INDEX
Abortion
effect of maternal smoking, 5,84,85
frequency, and cigarette consumption,
  85
Acetaldehyde
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Acetone
as suspected contributor to health
hazards of smoking, 145
Acetonitrile
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Acrolein
as irritant in tobacco smoke, 101
as probable contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 144
Acrylonitrile
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Adolescents
see Students, high school
Air pollution,
carbon monoxide from cigarette smoke,
7,121-123,125
effect on nonsmokers, 121-125
tobacco smoke as a factor, 7,121-124
Air quality
standards for carbon monoxide, 128
Alcohol consumption
effect on mortality rates from esopha-
geal neoplasms in Japanese males, 71
smoking and, in esophageal neoplasm
etiology, 4,68,70,71
Allergy
effect on cardiovascular abnormalities,
  111
tobacco and, 7,103-l 11
tobacco smoke irritants and, 110
Alphat -antitrypsin deficiency
in emphysema etiology, 44
smoking and, 44
Altitude,
effect on arterial oxygen tension, 22
Amblyopia, tobacco
cyanides and, 6
diet and, 6
smoking and, 6
Ammonia
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Angina pectoris
smoking and, in twin studies, 18
Antigen-antibody reaction
allergy and, 103-107
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 7,105,111
tobacco and, 7,104-107
Aortic aneurysm, nonsyphilitic
mortality rates. smokers vs. nonsmokers,
  2
Aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic
effect on tobacco carcinogenicity, 66
Arterial diseases
carboxyhemoglobin levels and, 26
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 26
smoking and, 25,26
Arteriosclerosis
autopsy studies and, 19,20
cigar smoking and, 19
experimentally induced in dogs, 19,20
pipe smoking and, 19
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 19,22,23,27
smoking classification and, 19
Asbestos
pulmonary fibrosis and, 44
Asthma
smoking and, 37
Atherosclerosis
see Arteriosclerosis
Autopsy studies
arteriosclerosis and, 19,20
coronary heart disease and, 19,20
Benz(a)anthracene
carcinogenicity, as component of ciga-
rette smoke, 66
Benzene
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Benzo(a)pyrene
as air pollutant from cigarette smoke,
123
carcinogenic effects during pregnancy in
rats, 89
cocarcinogenic effect on respiratory
tract in rabbits, 67
hydroxylation by the placenta, 89
in smoke streams, 123
Betel nut chewing
in Bombay, India, 69

in head and neck neoplasm etiology, 69
smoking and, 69
Birth weight
effect of maternal smoking, 5,83-87
Bladder neoplasms
relative risk in females by amount
smoked, 73
relative risk in males by amount smoked,
72,73
smoking and, 68,72-74
smoking characteristics in etiology of, 5
Body height
effect of maternal smoking, 88
Bronchial abnormalities
in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 45
Bronchial histological changes
smoking and, 45
Bronchitis
incidence in British males by cigarette
consumption, 62
occupational diseases and, 42
prevalence in smokers in Glenwood
Springs, Colorado, 39
prevalence in smokers vs. nonsmokers in
Yugoslavia, 40
smoking in etiology of, 37
Bronchopulmonary disease, chronic ob-
structive
alphat-antitrypsin deficiency and, 3.44
epidemiology in Tecumseh, Michigan,
39,40
morbidity, smokers vs. nonsmokers in
Berlin, New Hampshire, 39
mortality,  smokers vs. nonsmokers,
38,39
mortality rates for ex-smokers, and
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 3
mortality rates for pipe/cigar smokers vs.
cigarette smokers, 3
occupational hazards and, 4244
smoking in etiology of, 3,37
2,3-Butadione
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Butylamine
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Cancer
see Neoplasms and specific listings, e.g.,
Lung neoplasms
Carbon dioxide
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Carbon monoxide
as air pohutant from cigarette smoke,
7,121~123,125
e f fee t on blood carboxyhemoglobn,
levels, 21-23,127
effect on cardiovascular system, 22
effect on nonsmokers, 126
effect on psychomotor performance,
  126
effect on vision, 126
as most likely contributor to health
hazards of smoking, 8,143
psychological and physiological effects,
125128
Carboxyhemoglobin levels
blood cholesterol and, 23
during and following exposure to carbon
monoxide, 124,125
in nonsmokers exposed to cigarette
smoke, 125
occlusive peripheral vascular disease and,
  26
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 21-23
Carcinogenesis
experimental, 6567
initiating agents in cigarette smoke, 66
Carcinogens
effect on oral mucosa in laboratory ani-
mals, 70
Cerebrovascular disease
mortality rates, smokers vs. nonsmokers,
L
smoking and, 24,25
Cessation of smoking
effect on COPD morbidity and mortal-
ity, 41,42
effect on respiratory symptoms, 41,42
lung neoplasm development and, 62
myocardial infarct and, 17.18
as preventive measure in CHD, 17,18
as therapy in arterial diseases, 26
CHD
see Coronary heart disease
Children
effect of parental smoking, 129
passive smoking and, 129
respiratory illness and, 129
Cholesterol
in tobacco, 24
in tobacco smoke, 24
Chronic bronchitis
see Bronchitis
Chronic bronchopulmonary disease
see Bronchopulmonary disease, chronic
  obstructive
152

Chrysene
carcinogenicity, as component of ciga-
rette smoke, 66
Cigarette consumption
effect on mortality from lung cancer in
Poland, 61,62
Cigarettes
tar and nicotine content, 142,143
Cigarette smoking
see Smoking
Cigar smokers
carboxyhemoglobin levels in, 21-23
myocardial arteriole wall thickness in, 19
relative risk in esophageal neoplasm
development, 68
relative risk in laryngeal neoplasm de-
velopment, 67
Coal miners
pneumoconiosis and, 4244
Congenital malformations
maternal smoking and, 87
COPD
see Bronchopulmonary disease, chronic
obstructive
Coronary heart disease
autopsy studies, 19,20
carboxyhemoglobin levels and, 27
cross-sectional study in Bergen, Norway,
  16
epidemiological studies, 14-16
heredity as a factor, 18
incidence among Minnesota men by age
and smoking habit, 14-16
interaction of smoking and other risk
factors, 16-18
mortality rates and per capita cigarette
consumption in several countries, 16
mortality rates in longshoremen, 14
retrospective studies in Goteborg,
Sweden, 16
retrospective studies in Prague, Czecho-
slovakia, 16
smoking in etiology of, 1,2,13,14
twin studies, 18
Cor Puhnonale
see Pulmonary heart disease
cough
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 40
Cresol
as probable contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 144
Crotononitrile
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Cyanides
tobacco amblyopia and, 6
DDT
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 65,145
Dermatitis
among tobacco workers, 111
Dibenz(a,c)anthracene
carcinogenicity, as component of ciga-
rette smoke, 66
7H-Dibenz(c,g)carbozole
carcinogenicity, as component of ciga-
rette smoke, 66,67
carcinogenic effect on respiratory tract
in hamsters, 66,67
Diet
tobacco amblyopia and, 6
Dimethylamine
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
effect on oral mucosa in hamsters, 70
Edentulism
smoking and, 6
Emphysema
alphar -antitrypsin deficiency and, 44
experimentally induced in smoking dogs,
46
smoking in etiology of, 37
Endrin
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Epidemiological studies
bronchopulmonary diseases and smok-
ing, 3841
coronary disease and smoking, 14-16
esophageal neoplasms and smoking,
70,71
laryngeal neoplasms and smoking, 68
lung neoplasms and smoking, 60-65
maternal smoking and outcome of preg-
nancy, 83-87
oral neoplasms and smoking, 68-70
pancreatic neoplasms and smoking, 74
urinary bladder neoplasms and smoking,
72-74
Esophageal neoplasms
alcohol consumption and smoking in
etiology of, 4,5,71
mortality rates in Japanese males by
smoking and drinking characteristics,
71
153

smoking in etiology of, 4,70,71
Esophagus
effect of smoking, 98
Ethylamine
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Experimental studies
nicotine and cigarette smoke, 21
Ex-smokers
mortality rates from lung cancer, 5
Fetus
effect of maternal smoking, 5,83-89
Filtration
smoke, effect on bronchoconstrictor
response in smokers, 45
Formaldehyde
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Furfural
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Gas phase, cigarette smoke
effect on mucous flow rates in cats, 47
harmful constituents in, 143
Gastric secretions
effect of nicotine, 97
Gastrointestinal disorders
smoking and, 5,697,98
Genetic factors
in alphat+mtitrypsin deficiency, 44
smoking and, 44
Gingivitis
smoking and, 6
Heart disease
see Coronary heart disease
Heredity
alpha, -antitrypsin deficiency and, 44
coronary heart disease and, 18
smoking and, 18
Hydrocyanic acid
as probable contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 144
Hydrogen sulphide
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Hydroquinone
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Hypercholesterolemia
as a risk factor for coronary heart dis-
ease, 16 ,17
Hypertension
as a risk factor for coronary heart dis-
ease, 16,17
Hypoxemia
smoking and, 22
Hypoxia
effect of nicotine, 21
experimentally induced in rats, 21
Infant mortality
effect of maternal smoking, 83-87
low birth weight and, 86
Influenza
incidence from antibody deficit in rmok-
ers, 109
Intermittent claudication
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 22,26
Intraoral smoking
see Reverse smoking
Ischemic heart disease
morbidity ratio from, in New Delhi,
India, 16
Laryngeal neoplasms
epidemiological studies, 68
relative risk among cigarette, pipe and
cigar smokers, 67
smoking in etiology of, 4,67,68
Leukoplakia
oral neoplasm development in smokers
and, 68,69
smoking in etiology of, 68.69
Lip neoplasms
pipe smoking as cause of, 4
Lung cancer
see Lung neoplasms
Lung function
effect of smoking, 37.38
in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 40
Lung neoplasms
epidemiological studies, 6065
etiology and epidemiology, 59,60
incidence in British males by amount
smoked, 62
incidence in Czechoslovakian males by
amount smoked, 6 1
incidence in Jewish vs. non-Jewish
women, 63,64
incidence in uranium miners, 64,65
mortality ratios in Japanese males by
amount smoked, 6 1
mortality ratios in Japanese women, 63
prospective study in Japanese adults,
4,60,61
154

prospective study in Czechoslovakian
males, 6 1
relationship to chronic bronchitis and
smoking, 62
relative risk in exsmokers by length of
cessation and previous duration of
habit, 6264
smoking as cause, 4,5,59,60
Macrophages, alveolar
effect of tobacco smoke, 4748
in sputum specimens of smokers vs. non-
smokers, 48
Maternal-fetal exchange
effect of nicotine, 88
Maternal smoking
see Smoking, maternal
Methacrolein
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Methyl alcohol
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
6-Methylanthranthrene
carcinogenicity, as component of ciga-
rette smoke, 66
Morbidity
from chronic bronchopulmonary disease,
3941
Mortality
from chronic bronchopuhnonary disease,
38,39
Mortality rates
esophageal neoplasms in Japanese males
by smoking and drinking character-
istics, 71
lung neoplasms in Japanese women, 63
pancreatic neoplasms in United States,
  74
Mortality ratios
lung neoplasms in Japanese males by
amount smoked, 61
Mouth neoplasms
see Oral neoplasrm
Myocardial arteriole walls
effect of filtered cigarettes in dogs, 20
thickness in smokers vs. nonsmokers,
2,19
thickness in smoking and nonsmoking
dogs, 2,20
Myocardial infarct
epidemiological study in Gomborg,
Sweden, 14.15
incidence among Minnesota men by age
and smoking habit, 14.15
incidence in men in Goteborg, Sweden,
by tobacco consumption, 15
incidence rates by smoking classifi-
cation, 15
smokers vs. nonsmokers in Goteborg,
Sweden, 16
Neonatal death
maternal smoking and, 83-87
Neoplasms
see aLsO Specific types of neoplasms,
e.g. lung neoplasms
smoking and, 4,5,59-75
Nickel compounds
as suspected contributors to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Nicotine
antigenic properties, 104
effect on apexcardiogram, 21
effect on birth weight in rats, 88
effect on bronchoconstrictor response
in laboratory animals, 46
effect on fetus in laboratory animals,
88
effect on gastric secretions, 97
effect on gastrointestinal secretions in
dogs, 6
effect on immune response in man, 109
effect on lipid metabolism in rabbits,
21
effect on peripheral circulatory system,
25,26
effects during pregnancy in laboratory
animals, 88
experimental studies, 21
hypoxia and, 21
as most likely contributor to health
hazards of smoking, 8,143
Nitric oxide
as probable contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 144
Nitrogen dioxide
effect on pulmonary tissue in rats,
46,47
in emphysema etiology, 46
as probable contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 144
Nitrogen oxides
as air pollutants in cigarette smoke,
124,125
Non-nicotine cigarettes
effect on apexcardiogram, 21
Nonsmokers
allergic and irritative reactions to ciga-
rette smoke, 128,129
155

allergic symptoms in, from tobacco
smoke exposure, 110,111
carboxyhemoglobin levels in, 125
passive smoking and, 121-125
Obesity
as a risk factor for coronary heart dis-
ease, 16
Occupational diseases
bronchitis, 42
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
3,4244
pneumoconiosis, 4244
pulmonary fibrosis, 44
smoking and, 3,4244
Occupational hazards
smoking and, 3,4,4244
Oral contraceptives
smoking and, 26
thrombophlebitis and, 26
Oral diseases, non-neoplastic
smoking and, 6
Oral hygiene
smoking and, 6
Oral mucosa
effect of carcinogens in laboratory ani-
mals, 70
effect of cigarette smoke, 6,69
effect of reverse smoking, 69
effect of tobacco/bidi smoking and
chewing, 69
Oral neoplasms
pipe smoking as cause, 67
relative risk in tobacco smokers and
chewers, 70
smoking in etiology of, 4,67-70
Oxygen tension
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 22
Pancreatic neoplasms
mortality rates in United States, 74
mortality ratios in Japanese male and
female smokers, 74
smoking and, 5,68,74
Particulate phase, cigarette smoke
carcinogenic accelerators in, 5,65
effect on pulmonary and cardiac struc-
ture and function, 7,s
harmful constituents in, 143
Passive smoking
effect on children, 129
effect on respiratory tract in laboratory
animals, 129,130
in neoplasm induction in laboratory
animals, 130
156
Perinatal studies
maternal smoking and, 83-88
Periodontal diseases
smoking and, 6
Peripheral vascular diseases
carboxyhemoglobin levels and, 26
smoking and, 2,25,26
Phagocytosis
effect of cigarette smoke in rabbits,
  109
effect of tobacco smoke, 47-48
Phenol
as probable contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 144
Physical inactivity
as risk factor in coronary heart disease,
16,17
Pipe smokers
carboxyhemogiobin levels in, 21
myocardial arteriole wall thickness in,
  19
oral neoplasms and, 67
relative risk in esophageal neoplasm
development 68
relative risk in laryngeal neoplasm
development, 67
Pneumoconiosis
prevalence in coal miners, 4244
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 4244
Post-operative pulmonary complications
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 38
Preeclampsia
smoking and, 84
Pregnancy
effect of maternal smoking, 5,83-87
Prematurity
effect of maternal smoking, 5,83-87
Pulmonary clearance
effect of smoking, 3,47
Pulmonary fibrosis
in asbestos textile workers, 44
smoking and, 44
Pulmonary heart disease
COPD and, 24
smoking as cause, 24.27
Pulmonary macrophages
effect of smoking, 3,4,4748
morphologic differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokers, 4.4748
Pyridine
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking, 145
Radiation exposure
smoking and, in uranium miners, 64,65

Respiratory disorders, acute noninflu-
enzal
in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 48
Respiratory function tests
effect of smoking, 45
Respiratory infections
smoking and, 3,38
Respiratory symptoms
pipe/cigar smokers and cigarette
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 3,40
Reverse smoking
effect on oral mucosa, 6,69,70
nicotinic stomatitis and, 6,69,70
Risk factors
in coronary heart disease, 16-18
Skin
effect of tobacco extracts, 105-107
tobacco antigens and, 7,104,105
Skin testing
for reactions to tobacco, 105-107
Smoke, cigarette
carcinogenicity, 65,66
cocarcinogenic  effect on respiratory
tract in rabbits, 67
effect on apexcardiogram, 21
effect on breathing in guinea pigs, 46
effect on lung surface tension in dogs,
48
effect on nasociliary mucosa in don-
keys, 47
effect on phagocytosis in rabbits, 109
experimental studies in laboratory ani-
mals, 21
harmful constituents of, 8,141-146
Smoke, tobacco
as air pollutant, 7,121 ,122
allergic and irritative components,
effect on nonsmokers, 7,128,129
antigenic properties, 104
effect on macrophages, 47
irritants in, 109,110
Smokers vs. nonsmokers
arteriosclerosis and, 19
carboxyhemoglobin levels, 21-23
cerebrovascular diseases and, 25
oral diseases and, 6
respiratory symptoms, 40
thickness of myocardial arteriole walls,
19
Smoke streams
benzo(a)pyrene content, 123
effect on nonsmokers, 122,123
tar and nicotine content, 123
Smoking
bladder neoplasms and, 68,72-74
effect on cardiovascular system, 6,13,14
effect on esophageal sphincter, 97,98
effect on gastrointestinal secretions in
dogs, 6
effect on leukocytes in guinea pigs, 46
effect on lungs in dogs, 46
effect on mortality rates from esopha-
geal neoplasm in Japanese males, 71
effect on neoplasm recurrence at site of
primary, 69
effect on oxygen tension in arterial
blood, 45
effect on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric
secretion, 97
effect on peripheral circulatory system,
25,26
effect on pulmonary clearance, 47
heartburn and, 97,98
peptic ulcers and, 6,97,98
tobacco amblyopia and, 6
Smoking, bidi
in neoplasm etiology in Bombay, India,
69
Smoking, maternal
carcinogenic effects on fetus, 88
effect on abortions, 5,84,85
effect on birth weight, 5,83-87
effect on body height of children, 88
effect on fetal growth rate, 5,83-87
effect on neonatal mortality rates,
84-87
effect on neoplasm development in off-
spring, 87,88
effect on placental metabolizing activ-
ity, 89
effects during pregnancy, 5,83-87
teratogenic effects, 87
unwanted pregnancy and, 84
Smoking, parental
effect on children, 129
Snuff
effect on oral mucosa in hamsters, 70
Squamous cell carcinoma
smoking in etiology of, 69
Stomatitis nicotina
reverse smoking and, 6,69,70
Stroke
smoking and, 24,25
Students, high school
effect of smoking, 40,41
pulmonary function of smokers vs. non-
smokers, 3
157

respiratory symptoms in, 40,41
Surfactants
effect of tobacco smoke, 48
Tar content
as harmful component of cigarette
smoke, 142,143
Tars, tobacco
carcinogenicity, 65,66
definition, 143
Thromboangiitis obliterans
tobacco allergy and, 111
Thrombophlebitis
oral contraceptives and, 26
smoking and, 26
Thrombosis
effect of smoking, 23
Tobacco
cholesterol content, 24
effect on immune responses, 6,107-109
pharmacologic, irritative, and allergic ef-
fects, 7,109-l 11
Tobacco antigens
in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 107
Tobacco chewing
oral neoplasrm and, 69
Tobacco extracts
antigenic properties, 104,105
effect on skin, 105-107
irritants in, 184,105
thromboangiitis obliterans and, 111
Tobacco leaf
antigenic properties, 104,105
Tobacco pollen
antigenic properties, 104
Tuberculosis
smoking and, 41
Twins
smoking and coronary heart disease in,
  18
Ulcer, duodenal
smoking and, 6,97,98
Ulcer, peptic
increased prevalence in male smokers,
97
smoking and, 5,6,97,98
smoking as cause in dogs, 97,98
Urinary bladder neoplasms
see Bladder neoplasms
Vascular disease, peripheral
carboxyhemoglobin levels and, 26
nicotine and, 25
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 26
smoking as a risk factor, 2,25,26
Vision
effect of carbon monoxide, 126
158
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 O-445.191