captions.txt



  Figure Captions for the photographs in:



  Takahashi, T. Jane, Heliker, Christina, and Diggles, 

       Michael F., 2003, Selected Images of the Pu'u 'O'o-

       Kupaianaha Eruption, 1983-1997:  U.S. Geological 

       Survey Digital Data Series DDS-80 (CD-ROM).



  



  1 (E-1).  Aerial view, from the southwest, of flow near 

  Pu'u Kamoamoa, a prehistoric cone approximately 3,500 m 

  northeast of Napau Crater, in Kilauea's middle east rift 

  zone.  Episode 1 (January 323, 1983) was characterized by 

  eruptions from fissures several hundred meters long.  The 

  fountains from these eruptions produced a series of low 

  spatter ramparts (photo by J.D. Griggs, 1/3/83, JG132A) 

  (picture #001). 



  2 (E-1).  Aerial view of fountains from eruptive fissures 

  south of Pu'u Kahaualea, approximately 2,350 m northeast of 

  what is now Pu'u 'O'o.  Note single 'ohi'a tree burning in 

  front of the fissures (photo by J.D. Griggs, 1/5/83, JG349) 

  (picture #002). 



  3 (E-1).  Forest of lava trees resulting from eruption of a 

  1-km-line of vents east of Pu'u Kahaualea.  The bulbous top 

  of each lava tree marks the high stand of the lava flow as 

  it spread through the trees.  As the fissure eruption 

  waned, the flow continued to spread laterally; its 

  surface subsided, leaving pillars of lava that had chilled 

  against tree trunks.  Spattering is from fissure out of 

  view to the left.  Note blob of spatter adhering to the top 

  of the stripped 'ohi'a tree (photo by J.D. Griggs, 1/7/83, 

  JG653) (picture #003). 



  4 (E-2).  Arching fountain approximately 10 m high issuing 

  from the western end of the 0740 vents, a series of spatter 

  cones 170 m long, south of Pu'u Kahaualea.  Episodes 2 and 

  3 were characterized by spatter and cinder cones, such as 

  Pu'u Halulu, which was 60 m high by episode 3 (photo by 

  J.D. Griggs, 02/25/83, JG928) (picture #004). 



  5 (E-4).  Lava boulder large enough to fill the back of a 

  pickup truck rolls off the top of an 'a'a flow in Royal 

  Gardens subdivision.  Pu'u 'O'o was now the primary vent 

  (photo by J.D. Griggs, 6/16/83, JG2236) (picture #005). 



  6 (E-4).  Surging flow front traveling approximately 33 m 

  per minute down the central channel of 'a'a flow west of 

  Royal Gardens subdivision.  The flow was erupted from Pu'u 

  'O'o during episode 4 (photo by R.W. Decker, 6/16/83, 

  RD68309) (picture #006). 



  7 (E-5).  View at dusk of the young Pu'u 'O'o cinder-and-

  spatter cone, with fountain approximately 40 m high, during 

  episode 5 (photo by G.E. Ulrich, 6/29/83, GU6830A) (picture 

  #007). 



  8 (E-5).  Aerial view, to the northwest, of channelized 

  pahoehoe flow from Pu'u 'O'o.  The flow moved southeastward 

  over the sloping terrain and entered Royal Gardens 

  subdivision, destroying seven homes and cutting off four 

  from road access (photo by J.D. Griggs, 7/1/83, JG2451) 

  (picture #008). 



  9 (E-5).  Aerial view, at dusk, of Pu'u 'O'o.  During 

  episode 5, Pu'u 'O'o had two adjacent vents, separated by a 

  wall of spatter (photo by J.D. Griggs, 7/1/83, JG2430) 

  (picture #009). 



  10 (E-5).  Concerned scientists observe an 'a'a flow from 

  Pu'u 'O'o as it advances down a street in Royal Gardens 

  subdivision (photo by J.D. Griggs, 7/2/83, JG2511) (picture 

  #010). 



  11 (E-5).  Six seconds after previous photo was taken, 

  scientists run from surging 'a'a flow in Royal Gardens.  

  The top of an 'a'a flow rides on the underlying mass and 

  rolls over it like a tractor's tread, advancing to the 

  front of the flow (photo by J.D. Griggs, 7/2/83, JG2514) 

  (picture #011). 



  12 (E-5).  Accretionary lava ball comes to rest on the 

  grass after rolling off the top of an 'a'a flow in Royal 

  Gardens subdivision.  Accretionary lava balls form as 

  viscous lava is molded around a core of already solidified 

  lava (photo by J.D. Griggs, 7/2/83, JG2562) (picture #012). 



  13 (E-5).  'A'A flow approaches stop sign in Royal Gardens 

  subdivision (photo by J.D. Griggs, 7/2/83, JG2551) (picture 

  #013). 



  14 (E-8).  Low fountain, approximately 50 m high, from Pu'u 

  'O'o, viewed from the north.  Lava issuing from the breach 

  in the northeast rim of the crater produced an 'a'a flow 

  that extended for more than 4 km (photo by J.D. Griggs, 

  9/6/83, JG2879) (picture #014). 



  15 (E-8).  Close-up of Pu'u 'O'o lava fountain, episode 8 

  (photo by J.D. Griggs, 9/6/83, JG2895) (picture #015). 



  16 (E-8).  Pu'u 'O'o fountain approximately 100 m high 

  during episode 8.  Dark clots of spatter land near the base 

  of the fountain, contributing to the growth of the cone.  

  Less dense cinder, visible in upper right, is carried 

  downwind of the cone (photo by J.D. Griggs, 9/6/83, JG2939) 

  (picture #016). 



  17 (E-8).  Jetting fountains, fluctuating in height from 

  tens of meters to 200 m, playing in Pu'u 'O'o crater 

  (episode 10).  These fountains varied greatly in height and 

  trajectory and occasionally alternated with a single 

  sustained high fountain (photo by J.D. Griggs, 10/5/83, 

  JG3144) (picture #017). 



  18 (E-8).  High (over 200 m) fountain from Pu'u 'O'o in 

  early morning light.  Fountains feed 'a'a flows to 

  northeast.  The characteristic rough, blocky surface of a 

  cooled 'a'a flow is visible at the margins of the flow.  

  The river of lava inside the channel travels at a much 

  greater speed than the front of the flow advances (photo by 

  R.W. Decker, 10/5/83, RD108333) (picture #018). 



  19 (E-13).  Dome fountain, 5 m high, in Pu'u 'O'o crater 

  (viewed from north rim), feeds lava flowing over spillway 

  during episode 13 (photo by E.W. Wolfe, 1/20/84, EW18409) 

  (picture #019). 



  20 (E-13).  Sunset seen through the fume from Pu'u 'O'o; 

  view is from Pauahi Crater (photo by R.W. Decker, 1/21/84, 

  RD18430) (picture #020). 



  21 (E-14).  Aerial view of Pu'u 'O'o fountain, 

  approximately 100 m high.  Flow from breached northeast rim 

  feeds bifurcating channels (photo by J.D. Griggs, 1/31/84, 

  JG4036) (picture #021). 



  22 (E-21).  Aerial view from the northeast of Pu'u 'O'o 

  fountain and 'a'a flow during episode 21.  The broad, fan-

  shaped front of the flow in the foreground is typical of 

  'a'a flows on low-angle slopes (photo by J.D. Griggs, 

  6/30/84, JG4472) (picture #022). 



  23 (E-23).  Aerial view of Pu'u 'O'o fountain from the 

  north during episode 23.  Theodolite measurements of high 

  fountains, which played throughout the day, ranged from 150 

  to 305 m (photo by J.D. Griggs, 7/28/84, JG4605) (picture 

  #023). 



  24 (E-25).  Pu'u 'O'o fountain, approximately 450 m high, 

  produces clouds of black cinder that are carried downwind 

  (southwest) of the vent.  Low fountains play from fissure 

  at base of cone.  View is from northeast, at Pu'u Halulu.  

  Pu'u 'O'o gained 12 m in height during episode 25.  By the 

  end of October 1984, Pu'u 'O'o's height was 155 m above the 

  pre-1983 surface (photo by C.C. Heliker, 9/19/84, CH98435) 

  (picture #024). 



  25 (pre-E-26).  Drainback of lava into Pu'u 'O'o conduit; 

  Mauna Loa, to the northwest, is in the background.  The 

  low-level activity took place the day before episode 26 

  began.  A 42-day repose period, the longest since December 

  1983, preceded episode 26, the briefest (5 hours long) of 

  the episodes of 19831984 (photo by G.E. Ulrich, 11/1/84, 

  GU118420) (picture #025). 



  26 (E-32).  Pu'u 'O'o plume with inversion layer, viewed 

  from Kilauea's summit during episode 32.  The warm air has 

  not dispersed due to the absence of tradewinds.  Volcanic 

  fume consists primarily of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and 

  sulfur dioxide (photo by J.D. Griggs, 4/22/85, JG5351) 

  (picture #026). 



  27 (E-32).  Aerial view, from the east, of waning fountain 

  from Pu'u 'O'o at end of episode 32.  Pu'u 'O'o rose 209 m 

  above the pre-1983 surface (928 m above sea level) (photo 

  by J.D. Griggs, 4/22/85, JG5363) (picture #027). 



  28 (E-35a).  Spattering (less than 5 m high) from episode 

  35a fissure near the west side of Pu'u 'O'o.  About 3.5 

  hours after the fountains of episode 35 died on July 26, 

  ground cracks at the base of the cone propagated uprift, 

  accompanied by booming noises.  At 0414 H.s.t. on July 27, 

  the new fissures, which extended 2.5 km uprift, began to 

  erupt along the 1-km stretch closest to Pu'u 'O'o.  This 

  activity persisted for 16 days (photo by J.D. Griggs, 

  7/27/85, JG5600) (picture #028). 



  29 (E-38).  Sun seen through fume cloud from Pu'u 'O'o, 

  viewed from Uwekahuna overlook at the summit of Kilauea.  

  Fountain heights at Pu'u 'O'o reached a maximum of 295 m 

  around the time this photo was taken during episode 38 

  (photo by J.D. Griggs, 10/21/85, JG5935) (picture #029). 



  30 (E-39).  Pu'u 'O'o fountain and flow at sunset; view, to 

  the southwest, is from Pu'u Halulu during episode 39 (photo 

  by G.E. Ulrich, 11/13/85, GU118533) (picture #030). 



  31 (E-46).  Jetting fountain and eruption plume, viewed 

  from north side of Pu'u 'O'o during episode 46 (photo by 

  J.D. Griggs, 6/2/86, JG7348) (picture #031). 



  32 (E-46).  Round-topped fountain, viewed from north side 

  of Pu'u 'O'o.  The cone grew 2 m during episode 46 to its 

  maximum height of 257 m above the pre-1983 surface (photo 

  by J.D. Griggs, 6/2/86, JG7356) (picture #032). 



  33 (E-48).  Aerial view, from the northeast, of pahoehoe 

  flow from the fissure eruption at the site of the 

  Kupaianaha vent.  New flows are overriding dark 'a'a flows 

  from Pu'u 'O'o, 3 km uprift (in background).  The Pu'u 'O'o 

  conduit failed on July 18, triggering fissure eruptions 

  both up- and downrift of the cone.  On July 20 (beginning 

  of episode 48), the fissure at this site began to erupt, 

  initiating 5.5 years of near-continuous effusion from the 

  Kupaianaha vent.  The high-fountaining episodes of Pu'u 

  'O'o were over (photo by J.D. Griggs, 7/20/86, JG7632) 

  (picture #033). 



  34 (E-48).  Aerial view of flow from Kupaianaha that 

  demolished a residence near an orchid farm at Kapa'ahu.  

  Farmers continue to work on what is left of the farm.  

  Flows from Kupaianaha moved through the village of 

  Kapa'ahu, cut off the coastal highway, and reached the sea 

  in late November 1986 (photo by J.D. Griggs, 12/16/86, 

  JG8502) (picture #034). 



  35 (E-48).  Aerial view to southeast of tube-fed pahoehoe 

  flow blocking Highway 130 at the entrance to Kalapana 

  Gardens subdivision on Lokelani Street.  The flow 

  demolished 14 homes on the northwestern edge of Kalapana in 

  a single day, then stagnated when the tube became blocked 

  near the vent (photo by J.D. Griggs, 12/19/86, JG8610) 

  (picture #035). 



  36 (E-48).  Aerial view of thin pahoehoe flow advancing 

  through mango trees toward a house in Kalapana Gardens 

  subdivision (photo by J.D. Griggs, 12/19/86, JG12367) 

  (picture #036). 



  37 (E-48).  Aerial view of flow (marked by smoke from 

  burning vegetation) moving into Kalapana Gardens 

  subdivision.  Pu'u 'O'o is visible on skyline at center.  

  In the foreground are the Mauna Kea Congregational Church 

  (right of center) and fishponds (lower left) bounded by the 

  Hakuma horst, the uplifted, elongate block at lower left.  

  View is to the northwest (photo by J.D. Griggs, 12/19/86, 

  JG8632) (picture #037). 



  38 (E-48).  Aerial view from the northeast, looking across 

  the Kupaianaha lava pond to Pu'u 'O'o.  The lava pond is 

  covered by a thin, mobile crust.  The pond is at the top of 

  a broad, low shield 1 km in diameter and about 56 m high.  

  Frequent overflows from the pond in its first year built 

  the shield (photo by J.D. Griggs, 1/13/87, JG8728) (picture 

  #038). 



  39 (E-48).  Aerial view of Kupaianaha lava pond.  A vent 

  beneath the broad area to the left supplies lava to the 

  pond, which then flows down the long neck to the right.  A 

  lava tube at the end of the neck carries lava downslope.  

  The entrance to the lava tube is visible at the end of the 

  neck (photo by J.D. Griggs, 2/2/87, JG8948) (picture #039). 



  40 (E-48).  Pu'u 'O'o fumes in the background, with 'ohi'a 

  trees and tree ferns in foreground.  In the middle distance 

  is Pu'u Halulu.  View is uprift from Kalalua, a prehistoric 

  cone (photo by J.D. Griggs, 3/11/87, JG9139) (picture 

  #040). 



  41 (E-48).  Queens Bath, a fresh-water-filled graben that 

  was a popular bathing spot in Kapa'ahu, before being filled 

  by lava from the Kupaianaha vent (photo by J.D. Griggs, 

  3/31/87, JG9319) (picture #041). 



  42 (E-48).  Bystanders watch steam rising from Queens Bath 

  as lava flow enters the water.  Lava overran Highway 130 at 

  0748 H.s.t. on the same morning at the western margin of 

  the Kapa'ahu flow.  By the end of the day, Punalu'u heiau 

  was overrun, and Queens Bath was filled with lava (photo by 

  J.D. Griggs, 3/31/87, JG9470) (picture #042). 



  43 (E-48).  Billowing steam plume marks the spot where 

  tube-fed lava from Kupaianaha enters the ocean east of 

  Kupapau Point.  The plum contains a mixture of hydrochloric 

  acid and concentrated seawater that is created when lava 

  reacts with seawater.  Steam explosions (also called 

  littoral explosions because they occur at the shoreline or 

  littoral zone) spray fragments of lava into the air (photo 

  by J.D. Griggs, 2/3/88, JG10760) (picture #043). 



  44 (E-48).  Glow of lava is reflected in steam plume at 

  water's edge east of Kupapa'u Point.  A littoral cone 

  formed by spatter from steam explosions sits on top of the 

  sea cliff to the right (photo by T.J. Takahashi, 2/10/88, 

  TT028807) (picture #044). 



  45 (E-48).  Littoral explosion east of Kupapa'u Point 

  produces thin sheets of spatter known as "limu o Pele" 

  (Pele's seaweed) (photo by T.J. Takahashi, 2/10/88, 

  TT028838) (picture #045). 



  46 (E-48).  New black sand beach at Kamoamoa.  Lava is 

  fragmented into sand-sized pieces by steam explosions as it 

  enters the ocean.  Currents carry the sand until it reaches 

  a protected bay where the sand accumulates, forming a new 

  black sand beach (photo by J.D. Griggs, 3/3/88, JG11546) 

  (picture #046). 



  47 (E-48).  Lava drapery and bench east of Kupapa'u Point.  

  The drapery was formed when lava flowed over a sea cliff 

  onto the new land forming at its base.  New land forms as 

  lava deltas build seaward over steep submarine slopes of 

  spatter, black sand, and pillow lava.  These slopes are 

  unstable and prone to slumping, which removes support for 

  the active, leading edge of the lava delta, or "bench." 

  Benches and deltas can collapse unexpectedly (photo by J.D. 

  Griggs, 4/13/88, JG11606) (picture #047). 



  48 (E-48).  A thin-walled lava bubble expands and bursts.  

  These "bubble bursts" occur when seawater infiltrates the 

  lava tube system near the shore (photo by J.D. Griggs, 

  10/5/88, JG12367) (picture #048). 



  49 (E-48).  Lava bubble bursts near shoreline where lava 

  enters the ocean.  Such bubble bursts produce translucent 

  sheets of spatter, or "limu o Pele" (photo by J.D. Griggs, 

  10/5/88, JG12364) (picture #049). 



  50 (E-48).  Waha'ula Visitor Center before being destroyed 

  by lava flows from Kupaianaha.  Groundbreaking for the 

  visitor center in 1966, coincided with the 50th anniversary 

  of the founding of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park on 

  August 1, 1916 (photo by T.J. Takahashi, 2/10 /87, TT28711) 

  (picture #050). 



  51 (E-48).  Lava oozes from within an already crusted flow 

  and forms ropy pahoehoe near Waha'ula Visitor Center (photo 

  by J.D. Griggs, 6/15/89, JG12539) (picture #051). 



  52 (E-48).  Lava flow ignites Waha'ula Visitor Center.  The 

  flow moved under the structure despite the Park Service 

  crews' and volunteers' efforts to cool it and stop its 

  advance (photo by J.D. Griggs, 6/22/89, JG12788) (picture 

  #052). 



  53 (E-48).  Aerial view of remains of Waha'ula Visitor 

  Center, with heiau (temple site) still intact in 

  foreground.  The Waha'ula heiau was said to have been built 

  in the eleventh century by the high priest Pa'ao (photo by 

  J.D. Griggs, 6/28/89, JG13089) (picture #053). 



  54 (E-48).  Steel structural members are all that remain of 

  Waha'ula Visitor Center after it was destroyed by fire from 

  lava that flowed under the structure and ignited it (photo 

  by J.D. Griggs, 10/12/89, JG13336) (picture #054). 



  55 (E-48).  Lava pours from tube into sea at Poupou west of 

  Kupapa'u Point and east of the Waha'ula heiau.  The single 

  tube feeding the entry was exposed when the sea cliff 

  beneath the Poupou littoral cone calved off.  The lava 

  stream was referred to as a "fire hose" (photo by J.D. 

  Griggs, 11/27/89, JG13424) (picture #055). 



  56 (E-48).  Aerial view from the eastern coast of Kilauea, 

  looking across Hawaiian Paradise Park subdivision toward 

  Pu'u 'O'o and Kupaianaha (where plume rises) on the horizon 

  (photo by J.D. Griggs, 12/27/89, JG13581) (picture #056). 



  57 (E-48).  Aerial view of ocean entry at Poupou and the 

  Kupaianaha flow field.  Pu'u 'O'o fumes on the horizon; 

  streets of Royal Gardens subdivision lie on the slopes of 

  Pulama pali above the coastal plain (photo by J.D. Griggs, 

  12/27/89, JG13655) (picture #057). 



  58 (E-48).  Aerial view of pahoehoe from Kupaianaha 

  overriding earlier channeled 'a'a flows, flowing down 

  Pulama pali through 'ohi'a forest on its way to the sea 

  (photo by J.D. Griggs, 2/15/90, JG13956) (picture #058). 



  59 (E-48).  Aerial view of the "Quarry" flow that crossed 

  Highway 130 west of Kalapana.  This flow entered the sea on 

  February 20, 1990 (photo by J.D. Griggs, 2/21/90, JG14246) 

  (picture #059). 



  60 (E-48).  Aerial view of lava encroaching on Kalapana 

  community.  Hakuma horst, a raised fault block, is on the 

  left.  To the right of the point are fishponds, and to 

  their right, Walter's Kalapana Store and Drive Inn.  In the 

  large trapezoidal plot are Mauna Kea Congregational Church 

  and hall.  The white structure across the street from the 

  Congregational Church is St. Mary's Star of the Sea 

  Catholic Church (photo by J.D. Griggs, 4/3/90, JG14496) 

  (picture #060). 



  61 (E-48).  A three-story house in Kalapana Gardens is 

  ignited by a lava flow, which entered the subdivision on 

  April 17, 1990.  By the 24th, more than a dozen houses were 

  destroyed.  The total number of homes destroyed by the 

  eruption was 121 by the end of 1990 (photo by J.D. Griggs, 

  4/22/90, JG14665) (picture #061). 



  62 (E-48).  Children in Kalapana Gardens watch lava moving 

  into their neighborhood.  Some of the people whose land was 

  covered by lava were tenth generation residents of Kalapana 

  (photo by J.D. Griggs, 4/22/90, JG14710) (picture #062). 



  63 (E-48).  A lei is offered to appease Pele, goddess of 

  the volcano (photo by J.D. Griggs, 4/22/90, JG14805) 

  (picture #063). 



  64 (E-48).  Aerial view of lava advancing through Kalapana 

  Gardens.  The edge of the flow follows the inland contours 

  of Hakuma horst, the fault block to the left (photo by J.D. 

  Griggs, 5/2/90, JG15634) (picture #064). 



  65 (E-48).  Lava enters Harry K. Brown Park, originally 

  called "Wai'akolea Park." It was renamed "Harry Ka'ina 

  Brown Memorial Park" in 1953 after Brown, a county auditor, 

  whose ancestral home was in Kalapana.  By the end of May 

  1990, 35 more homes were destroyed; a total of 157 homes 

  had been destroyed since 1983 (photo by D. Weisel, 5/2/90, 

  59017) (picture #065). 



  66 (E-48).  St. Mary's Star of the Sea Catholic Church in 

  its original setting in Kalapana.  The "Painted Church" was 

  completed by April 19, 1931 (photo by J.D. Griggs, 4/22/90, 

  JG14853) (picture #066). 



  67 (E-48).  The Painted Church is finally moved to a safe 

  location at dawn (photo by D. Weisel, 5/4/90, DW59004) 

  (picture #067). 



  68 (E-48).  Aerial view of Kalapana community inundated by 

  tube-fed lava flows (photo by J.D. Griggs, 5/16/90, 

  JG16102) (picture #068). 



  69 (E-48).  Aerial view of flow field in Kalapana.  The 

  Mauna Kea Congregational Church (lower right) burned down 

  on May 7 (photo by J.D. Griggs, 5/31/90, JG16454) (picture 

  #069). 



  70 (E-48).  Aerial view of lava flow entering the ocean at 

  Kalapana (photo by J.D. Griggs, 6/3/90, JG16718) (picture 

  #070). 



  71 (E-48).  Lava surrounds sign at Walter Yamaguchi's 

  Kalapana Store and Drive Inn, "the oldest water well in 

  Puna." The store burned down on June 6, the 161st structure 

  overrun by lava (photo by J.D. Griggs, 6/3/90, JG16763) 

  (picture #071). 



  72 (E-48).  Lava rises around Walter's Drive Inn sign.  

  Concrete walls of the store and roof of the post office are 

  in the background (photo by J.D. Griggs, 6/6/90, JG16888) 

  (picture #072). 



  73 (E-48).  Lava rises to the base of the sign at Walter's 

  Store and Drive Inn.  The sign, with its eight-inch high 

  concrete blocks, was one of the means used to measure 

  inflation of the lava flow (photo by J.D. Griggs, 6/13/90, 

  JG17085) (picture #073). 



  74 (E-48).  Lava surrounds family grave sites in Kalapana 

  (photo by J.D. Griggs, 6/13/90, JG17225) (picture #074). 



  75 (E-48).  "Court rules" superseded by lava at the remains 

  of Harry K. Brown Park, Kalapana (photo by J.D. Griggs, 

  6/30/90, JG18003) (picture #075). 



  76 (E-48).  Lava enters Kaimu Bay, site of renowned black 

  sand beach and coconut grove northeast of Kalapana village 

  (photo by J.D. Griggs, 8/2/90, JG18072) (picture #076). 



  77 (E-48).  Aerial view of lava lake in Pu'u 'O'o crater.  

  The crater is about 250 m in diameter (photo by J.D. 

  Griggs, 8/30/90 JG18426) (picture #077). 



  78 (E-48).  Marine life washed ashore after being killed by 

  hot, sediment-filled water where lava entered the ocean in 

  Kaimu Bay.  Seabirds and other animals came to feast on the 

  remains each day (photo by J.D. Griggs, 10/11/90, JG18928) 

  (picture #078). 



  79 (E-48).  Bus imbedded in lava with remains of a roof in 

  the background at Kalapana.  By this time, an entire 

  community lay buried beneath 1525 m of lava (photo by J.D. 

  Griggs, 12/4/90, JG19238) (picture #079). 



  80 (E-48).  Vertical aerial-photo mosaic of Kalapana and 

  Kaimu Bay before being filled with lava (see nos. 76 and 

  81).  The flow, advancing eastward, had inundated most of 

  Kalapana before reaching Kaimu Bay (photo by D. Weisel, 

  8/20/90, DW120A7 and DW120A11) (picture #080). 



  81 (E-48).  Vertical aerial-photo mosaic of Kalapana and 

  Kaimu Bay after the bay was filled with lava.  The lava 

  extended the shoreline 500 m beyond its original location 

  (photo by D. Weisel, 12/7/90, DW120I15 and DW120I16) 

  (picture #081). 



  82 (E-52).  Littoral explosion at Kamoamoa produces black 

  cloud of spatter at base of billowing white steam plume 

  during episode 52 (photo by L.P. Keszthelyi, 2/5/93, 

  LK020593.11) 



  83 (E-53).  Geologist collects spatter samples while 

  fountains play southwest of the episode 53 vent at the base 

  of Pu'u 'O'o.  The vent began to erupt on February 20 

  (beginning of episode 53), producing 14 m-high fountains 

  that increased in height to 15 m by the 21st (photo by C.C. 

  Heliker, 2/21/93, CH022193.31) (picture #083). 



  84.  Holei sea arches, approximately 30 m high.  The 

  arches, formed by constant wave action, were eroded from 

  flows erupted more than 500 years ago from Kane nui o Hamo, 

  a vent in the middle east rift zone (photo by J. 

  Kauahikaua, 3/4/95, JK030495.18) (picture #084). 



  85 (E-53).  Lava bubbles burst at the shoreline at 

  Kamoamoa.  These bubble bursts occur when seawater 

  infiltrates the lava tube system near the shore.  Note two 

  littoral cones, formed by explosion debris, in background 

  (photo by T.N. Mattox, 3/9/94, TM030994.24) (picture #085). 



  86 (E-53).  Skylight in the roof of a lava tube inland of 

  Kamoamoa.  Littoral cone and steam plume in the background 

  mark the point where lava enters the ocean (photo by J. 

  Kauahikaua, 3/10/94, JK031094.03) (picture #086). 



  87 (E-53).  Broken lava bubbles in glassy surface of 

  solidified lava from Highcastle flow on the coastal plain 

  (photo by C.C. Heliker, 4/14/95, CH01495.28) (picture 

  #087). 



  88 (E-53).  Incandescent crack in roof of lava tube in the 

  Highcastle flow on the coastal plain (photo by L.P. 

  Keszthelyi, 4/27/95, LK042795.4) (picture #088). 



  89 (E-53).  Littoral explosion at Kamokuna hurls spatter 

  approximately 50 m high during episode 53.  Five new 

  littoral cones formed in January.  Bench collapses over a 

  6-hour period on January 30, 1996, resulted in explosions 

  that threw blocks nearly 1 m in diameter up to 250 m inland 

  (photo by C.R. Thornber, 1/28/96, CT012896.10) (picture 

  #089). 



  90 (E-53).  Dome fountains, the largest of which was 7.6 m 

  high, formed over the skylight of a lava tube during an 

  eruptive surge at Pu'u 'O'o.  The surge fed a channelized 

  flow down the steep slope of Pulama pali (photo by C.R. 

  Thornber, 2/1/96, CT020196.27) (picture #090). 



  91 (E-53).  Pahoehoe flow draining into skylight of lava 

  tube on upper flow field (photo by C.C. Heliker, 2/2/96, 

  CH020296.16) (picture #091). 



  92 (E-53).  Aerial view of channelized 'a'a flow from 

  episode-51 vent advancing down steep slope of Pulama pali.  

  Terminus of flow burns rainforest (photo by C.C. Heliker, 

  6/4/96, CH060496.22) (picture #092). 



  93 (E-54).  Aerial view of "west gap" in the Pu'u 'O'o cone 

  that formed on the night of January 29, 1997.  The lava 

  pond in the Pu'u 'O'o crater drained, the crater floor 

  collapsed, and the west flank of the cone caved in, 

  creating a gap 150200 m wide.  The collapse resulted in a 

  crater 210 m deep and produced a spectacular blanket of red 

  rock dust (photo by C.R. Thornber, 1/30/97, CT0-13097.3) 

  (picture #093). 



  94.  Lava trees uprift of Pu'u 'O'o.  The ground is covered 

  by cinder from the high-fountaining episodes of Pu'u 'O'o 

  from 1983 to 1986 (photo by C.C. Heliker, 1/30/97, 

  CH013097.13) (picture #094). 



  95 (E-53).  Aerial view of Lae'apuki lava delta, which 

  extends 275 m beyond the earlier shoreline defined by the 

  sea cliff 1518 m above the delta (photo by C.C. Heliker, 

  1/30/97, CH013097.32) (picture #095). 



  96 (E-54).  Dark lava from episode 54 eruptive fissures 

  flowed into old cracks uprift of Pu'u 'O'o.  The cone is 

  coated with red rock dust from the collapse of the crater 

  and west flank.  Five closely spaced fissures in, and 

  downrift of, Napau Crater were active during the 22-hour-

  long episode 54 (photo by C.C. Heliker, 1/31//97, 

  CH013197.21) (picture #096). 



  97 (E-55).  Aerial view of lava from flank vents on the 

  west slope of Pu'u 'O'o early in episode 55.  Lava is 

  ponding in a series of collapse pits (photo by C.R. 

  Thornber, 4/1/97, CT040197.26) (picture #097). 



  98.  Aerial view looking across summit caldera of Kilauea 

  toward Pu'u 'O'o on the east rift zone.  Kilauea caldera, 

  containing Halemaumau Crater, is in the lower left, with 

  Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) on the caldera's rim to 

  the left of Halemaumau.  Pu'u 'O'o fumes in the distance on 

  the east rift zone (photo by J.D. Griggs, 1/10/85, JG18537) 

  (picture #098). 



  99.  Aerial view of Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) 

  situated on Uwekahuna bluff atop a series of step faults on 

  the northwest rim of Kilauea caldera.  Mauna Loa is in the 

  background (photo by J.D. Griggs, 8/22/85, JG88519) 

  (picture #099). 



  100.  Aerial view of HVO.  The newest wing (with the 

  observation tower) was built in 1986 and dedicated on the 

  75th anniversary of HVO on January 18, 1987 (photo by J.D. 

  Griggs, 10/23/86, JG40238) (picture #100).