RISK COMMUNICATION BIBLIOGRAPHY CODING SYSTEM


Note that category names are given first, with additional clarifying information sometimes appearing in brackets. The category codes include the text in parenthesis (if any is given), but not clarifying text occasionally present in brackets.

Publication type [The code assigned is the highest that describes the publication.]
1. Discussion
2. Review
3. Case study
4. Empirical
5. Intervention

Focus [The code assigned indicates the coder's judgment as to the issue or issues most emphasized. Sometimes several of these topics receive detailed attention in an article. A maximum of three focus codes were assigned to each article. If more than three topics received emphasis the code "11.Multiple" was used.]
1. Communicator
2. Audience
3. Setting
4. Channel
5. Content
6. Format
7. Outcome
8. Measurement/evaluation
9. Risk perception/comprehension
10. Decision aid
11. Multiple
12. General

Communicator
0. Communicator (general)
1. Authority figure (non-expert)
2. Business/corporation/commercial group
3. Celebrity
4. Expert/researcher/scientist
5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
6. Investigator/experimenter
7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
8. Non-governmental organization (e.g., Am. Lung Assoc.)
9. Parent10. Patient/peer/community member (affected)
11. Peer/community member (not affected)
12. Unspecified
13. Other
14. Media

Audience role
0. Audience role (general)
1. Health/safety professional
2. Child/Pre-teen
3. Teen
4. College student/Graduate student 
5. Adult
6. Parent or prospective parent
7. Senior citizen
8. At risk/exposed-child or teen
9. At risk/exposed-adult
10. At risk/exposed-parent of child
11. At risk/exposed-senior citizen
12. Ill-child
13. Ill-adult
14. Ill-parent of ill child
15. Ill-senior citizen
16. General public
17. Other
20. Patient (general)
21. Other professionals and experts

Audience gender
1. Female
2. Male

Audience ethnicity
1. African-American
2. Asian
3. Caucasian
4. Hispanic
5. Native American
6. Mixed/varied/multiple
7. Other

Setting
0. Setting (general)
1. Armed Forces
2. community meeting/community group
3. Focus group/small group
4. General community
5. Health care setting
6. Laboratory
7. Prison
8. Educational setting: school or university
9. Workplace
10. Other
11. Home

Channels of risk communication
0. Channels (general)
1. Computer program (non-internet)
2. Internet (listserves, web pages)
3. Lecture
4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
7. Radio
8. Small groups/focus groups
9. Telephone
10. TV
11. Video
12. Other
21. Letter
22. Community meetings/community groups
23. Audiotape
24. Product label/packaging
26. Media-general

Content of risk message
0. Content (general)
1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
2. Communication style
3. Definition of hazard
4. Expense of hazard
5. Likelihood-absolute
6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
7. 0 Possible health outcomes
8. Possible psychosocial outcomes
9. Preventability of hazard/personal control
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
11. Severity of outcome
12. Time course of hazard
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
14. Other
15. Costs/barriers/losses
16. Benefits/gains
17. Skill building/instructions
18. Reminder
19. General information about hazard
20. General information about recommended action
21. Test results
22. Personalized information

Form of risk information
0. Format (general)
1. Decision aid
2. Graphical display
3. Interactive
4. Text-numerical
5. Text-verbal
6. Other
7. Oral/spoken

Outcomes
0. Outcomes (general)
1. Attitude
2. Comprehension of message
3. Knowledge
4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
6. Recall of message
7. Risk perception-likelihood
8. Risk perception-severity
9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
11. Actual information seeking behavior
12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
13. Actual testing/screening
14. Actual treatment behavior
15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism)
16. Intended information seeking behavior
17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
18. Intended testing/screening
19. Intended treatment behavior
20. Intended other behavior (e.g., activism)
21. Other
22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment
23. Perceptions of efficacy/control
24. Community or public response
25. Policy/regulation changes
26. Corporate response
27. Information processing/decision-making process
28. Information/communication preferences

Hazard
0. Hazard (general)
1. Alcohol
2. Arthritis
3. Asthma/Emphysema/Chronic lung disease
4. Automobile safety
5. Birth defects
6. 0 Cancer [Note: If a specific type of cancer was coded, the general cancer code, 6. 0 was also assigned to the publication.]
6. 1 Breast cancer
6. 2 Cervical cancer
6. 3 Ovarian cancer
6. 4 Prostate cancer
6. 5 Skin cancer
6. 9 Lung cancer
6.10 Pancreatic cancer
6.11 Bladder cancer
6.12 Colon cancer
6.13 Other cancer
7. Diabetes
8. Drug abuse
9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants)
11. HIV/AIDS/STDs
12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease)
13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke
14. Hypothetical risk
15. Injury/safety (non-auto)
16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)
17. Smoking
18. Multiple (greater than 5)
19. General, unspecified
20. Other
21. Dental issues
22. Treatment related risks
23. Food related risks
24. Menopause

Methodological issues
1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)
2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)
3. Other



Title: Health Risk Communicator
Publisher: Subcommittee on Risk Communication and Education; 
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Editor: Tinker, Tim; Lum, Max
Mission: Periodical focusing on health risk communication principles, practices, and standards


Author: Adams, W.C.
Year: 1992/1993
Title: The role of media relations in risk communication
Journal: Public Relations Quarterly
Volume: 37
Issue: 4
Pages: 28-32
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the importance of the media in risk communication and how best to interact with the media.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 4. Channel
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Channels of risk communication:
  6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Adelswaerd, Viveka; Sachs, Lisbeth
Year: 1996
Title: The meaning of 6.8: Numeracy and normality in health information talks
Journal: Social Science and Medicine
Volume: 43
Issue: 8
Pages: 1179-1188
Summary Sentence:
 Examines patients' responses to and comprehension of numerically-presented test results.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 6. Format
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 2. Male
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
21. Test results
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  3. Knowledge
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
Hazard:
 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke



Author: Alexander, N.E.; Ross, J.; Sumner, W.; Nease, R.F.Jr.; Littenberg, B.
Year: 1996
Title: The effect of an educational intervention on the perceived risk of breast cancer
Journal: Journal of General Internal Medicine
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Pages: 92-97
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effect of a physician intervention program on women's perceived risk of breast cancer.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Arkin, Elaine B.
Year: 1999
Title: Cancer risk communication: What we know
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 182-185
Summary Sentence:
 Outlines guidelines for "best practices" in cancer risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 12. General
Communicator:
  0. Communicator (general)
Audience Role:
  0. Audience role (general)
Channels of risk communication:
  0. Channels (general)
Content of risk message:
  0. Content (general)
Form of risk information:
  0. Format (general)
Outcomes:
    0. Outcomes (general)
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Aspinwall, Lisa G.
Year: 1999
Title: Persuasion for the purpose of cancer risk reduction:  Understanding responses to risk communications
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 88-93
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the factors that affect responses to risk messages over time and their implications for
risk communication research.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 7. Outcome
8. Measurement/evaluation
Content of risk message:
  9. Preventability of hazard
11. Severity of outcome
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  6. Recall of message
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
  11. Actual information seeking behavior
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 21. Other
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
Methodological Issues:
 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Atkyns, Robert L.
Year: 1987
Title: Adolescent information acquisition, locus of control, lifestyle and substance abuse: A
social market segmentation for health communication effectiveness
University: Temple U, PA, USA
Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 47(8-A), Feb 1987, 2782.
Publication Type:
4. Empirical


Author: Atman, C. J.; Bostrom, A.; Fischhoff, B.; Morgan, M. G.
Year: 1994
Title: Designing risk communications: Completing and correcting mental models of hazardous processes, Part I
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Pages: 779-788
Summary Sentence:
 Applies a mental model approach to communicating the risk from radon.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
 12. Unspecified
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 3. Definition of hazard
 7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  6. Recall of message
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 9 Lung cancer
16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)
Methodological Issues:
  1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Atterstam, I.
Year: 1995
Title: Media and risk communication
Journal: Toxicology Letters
Volume: 82-83
Pages: 211-213
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the media's role in risk communication and how media reports affect public knowledge about and comprehension of risk.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 4. Channel
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  3. Knowledge
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Avis, N. E.; Smith, K. W.; McKinlay, J. B.
Year: 1989
Title: Accuracy of perceptions of heart attack risk: What influences perceptions and can they be changed?
Journal: American Journal of Public Health
Volume: 79
Issue: 12
Pages: 1608-1612
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the relationships of demographics, perceived health status, and risk factors with perceived heart attack risk, as well as the effect of health risk appraisal feedback on perceived risk and behavior.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 21. Other
Hazard:
 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke



Author: Babrow, Austin S.; Kasch, Chris R.; Ford, Leigh A.
Year: 1998
Title: The many meanings of uncertainty in illness: Toward a systematic accounting
Journal: Health Communication
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-23
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews several perspectives on the meaning of uncertainty in illness and discusses areas for
future research on uncertainty.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 2. Audience
4. Channel
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
 21. Other
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Baker, F.
Year: 1990
Title: Risk communication about environmental hazards
Journal: Journal of Public Health Policy
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Pages: 341-359
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews previous literature regarding environmental risk communication and advises how to
implement a risk communication program.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 12. General
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  2. Comprehension of message
  3. Knowledge
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Ball, L. K.; Evans, G.; Bostrom, A.
Year: 1998
Title: Risky business: Challenges in vaccine risk communication
Journal: Pediatrics
Volume: 101
Issue: 3 Pt 1
Pages: 453-458
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses challenges facing pediatricians and government policymakers concerning how best to
communicate vaccine options and risks to parents.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 4. Channel
5. Content
6. Format
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  6. Parent or prospective parent
Audience Ethnicity:
 6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  2. Internet (listserves, web pages)
 4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
Content of risk message:
 2. Communication style
5. Likelihood-absolute
6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
7. Possible health outcomes
9. Preventability of hazard
15. Costs/barriers/losses
16. Benefits/gains
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 21. Other
Hazard:
 20. Other
22. Treatment related risks



Author: Banks, S. M.; Salovey, P.; Greener, S.; Rothman, A. J.; Moyer, A.; Beauvais, J.; Epel, E.
Year: 1995
Title: The effects of message framing on mammography utilization
Journal: Health Psychology
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Pages: 178-184
Summary Sentence:
 Compares the use of gain-framed versus loss-framed messages for persuading women to get
mammography screenings.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
6. Format
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Channels of risk communication:
 11. Video
Content of risk message:
 2. Communication style
7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
 6. Other
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 13. Actual testing/screening
 18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Baty, Bonnie Jeanne; Venne, Vickie L.; McDonald, Jamie; Croyle, Robert T.; Halls,
Corinne; Nash, Jean E.; Botkin, Jeffrey R.
Year: 1997
Title: BRCA1 testing: Genetic counseling protocol development and counseling issues
Journal: Journal of Genetic Counseling
Volume: 6
Issue: 2
Pages: 223-244
Summary Sentence:
 Presents and discusses protocols for BRCA1 counseling.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
2. Audience
5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
14. Other
15. Costs/barriers/losses
19. General information about hazard
Form of risk information:
  3. Interactive
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer
 6. 3 Ovarian cancer



Author: Bell, Robert A.; Cholerton, Matthew; Davison, Veronica; Fraczek, Kevin E.; Lauter,
Heather
Year: 1996
Title: Making health communication self-funding: Effectiveness of pregiving in an AIDS
fundraising/education campaign
Journal: Health Communication
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: 331-352
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the influence of amount of information and self-relevance on donations during a
door-to-door AIDS fundraiser.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
 14. Other
19. General information about hazard
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
  15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism)
Hazard:
 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs



Author: Benichou, J.; Gail, M. H.; Mulvihill, J. J.
Year: 1996
Title: Graphs to estimate an individualized risk of breast cancer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Pages: 103-110
Summary Sentence:
 Presents graphs derived from the Gail model to estimate the individualized risk of breast cancer
for use in screening communications.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  3. Caucasian
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Benjamin, S.L.; Belluck, D.A.
Year: 1990
Title: Risk feedback: An important step in risk communication
Journal: American Water Works Association Journal
Volume: 82
Issue: 11
Pages: 50-55
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the importance of interactive communication between government agencies and the
public regarding environmental contaminants.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 3. Setting
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Form of risk information:
  3. Interactive
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Bental, T.; Paran, E.
Year: 1990
Title: Increasing public awareness of the risk of cardiovascular disease using 'health activists' in a
community health project in Israel: A feasibility study
Journal: Journal of Human Hypertension
Volume: 4
Issue: 4
Pages: 356-361
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of intensive training in health topics and communication skills on health
activists' knowledge, attitudes, and preventive health behavior.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 1. Communicator
5. Content
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  3. Focus group/small group
Channels of risk communication:
  3. Lecture
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
14. Other
17.  Skill building/instructions
19. General information about hazard
Form of risk information:
  3. Interactive
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke



Author: Binney, Stephen E.; Mason, Robert; Martsolf, Steven W.; Detweiler, John H.
Year: 1996
Title: Credibility, public trust, and the transport of radioactive waste through local communities
Journal: Environment and Behavior
Volume: 28
Issue: 3
Pages: 283-301
Summary Sentence:
 Describes a survey of 28 community leaders who live along a planned radioactive waste
transport route about their risk perceptions and their trust of the US Department of Energy.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  9. Telephone
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Black, W. C.; Nease, R. F., Jr.; Tosteson, A. N.
Year: 1995
Title: Perceptions of breast cancer risk and screening effectiveness in women younger than 50
years of age
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
Volume: 87
Issue: 10
Pages: 720-731
Summary Sentence:
 Examines perceptions of personal breast cancer risk of women between 40 and 50.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
 21. Other
  22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Blanchard, Renee Denise
Year: 1993
Title: Risk communication and individual response: Impact of 1990 revised earthquake
probabilities for the San Francisco Bay Area
University: U Colorado, Boulder, USA.
Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 54(2-A), Aug 1993, 636.
Publication Type:
4. Empirical



Author: Block, Lauren G.; Keller, Punam Anand
Year: 1998
Title: Beyond protection motivation: An integrative theory of health appeals
Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 28
Issue: 17
Pages: 1584-1608
Summary Sentence:
 Examines effects of the relevance and severity of a safe-sex risk communication on women's
thoughts, fears, and intended condom use.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student 
17. Other
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  9. Preventability of hazard
11. Severity of outcome
14. Other
17.  Skill building/instructions
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  8. Risk perception-severity
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 21. Other
 23. Perceptions of efficacy/control
 27. Information processing/decision-making process
Hazard:
 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs



Author: Bogardus, Sidney T., Jr.; Holmboe, Eric; Jekel, James F.
Year: 1999
Title: Perils, pitfalls, and possibilities in talking about medical risk
Journal: Journal of the American Medical Association
Volume: 281
Issue: 11
Pages: 1037-1041
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the challenges of communicating medical risks to patients.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
5. Content
6. Format
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
 13. Ill-adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 3. Definition of hazard
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
 7. Possible health outcomes
11. Severity of outcome
12. Time course of hazard
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 14. Actual treatment behavior
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified
20. Other
22. Treatment related risks



Author: Bond, G. G.
Year: 1993
Title: Dioxin: A case study
Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 177-182
Summary Sentence:
 Presents a case study of one company's efforts to communicate chemical contamination risks to
the public.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 3. Setting
1. Communicator
Communicator:
  2. Business/corporation/commercial group
 4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
 12. Other
26. Media-general
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Bord, Richard J.; O'Connor, Robert E.
Year: 1990
Title: Risk communication, knowledge, and attitudes: Explaining reactions to a technology
perceived as risky
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 10
Issue: 4
Pages: 499-506
Summary Sentence:
 Assesses effects of risk message characteristics, personal attitudes, and knowledge on perceived
acceptability of food irradiation.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  3. Focus group/small group
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
 20. Intended other behavior (e.g., activism)
Hazard:
 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Bord, Richard J.; O'Connor, Robert E.
Year: 1992
Title: Determinants of risk perceptions of a hazardous waste site
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
Pages: 411-416
Summary Sentence:
 Examines subjects' risk perceptions after reading a hypothetical superfund (toxic chemicals)
scenario.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 3. Definition of hazard
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Borgida, Eugene; Nisbett, Richard E.
Year: 1977
Title: The differential impact of abstract vs. concrete information on decisions
Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 7
Issue: 3
Pages: 258-271
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the relative influence of group summaries versus individual student comments on
students' course preferences.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
 11. Peer/community member (not affected)
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   20. Intended other behavior (e.g., activism)



Author: Bostrom, Ann
Year: 1997
Title: Vaccine risk communication: Lessons from risk perception, decision making and
environmental communication research
Journal: Risk: Health, Safety, and Environment
Volume: 8
Pages: 173-200
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses theoretical and empirical findings that could contribute to more effective vaccine risk
communications.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 11. Multiple
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  6. Parent or prospective parent
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  4. General community
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism)
Hazard:
 20. Other
22. Treatment related risks
Methodological Issues:
 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Bostrom, A.; Atman, C. J.; Fischhoff, B.; Morgan, M. G.
Year: 1994
Title: Evaluating risk communications: Completing and correcting mental models of hazardous
processes, Part II
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Pages: 789-798
Summary Sentence:
 Examines college students' comprehension of radon risk communications using multiple
evaluation methods.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 8. Measurement/evaluation
Audience Role:
   4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  6. Recall of message
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 9 Lung cancer
 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
Methodological Issues:
 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Bottorff, Joan L.; Ratner, Pamela A.; Johnson, Joy L.; Lovato, Chris Y.; Joab, S.
Amanda
Year: 1998
Title: Communicating cancer risk information: The challenges of uncertainty
Journal: Patient Education and Counseling
Volume: 33
Issue: 1
Pages: 67-81
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews research on communication of cancer risk information.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 12. General
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Brody, Jane E.
Year: 1999
Title: Communicating cancer risk in print journalism
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.  Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 170-172
Summary Sentence:
 Suggests that it is the job of the print media to correct for sensationalized and inaccurate radio
and television coverage of cancer risks.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
4. Channel
Communicator:
 14. Media
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Channels of risk communication:
  6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
Outcomes:
    2. Comprehension of message
   3. Knowledge
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Budescu, D.V. ; Wallsten, T.S.
Year: 1985
Title: Consistency in interpretation of probabilistic phrases
Journal: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
Volume: 36
Pages: 391-405
Summary Sentence:
 Examines lay people's interpretation of probabilistic phrases (e.g., "likely" and "seldom") and
consistency of these interpretations over time.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 5. Content
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
 17. Other
  4. College student/Graduate student 
21. Other professionals and experts
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute 
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
14. Other
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk



Author: Budescu, David V.; Wallsten, Thomas S.
Year: 1995
Title: Processing linguistic probabilities:  General principles and empirical evidence
Journal: The Psychology of Learning and Motivation
Volume: 32
Pages: 275-318
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews research on risk information presented verbally versus linguistically, discusses factors
that affect how people understand imprecise linguistic terms, and challenges notion that risk
information presented numerically is always more useful than the same information presented
verbally.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 6. Format
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Form of risk information:
  0. Format (general)
Outcomes:
    2. Comprehension of message
   7. Risk perception-likelihood



Author: Budescu, David V.; Weinberg, Shalva; Wallsten, Thomas S.
Year: 1988
Title: Decisions based on numerically and verbally expressed uncertainties
Journal: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Pages: 281-294
Summary Sentence:
 Examines college students' verbal and numerical interpretations of graphical displays versus
probability phrases.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  1. Computer program (non-internet)
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
 7. Risk perception-likelihood
21. Other
27. Information processing/decision-making process



Author: Buller, David B.; Borland, Ron; Burgoon, Michael
Year: 1998
Title: Impact of behavioral intention on effectiveness of message features: Evidence from the
Family Sun Safety Project
Journal: Human Communication Research
Volume: 24
Issue: 3
Pages: 433-453
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of high versus low language intensity and the use of inductive versus
deductive logic in health messages promoting sun safety.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 6. Format
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  6. Parent or prospective parent
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  6. Recall of message
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 5 Skin cancer



Author: Burack, R. C.; Gimotty, P. A.; George, J.; Stengle, W.; Warbasse, L.; Moncrease, A.
Year: 1994
Title: Promoting screening mammography in inner-city settings: A randomized controlled trial of
computerized reminders as a component of a program to facilitate mammography
Journal: Medical Care
Volume: 32
Issue: 6
Pages: 609-624
Summary Sentence:
 Reports results of limited and full interventions to increase breast cancer awareness and
mammography use.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 4. Channel
5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  4. General community
 5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 8. Small groups/focus groups
 9. Telephone
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
 9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Outcomes:
  13. Actual testing/screening
 18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Cameron, Linda D.; Leventhal, Howard
Year: 1995
Title: Vulnerability beliefs, symptom experiences, and the processing of health threat
information: A self-regulatory perspective
Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 25
Issue: 21
Pages: 1859-1883
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of experiencing symptoms of heart disease and receiving high or low threat
health information about heart disease on perceived illness likelihood and exercise intentions.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
11. Severity of outcome
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke



Author: Celuch, Kevin; Lust, John; Showers, Linda
Year: 1998
Title: A test of a model of consumers' responses to product manual safety information
Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 28
Issue: 5
Pages: 377-394
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the relationships among threat arousal, perceived efficacy of product use, and product
use intentions following receipt of product manual safety information.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 7. Outcome
Communicator:
  2. Business/corporation/commercial group
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  2. Community meeting/community group
 8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 9. Preventability of hazard
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 15. Injury/safety (non-auto)



Author: Chalmers, K.; Thomson, K.; Degner, LF.
Year: 1996
Title: Information, support and communication needs of women with a family history of breast
cancer
Journal: Cancer Nursing
Volume: 19
Issue: 3
Pages: 204-213
Summary Sentence:
 Describes the information sought by women at risk for breast cancer.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 4. Channel
5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
10. Patient/peer/community member (affected)
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  3. Caucasian
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
12. Other
26. Media-general
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Champion, Victoria; Huster, Gertrude
Year: 1995
Title: Effect of interventions on stage of mammography adoption
Journal: Journal of Behavioral Medicine
Volume: 18
Issue: 2
Pages: 169-187
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effectiveness of individualized interventions on mammography compliance.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
 6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
 10. Other
11. Home
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  8. Risk perception-severity
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Chapman, G. B.; Elstein, A. S.; Hughes, K. K.
Year: 1995
Title: Effects of patient education on decisions about breast cancer treatments: A preliminary
report
Journal: Medical Decision Making
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Pages: 231-239
Summary Sentence:
 Compares the effects of presenting breast cancer information in a video versus booklet form on
knowledge and treatment preferences.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 4. Channel
6. Format
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
   4. College student/Graduate student
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
11. Video
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
Form of risk information:
  1. Decision aid
 3. Interactive
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 21. Other
 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Chase, Gary A.; Faden, Ruth R.; Holzman, Neil A.; Chwalow, A. Judith; Leonard,
Claire O.; Lopes, Cheryl; Quaid, Kimberly
Year: 1986
Title: Assessment of risk by pregnant women: Implications for genetic counseling and education
Journal: Social Biology
Volume: 33
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 57-64
Summary Sentence:
 Examines pregnant women's estimates of the risk of birth defects compared to neural tube
defects.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  6. Parent or prospective parent
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  4. General community
Content of risk message:
  6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
  5. Birth defects



Author: Chess, Caron; Hance, Billie Joe
Year: 1988
Title: Alerting the apathetic and reassuring the alarmed: Communicating about radon risk in
three
communities
City: Washington, DC
Pages: 38
Date: August 1988
Report Number: EPA-230-08-88-036
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews the success of radon risk communication efforts in three very different situations and
makes recommendations for future programs.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
7. Outcome
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  2. Community meeting/community group
 4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
 8. Small groups/focus groups
10. TV
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 2. Communication style
 9. Preventability of hazard/personal control
Outcomes:
    4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
Hazard:
 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Chess, Caron; Salomone, Kandice L.
Year: 1992
Title: Rhetoric and reality: Risk communication in government agencies
Journal: Journal of Environmental Education
Volume: 23
Issue: 3
Pages: 28-33
Summary Sentence:
 Compares the intentions of government agencies for communicating risk to the public with their
actual practices.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 1. Communicator
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  8. Small groups/focus groups
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Chess, Caron; Salomone, Kandice L.; Hance, Billie Jo
Year: 1995
Title: Improving risk communication in government: Research priorities
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Pages: 127-135
Summary Sentence:
 Qualitative interviews and survey data used to explore risk communication experts' views on
improving government agencies' risk communication.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 1. Communicator
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 17. Other
21. Other professionals and experts
Outcomes:
  21. Other



Author: Chess, Caron; Salomone, Kandice L.; Hance, Billie Jo; Saville, Alex
Year: 1995
Title: Results of a national symposium on risk communication: New steps for government
agencies
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Pages: 115-125
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses bringing in outside perspectives, evaluation, and communicating with diverse
communities and organizations as issues that government agencies need to address to improve
risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 17. Other
21. Other professionals and experts
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 21. Other



Author: Chess, Caron; Saville, Alex; Tamuz, Michal; Greenberg, Michael
Year: 1992
Title: The organizational links between risk communication and risk management: The case of
Sybron Chemicals Inc
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
Pages: 431-438
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses a case study of a risk communication program and presents propositions regarding
risk communication and risk management.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 1. Communicator
Communicator:
  2. Business/corporation/commercial group
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  8. Small groups/focus groups
 9. Telephone
Content of risk message:
 14. Other
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Clancy, C.M.; Cebul, R.D.; Williams, S.V.
Year: 1988
Title: Guiding individual decisions: A randomized, controlled trial of decision analysis
Journal: American Journal of Medicine
Volume: 84
Issue: 2
Pages: 283-288
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of providing information on information plus individualized decision
analysis on physicians' and faculty members' vaccination against Hepatitis B.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  1. Computer program (non-internet)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
14. Other
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
  13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease)



Author: Clark, S. K.; Leighton, B. L.; Seltzer, J. L.
Year: 1991
Title: A risk-specific anesthesia consent form may hinder the informed consent process
Journal: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia
Volume: 3
Issue: 1
Pages: 11-13
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of a pre-printed consent form on the amount of risk information recalled by
post-operative patients.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 4. Channel
5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
 13. Ill-adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
12. Other
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  6. Recall of message
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
Hazard:
 20. Other
22. Treatment related risks



Author: Clift, Elayne
Year: 1990
Title: HEALTHCOM: A communication methodology for health in the Third World
Journal: Health Education Research
Volume: 5
Issue: 1
Pages: 99-106
Summary Sentence:
 Describes how the HEALTHCOM project relies on social marketing, behavior analysis, and
anthropology to effectively communicate health risks to the public.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 2. Audience
3. Setting
4. Channel
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Outcomes:
  12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Cline, Rebecca W.; Johnson, Sarah J.; Freeman, Kim E.
Year: 1992
Title: Talk among sexual partners about AIDS: Interpersonal communication for risk reduction
or risk enhancement?
Journal: Health Communication
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 39-56
Summary Sentence:
 Examines how much college students discuss AIDS with potential sexual partners.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 3. Setting
2. Audience
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Audience Ethnicity:
 6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Outcomes:
  12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs



Author: Clover, K.; Redman, S.; Forbes, J.; Sanson-Fisher, R.; Callaghan, T.
Year: 1996
Title: Two sequential randomized trials of community participation to recruit women for
mammographic screening
Journal: Preventive Medicine
Volume: 25
Issue: 2
Pages: 126-134
Summary Sentence:
 Evaluates the effectiveness of different interventions on rates of participation in community
mammographic screening programs.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 4. Channel
1. Communicator
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
13. Other
15. Community group
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  2. Community meeting/community group
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
 8. Small groups/focus groups
10. TV
11. Video
Content of risk message:
 14. Other
20.  General information about recommended action
Outcomes:
  13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Cody, Robyn; Lee, Christina
Year: 1990
Title: Behaviors, beliefs, and intentions in skin cancer prevention
Journal: Journal of Behavioral Medicine
Volume: 13
Issue: 4
Pages: 373-389
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the influence of videos (informational focus or emotional appeal) on college students'
knowledge, risk perceptions, and intentions to use sunscreen.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Audience Role:
   4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
 11. Video
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
Outcomes:
    3. Knowledge
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
   8. Risk perception-severity
  12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
  17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 5 Skin cancer



Author: Cohen, Alexander; Colligan, Michael J. ; Berger, Philip
Year: 1985
Title: Psychology in health risk messages for workers
Journal: Journal of Occupational Medicine
Volume: 27
Issue: 8
Pages: 543-551
Summary Sentence:
 Describes guidelines for communicating workplace health threats to workers.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 2. Audience
4. Channel
5. Content
Communicator:
  2. Business/corporation/commercial group
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  9. Workplace
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
12. Other
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  3. Knowledge
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
Methodological Issues:
 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Cohen, J.B.
Year: 1996
Title: Smokers' knowledge and understanding of advertised tar numbers: Health policy
implications
Journal: American Journal of Public Health
Volume: 86
Issue: 1
Pages: 18-24
Summary Sentence:
 Reports results of a national survey on smokers' interpretations of tar information on cigarette
packages and discusses the implications for cigarette advertising.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
4. Channel
Communicator:
  2. Business/corporation/commercial group
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
 12. Other
24. Product label/packaging
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
14. Other
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  3. Knowledge
Hazard:
 17. Smoking



Author: Connelly, Nancy A.; Knuth, Barbara A.
Year: 1998
Title: Evaluating risk communication: Examining target audience perceptions about four
presentation formats for fish consumption health advisory information
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 18
Issue: 5
Pages: 649-659
Summary Sentence:
 Evaluates four presentation formats for communicating the health risks of eating chemically
contaminated Great Lakes fish.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 6. Format
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 9. Preventability of hazard
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Covello, Vincent T.
Year: 1989
Title: Communicating information about the health risks of radioactive waste: A review of
obstacles to public understanding.
Journal: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
Volume: 65
Issue: 4
Pages: 467-482
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses barriers to the public's understanding of radioactive waste issues and presents
suggestions for improving risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
5. Content
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 3. Definition of hazard
 5. Likelihood-absolute
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 21. Other
 27. Information processing/decision-making process
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Covello, Vincent T.
Year: 1992
Title: Trust and credibility in risk communication
Journal: Health and Environment Digest
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-3
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses spokesperson credibility and implications for effective risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
Communicator:
  2. Business/corporation/commercial group
 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
17. Other
21. Other professionals and experts
Setting:
  2. Community meeting/community group
 4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  3. Lecture
 4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Covello, Vincent T.; Sandman, Peter M.; Slovic, Paul
Year: 1988
Title: Risk communication, risk statistics, and risk comparisons: A manual for plant managers
City: Washington, DC
Publisher: Chemical Manufacturers Association
Number of Pages: 57
Summary Sentence:
 Offers guidelines to chemical plant managers for effective risk communication to both
employees and community members.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Communicator:
  1. Authority figure (non-expert)
13. Other
Audience Role:
 16. General public
17. Other
 5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
 9. Workplace
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
 8. Small groups/focus groups
10. TV
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
 9. Preventability of hazard
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
   9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 21. Other
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Croyle, Robert T.; Hunt, Julie R.
Year: 1991
Title: Coping with health threat: Social influence processes in reactions to medical test results
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Volume: 60
Issue: 3
Pages: 382-389
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the influence of another person's test result and reactions on subjects' perceptions of a
hypothetical disease.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 3. Setting
5. Content
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
14. Other
21. Test results
Form of risk information:
  6. Other
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 14. Hypothetical risk



Author: Croyle, Robert T.; Lerman, Caryn
Year: 1999
Title: Risk communication in genetic testing for cancer susceptibility
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.  Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 59-66
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the influences of perceived vulnerability for cancer, perceived risks of genetic testing,
psychological distress, and family on genetic testing for cancer susceptibility.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 7. Outcome
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
26. Relative
Outcomes:
    3. Knowledge
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
Methodological Issues:
  1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)
 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Croyle, Robert T.; Sun, Yi-Chun; Louie, Douglas H.
Year: 1993
Title: Psychological minimization of cholesterol test results: Moderators of appraisal in college
students and community residents
Journal: Health Psychology
Volume: 12
Issue: 6
Pages: 503-507
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of information from cholesterol level tests on perceptions of cholesterol's
threat to health and test accuracy.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
7. Outcome
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Audience Ethnicity:
 6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
21. Test results
Form of risk information:
 4. Text-numerical 
5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  8. Risk perception-severity
 16. Intended information seeking behavior
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke
20. Other



Author: Curbow, B.; McDiarmid, M. A.; Breysse, P.; Lees, P. S.
Year: 1994
Title: Investigation of a spontaneous abortion cluster: Development of a risk communication plan
Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Volume: 26
Issue: 2
Pages: 265-275
Summary Sentence:
 Examines women's perceptions of the risk of spontaneous abortion caused by their work
environment and recommends a risk communication plan based on these findings.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  3. Focus group/small group
 9. Workplace
Outcomes:
    3. Knowledge
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
   9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
  21. Other
   22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment
Hazard:
 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants)
20. Other



Author: Curry, S. J.; Taplin, S. H.; Anderman, C.; Barlow, W. E.; McBride, C.
Year: 1993
Title: A randomized trial of the impact of risk assessment and feedback on participation in
mammography screening
Journal: Preventive Medicine
Volume: 22
Issue: 3
Pages: 350-360
Summary Sentence:
 Evaluates the effects of providing individualized risk factor information on screening
participation.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
  13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Cvetkovich, George; Earle, Timothy C.
Year: 1992
Title: Environmental hazards and the public
Journal: Journal of Social Issues
Volume: 48
Issue: 4
Pages: 1-20
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses issues concerning effective management of environmental hazards, including ways in
which risk communication can be improved.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
5. Content
Communicator:
  2. Business/corporation/commercial group
 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  2. Comprehension of message
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 21. Other
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Dake, Karl
Year: 1992
Title: Myths of nature: Culture and the social construction of risk
Journal: Journal of Social Issues
Volume: 48
Issue: 4
Pages: 21-37
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses how the meaning and identification of risk is determined by society and culture.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 3. Setting
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Channels of risk communication:
 12. Other
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Davison, B.J.; Degner, L.F.; Morgan, J.R.
Year: 1995
Title: Information and decision making preferences of men with prostatic cancer
Journal: Oncology Nursing Forum
Volume: 22
Issue: 9
Pages: 1401-1408
Summary Sentence:
 Examines preferences for involvement and type of information of men diagnosed with prostate
cancer.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
 13. Ill-adult
Audience Gender:
 2. Male
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Outcomes:
   16. Intended information seeking behavior
  21. Other
  28. Information/communication preferences
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 4 Prostate cancer



Author: de Marchi, Bruna
Year: 1991
Title: The Seveso Directive: An Italian pilot study in enabling communication
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Pages: 207-215
Summary Sentence:
 Examines Italian subjects' information choices - who they prefer as a source, what style and type
of message they most prefer - in connection to the Seveso Directive.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 21. Other
 28. Information/communication preferences
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
20. Other
44. Seveso Directive



Author: Dedinsky, Mary A.
Year: 1988
Title: The effects of instruction in holistic health on self-concept, anxiety, and responses of lay
pastoral care ministers
University: Marquette U, WI, USA.
Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 48(7-A), Jan 1988, 1658.
Publication Type:
4. Empirical



Author: DeFriese, Gordon H.; Fielding, Jonathan E.
Year: 1990
Title: Health risk appraisal in the 1990's: Opportunities, challenges, and expectations
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health
Volume: 11
Pages: 401-418
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the history, use, and future outlook of health risk appraisals.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 12. General
Channels of risk communication:
 12. Other
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires



Author: Diefenbach, M.A., Weinstein, N.D., O'Reilly, J.
Year: 1993
Title: Scales for assessing perceptions of health hazard susceptibility
Journal: Health Education Research
Volume: 8
Issue: 2
Pages: 181-192
Summary Sentence:
 Evaluates the effectiveness of different scales for measuring perceptions of risk likelihood in
terms of subjects' ratings of the scales as well as the scales' validity and reliability.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 6. Format
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
    7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)
Methodological Issues:
  2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Ditto, Peter H.; Jemmott, John B.; Darley, John M.
Year: 1988
Title: Appraising the threat of illness: A mental representational approach
Journal: Health Psychology
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 183-201
Summary Sentence:
 Tests a mental model of illness threat perception with a study in which subjects were told that
they tested positively or negatively for a fictitious risk factor for pancreatic disease.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
12. Other
23. Audiotape
Content of risk message:
  9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
 16. Intended information seeking behavior
Hazard:
 14. Hypothetical risk



Author: Ditto, Peter H.; Lopez, David F.
Year: 1992
Title: Motivated skepticism: Use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred
conclusions
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Volume: 63
Issue: 4
Pages: 568-584
Summary Sentence:
 Examines college students' willingness to believe a saliva test result.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
14. Other
21. Test results
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
7. Oral/spoken
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 11. Actual information seeking behavior
 21. Other
 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment
Hazard:
 14. Hypothetical risk



Author: Dolan, J. G.
Year: 1995
Title: Are patients capable of using the analytic hierarchy process and willing to use it to help
make clinical decisions?
Journal: Medical Decision Making
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Pages: 76-80
Summary Sentence:
 Examines whether patients are capable of and willing to use a computer-based decision aid that
focuses on preventative measures against colon cancer.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 10. Decision aid
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  1. Computer program (non-internet)
 4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
 14. Other
Form of risk information:
  1. Decision aid
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  3. Knowledge
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 21. Other
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
6.12 Colon cancer
 6.13 Other cancer




Author: Donohew, Lewis; Palmgreen, Philip; Lorch, Elizabeth Pugzles
Year: 1994
Title: Attention, need for sensation, and health communication campaigns
Journal: American Behavioral Scientist
Volume: 38
Issue: 2
Pages: 310-322
Summary Sentence:
 Examines effects of PSA's about drug use of high versus low sensation value on an at-risk
audience of high sensation seeking adolescents.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
6. Format
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
 8. Non-governmental organization (e.g., Am. Lung Assoc.)
Audience Role:
 17. Other
 8. At risk/exposed-child or teen
Setting:
  4. General community
 6. Laboratory
Channels of risk communication:
  7. Radio
10. TV
Content of risk message:
 2. Communication style
9. Preventability of hazard
Form of risk information:
  6. Other
Outcomes:
  10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
Hazard:
  8. Drug abuse



Author: Doyle, James K.
Year: 1997
Title: Judging cumulative risk
Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 27
Issue: 6
Pages: 500-524
Summary Sentence:
 Examines college students' ratings of hazards with differing probabilities and time courses and
their strategies for arriving at these estimates.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
12. Time course of hazard
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
    7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Dunwoody, Sharon
Year: 1994
Title: Telling public stories about risk
Editor: MacDonald, J. F.
Book Title: Agricultural Biotechnology: A Public Conversation about Risk
City: Ithaca, NY
Publisher: National Agricultural Biotechnology Council
Pages: 97-106
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the role of channels in informing the public about risks and in determining whether or
not the risk is relevant to them, with a focus on mass media and interpersonal channels.
Publication Type
  1. Discussion
Focus:
 4. Channel
Channels of risk communication:

  0. Channels (general)
Outcomes:
    2. Comprehension of message
   3. Knowledge
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
   8. Risk perception-severity
   9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
  28. Information/communication preferences




Author: Dunwoody, Sharon; Neuwirth, Kurt
Year: 1991
Title: Coming to terms with the impact of communication on scientific and technological risk
judgments
Editor: Wilkins, Lee; Patterson, Philip
Book Title: Risky Business: Communicating issues of science, risk, and public policy
City: Westport, CT
Publisher: Greenwood Press
Pages: 11-30
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews risk communication literature and argues for researchers to use clearly defined concepts
when studying how information is obtained and used to make risk decisions.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 4. Channel
8. Measurement/evaluation
Communicator:
 12. Unspecified
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student 
16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
10. TV
Outcomes:
   9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs
19. General, unspecified
Methodological Issues:
 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)
2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Dunwoody, Sharon; Neuwirth, Kurt; Griffin, Robert J.; Long, Marilee
Year: 1992
Title: The impact of risk message content and construction on comments about risks embedded
in "letters to friends"
Journal: Journal of Language and Social Psychology
Volume: 11
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 9-33
Summary Sentence:
 Examines how level of risk, severity of risk, presence of a risky headline and personalization of
the message influenced students' perceptions of risk , worry, and mentions of risk in a letter to a
friend.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
6. Format
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  1. Computer program (non-internet)
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 5. Likelihood-absolute
11. Severity of outcome
22. Personalized information
Form of risk information:
  6. Other
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 21. Other
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease)
20. Other



Author: Edwards, Adrian; Matthews, Elaine; Pill, Roisin; Bloor, Michael
Year: 1998
Title: Communication about risk: The responses of primary care professionals to standardizing
the 'language of risk' and communication tools
Journal: Family Practice
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Pages: 301-307
Summary Sentence:
 Examines primary care professionals' attitudes toward standardizing the language of risk
communication.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 5. Content
6. Format
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
Setting:
  3. Focus group/small group



Author: Edwards, Adrian; Matthews, Elaine; Pill, Roisin; Bloor, Michael
Year: 1998
Title: Communication about risk: Diversity among primary care professionals
Journal: Family Practice
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Pages: 296-300
Summary Sentence:
 Reports health professionals' concerns about communication of risk to patients.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 1. Communicator
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
 17. Other
20. Patient (general)
Setting:
  3. Focus group/small group
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 5. Likelihood-absolute
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Edwards, A.; Prior, L.
Year: 1997
Title: Communication about risk--dilemmas for general practitioners.
Journal: British Journal of General Practice
Volume: 47
Issue: 424
Pages: 739-742
Summary Sentence:
 Explores the language of risk (including probability) as it pertains to improving risk
communication between general practitioners and their patients.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 3. Setting
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
14. Other
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical 
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Environmental_Protection_Agency
Year: 1990
Title: Hazardous substances in our environment: A citizen's guide to understanding health risks
and reducing exposure
City: Washington, DC
Institutional Author: Environmental Protection Agency
Pages: 125
Report Number: EPA 230-09-90-081
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the risks of hazardous environmental substances for human health.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 5. Content
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
 4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 3. Definition of hazard
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
11. Severity of outcome
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Hazard:
   9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Erev, Ido; Cohen, Brent L.
Year: 1990
Title: Verbal versus numerical probabilities: Efficiency, biases, and the preference paradox
Journal: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
Volume: 45
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-18
Summary Sentence:
 Examines subjects' preferences for rating the attractiveness of gambles numerically and verbally.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 6. Format
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
  15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism)
Hazard:
 20. Other



Author: Evans, D. G. R.; Burnell, L. D.; Hopwood, P.; Howell, A.
Year: 1993
Title: Perception of risk in women with a family history of breast cancer
Journal: British Journal of Cancer
Volume: 67
Issue: 3
Pages: 612-614
Summary Sentence:
 Questionnaire study examines perceptions of risk in women with a family history of breast
cancer.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Evers, Kerry E.; Bishop, Carianne H.; Gerhan, Lisa S.; Weisse, Carol S.
Year: 1997
Title: AIDS educator effectiveness as a function of sexual orientation and HIV status
Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 27
Issue: 10
Pages: 902-914
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the influence of an AIDS educator's sexual orientation and HIV status on college
students' knowledge, risk perceptions, and behavioral intentions.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 1. Communicator
Communicator:
 10. Patient/peer/community member (affected)
11. Peer/community member (not affected)
13. Other
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
 11. Video
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 9. Preventability of hazard
14. Other
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs



Author: Finendale, M. J.
Year: 1993
Title: Beyond notification: A case study from Cloquet, Minnesota
Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 153-159
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the process of worker notification regarding the risk from asbestos exposure in
Cloquet, Minnesota.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 4. Channel
7. Outcome
11. Multiple
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  9. Workplace
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
 8. Small groups/focus groups
10. TV
11. Video
12. Other
21. Letter
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
Outcomes:
  13. Actual testing/screening
 21. Other
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 9 Lung cancer
 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
17. Smoking



Author: Finkel, A. M.
Year: 1995
Title: Toward less misleading comparisons of uncertain risks: The example of aflatoxin and alar
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives
Volume: 103
Issue: 4
Pages: 376-385
Summary Sentence:
 Examines whether comparative risk presentations are effective in conveying uncertainties.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 6. Format
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Content of risk message:
  6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Fischhoff, Baruch
Year: 1998
Title: Why (cancer) risk communication can be hard
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 7-13
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the difficulties of cancer risk communication, including the communicator's challenge
of presenting a clear message and the audience's cognitive capacity to process the message.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
2. Audience
5. Content
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
  6. 0 Cancer



Author: Fischhoff, Baruch
Year: 1995
Title: Risk perception and communication unplugged: Twenty years of process
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Pages: 137-145
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the history of risk communication, its development over the past twenty years, and
suggestions for the best ways to do risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
12. General
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
11. Severity of outcome
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
 6. Other
Outcomes:
   8. Risk perception-severity
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified
Methodological Issues:
 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)
 3. Other


Author: Fischhoff, Baruch
Year: 1989
Title: Risk:  A guide to controversy
Editor: Committee on Risk Perception and Communication, National Research Council
Book Title: Improving risk communication
City: Washington, DC
Publisher: National Academy Press
Pages: Appendix C 211-319
Summary Sentence:
 Designed as a guide to understanding risk controversies,  outlines the essential dimensions of
risks for risk management and risk communication.   Strategies for designing risk
communications are provided.  Divided into the following sections: "The science," "Science and
policy," " The nature of the controversy," "Strategies for risk communication," and 
"Psychological principles in communication design."
Publication Type
  2. Review
Focus:
 1. Communicator
2. Audience
5. Content
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role, Ethnicity, & Gender:
  0. Audience role (general)
Content of risk message:
  0. Content (general)
Outcomes:
    7. Risk perception-likelihood
   8. Risk perception-severity

Methodological Issues:
  1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Fischhoff, B.; Bostrom, A.; Quadrel, M. J.
Year: 1993
Title: Risk perception and communication
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health
Volume: 14
Pages: 183-203
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses biases in judgement that can affect risk perception, mental models of risk perception,
and strategies for effective risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 5. Content
6. Format
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 13. Actual testing/screening
 21. Other
 27. Information processing/decision-making process
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Fischhoff, Baruch; de Bruin, Wandi Bruine
Year: 1999
Title: Fifty-fifty = 50%?
Journal: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Pages: 149-163
Summary Sentence:
 Studied conditions under which people report the likelihood of a risk as "50%" or "fifty-fifty"
when they really mean that they have no idea what to answer.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 8. Measurement/evaluation
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
 4. College student  
5. Adult
Setting:
 2. community meeting/community group 
8. Educational setting: school or university
Outcomes:
 7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)
Methodological Issues:
  2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Fischhoff, B.; Downs, J. S.
Year: 1997
Title: Communicating foodborne disease risk
Journal: Emerging Infectious Diseases
Volume: 3
Issue: 4
Pages: 489-495
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses how risk communication research can be used to help inform consumers about
foodborne diseases.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
Communicator:
  2. Business/corporation/commercial group
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
 12. Other
24. Product label/packaging
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
 7. Possible health outcomes
11. Severity of outcome
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 20. Other
23. Food related risks



Author: Fischhoff, Baruch; MacGregor, Don
Year: 1983
Title: Judged lethality: How much people seem to know depends upon how much they are asked
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 3
Issue: 4
Pages: 229-236
Summary Sentence:
 Examines how lay people's lethality judgements are affected by use of different response scales.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 8. Measurement/evaluation
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)
Methodological Issues:
 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Fisher, Ann
Year: 1991
Title: Risk communication challenges
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Pages: 173-179
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the challenges facing risk communicators and provides recommendations for
increasing effectiveness.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 1. Communicator
5. Content
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 5. Likelihood-absolute
11. Severity of outcome
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Fisher, Ann
Year: 1993
Title: Planning indoor air risk communication programs:  Lessons for alerting people versus
reassuring them
Journal: Indoor Air
Volume: 3
Pages: 57-64
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews research on risk communication and discusses when and how to reassure versus alert
people about environmental risks.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 5. Content
Channels of risk communication:
 26. Media-general
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Outcomes:
 5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
7. Risk perception-likelihood   
8. Risk perception-severity
12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)
19. General, unspecified



Author: Fisher, Ann; Chen, Ya-Chin
Year: 1996
Title: Customer perceptions of agency risk communication
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Pages: 177-184
Summary Sentence:
 Reports results of a survey of customers' satisfaction with a government agency's risk
communication practices.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 1. Communicator
2. Audience
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
10. TV
12. Other
Outcomes:
  10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Fisher, A.; Johnson, F. R.
Year: 1990
Title: Radon risk communication research: Practical lessons
Journal: Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association
Volume: 40
Issue: 5
Pages: 738-739
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses six reasons why the public is not very concerned about radon and how to devise
effective risk communications regarding radon.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 12. General
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Outcomes:
  12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Fisher, A.; McClelland, G. H.; Schulze, W. D.; Doyle, J. K.
Year: 1991
Title: Communicating the risk from radon
Journal: Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association
Volume: 41
Issue: 11
Pages: 1440-1445
Summary Sentence:
 Contrasts two studies of homeowners' radon testing and mitigation practices in response to
differing risk communication programs.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
3. Setting
Communicator:
  2. Business/corporation/commercial group
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
10. TV
Content of risk message:
  9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
Outcomes:
  12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Flora, June A.; Schooler, Caroline; Mays, Vickie M.; Cochran, Susan D.
Year: 1996
Title: Exploring a model of symbolic social communication: The case of "Magic" Johnson
Journal: Journal of Health Psychology
Volume: 1
Issue: 3
Pages: 353-366
Summary Sentence:
 Examines male college students' and homeless males' perceptions of the credibility of celebrity
and professional communications of HIV prevention messages.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student 
 5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
 1. African-American
Audience Gender:
 2. Male
Setting:
  3. Focus group/small group 
8. Educational setting: school or university
10. Other
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
 11. Actual information seeking behavior
Hazard:
 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs



Author: Fong, Geoffrey T.; Rempel, Lynn A.; Hall, Peter A.
Year: 1999
Title: Challenges to improving health risk communication in the 21st century
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 173-176
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses risk communication considerations including ways to present risk, measure
effectiveness, and work more productively with mass media.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
6. Format
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  2. Internet (listserves, web pages)
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
10. TV
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified
Methodological Issues:
 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Forrow, Lachlan; Taylor, William C.; Arnold, Robert M.
Year: 1992
Title: Absolutely relative: How research results are summarized can affect treatment decisions
Journal: The American Journal of Medicine
Volume: 92
Issue: 2
Pages: 121-124
Summary Sentence:
 Examines effects of different presentations of health information on physicians' treatment
decisions.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
6. Format
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
  21. Other
  14. Actual treatment behavior
  27. Information processing/decision-making process
Hazard:
 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke



Author: Fox, Craig R.; Irwin, Julie R.
Year: 1998
Title: The role of context in the communication of uncertain beliefs
Journal: Basic and Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 57-70
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses six factors that influence audiences (prior beliefs, context, speakers' motivations, etc.)
when updating their uncertain beliefs.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 2. Audience
3. Setting
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
 21. Other
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Fox, S. A.; Murata, P. J.; Stein, J. A.
Year: 1991
Title: The impact of physician compliance on screening mammography for older women
Journal: Archives of Internal Medicine
Volume: 151
Issue: 1
Pages: 50-56
Summary Sentence:
 Investigates the effects of physician-patient discussions on mammography and screening
practices.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  9. Preventability of hazard
Outcomes:
  13. Actual testing/screening
 18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Frazier, E. L.; Jiles, R. B.; Mayberry, R.
Year: 1996
Title: Use of screening mammography and clinical breast examinations among Black, Hispanic,
and White women
Journal: Preventive Medicine
Volume: 25
Issue: 2
Pages: 118-125
Summary Sentence:
 Examines reported mammography use by women of different race/ethnic groups.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  1. African-American
 3. Caucasian
 4. Hispanic
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  4. General community
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Outcomes:
  13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Freeman, R. C.; French, J. F.
Year: 1995
Title: What is the addicts' grapevine when there's 'bad dope'? An investigation in New Jersey
Journal: Public Health Reports
Volume: 110
Issue: 5
Pages: 621-624
Summary Sentence:
 Reports survey in which drug users were asked about the channels through which they learn
about severe threats to their health.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
4. Channel
Communicator:
   1. Authority figure (non-expert)
5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
13. Other
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
10. TV
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
Hazard:
   8. Drug abuse



Author: Freimuth, V. S.; Mettger, W.
Year: 1990
Title: Is there a hard-to-reach audience?
Journal: Public Health Reports
Volume: 105
Issue: 3
Pages: 232-238
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses alternatives to viewing audiences as "hard-to-reach" and provides recommendations
for different risk communication responses.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 2. Audience
Communicator:
 12. Unspecified
Audience Role:
 17. Other
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
10. TV
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified
Methodological Issues:
 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Freimuth, V. S.; Van Nevel, J. P.
Year: 1993
Title: Channels and vehicles of communication: The asbestos awareness campaign
Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 105-111
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effect of a government multi-media asbestos awareness program on the general
public's knowledge and risk awareness regarding asbestos exposure.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 4. Channel
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
10. TV
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 11. Actual information seeking behavior
 21. Other
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Freudenburg, W. R.; Rursch, J. A.
Year: 1994
Title: The risks of "Putting the numbers in context": A cautionary tale
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Pages: 949-958
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effect of presenting risk likelihood information in absolute versus comparative
terms on college students' attitudes toward a hazardous waste incinerator.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 5. Content
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
 20. Intended other behavior (e.g., activism)
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Frewer, L. J.; Howard, C.; Hedderley, D.; Shepherd, R.
Year: 1997
Title: The elaboration likelihood model and communication about food risks
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 17
Issue: 6
Pages: 759-770
Summary Sentence:
 Evaluates the effects of varying hazard type, source credibility, and message persuasiveness on
perceived risk and level of information processing.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 3. Setting
5. Content
7. Outcome
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
14. Other
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 21. Other
 27. Information processing/decision-making process
Hazard:
  1. Alcohol
20. Other
23. Food related risks



Author: Frewer, L. J.; Howard, C.; Hedderley, D.; Shepherd, R.
Year: 1996
Title: What determines trust in information about food-related risks? Underlying psychological
constructs
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Pages: 473-486
Summary Sentence:
 Describes three studies indicating that moderately accountable sources engender the most trust
regarding food-related hazards.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 1. Communicator
7. Outcome
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  4. General community
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust) 
21. Other
Hazard:
 20. Other
23. Food related risks
Methodological Issues:
 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Gabbard-Alley, Anne S.
Year: 1995
Title: Health communication and gender: A review and critique
Journal: Health Communication
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 35-54
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews research on patient gender and health communication.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 3. Setting
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Gail, Mitchell H.; Costantino, Joseph P.; Bryant, John; Croyle, Robert; Freedman,
Laurence; Helzlsouer, Kathy; Vogel, Victor
Year: 1999
Title: Weighing the risks and benefits of tamoxifen treatment for preventing breast cancer
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
Volume: 91
Issue: 21
Pages: 1829-1846
Summary Sentence:
 Presents a risk-benefit analysis of tamoxifen treatment for preventing breast cancer and
discusses the implications for explaining the risks to patients.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  1. African-American
 3. Caucasian
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
 7. Possible health outcomes
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
  14. Actual treatment behavior
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Garte, S. J.
Year: 1990
Title: Communication of relative carcinogenic risks: A quantitative approach [letter]
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 10
Issue: 4
Pages: 467-468
Summary Sentence:
 Proposes the use of a logarithmic scale (to denote carcinogenic risk from different sources) to
aid the public's comprehension of risk.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 6. Format
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
Form of risk information:
 2. Graphical display
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Gerbert, B.; Bleecker, T.; Saub, E.
Year: 1995
Title: Risk perception and risk communication: Benefits of dentist-patient discussions
Journal: Journal of the American Dental Association
Volume: 126
Issue: 3
Pages: 333-339
Summary Sentence:
 Reports results of a survey that asked dental patients about their concerns and their risk-related
discussions with their dentists.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 3. Setting
7. Outcome
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
Hazard:
 20. Other
21. Dental issues



Author: Gerrard, Meg; Gibbons, Frederick X.; Reis-Bergen, Monica
Year: 1999
Title: The effect of risk communication on risk perceptions: The significance of individual
differences
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 94-100
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews studies examining the relation between risk communication and behavior change, and
studies on tailoring risk communications to individuals' characteristics.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 2. Audience
7. Outcome
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  0. Audience role (general)
Content of risk message:
 22. Personalized information
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 21. Other
Methodological Issues:
  1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Gibbons, Frederick X.; McGovern, Paul G.; Lando, Harry A.
Year: 1991
Title: Relapse and risk perception among members of a smoking cessation clinic
Journal: Health Psychology
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Pages: 42-45
Summary Sentence:
 Compares risk perceptions of members of a smoking cessation clinic who abstained from
smoking throughout treatment with those who did not.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
7. Outcome
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  8. Small groups/focus groups
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
  3. Asthma/Emphysema/Chronic lung disease
  6. 0 Cancer
 6.13 Other cancer
 6. 9 Lung cancer
13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke



Author: Gigerenzer, G.
Year: 1996
Title: The psychology of good judgement: Frequency formats and simple algorithms
Journal: Medical Decision Making
Volume: 16
Issue: 3
Pages: 273-280
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses why Bayesian inferences are more likely to be correct when information is presented
in a frequency format than in a probability format, and suggests that reasoning can be effective
even if it does not meet criteria of "rationality."
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 6. Format
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
 7. Risk perception-likelihood



Author: Gigerenzer, Gerd; Hoffrage, Ulrich
Year: 1995
Title: How to improve Bayesian reasoning without instruction: Frequency formats
Journal: Psychological Review
Volume: 102
Issue: 4
Pages: 684-704
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effect of format (probability versus frequency) on statistically naive participants'
perceptions of risk likelihood.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 6. Format
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
Form of risk information:
 6. Other
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
 21. Other
 27. Information processing/decision-making process
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Golding, Dominic; Krimsky, Sheldon; Plough, Alonzo
Year: 1992
Title: Evaluating risk communication: Narrative vs. technical presentations of information about
radon
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 27-35
Summary Sentence:
 Examines whether a technical or narrative format is more effective in changing attitudes and
increasing knowledge about radon.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 1. Communicator
6. Format
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  3. Focus group/small group
 4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 2. Communication style
 3. Definition of hazard
 7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
11. Severity of outcome
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
 6. Other
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
  6. Recall of message
 13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Gots, Ronald E.
Year: 1994
Title: Public versus personal risk: The challenge in environmental risk communication
Journal: Technology: Journal of the Franklin Institute
Volume: 331A
Pages: 59-65
Summary Sentence:
 Suggests using a matrix approach to designing risk communications, where the matrix involves
level of health concern and level of indignation or outrage.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 5. Content
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
 9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants)
19. General, unspecified



Author: Grady, K. E.; Lemkau, J. P.; McVay, J. M.; Reisine, S. T.
Year: 1992
Title: The importance of physician encouragement in breast cancer screening of older women
Journal: Preventive Medicine
Volume: 21
Issue: 6
Pages: 766-780
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the relationship between physician encouragement and breast cancer screening among
older women.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 3. Setting
2. Audience
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
 6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
 14. Other
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
 13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Gray, Abby
Year: 1993
Title: Health communication during fetal development: An examination of
obstetrician-gynecologists' and patients' relational developmental growth stages
University: Bowling Green State U, OH, USA.
Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 54(3-A), Sep 1993, 734.
Publication Type:
4. Empirical



Author: Gray, Philip C. R.
Year: 1995
Title: Waste incineration: Controversy and risk communication
Journal: European Review of Applied Psychology/Revue Europeenne de Psychologie Appliquee
Volume: 45
Issue: 1
Pages: 29-34
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the controversy between DuPont and the public over a proposed waste incinerator in
Northern Ireland.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 3. Setting
4. Channel
5. Content
Channels of risk communication:
  6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
10. TV
12. Other
22. Community meetings/community groups
Outcomes:
 1. Attitude
4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
21. Other
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Green, M. J.; Fost, N.
Year: 1997
Title: An interactive computer program for educating and counseling patients about genetic
susceptibility to breast cancer
Journal: Journal of Cancer Education
Volume: 12
Issue: 4
Pages: 204-208
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the benefits of computer program for providing women with breast cancer
information
before genetic testing.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 4. Channel
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
13. Other
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  1. Computer program (non-internet)
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  3. Interactive
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Greening, Leilani; Chandler, Carla C.
Year: 1997
Title: Why it can't happen to me: The base rate matters, but overestimating skill leads to
underestimating risk
Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 27
Issue: 9
Pages: 760-780
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effect of personal control and base rates on college students' estimates of their risk
for aversive events.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 9. Preventability of hazard/personal control
14. Other
Form of risk information:
 4. Text-numerical
5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Greening, L.; Dollinger, S.J.
Year: 1992
Title: Adolescents' perceptions of lightning and tornado risks
Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 22
Pages: 755-762
Summary Sentence:
 Examines high school students' perceptions of risk of death from lightning and tornados.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  3. Teen
  8. At risk/exposed-child or teen
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
 11. Actual information seeking behavior
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 21. Other
Hazard:
 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants)



Author: Griffin, R. J.; Dunwoody, S.; Zabala, F.
Year: 1998
Title: Public reliance on risk communication channels in the wake of a cryptosporidium outbreak
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 18
Issue: 4
Pages: 367-375
Summary Sentence:
 Describes risk perceptions, demographics, worry, and use of media after a cryptosporidium
outbreak in the community.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism)
Hazard:
 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease)
20. Other



Author: Grimes, David M.; Snively, Gillian R.
Year: 1999
Title: Patients' understanding of medical risks: Implications for genetic counseling
Journal: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Volume: 93
Issue: 6
Pages: 910-914
Summary Sentence:
 Investigates whether women can more easily understand probabilities when expressed with
constant numerators (e.g., 1 in 333 versus 1 in 250) or with constant denominators (e.g., 3 in
1000 versus 4 in 1000).
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 6. Format
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  2. Asian
 3. Caucasian
 4. Hispanic
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  1. Computer program (non-internet)
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
  5. Birth defects



Author: Guidotti, Tee L.; Jacobs, Philip
Year: 1993
Title: The implications of an epidemiological mistake: A community's response to a perceived
excess cancer risk
Journal: American Journal of Public Health
Volume: 83
Issue: 2
Pages: 233-239
Summary Sentence:
 Reports public opinion and property value trends in response to an erroneous cancer risk
communication.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
Content of risk message:
  6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior 
21. Other
24. Community or public response
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Hallowell, Nina; Statham, Helen; Murton, Frances
Year: 1998
Title: Women's understanding of their risk of developing breast/ovarian cancer before and after
genetic counseling
Journal: Journal of Genetic Counseling
Volume: 7
Issue: 4
Pages: 345-364
Summary Sentence:
 Shows how genetic risk counseling improves women's knowledge of their own risk for breast
cancer.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 7. Outcome
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Hallowell, Nina; Statham, Helen; Murton, Frances; Green, Jo; Richards, Martin
Year: 1997
Title: "Talking about chance": The presentation of risk information during genetic counseling for
breast and ovarian cancer
Journal: Journal of Genetic Counseling
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Pages: 269-286
Summary Sentence:
 Surveys women's preferences among different presentation formats when receiving cancer risk
information from a genetic counselor.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 6. Format
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Halpern, Diane F.; Blackman, Sonia; Salzman, Billie
Year: 1989
Title: Using statistical risk information to assess oral contraceptive safety
Journal: Applied Cognitive Psychology
Volume: 3
Issue: 3
Pages: 251-260
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effect of different risk information formats on perceptions of the risk of side
effects from oral contraceptives.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 6. Format
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student 
 5. Adult
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke
22. Treatment related risks



Author: Hance, Billie J.; Chess, Caron; Sandman, Peter M.
Year: 1989
Title: Setting a context for explaining risk
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 9
Issue: 1
Pages: 113-117
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the importance of understanding community concerns, involving communities, and
developing trust between the agency and community during risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 21. Other
 24. Community or public response
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Editor: Handmer, John; Penning-Roswell, Edmund
Year: 1990
Title: Hazards and the Communication of Risk
City: Brookfield, VT
Publisher: Gower Technical
Number of Pages: 350
Summary Sentence:
 Book based on an international workshop on risk communication, with a focus on
communication regarding natural disasters.  Its chapters are divided into sections called
"Persuading individuals," "The context of persuasion," "Assessing success," and "Programme
design and implementation."
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 5. Content
8. Measurement/evaluation
11. Multiple
Audience Role, Ethnicity, & Gender:
  0. Audience role (general)

Channels of risk communication:
  0. Channels (general)
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants)
11. HIV/AIDS/STDs
Methodological Issues:
  1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Hansson, Sven Ove
Year: 1989
Title: Dimensions of risk
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 9
Issue: 1
Pages: 107-112
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses eight considerations in using risk comparisons.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
12. Time course of hazard
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Harding, Christina M.; Eiser, J. Richard; Kristiansen, Connie M.
Year: 1982
Title: The representation of mortality statistics and the perceived importance of causes of death
Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
Pages: 169-181
Summary Sentence:
 Investigates different formats for representing statistics that influence students' impressions of
causes of death.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 6. Format
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  3. Teen
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   8. Risk perception-severity
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Haug, Marie R.
Year: 1996
Title: The effects of physician/elder patient characteristics on health communication
Journal: Health Communication
Volume: 8
Issue: 3
Pages: 249-262
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the demographic factors that affect doctor-patient communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 3. Setting
1. Communicator
2. Audience
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
 15. Ill-senior citizen
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Hazen, G. B.; Hopp, W. J.; Pellissier, J. M.
Year: 1991
Title: Continuous-risk utility assessment in medical decision making
Journal: Medical Decision Making
Volume: 11
Issue: 4
Pages: 294-304
Summary Sentence:
 Examines adults' responses under a conventional assessment protocol versus a continuous risk
utility assessment protocol and argues the benefits of the latter.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
6. Format
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
 17. Other
4. College student 
21. Other professionals and experts
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  1. Computer program (non-internet)
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
12. Time course of hazard
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Helitzer-Allen, D. L.; Kendall, C.
Year: 1992
Title: Explaining differences between qualitative and quantitative data: A study of
chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy
Journal: Health Education Quarterly
Volume: 19
Issue: 1
Pages: 41-54
Summary Sentence:
 Uses multiple methods to evaluate the effectiveness of a health program designed to encourage
pregnant women to prevent and treat malaria.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
3. Setting
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  6. Parent or prospective parent
Audience Ethnicity:
  7. Other
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 8. Small groups/focus groups
Content of risk message:
  9. Preventability of hazard
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease)
Methodological Issues:
 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Henderson, Joseph; Noell, John; Reeves, Thomas; Robinson, Thomas; Strecher, Victor
Year: 1999
Title: Developers and evaluation of interactive health communication applications
Journal: American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 30-34
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the importance of program evaluations in the development of successful interactive
health communication software.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 8. Measurement/evaluation
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
13. Other
Channels of risk communication:
  1. Computer program (non-internet)
Form of risk information:
  3. Interactive
Outcomes:
  10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified
Methodological Issues:
 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Holtgrave, David R.; Tinsley, Barbara J.; Kay, Linda S.
Year: 1995
Title: Encouraging risk reduction: A decision making approach to message design
Editor: Maibach, Edward; Parrott, Roxanne Louiselle
Book Title: Designing health messages: Approaches from communication theory and public
health practice
City: Thousand Oaks, CA
Publisher: Sage Publications, Inc.
Pages: 24-40
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses behavioral decision making constructs and how they can be used to improve models
of health behavior change and health communication.
Publication Type
  1. Discussion
Focus:
 7. Outcome
Audience Role, Ethnicity, & Gender:
 16. General public
Hazard:
 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs
19. General, unspecified




Author: Holtgrave, David R.; Tinsley, Barbara J.; Kay, Linda S.
Year: 1994
Title: Heuristics, biases, and environmental health risk analysis
Editor: Heath, Linda; Tindale, R. Scott
Book Title: Applications of heuristics and biases to social issues
City: New York, NY
Publisher: Plenum Press
Pages: 259-285
Series Title: Social psychological applications to social issues, Vol. 3.
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the possible roles of heuristics and biases in environmental risk communication and in
environmental health risk analysis.
Publication Type
  4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
6. Format




Author: Holtgrave, D.R.; Weber, E.U.
Year: 1993
Title: Dimensions of risk perception for financial and health risks
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 13
Issue: 5
Pages: 553-558
Summary Sentence:
 Compares two models of risk perception for health and financial risks.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 8. Measurement/evaluation
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)
Methodological Issues:
 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Hopwood, Penelope
Year: 1997
Title: Psychological issues in cancer genetics: Current research and future priorities
Journal: Patient Education and Counseling
Volume: 32
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 19-31
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the psychological impact, including risk perception, of genetic testing and counseling
for those at high risk for developing cancer.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 3. Setting
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Outcomes:
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
13. Actual testing/screening
18. Intended testing/screening
 21. Other
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Horowitz, L. G.
Year: 1993
Title: Risk communication in dental practice: Responding assertively to AIDS, fear and infection
control
Journal: Journal of the Tennessee Dental Association
Volume: 73
Issue: 3
Pages: 16-18, 65
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses ways to reduce fear and increase trust between dentist and patient regarding the risk of
HIV.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs



Author: Hoskins, Kent F.; Stopfer, Jill E.; Calzone, Kathleen A.; Merajver, Sofia D.; Rebbeck,
Timothy R.; Garber, Judy E.; Weber, Barbara L.
Year: 1995
Title: Assessment and counseling for women with a family history of breast cancer: A guide for
clinicians
Journal: Journal of the American Medical Association
Volume: 273
Issue: 7
Pages: 577-585
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses issues of assessment and counseling for women with a family history of breast cancer.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Houts, P. S.; McDougall, V.
Year: 1993
Title: Importance of evaluating the context within which notification occurs
Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 205-210
Summary Sentence:
 Suggests that effective health risk notification to workers requires an understanding of the
context in which the message is received, including workers' preexisting attitudes and health
behaviors.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 3. Setting
Communicator:
  2. Business/corporation/commercial group
 4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  9. Workplace
Channels of risk communication:
 12. Other
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Outcomes:
  12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
Methodological Issues:
 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Huerta, Elmer E.; Macario, Everly
Year: 1999
Title: Communicating health risk to ethnic groups:  Reaching Hispanics as a case study
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.  Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 23-26
Summary Sentence:
 Advocates consideration of cultural differences in risk communication, such as "collectivist"
versus "individualist" cultures, using a case study of a mass media campaign aimed at Hispanics
as an example.
Audience Ethnicity:
  4. Hispanic



Author: Hutchinson, M. Katherine; Cooney, Teresa M.
Year: 1998
Title: Patterns of parent-teen sexual risk communication: Implications for intervention
Journal: Family Relations: Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies
Volume: 47
Issue: 2
Pages: 185-194
Summary Sentence:
 Surveys late adolescent females about sexual risk communications with their parents and their
current sexual attitudes and behaviors.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 3. Setting
Communicator:
  9. Parent
Audience Role:
  3. Teen
Audience Ethnicity:
  1. African-American
 3. Caucasian
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs



Author: Hux, J.E., Naylor, C.D.
Year: 1995
Title: Communicating the benefits of chronic preventive therapy: Does the format of efficacy
data determine patients' acceptance of treatment?
Journal: Medical Decision Making
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Pages: 152-157
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the influence of presentation format (e.g. risk reduction, gain in disease free years) on
outpatient's willingness to take a heart medication.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 6. Format
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
  21. Other
19. Intended treatment behavior
 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment
Hazard:
 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke



Author: Ibrekk, Harald; Morgan, M. Granger
Year: 1987
Title: Graphical communication of uncertain quantities to nontechnical people
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 7
Issue: 4
Pages: 519-529
Summary Sentence:
 Compares the effectiveness of nine different graphical displays for communicating qualitative
uncertainty.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
6. Format
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  2. Community meeting/community group
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
 14. Hypothetical risk



Author: Jackson, Lorraine Diana
Year: 1993
Title: Health communication: An assessment of attitudes, beliefs, and reported adherence to
treatment in physical medicine and rehabilitation patients
University: Pennsylvania State U, USA.
Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 53(12-A), Jun 1993, 4129.
Publication Type:
4. Empirical



Author: Jardine, Cynthia G.; Hrudey, Steve E.
Year: 1997
Title: Mixed messages in risk communication
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 17
Issue: 4
Pages: 489-498
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses particular words that may confuse the public during risk communication and ways to
avoid this confusion.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
 9. Preventability of hazard/personal control
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Jemmott, John B.; Ditto, Peter H.; Croyle, Robert T.
Year: 1986
Title: Judging health status: Effects of perceived prevalence and personal relevance
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Volume: 50
Issue: 5
Pages: 899-905
Summary Sentence:
 Assesses the effects of perceived prevalence and personal relevance of a disorder on perceptions
of the seriousness of that disorder.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
 7.  Done: coded, entered, and filed
 6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Channels of risk communication:
  8. Small groups/focus groups
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   8. Risk perception-severity
 11. Actual information seeking behavior
Hazard:
 14. Hypothetical risk



Author: Johnson, Branden B.
Year: 1993
Title: Coping with paradoxes of risk communication: Observations and suggestions
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Pages: 241-243
Summary Sentence:
 Critiques recommendations provided in manuals for risk communicators.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
5. Content
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
11. Peer/community member (not affected)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Johnson, Branden B.
Year: 1993
Title: "The mental model" meets "the planning process": Wrestling with risk communication
research and practice
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 5-8
Summary Sentence:
 Compares cognitive (i.e., mental model) and procedural approaches to risk communication and
discusses how to integrate them.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
Communicator:
  2. Business/corporation/commercial group
 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  2. Community meeting/community group
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
Form of risk information:
  6. Other
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Johnson, E.J. ; Tversky, A.
Year: 1984
Title: Representations and perceptions of risk
Journal: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
Volume: 113
Issue: 1
Pages: 55-70
Summary Sentence:
 Examines people's perceptions of risks as assessed with different response formats.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)
Methodological Issues:
 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Johnson, F. Reed; Fisher, Ann
Year: 1989
Title: Conventional wisdom on risk communication and evidence from a field experiment
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 9
Issue: 2
Pages: 209-213
Summary Sentence:
 Tests conventional wisdom about risk communication in a field study of radon prevalence in
New York State.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 1. Communicator
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
17. Other
 5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 9. Preventability of hazard
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 18. Intended testing/screening



Author: Johnson, J. David; Meischke, Hendrika
Year: 1993
Title: Differences in the evaluations of communication sources by women who have had a
mammogram
Journal: Journal of Psychosocial Oncology
Volume: 11
Issue: 1
Pages: 83-101
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the sources of information encountered by women concerned about cancer.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 1. Communicator
4. Channel
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
 8. Non-governmental organization (e.g., Am. Lung Assoc.)
11. Peer/community member (not affected)
13. Other
14. Media
26. Relative
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
10. TV
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Johnson, R. H., Jr.
Year: 1999
Title: Effective presentation of radiation safety training-risk communication: An important
function of radiation safety training
Journal: Health Physics
Volume: 76
Issue: 2 Suppl
Pages: S10-S15
Summary Sentence:
 Presents suggestions for more effective radiation-safety training.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
2. Audience
5. Content
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  9. Workplace
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 2. Communication style
 5. Likelihood-absolute
11. Severity of outcome
Form of risk information:
  3. Interactive
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
Hazard:
 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Kasperson, Roger E.
Year: 1986
Title: Six propositions on public participation and their relevance for risk communication
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Pages: 275-281
Summary Sentence:
 Identifies ways in which risk communication programs can be improved.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 2. Audience
3. Setting
11. Multiple
Communicator:
  1. Authority figure (non-expert)
 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  8. Small groups/focus groups
10. TV
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Kasperson, Roger E.; Golding, Dominic; Tuler, Seth
Year: 1992
Title: Social distrust as a factor in siting hazardous facilities and communicating risks
Journal: Journal of Social Issues
Volume: 48
Issue: 4
Pages: 161-187
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the importance of social trust and effective risk communication in solving
controversies over hazardous facility siting.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 3. Setting
Communicator:
  2. Business/corporation/commercial group
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants)
20. Other



Editor: Kasperson, Roger E.; Stallen, Pieter Jan M.
Year: 1990
Title: Communicating Risks to the Public: International Perspectives
Series Title: Technology, Risk, and Society:  An International Series in Risk Analysis
City: Dordrecht, the Netherlands
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Volume: 4
Number of Volumes: 13 (12/1985 - 01/2000)
Number of Pages: 432
Summary Sentence:
 Part of a series called "Technology, Risks, and Society:  An International Series in Risk
Analysis."  Volume focuses on communicating health and environmental risks to the public.  The
chapters are divided into sections called "Risk communication practices" and "New approaches
and methods."
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 8. Measurement/evaluation
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  0. Communicator (general)
Audience Role, Ethnicity, & Gender:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
10. TV
Content of risk message:
  0. Content (general)
Form of risk information:
  0. Format (general)
Outcomes:
    2. Comprehension of message
   3. Knowledge
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)
Methodological Issues:
  1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Keeney, R. L.; von Winterfeldt, D.
Year: 1986
Title: Improving risk communication
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 6
Issue: 4
Pages: 417-424
Summary Sentence:
 Provides guidelines for improving risk communication among risk analysts, the media, and the
general public.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
2. Audience
4. Channel
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
10. TV
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Kelly, P.T.
Year: 1987
Title: Risk counseling for relatives of cancer patients: New information, new approaches
Journal: Journal of Psychosocial Oncology
Volume: 5
Issue: 1
Pages: 65-79
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses cancer risk analysis, a process that informs relatives of cancer patients about the
biological aspects of cancer, their own cancer risk, and how to cope with a relative's diagnosis.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
 9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
11. Severity of outcome
12. Time course of hazard
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  3. Knowledge
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
 21. Other
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Kelly, P. T.
Year: 1992
Title: Informational needs of individuals and families with hereditary cancers
Journal: Seminars in Oncology Nursing
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: 288-292
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses formats for presenting risk information, plus individual differences and
family-specific needs regarding cancer risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 2. Audience
6. Format
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Kessler, Seymour; Levine, E. K.
Year: 1987
Title: Psychological aspects of genetic counseling. IV. The subjective assessment of probability
Journal: American Journal of Medical Genetics
Volume: 28
Issue: 2
Pages: 361-370
Summary Sentence:
 Examines perceptions of percentage versus probability statements that are or are not related to a
genetic counseling situation.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 6. Format
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student 
 6. Parent or prospective parent
Setting:
  4. General community
 8. Educational setting: school or university
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
  2. Comprehension of message 
 9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 21. Other
Hazard:
  5. Birth defects



Author: Kirscht, John P.
Year: 1989
Title: Process and measurement issues in health risk appraisal
Journal: American Journal of Public Health
Volume: 79
Issue: 12
Pages: 1598-1599
Summary Sentence:
 Brief review of health risk appraisal articles appearing in a special issue of the American Journal
of Public Health.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 7. Outcome
8. Measurement/evaluation
Methodological Issues:
  2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Kline, Mark J.
Year: 1990
Title: Evaluating risk communication programs: The development of a catalogue of "quick and
easy" feedback methods
University: Rutgers U, Graduate School of Applied & Professional Psychology, NJ, USA.
Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 50(10-B), Apr 1990, 4773.
Publication Type: 
4. Empirical


Author: Kong, Augustine; Barnett, G. Octo; Mosteller, Frederick; Youtz, Cleo
Year: 1986
Title: How medical professionals evaluate expressions of probability
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine
Volume: 315
Issue: 12
Pages: 740-744
Summary Sentence:
 Assesses the numerical interpretations given by health professionals to different verbal
probability expressions.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 6. Format
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
 17. Other
20. Patient (general)
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  1. Computer program (non-internet)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Kramer, Barnett S.
Year: 1999
Title: Matching strength of message to strength of evidence: A discussion
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 85-87
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses cancer screening counseling and stresses the importance of including information
about the strength of the scientific evidence  in favor of and against screening.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Content of risk message:
  0. Content (general)
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
 7. Possible health outcomes
15. Costs/barriers/losses
Outcomes:
   13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Kreps, Gary L.; O'Hair, Dan; Clowers, Marsha
Year: 1994
Title: The influences of human communication on health outcomes
Journal: American Behavioral Scientist
Volume: 38
Issue: 2
Pages: 248-256
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the importance of health communication and its link to health outcomes.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 7. Outcome
12. General
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  3. Knowledge
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Kreuter, Matthew W.
Year: 1999
Title: Dealing with competing and conflicting risks in cancer communication
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.  Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 27-35
Summary Sentence:
 Describes knowledge about communicating about multiple competing risks and suggests future
research directions.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 2. Audience
7. Outcome
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Content of risk message:
  6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Kreuter, Matthew W.; Strecher, Victor J.
Year: 1995
Title: Changing inaccurate perceptions of health risk: Results from a randomized trial
Journal: Health Psychology
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Pages: 56-63
Summary Sentence:
 Identifies risk perception biases of adult patients before and after receiving individualized risk
feedback.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 7. Outcome
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
17. Other
20. Patient (general)
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   6. Recall of message
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
  4. Automobile safety
  6. 0 Cancer
13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke



Author: Kulik, James A.; Mahler, Heike I.
Year: 1987
Title: Health status, perceptions of risk, and prevention interest for health and nonhealth
problems
Journal: Health Psychology
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Pages: 15-27
Summary Sentence:
 Compares risk perceptions of healthy and ill college students.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
13. Ill-adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
 8. Educational setting: school or university
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
 11. Actual information seeking behavior
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Lakey, J.
Year: 1998
Title: Informing the public about radiation--the messenger and the message: 1997 G. William
Morgan Lecture
Journal: Health Physics
Volume: 75
Issue: 4
Pages: 367-374
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses communicator style and the message content in the context of radiation risk
communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  3. Lecture
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 3. Definition of hazard
 5. Likelihood-absolute
14. Other
19. General information about hazard
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Lantz, P. M.; Stencil, D.; Lippert, M. T.; Beversdorf, S.; Jaros, L.; Remington, P. L.
Year: 1995
Title: Breast and cervical cancer screening in a low-income managed care sample: The efficacy
of physician letters and phone calls [published erratum appears in Am J Public Health 1995
Aug;85(8 Pt 1):1063]
Journal: American Journal of Public Health
Volume: 85
Issue: 6
Pages: 834-836
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effect of a physician reminder letter and follow-up phone call on low-income
women's breast and cervical cancer screening behavior.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 4. Channel
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  9. Telephone
12. Other
21. Letter
Content of risk message:
 14. Other
18. Reminder
Form of risk information:
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
  13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer
 6. 2 Cervical cancer



Author: Lapham, Sandra C.; Henley, Eric; Kleyboecker, Kim
Year: 1993
Title: Prenatal behavioral risk screening by computer among Native Americans
Journal: Family Medicine
Volume: 25
Issue: 3
Pages: 197-202
Summary Sentence:
 Evaluates an interactive computer behavioral risk screening and education program for pregnant
women.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
4. Channel
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  6. Parent or prospective parent
Audience Ethnicity:
  5. Native American
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  1. Computer program (non-internet)
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
Form of risk information:
  3. Interactive
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
Hazard:
  1. Alcohol
 5. Birth defects
 8. Drug abuse



Author: Lash, A. A.; Kumekawa, E. S.; Becker, C. E.
Year: 1993
Title: Evaluating the clarity of research reports written for research subjects
Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 211-219
Summary Sentence:
 Studies research participants' knowledge before and after receiving information on solvent
exposure.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 2. Audience
7. Outcome
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  9. Workplace
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 7. Possible health outcomes
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Lerman, C.; Lustbader, E.; Rimer, B.; Daly, M.; Miller, S.; Sands, C.; Balshem, A.
Year: 1995
Title: Effects of individualized breast cancer risk counseling: A randomized trial
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
Volume: 87
Issue: 4
Pages: 286-292
Summary Sentence:
 Compares the effects of a standardized program of individualized breast cancer risk counseling
to those of a program of general health risk information.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  1. African-American
 3. Caucasian
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
14. Other
19. General information about hazard
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Lerman, C.; Narod, S.; Schulman, K.; Hughes, C.; Gomez-Caminero, A.; Bonney, G.;
Gold, K.; Trock, B.; Main, D.; Lynch, J.; Fulmore, C.; Snyder, C.; Lemon, S. J.; Conway, T.;
Tonin, P.; Lenoir, G.; Lynch, H.
Year: 1996
Title: BRCA1 testing in families with hereditary breast-ovarian cancer. A prospective study of
patient decision making and outcomes [see comments]
Journal: Journal of the American Medical Association
Volume: 275
Issue: 24
Pages: 1885-1892
Summary Sentence:
 Identifies predictors of obtaining cancer screening test results and participation in a testing
program.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
7. Outcome
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
 8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 8. Small groups/focus groups
 9. Telephone
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 8. Possible psychosocial outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
21. Test results
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
 13. Actual testing/screening 
17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 19. Intended treatment behavior
 21. Other
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer
 6. 3 Ovarian cancer



Author: Lerman, Caryn; Rimer, Barbara K.; Engstrom, Paul F.
Year: 1991
Title: Cancer risk notification: Psychosocial and ethical implications
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology
Volume: 9
Issue: 7
Pages: 1275-1282
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews research on worker notification and cancer genetics to examine the psychosocial impact
of cancer risk notification.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Lerman, Caryn; Schwartz, Marc D.; Lin, Ting Hsiang; Hughes, Chanita; et al.
Year: 1997
Title: The influence of psychological distress on use of genetic testing for cancer risk
Journal: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Volume: 65
Issue: 3
Pages: 414-420
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of individual difference variables (demographics, objective risk, and
worry) and an education session on at-risk adults' decisions to have BRAC1 testing (hereditary
breast ovarian cancer).
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  3. Focus group/small group
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
14. Other
15. Costs/barriers/losses
17.  Skill building/instructions
Outcomes:
  13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Lerman, Caryn; Schwartz, Mark D.; Miller, Suzanne M.; Daly, Mary; Sands, Colleen;
Rimer, Barbara K.
Year: 1996
Title: A randomized trial of breast cancer risk counseling: Interacting effects of counseling,
educational level, and coping style
Journal: Health Psychology
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Pages: 75-83
Summary Sentence:
 Compare an individualized counseling program with a general health education program in
terms of reducing levels of distress about breast cancer.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
6. Format
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 3. Interactive
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Leventhal, Howard; Kelly, Kim; Leventhal, Elaine A.
Year: 1999
Title: Population risk, actual risk, perceived risk, and cancer control:  A discussion
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 81-85
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the difficulties involved in using population risk to estimate personal risk, and
suggests using a self-regulatory framework to understand perceptions of personal vulnerability.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  0. Audience role (general)
Outcomes:
    7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Levine, Jeffrey
Year: 1999
Title: Risky business--Communicating scientific findings to the public
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.  Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 163-166
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses reasons that health risks are often misrepresented in the media and difficulties
overcoming misrepresentations.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
4. Channel
Communicator:
  0. Communicator (general)
 4. Expert/researcher/scientist
14. Media
Outcomes:
    2. Comprehension of message
   3. Knowledge
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Leviton, L. C.; Chen, H. T.; Marsh, G. M.; Talbott, E. O.
Year: 1993
Title: Evaluation issues in the Drake Chemical Workers Notification and Health Registry Study
Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 197-204
Summary Sentence:
 Examines a worker notification program and uses it to illustrate evaluation issues in risk
communication.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 2. Audience
4. Channel
7. Outcome
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
 9. Telephone
10. TV
12. Other
21. Letter
Outcomes:
  12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6.13 Other cancer
 6.11 Bladder cancer
Methodological Issues:
  1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Liberman, Akiva; Chaiken, Shelly
Year: 1992
Title: Defensive processing of personally relevant health messages
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Volume: 18
Issue: 6
Pages: 669-679
Summary Sentence:
 Exposes high- or low-threat messages to subjects for whom the message is relevant or not
relevant and examines how such messages are processed.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Channels of risk communication:
  6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 7. Possible health outcomes
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  2. Comprehension of message
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  6. 1 Breast cancer
20. Other



Author: Lieberman, Debra
Year: 1992
Title: The computer's potential role in health education
Journal: Health Communication
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 211-225
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the role of computer technology in the delivery of health education.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 4. Channel
Channels of risk communication:
  1. Computer program (non-internet)
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge



Author: Lipkus, Isaac M.; Biradavolu, Monica; Fenn, Kathryn; Keller, Punam; Rimer, Barbara
K.
Year: 2000
Title: Informing women about their breast cancer risks: Truth and consequences
Journal: Health Communication
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Summary Sentence:
 Tests effects of personalized information about absolute risk versus comparative risk for breast
cancer on accuracy of risk perceptions, emotional response to the message, and intended
mammography use.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
   5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
14. Other
22. Personalized information
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
    5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
  18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
  6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Lipkus, Isaac M.; Crawford, Yancey; Penn, Kathryn; Biradavolu, Monica; Binder, Ruth
Ann; Marcus, Al; Mason, Mondi
Year: 1999
Title: Testing different formats for communicating colorectal cancer risk
Journal: Journal of Health Communication
Volume: 4
Issue: 4
Pages: 311-324
Summary Sentence:
 Investigates effects of information about the likelihood of colorectal cancer compared to other
cancers and information about risk factors for colorectal cancer on absolute risk perceptions,
intended screening, and other responses.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
6. Format
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical 
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
    3. Knowledge
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
  6.12 Colon cancer



Author: Lipkus, Isaac M.; Holland, J.G.
Year: 1999
Title: The visual communication of risk
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.  Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 149-163
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the use of visual displays in risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 6. Format
8. Measurement/evaluation
Form of risk information:
 2. Graphical display
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified
Methodological Issues:
 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Lippman-Hand, A.; Fraser, F. C.
Year: 1979
Title: Genetic counseling: provision and reception of information
Journal: American Journal of Medical Genetics
Volume: 3
Issue: 2
Pages: 113-127
Summary Sentence:
 Qualitative interview data was used to examine parents' understanding of their risk of having a
child with birth defects.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  6. Parent or prospective parent
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
  5. Birth defects



Author: Lippman-Hand, A.; Fraser, F. C.
Year: 1979
Title: Genetic counseling - The postcounseling period: 1. Parents' perceptions of uncertainty
Journal: American Journal of Medical Genetics
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 51-71
Summary Sentence:
 Interviews prospective parents about their interpretations of risk information provided in genetic
counseling.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 4. Channel
7. Outcome
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
 10. At risk/exposed-parent of child
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism)
Hazard:
  5. Birth defects



Author: Llewellyn-Thomas, H.A.; Williams, J.I.; Levy, L.; Naylor, C.D.
Year: 1996
Title: Using a trade-off technique to assess patients' treatment preferences for benign prostatic
hyperplasia
Journal: Medical Decision Making
Volume: 16
Issue: 3
Pages: 262-282
Summary Sentence:
 Evaluates the effectiveness of a decision aid for benign prostatic hyperplasia patients.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 10. Decision aid
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
 13. Ill-adult
Audience Gender:
 2. Male
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Form of risk information:
  1. Decision aid
Outcomes:
  19. Intended treatment behavior
Hazard:
 20. Other
22. Treatment related risks



Author: MacGregor, D. G.; Slovic, P.; Morgan, M. G.
Year: 1994
Title: Perception of risks from electromagnetic fields: A psychometric evaluation of a
risk-communication approach
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Pages: 815-828
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effect of a brochure about electromagnetic fields and associated risks on risk
perceptions and attitudes.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 3. Definition of hazard
 7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  8. Risk perception-severity
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
Hazard:
 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants)
20. Other



Author: Mahler, Heike I. M.; Fitzpatrick, Betsy; Parker, Patricia; Lapin, Angela
Year: 1997
Title: The relative effects of a health-based versus an appearance-based intervention designed to
increase sunscreen use
Journal: American Journal of Health Promotion
Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: 426-429
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the influence of appearance-focused or health-focused slide-show on participants'
intentions to use and actual use of sunscreen.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
 12. Other
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 21. Other
 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 5 Skin cancer



Author: Maibach, Edward
Year: 1999
Title: Cancer risk communication--What we need to learn
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 179-181
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses research priorities in the field of risk communication, including understanding
underlying processes of risk communication, theory-based research in real-world contexts, and
fostering adoption of "best practices" in cancer risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 2. Audience
8. Measurement/evaluation
11. Multiple
Audience Role:
  0. Audience role (general)
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  0. Channels (general)
Content of risk message:
  0. Content (general)
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
Methodological Issues:
  1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Maibach, E.; Holtgrave, D. R.
Year: 1995
Title: Advances in public health communication
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health
Volume: 16
Pages: 219-238
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses how social marketing, risk communication, behavioral decision theory, entertainment
education, media advocacy, and interactive decision support systems can be used in health
communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 4. Channel
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Channels of risk communication:
  2. Internet (listserves, web pages)
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
10. TV
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Maisels, M. J.; Haynes, B.; Conrad, S.; Chez, R. A.
Year: 1983
Title: Circumcision. The effect of information on parental decision making.
Journal: Pediatrics
Volume: 71
Issue: 3
Pages: 453-455
Summary Sentence:
 Evaluates the effects of providing prospective mothers with information about the risks of
circumcision.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  6. Parent or prospective parent
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  3. Knowledge
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism)
Hazard:
 20. Other
22. Treatment related risks



Author: Malenka, D. J.; Baron, J. A.; Johansen, S.; Wahrenberger, J. W.; Ross, J. M.
Year: 1993
Title: The framing effect of relative and absolute risk
Journal: Journal of General Internal Medicine
Volume: 8
Issue: 10
Pages: 543-548
Summary Sentence:
 Compares patients preference for treatment information (for a hypothetical disease) presented
using relative versus absolute terms.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
12. Other
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
  19. Intended treatment behavior
Hazard:
 14. Hypothetical risk



Author: Mandel, I. D.
Year: 1994
Title: Communicating science to our patients and the public
Journal: Journal of the American College of Dentists
Volume: 61
Issue: 2
Pages: 24-28
Summary Sentence:
 Provides guidelines for communicating dental information to the general public.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
 8. Non-governmental organization (e.g., Am. Lung Assoc.)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  3. Lecture
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 7. Possible health outcomes
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
 20. Other
21. Dental issues



Author: Marcus, Alfred C.
Year: 1999
Title: New directions for risk communication research:  A discussion with additional suggestions
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.  Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 35-42
Summary Sentence:
 Suggests new directions for research on risk communication, including research on strategies to
increase risk perception accuracy, the sociology of risk communication, and the effectiveness of
risk communication as a strategy to change behavior.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 2. Audience
8. Measurement/evaluation
11. Multiple
Setting:
 11. Home
Channels of risk communication:
  0. Channels (general)
Content of risk message:
  0. Content (general)
Outcomes:
  0. Outcomes (general)
Methodological Issues:
  1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)
 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Marcus, A. C.; Crane, L. A.
Year: 1998
Title: A review of cervical cancer screening intervention research: Implications for public health
programs and future research
Journal: Preventive Medicine
Volume: 27
Issue: 1
Pages: 13-31
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews research on cervical cancer intervention programs with an emphasis on channels of
communication.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 4. Channel
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 9. Telephone
10. TV
12. Other
22. Community meetings/community groups
Outcomes:
  13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
 6.Cancer
 6. 2 Cervical cancer



Author: Marris, C.; Langford, I.; Saunderson, T.; O'Riordan, T.
Year: 1997
Title: Exploring the "psychometric paradigm": Comparisons between aggregate and individual
analyses
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Pages: 303-312
Summary Sentence:
 Studies lay people's risk perceptions, comparing an aggregate level of analysis with an
individual
level of analysis.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
 10. Other
11. Home
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)
Methodological Issues:
 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Mazur, D. J.; Hickam, D. H.
Year: 1991
Title: Patients' interpretations of probability terms
Journal: Journal of General Internal Medicine
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Pages: 237-240
Summary Sentence:
 Compares patients' preferences for numerical versus qualitative presentations of medical risk
information.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 6. Format
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
  10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: McCallum, D. B.
Year: 1995
Title: Risk communication: A tool for behavior change
Journal: NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) Research Monograph
Volume: 155
Pages: 65-89
Summary Sentence:
 Presents a how-to guide on effective risk communication including establishing goals,
understanding the risk and target audience, improving message delivery, and evaluating
effectiveness.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
2. Audience
4. Channel
12. General
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified
Methodological Issues:
  1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: McCallum, David B.; Hammond, Sharon L.; Covello, Vincent T.
Year: 1991
Title: Communicating about environmental risks: How the public uses and perceives information
sources
Journal: Health Education Quarterly
Volume: 18
Issue: 3
Pages: 349-361
Summary Sentence:
 Reports survey results assessing community members' regard for risk information sources and
channels.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 1. Communicator
4. Channel
3. Setting
Communicator:
  1. Authority figure (non-expert)
 2. Business/corporation/commercial group
 4. Expert/researcher/scientist
 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
 8. Non-governmental organization (e.g., Am. Lung Assoc.)
11. Peer/community member (not affected)
13. Other
14. Media
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
10. TV
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  6. Recall of message
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: McCaul, Kevin D.; Branstetter, Ann D.; O'Donnell, Susan M.; Jacobson, Kimberly;
Quinlan, Kathryn B.
Year: 1998
Title: A descriptive study of breast cancer worry
Journal: Journal of Behavioral Medicine
Volume: 21
Issue: 6
Pages: 565-579
Summary Sentence:
 Describes the thoughts and concerns regarding breast cancer of women with and without a
family history of breast cancer.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student 
 5. Adult
 9. At risk/exposed-adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  4. General community
 8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
11. Video
Content of risk message:
 14. Other
17.  Skill building/instructions
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
 13. Actual testing/screening
 18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: McCaul, Kevin D.; Branstetter, Ann Dyche; Schroeder, Dawn M.; Glasgow, Russell E.
Year: 1996
Title: What is the relationship between breast cancer risk and mammography screening? A
meta-analytic review
Journal: Health Psychology
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Pages: 423-429
Summary Sentence:
 Presents a meta-analysis of the relationships between the risk perceptions of women with and
without a family history of breast cancer and their breast cancer screening.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 2. Audience
7. Outcome
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
 9. At risk/exposed-adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: McCaul, Kevin D.; Thiesse-Duffy, Ellyn; Wilson, Paula
Year: 1992
Title: Coping with medical diagnosis: The effects of at-risk versus disease labels over time
Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 22
Issue: 17
Pages: 1340-1355
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of test results on mood, risk perceptions, and preventive behavior regarding
gum disease.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
14. Other
21. Test results
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  8. Risk perception-severity
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 11. Actual information seeking behavior
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 20. Other
21. Dental issues



Author: McCaul, Kevin D.; Tulloch, Heather E.
Year: 1999
Title: Cancer screening decisions
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.  Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 52-58
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews factors that influence adherence to cancer screening, including physician prompts,
perceived cancer risk, cancer worry, and costs and benefits of screening.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 7. Outcome
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Content of risk message:
 15. Costs/barriers/losses
Outcomes:
   13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
Methodological Issues:
  1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: McDaniels, T.; Axelrod, L.; Slovic, P.
Year: 1995
Title: Characterizing perception of ecological risk
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Pages: 575-588
Summary Sentence:
 Examines perceptions of risk to the natural environment.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  3. Focus group/small group
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants)



Author: McLeroy, Kenneth R.
Year: 1989
Title: Issues in risk communication
Journal: Health Education Research
Volume: 4
Issue: 2
Pages: 169-171
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses challenges and goals of risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
Outcomes:
  12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: McMahan, Shari; Witte, Kim; Meyer, Jon a
Year: 1998
Title: The perception of risk messages regarding electromagnetic fields: Extending the extended
parallel process model to an unknown risk
Journal: Health Communication
Volume: 10
Issue: 3
Pages: 247-259
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of low and high threat risk messages about electromagnetic fields on
attitudes, intentions, and behaviors.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Audience Ethnicity:
 6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 3. Definition of hazard
 7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 21. Other
 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Melvin, Robert Douglas
Year: 1993
Title: The communication of risk: A grounded model
University: U Denver, CO, USA.
Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 54(5-A), 1993, 1596.
Publication Type:
4. Empirical



Author: Meyerowitz, B. E.
Year: 1993
Title: Assessing quality of life when planning and evaluating worker notification programs: Two
case examples
Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 221-227
Summary Sentence:
 Presents two case studies of the psychological outcomes of medical risk notifications.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 2. Audience
7. Outcome
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  9. Workplace
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Michie, Susan; French, David; Allanson, Abi; Bobrow, Martin; Marteau, Theresa M.
Year: 1997
Title: Information recall in genetic counselling: A pilot study of its assessment
Journal: Patient Education and Counseling
Volume: 32
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 93-100
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the accuracy of Genetic counselor's summary letters of counseling sessions have
better
recall of different parts of the session.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
7. Outcome
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  6. Other
 7. Oral/spoken
Outcomes:
   6. Recall of message
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified
20. Other



Author: Mitchell, J. V.
Year: 1992
Title: Perception of risk and credibility at toxic sites
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 19-26
Summary Sentence:
 Studies risk perceptions of agency and residential groups involved in Superfund planning and
their views of the credibility of information sources.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
3. Setting
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 3. Definition of hazard
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Morgan, M. G.; Fischhoff, B. ; Bostrom, A.; Lave, L.; Atman, C.J.
Year: 1992
Title: Communicating risk to the public
Journal: Environmental Science and Technology
Volume: 26
Issue: 11
Pages: 2048-2056
Summary Sentence:
 Describes the development of radon information brochures designed to fill in gaps in lay
people's mental models.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 7. Possible health outcomes
12. Time course of hazard
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
Hazard:
 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)
 6. 9 Lung cancer



Editor: Morris, Louis A.; Mazis, Michael B.; Barofsky, Ivan
Year: 1980
Title: Banbury Report 6: Product Labeling and Health Risks
Series Title: Banbury Report Series
City: Cold Spring Harbor, NY
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Number of Pages: 328
Summary Sentence:
 Book based on a conference on product labeling and health risks,  with sections entitled
"Labeling case studies," "Labeling as a communication device," and "Labeling as a social
policy."  It contains specific recommendations for effectively communicating risks through
product labels.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 1. Communicator
5. Content
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
13. Other

Channels of risk communication:
 24. Product label/packaging
Content of risk message:
  0. Content (general)
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Mossman, K. L.
Year: 1996
Title: Radiation risk communication in human subjects research [letter; comment]
Journal: Health Physics
Volume: 70
Issue: 5
Pages: 749-750
Summary Sentence:
 Letter to the editor discussing most acceptable formats to use to explain radiation risks in human
research.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 6. Format
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Hazard:
 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Mullet, E.; Duquesnoy, C.; Raiff, P.; Fahrasmane, R.; Namur, E.
Year: 1993
Title: The evaluative factor of risk perception
Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 23
Pages: 1594-1605
Summary Sentence:
 Identifies an evaluative factor in perceived risk that is independent of dread and knowledge and
that predicts subjects' demands for risk control legislation.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  8. Risk perception-severity
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 21. Other
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Myers, R. E.; Trock, B. J.; Lerman, C.; Wolf, T.; Ross, E.; Engstrom, P. F.
Year: 1990
Title: Adherence to colorectal cancer screening in an HMO population
Journal: Preventive Medicine
Volume: 19
Issue: 5
Pages: 502-514
Summary Sentence:
 Examines psychological predictors of adherence to colorectal cancer screening and offers
recommendations for risk communicators.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
7. Outcome
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Outcomes:
   13. Actual testing/screening
  18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
  6.12 Colon cancer



Author: Myrick, Roger
Year: 1998
Title: In search of cultural sensitivity and inclusiveness: Communication strategies sued in rural
HIV prevention campaigns designed for African Americans
Journal: Health Communication
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Pages: 65-85
Summary Sentence:
 Examines health communication strategies in HIV prevention programs designed for
African-Americans in rural Alabama.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 2. Audience
4. Channel
5. Content
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Audience Ethnicity:
 1. African-American
Setting:
  2. Community meeting/community group
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
11. Video
Content of risk message:
 14. Other
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
 21. Other
 24. Community or public response
Hazard:
 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs



Author: National_Cancer_Institute
Year: 1998
Title: How the public perceives, processes, and interprets risk information: Findings from focus
group research with the general public
City: Bethesda, MD
Institutional Author: National Cancer Institute
Pages: 57
Date: June, 1998
Summary Sentence:
 The Office of Cancer Communication examined how adults perceive, process, and interpret
cancer risk information via focus groups.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  3. Focus group/small group
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
Outcomes:
    2. Comprehension of message
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
   9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
  10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
  28. Information/communication preferences
Hazard:
  6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer
 6. 5 Skin cancer
 6. 9 Lung cancer



Author: National_Research_Council
Year: 1989
Title: Improving risk communication
City: Washington, DC
Publisher: National Academy Press
Number of Pages: xvii, 332
ISBN: 0-309-03946-0 (hardcover), 0-309-03943-6 (paperback)
Summary Sentence:
 A broad overview of risk communication with particular attention to communication goals,
context, policy, conflict, and uncertainty.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Audience Role:
  0. Audience Role (general)
Setting:
  0. Setting (general)
Content of risk message:
  0. Content (general)
Outcomes:
    0. Outcomes (general)
Hazard:
  0. Hazard (general)



Author: Naylor, C.D.; Chen, E.; Strauss, B.
Year: 1992
Title: Measured enthusiasm: Does the method of reporting trial results alter perceptions of
therapeutic effectiveness?
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine
Volume: 117
Issue: 11
Pages: 916-921
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the influence of formats for presenting risk likelihood on health professionals'
estimates of treatment effectiveness for heart disease.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 6. Format
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
  21. Other
 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment
Hazard:
 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke



Author: Needleman, C.
Year: 1993
Title: Worker notification: Lessons from the past
Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 11-23
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses six landmark worker notification studies from the 1970's and 1980's to identify ways
of improving risk communication.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 1. Communicator
2. Audience
3. Setting
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  9. Workplace
Content of risk message:
 14. Other
 7. Possible health outcomes
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
 13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
17. Smoking



Author: Needleman, C.
Year: 1993
Title: Social aspects of high-risk notification among chromium-exposed workers
Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 113-123
Summary Sentence:
 Reports results of a survey of workers who received risk information about their chromium
exposure.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
7. Outcome
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  6. Recall of message
 11. Actual information seeking behavior
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism)
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6.13 Other cancer
 6. 9 Lung cancer
 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Neil, N.; Malmfors, T.; Slovic, P.
Year: 1994
Title: Intuitive toxicology: Expert and lay judgments of chemical risks
Journal: Toxicologic Pathology
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Pages: 198-201
Summary Sentence:
 Reports survey of experts and lay people concerning opinions about chemical toxicology.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 3. Setting
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Ng, K. L.; Hamby, D. M.
Year: 1997
Title: Fundamentals for establishing a risk communication program
Journal: Health Physics
Volume: 73
Issue: 3
Pages: 473-482
Summary Sentence:
 Provides recommendations for effective risk communication programs.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
4. Channel
11. Multiple
Communicator:
  2. Business/corporation/commercial group
 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
 8. Non-governmental organization (e.g., Am. Lung Assoc.)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
 9. Workplace
Channels of risk communication:
  2. Internet (listserves, web pages)
 4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
 8. Small groups/focus groups
 9. Telephone
10. TV
11. Video
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Nisbett, Richard E.; Fong, Geoffrey T.; Lehman, Darrin R.; Cheng, Patricia W.
Year: 1987
Title: Teaching reasoning
Journal: Science
Volume: 238
Issue: 4827
Pages: 625-631
Summary Sentence:
 Proposes that reasoning regarding logic and statistics can be taught and supports this proposition
with data on college students and adults.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student 
 5. Adult
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
21. Other



Author: Noell, John; Ary, Dennis; Duncan, Terry
Year: 1997
Title: Development and evaluation of a sexual decision-making and social skills program: "The
choice is yours--preventing HIV/STDs."
Journal: Health Education and Behavior
Volume: 24
Issue: 1
Pages: 87-101
Summary Sentence:
 Presents and tests the effectiveness of a series of interactive video programs designed to reduce
HIV/STD risk behaviors.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 4. Channel
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  2. Child/Pre-teen
 3. Teen
Audience Ethnicity:
  1. African-American
 3. Caucasian
 4. Hispanic
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
 11. Video
Content of risk message:
  9. Preventability of hazard
Form of risk information:
  3. Interactive
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs



Author: O'Brien, Paul William
Year: 1993
Title: Aftershock warnings following the Loma Prieta earthquake: A theoretical assessment
University: Colorado State U, USA.
Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 53(9-A), Mar 1993, 3374.
Publication Type:
4. Empirical



Author: O'Connor, A.; Tugwell, P.; Wells, G.; Elmslie, T.
Year: 1995
Title: Do decision aids help postmenopausal women considering preventive hormone
replacement therapy (HRT) (abstract)
Journal: Medical Decision Making
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Pages: 433
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effect of a decision aid on post-menopausal women's feelings of knowledge, certainty, costs/benefits, and conflict regarding decisions about hormone replacement therapy.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 10. Decision aid
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
 1. Decision aid
5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, or handouts
12. Other
23. Audiotape
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
14. Other
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
Hazard:
 20. Other
24. Menopause



Author: O'Connor, Annette M.; Fiset, Valerie; DeGrasse, Catherine ; Graham, Ian D.; Evans,
William; Stacey, Dawn ; Laupacis, Andreas; Tugwell, Peter
Year: 1999
Title: Decision aids for patients considering options affecting cancer outcomes: Evidence of
efficacy and policy implications
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 67-80
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews research documenting the efficacy of decision aids and makes policy and research
recommendations.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
10. Decision aid
Audience Role:
 20. Patient (general)
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
14. Other
15. Costs/barriers/losses
16. Benefits/gains
20.  General information about recommended action
Form of risk information:
  1. Decision aid
Outcomes:
   10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
  14. Actual treatment behavior
  21. Other
  28. Information/communication preferences
Hazard:
  6. 0 Cancer



Author: O'Connor, A. M.; Pennie, R. A.; Dales, R. E.
Year: 1996
Title: Framing effects on expectations, decisions, and side effects experienced: The case of
influenza immunization [published erratum appears in J Clin Epidemiol 1997 Jun;50(6):747-8]
Journal: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Volume: 49
Issue: 11
Pages: 1271-1276
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of positive or negative framing of a vaccination message on patients'
decisions to get an influenza vaccine.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
6. Format
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 6. Other
 7. Oral/spoken
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 13. Actual testing/screening
 21. Other
  22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment
Hazard:
 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease)
22. Treatment related risks



Author: O'Connor, A. M.; Perrault, D. J.
Year: 1995
Title: Importance of physician's role highlighted in survey of women's breast screening practices
Journal: Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique
Volume: 86
Issue: 1
Pages: 42-45
Summary Sentence:
 Examines breast cancer screening attitudes, knowledge, and intentions.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 9. Telephone
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
 18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: O'Connor, Annette M.; Tugwell, Peter; Wells, George A.; Elmslie, Tom; Jolly, Elaine;
Hollingworth, Garry; McPherson, Ruth; Bunn, Helen; Graham, Ian; Drake, Elizabeth
Year: 1998
Title: A decision aid for women considering hormone therapy after menopause: Decision support
framework and evaluation
Journal: Patient Education and Counseling
Volume: 33
Issue: 3
Pages: 267-279
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the influence of a hormone replacement therapy decision aid on post-menopausal
women's knowledge, expectations, certainty, and intentions to use this therapy.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 10. Decision aid
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
12. Other
23. Audiotape
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  1. Decision aid
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 21. Other
 19. Intended treatment behavior
Hazard:
 20. Other
22. Treatment related risks



Author: O'Connor, A. M.; Tugwell, P.; Wells, G. A.; Elmslie, T.; Jolly, E.; Hollingworth, G.;
McPherson, R.; Drake, E.; Hopman, W.; Mackenzie, T.
Year: 1998
Title: Randomized trial of a portable, self-administered decision aid for postmenopausal women
considering long-term preventive hormone therapy
Journal: Medical Decision Making
Volume: 18
Issue: 3
Pages: 295-303
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effect of a decision aid versus an informational pamphlet on post-menopausal
women's decision regarding hormone replacement therapy.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
6. Format
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
11. Video
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
Form of risk information:
 1. Decision aid
5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 21. Other
 27. Information processing/decision-making process
Hazard:
 20. Other
22. Treatment related risks



Author: O'Hair, Dan
Year: 1989
Title: Dimensions of relational communication and control during physician--patient interactions
Journal: Health Communication
Volume: 1
Issue: 2
Pages: 97-115
Summary Sentence:
 Examines communication among physician-patient dyads using the relational communication
framework.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 3. Setting
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
 17. Other
20. Patient (general)
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Oppenheim, P.I.; Sotiropoulos, G.; Baraff, L.J.
Year: 1994
Title: Incorporating patient preferences into practice guidelines: Management of children with
fever without source
Journal: Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume: 24
Issue: 5
Pages: 836-841
Summary Sentence:
 Examines parents' treatment preferences when their young children have a fever without a
source.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  6. Parent or prospective parent
14. Ill-parent of ill child
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  4. Expense of hazard
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
 19. Intended treatment behavior
 21. Other
  22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment
Hazard:
 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease)



Author: Osei, E. K.; Amoh, G. E.; Schandorf, C.
Year: 1997
Title: Risk ranking by perception
Journal: Health Physics
Volume: 72
Issue: 2
Pages: 195-203
Summary Sentence:
 Reports survey data on Ghana residents' ranking of different technological risks and summarized
some of the main factors that influence people's risk perceptions.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
 5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Outcomes:
   9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Owens, R.G.; Ashcroft, J.J.; Leinster, S.J.; Slade, P.D.
Year: 1987
Title: Informal decision analysis with breast cancer patients: An aid to psychological preparation
for surgery
Journal: Journal of Psychosocial Oncology
Volume: 5
Issue: 2
Pages: 23-33
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the use of "informal decision analysis" on women's decisions and feelings toward
breast cancer treatment.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
 13. Ill-adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
14. Other
16. Benefits/gains
Form of risk information:
  3. Interactive
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 21. Other
 27. Information processing/decision-making process
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Page, Stephen D.
Year: 1994
Title: Indoor radon: A case study in risk communication
Journal: American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume: 10
Issue: 3 Suppl
Pages: 15-18
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the challenges of risk communication, including how to choose the environmental
risks to focus on.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 12. General
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 3. Definition of hazard
 9. Preventability of hazard
14. Other
Outcomes:
  12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  6. 0 Cancer
6-6. Other cancer
6-9. Lung cancer
9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Editor: Parrott, Roxanne Louiselle; Condit, Celeste Michelle
Year: 1996
Title: Evaluating women's health messages: A resource book
City: Thousand Oaks, CA
Publisher: Sage Publications, Inc.
Number of Pages: xiv, 445
ISBN: 0-7619-0056-X (hardcover), 0-7619-0057-8 (paperback)
Summary Sentence:
 Overview of practices and challenges in communication about women's reproductive health. 
The book is organized into sections covering different approaches to communication (e.g., the
social support framework, the campaign perspective), and within the sections each chapter deals
with a specific reproductive health issue (e.g., prenatal care, cervical cancer).
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 12. General
Audience Role, Ethnicity, & Gender:
 1. Female
Hazard:
 20. Other



Author: Patrick, Kevin
Year: 1999
Title: Prevention, public health, and interactive health communication
Journal: American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 46-47
Summary Sentence:
 Introduces articles on interactive health communication stimulated by the activities of the
Science Panel on Interactive Communication and Health.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 4. Channel
12. General
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Channels of risk communication:
  1. Computer program (non-internet)
 2. Internet (listserves, web pages)
Form of risk information:
  3. Interactive
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified
Methodological Issues:
 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Pavlova, M. T.
Year: 1993
Title: Superfund and one community program
Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 183-189
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses a case study of a risk communication and notification program.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 4. Channel
5. Content
Communicator:
  2. Business/corporation/commercial group
 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  2. Community meeting/community group
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
10. TV
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
11. Severity of outcome
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Paystrup, Patricia
Year: 1994
Title: The wolf at Yellowstone's door: Extending and applying the cultural approach to risk
communication to an endangered species recovery plan controversy
University: Purdue U, IN, USA
Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences. Vol
54(9-A), 1994, 3252.
Publication Type:
4. Empirical



Author: Pearn, J.H.
Year: 1973
Title: Patients' subjective interpretation of risks offered in genetic counseling
Journal: Journal of Medical Genetics
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Pages: 129-134
Summary Sentence:
 Discussion of patients' understanding of genetic risks, in particular risk of birth defects, and the
effects of factors such as severity, time, and personality on comprehension.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  6. Parent or prospective parent
 9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
    3. Knowledge
Hazard:
  5. Birth defects



Author: Perloff, R. M.; Pettey, G.
Year: 1991
Title: Designing an AIDS information campaign to reach intravenous drug users and sex partners
Journal: Public Health Reports
Volume: 106
Issue: 4
Pages: 460-463
Summary Sentence:
 Describes a multimedia campaign aimed at educating IV drug users about the etiology and
prevention of AIDS and offers suggestions about effective risk communication.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 2. Audience
4. Channel
5. Content
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
12. Other
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 9. Preventability of hazard
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
  11. Actual information seeking behavior
Hazard:
 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs



Author: Peters, R. G.
Year: 1996
Title: A study of the factors determining perceptions of trust and credibility in environmental risk
communication: The importance of overcoming negative stereotypes
Journal: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
Volume: 68
Issue: 6
Pages: 442-447
Summary Sentence:
 Examines trust and perceived credibility of industry, government, and citizen groups in
environmental risk communication.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 3. Setting
1. Communicator
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  4. General community
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Peters, R. G.; Covello, V. T.; McCallum, D. B.
Year: 1997
Title: The determinants of trust and credibility in environmental risk communication: An
empirical study
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 17
Issue: 1
Pages: 43-54
Summary Sentence:
 Examines trust and perceived credibility of industry, government, and citizen groups in
environmental risk communication.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 3. Setting
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Pistella, Christine L. Young; Bonati, Frank A.
Year: 1998
Title: Communication about sexual behavior among adolescent women, their family and peers
Journal: Families in Society
Volume: 79
Issue: 2
Pages: 206-211
Summary Sentence:
 Surveys female adolescent patients in a family planning clinic about their communications with
family, and peers concerning reproductive health.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 3. Setting
4. Channel
Communicator:
  9. Parent
11. Peer/community member (not affected)
Audience Role:
  3. Teen
Audience Ethnicity:
 1. African-American
3. Caucasian
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  9. Preventability of hazard
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs
20. Other



Author: Quaid, K.A.; Faden, R.R.; Vining, E.P.; Freeman, J.M.
Year: 1990
Title: Informed consent for a prescription drug: Impact of disclosed information on patient
understanding and medical outcomes
Journal: Patient Education and Counseling
Volume: 15
Pages: 249-259
Summary Sentence:
 Examines relationships between providing full information about a seizure drug and patients'
anxiety, recall, and risk perceptions.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 5. Content
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
10. At risk/exposed-parent of child
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
14. Other
16. Benefits/gains
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  6. Recall of message
  8. Risk perception-severity
Hazard:
 20. Other
22. Treatment related risks



Author: Raghubir, Priya; Menon, Geeta
Year: 1998
Title: AIDS and me, never the twain shall meet: The effects of information accessibility on
judgments of risk and advertising effectiveness
Journal: Journal of Consumer Research
Volume: 25
Issue: 1
Pages: 52-63
Summary Sentence:
 Manipulates the accessibility of information about causes of AIDS to examine impacts on risk
perception and responses to a safe sex advertisement.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 4. Channel
5. Content
Communicator:
 12. Unspecified
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Audience Ethnicity:
  2. Asian
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Channels of risk communication:
 10. TV
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 11. Actual information seeking behavior
Hazard:
 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs



Author: Rakowski, William; Ehrich, Beverly; Goldstein, Michael G.; Rimer, Barbara K.;
Pearlman, Deborah N.; Clark, Melissa A.; Velicer, Wayne F.; Woolverton, Hugh, III
Year: 1998
Title: Increasing mammography among women aged 40-74 by use of a stage-matched, tailored
intervention
Journal: Preventive Medicine: An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory
Volume: 27
Issue: 5 Pt 1
Pages: 748-756
Summary Sentence:
 Compares ability of a tailored intervention matched to women's stage-of-adoption to increase
mammography use to that of nonmatched interventions.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
 9. Preventability of hazard
22. Personalized information
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
  13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Ratzan, Scott C.; Payne, J. Gregory; Massett, Holly A.
Year: 1994
Title: Effective health message design: The America Responds to AIDS campaign
Journal: American Behavioral Scientist
Volume: 38
Issue: 2
Pages: 294-309
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses a model of health communication (COAST) and uses it to analyze a mass media
campaign on AIDS.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 3. Setting
4. Channel
Form of risk information:
  3. Interactive
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs



Author: Regan, Michael J.; Desvousges, William H.
Year: 1990
Title: Communicating environmental risks: A guide to practical evaluations
City: Washington, DC
Institutional Author: Environmental Protection Agency
Report Number: EPA 230-01-91-001
Summary Sentence:
 Presents a step-by-step practical guide on how to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental
risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 8. Measurement/evaluation
Audience Role:
 17. Other
21. Other professionals and experts
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 21. Other
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
Methodological Issues:
 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Renner, Britta
Year: 1999
Title: Psychological effects of health risk communication
URL: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~prague/brahms/mexico.htm
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the influence of expectations and cholesterol test results on perceived severity of risk
and perceived pressure to change behavior.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  7. Other
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
21. Test results
Outcomes:
   8. Risk perception-severity
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 21. Other
Hazard:
 13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke
20. Other



Author: Renz, Mary Ann
Year: 1992
Title: Communicating about environmental risk: An examination of a Minnesota county's
communication on incineration
Journal: Journal of Applied Communication Research
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-18
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the communication process that occurred in Winona
County, Minnesota when the public was deciding on a proposed incinerator.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 3. Setting
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
 21. Other
 24. Community or public response
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Reynolds, Kim D.; West, Stephen G.; Aiken, Leona S.
Year: 1990
Title: Increasing the use of mammography: A pilot program
Journal: Health Education Quarterly
Volume: 17
Issue: 4
Pages: 429-441
Summary Sentence:
 Evaluates two programs designed to increase mammography use.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
 3. Caucasian
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  2. Community meeting/community group
Channels of risk communication:
  8. Small groups/focus groups
Content of risk message:
  9. Preventability of hazard
11. Severity of outcome
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
Outcomes:
  11. Actual information seeking behavior
 18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Richards, M. P. M.; Hallowell, N.; Green, J. M.; Murton, F.; Statham, H.
Year: 1995
Title: Counseling families with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: A psychosocial perspective
Journal: Journal of Genetic Counseling
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 219-233
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses key elements of genetic counseling.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
2. Audience
5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer
 6. 2 Cervical cancer



Author: Rimer, B. K.
Year: 1995
Title: Putting the "informed" in informed consent about mammography [editorial; comment]
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
Volume: 87
Issue: 10
Pages: 703-704
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses controversies involving mammography screening.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
2. Audience
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
 13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Rohrmann, Bernd
Year: 1992
Title: The evaluation of risk communication effectiveness
Journal: Acta Psychologica
Volume: 81
Issue: 2
Pages: 169-192
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses taxonomies for risk communications and prescribes appropriate evaluation
procedures.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 8. Measurement/evaluation
Methodological Issues:
 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Rohrmann, Bernd
Year: 1990
Title: Analyzing and evaluating the effectiveness of risk communication programs
Journal: Studies on Risk Communication
Volume: 17
Pages: 1-26
Summary Sentence:
 Advises researchers how to conduct content, process, and outcome evaluations of risk
communication efforts.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 8. Measurement/evaluation
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified
Methodological Issues:
  1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Rook, Karen S.
Year: 1987
Title: Effects of case history versus abstract information on health attitudes and behaviors
Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 17
Issue: 6
Pages: 533-553
Summary Sentence:
 Compares the influence of health information presented in abstract versus case study forms on
women's attitudes, affect, and behavioral intentions regarding osteoporosis.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 6. Format
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student 
 5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
 5. Health care setting
 8. Educational setting: school or university
Content of risk message:
  9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 21. Other
Hazard:
 20. Other
25. Osteoporosis



Author: Rothert, Marilyn L.; Holmes-Rovner, Margaret; Rovner, David; Kroll, Jill; Breer, Lynn;
Talarczyk, Geraldine; Schmitt, Neal; Padonu, Georgia; Wills, Celia
Year: 1997
Title: An educational intervention as decision support for menopausal women
Journal: Research in Nursing and Health
Volume: 20
Issue: 5
Pages: 377-387
Summary Sentence:
 Compares the effectiveness of three intervention formats used to inform women about
menopause and hormone replacement therapy.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
6. Format
10. Decision aid
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  3. Caucasian
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Channels of risk communication:
  3. Lecture
 4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 8. Small groups/focus groups
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
 7. Possible health outcomes
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
Form of risk information:
  1. Decision aid
 2. Graphical display
 4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 14. Actual treatment behavior
 21. Other
 23. Perceptions of efficacy/control
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke
20. Other
22. Treatment related risks
24. Menopause
25. Osteoporosis



Author: Rothman, Alexander J.; Kiviniemi, Marc T.
Year: 1999
Title: Treating people with information: An analysis and review of approaches to communicating
health risk information
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 44-51
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews risk communication and risk perception literature to evaluate different approaches to
risk communication and the criteria used to identify effective messages.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 6. Format
8. Measurement/evaluation
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
 7. Possible health outcomes
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified
Methodological Issues:
  1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Rothman, Alexander J.; Salovey, Peter
Year: 1997
Title: Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behavior: The role of message framing
Journal: Psychological Bulletin
Volume: 121
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-19
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses and reviews literature on the framing of persuasive health messages as benefits or as
costs.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 6. Format
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Setting:
  4. General community
 6. Laboratory
 8. Educational setting: school or university
Content of risk message:
 5. Likelihood-absolute
15. Costs/barriers/losses
16. Benefits/gains
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 6. Other
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 19. Intended treatment behavior
 20. Intended other behavior (e.g., activism)
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Rothman, Alexander J.; Salovey, Peter; Antone, Carol; Keough, Kelli; Martin, Chloe
Drake
Year: 1993
Title: The influence of message framing on intentions to perform health behaviors
Journal: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
Volume: 29
Issue: 5
Pages: 408-433
Summary Sentence:
 Tests the effects of positively versus negatively framed messages about skin cancer on attitudes
toward prevention and detection.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 6. Format
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Audience Ethnicity:
 3. Caucasian
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
2. Communication style
3. Definition of hazard
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 9. Preventability of hazard
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
 6. Other
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 11. Actual information seeking behavior
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
6. 5 Skin cancer



Author: Rowan, F.
Year: 1996
Title: The high stakes of risk communication
Journal: Preventive Medicine
Volume: 25
Issue: 1
Pages: 26-29
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the difficulties of risk communication and offers two examples (oxygenate in gasoline
and public smoking).
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
10. TV
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
14. Other
19. General information about hazard
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  2. Comprehension of message
  3. Knowledge
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
17. Smoking



Author: Rowan, Katherine E.
Year: 1994
Title: Why rules for risk communication are not enough: A problem-solving approach to risk
communication
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Pages: 365-374
Summary Sentence:
 Presents a problem-solving approach to more effective risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
5. Content
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  3. Knowledge
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
 21. Other
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Royak-Schaler, Renee; Cheuvront, Brian; Wilson, Kenneth R.; Williams, Claudia M.
Year: 1996
Title: Addressing women's breast cancer risk and perceptions of control in medical settings
Journal: Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings
Volume: 3
Issue: 3
Pages: 185-199
Summary Sentence:
 Studies African American and white women's risk perceptions of breast cancer, and the
implications of these perceptions for health practitioners who want to provide accurate and
sensitive information about prevention and screening.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Audience Ethnicity:
 1. African-American
3. Caucasian
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
 13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Russell, Cristine
Year: 1999
Title: Implications for improving risk communications through various channels: A discussion
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 177-178
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews problems and promising developments in cancer risk communication through various
channels, focusing on mass media.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 4. Channel
Communicator:
  0. Communicator (general)
14. Media
Channels of risk communication:
  0. Channels (general)
 1. Computer program (non-internet)
 2. Internet (listserves, web pages)
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
10. TV
26. Media-general
Form of risk information:
  0. Format (general)
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Ryan, Michael; Dunwoody, Sharon; Tankard, James
Year: 1991
Title: Risk information for public consumption: Print media coverage of two risky situations
Journal: Health Education Quarterly
Volume: 18
Issue: 3
Pages: 375-390
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the content and approaches used by the print media to explain two risk situations.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 4. Channel
5. Content
Communicator:
 13. Other
14. Media
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
11. Severity of outcome
12. Time course of hazard
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
6-6. Other cancer
 6.10 Pancreatic cancer
16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Salovey, Peter; Birnbaum, Deborah
Year: 1989
Title: Influence of mood on health-relevant cognitions
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Volume: 57
Issue: 3
Pages: 539-551
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the influence of a mood induction on college students' health beliefs, health
expectations, and perceived vulnerability.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 21. Other
 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment
Hazard:
 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease)
20. Other



Author: Salovey, Peter; Schneider, Tamera R.; Apanovitch, Anne Marie
Year: 1999
Title: Persuasion for the purpose of cancer risk reduction: A discussion
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.  Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 119-122
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses factors likely to moderate the relationship between health cognition and health
behaviors, and briefly reviews the persuasion literature and its application to cancer risk
communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
2. Audience
5. Content
Communicator:
  0. Communicator (general)
Audience Role:
  0. Audience role (general)
Content of risk message:
  0. Content (general)
Outcomes:
   12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
  13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Sandman, Peter M.; Salomone, Kandice L.; Chess, Caron
Year: 1990
Title: What does the public need to know about environmental risk and how they should be told
Pages: 114
Summary Sentence:
 Presents survey results concerning the attitudes of environmental advocates, educators, and
government officials regarding what the public needs to know and how they should be told about
environmental risk.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
5. Content
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
17. Other
21. Other professionals and experts
Setting:
  4. General community
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  8. Risk perception-severity
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Sandman, Peter M.; Weinstein, Neil D.; Miller, Paul
Year: 1994
Title: High risk or low: How location on a "risk ladder" affects perceived risk
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Pages: 34-45
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of a risk ladder presentation format on radon and asbestos risk perceptions.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 6. Format
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Form of risk information:
 2. Graphical display
4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Santos, S. L.
Year: 1995
Title: The role of risk communication in environmental decision-making [corrected and
republished article originally printed in Cent Eur J Public Health 1994;2 Suppl:77-9]
Journal: Central European Journal of Public Health
Volume: 3
Issue: 2
Pages: 107-109
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the importance of involving the public in environmental decision-making and presents
three case studies and a how-to guide for effective risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 3. Setting
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
 21. Other
 24. Community or public response
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Santos, S. L.; Covello, V. T.; McCallum, D. B.
Year: 1996
Title: Industry response to SARA Title III: Pollution prevention, risk reduction, and risk
communication
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 57-66
Summary Sentence:
 Reports industry responses to environmental legislation that required them to report hazardous
chemicals to the community.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 1. Communicator
Communicator:
  2. Business/corporation/commercial group
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  9. Workplace
10. Other
Outcomes:
  21. Other
 26. Corporate response
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Schinke, Steven P.; Schilling, Robert F.; Gilchrist, Lewayne D.
Year: 1986
Title: Prevention of drug and alcohol abuse in American Indian youths
Journal: Social Work Research and Abstracts
Volume: 22
Issue: 4
Pages: 18-19
Summary Sentence:
 Assesses drug and alcohol knowledge and behavior changes of Native American youth
following a prevention program.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
7. Outcome
Communicator:
  1. Authority figure (non-expert)
13. Other
Audience Role:
  2. Child/Pre-teen
Audience Ethnicity:
  5. Native American
Setting:
  2. Community meeting/community group
 8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  8. Small groups/focus groups
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
 7. Possible health outcomes
 8. Possible psychosocial outcomes
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  1. Alcohol
 8. Drug abuse



Author: Schmidt, F.N.; Gifford, R.
Year: 1989
Title: A dispositional approach to hazard perception: Preliminary development of the
Environmental Appraisal Inventory
Journal: Journal of Environmental Psychology
Volume: 9
Pages: 57-67
Summary Sentence:
 Examines adults' perceptions of threat to self, threat to environment, and personal control
concerning environmental risks.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
 7.  Done: coded, entered, and filed
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student 
16. General public
Outcomes:
   9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 21. Other
 23. Perceptions of efficacy/control
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants)



Author: Schulte, P. A.; Boal, W. L.; Friedland, J. M.; Walker, J. T.; Connally, L. B.;
Mazzuckelli, L. F.; Fine, L. J.
Year: 1993
Title: Methodologic issues in risk communications to workers
Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-9
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses issues related to the content, process, and evaluation of worker risk notification.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 5. Content
8. Measurement/evaluation
12. General
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
Setting:
  9. Workplace
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified
Methodological Issues:
 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Schwartz, L. M.; Woloshin, S.; Black, W. C.; Welch, H. G.
Year: 1997
Title: The role of numeracy in understanding the benefit of screening mammography
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine
Volume: 127
Issue: 11
Pages: 966-972
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of women's numeracy and the format of risk information on the accuracy
of
women's risk judgments regarding benefits of mammography.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
6. Format
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
14. Other
16. Benefits/gains
Form of risk information:
 4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
 7. Risk perception-likelihood
21. Other
Hazard:
  6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Schwartz, Lisa M.; Woloshin, Steven; Welch, H. Gilbert
Year: 1999
Title: Risk communication in clinical practice: Putting cancer into context
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.  Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 124-133
Summary Sentence:
 Suggests three-part approach to improving cancer risk communication consisting of office-based
tools for physicians, patient education, and guidelines for risk communicators.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
4. Channel
7. Outcome
Communicator:
  0. Communicator (general)
 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
14. Media
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
10. TV
Outcomes:
    2. Comprehension of message
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
   8. Risk perception-severity
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Shaklee, Harriet; Fischhoff, Baruch
Year: 1990
Title: The psychology of contraceptive surprises: Cumulative risk and contraceptive
effectiveness
Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 20
Issue: 5 Pt 2
Pages: 385-403
Summary Sentence:
 Examines young adults' perceptions of short and long term contraceptive risks.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
12. Time course of hazard
Form of risk information:
 4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
Hazard:
 20. Other
22. Treatment related risks



Author: Sherman, Steven J.; Cialdini, Robert B.; Schwartzman, Donna F.; Reynolds, Kim D.
Year: 1985
Title: Imagining can heighten or lower the perceived likelihood of contracting a disease: The
mediating effect of ease of imagery
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Volume: 11
Issue: 1
Pages: 118-127
Summary Sentence:
 Examined the relationship between ease of imagining symptoms and likelihood estimates for
disease.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
    7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
 14. Hypothetical risk



Author: Shiloh, Shoshana; Berkenstadt, Michal
Year: 1992
Title: Lay conceptions of genetic disorders
Editor: Evers-Kiebooms, Gerry; Fryns, Jean-Pierre
Book Title: Psychosocial Aspects of Genetic Counseling
City: New York, NY
Publisher: Wiley-Liss
Volume: 28
Number of Volumes: 1
Pages: 191-200
Series Title: Birth defects: Original articles series, Vol. 28, No. 1.
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the conceptions held by the general public about genetic disorders and their effects on
the genetic counseling process.
Publication Type
  4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role, Ethnicity, & Gender:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation




Author: Shiloh, S.; Sagi, M.
Year: 1989
Title: Effect of framing on the perception of genetic recurrence risks
Journal: American Journal of Medical Genetics
Volume: 33
Issue: 1
Pages: 130-135
Summary Sentence:
 Examines how the way risks are framed influence the subjects assessment of genetic risks.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 6. Format
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   8. Risk perception-severity
Hazard:
  5. Birth defects



Author: Siegrist, Michael
Year: 1997
Title: Communicating low risk magnitudes: Incidence rates expressed as frequency versus rates
expressed as probability
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 17
Issue: 4
Pages: 507-510
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of presenting rates as frequencies versus probabilities on willingness to pay
for safer treatments.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 6. Format
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
   4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
 7. Possible health outcomes
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
  19. Intended treatment behavior
Hazard:
 14. Hypothetical risk



Author: Siero, Sjef; Kok, Gerjo; Pruyn, Jean
Year: 1984
Title: Effects of public education about breast cancer and breast self-examination
Journal: Social Science and Medicine
Volume: 18
Issue: 10
Pages: 881-888
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effect four persuasive messages about breast self-examination (BSE) on women's
knowledge, attitudes, intentions to, and actual BSE behavior.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
11. Severity of outcome
14. Other
17.  Skill building/instructions
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Silka, Linda; Albright, Linda
Year: 1983
Title: Intuitive judgments of rate change: The case of teenage pregnancies
Journal: Basic and Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 4
Issue: 4
Pages: 337-352
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the extent to which information about population size is taken into account in
estimating  teenage pregnancy rates from frequency data.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 5. Content
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
14. Other
Hazard:
 20. Other



Author: Simons-Morton, B. G.; Donohew, L.; Crump, A. D.
Year: 1997
Title: Health communication in the prevention of alcohol, tobacco, and drug use
Journal: Health Education and Behavior
Volume: 24
Issue: 5
Pages: 544-554
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the role of health communication in the prevention of substance abuse, different
approaches to health communication, and four programs that target minority audiences.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
2. Audience
12. General
Audience Role:
  3. Teen
Outcomes:
  12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  1. Alcohol
 8. Drug abuse
17. Smoking



Author: Skinner, C. S.; Strecher, V. J.; Hospers, H.
Year: 1994
Title: Physicians' recommendations for mammography: Do tailored messages make a difference?
Journal: American Journal of Public Health
Volume: 84
Issue: 1
Pages: 43-49
Summary Sentence:
 Evaluates the effects of receiving individualized breast cancer information in a letter from a
physician on women's recall and screening behavior.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
 10. Other
11. Home
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
22. Personalized information
Form of risk information:
  6. Other
Outcomes:
   6. Recall of message
 13. Actual testing/screening
 18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Slovic, Paul
Year: 1986
Title: Informing and educating the public about risk
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 6
Issue: 4
Pages: 403-415
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the limitations of risk assessment, limitations of public understanding, various formats
of presenting risk, and the media's role in risk communication as obstacles to effective risk
communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
2. Audience
6. Format
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Channels of risk communication:
  6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
10. TV
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Slovic, Paul
Year: 1987
Title: Perception of risk
Journal: Science
Volume: 236
Issue: 4799
Pages: 280-285
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the implications of public response to hazards on policy-making and risk
communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
  8. Risk perception-severity
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Slovic, P.; Fischhoff, B.; Lichtenstein, S.
Year: 1978
Title: Accident probabilities and seat belt usage: A psychological perspective
Journal: Accident Analysis and Prevention
Volume: 10
Issue: 4
Pages: 281-285
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses how seat belt use is more influenced by probability than by severity of consequences
and how people do not voluntarily protect themselves from low probability risks.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
Hazard:
  4. Automobile safety



Author: Slovic, Paul; Fischhoff, Baruch; Lichtenstein, Sarah
Year: 1981
Title: Informing the public about the risks from ionizing radiation
Journal: Health Physics
Volume: 41
Issue: 4
Pages: 589-598
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses challenges regarding communicating radiation risk to the public and examines the
effect of an educational brochure on adults' risk perceptions.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
 9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
 7. Possible health outcomes
Outcomes:
   9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 21. Other
 25. Policy/regulation changes
Hazard:
 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Slovic, Paul; Kraus, Nancy; Covello, Vincent T.
Year: 1990
Title: What should we know about making risk comparisons?
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 10
Issue: 3
Pages: 389-392
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses problems in presenting the comparison of unrelated risk to the public and presents an
empirical study to support this argument.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 3. Setting
5. Content
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Setting:
  4. General community
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   8. Risk perception-severity
 21. Other
 24. Community or public response
Hazard:
 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants)
18. Multiple (greater than 5)
20. Other



Author: Slovic, Paul; Malmfors, Torbjoern; Krewski, Daniel; Mertz, C. K.; Neil, Nancy; Bartlett,
Sheryl
Year: 1995
Title: Intuitive toxicology. II. Expert and lay judgments of chemical risks in Canada
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Pages: 661-675
Summary Sentence:
 Examines toxicologists' and the general public's attitudes and beliefs regarding chemical risks.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
 5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  8. Risk perception-severity
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 21. Other
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Smith, V. Kerry; Desvousges, William H.; Johnson, F. Reed; Fisher, Ann
Year: 1990
Title: Can public information programs affect risk perceptions?
Journal: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
Volume: 9
Issue: 1
Pages: 41-59
Summary Sentence:
 Examines how different risk presentation formats influence homeowners' perceptions of radon
and provides recommendations for radon risk communication.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
6. Format
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
 1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
2. Communication style
5. Likelihood-absolute
6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
 6. Other
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  8. Risk perception-severity
Hazard:
 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Snyder, Leslie B.
Year: 1987
Title: Learning and acting in a health communication campaign: Teaching rural women to
prevent infant dehydration through diarrheal disease control in The Gambia, West Africa
University: Stanford U, CA, USA.
Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 47(9-A), Mar 1987, 3228.
Publication Type:
4. Empirical



Author: Spivey, G. H.
Year: 1991
Title: Health risk communication--a view from within industry
Journal: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Volume: 44
Issue: Suppl 1
Pages: 63S-67S
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses ethical considerations and problem areas regarding the epidemiologist's role in risk
communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Spunt, B. S.; Deyo, R. A.; Taylor, V. M.; Leek, K. M.; Goldberg, H.I.; Mulley, A.G.
Year: 1996
Title: An interactive videodisc program for low back pain patients
Journal: Health Education Research
Volume: 11
Issue: 4
Pages: 535-541
Summary Sentence:
 Reports patients' evaluations of an interactive videodisc program designed to provide
information about lower back surgery.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 4. Channel
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
 13. Ill-adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
 11. Video
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
 5. Likelihood-absolute
Form of risk information:
  3. Interactive
Outcomes:
  10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
Hazard:
 20. Other
22. Treatment related risks



Author: Stanbury, M.; Solice-Sample, G.; Pescatore, J.
Year: 1993
Title: Asbestos disease risk communication conducted by the New Jersey Department of Health
Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 97-104
Summary Sentence:
 Examines adults' attitudes toward a mailed information packet about asbestos risk on their
decision to seek legal and medical advice.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
13. Ill-adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
14. Other
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 11. Actual information seeking behavior
 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism)
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Stefanek, M.E.
Year: 1990
Title: Counseling women at high risk for breast cancer
Journal: Oncology
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 27-38
Summary Sentence:
 Suggests that breast cancer risk counseling should highlight the benefits of early detection, and
should include individualized risk information and an assessment of a woman's breast self-exam
technique.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Content of risk message:
  0. Content (general)
16. Benefits/gains
17.  Skill building/instructions
Outcomes:
    3. Knowledge
  13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
  6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Stone, Eric R.; Yates, J. Frank; Parker, Andrew M.
Year: 1997
Title: Effects of numerical and graphical displays on professed risk-taking behavior
Journal: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
Volume: 3
Issue: 4
Pages: 243-256
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the influence of numerical versus varying graphical displays of risk likelihood on
college students' willingness to buy the safer product.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 6. Format
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
Form of risk information:
 2. Graphical display
4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
  12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  4. Automobile safety
12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease)



Author: Stone, Eric R.; Yates, J. Frank; Parker, Andrew M.
Year: 1994
Title: Risk communication: Absolute versus relative expressions of low-probability risks
Journal: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
Volume: 60
Issue: 3
Pages: 387-408
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effect of presenting risk information in terms of incidence rates versus relative
risks on college students' intentions to buy the safer product.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 6. Format
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Form of risk information:
 4. Text-numerical
5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
  17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Stone, J. A.
Year: 1993
Title: Content of notification: Exposure to the pesticide chlordimeform
Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 93-95
Summary Sentence:
 Provides recommendations for the content of worker notifications of chemical exposure risks.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
 12. Unspecified
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  9. Workplace
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 7. Possible health outcomes
12. Time course of hazard
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Stoto, M. A.; Evans, G.; Bostrom, A.
Year: 1998
Title: Vaccine risk communication
Journal: American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Pages: 237-239
Summary Sentence:
 Summarizes issues raised at a medical workshop designed to discuss risk communication about
childhood vaccines.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
 7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  6. Parent or prospective parent
Setting:
  3. Focus group/small group
10. Other
Channels of risk communication:
  1. Computer program (non-internet)
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
Form of risk information:
  1. Decision aid
 3. Interactive
 6. Other
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  6. Recall of message
Hazard:
 20. Other
22. Treatment related risks



Author: Strecher, Victor J.; Greenwood, Todd; Wang, Catharine; Dumont, Dana
Year: 1999
Title: Interactive multimedia and risk communication
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 134-139
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the benefits of interactive multimedia in delivering risk information and tailoring it to
individuals.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 4. Channel
6. Format
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Channels of risk communication:
  1. Computer program (non-internet)
 2. Internet (listserves, web pages)
Content of risk message:
 22. Personalized information
Form of risk information:
  1. Decision aid
 2. Graphical display
 3. Interactive
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 21. Other
 27. Information processing/decision-making process
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Strecher, Victor J.; Kreuter, Matthew W.; Kobrin, Sarah C.
Year: 1995
Title: Do cigarette smokers have unrealistic perceptions of their heart attack, cancer, and stroke
risks?
Journal: Journal of Behavioral Medicine
Volume: 18
Issue: 1
Pages: 45-54
Summary Sentence:
 Compares risk perceptions of smokers with those of nonsmokers.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  3. Teen
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke
17. Smoking



Author: Sutherland, H.J.; Lockwood, G.A.; Tritchler, D.L.; Sem, F.; Brooks, L.; Till, J.E.
Year: 1991
Title: Communicating probabilistic information to cancer patients: Is there "noise" on the line?
Journal: Social Science and Medicine
Volume: 32
Issue: 6
Pages: 725-731
Summary Sentence:
 Examines cancer patients' interpretations of probability words (e.g., "always", "never").
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
4. Channel
5. Content
Audience Role:
 13. Ill-adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  1. Computer program (non-internet)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
 11. Severity of outcome
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Sutton, Stephen; Hallett, Robert
Year: 1988
Title: Understanding the effects of fear-arousing communications: The role of cognitive factors
and amount of fear aroused
Journal: Journal of Behavioral Medicine
Volume: 11
Issue: 4
Pages: 353-360
Summary Sentence:
 Employees' risk perceptions, affect, confidence in their ability to quit and intention to quit
smoking were assessed after they watched a videotape about the risks of smoking.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  9. Workplace
Channels of risk communication:
 11. Video
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 21. Other
 23. Perceptions of efficacy/control
Hazard:
 17. Smoking



Author: Sutton, Stephen; Hallett, Robert
Year: 1989
Title: Understanding seat-belt intentions and behavior: A decision-making approach
Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 19
Issue: 15 Pt 1
Pages: 1310-1325
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effect of an educational videotape on employee's intentions to use and actual
seat-belt use.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  9. Workplace
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
11. Video
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  4. Automobile safety



Author: Sutton, Stephen R.; Eiser, J. Richard
Year: 1984
Title: The effect of fear-arousing communications on cigarette smoking: An expectancy-value
approach
Journal: Journal of Behavioral Medicine
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 13-33
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the influence of an anti-smoking videotape on employee's risk perceptions, intentions
to quit smoking, and quitting behavior.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 4. Channel
5. Content
7. Outcome
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
 10. Patient/peer/community member (affected)
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
 9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  9. Workplace
Channels of risk communication:
 11. Video
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 21. Other
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
6-6. Other cancer
6-9. Lung
17. Smoking



Author: Sutton, Stephen R.; Eiser, J. Richard
Year: 1990
Title: The decision to wear a seat belt: The role of cognitive factors, fear and prior behaviour
Journal: Psychology and Health
Volume: 4
Issue: 2
Pages: 111-123
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the influence of a pro-seatbelt videotape on employees'  fear, risk perceptions, and
intentions to use seatbelts.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  9. Workplace
Channels of risk communication:
 11. Video
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  4. Automobile safety



Author: Sutton, Vickie V.
Year: 1990
Title: Perceptions of local emergency planning committee members' responsibility for risk
communication and a proposed model risk communication program for local emergency
planning committees under SARA, Title III
University: U Texas, Dallas, USA.
Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 50(7-B), Jan 1990, 2825.
Publication Type:
4. Empirical



Author: Svenson, Ola
Year: 1988
Title: Mental models of risk, communication, and action: Reflections on social amplification of
risk.
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 8
Issue: 2
Pages: 199-200
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses social amplification of risk as a concept linking risk communication and people's
perceptions of risks.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 2. Audience
3. Setting
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Tankard, James W. Jr.
Year: 1987
Title: Quantitative graphics in newspapers
Journal: Journalism Quarterly
Volume: Summer/Autumn
Pages: 406-415
Summary Sentence:
 Identifies common problems in newspaper graphics that hinder effective risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 6. Format
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Taplin, Stephen H.; Anderman, Carolyn; Grothaus, Lou; Curry, Susan; Montano, Daniel
Year: 1994
Title: Using physician correspondence and postcard reminders to promote mammography use
Journal: American Journal of Public Health
Volume: 84
Issue: 4
Pages: 571-574
Summary Sentence:
 Evaluates the effects of sending recommendation letters, signed by either the primary physician
or the program director, and reminder postcards on mammography participation.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 1. Communicator
4. Channel
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
 14. Other
15. Costs/barriers/losses
16. Benefits/gains
18. Reminder
20.  General information about recommended action
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
  13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 1 Breast cancer



Author: Tattersall, M. H.; Butow, P. N.; Griffin, A. M.; Dunn, S. M.
Year: 1994
Title: The take-home message: Patients prefer consultation audiotapes to summary letters
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology
Volume: 12
Issue: 6
Pages: 1305-1311
Summary Sentence:
 Compares cancer patients' preferences for information presented via audiotape or in a letter from
their physician.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 4. Channel
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
 13. Ill-adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
 12. Other
21. Letter
23. Audiotape
Content of risk message:
 11. Severity of outcome
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
14. Other
19. General information about hazard
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  6. Recall of message
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Thornton, J. G.; van den Borne, M. P.; de Bruijn, A. J.
Year: 1996
Title: Risk communication: The patient's view
Journal: Early Human Development
Volume: 47
Issue: Suppl
Pages: S13-S17
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses how to present risk information during prenatal screening so that parents can make
well-informed decisions.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
6. Format
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  6. Parent or prospective parent
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
Hazard:
  5. Birth defects



Author: Tilden, J.; Hanrahan, L. P.; Anderson, H.; Palit, C.; Olson, J.; Kenzie, W. M.
Year: 1997
Title: Health advisories for consumers of Great Lakes sport fish: Is the message being received?
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives
Volume: 105
Issue: 12
Pages: 1360-1365
Summary Sentence:
 Studies of behavioral responses to risk communications regarding consumption of contaminated
fish in the Great Lakes Region.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 7. Outcome
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 9. Preventability of hazard
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Tillett, S.; Sullivan, P.
Year: 1993
Title: Asbestos screening and education programs for building and construction trades unions
Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 143-152
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses implementation of an asbestos risk communication program, emphasizing the role of
the unions in promoting participation.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 3. Setting
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
 8. Non-governmental organization (e.g., Am. Lung Assoc.)
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  9. Workplace
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 8. Small groups/focus groups
11. Video
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
  13. Actual testing/screening
 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism)
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 9 Lung cancer
 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Timmermans, D. R. M.; Politser, P.; Wakker, P. P.
Year: 1995
Title: Aggregation, rationality, and risk communication: Three current debates in medical
decision making
Editor: Caverni, Jean-Paul; Bar-Hillel, Maya
Book Title: Contributions to decision making--I.
City: Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Publisher: North-Holland/Elsevier Science Publishers
Pages: 111-117
Summary Sentence:
 Summarizes a workshop which focused on the role of expected utility theory in medical decision
making.
Publication Type
  1. Discussion
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role, Ethnicity, & Gender:
  1. Health/safety professional
20. Patient (general)
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
    7. Risk perception-likelihood
   8. Risk perception-severity
  13. Actual testing/screening
  14. Actual treatment behavior
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified




Author: Tinker, T.; Lewis-Younger, C.; Isaacs, S.; Neufer, L.; Blair, C.
Year: 1995
Title: Environmental health risk communication: A case study of the Chattanooga Creek site
Journal: Journal of the Tennessee Medical Association
Volume: 88
Issue: 9
Pages: 343-349
Summary Sentence:
 Describes implementation of a risk information program to a targeted audience.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 3. Setting
4. Channel
6. Format
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
 8. At risk/exposed-child or teen
 9. At risk/exposed-adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  1. African-American
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 8. Small groups/focus groups
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
Form of risk information:
  3. Interactive
 5. Text-verbal
6. Other
Outcomes:
  12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Editor: Tinker, Tim L.; Pavlova, Maria T.; Gotsch, Audrey R.; Arkin, Elaine Bratic
Year: 1998
Title: Communicating Risk in a Changing World
City: Solomons Island, MD
Publisher: The Ramazzini Institute/OEM Press
Number of Pages: 197
ISBN: ISBN 1-883595-20-7
Summary Sentence:
 Book based on a 1996 symposium focusing on environmental risk communication, with
particular attention to the role of the media and educational strategies.   Contains sections called
"Risk perceptions and models for risk communication" and "Challenges, prospects, history and
ethics."  Each section includes state-of-the-art papers, case studies, and discussions.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 4. Channel
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Channels of risk communication:
  0. Channels (general)
Content of risk message:
  0. Content (general)
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants)
15. Injury/safety (non-auto)



Author: Treadwell, D. F.
Year: 1994
Title: AIDS communication: What predicts health professionals' decisions?
Journal: International Quarterly of Community Health Education
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Pages: 165-186
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the perspectives taken by health professionals in designing AIDS communication
programs targeted toward college students.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 1. Communicator
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
 8. Educational setting: school or university
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 9. Preventability of hazard
Outcomes:
  12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 11. HIV/AIDS/STDs



Author: Tsao, Chien-chung
Year: 1990
Title: Health communication: The relationship of the immune system to relaxation, music,
imagery and emotional affect
University: Temple U, PA, USA.
Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 50(11-A), May 1990, 3537.
Publication Type:
4. Empirical



Author: Valente, Thomas W.; Saba, Walter P.
Year: 1998
Title: Mass media and interpersonal influence in a reproductive health communication campaign
in Bolivia
Journal: Communication Research
Volume: 25
Issue: 1
Pages: 96-124
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of a large-scale reproductive health campaign and interpersonal influence
on attitudes, knowledge, and behavior change on community residents in Bolivia.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 4. Channel
7. Outcome
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
11. Peer/community member (not affected)
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
 7. Other
Setting:
  2. Community meeting/community group
Channels of risk communication:
  7. Radio
10. TV
Content of risk message:
 14. Other
19. General information about hazard
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
  6. Recall of message
 11. Actual information seeking behavior
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 20. Other



Author: Van der Pligt, J.; Midden, Cees J.
Year: 1990
Title: Chernobyl: Four years later: Attitudes, risk management and communication
Journal: Journal of Environmental Psychology
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Pages: 91-99
Summary Sentence:
 Examines public attitudes and opinion processes regarding nuclear energy, public reactions to
nuclear accidents, and how risk is communicated regarding nuclear energy.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 2. Audience
3. Setting
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  2. Comprehension of message
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
Hazard:
 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants)
20. Other



Author: Van Eijndhoven, Josee C. M.; Weterings, Rob A. P. M.; Worrell, Cor W.; de Boer, Joop;
van der Pligt, Joop; Stallen, Pieter-Jan M.
Year: 1994
Title: Risk communication in the Netherlands: The monitored introduction of the EC
"post-Seveso" Directive
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Pages: 87-96
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the process and evaluation of implementing the Seveso directive (notifying the public
of risk) in two regions of the Netherlands.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 3. Setting
7. Outcome
12. General
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 16. General public
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
 8. Small groups/focus groups
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: van Zuuren, F. J.
Year: 1997
Title: The standard of neutrality during genetic counseling: An empirical investigation
Journal: Patient Education and Counseling
Volume: 32
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 69-79
Summary Sentence:
 Analyzes verbal communications between genetic counselors and their clients and discusses the
implications of counselors' attitudes.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 1. Communicator
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
Hazard:
  5. Birth defects
18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Vaughan, Elaine
Year: 1995
Title: The significance of socioeconomic and ethnic diversity for the risk communication process
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Pages: 169-180
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the need for risk communication to consider the larger socioeconomic, ethnic, and
cultural context.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 3. Setting
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
 17. Other
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  4. General community
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Velicer, Christine M.; Knuth, Barbara A.
Year: 1994
Title: Communicating contaminant risks from sport-caught fish: The importance of target
audience assessment
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Pages: 833-841
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of a previously released advisory on a diverse population's knowledge, risk
perceptions, and precautionary behavior regarding contaminated fish.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  3. Teen
 5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  3. Knowledge
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Vernon, Sally W.
Year: 1999
Title: Risk perception and risk communication for cancer screening behaviors: A review
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.  Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 101-119
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews research examining the relationships between risk perceptions and cancer screening
behaviors.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Verplanken, Bas
Year: 1991
Title: Persuasive communication of risk information: A test of cue versus message processing
effects in a field experiment
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 188-193
Summary Sentence:
 Assesses effects of source credibility in risk communicators for producing attitude change.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 1. Communicator
3. Setting
Communicator:
  1. Authority figure (non-expert)
 4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  2. Community meeting/community group
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
Hazard:
   9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Verplanken, Bas
Year: 1990
Title: A persuasion approach to risk communication: Theory and empirical evidence
Editor: Borcherding, Katrin; Larichev, Oleg I.
Book Title: Contemporary issues in decision making.
City: Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Publisher: North-Holland
Pages: 291-303
Summary Sentence:
 Utilized the Elaboration Likelihood Model to experimentally investigate the role of source
credibility, the persistence of attitude change, and the beliefs-attitude-intention consistency in
risk communication.
Publication Type
  5. Intervention
Focus:
 1. Communicator
2. Audience
11. Multiple
Communicator:
  1. Authority figure (non-expert)
 4. Expert/researcher/scientist
 5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Setting:
  4. General community
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
    7. Risk perception-likelihood
  17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure




Author: Viscusi, W. Kip; Magat, Wesley A.; Huber, Joel
Year: 1986
Title: Informational regulation of consumer health risks: An empirical evaluation of hazard
warnings
Journal: The RAND Journal of Economics
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Pages: 351-365
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of product labels differing in the amount and prominence of risk
information on precautionary behavior.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
6. Format
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
 10. Other
Channels of risk communication:
 12. Other
24. Product label/packaging
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 3. Definition of hazard
 9. Preventability of hazard
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
  17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Vlek, Charles A. J.
Year: 1995
Title: Understanding, accepting and controlling risks: A multistage framework for risk
communication
Journal: European Review of Applied Psychology/Revue Europeenne de Psychologie Appliquee
Volume: 45
Issue: 1
Pages: 49-56
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the handling of societal risks through effective, well-planned risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 12. General
Communicator:
 12. Unspecified
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
 4. Expense of hazard
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism)
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Waage, H. P.; Vatten, L. J.; Opedal, E.; Hilt, B.
Year: 1997
Title: Smoking intervention in subjects at risk of asbestos-related lung cancer
Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Volume: 31
Issue: 6
Pages: 705-712
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effectiveness of an intervention program for smokers at increased risk for lung
cancer.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
  8. At risk/exposed-child or teen
Audience Gender:
 2. Male
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
  12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6.13 Other cancer
 6. 9 Lung cancer
 9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
17. Smoking



Author: Wagner, E. H.; Barrett, P.; Barry, M. J.; Barlow, W.; Fowler, F. J., Jr.
Year: 1995
Title: The effect of a shared decisionmaking program on rates of surgery for benign prostatic
hyperplasia. Pilot results
Journal: Medical Care
Volume: 33
Issue: 8
Pages: 765-770
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effects of an interactive decision aid on prostate treatment preferences.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 10. Decision aid
Communicator:
  7. Health professional/worker in health care setting
Audience Role:
 13. Ill-adult
Audience Gender:
 2. Male
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
 11. Video
Content of risk message:
 13. Treatability of hazard consequences
Form of risk information:
  1. Decision aid
 3. Interactive
Outcomes:
  19. Intended treatment behavior
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 4 Prostate cancer



Author: Walker, Vern R.
Year: 1995
Title: Direct inference, probability, and a conceptual gulf in risk communication
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Pages: 603-609
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses how differences in the conceptual frameworks of scientists and the general public can
lead to misunderstandings and gaps in risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 3. Setting
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
 16. General public
17. Other
21. Other professionals and experts
Outcomes:
    2. Comprehension of message
  4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
 7. Risk perception-likelihood
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 21. Other
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Webler, Thomas; Rakel, Horst; Renn, Ortwin; Johnson, Branden
Year: 1995
Title: Eliciting and classifying concerns: A methodological critique
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Pages: 421-436
Summary Sentence:
 Presents a scheme for classifying expert and community concerns, illustrated with an example of
a public participation program in which citizens considered land application of municipal sewage
sludge.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 1. Communicator
2. Audience
7. Outcome
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
 17. Other
16. General public
Setting:
  2. Community meeting/community group
Channels of risk communication:
  3. Lecture
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 8. Small groups/focus groups
11. Video
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
 7. Possible health outcomes
 8. Possible psychosocial outcomes
Form of risk information:
  3. Interactive
 4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
Hazard:
  8. Drug abuse



Author: Weinstein, Neil; Klein, William M.
Year: 1996
Title: Unrealistic optimism: Present and future
Journal: Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-8
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses research on unrealistic optimism and its relation to risk perception.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
 21. Other
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Weinstein, Neil D.
Year: 1999
Title: What does it mean to understand a risk?  Evaluating risk comprehension
Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.  Monographs.
Issue: 25
Pages: 15-20
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses those attributes that are essential to full comprehension of a risk, including outcome
severity, absolute and relative probabilities, controllability and factors that influence individual
susceptibility.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Content of risk message:
  0. Content (general)
Outcomes:
    2. Comprehension of message
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)
Methodological Issues:
  1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Weinstein, Neil D.
Year: 1987
Title: Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: Conclusions from a
community-wide sample
Journal: Journal of Behavioral Medicine
Volume: 10
Issue: 5
Pages: 481-500
Summary Sentence:
 Adults' beliefs about their personal risk relative to peers' risk for a variety of health hazards
reveal consistent optimistic biases.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  4. General community
Outcomes:
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Weinstein, Neil D.
Year: 1984
Title: Why it won't happen to me: Perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility
Journal: Health Psychology
Volume: 3
Issue: 5
Pages: 431-457
Summary Sentence:
 Investigates the determinants of optimistic biases about health and safety risk, including risk
controllability and specific categories of risk factors.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
   4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Outcomes:
    7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Weinstein, Neil D.
Year: 1993
Title: Persuasive conversations between friends about health and safety precautions
Journal: Health Education Quarterly
Volume: 20
Issue: 3
Pages: 347-360
Summary Sentence:
 Assesses the content and effect of persuasive messages between friends about adopting
precautionary health and safety behaviors.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 3. Setting
5. Content
Communicator:
 11. Peer/community member (not affected)
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 3. Definition of hazard
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
 8. Possible psychosocial outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
11. Severity of outcome
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   6. Recall of message
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Weinstein, Neil D.
Year: 1998
Title: Accuracy of smokers' risk perceptions
Journal: Annals of Behavioral Medicine
Volume: 20
Issue: 2
Pages: 135-140
Summary Sentence:
 Reviews research on smokers' risk perceptions to determine whether smokers recognize their
risk of contracting smoking-induced illnesses.
Publication Type:
 2. Review
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Hazard:
 17. Smoking



Author: Weinstein, N.D.; Diefenbach, M.A.
Year: 1997
Title: Percentage and verbal category measures of risk likelihood
Journal: Health Education Research
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 139-141
Summary Sentence:
 Compared a percentage scale with a verbally labeled scale for eliciting risk likelihood
judgements.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 6. Format
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)
Methodological Issues:
 2. Measurement (studies of different response formats)


Author: Weinstein, Neil D.; Klein, William M.
Year: 1995
Title: Resistance of personal risk perceptions to debiasing interventions
Journal: Health Psychology
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Pages: 132-140
Summary Sentence:
 Describes four studies that attempt to reduce people's tendency to believe that their own risk is
less than that of others.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student 
 5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
 8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
 10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
  1. Alcohol
13. Hypertension/heart disease/stroke
18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Weinstein, Neil D.; Kolb, Kathryn; Goldstein, Bernard D.
Year: 1996
Title: Using time intervals between expected events to communicate risk magnitudes
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 16
Issue: 3
Pages: 305-308
Summary Sentence:
 Investigates the effects of presenting risk probabilities in terms of the expected time intervals
between illness occurrences in a specific population.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
12. Time course of hazard
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer



Author: Weinstein, Neil D.; Lyon, Judith E.; Sandman, Peter M.; Cuite, Cara L.
Year: 1998
Title: Experimental evidence for stages of health behavior change: The precaution adoption
process model applied to home radon testing
Journal: Health Psychology
Volume: 17
Issue: 5
Pages: 445-453
Summary Sentence:
 Uses a stage theory of precaution adoption to design interventions to encourage home radon
testing.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 2. Audience
5. Content
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
 6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
 6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
 11. Video
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 3. Definition of hazard
 4. Expense of hazard
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
14. Other
20.  General information about recommended action
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
 11. Actual information seeking behavior
 13. Actual testing/screening
 16. Intended information seeking behavior
 18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Weinstein, Neil D.; Sandman, Peter M.
Year: 1993
Title: Some criteria for evaluating risk messages
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 103-114
Summary Sentence:
 Seven criteria are presented for evaluating the public's comprehension of risk messages, with
examples from radon risk communication.
Publication Type:
 1. Review
Focus:
 8. Measurement/evaluation
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Setting:
 10. Other
11. Home
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 3. Definition of hazard
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
11. Severity of outcome
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   2. Comprehension of message
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
 10. Other environmental (flooding, climate change/not pollutants)
16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)
20. Other
Methodological Issues:
 1. Evaluation criteria (how to determine effectiveness of risk communication)


Author: Weinstein, N. D.; Sandman, P. M.; Hallman, W. K.
Year: 1994
Title: Testing a visual display to explain small probabilities [letter]
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Pages: 895-897
Summary Sentence:
 Tests the usefulness of visual displays to communicate small probabilities.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
6. Format
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  8. Educational setting: school or university
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
20. Other
22. Treatment related risks



Author: Weinstein, Neil D.; Sandman, Peter M.; Roberts, Nancy E.
Year: 1990
Title: Determinants of self-protective behavior: Home radon testing
Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume: 20
Issue: 10 Pt 1
Pages: 783-801
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the influence of threat, remediation ease, and home risk factors in a mailed brochure
on at-risk homeowner's decisions to test for radon.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Audience Role:
  9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
 3. Definition of hazard
 5. Likelihood-absolute
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
 9. Preventability of hazard
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
11. Severity of outcome
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 13. Actual testing/screening
 18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Weterings, Rob A.; Van Eijndhoven, Josee C.
Year: 1989
Title: Informing the public about uncertain risks
Journal: Risk Analysis
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Pages: 473-482
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the way authorities communicated soil pollution risks to exposed Dutch residents, and
discusses the problems with the content of the messages, namely a lack of probability
information about health outcomes.
Publication Type:
 3. Case study
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  1. Authority figure (non-expert)
Audience Role:
 17. Other
 9. At risk/exposed-adult
Setting:
  2. Community meeting/community group
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
 5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  1. Cause/source/communicability of risk/mode of transmission
Form of risk information:
  5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
  10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 15. Actual other behavior (e.g., activism)
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure



Author: Wiatrowski, W. A.; Giles, E. R.; Cooke, E. P.
Year: 1996
Title: Development of a system to evaluate and communicate radiation risk
Journal: Health Physics
Volume: 70
Issue: 1
Pages: 111-117
Summary Sentence:
 Describes a system to explain the radiation risks of voluntary participation in studies using
positron emission technology.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 5. Content
6. Format
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Hazard:
 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)



Author: Wilson, R.; Crouch, E. A. C.
Year: 1987
Title: Risk assessment and comparisons: An introduction
Journal: Science
Volume: 236
Issue: 4799
Pages: 267-270
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses the difficulty of understanding risk probabilities and how comparing and contrasting
hazards may make their probabilities easier to grasp.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 9. Risk perception/comprehension
Content of risk message:
  3. Definition of hazard
 6. Likelihood-comparative (across people or hazards)
Hazard:
 19. General, unspecified



Author: Witte, Kim
Year: 1993
Title: Generating Effective Risk Messages: How scary should your risk communication be?
Journal: Communication Yearbook
Volume: 18
Pages: 229-254
Summary Sentence:
 Presents a theory to determine the optimal level of "scariness" in risk messages.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 7. Outcome
Content of risk message:
 14. Other
Methodological Issues:
  3. Other


Author: Witte, Kim; Berkowitz, Judy M.; Lillie, Janet McKeon; Cameron, Kenzie A.; Lapinski,
Maria Knight; Liu, Wen-Ying
Year: 1998
Title: Radon awareness and reduction campaigns for African Americans: A theoretically based
evaluation
Journal: Health Education and Behavior
Volume: 25
Issue: 3
Pages: 284-303
Summary Sentence:
 Evaluates different radon-awareness campaigns with African-American focus groups.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
4. Channel
5. Content
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
 6. Parent or prospective parent
Audience Ethnicity:
  1. African-American
Setting:
  3. Focus group/small group
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
12. Other
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
 7. Possible health outcomes
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
11. Severity of outcome
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
Form of risk information:
  2. Graphical display
 4. Text-numerical
 5. Text-verbal
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
 10. Satisfaction/communication appraisal
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
 16. Radiation (radon, sun exposure, x-ray)
 6. 0 Cancer
 6. 9 Lung cancer



Author: Witte, Kim; Peterson, Tarla R.; Vallabhan, Shalini; Stephenson, Michael T.; Plugge,
Carol D.; Givens, Vonda K.; Todd, Jay D.; Becktold, Melissa G.; Hyde, Mary Kay; Jarrett,
Robin
Year: 1992
Title: Preventing tractor-related injuries and deaths in rural populations: Using a persuasive
health message framework in formative evaluation research
Journal: International Quarterly of Community Health Education
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Pages: 219-251
Summary Sentence:
 Examines farmers' attitudes, fear, risk perception, self-efficacy and actual/intended use of safety
procedures and used this information to formulate more effective risk communications.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 2. Audience
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Audience Role:
 17. Other
 5. Adult
Outcomes:
   1. Attitude
  5. Psychological distress/affect/concern/preoccupation
  7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
 12. Actual preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 17. Intended preventive health behavior/risky behavior
 21. Other
 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment
 28. Information/communication preferences
Hazard:
 15. Injury/safety (non-auto)



Author: Wolf, A. M.; Philbrick, J. T.; Schorling, J. B.
Year: 1997
Title: Predictors of interest in prostate-specific antigen screening and the impact of informed
consent: what should we tell our patients?
Journal: American Journal of Medicine
Volume: 103
Issue: 4
Pages: 308-314
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effect of information about prostate-specific antigen screening on men's interest in
the screening.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Gender:
 2. Male
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
13. Treatability of hazard consequences
Form of risk information:
  6. Other
 7. Oral/spoken
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
  8. Risk perception-severity
 18. Intended testing/screening
 21. Other
 22. Perceptions of recommended action/treatment
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 4 Prostate cancer



Author: Wolf, A.M.D.; Nasser, J.F.; Wolf, A.M.; Schorling, J.B.
Year: 1996
Title: The impact of informed consent on patient interest in prostate-specific antigen screening
Journal: Archives of Internal Medicine
Volume: 156
Issue: 2
Pages: 1333-1336
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effect of information about prostate cancer screening read to subjects on adult
males' interest.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
Communicator:
  4. Expert/researcher/scientist
Audience Role:
  5. Adult
Audience Ethnicity:
  6. Mixed/varied/multiple
Audience Gender:
 2. Male
Setting:
  5. Health care setting
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
10. Risk factors (exposure levels, blood pressure, genetic risk)
13. Treatability of hazard 
14. Other
15. Costs/barriers/losses
16. Benefits/gains
Form of risk information:
  6. Other
 7. Oral/spoken
Outcomes:
  18. Intended testing/screening
Hazard:
   6. 0 Cancer
 6. 4 Prostate cancer



Author: Wright, R.
Year: 1994
Title: Risk communication: How to answer tough patient questions
Journal: Journal of the American Dental Association
Volume: 125
Issue: 8
Pages: 1131-1137
Summary Sentence:
 Discusses ways dentists can allay patients' fears including communicating clearly, building trust,
and taking the patient's perspective.
Publication Type:
 1. Discussion
Focus:
 1. Communicator
2. Audience
3. Setting
Audience Role:
  1. Health/safety professional
Channels of risk communication:
  4. One-on-one (face-to-face)
Content of risk message:
  2. Communication style
14. Other
15. Costs/barriers/losses
16. Benefits/gains
Outcomes:
   4. Communicator-Audience relationship (e.g., trust)
  8. Risk perception-severity
  9. Risk perception-other attribute of risk
Hazard:
  9. Pollutants/chemical exposure
11. HIV/AIDS/STDs



Author: Yamagishi, Kimihiko
Year: 1997
Title: When a 12.86% mortality is more dangerous than 24.14%: Implications for risk
communication
Journal: Applied Cognitive Psychology
Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: 495-506
Summary Sentence:
 Examines differences in risk perceptions caused by varying the formats used to present risk
information.
Publication Type:
 4. Empirical
Focus:
 6. Format
9. Risk perception/comprehension
Communicator:
  6. Investigator/experimenter
Audience Role:
  4. College student/Graduate student
Setting:
  6. Laboratory
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
Content of risk message:
  5. Likelihood-absolute
Form of risk information:
  4. Text-numerical
Outcomes:
   7. Risk perception-likelihood
Hazard:
 18. Multiple (greater than 5)



Author: Zimicki, S.; Hornik, R. C.; Verzosa, C. C.; Hernandez, J. R.; de Guzman, E.; Dayrit, M.;
Fausto, A.; Lee, M. B.; Abad, M.
Year: 1994
Title: Improving vaccination coverage in urban areas through a health communication campaign:
The 1990 Philippine experience
Journal: Bulletin of the World Health Organization
Volume: 72
Issue: 3
Pages: 409-422
Summary Sentence:
 Examines the effect of a mass-media campaign in the Philippines on mothers' knowledge about
vaccination for measles and actual vaccination rates.
Publication Type:
 5. Intervention
Focus:
 5. Content
7. Outcome
Communicator:
  5. Governmental organization (e.g., NCI)
Audience Role:
  6. Parent or prospective parent
Audience Gender:
 1. Female
Setting:
  4. General community
Channels of risk communication:
  5. Pamphlets, newsletters, fact sheets, handouts, or questionnaires
 6. Print media (newspaper or magazine)
 7. Radio
10. TV
12. Other
Content of risk message:
  7. Possible health outcomes
 9. Preventability of hazard
11. Severity of outcome
14. Other
18. Reminder
Outcomes:
   3. Knowledge
  6. Recall of message
 13. Actual testing/screening
Hazard:
 12. Other infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme disease)