TABLE REFERENCES


Table 1.  Average Passenger Revenue Per Passenger_Mile, 1960_1992

Certificated Air Carrier, Domestic Operations, Scheduled Service:
  1960_1970:  Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), Handbook of Airline 
              Statistics, 1969, 1973.
  1975_1980:  Ibid., Air Carrier Financial Statistics, 1976_1981, 
              annual issues, p. 2, lines 1, 2, and 3; Air Carrier 
              Traffic Statistics, 1976_ 1981, annual issues, p. 4/5, 
              lines 7, 8, and 9.  To compute Total, First Class, 
              and Coach plus economy figures, divide line 1 by line 
              7, line 2 by line 8, and line 3 by line 9.
  1985_1992:  U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Research and 
              Special Programs Administration (RSPA), Air Carrier 
              Financial Statistics, annual issues, 1986_1993, p. 1, 
              lines 1, 2 and 3; Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, 
              annual issues, 1986_1993, p. 2, lines 7, 8, and 9.

Commuter I Rail:
  1960_1992:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 50.

Intercity/Amtrak:
  1960_1970:  Association of American Railroads, (AAR), Railroad Facts, annual 
	      issues.
  1975_1992:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation in America, 
	      1994, p. 50.

Class I Bus Intercity:
  1960_1965:  Interstate Commerce Commission, (ICC), Transport Economics, 
	      annual issues.
  1970_1980:  American Bus Association (ABA), Bus Facts, annual issues.
  1985:  ICC, Transport Statistics in U.S., Motor Carriers, Part 2, annual 
         issues.
  1990_1992:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 50.

Consumer Price Index:
  1960_1992:  Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Report of the President, 
	      annual issues.


Table 2.  Average Freight Revenue Per Ton_Mile, 1960_1992

Certificated Air Carrier, Domestic Operations, Scheduled Service:
  1960_1970:  CAB, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969, 1973.
  1975_1980:  Ibid., Air Carrier Financial Statistics, 1976_1981, annual 
	      issues, p. 2, line 4; Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, 1976_1981, 
	      annual issues, p. 4/5, line 18.  Freight revenue (Financial 
	      Statistics) divided by revenue ton_miles of freight (Traffic 
	      Statistics).
  1985_1992:  U.S. DOT/RSPA, Air Carrier Financial Statistics, 1986_1993, 
	      annual issues, p. 1, line 4;  Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, 
	      1986_1993, annual issues, p. 2, line 18.  Freight revenue 
	      (Financial Statistics) divided by revenue ton_miles of freight 
	      (Traffic Statistics).

Class I Rail:
  1960_1992:  AAR, Railroad Facts, 1993, p. 30, and similar table in earlier 
	      editions.

Class I Intercity Motor Carriers of Property:
  1960_1992:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 49 and similar table in earlier editions published by 
	      Transportation Policy Associates.

Oil Pipeline:
  1960_1992:  Ibid.

Inland Waterway Carrier:
  1960_1992:  Ibid.

Producer Price Index:
  1960_1992:  Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Report of the President, 
	      annual issues.


Table 3.  Average Passenger Fare, 1960_1992

Certificated Air Carrier, Domestic Operations, Scheduled Service:
  1960_1970:  CAB, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969, 1973.
  1975_1980:  Ibid., Air Carrier Financial Statistics, 1976_1981, annual 
	      issues, p. 1, line 3 and Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, 
	      1976_1981, annual issues, p. 2, line 16, passenger revenue 
	      (Financial Statistics) divided by revenue passenger enplanements 
	      (Traffic Statistics).
  1985_1992:  U.S. DOT/RSPA, Air Carrier Financial Statistics, 1986_1993, 
	      annual issues, p. 1, line 3 and Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, 
	      1986_1993, annual issues, p. 2, line 16, passenger revenue 
	      (Financial Statistics) divided by revenue passenger enplanements 
	      (Traffic Statistics).

Class I Bus Intercity:
  1960_1980:  ABA, Bus Facts, annual issues.
  1985_1992:  Transportation Policy Associates (TPA).

Transit:
  1960_1992:  American Public Transit Association (APTA), Transit Fact Book, 
	      1993, p. 56, and similar table in earlier editions.

Commuter Rail:
  1960_1985:  Ibid.
  1990_1992:  Ibid., Table 23 divided by Table 31.

Intercity/Amtrak:
  1960_1970:  AAR, Railroad Facts, annual issues.
  1975_1992:  Amtrak, State and Local Affairs Department and Public Affairs 
	      Department.


Table 4.  Total Operating Revenues, 1960_1992

Certificated Air Carrier, Domestic Operations, All Services:
  1960_1970:  CAB, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969, 1973.
  1975_1980:  Ibid., Air Carrier Financial Statistics, 1976_1981, annual 
	      issues, p. 1.
  1985_1992:  U.S. DOT/RSPA, Ibid., 1986_1993, annual issues, p. 1.

Class I Bus, Intercity:
  1960_1992:  ICC, Annual Report of the ICC, 1993, Table 6 and similar 
	      table in earlier editions.

Transit:
  1960_1992:  APTA, Transit Fact Book, 1993, Table 20, and similar table 
	      in earlier editions.

Oil Pipeline, ICC_Regulated and Non_Regulated:
  1960_1992:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 40 and previous issues published by TPA.

Gas Pipeline:
  1960_1992:  Transmission Companies:  American Gas Association (AGA), Gas 
	      Facts, 1993, p. 148, and similar table in earlier editions.  
  1975_1992:  Integrated Companies:  Ibid., p. 149, and similar table in 
	      earlier editions.
  1975_1992:  Combination Companies:  Ibid., p. 150, and similar table in 
	      earlier editions.
  1975_1992:  Distribution Companies:  Ibid., p. 147, and similar table in 
	      earlier editions.

Class I Intercity Motor Carriers of Property:
  1960_1992:  ICC, Annual Report of the ICC, 1993, Appendix F, Table 5, 
	      and similar table in earlier editions.

Class I Rail:
  1960_1992:  AAR, Railroad Facts, 1993, p. 12, and similar table in earlier 
	      editions.

Intercity/Amtrak:
  1960_1970:  Ibid.
  1975_1992:  Amtrak, State and Local Affairs Department and Public Affairs 
	      Department.

Water Transport:
  ICC_Regulated Carriers, Inland and Coastal Waterways:
  1960_1992:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 53 and previous issues published by TPA.

  Maritime Carriers:
  1960_1992:  U.S. DOT/Maritime Administration, Office of External Affairs, 
	      MAR_240.

Table 4. Total Operating Revenues, 1960_1992 
(cont'd)


  Class A Freight Forwarders:
  1960_1992:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 53 and previous issues published by TPA.


Table 5.  Vehicle_Miles, 1960_1992

Air Carrier:
   Certificated, Domestic Operations, All Services:
  1960_1970:  CAB, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969, 1973.
  1975_1980:  Ibid., Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, 1976_1981, annual issues, 
	      p. 2, line (27) plus line (50).
  1985_1992:  U.S. DOT/RSPA, Ibid., annual issues, 1986_1993, p. 2, line (27) 
	      plus line (50).

General Aviation:
  1960_1980:  U.S. DOT/Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), FAA Statistical 
	      Handbook of Aviation, annual issues.
  1985_1992:  Ibid., General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey, annual 
	      issues, Table 3.3; mileage multiplied by 1.151 to convert from 
	      nautical miles.

Highway:
   Passenger Car and Taxi:
  1960_1980:  U.S. DOT/Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Highway 
	      Statistics, Summary to 1985, Table VM_201A.
  1985_1992:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, annual issues, Table VM_1.

   Motorcycle:
  1970_1980:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, Table VM_201A.
  1985_1992:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, annual issues, Table VM_1.

   Single_Unit Truck:
  1970_1980:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, Table VM_201A.
  1985_1992:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, annual issues, Table VM_1.

   Other Single_Unit Truck:
  1970_1980:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, Table VM_201A.
  1985_1992:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, annual issues, Table VM_1.

   Combination Truck:
  1960_1980:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, Table VM_201A.
  1985_1992:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, annual issues, Table VM_1.

   Commercial Bus:
  1960_1980:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, annual issues.
  1985_1991:  Transportation Policy Associates.

   School Bus:
  1960_1965:  U.S. DOT/FHWA, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, Table VM_201A.
  1970_1975:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, annual issues, Table VM_1.
  1980_1992:  National Safety Council, Accident Facts, annual issues, p. 75.

   Transit:
  1960_1992:  APTA, Transit Fact Book, 1993, Table 39, and similar table in 
	      earlier editions.

   Commuter Rail:
  1975_1992:  Ibid.

   Class I Rail Freight:
  1960_1992:  AAR, Railroad Facts, 1993, p. 33.

   Intercity/Amtrak:
  1960_1970:  Ibid., Yearbook of Railroad Facts, 1972, p. 37.
  1975_1992:  Amtrak, annual reports.


Table 6.  Passenger_Miles, 1960_1992

Air Carrier:
   Certificated, Domestic Operations, All Services:
  1960_1970:  CAB, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969, 1973.
  1975_1980:  Ibid., Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, 1976_1981, p. 2, line 1.
  1985_1992:  U.S. DOT/RSPA, Ibid., annual issues, 1986_1993, p. 2, line 1.

Table 6. Passenger_Miles, 1960_1992 (cont'd)

General Aviation:
  1960_1992:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 47, and similar table in earlier editions published 
	      by TPA.

Highway:
   Passenger Car and Taxi:
  1960_1980:  U.S. DOT/FHWA, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, Table VM_201A.
  1985_1992:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, annual issues, Table VM_1.  Derived 
	      by multiplying vehicle miles in Table VM_1 by vehicle occupany 
	      rates estimated from FHWA'S Nationwide Personal Transportation 
	      Survey.

   Motorcycle:
  1970_1992:  Ibid.

   Intercity Bus:
  1960_1992:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 47.

   School Bus:
  1980_1992:  National Safety Council, Accident Facts, 1993, p. 74, and 
	      similar table in earlier editions.

   Single_Unit Truck:
  1960_1992:  U.S. DOT/FHWA, Highway Statistics, annual issues, Table VM_1.  
	      Derived by multiplying vehicle_miles in Table VM_1 by vehicle 
	      occupancy rates estimated from FHWA's Nationwide Personal 
	      Transportation Survey.

   Other Single_Unit Truck:
  1970_1992:  Ibid.

   Combination Truck:
  1960_1992:  Ibid.

Transit:
  1980_1992:  APTA, Transit Fact Book, 1993, Table 6, and similar table in 
	      earlier editions.

Commuter Rail:
  1960_1975:  AAR, Railroad Facts, 1976, p. 32.
  1980_1992:  APTA, Transit Fact Book, 1993, Table 6, and similar table in 
	      earlier editions.

Intercity/Amtrak:
  1960_1980:  AAR, Railroad Facts, annual issues.
  1985_1991:  Amtrak, State and Local Affairs Department.
  1992:  Amtrak, Public Affairs Department.


Table 7.  Ton_Miles of Freight, 1960_1993

Certificated Air Carrier, Domestic Operations, All Services:
  1960_1970:  CAB, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969, 1973.
  1975_1980:  Ibid., Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, 1976_1981, annual issues, 
	      p. 2, line 3.
  1985_1993:  U.S. DOT/RSPA, Ibid., annual issues, 1986_1993, p. 2, line 3.

Oil Pipeline:
  1960_1993:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 44 and similar table in earlier editions published 
	      by TPA.

Class I Rail:
  1960_1992:  AAR, Railroad Facts, p. 27, and similar table in earlier 
	      editions.
  1993:  AAR.

Trucks
   Intercity:
  1960_1993:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 44, and similar table in earlier editions published 
	      by TPA.

Table 7. Ton_Miles of Freight, 1960_1993 (cont'd)

   Local:
  1960_1991:  Transportation Policy Associates.

Water Transportation:
   Inland Waterways, including Great Lakes:
  1960_1985:  U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the U.S., 
	      annual issues, Part 5, Section 1, Table 6 and similar table in 
	      earlier editions.
  1990_1993:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 44, and similar table in earlier editions published 
	      by TPA.

   Inland Waterways (domestic only):
  1960_1985:  U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the U.S., 
	      annual issues, Part 5, Section 1, Table 6 and similar table in 
	      earlier editions.
  1990_1993:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 44, and similar table in earlier editions published by 
	      TPA.

   Domestic Coastwise:
  1960_1985:  U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the U.S., 
	      annual issues, Part 5, Section 1, Table 6 and similar table in 
	      earlier editions.
  1990_1993:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 44, and similar table in earlier editions published by 
	      TPA.


Table 8.  Basic Intercity Mileage Within the Continental United States, 
	      1960_1992

Airway:
  1960_1985:  U.S. DOT/FAA, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, annual 
	      issues.  Mileage equals sum of VHF low altitude direct and 
	      VHF jet route mileages multiplied by 1.151 to convert from 
	      nautical miles.
  1990_1992:  Estimated using FAA methodology.

Oil Pipeline, Total:
  1960_1992:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 64, and similar table in earlier editions published by 
	      TPA.

   Crude Lines and Product Lines:
  1960_1991:  Transportation Policy Associates.

Gas Pipeline:
  1960_1992:  American Gas Association (AGA), Gas Facts, 1993, Table 5_1 and 
	      similar table in earlier editions.

Class I Rail:
  1960_1992:  AAR, Railroad Facts, annual issues, p. 44, and similar table 
	      in earlier editions.  Data represent aggregate length of 
	      roadway, excluding yard tracks, sidings and parallel lines.  
	      Jointly used track is counted only once.

Highway:
  1960_1992:  U.S. DOT/FHWA, Highway Statistics, annual issues, Table HM_14 
	      and similar table in earlier editions.

Inland Waterway:
  1960_1992:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 64 and similar table in earlier editions.


Table 10.  Number of Vehicles, 1960_1992

Certificated Air Carrier, All Services:
  1960_1992:  U.S. DOT/RSPA, Data Administration Division, DAI_20.

General Aviation:
  1960_1980:  Ibid., FAA, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, annual issues.
  1985_1992:  Ibid., General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey, annual 
	      issues, Table 3.1.

Motorcycle:
  1960_1965:  Ibid., FHWA, Highway Statistics, annual issues, Table VM_1.
  1970_1980:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, Table VM_201A.
  1985_1992:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, annual issues, Table VM_1.

Passenger Car & Taxi:
  1960_1980:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, Table VM_201A.
  1985_1992:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, annual issues, Table VM_1.

Table 10. Number of Vehicles, 1960_1992 (cont'd)

Truck:
   Combination and Single_Unit:
  1965_1980:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, Table VM_201A.
  1985_1992:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, annual issues, Table VM_1.

Intercity Bus:
  1960_1975:  ABA, Bus Facts, annual issues.
  1980:  Ibid., Public Affairs Office.
  1985_1991:  Transportation Policy Associates.

School Bus:
  1960_1985:  U.S. DOT/FHWA, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, p. 25.
  1990_1992:  Ibid., Table MV_10.

Transit and Commuter Rail:
  1960_1992:  APTA, Transit Fact Book, 1993, Table 41, and similar table in 
	      earlier editions.

Class I Rail:
   Freight Cars and Locomotives:
  1960_1992:  AAR, Railroad Facts, 1992, pp. 48, 50, and similar table in 
	      earlier editions.  Excludes Amtrak.

Amtrak:
   Passenger Train_Cars and Locomotives:
  1975_1992:  Amtrak, State and Local Affairs Department.

Water Transport:
   Total Inland Water Vessels:
  1960_1992:  U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Summary of U.S. Flag Passenger 
	      and Cargo Vessels, 1992.  Sum of non_self_propelled vessels 
	      and self_propelled vessels.


   Non_Self_Propelled Vessels and Self_Propelled Vessels:
  1960_1992:  U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Summary of U.S. Flag Passenger 
	      & Cargo Vessels, annual issues.

   Oceangoing Steam and Motor Ships:
  1960_1992:  U.S. DOT/Maritime Administration (MARAD), Merchant Fleets of 
	      the World, annual issues, Table 6 and similar table in earlier 
	      editions.


Table 11.  Number of New Vehicles Purchased by Mode, 1960_1992

Air Carrier, All Services:
  1960_1991:  Aerospace Industries Association, Aerospace Year_end Review 
	      and Forecast. 
  1992:  Ibid., Aerospace Facts and Figures, 1993_1994, p. 34.

General Aviation:
  1960_1992:  U.S. DOT/FAA, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1992, 
	      Table 10_1 and similar table in earlier editions.

Passenger Car and Taxi:
  1960_1992:  U.S. DOC, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current 
	      Business, January issues, p. S_32 and similar table in 
	      earlier editions.

Motorcycle:
  1970_1992:  Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc., 1992 Motorcycle Statistical 
	      Annual, p. 10, and similar table in earlier editions.

Bicycle:
  1970_1992:  Bicycle Manufacturer's Association of America, The Bicycle 
	      Market in Review, annual issues.

Truck:
  1960_1992:  American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc., Facts and 
	      Figures, annual issues.

Bus (including School Bus):
  1960_1992:  American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Facts & Figures, 
	      1993, p. 6 and similar table in earlier editions.


Table 11. Number of New Vehicles Purchased by Mode, 1960_1992 (cont'd)

Transit and Commuter Rail:
  1960_1992:    APTA, Transit Fact Book, 1993, Table 42, and similar table 
	      in earlier editions.

Class I Rail:
   Freight Car and Locomotive:
  1960_1992:    AAR, Railroad Facts, 1993, p. 54, and similar table in 
	      earlier editions.

Amtrak:
   Passenger Train_Car and Locomotive:
  1975_1980:  Ibid., p. 17, and similar table in earlier editions.
  1985_1992:  Amtrak, State and Local Affairs Department.

Water Transport:
   Merchant Vessel and Gross Tonnage:
  1960_1992:  U.S. DOT/MARAD, Merchant Fleets of the World, annual issues, 
	      p. 50 and similar table in earlier editions.


Table 26.  Number of Fatalities, Injuries, and Accidents by Transportation 
	      Mode,
1960_1993 Fatalities

Aviation:
   U.S. Air Carrier:
  1960_1965:  U.S. DOT/FAA, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, annual issues.
  1970_1975:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe 
	      Center), Transportation Safety Information Report, annual issues.
  1980_1993:  National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), NTSB Aviation 
	      Accident Statistics, annual issues, Table 2.

   Commuter Air Carrier:
  1970:  U.S. DOT/FAA, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1975.
  1975:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information Report, 
	      annual issues.
  1980_1993:  NTSB, NTSB Aviation Accident Statistics, annual issues, Table 5.

   On_Demand Air Taxi:
  1970:  U.S. DOT/FAA, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1975.
  1975:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information Report, 
	      annual issues.
  1980_1993:  NTSB, NTSB Aviation Accident Statistics, annual issues, Table 6.

   General Aviation:
  1960_1965:  U.S. DOT/FAA, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, annual issues.
  1970_1975:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1980_1993:  NTSB, NTSB Aviation Accident Statistics, annual issues, Table 7.

Highway:
   Motor Vehicle Traffic:
  1960_1970:  Estimated by NHTSA from data supplied by the National Center 
	      for Health Statistics, H.H.S., and State Accident Summaries 
	      (adjusted to 30_day deaths).
  1975_1993:  U.S. DOT/NHTSA, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, 
	      Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS).

Rail:
   Railroad:
  1960_1965:  National Safety Council, Accident Facts, 1974.
  1970_1990:  U.S. DOT/RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1991_1993:  Ibid., FRA, Accident/Incident Bulletin, annual issues, Table 7.

   Rail_Highway Grade Crossing:
  1960_1965:  National Safety Council, Accident Facts, 1974.
  1970_1990:  U.S. DOT/RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1991_1993:  Ibid., FRA, Accident/Incident Bulletin, annual issues, Table 7.

Rail Rapid Transit:
  1980_1985:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1990_1993:  Ibid., Safety Management Information Statistics (SAMIS), annual 
	      issues.

Waterborne Transport:
  1970_1990:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1991_1993:  Ibid., USCG, Marine Safety Evaluation Branch, G_MM1_3.

Table 26. Number of Fatalities, Injuries, and Accidents by
Transportation Mode, 1960_1993 (cont'd)

Recreational Boating:
  1960_1965:  Ibid., USCG, Boating Statistics, annual issues.
  1970_1991:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., USCG, Boating Statistics, 1993, p. 20.

Gas Pipeline:
  1970_1991:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Office of Pipeline Safety, DPS_35.

Liquid Pipeline:
  1970_1991:  Ibid., Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information Report, 
	      annual issues.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Office of Pipeline Safety, DPS_35.

Hazardous Materials:
  1975_1991:  Ibid., Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information Report, 
	      annual issues.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Office of Hazardous Materials Transportation, DHM_63.

Injuries

Aviation:
   U.S. Air Carrier:
  1975:  U.S. DOT/RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information Report, 
	      annual issues.
  1980_1993:  NTSB, NTSB Aviation Accident Statistics, Table 2.

   Commuter Air Carrier:
  1980_1993:  Ibid., Table 5.

   On_Demand Air Taxi:
  1980_1993:  Ibid., Table 6.

   General Aviation:
  1975:  U.S. DOT/RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information Report, 
	      annual issues.
  1980_1993:  NTSB, NTSB Aviation Accident Statistics, Table 7.

Highway:
   Motor Vehicle Traffic:
  1980_1985:  U.S. DOT/NHTSA, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, 
	      National Accident Sampling System (NASS).
  1990_1993:  Ibid., General Estimates System (GES).

Rail:
   Railroad:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., 1974, 1984.
  1980_1990:  U.S. DOT/RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1991_1993:  Ibid., FRA, Accident/Incident Bulletin, annual issues, Table 7.

   Rail_Highway Grade Crossings:
  1960_1975:  National Safety Council, Accident Facts, 1974, 1984.
  1980_1990:  U.S. DOT/RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1991_1993:  Ibid., FRA, Accident/Incident Bulletin, annual issues, Table 7.

Rail Rapid Transit:
  1980_1985:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1990_1993:  Ibid., Safety Management Information Statistics (SAMIS), annual 
	      issues.

Waterborne Transport:
  1970_1990:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1991_1993:  Ibid., USCG, Marine Safety Evaluation Branch, G_MM1_3.

Recreational Boating:
  1960_1965:  Ibid., USCG, Boating Statistics, annual issues.
  1970_1991:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., USCG, Boating Statistics, 1993, p. 9.

Table 26. Number of Fatalities, Injuries, and Accidents by
Transportation Mode, 1960_1993 (cont'd)

Gas Pipeline:
  1980_1991:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Office of Pipeline Safety, DPS_35.

Liquid Pipeline:
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information Report, 
	      annual issues.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Office of Pipeline Safety, DPS_35.

Hazardous Materials:
  1975_1991:  Ibid., Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information Report, 
	      annual issues.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Office of Hazardous Materials Transportation, DHM_63.

Accidents/Incidents

Aviation:
   U.S. Air Carrier:
  1960_1965:  U.S. DOT/FAA, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, annual issues.
  1970_1975:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1980_1993:  National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), NTSB Aviation 
	      Accident Statistics, annual issues, Table 2.

   Commuter Air Carrier:
  1970_1975:  U.S. DOT/FAA, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1975, 1978.
  1980_1993:  NTSB, NTSB Aviation Accident Statistics, annual issues, Table 5.

   On_Demand Air Taxi:
  1975:  U.S. DOT/FAA, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1978.
  1980_1993:  NTSB, NTSB Aviation Accident Statistics, annual issues, Table 6.

   General Aviation:
  1960_1965:  U.S. DOT/FAA, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, annual issues.
  1970_1975:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1980_1993:  NTSB, NTSB Aviation Accident Statistics, annual issues, Table 7.

Highway:
   Motor Vehicle Traffic:
  1980_1985:  U.S. DOT/NHTSA, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, 
	      National Accident Sampling System (NASS).
  1990_1993:  Ibid., General Estimates System (GES).

Rail:
   Railroad:
  1970_1990:  U.S. DOT/RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1991_1993:  Ibid., FRA, Accident/Incident Bulletin, annual issues, Table 4.

   Rail_Highway Grade Crossings:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Rail_Highway Grade Crossing Accidents, annual issues.  
	      Data not comparable after 1974 due to change in reporting 
	      requirements.
  1980_1990:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1991_1993:  Ibid., FRA, Highway Rail_Crossing, Accident/Incident and 
	      Inventory Bulletin, annual issues, Table 5.

Rail Rapid Transit:
  1980_1985:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1990_1993:  Ibid., Safety Management Information Statistics (SAMIS), 
	      annual issues.

Waterborne Transport:
  1970_1990:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1991_1993:  Ibid., USCG, Marine Safety Evaluation Branch, G_MM1_3.

Recreational Boating:
  1960_1965:  Ibid., USCG, Boating Statistics, annual issues.
  1970_1991:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., USCG, Boating Statistics, 1993, p. 9.

Table 26. Number of Fatalities, Injuries, and Accidents by
Transportation Mode, 1960_1993 (cont'd)

Gas Pipeline:
  1970_1991:  Ibid., RSPA/Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information 
	      Report, annual issues.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Office of Pipeline Safety, DPS_35.

Liquid Pipeline:
  1970_1991:  Ibid., Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information Report, 
	      annual issues.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Office of Pipeline Safety, DPS_35.

Hazardous Materials:
  1975_1991:  Ibid., Volpe Center, Transportation Safety Information Report, 
	      annual issues.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Office of Hazardous Materials Transportation, DHM_63.

Table 68.  National Transportation and Economic Trends, 1960_1992

Passenger_Miles:
  1960_1992:  Summation of all modes from Table 6.  (This edition of NTS.)

Revenue Ton_Miles:
  1960_1992:  Summation of all modes from Table 7.  (This edition of NTS.)

Population:
  1960_1992:  Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Report of the President, 
	      annual issues, Table B_32, and similar table in earlier editions.

Industrial Production:
  1960_1992:  Ibid., Table B_108, and similar tables in earlier editions.

Gross Domestic Product:
  1960_1992:  Ibid., Tables B_7, B_8, and similar tables in earlier editions.


Table 69.  Employment in Transportation and Related Industries, 1960_1993

Transport Sector:
   Air:
  1960_1975:  U.S. Department of Labor (DOL), Bureau of Labor Statistics, 
	      Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 45.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed
    Industry", SIC 45.

   Bus (intercity):
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 413.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry", SIC 413.

   Local Transport:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 411.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry," SIC 411.

   Railroad:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 40.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry," SIC 40.

   Oil Pipeline:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 46.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry," SIC 46.

Table 69. Employment in Transportation and Related
Industries, 1960_1993 (cont'd)

   Gas Pipeline, Transmission, Distribution, Integrated and Combination:
  1960_1993:  AGA, Gas Facts, 1993, Table 16_2 and similar table in earlier 
	      editions.

   Taxi:
  1960_1975:  U.S. Department of Labor (DOL), Bureau of Labor Statistics, 
	      Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 412.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry," SIC 412.

   Trucking and Truck Terminals:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1985:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 421,3.
  1990_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 42.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry," SIC 42.

   Water:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 44.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry," SIC 44.

Equipment Manufacturing:
   Aircraft and Parts:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 372.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, June issues, 
	      Table "Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry," 
              SIC 372.

   Motor Vehicles and Equipment:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 301 and 371, sum of 
	      motor vehicles and tires and equipment.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry," SIC 301 and 371, 
	      sum of motor vehicles and tires and equipment.

   Railroad Equipment:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 374. 
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry," SIC 374.

   Ship and Boat Building and Repair:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 373.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry," SIC 373.

   Other:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, Revised Established Data, 
	      annual issues, sum of SIC 376 and SIC 379.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry," sum of SIC 376 and 
	      SIC 379.

Related Industries:
   Automotive and Accessories Retailers:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 551,2 and 553, sum of 
	      new and used automobile dealers and other auto and home supply 
	      stores.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry," SIC 551,2 and 553, 
	      sum of new and used automobile dealers and other auto and home 
  	      supply stores.

Table 69. Employment in Transportation and Related
Industries, 1960_1993 (cont'd)

   Automotive Wholesalers:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 501.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry," SIC 501.

   Automotive Repair, Services, and Parking:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 75.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry," SIC 75.

   Gasoline Service Stations:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 554.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry," SIC 554.

   Highway and Street Construction:
  1960_1975:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, 1979, SIC 45.
  1980_1991:  Ibid., Supplement to Employment and Earnings, Revised 
	      Establishment Data, annual issues, SIC 161.
  1992_1993:  Ibid., Employment and Earnings, June issues, Table "Employees 
	      on Nonfarm Payrolls by Detailed Industry," SIC 161.

   Petroleum:
  1960_1993:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation in America, 
	      1994, p. 61, and similar table in earlier editions by TPA.

Other Industries:
   Truckdrivers and Deliverymen:
  1960_1993:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 61 and similar table in earlier editions by TPA.

Shipping and Receiving Clerks:
  1960_1993:  Ibid., p. 62 and similar table in earlier editions by TPA.

Government Employment:
   U.S. DOT
  1960_1990:  U.S. DOC, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the 
	      U.S., 1992, Table 514 and similar table in earlier editions.
  1991_1993:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 61.

   State and Local Highway:
  1960_1990:  U.S. DOC, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the 
	      U.S., 1992, Table 482, and similar table in earlier editions.
  1991_1993:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 61.

   U.S. Postal Service:
  1960_1993:  Ibid.  Figures based on assumption that 14% of postal workers 
	      are engaged in transportation work, i.e., employees transporting 
	      or delivering mail by motor vehicles.

   Other:
  1960_1993:  Ibid., Agencies include Civil Aeronautics Board (sunset in 
	      1985), Federal Maritime Commission, and Federal Energy 
	      Regulatory Commission.

Total Employed Civilians:
  1960_1991:  U.S. DOC, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the 
	      U.S., 1992, Table 629, and similar table in earlier editions.
  1992_1993:  Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation In America, 
	      1994, p. 61.


Table 85.  Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation, 1960_1992

Class I Railroads:
   Locomotives:
  1960_1970:  AAR, Statistics of Class 1 Railroads, September 1971, p. 15.
  1975:  Ibid., Railroad Ten_Year Trends, 1986, Table III_D_2.
  1980_1992:  Ibid., Railroad Facts, 1993, p. 60.

Certificated Air Carrier, Domestic Operations:
  1960_1970:  CAB, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1971, pp. 66, 67.
  1975:  U.S. DOT/FAA, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1975, Table 6.27.
  1980:  CAB, Fuel Cost and Consumption, Twelve Months Ended December 31, 
	      1984; Total of Tables 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 and similar tables in 
	      earlier editions.
  1985_1992:  U.S. DOT/RSPA, Data Administration Division, DAI_20.

General Aviation:
  1960_1980:  Ibid., FAA, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, annual issues.
  1985_1992:  Ibid., General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey, annual 
	      issues, Table 5_1, and similar table in earlier editions.

Highway:
  1960_1980:  Ibid., FHWA, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, Table VM_201A.
  1985_1992:  Ibid., Highway Statistics, annual issues, Table VM_1.  Commercial 
	      and School bus figures for 1984_1991 were calculated by the 
	      Transportation Policy Associates.

Water Transport:
   Residual and Distillate Fuel Oil:
  1960_1980:  American Petroleum Institute, Basic Petroleum Data Book, annual 
	      issues, Tables 10, 10a, 12, and 12a.
  1985_1992:  U.S. DOE/EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales, annual, Tables 2 and 4.

   Gasoline:
  1960_1992:  U.S. DOT/FHWA, Highway Statistics, annual issues, Table MF_24 
	      and similar table in earlier editions.

Transit:
   Electricity:
  1960_1992:  APTA, Transit Fact Book, 1993, Tables 54, 55 and similar table 
	      in earlier editions.

   Gallons of Motor Fuel:
  1960_1992:  Ibid.

Pipeline:
  1960_1992:  U.S. DOE, Natural Gas Annual, 1992, Table 97, and similar table 
	      in earlier editions.

Non_Highway Use of Gasoline:
  1960_1992:  U.S. DOT/FHWA, Highway Statistics, annual issues, Table MF_21 
	      and similar table in earlier editions.