----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Brink, W. and J. Van Den.

PUBL. YEAR:   1980

TITLE:        The behaviour of wisent and bison in larger enclosures.

SOURCE:       Acta Theriol. 25:115-130.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Cabon-Raczynska, K., M. Krasinska, Z.A. Krasinski, and J.M. 
              Wojcik.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Behavior and daily activity rythym of European bison in winter.

SOURCE:       Acta Theriol. 28:273-299.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Cabon-Raczynska, K., M. Krasinska, Z.A. Krasinski, and
              J.M. Wojcik.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Rythym of daily activity and behavior of European bison 
              in the Bialowieza forest in the period without snow cover.

SOURCE:       Acta Theriol. 32:335-372.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Egerton, P.J.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1962

TITLE:        The cow-calf relationship and rutting behavior in American bison.

SOURCE:       Unpubl. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Alberta, Edmonton.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Egerton, P.J.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1962

TITLE:        Bison behaviour.

SOURCE:       Am. Zool. 2:406.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Egerton, P.J.M.

PUBL. YEAR:   1962

TITLE:        The social integration of the bison calf.

SOURCE:       Am. Zool. 2:406.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Englehard, J.G.

PUBL. YEAR:   1970

TITLE:        Behavior patterns of American bison calves at the National Bison 
              Range, Moise, Montana.

SOURCE:       Unpubl. M.S. Thesis. Central Michigan Univ., Mt. Pleasant.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Fischer, W.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1967

TITLE:        Observations on behavior of lone bull bison.

SOURCE:       Iowa Acad. Sci. 74:87-91.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Fuller, W.A.

PUBL. YEAR:   1960

TITLE:        Behavior and social organization of the wild bison of Wood 
              Buffalo National Park, Canada.

SOURCE:       Arctic 13:3-19.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Galland, J.C.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Group size dynamics of herding animals.

SOURCE:       Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Calif., Davis. 136 pp.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Giovengo, S.L. and G.H. Waring.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Social development of the American bison calf.

SOURCE:       Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 29:505.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Goszczynski, J., Z. Gizejewski, and J. Baranski.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Ethological observation on parturition and the time of uterus 
              involution.

SOURCE:       Trans. Congr. Int. Union Game Biol. 18:81.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Green, W.C.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Age-related differences in nursing behavior among American 
              bison cows (Bison bison).

SOURCE:       J. Mammal. 67:739-741.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Green, W.C.H.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Mother-daughter interactions in American bison (Bison bison): 
              factors associated with individual variation.

SOURCE:       Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis. City Univ. of New York, New York. 212 pp.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Green, W.C.H., J.G. Griswold, and A. Rothstein.

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Post-weaning associations among bison mothers and daughters.

SOURCE:       Ani. Behav. 38:847-858.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Green, W.C.H. and J. Berger.

PUBL. YEAR:   1990

TITLE:        Maternal investment in sons and daughters:problems of 
              methodology.

SOURCE:       Behav. Ecol. 27:99-102.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Green, W.C.H. and A. Rothstein.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Sex bias or equal opportunity? Patterns of maternal investment 
              in bison.

SOURCE:       Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 29:373-384.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Green, W.C.H. and A. Rothstein.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Trade-offs between growth and reproduction in female bison.

SOURCE:       Oecologia 86:521-527.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Herrig, D. and A.0. Haugen.

PUBL. YEAR:   1970

TITLE:        Bull bison behavior traits.

SOURCE:       Proc. of the Iowa Acad. of Sci. 76:245-262.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Jackson, W.M. and R.L. Winnegrad.

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Linearity in dominance hierarchies: a second look at the indi-
              vidual attributes model.

SOURCE:       Ani. Behav. 36:1237-1240.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Krasinska, M., K Cabon-Raczynska, and Z.A. Krasinski.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Spacing pattern of the European bison herds in the Bialowieza 
              primeval forest.

SOURCE:       Trans. Congr. Int. Union. Game Biol. 18:95.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Lott, D.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1969

TITLE:        Postural aspects of threat and submission signalling in mature 
              male American bison.

SOURCE:       Am. Zool. 9:1071.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Lott, D.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        Bison would rather breed than fight.

SOURCE:       Nat. Hist. 81:40-45.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Lott, D.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1974

TITLE:        Sexual and aggresive behavior of adult male American bison 
              (Bison bison).

SOURCE:       pp. 382-294. IN: The Behavior of Ungulates and its Relation to
              Management. (V. Geist and F. Walther, eds.).  IUCN, Morges, 
              Switzerland.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Lott, D.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Hair display loss in mature male American bison: a temperate 
              zone adaptation?

SOURCE:       Z. Tierpsychol. 49:71-75.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Lott, D.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1979

TITLE:        Dominance relations and breeding rate in mature male American 
              bison.

SOURCE:       Z. Tierpsychol. 49:418-432.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Lott, D.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        Sexual behavior and intersexual strategies in American bison.

SOURCE:       Z. Tierpsychol. 56:97-114.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Lott, D.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        The buller syndrome in American bison bulls.

SOURCE:       Appl. Ethol. 11:183-186.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Lott, D.F. and S.C. Minta.

PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Random individual association and social group instability in 
              American bison (Bison bison).

SOURCE:       Z. Tierpsychol. 61:153-172.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Lott, D.F. and J.C. Galland.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Parturition in American bison: precocity and systematic 
              variation in cow isolation.

SOURCE:       Z. Tierpsychol. 69:66-71.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Lott, D.F. and J.C. Galland.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Individual variation in fecundity in an American bison 
              population.

SOURCE:       Mammalia 49:300-302.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Lott, D.F. and J.C. Galland.

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Body mass as a factor influencing dominance status in American 
              bison cows.

SOURCE:       J. Mamm. 68:683-685.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Lott, D.F.

PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        American bison socioecology.

SOURCE:       Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 29:135-145.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Lumia, A.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        The relationship between dominance and play behavior in the 
              American buffalo, Bison bison.

SOURCE:       Z. Tierpsychol. 30:416-419.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       McHugh, T.

PUBL. YEAR:   1958

TITLE:        Social behavior of the American buffalo (Bison bison bison).

SOURCE:       Zoologica 43:1-40.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Magnac, M.P., D. Langwald Altmann, and G. Gonzalez.

PUBL. YEAR:   1992.

TITLE:        Maternal behavior and independence of the calves within a 
              captive group of American bison.

SOURCE:       pp. 447-451. IN:Ongules/Ungulates 91 Proceedings. (F. Spitz, 
              G. Janeau, G. Gonzalez, and S. Auangnier, eds. ) S.F.E.P.M.-
              I.R.G.M. Paris-Toulouse, France.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Mahan, B.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1977

TITLE:        Harassment of an elk calf by bison.

SOURCE:       Can. Field Nat. 91:418-419.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Mahan, B.R.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Aspects of American bison (Bison bison)social behavior at 
              Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge, Valentine, Nebraska, 
              with special reference to calves.

SOURCE:       Unpubl. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Mahan, B.R., M.P. Munger, and H.L. Gunderson.

PUBL. YEAR:   1978

TITLE:        Analysis of the flehmen display in American bison 
              (Bison bison).

SOURCE:       Prairie Nat. 10:33-42.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Maher, C.R. and J.A. Beyers. 

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Age-related changes in reproductive effort of male bison.

SOURCE:       Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 21:91-96

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Melton, D.A., N.C. Larter, C.C. Gates, and J.A. Virgl.
       
PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        The influence of rut and environmental factors on the behavior 
              of wood bison.

SOURCE:       Acta Theriol. 34:179-193.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Pererya, V.I. 

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Application of ethological data to optimize the measures on 
              introduction of the European bison herds in the Bialowieza 
              primeval forest.

SOURCE:       Trans. Congr. Int. Union Game Biol. 18:95.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Pererya, V.I. 

PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Threatening behavior of European bison (Bison bonasus) in 
              comparison with American bison (Bison bison).

SOURCE:       Zool. Zh. 68:124-132.


CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Petersburg, S.J. 

PUBL. YEAR:   1973

TITLE:        Bull bison behavior at Wind Cave National Park

SOURCE:       Unpublish M.S. Thesis. Iowa State Univ., Ames.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Prescott, J. 

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Play and the development of individual and social behavior 
              in the American bison (Bison bison).

SOURCE:       Biol Behav. 10:261-276.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Ralls, K., K. Kranz, and B. Lundrigan.   

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Mother-young relationships in captive ungulates: variability
              and clustering.

SOURCE:       Ani. Behav. 34:134-145.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Ralls, K., B. Lundrigan, and K. Kranz. 

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Mother-young relationships in captive ungulates: behavioral
              changes over time.

SOURCE:       Ethology 75:1-14.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Ralls, K., B. Lundrigan, and K. Kranz.  

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Mother-young relationships in captive ungulates: spatial and
              temporal patterns.

SOURCE:       Zoo. Biol. 6:11-20.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Reid, K.W. 

PUBL. YEAR:   1964

TITLE:        Limited study of bison behavior with respect to spruce trees.

SOURCE:       Unpubl. report, Canadian Wildlife Service, Edmonton.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Reinhardt, V. 

PUBL. YEAR:   1985a

TITLE:        Quantitative analysis of wallowing in a confined bison herd.

SOURCE:       Acta Theriol. 30:149-156.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Reinhardt, V. 

PUBL. YEAR:   1985b

TITLE:        Social behavior in a confined bison herd.

SOURCE:       Behaviour 92:209-226.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Reinhardt, V., A. Reinhardt, and C. Reinhardt. 

PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Evaluating sex differences in aggresiveness in cattle, bison, 
              and rhesus monkeys.

SOURCE:       Behaviour 102:58-66.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Robitaille, J. and J. Prescott. 

PUBL. YEAR:   1981

TITLE:        The reproductive behavior of the bison in the Quebec Zoo.

SOURCE:       Carnets Zool. 41:4-9.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Robitaille, J. and J. Prescott.

PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Hierarchial organization of a captive herd of Bison bison.

SOURCE:       Zool. Gart. 55:124-128.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Rothstein, A. 

PUBL. YEAR:   1986

TITLE:        Social behavior development in American bison (Bison bison).

SOURCE:       Conf. Sci. Natl. Parks. 4:88.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Rothstein, A. 

PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Social organization in juvenile bison bulls (Bison bison): 
              non-linear dominance and dyadic associations.

SOURCE:       Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis. City Univ. of New York, New York. 107 pp.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Rothstein, A. and J.G. Griswold. 
    
PUBL. YEAR:   1991

TITLE:        Age and sex preferences for social partners by juvenile bison
              bulls, Bison bison.

SOURCE:       Ani. Behav. 41:227-237.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Rowland, D.L., Helgeson, V.S., and C.C. Cox.  
    
PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Temporal patterns of parturition in mammals in captivity.

SOURCE:       Chronobiologia 11:31-39.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Rutberg, A.T. 
    
PUBL. YEAR:   1983

TITLE:        Factors influencing dominance status in American bison cows 
              (Bison bison).

SOURCE:       Z. Tierpsychol. 63:206-212.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Rutberg, A.T. 
    
PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Birth syncrony in American bison (Bison bison): Response to 
              predation or season.

SOURCE:       J. Mammal. 65:418-423.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Rutberg, A.T.  
    
PUBL. YEAR:   1984

TITLE:        Competition and reproduction in American bison cows.

SOURCE:       Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Wash., Seattle. 91 pp.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Shackelton, D.M.  
    
PUBL. YEAR:   1968

TITLE:        Comparitive aspects of social organization of American bison.

SOURCE:       Unpubl. M.S. Thesis. Univ. of Western Ont., London, Ontario.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Shaw, J. and T. Carter.  
    
PUBL. YEAR:   1987

TITLE:        Long-term associations between bison cows and their offspring.

SOURCE:       pp. 50-55.  IN: Proc. of North America Bison Workshop. (J.
              Malcom, ed.) U.S. Fish and Wildl. Ser. and Glacier Nat. Hist. 
              Assoc., Glacier National Park, MT. 74 pp.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Shaw, J.H. and T.S. Carter.  
    
PUBL. YEAR:   1989

TITLE:        Calving patterns among American bison.

SOURCE:       J. Wildl. Manage. 53:896-898.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Shull, A.M. 
    
PUBL. YEAR:   1985

TITLE:        Age-speciflc reproductive behavior of male American bison.

SOURCE:       Unpubl. M.S. Thesis. Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Shult, M.J.  
    
PUBL. YEAR:   1972

TITLE:        American bison behavior patterns at Wind Cave National Park.

SOURCE:       Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis. Iowa State Univ, Ames. 191 pp.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHOR:       Wolff, J.0.  
    
PUBL. YEAR:   1988

TITLE:        Maternal investment and sex ratio adjustment in American 
              bison calves.

SOURCE:       Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 23:127-133.

CATEGORY:     Social Organization and Behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------