reaching political implications.
Above all, the
 Cuban government has admitted through these decisions that it
can no longer
 govern much of the economy. The weakness of the Cuban state
was especially 
evident in the decree authorising the free contracting of
certain services. 
It says progressive taxation would be the best way to
regulate and tax such 
activities, but then admits the government is
incapable of administering suc
h a system. Instead of tax payments relative
to the volume of economic activ
ity or to earnings, self-employed persons are
to pay a monthly flat fee.
Tod
ay Cuba has three co-existing economies. One is illegal. Another is legal
an
d operates only in hard-currency. The third is the rapidly shrinking
officia
l economy, which operates in pesos through state enterprises. Most of
Cuba's
 commercial transactions now occur in the first two private economies.
The C
uban economy's transition from socialism is well under way.
The author is Fr
ank G Thomson professor of government, Harvard University,
and, during 1993-
1994, a visiting senior fellow at the Inter-American
Dialogue in Washington

</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industri
es:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance, Taxation, and Monetary Policy.
    P9721 Inter
national Affairs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>ECON  Balance of trade.
    C
MMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London
 Page 21 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 350 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-4599</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DIHB8AD0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9309
08
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 SEP 93 / UK Company News: Amstrad shares rise 2
 1/2 p </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PAUL TAYLOR </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
SHARES in Ams
trad, the consumer electronics company run by Mr Alan Sugar,
gained 2 1/2 p 
to 37 1/2 p yesterday amid reports that the group is
negotiating to buy Danc
all, the Danish mobile telephone manufacturer which
is in payments suspensio
n.
Berlingske Tidende, the national newspaper, quoted Mr Sugar as saying: 'W
e
are ready to buy. Whether the deal comes off depends now on the creditors.
'
The newspaper added that Amstrad's offer would be considered at a creditor
s'
meeting on Monday.
There was no immediate confirmation from Amstrad yeste
rday, but Mr Sugar has
often expressed his interest in expanding the group's
 telecommunications
equipment side.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Amstr
ad.
    Dancall.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
 
   DKZ  Denmark, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3651 Household Audio
 and Video Equipment.
    P3661 Telephone and Telegraph Apparatus.
</IN>
<XX
>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Mergers & acquisitions.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial T
imes </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 22 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 351 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-13472</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DDWC9ABPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
423
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 APR 93 / World Trade News: Cuba in barter deal
 with Italians </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HAIG SIMONIAN </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>
    MILAN </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Italgrani, the Italian cereals and foods group 
based in Naples, has signed a
L100bn (Pounds 42m) agreement with the Cuban g
overnment to supply
semi-finished food products in return for sugar, writes 
Haig Simonian in
Milan.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Italgrani.
</CO>

<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</X
X>
<IN>P2043 Cereal Breakfast Foods.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Buy-
in & Buy-out.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </P
AGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 352 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-5226</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFDB5AFLFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
04
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 JUN 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Increase 
in sugar quota helped US budget pass </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By NANCY DUNNE 
</BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    WASHINGTON </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE CLINTON administra
tion agreed to an expansion of US sugar and peanut
quotas in a deal to get t
he support of Democratic congressmen for the
president's budget package.
The
 economic package only barely passed, squeaking by with a 219-213 vote.
As a
 result of the deal, the US will reclassify products made mostly of
sugar, i
mported from Canada under the bilateral free trade agreement and
included in
 the quota for sugar-containing products. A similar process will
apply to pe
anut paste.
Mr Don Parrish, an American Farm Bureau official, said the farm 
lobby has
urged the 'reclassification' because Canadian companies were circu
mventing
rules of origin as well as the established quota on sugar-containin
g
products.
The value of the sugar in the reclassified products could be as 
much as
USDollars 84m.
US farm groups say the expansion of the quota to othe
r products will help
stabilise US sugar prices, which are maintained by a ta
riff rate quota. They
say the peanut paste exported by Canada is mostly made
 from imported peanuts
through a process that does not transform the product
 enough for it to count
as Canadian.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ 
 United States of America.
    CAZ  Canada.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<I
N>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Foreig
n trade.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>

</DOC>

============= Transaction # 353 ==============================================
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<PROFILE>_AN-DDWC9ABPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
423
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 APR 93 / World Trade News: Cuba in barter deal
 with Italians </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HAIG SIMONIAN </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>
    MILAN </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Italgrani, the Italian cereals and foods group 
based in Naples, has signed a
L100bn (Pounds 42m) agreement with the Cuban g
overnment to supply
semi-finished food products in return for sugar, writes 
Haig Simonian in
Milan.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Italgrani.
</CO>

<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</X
X>
<IN>P2043 Cereal Breakfast Foods.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Buy-
in & Buy-out.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </P
AGE>
</DOC>

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<HEADLINE> FT  23 APR 93 / World Trade News: Cuba in barter deal
 with Italians </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HAIG SIMONIAN </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>
    MILAN </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Italgrani, the Italian cereals and foods group 
based in Naples, has signed a
L100bn (Pounds 42m) agreement with the Cuban g
overnment to supply
semi-finished food products in return for sugar, writes 
Haig Simonian in
Milan.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
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<CO>Italgrani.
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<XX>
Countries:-
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X>
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<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </P
AGE>
</DOC>

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423
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 APR 93 / World Trade News: Cuba in barter deal
 with Italians </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HAIG SIMONIAN </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>
    MILAN </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Italgrani, the Italian cereals and foods group 
based in Naples, has signed a
L100bn (Pounds 42m) agreement with the Cuban g
overnment to supply
semi-finished food products in return for sugar, writes 
Haig Simonian in
Milan.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Italgrani.
</CO>

<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</X
X>
<IN>P2043 Cereal Breakfast Foods.
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<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Buy-
in & Buy-out.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </P
AGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 356 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-5226</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFDB5AFLFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
04
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 JUN 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Increase 
in sugar quota helped US budget pass </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By NANCY DUNNE 
</BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    WASHINGTON </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE CLINTON administra
tion agreed to an expansion of US sugar and peanut
quotas in a deal to get t
he support of Democratic congressmen for the
president's budget package.
The
 economic package only barely passed, squeaking by with a 219-213 vote.
As a
 result of the deal, the US will reclassify products made mostly of
sugar, i
mported from Canada under the bilateral free trade agreement and
included in
 the quota for sugar-containing products. A similar process will
apply to pe
anut paste.
Mr Don Parrish, an American Farm Bureau official, said the farm 
lobby has
urged the 'reclassification' because Canadian companies were circu
mventing
rules of origin as well as the established quota on sugar-containin
g
products.
The value of the sugar in the reclassified products could be as 
much as
USDollars 84m.
US farm groups say the expansion of the quota to othe
r products will help
stabilise US sugar prices, which are maintained by a ta
riff rate quota. They
say the peanut paste exported by Canada is mostly made
 from imported peanuts
through a process that does not transform the product
 enough for it to count
as Canadian.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ 
 United States of America.
    CAZ  Canada.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<I
N>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Foreig
n trade.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>

</DOC>

============= Transaction # 357 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-10052</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHHDNAA4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
808
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 AUG 94 / Clashes prompt Cuban police to seal o
ff port </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    KING
STON </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Cuban police have blocked roads leading to Havana's 
port following a rare
outbreak of civil disorder in which police clashed wit
h anti-government
protesters nearby and in two other parts of the city over 
the past four
days.
The clashes left two policemen dead and followed the hij
acking of ferries by
Cubans fleeing to the US.
The police also increased pat
rols in the Plaza de Maceo and the Paula
Boulevard in Havana, the capital. T
his followed the arrest of several people
after supporters and opponents of 
the government had fought with metal bars
and sticks.
Describing the disorde
r as a US 'strategy' to entice Cubans to leave the
island, President Fidel C
astro threatened to allow thousands of Cubans to
leave for the US. The US go
vernment has said Cubans should stay calm and not
be caught by a 'dirty tric
k' by the Cuban government.
There were indications last night that the US go
vernment was considering an
increase in its naval presence in the waters bet
ween the Caribbean island
and the Florida peninsula, to deter Cubans fleeing
 their country.
The clashes, unusual for Cuba in the past 15 years, were fol
lowed by what
diplomats in Havana said yesterday was a 'perceptible' increas
e in political
tension in the city.
It was not clear how the policemen were 
killed, but President Castro said
they were part of a contingent of officers
 which had tried to prevent a
group of Cubans from commandeering a ferry and
 taking it to the US.
A ferry, which was hijacked by Cubans two weeks ago, w
as intercepted by US
ships and 15 of the 30 people on board asked to be retu
rned home. Another 76
people asked to be returned to Cuba when US boats inte
rcepted another
hijacked ferry on Wednesday, with 32 asking to go to the US.

Mr Castro said at the weekend that his government had provided all
faciliti
es for Cubans to emigrate to the US and that the latest disorder was
part of
 a US strategy intended to 'create discontent'. The US State
Department aske
d the Cuban government not to use force against dissidents
but Washington is
 apparently concerned about a possible flood of refugees.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Count
ries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P92
21 Police Protection.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>

<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 358 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-8668</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CELA7AD8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
12
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  12 MAY 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Orissa to
 move up Indian sugar league </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By KUNAL BOSE </BYLINE>

<DATELINE>    CALCUTTA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE SETTING up of a modern sugar 
factory at the Kalahandi district of Orissa
by Western India Sugar and Chemi
cal Industries will mark the beginning of
the development of the eastern Ind
ian state as an important producer of
sugar.
Orissa's sugar production has s
o far has remained insignificant in spite of
its having large tracts of well
 drained land with good humus and high
phosphate and potassium levels. It ha
s only about 50,000 hectares under
sugar-cane and produces just 20,000 tonne
s of sugar a year out of India's
12m-tonne total.
According to soil scientis
ts, however, Kalahandi and some other parts of
Orissa could grow sugar-cane 
of the quality found in Maharashtra, the
country's largest sugar producing s
tate. Encouraged by this prospect, a
number of established sugar producers f
rom the west and the south have taken
over the few existing factories in Ori
ssa for modernisation and expansion or
acquired licences to set up new units
.
The Western India sugar plant, with a capacity to crush 2,500 tonnes of ca
ne
a day, will start commercial production in October 1993, coinciding with 
the
beginning of the sugar season, according to Mr BB Nagpal. The crushing
c
apacity of the unit will be raised to 5,000 tonnes a day in two phases by
19
95. The company will use the by-product molasses to produce industrial
alcoh
ol and downstream chemicals.
Promotion of sugar-cane cultivation and creatio
n of sugar manufacturing
capacity in non-traditional areas are called for if
 India is to remain a
regular sugar exporter. According to an official repor
t domestic consumption
of sugar by 1994-95 will be 13.27m tonnes, when produ
ction is expected to be
13.41m tonnes. New capacity has to be created if sig
nificant export levels
are to be maintained.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Time
s </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 359 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-8261</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBRBMAFXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: World sug
ar market 'at the crossroads' </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </B
YLINE>
<TEXT>
THE WORLD sugar market is at the crossroads, forcing many prod
ucers to
review their sugar policies in the light of changing international 
trade
patterns, the Gatt, and other trade liberalisation issues, according t
o the
latest sugar report from ED & F. Man, the London trade house.
Should t
he Gatt talks be successful, cuts in support mechanisms by 1999
'should acce
lerate the fall in the EC's net exports as marginal producers
fail to cover 
their average production costs. The same argument applies to
some of the hig
h cost/less efficient producers in the US.'
This will open up new opportunit
ies for many producers in Africa and the
Caribbean, but they will need to ex
amine their long-term cost structure and
efficiency. Man points out that und
er preferential access to the US and EC
markets, their production costs and 
efficiency deteriorated to the extent
that some have failed even to meet the
ir quota allocations.
The increase in international trade will not, however,
 increase the
transparency of the market. The uncertainty of Russsia's effec
tive imports,
Cuba's exports and the pattern of trade elsewhere in eastern E
urope have
'turned the clock back some 40 years to a time when information a
bout import
demand and export availabiltiy was lacking'.
Meanwhile sugar pri
ces - which recently fell below 8 cents a lb - are
expected to come under fu
rther pressure as exportable surpluses come on to
the market from Brazil, Cu
ba, Thailand and the EC.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Lond
on Page 36 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 360 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-8180</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CENCNAEFFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 MAY 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar str
ikes hit Guyana and Barbados </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLIN
E>
<DATELINE>    KINGSTON, JAMAICA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE SUGAR industries o
f Guyana and Barbados have been crippled by strikes as
millers and unions ar
gue over higher wages.
Guyana's 20,000 sugar workers have left the country's
 eight mills idle to
support their union's demand for wage increases of 100 
per cent. The Guyana
Sugar Corporation, the country's sole producer, says it
 cannot pay that
much.
The strike comes amid indications of a recovery in ou
tput by the Guyanese
industry. Production so far this year of about 90,000 t
onnes is slightly
more than double the output in the corresponding period of
 last year.
The union representing sugar workers in Barbados said the strike
 in that
island followed the refusal of the milling company, Barbados Sugar 
Industry,
to pay workers a bonus agreed earlier. The company claims the form
ula for
the bonus has not been agreed with the union. The sugar harvest was 
delayed
by an eight-week strike, and the industry, which is forecasting outp
ut of
55,000 tonnes, has had to import to meet home demand.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The
 Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 361 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-4641</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-ECJDQAEBFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9403
10
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  10 MAR 94 / Ukraine currency crisis threatens crop
-planting: Russia claims it needs no imports of grain this year </HEADLINE>

<BYLINE>    By JILL BARSHAY, JOHN LLOYD and LAURIE MORSE </BYLINE>
<DATELINE
>    KIEV, MOSCOW, CHICAGO </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Ukraine's hard currency crisis
 is severely restricting the spring planting
of its wheat, sugar beet and ve
getable crops, as its inability to import
seed, fuel and fertilisers threate
ns to lead to severe food shortages later
this year. The republic was once t
he Soviet Union's bread basket.
The crisis comes as President Boris Yeltsin 
of Russia claimed his country
needed to make no purchases of grain this year
 for the first time in nearly
40 years. 'We have grain in reserve, a good re
serve to last until the next
harvest,' he said yesterday.
US grain markets s
hrugged off this claim. 'Yeltsin is trying his best to
show the IMF he is ke
eping inflation under control, and that Russia does not
need to be so depend
ent on foreign debt,' said Mr Joe Victor, analyst with
Allendale, an agricul
tural consultant. 'The market still believes Russia
will import grain.'
Russ
ia imported 14m tonnes of wheat last year. Two months ago Russian
agricultur
al officials estimated the country would have to import 12m tonnes
of wheat 
and animal feeds this year.
Ukraine has secured only 10 per cent of the agri
cultural inputs required to
sow seeds this month, said an agriculture minist
ry official in Kiev. A
western diplomat estimated that Ukraine urgently need
ed Dollars 3bn (Pounds
2bn) this year to avoid a collapse. Last week US pres
ident Bill Clinton
announced Dollars 20m in additional grain credits to Ukra
ine.
The prospect of missing spring planting is tragic in a country with a t
hird
of the world's black soil in its territory. For Ukrainians, it would be
 a
potent reminder of the 1930s famine in which millions died under the effe
cts
of Stalin's collectivisation.
With Soviet-style state orders still in pl
ace, Ukraine forbids farms to sell
their product abroad, thus prohibiting fa
rmers from earning foreign exchange
to buy materials. Farms are left to bart
er their remnants from last year's
harvest.
Representatives of western compa
nies which have exported foodstuffs to
Ukraine believe the huge cuts made in
 purchases because of the lack of hard
currency will soon be felt by a popul
ation already suffering from shortages
and rising prices.
Many workers throu
ghout the country have not been paid for two months. Some
say they fear soci
al unrest in a few months time because of the looming
shortages.
Russia, eve
n if it has a grain surplus, would not lightly bail out Ukraine.
The two are
 still haggling over gas supplies, with the Russian gas monopoly
Gazprom say
ing Kiev has produced Dollars 7m against a bill which Gazprom
claims is Doll
ars 900m. Talks on this are due to resume today. Gazprom has
cut the amount 
of gas it sends to Ukraine from 200m cu m a day to 50m.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countri
es:-
</XX>
<CN>UAZ  Ukraine, East Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>
P01   Agricultural Production-Crops.
    P9311 Finance, Taxation, and Moneta
ry Policy.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
    MKTS  
Foreign trade.
    ECON  Economic Indicators.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times
 </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 22 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 362 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-3560</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CLGBYADBFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9212
07
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 DEC 92 / UK Company News: Alan Sugar remains pe
ssimistic over deal </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RICHARD GOURLAY </BYLINE>
<TE
XT>
MR ALAN Sugar yesterday remained pessimistic about gaining the support o
f
shareholders who appear strongly opposed to his proposal to take Amstrad
p
rivate.
With the approach of tomorrow's deadline for proxy votes, ahead of t
he
extraordinary meeting on Thursday, Mr Sugar repeated the suggestion that

shareholders should act.
Some of the 20,000 shareholders who had not voted b
ut who expected a cheque
in the post for their shares 'might be in for a sur
prise,' he said.
'The interesting thing is what happens to the share price t
omorrow,' Mr
Sugar said last night.
Results of proxies received by Thursday 
evening suggesting Mr Sugar was
losing his battle to take Amstrad private ca
me on Friday after the market
closed.
Amstrad shares closed unchanged on Fri
day at 28p, 2p below the price Mr
Sugar is offering to buy the 65 per cent o
f Amstrad shares he does not
already own.
Amstrad on Saturday ended its tele
phone campaign to persuade shareholders to
send in proxy cards.
The campaign
 which was financed by Amstrad and policed by Amstrad's
advisers, Kleinwort 
Benson, involved individual calls to thousands of
Amstrad shareholders.
</TE
XT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 20 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-10681</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DEGCQAEGFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
507
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 MAY 93 / Greencore shares suspended after poss
ible rule breach </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ROLAND RUDD </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
SHA
RES in Greencore, the Irish sugar, malting and milling group, were
suspended
 yesterday after it was disclosed that the placing of the Irish
government's
 stake could have breached the company's articles of
association.
Davy Stock
brokers, adviser to the Irish government in the sale, said 4.45m
of the 25m 
shares had been placed with institutions in which it had an
interest and 2.5
m had been placed with SG Warburg, which had agreed to
partly underwrite the
 issue.
Since Davys is part of the Bank of Ireland Group, which owns 15 per 
cent of
Greencore through the Investment Bank of Ireland, the placing would 
breach
the company's rules restricting holdings to a maximum of 15 per cent.
 The
Irish Stock Exchange reacted by announcing an investigation. It comes l
ess
than a week after the Irish government said it had successfully disposed
 of
its remaining 30.4 per cent stake in Greencore.
Davys initially agreed t
hat SG Warburg would underwrite the issue, subject
to a maximum uptake of 10
m shares, for which it would receive a commission
of Pounds 250,000.
When Da
vys only placed 17.5m of the shares, they entered into the
arrangement with 
Warburg to take up the extra shares. They then revised that
arrangement to i
nclude other purchasers. Warburg took 2.54m shares, its fee
was cut to Pound
s 100,000 and Davys agreed to shoulder any losses.
Mr Bertie Ahern, finance 
minister, who yesterday gave an account of the
transaction to the Irish parl
iament, said: 'I am seriously concerned and
disappointed that important step
s were taken by Davys without either my
knowledge or agreement.'
Greencore, 
formed from the privatised Irish sugar company, said Davys could
still proce
ed with the placing if it was given permission to own more than
15 per cent.
 Mr Gerry Murphy, Greencore's chief executive, said: 'The
placing does not n
eed to be unwound.'
After taking legal advice Mr Murphy said contracts with 
institutions
agreeing to buy shares in the placing were 'legally enforceable
'. However,
last night Davys was unsure whether the contracts could be enfor
ced even if
the company's 15 per cent maximum holding rule was circumvented.

The company is privately furious that disposal of the Irish government's
st
ake has incurred problems for a second time.
The proposed deal was worth Pou
nds 68m, valuing the shares at 275p each.
They were yesterday suspended at 2
72p.
Robert Fleming, the company's adviser, had hoped to work on the sale, b
ut
the government decided Davys could handle it alone.
ADM, the US food comp
any, recently withdrew from talks to buy the stake.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-

</XX>
<CO>Greencore.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>IEZ  Ireland, EC.
</C
N>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P2063 Beet Sugar.
    P2082 Malt Beverages.
 
   P2041 Flour and Other Grain Mill Products.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>C
OMP  Shareholding.
    COMP  Disposals.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>

<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 19 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 364 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-9832</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CKEB7ADRFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9211
04
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 NOV 92 / Havana, Moscow initial trade accord </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    HAVANA </DATELINE>
<
TEXT>
CUBA and Russia signed trade and shipping accords yesterday and appare
ntly
agreed to keep open an electronic intelligence-gathering station once r
un by
the Soviet armed forces on the communist-ruled island, Reuter reports 
from
Havana.
The Cuban news agency Prensa Latina said the accords, including
 provision
for a possible sugar-for-oil deal, were signed in Moscow by Mr Li
onel Soto,
Cuban vice-president, and Mr Alexander Shokhin, Russia's deputy p
rime
minister for foreign economic affairs.
The agreements appeared to be th
e most important reached between Havana and
Moscow since the break-up of the
 Soviet Union, the Caribbean island's main
political ally and economic suppl
ier for three decades.
Prensa Latina quoted Mr Soto as having said the two s
ides were also seeking
a third partner to help complete a nuclear power stat
ion until recently
being built in Cuba with Soviet aid.
Cuban President Fide
l Castro suspended work on the plant on September 5,
saying the country coul
d not afford to accept terms offered by Russia to
finish it.
Mr Soto said gu
arantees were needed to ensure the supply of nuclear fuel to
the Cuban plant
, according to Prensa Latina.
The agency described the accords as 'important
 for the future development of
bilateral relations'. It quoted Mr Soto as ha
ving said they would help to
widen and stabilise ties between the two countr
ies.
Prensa Latina said the bilateral agreements, valid for 1993, covered tr
ade,
economic co-operation, shipping and the 'permanence in Cuba of the ex-S
oviet
radio-electronic centre'.
This was a reference to a military signals i
ntelligence facility at Lourdes
and believed to be one of the biggest operat
ed by the Soviet military in the
western hemisphere during the cold war.
Cub
a and Russia agreed in September to withdraw the last remaining former
Sovie
t combat troops on the island. Russian officials said at the time that
the L
ourdes installation, now the responsibility of the Russian government,
would
 be the subject of separate talks.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<
PAGE> London Page 7 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 365 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 366 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-2724</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-ELPBSAA2FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9412
16
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 DEC 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar pri
ce consolidation 'to continue' </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
Sugar prices are likely to
 stay in their current consolidation phase with
big importers such as China 
and Russia staying away until well into next
year, according to broker C. Cz
arnikow.
In its month Sugar Review Czarnikow said: 'Although renewed strengt
h may
well emerge during the course of next year, there is now less certaint
y
about the direction which the market might take in the short-term and ther
e
is likely to be a period of consolidation'.
The recent rise in sugar price
s had taken place earlier than might have been
expected, it added.
</TEXT>
<
PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 29 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 367 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-4670</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BDRBUADPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9104
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 APR 91 / Commodities and Agriculture: India rai
ses export limit for sugar in bumper season </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By KUNAL
 BOSE </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    CALCUTTA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
THE INDIAN governm
ent has raised the export limit for sugar in the 1990-91
season by a further
 100,000 tonnes to 525,000 tonnes.
Up to the end of March, the industry prod
uced 9.2m tonnes, 800,000 tonnes
more than the corresponding period of the p
revious season, and has been
seeking to export at least 500,000 tonnes in or
der to maintain prices in the
domestic market.
The government has only gradu
ally increased the amount it is prepared to see
exported, and has been reass
ured by the fact that sugar prices have not
moved up even after export relea
ses.
However, the low domestic prices have kept the pressure on sugar mills,

which have not been able to clear their cane bills.
The Indian Sugar and Ge
neral Industry Export Import Corporation, which is
now handling exports inde
pendently of the state, has finalised procurement
of 125,000 tonnes of sugar
 from mills in Maharashtra, 65,000 tonnes from
Tamil Nadu and 35,000 tonnes 
from Karnataka.
Mr Om Dhanuka, spokesman for the corporation, said it should
 be possible to
ship 225,000 tonnes of sugar by May. Sugar export was review
ed at a recent
meeting of the corporation. Sales contracts settled so far ar
e for delivery
to Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Belgium and the US.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The
 Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 34 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 368 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-11872</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EEDEHABFFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
504
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  04 MAY 94 / Castro targets illicit profits </HEAD
LINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    KINGSTON </DATELIN
E>
<TEXT>
The Cuban government is expected to implement a series of fiscal a
nd
monetary measures in the next six weeks, after a two-day meeting of the
N
ational Assembly.
President Fidel Castro said at the end of the meeting, lat
e on Monday, that
the success of the measures would depend on a new law to c
urb the country's
thriving black market and allow the confiscation of illici
t profits.
Mr Jose Luis Rodrguez, finance minister, outlined a series of pro
posals but
said they might not be the ones to be adopted and implemented by 
the
government.
There was no indication of reforms to increase production or
 build up the
supply side of the economy, but the series of proposals includ
ed measures to
mop up excess liquidity, to reduce a growing fiscal deficit a
nd to give the
state increased access to the hard currency circulating on th
e island.
The government is expected to impose a wider income tax, extending
 it to
many more than the few thousand Cubans who now pay. It also plans to 
impose
taxes on incomes earned abroad.
The proposals also envisage increases
 in bus fares and in water and postal
rates. Subsidies on a range of food an
d medicines would be cut, leading to
higher prices. Prices for alcohol, ciga
rettes and petrol for private
vehicles would rise. Free entry to sporting an
d cultural events would end.
The government would also invite Cubans to put 
their money on fixed deposit.
The government is contemplating creation of a 
new currency. This would be
convertible, as well as valid at the special and
 relatively well-stocked
Cuban shops which accept only hard currency. Cubans
 would be encouraged to
exchange foreign currency for the new peso, thus put
ting more of the hard
currency in the country under official control.
The go
vernment has been increasingly concerned at the rapid devaluation of
the exi
sting peso. The official rate keeps it at slightly more than a US
dollar, bu
t the street rate is close to Ps100:Dollars 1. The government says
nearly 12
bn pesos are in circulation, four times the amount needed.
Many of the fisca
l measures outlined would be aimed to reduce the monetary
overhang. This wou
ld be difficult, given the rate of monetary creation
implied by the governme
nt's own figures - a Ps4.2bn budget deficit last year
and nearly 70 per cent
 of state enterprises losing money.
Mr Castro said the new measures would no
t be popular, but that a 'disaster'
would ensue if they were insufficient.
H
e said that the success of new measures would depend on the crackdown on
bla
ck marketeers, who have been doing thriving business, mostly in food,
becaus
e of shortages in the shops. The government intends to seize their
property 
and profits.
Cuba's economy has shrunk by half since the collapse of the Sov
iet Union,
the Caribbean island's main trading partner. The problems were co
mpounded by
the failure of the Cuban sugar harvest last year and a significa
nt reduction
in foreign earnings.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cu
ba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9311 Finance, Taxation, an
d Monetary Policy.
    P9199 General Government, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</X
X>
<TP>GOVT  Taxes.
    ECON  Economic Indicators.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial 
Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 6 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-8088</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CHQBDADSFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9208
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 AUG 92 / North American Free Trade Agreement: S
ector's political sensitivity dictates protection levels - Agriculture </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAMIAN FRASER and BERNARD SIMON </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
AGRIC
ULTURE is perhaps the most politically sensitive sector in all three
North A
merican countries, with each seeking to maintain protection levels
for key a
reas, write Damian Fraser and Bernard Simon.
The Americans have successfully
 gained 15-year transition periods for what
powerful US farm lobbyists consi
der their most vulnerable crops, including
sugar, citrus and other fruits an
d vegetables.
The Mexicans have agreed to eliminate import licences, which c
overed 25 per
cent of US agricultural exports last year. However, they have 
acquired a
15-year grace period for corn, beans and powdered milk.
Under the
 treaty Mexico has been promised free sugar exports to the US after
15 years
 - a significant concession given the current level of protection
for the US
 sugar industry.
In the first six years Mexico will be granted either its cu
rrent quota of
7,258 metric tonnes, or the difference between Mexico's produ
ction and
consumption, up to a maximum of 25,000 tonnes.
After year seven th
is limit will be increased to 150,000 tonnes, increasing
by 10 per cent a ye
ar for the next eight years.
All export limits will be eliminated if Mexico 
is a net exporter for two
consecutive years. Mexico is now a net importer.
I
n corn (maize) Mexico has achieved a similar deal. It will let in,
duty-free
, a quota of 2.5m tonnes in the first year, growing by 3 per cent a
year ove
r the next 15 years. At the same time tariffs on non-quota corn will
start a
t more than 200 per cent and gradually fall over the 15 years.
Similar arran
gements govern Mexico's imports of milk and beans.
The corn sector employs m
ore than 2m Mexicans, most of whom are desperately
poor. Nevertheless, the g
overnment has long maintained that the current
method of protection - throug
h import restrictions and artificially high
prices - is inefficient, since i
t benefits the few rich farmers more than
the poorer ones.
The Mexican gover
nment is likely to announce soon a targeted subsidy
programme, where money w
ill be directed almost exclusively at the poorest
corn farmers.
Under Nafta 
Canada will be allowed to retain the non-tariff protection
enjoyed by its da
iry, poultry and egg producers. This consists of production
quotas and subsi
dies, together with import quotas.
The 'supply-management' system is coming 
under increasing pressure, however,
as local food processors and Canada's tr
ading partners push for the import
barriers to be lowered.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The 
Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 370 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-9895</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DKIC6AATFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9311
09
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  09 NOV 93 / Castro turns eye to tourism potential 
</HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    KINGSTON </D
ATELINE>
<TEXT>
PRESIDENT Fidel Castro of Cuba has said that efforts by the 
US to isolate
the country through an economic embargo are instead isolating 
US business,
which is missing investment opportunities in the Caribbean isla
nd.
In several weekend statements, Mr Castro also said that Cuban workers we
re
not efficient enough and praised foreign investors in Cuba for increasing

productivity in several sectors, including tourism.
He told a group of fore
ign businessmen investment opportunities in Cuba were
worth many billions of
 dollars and that tourism alone had the potential for
Dollars 20bn (Pounds 1
3.5bn) in new foreign business.
Opportunities for foreign investment in Cuba
 were growing so quickly that
there would be 'not one square metre of beach'
 left for US companies.
'Those who impose a blockade impose a blockade on th
emselves,' he said.
Speaking to a conference of Communist party delegates, M
r Castro said his
government was committed to expanding the tourism sector, 
as it was the only
economy activity which could ease Cuba's economic problem
s.
The Cuban economy has been under severe strain following the break-up of 
the
Soviet Union, the island's former benefactor, and a poor sugar harvest.

</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industri
es:-
</XX>
<IN>P9721 International Affairs.
    P9611 Administration of Gene
ral Economic Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP
>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 5 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 371 ==============================================
Transaction #:    371       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-5067</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-ECHD1AGPFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9403
08
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 MAR 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar ris
e 'may run out of momentum' </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RICHARD MOONEY </BYLI
NE>
<TEXT>
The recent upturn advance in sugar prices may run out of momentum
, says
London trade house E. D. F. Man, because of a lack of 'prompt physica
l
offtake'. But it expects prices to be maintained by 'a background of tight

fundamental (supply/demand) balance and the expectation of offtake later in

the year.
In its latest Sugar Situation report Man says the 'much anticipat
ed upward
trek in prices has started despite persistent uncertainty surround
ing import
demand prospects'.
It notes that import demand has languished, 'p
lagued by political
procrastination and administrative delays'. But, 'surpri
singly', market
interest in potential Russian, Chinese and Indian demand 'sh
ow little sign
of fatigue'.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United K
ingdom, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beet
s.
    P6231 Security and Commodity Exchanges.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>
COSTS  Commodity prices.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 34 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 372 ==============================================
Transaction #:    372       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT934-2083</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DLOCPAGUFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9312
15
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 DEC 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Cuban oil
 production set to soar 45% </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE
>
<DATELINE>    KINGSTON, JAMAICA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
In an effort to ease a 
severe energy shortage that is crippling its battered
economy, Cuba's domest
ic oil industry has lifted output to 1.1m tonnes in
the year to November and
 is anticipating 1.2m tonnes for the full year, 45
per cent more than 1992 o
utput.
The industry's hopes for even higher production have been raised by t
he
decision of a foreign consortium, led by Total of France, to drill
explor
atory wells off the island's north coast early next year.
The domestic oil i
ndustry is being given more attention following a severe
reduction in oil im
ports after the break-up of the Soviet Union, which was
Cuba's main supplier
. Imports once averaged 13m tonnes per year, of which
11.5m tonnes were cons
umed and the rest re-exported to western markets.
Imports last year fell to 
6.1m tonnes, and will be less this year.
It was once cheaper for Cuba to imp
ort Soviet oil than to exploit its own
high sulphur deposits, mainly along t
he north coast.
The shortage has led to power cuts on the island, increased 
rationing of
petroleum products and has adversely affected transportation in
 the key
agriculture sector.
This year's output by the domestic industry wil
l be the highest ever,
surpassing the 938,000 tonnes of 1986. The locally-pr
oduced crude is used in
some of the island's electricity generating plants, 
but these are running
below rated capacity.
The consortium led by Total incl
udes Compagnie Europeanee des Petroles of
France, and Fortuna Petroleum of C
anada. It was granted a six year contract
24 months ago by Comercial Cupet, 
a subsidiary of Cubapetroleo (Cupet), the
Cuban state company.
The consortiu
m has been doing seismological surveys in a 1,800 sq km
concession in the Sa
nta Clara region and the decision to drill the
exploratory wells is being in
terpretted in Cuba as an indication that the
deposits in the concession are 
commercially exploitable.
The Cuban authorities are hoping to attract more f
oreign companies to the
oil industry, following its invitation earlier this 
year to Canadian and
European companies to bid for concessions covering 11 b
locks of between
1,400 and 6,000 sq km. Seven of the blocks are onshore, thr
ee are offshore
and one is both offshore and onshore.
US companies cannot be
 involved because of Washington's 30 year-old economic
embargo on Cuba. The 
island's government is offering 25 year contracts and
production sharing arr
angements, while the foreign companies are expected to
provide their own cap
ital and equipment.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.

</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P1311 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas.
</
IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Production.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
<
/TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 373 ==============================================
Transaction #:    373       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-341</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EI2D5AF1FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>94092
9
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  29 SEP 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar defi
cit put at 1.8m tonnes </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DEBORAH HARGREAVES </BYLIN
E>
<TEXT>
The world is expected to face another deficit year in sugar suppli
es after a
worsening in prospects for this year's crop, according to the lat
est report
by ED & F. Man, the UK commodities house. Sugar production is for
ecast to be
110.7m tonnes for the next crop year (1994-1995) leaving a short
fall of 1.8m
tonnes.
World supplies are already tight after the unloading of
 stocks in the
current crop year when production of 109.03m tonnes led to a 
deficit of 2.2m
tonnes. The two deficit years come after 12 years' of produc
tion surpluses
with supply tightness already pushing prices higher.
A poor s
ugar crop in China and crop difficulties in Cuba combined with
India's desir
e to increase imports and rebuild stocks could all contribute
towards pushin
g prices higher. Man expects India's output to reach 11.6m
tonnes with consu
mption at 12.1m tonnes, leading to imports for next year at
similar levels t
o this year.
China's cane crop has been badly damaged by flooding this year 
and stocks
are dwindling. Man's estimate for Cuba's crop next year is 3.5m t
onnes -
500,000 tonnes below this season's level pushing the country out of 
the top
ten producers.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>

<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Type
s:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE>
 London Page 36 </PAGE>
</DOC>